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TO BE USED IN ROOM 031 ONLY THIS V a McCLURE'S MAGAZINE ILLUSTRATED PUBLISHED MONTHLY VOLUME XXXVI NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1910-1911 -2W S. S. McClURE COMPANY New YORK & LONDON 1911 A AP 2 : A.254290 COPYRIGHT, 1910 AND 1911, BY THE S. S. MCCLURE CO. La 2) CONTENTS OF MCCLURE'S MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE Volume XXXVI PAGE 34 43 NOVEMBER, 1910, TO APRIL, 1911 ABBOTT, AVERY. THE GOVERNOR'S LADY. ADAMS, SAMUEL HOPKINS. THE LEMON IN THE TARIFF. 353 ADDAMS, JANE. A VISIT TO TOLSTOY... 295 Illustrated with photographs. ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY, THE. PERCEVAL GIBBON.... .59, 149, 415, 631 ANONYMOUS LETTER-WRITERS, TRACKING. (GREAT CASES OF DETEC- TIVE BURNS.) Dana Gatlin.... 652 ARCHER, WILLIAM. LIFE AND DEATH OF FERRER: FERRER AND THE BARCELONA RIOTS.. THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF FERRER. 229 Illustrated with photographs. BAKER, KATHARINE. THE ROVER... 278 BEACH, REX. CAPTAIN INNOCENCIO. 365 BENNETT, ARNOLD. THE HONEYMOON. A PLAY. 501, 688 BRASHEAR OF PITTSBURGH, JOHN A. EDWIN TENNEY BREWSTER.. 639 BREWSTER, EDWIN TENNEY. JOHN A. BRASHEAR OF PITTSBURGH. 639 Illustrated with photographs. BURNS, GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE. DANA GATLIN... .386, 542, 652 CARMEN SYLVA. SONG OF THE DAGGER-A ROUMANIAN FOLK-SONG ... 707 CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL, THE. Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD.....169, 310, 465, 587, 680 CATHER, WILLA SIBERT. THE POOR MINSTREL.. 376 CLARK, SUE AINSLIE, AND EDITH WYATT. WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS. 70, 201, 401 Illustrated with drawings by WLADYSLAW T. BENDA and with photographs. CLOAK-MAKERS' STRIKE, THE NEW YORK. Edith Wyatt. 708 COLUM, PÁDRAIC. INTERIOR, 586 CRITICAL MOMENTS WITH WILD ANIMALS. ELLEN VELVIN... 377 DARGAN, OLIVE TILFORD. “THERE'S ROSEMARY". 513 DOLLARD, JAMES B. PAGE KILLAIDEN (IRISH BALLAD). 302 DOX, JULIA C. TRUTH'S ADVOCATE.. 90 EDITORIALS. "DAUGHTERS OF THE POOR" ONE YEAR AFTER... 120 IN JUSTICE TO AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS OF SERUM.. 602 MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA. 482 MORMON THEOLOGICAL DOCTRINE. 360 ON GOVERNMENT. S. S. McCLURE, 118 PRESENT STATUS OF POLYGAMY IN THE UNITED STATES, THE. 242 WILLIAM J. BURNS. 481 EHRLICH, PAUL: THE MAN AND HIS WORK. MARGUERITE Marks.. 181 FERRER, LIFE AND DEATH OF. William ARCHER. 13, 229 FICTION. ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY, THE. PERCEVAL GIBBON. ADVENTURE IN THE STRICKEN CITY, THE 115 ADVENTURE WITH THE SLAVE-DEALER, TIL. 149 DOG AND UNCLEAN, A. 631 SEASON OF MIRACLES, A, 59 Mustrations by William HATHERELL. ANGELS AND PIGS. M, Gauss.. 326 Illustrations by F. C. Yohn. CAPTAIN INNOCENCIO. Rex BEACH. 365 Mustrations by FRANK E. SCHOONOVER. CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL, THE. Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD. 169, 310, 465, 587, 680 Nlustrations by C. E. BROCK. DU'B, THE OSCAR GRAEVE. 212 Illustrations by FREDERIC DORR STEELL. GOVERNOR'S LADY, THE. AVERY ABBOTT, 34 HONEYMOON, THE. A PLAY. ARNOLD BENNETT 501, 688 Mustrations by FREDERIC DORR STEELE. IN THE FUNERALS. HELEN GREEN 514 Mustrations by H. T. DINN. KING GRUB. GEORGE HYDE PRESTON 623 Illustrations by WLADYSLAW T. BENDA. LAST CAROLAN, THE. KATHLEEN Norris. 673 Illustrations by ETHEL FRANKLIN BETTS. "LITTLE SISTER IN CAGE OF GOLD." AMANDA MATHEWS, 87 LODGER, THE. MARIE BELLOC LOWNDES. 262 Illustrations by HENRY RALEIGH. LOST JOB, A, ARTHUR E. MCFARLANE. 599 141 218 25 303 278 427 557 MERRY CHRISTMAS OF GIOVANNA, THE. AMANDA VATIEWS , Illustrations by WLADYSLAW T, BENDA. MISS CAL. ELIZABETH ROBINS.. Ilustration by F. WALTER TAYLOR. MOLLY. GEORGE PATTULLO. Ilustrations by FREDERIC R. GRIGER and VAYNARD Dixos. PRINCE'S COMPLIMENTS, THE. FREEMAN PUTNEY, Jr, Illustrations by Joseph ('('MMINGS Chast, ROVER, THE. KATHARINE BAKER. Illustrations by HANSON Booth RUG OF HER FATHERS, THE. LUCILLE BALDWIN VAN SLYKE Ilustrations by WLADYSLAW T. BENDA. TEST, THE. FRANCES A. LUDWIG. Ilustrations by Cyrus FOSMIRE, TOOTH OF ANTAR, THE. LUCILLE BALDWIN VAN SLYKE. Ilustrations by WLADYSLAW T. BENDA. TRIXIE. FRANCES A. LUDWIG. Illustrations by W. L. JACOBS. TRUTH'S ADVOCATE. JULIA C. Dox. FIRE, THE NEWARK FACTORY. MARY ALDEN HOPKINS. FITCH, ANITA. THE STORMY HEART... GÄDKE, COLONEL RICHARD. PEACE AND DISARMAMENT. 578 440 90 663 211 113 PAGE .....386, 512, 652 GATLIN, DANA. GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS.. Illustrations by Jay HAMBIDGE and WILLIAM OBERHARDT. GAUSS, M. ANGELS AND PIGS. 326 GIBBON, PERCEVAL. ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY, THE. .59, 149, 415, 631 GOVERNOR'S LADY, THE. AVERY ABBOTT. 34 GRAEVE, OSCAR. THE DUB.... 212 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS. DANA GATLIN. HOW ABE RUEF CONFESSED.. 386 MONROE-HEAD COUNTERFEIT, THIE. 512 TRACKING ANONYMOUS LETTER-WRITERS. 652 GREAT ENGLISHMEN, RECOLLECTIONS OF GOLDwin Suth. 159 GREEN, HELEN. IN THE FUNERALS... 511 HENDRICK, BURTON J. MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY 485 Mustrated with photographs and a drawing by Avtox FISCHER. MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY, THE. 245, 449 Illustrated with photogru phs. HOPKINS, MARY ALDEN. THE NEWARK FACTORY FIRE. 663 Illustrated trith photographs. INEVITABLE RAILROAD MONOPOLY, THE. (MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA.) John Moody and GEORGE KIBBE TURNER.. 331 LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK, WOMEN. SUE AINSLIE CLARK and Edith WYATT.. 401 LEMON IN THE TARIFF, THE. SAMUEL IIOPKINS ADAMS. 353 LOWNDES, MARIE BELLOC. THE LODGER. 262 LUDWIG, FRANCES A. THE TEST 557 TRIXIE LUMMIS, CHARLES F. THE STAR... 385 MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY. BURTON J. HENDRICK. 485 MACCATHMHAOIL, SEOSAMH. I AM THE MOUNTAINY SINGER. MCCLURE, S. S. ON GOVERNMENT 118 MCFARLANE, ARTHUR E. A LOST JOB. 599 MARKINO, YOSHIO. MY EXPERIENCES IN SAN FRANCISCO. 107 MARKS, MARGUERITE. PAUL EHRLICHI: THE MAN AND HIS WORK.. 184 Illustrated with photographs and diagrams. MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA, THE. JOAN Moody and GEORGE KIBBE TURNER. INEVITABLE RAILROAD MONOPOLY, THE. 334 MORGAN: THE GREAT TRUSTEE MULTIMILLIONAIRES OF THE GREAT NORTHERN SYSTEM, THE. 123 STANDARD OIL COMPANY--BANKERS, THE.. 564 440 603 3 MATHEWS, AMANDA. PAGE 87 141 "LITTLE SISTER IN CAGE OF GOLD" MERRY CHRISTMAS OF GIOVANNA, THE. MISS GREGORY, THE ADVENTURES OF. PERCEVAL GIBBON....... .59, 149, 415, 631 MITCHELL, SUSAN A. THE BURDEN OF THE DOORKEEPER.. 662 MONROE-HEAD COUNTERFEIT, THE. (GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS.) Dana Gatlin. 542 MOODY, JOHN, AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER. THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA 3, 123, 334, 564 Illustrated with photographs. MORGAN: THE GREAT TRI'STEE. (MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA.) John MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER. 3 MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY, THE. BURTON J. HENDRICK, .245, 449 MORMON THEOLOGICAL DOCTRINE. 360 MULTIMILLIONAIRES OF THE GREAT NORTHERN SYSTEM. (MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA.) John MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER. 123 MÜNSTERBERG, HUGO. THE CASE OF THE REPORTER.... MY EXPERIENCE IN SAN FRANCISCO. Yoshio MARKINO. 107 NAVY ON THE SEA? WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR... 523 With a drawing by HENRY REUTERDAHL. NEWARK FACTORY FIRE, THE. Mary ALDEN HOPKINS. 663 NORRIS, KATHLEEN. THE LAST CAROLAN.. 673 NORTON, GRACE FALLOW. UNANSWERED... 86 NOYES, ALFRED. GHOSTS.. 400 O'NEILL, MOIRA. GRACE FOR LIGHT 140 * THE OL'LD LAD". 622 ON GOVERNMENT. S. S. McClURE... 118 PATTULLO, GEORGE. 25 435 MOLLY...... 113 42 PEACE AND DISARMAMENT. RICHARD GÄDKE.. PHELPS, ARTHUR L. A GOOD-BY.. POETRY. BURDEN OF THE DOORKEEPER. SUSAN L. MITCHELL. FROM A SKYSCRAPER. ALLAN ('PDEGRAFF. FRUITION. KATHARINE TYNAN. GHOSTS. ALFRED NOYES.. GOOD-BY, A. ARTHUR L. PHELPS. GOOD KING WENCESLAS. GRACE FOR LIGHT. MOIRA O'NEILL. I AM THE MOUNTAINY SINGER. SEOSAMH MACCATHMHAOIL. INTERIOR. PÁDRAIC Colum. KILLAIDEN. James B. DOLLARD.. ORANGE RIVER. WILLIAM PATTERSON WHITE. "OULD LAD, THE." Moira O'NEILL. POOR MINSTREL, THE. WILLA SIBERT CATHER, 662 483 598 400 42 121 140 603 586 302 33 622 376 PAGE POETRY-Continued. SONG OF THE DAGGER. CARMEN SYLVA. STAR, THE. CHARLES F. LUMMIS... STORMY HEART, THE. ANITA Fitch... "THERE'S ROSEMARY." OLIVE TILFORD DARGAN. THINGS THAT ENDURE, THE. FLORENCE WILKINSON TO A CERTAIN COUNTRY HOUSE IN TIME OF CHANGE. UNANSWERED. GRACE FALLOW NORTON. WINTER'S NIGHT, A. W. A. P..... YOUTH AND AGE. WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, 707 385 211 513 228 168 86 309 168 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS. 242 POLYGAMY IN THE UNITED STATES, THE PRESENT STATUS OF. PRESTON, GEORGE HYDE. KING GRUB.. 623 PUTNEY, FREEMAN, JR. THE PRINCE'S COMPLIMENTS.. 303 RECOLLECTIONS OF GREAT ENGLISHMEN. Goldwin Smith. 159 REMINISCENCES. See ELLEN TERRY; GOLDWIN SMITH. REPORTER, THE CASE OF THE. Hugo MÜNSTERBERG. 435 218 RICHARD MEYNELL, THE CASE OF. Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD... 169, 310, 465, 587, 680 ROBINS, ELIZABETH. MISS CAL. ROUMANIAN FOLK-SONG, A. SONG OF THE DAGGER... 707 RUEF CONFESSED, HOW ABE. (GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS.) DANA GATLIN. 386 SHAKESPEARE'S HEROINES, SOME REFLECTIONS ON. ELLEN TERRY... 95 SHIRTWAIST-MAKERS AND THEIR STRIKE, THE. SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT.. 70 “606." See PAUL EHRLICII: THE MAN AND HIS WORK. SMITH, GOLDWIN. RECOLLECTIONS OF GREAT ENGLISHMEN. SOME IDEAS ON STAGE DECORATION. ELLEN TERRY. 159 289 SOME LETTERS AND THEIR WRITERS. ELLEN TERRY.. 536 95 SOME REFLECTIONS ON SHAKESPEARE'S HEROINES. ELLEN TERRY.. STANDARD OIL COMPANY-BANKERS, THE. Join MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 564 605 STOWE, CHARLES EDWARD AND LYMAN BEECHER. HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN". Illustrated with photographs and with drawings by Harry TOWNSEND. SUBWAY, McADOO AND THE. Burton J. HENDRICK 485 TERRY, ELLEN. MORE REMINISCENCES. SOME IDEAS ON STAGE DECORATION. SOME LETTERS AND THEIR WRITERS SOME REFLECTIONS ON SHAKESPEARE'S HEROINES. Illustrated with photographs. TOLSTOY, A VISIT TO. JAVE ADDAMS. 289 536 95 295 PAGE 598 427 377 TURNER, GEORGE KIBBE, AND JOHN MOODY. THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AVERICA 3, 123, 3.34, 364 Tlustrated uuh photographer, TYNAN, KATHARINE. FRUITION.... “UNCLE TOM'S CABIN," HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE. CHARLES EDWARD AND LYMAN BEECHER STOWE... 605 UNSKILLED AND SEASONAL FACTORY WORKERS. SI'E AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT.... 201 UPDEGRAFF, ALLAN. FROM A SKYSCRAPER..., 483 VAN SLYKE, LUCILLE BALDWIN. THE RUG OF HER FATHERS. THE TOOTH OF ANTAR 578 VELVIN, ELLEN, F.Z.S. CRITICAL MOMENTS WITH WILD ANIMALS. Ilustrated uith photographs. WARD, MRS. HUMPHRY. THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL. A SERIAL NOVEL. 269, 310, 465, 587, 680 WHITE, WILLIAM PATTERSON. ORANGE RIVER... WILD ANIMALS, CRITICAL MOMENTS WITH. ELLEN V'ELVIN. 377 WILKINSON, FLORENCE. THINGS THAT ENDURE, THE.. 228 WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA?.. 523 WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK. SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT.. 401 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS. SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND Edith WYATT.. 70, 201, 401 WYATT, EDITH. THE NEW YORK CLOAK-MAKERS' STRIKE.. WYATT, EDITH, AND SUE AINSLIE CLARK. WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS 70, 201, 401 Illustrated with drawings by WLADYSLAW T. BENDA and photographs, YEATS, WILLIAM BUTLER. TWO POEMS: YOUTH AND AGE; TO A CERTAIN COUNTRY HOUSE IN TIME OF CHANGE 168 33 708 JUNIUS S. MORGAN BOSTON DRY-GOODS MERCHANT AND CREAT INTERNATIONAL BANKER ; FATHER OF J. PIERPONT MORGAN MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE VOL. XXXVI NOVEMBER, 1910 No. 1 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA MORGAN: THE GREAT TRUSTEE BY JOHN MOODY AUTHOR OF "ANALYSES OF RAILROAD INVESTMENTS," ETC. AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER AUTHOR OF "GALVESTON: A BUSINESS CORPORATION," ETC. THE HE aggregation of capital, the growth of great corporations, and through them the develop- ment of monopoly, constitute the most significant social fact of modern times. In no place has this movement been so rapid and significant as in the United States. Virtually all the great public questions before this country at the present time are united by one common factor — the concentration of capital in a few hands. The insurgent move- ment, the railroad question, the tariff question, the conservation question, the labor question — all these are the result of the popular revolt against it. Up to this time no history of this great modern movement the concentration of wealth has been attempted. The following article begins the history of its development in America.-- EDITOR. T seems curious, now, that the great finan- vate banking houses of America. It seems cial houses of Wall Street, whose hands to-day a curious and small beginning. But this are upon all: the industries of this conti- is merely because we have lost all memory of nent, should have started in the dry- the operations and proportions of the financial goods or clothing business. The Morgans world of fifty and a hundred years ago. began this way, and Kuhn, Loeb & Co., and The concentration of capital, which men have Brown Brothers, and the Seligmans - and a been watching with alarm for the past forty great number of the other old and powerful pri- years, began with the equipment of civilization Copyright, 1910, by The S. S. M&Clure Co. All rights reserved 3 4 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA or with power ma- And immediately the chinery. A hundred Yankee dry - goods years ago it did not trader went out exist; fifty years across the United ago it was scarcely States. He had be- started. Before that hind him both the movement, only one traditions of a trad- business operation ing race and a famil- required consider- iarity with the local able masses of capital product, cloth. At — the wholesale a time when New handling of merchan- York, the principal dise. This capital city of the Western gathered in the hands Continent, held its of great merchants, supremacy — as it whose stock in trade, did to the beginning particularly in a new of the Civil War country like America, largely because it was was very largely cloth the distributing cen- manufactures of ter of the dry-goods cloth. Even Nathan trade, the greatest Rothschild, the most commercial prizes of famous financier of the country were the early nineteenth before him. century, made his In 1811 a sixteen- start financing the year-old dry-goods material and prod J. PIERPONT MORGAN AT THE AGE OF FORTY clerk, George Pea- ucts of the early body, was thrown English cloth mills. out of employment by the burning of his In America we have forgotten all this. brother's little store in the old shipping town Our "merchant princes” — only fifty years of Newburyport, Massachusetts. He went ago the copy-book model of every school-boy with an uncle to Georgetown, the suburb of - have passed out of mind. The business Washington, D. C., and opened a dry-goods of security-selling - a small, local, irregular store there; moved to Baltimore; established peddling trade to the big American merchant branches in Philadelphia and New York; and of sixty years ago now looms so large that finally, in 1837, a man of forty-two, founded it seems an institution of a great and indefinite in London the great merchant banking house past. of George Peabody & Co., later J. S. Mor- In England they remember better. These gan & Co. men we call private bankers — the Rothschilds and Barings and Morgans — are not even now George Peabody, Merchant Banker bankers there, but "merchants.” In reality they are the lineal business descendants of the To modern eyes his going to London appears merchants of the great East India Company. an unusual step. In reality, George Peabody merely made an advance along exactly the same The Yankee Dry-Goods Merchant line of business he had always followed, by estab- lishing himself in the greatest mercantile center In the United States one particular section of the world. The kind of enterprise he founded developed the international merchant. Before is excellently described by his biographer, Fox- the Revolution the sharp-eyed, bony men of Bourne: New England had gone out scouring the coasts of Africa and the islands of the sea for mer- In London, and all parts of England, he bought chandise. There were no better traders in the States; and the ships came back freighted with every British manufactures for shipment to the United world. If they had not the immemorial train- kind of American produce for sale in England. To ing of the Jew, they had vastly greater daring. that lucrative account, however, was added one far Then came the shipping troubles of the War of more lucrative. The merchants and manufacturers on both sides of the Atlantic, wl transmitted their 1812. The men and money of New England goods through him, sometimes procured from him turned to another hazardous venture — the advances on account of the goods in his possession untried business of the manufacture of cloth. long before they were sold. At other times they JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 5 5 found it convenient to leave large sums in his hands in operation it produced profits. It was clear long after the goods were disposed of, knowing that that the investment of capital for this new pur- they could draw whenever they needed, and that in the meantime their money was being so profitably pose was to be governed by new laws — laws invested that they were certain of a proper interest dictated very largely by the nature of the opera- on their loans. Thus he became a banker as well as tions of different kinds of machinery. And it a great merchant, and ultimately 'much more of a was clear, even then, that this massing of capital banker than a merchant. was to be vastly greater and more important America the Greatest Field for Capital than any that had come before it. Peabody's position in this new movement of George Peabody reached London at the capital was this: He represented, in the greatest beginning of the greatest single revolution in financial center of the world, the greatest and human affairs — the change from man and ani- most profitable field for capital, a continent, mal power to steam power in the performance of literally millions of square miles of rich farm- the work of the world. Capital was beginning ing and mineral lands, free for the taking, to mass itself to equip civilization with steam but absolutely unavailable until supplied with machinery — a new use for capital, full of diffi- steam machinery — particularly the machinery culty. Previously, in commerce, a valuable of transportation. The men who supplied or asset stood behind the use of capital, directly controlled the machinery to open up this land or indirectly — the asset of usable merchandise. would naturally expect a reward unequaled in Now there was simply the operation of machin- the previous history of the world. ery. Unused machinery had no value in itself; There was competition even then. Great A PHOTOGRAPH OF I. PIERPONT MORGAN TAKEN ABOUT TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO 6 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA houses were establishing financial connections land. It was a country where capital was not between London and America. The Roths- safe. The debts of our States, aggregating childs had sent out August Belmont as their $200,000,000, were worth not over fifty cents representative in New York, in the same year on the dollar after the panic of 1837. Some that Peabody settled in London; the Barings $60,000,000 had been spent for canals -- nearly had married into a Philadelphia family in the all a dead loss upon the building of the railroads. latter part of the eighteenth century, and for And, in many cases, the States responsible for years had been interested in the United States. these and for unsuccessful State banking enter- Peabody, nevertheless, set out to be the chief prises – which had also been financed by the financial representative of America in England. issue of State bonds — either repudiated their He made a point of getting together the leading debts or made a very lean compromise with their men of both countries, and his Fourth-of-July creditors. According to calculations in 1842, dinners, a special occasion for this, became somebody had lost from $50,000,000 to $75,- notable. 000,000 on the debts of our States, and a good “I have endeavored,” he said of his firm, share of it was lost in England. toward the end of his life, "in the constituency of its members and the character of its business Sidney Smith's “Humble Petition” to make it an American house, to give it an American atmosphere, to furnish it with Amer The bitter complaint of the English investor ican journals, to make it a center of American was compressed in the “humble petition of the news and an agreeable place for my American Rev. Sydney Smith to the House of Congress in friends visiting London." Washington," in 1843, “to institute some mea- Peabody was a shrewd and daring man. He sures for the restoration of American credit and reached out immediately as his successors in the repayment of debts incurred and repudiated his firm have always done to take the lead in by several of the States ” — which held up the financing America. He was not a promoter or L'nited States writhing before the scorn of originator of enterprises — that was not his Europe. “Figure to yourself a Pennsylvanian,” business, nor that of his successors: he was a said the Rev. Smith, -- whose investments in financier. He placed English capital in the in- Pennsylvania bonds had defaulted on their vestments of his time – especially investments interest, -"receiving foreigners in his own in America. country, walking over the public works with them, and showing them Larcenous Lake, Peabody and the State Debts Swindling Swamp, Crafty Canal, and Rogues' Railway, and other dishonest works. 'This The first necessity of the United States was swamp we gained,' says the patriotic borrower, the machinery of transportation. At that time by the repudiated loan of 1828. Our canal it was as ridiculous to expect European capital robbery was in 1830. We pocketed your good to finance the railroads of America as its coun- people's money for the railroad only last year.' try stage lines. The railroads were, in fact, All this may seem very smart to the Americans, scarcely more than that. But, to raise the but if I had the misfortune to be born among money for this purpose, it was necessary to such a people, the land of my fathers would not create salable securities. This was done by the restrain me a single moment after the act of States. In 1837 more than half of our State debts repudiation. I would appeal from my fathers to were bonds issued to build canals or railways. my forefathers." George Peabody was immediately engaged England continued for thirty years after- large transactions in these securities. Two ward to hold the same sentiment toward Amer- years before his settlement in London he had ican investments. But George Peabody and his disposed of an $8,000,000 issue of the bonds of firm grew constantly in English favor. He Maryland there. And during the American amassed some $20,000,000, became the greatest panic of 1837, which broke just after his estab- philanthropist of his time, refused a title of lishment abroad, he bought State bonds heavily, nobility from Queen Victoria, and died in pos- at a great profit, during the tremendous slump session of the thorough confidence of the Eng- in American securities of that time. From that lish investing public. time until his retirement Peabody was a leader “In the magnitude of its transactions,” said in the transactions in State bonds the chief the London Times, at the time of his death, "it American securities of the period. fell short of one or two other great houses of the These operations were highly profitable to same class; but in honor, faith, punctuality, and Peabody, but during his business life the United public confidence the firm of George Peabody & States received a disastrous reputation in Eng- Co. stood second to none.” GEORGE PEABODY THE NEW ENGLAND DRY-GOODS CLERK WHO BECAME A WORLD-FAMOUS PHILANTHROPIST, AND THE FOUNDER OF THE GREAT BANKING HOUSE NOW KNOWN AS J. P. "MORGAN & CO. Junius Morgan Leaves the Dry-Goods Trade tance as “the best business man in Boston.” Peabody was already fifty-nine years old, and So George Peabody passed out of life, his required an active man for his business; ten statue was set up in the London financial dis- years later he retired, and the firm of J. S. trict, not many blocks from the dingy little Morgan & Co. began. It was, at that time, the burrow at 1 Wanford Court which had been his bitterest disappointment of Junius Morgan's office during his London business life, and his life that Peabody refused to allow the old firm business — moved to the old-fashioned London name to be continued. dwelling-house at 22 Old Broad Street, where it Morgan was a fine, tall, thin-lipped New Eng- remains to-day — went into the hands of another lander, grim-faced and arbitrary. “The Mor- Yankee dry-goods trader, Junius S. Morgan. gans," says a man who has known both him Morgan was a partner in the house of James and his son well, “always believed in absolute M. Beebe & Co., of Boston - a man of forty-one monarchy. While Junius Morgan lived, he when Peabody took him into his business. He ruled the family and the business — his son and was not personally known to Peabody, but had his partners.” For half a dozen years the new been mentioned to him by a business acquain- firm kept on as the old one had done — doing 7 8 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA international commercial banking, holding de- at 85, the equivalent of over seven per cent for posits of customers, and buying securities. It money. Morgan's syndicate got it considerably placed some American railroad bond issues in lower - probably at 80. London, and negotiated a loan for Chile. Then, “In some journals," wrote an English corre- in 1870, Junius Morgan launched into the great spondent from Tours, “there are complaints of new kind of enterprise which has ever since dis- the onerous terms on which the loan has been tinguished this house. raised. Difficult as the circumstances are, they say it is hard to believe that the credit of France The Syndicate a New English Word can all at once have fallen to that of Italy, Peru, or Turkey. ... The criticisms of the In the last of the '60's a new word was intro- newspapers on the matter are remarkable for duced into the English language from France the reason that just now it is considered a sort the "syndicate.” “This system," said the Lon- of patriotic duty not to do or say anything that don Economist, in its review of 1870,“ has obtained can in any way weaken the Government of great eminence in France and Germany, and it National Defense.” has since been transferred here.” In reality, One thing was very clear the hand of a the syndicate was nothing more than the old strong man was on this thing. The bonds ad- English merchant's scheme of underwriting, ap- vanced at once in price; were withdrawn after plied by a new class of merchants -- the sellers the first partial sale to the public. In three of securities — to the tremendous operations of months the war was over, in a year the securities investing capital. It was the sharing of the risk fifteen points above what they cost Morgan. of an enterprise too great for one merchant And the syndicate was believed to have cleared among a group of them. $5,000,000 by the transaction. The former “A syndicate, then,” explains the Economist, Boston dry-goods merchant took his place in a little later, “if in reference to a new loan, is the world, second only to the Rothschilds in simply an association of persons who guarantee the greatest financial operations of that time, -- the subscription of the issue, either wholly or in the financing of great government loans, -- and part, each guarantor usually accepting the re- held it throughout the '70's. sponsibility for so much to the actual contractor of the loan." These new confederations of The Great Financiers and War Debts security-sellers are regarded with alarm; the Economist is continually sounding a warning These government loans, starting originally against them. The whole theory of their opera- from the debt of the great Napoleonic wars, had tions is vicious, it says; the public is loaded with furnished the first great body of securities offered securities through their manipulation of the for sale to the general public. As the great market; a syndicate is a kind of vampire, which financial houses — the Rothschilds and Barings has drained out the life blood of new companies had developed, they had found their greatest by its great profits before they are born. “The field for work here. Junius Morgan, after this next financial crisis,” says the Economist, “will French loan, immediately turned his attention be precipitated by some of these syndicates.” to the refunding of the American Civil War debt. It had been the belief of the Rev. Sydney The Great Morgan Loan to France Smith, at the time he was cheated by the Penn- sylvanians, that the United States would never In the last of October, 1870, the City of Lon- be able to go to war, having destroyed her don was stirred by the news that J. S. Morgan foreign credit. & Co. had taken a French loan of 250,000,000 “The Americans," he said, “cannot gratiſy francs ($50,000,000). It was a syndicate opera- their avarice and ambition at once. The war- tion-one of the largest and boldest ever known. like spirit of every country depends upon its Within the two preceding months the Germans three-per-cents. If Caesar were to appear upon had crushed the French army at Sedan, be- earth, Rothschild would open and shut the sieged Paris, and taken the Emperor prisoner. Temple of Janus. Thomas Baring or Bates The French were clearly doomed to defeat. The would probably command the Tenth Legion, only authority for the loan was a provisional gov- and the soldiers would march to battle with ernment at Tours. Taking 250,000,000 francs' loud cries of 'Scrip and omnium, reduced con- worth of bonds under these circumstances sols, and Caesar. Now the Americans have involved some risk. cut themselves off from all resources of credit. On the other hand, France paid the price that Having been as dishonest as they can be, they J. S. Morgan asked and winced in paying it. are prevented from being as foolish as they A six-per-cent bond was offered to the public wish to be.” JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 9 When the Civil War came, Sydney Smith's Instead, young Morgan continued his mathe- views were probably justified, so far as Amer- matical studies on the accounts of Duncan, ica's credit with foreign financiers was con- Sherman & Co. He became there, what he is cerned. to-day, an excellent practical accountant. In something over two years he went through their Jay Cooke Sells the Civil War Debt banking establishment, from office boy to cash- jer. Then, in 1860, he became himself Ameri- But, instead of going to the Rothschilds or can agent for George Peabody & Co., with an Barings or to other sources of foreign capital, office in one of the dingy buildings opposite the United States began to place a war debt of the entrance of the old Stock Exchange in two billion and a half among its own people. Exchange Place. Later, in 1864, Charles H. The man who placed three fifths of this in bonds Dabney, another old New Englander, gave was Jay Cooke, a Philadelphia banker. Cooke up his partnership in Duncan, Sherman & was the typical American promoter of his time Co., and joined him in the firm of Dabney, a tremendous optimist, a great employer of Morgan & Co. friendship in high places, a sort of financial The new firm took no striking part in the P. T. Barnum, who exploited the Government's affairs of the '60's. It was not one of the group securities, and later his own, through a press- of houses that conducted the great distribution agent system, - organized by him and never of Government bonds; it was not among the since equaled in this country,-- giving “copy” “five prime names” in the foreign exchange to as many as eighteen hundred newspapers at business. . As might have been expected from its a time;. and who scratched every hamlet in the English connections, however, it did a good country through his canvassing to sell Govern- business in foreign exchange, and built up an ment bonds. excellent trade in miscellaneous securities. In In all this he acted as the Government's 1871, when Dabney retired, - a man along in agent on a commission of one quarter or one years, - he was currently reported to have half of one per cent. In 1871 came the refunding taken out $400,000 or $500,000 as his share of of a billion and a half of Government bonds for the business. the purpose of reducing their interest charges from six and seven per cent to five, and four and The Drexel-Morgan Combination one half, and four. By this time the Govern- ment was ready to dispose of its bonds to finan But in the year 1871 there was a great change. ciers instead of through an agent. And, after a Young Morgan became the partner of the period of doubt, it was clear that it was to be Drexels of Philadelphia, one of the richest the prize of the decade in the financial world. banking houses in America, under the firm Great financiers began to fight for it, the house name of Drexel, Morgan & Co. In 1872 An- of J. S. Morgan & Co. among them. Naturally, thony J. Drexel bought the southeastern corner in this transaction Junius Morgan operated of Broad and Wall streets, nearly across from through his son in New York. the Stock Exchange, paying $349 a square foot for it - up to that time, and for thirty years J. Pierpont Vorgan Prefers Business afterward, the highest price ever given for real to Teaching estate in New York. Upon this he built the Drexel Building, the present office of J. P. In 1857 — fifty-three years ago now a tall, Morgan & Co.- an ornate white marble taciturn boy of twenty, John Pierpont Morgan, structure seven stories high and one of the began his business career in the office of the first elevator buildings erected in New York. banking firm of Duncan, Sherman & Co., the The Drexels were the sons of a German por- New York correspondents of George Peabody trait-painter, who wandered about South & Co. of London. He had been born in Hart- America and later the United States, carrying ford, Connecticut, when his father was in the on his profession. In the course of his travels dry-goods business there; educated in the Boston in the United States he found that there was a Latin School, when the family moved to Boston, profitable business to be done in buying and and later, when his father went abroad, in the selling the State bank-notes, which formed University of Göttingen, Germany. He was the chief currency of the time. For, in that an extraordinary mathematician -- so good period of "wild-cat” banking, practically that the elderly professor of mathematics at all of these bank-notes sold at a discount, Göttingen urged him to remain as his assistant, except in the immediate locality of their and later to succeed him as professor of mathe- issue. matics in the University. In 1837, the same year in which George Pea- 10 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA body started out in London, the elder Drexel houses, with Jay Cooke & Co. at its head, till established himself in Third Street, the financial they overshadowed all the rest. It had also center of Philadelphia, known, locally by the created a very strong and intelligent new class significant name of the "Coast of Algiers,” and of international security-sellers. laid the foundations of a great business in Our great mass of Civil War bonds were at buying bank currency, “shaving" commercial first placed entirely in this country. There was paper, and financing corporations. little foreign demand. France was hostile to the J. Pierpont Morgan was thirty-four years old North throughout the war, and, indeed, has never in 1871; “Tony'' Drexel, his principal partner, forty-five a conservative, intelligent, and popular man. There were four other members of the firm — all from the Drexel house. The new firm had obvious advan- tages: on one side, one of the richest financial houses in America; on the other, the great Eng- lish house of J. S. Morgan & Co., fresh from the interna- tional triumph of the Morgan loan to France, in touch with English capital the greatest body of capital in the world. Its advan- tages were clear, but it also had its dis- advantages. In the chief business of the day — the funding of the Government debt - it came late into a field already well occupied. A new class of security merchants had opened another great source of Eu- CHARLES H. COSTER ropean capital to American securities. THE GREAT PLANNER OF RAILROAD REORGANIZATION The Germans Find the Land of Ten Per Cent until very lately bought American securities. Eng- land, tied to the South by the long-established The sale of the Civil War debt was not only bonds of her cotton trade, was more inclined to the one great piece of business in securities in buy Confederate than Union securities. With the the’ho's — it was the first in America. It really exception of the smaller market of the Dutch, -a created the trade of wholesale merchandising of people that has always invested in the United securities in this country. It had built up, in States, - the Germans alone remained to buy half a dozen years, a small coterie of American the securities of the Union during our great war. JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIB BE TURNER II The Germans were sympathetic with the vestment movement was principally directed by North throughout the war, because the great the German Jew. body of German immigrants who had come here following the German uprising of 1848 were The Second Great Class of Traders Northerners and enthusia: supporters of the Union. Germany naturally believed in the The German Jew trader discovered America final success of the North. And when the six- in the early '50's. Deprived of the right to own per-cent bonds of the Uniied States began to real estate, the Jew had been for centuries the chief trader of Eu- rope. After 1848 in Germany, the more enterprising of the younger Hebrews followed the general drift of the German emi- gration to the Unit- ed States. They proceeded in a straight line to that trader's paradise, the rich and money- careless South. They were peddlers, first, through a sparsely settled country; then general mer- chants; and many, attracted by the large margin of prof- its, went into the wholesale clothing business. The more prosperous men in this business had any dealings in the notes of smaller firms or customers, and they drifted, with their unerring trader's instinct, first into the sell- ing of commercial paper, and later into the greatest busi- ness on the conti- nent at that time- the sale of the Gov- ANTHONY J. DREXEL HEAD OF THE HOUSE IN WHICH MORGAN BECAME A PARTNER IN 1871 ernment debt. In 1869 Jay Cooke estimated for sell at 60 in gold, the Germans, especially the the Government's Special Revenue Commis- rich South Germans, began to sell their other sion that a billion dollars' worth of United securities and invest them in Americans. They States bonds were held abroad. A great share had been getting four and four and one half per of this was held in South Germany, and the cent from their good European investments. placing of it there had established a new and America was considered by them — and con- powerful business interest in America— the Jew- tinued so for years thereafter — as the land of ish bond merchants, with foreign connections in the ten-per-cent investment. This great in- the great European money market of Frankfort. 12 MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA THE The Yankee Against the Jew one of his letters, were his most active rivals. At the opening of 1873 the fight was drawn and The start of the Government's billion and a contract to sell $300,000,000 worth of bonds a half refunding operation in 1871 marked one was divided between Cooke, representing his of the most interesting and important periods own firms and Rothschild, and Morton, Bliss in the financial history of the country. For the & Co. and Drexel, Morgan & Co.-- for them- first time in America, that great instrument of selves, their English houses, and Baring Brothers. modern finance, the underwriting syndicate of Then, in the fall of the year, Jay Cooke & Co., security merchants (or private bankers), was the leading financial house of America, failed, to come into use; and for the first time was to together with its leading American associates, come that cleavage in American financial inter- and left the financial field in the United States, ests which has existed essentially ever since. and the great business of the '70's, the refund- On either side of the transaction were ranged ing of the Government debt, to their rivals - the greatest traders of the Western world, the the Drexel-Morgan-Morton coterie. Yankee and the Jew. The alignment was perfectly natural. The The Word “Syndicate" Reaches America two parties represented, as they do to-day, the two great bodies of foreign capital invested here: These huge refunding operations of the Gov- the New Englanders the English; the Jews the ernment, and the methods of conducting them, German. Jay Cooke, the leading candidate made the financial sensation of the 'zo's in the for the refunding work, most naturally allied United States, and one of the sensations in himself with the German Jews, who had come politics. Before this the Government had sold into business relations with him in their sale its debt itself, through agents paid by a small of Government bonds abroad. Drexel — early commission. Now the public was stirred by a friend of Cooke's, but since Cooke's over- the sight of the sale and the large aggregate shadowing success a jealous rival - was his profit of a small group of men becoming respon- chief competitor. Side by side with Drexel sible for hundreds of millions of dollars of securi- fought the New Englanders — the old-time dry- ties, and selling them to the public. There was goods dealers, the Morgans and the Mortons. continual investigation and debate over the subject in Congress; and the press of the coun- The Morgans and the Mortons try and the political orators turned and juggled and examined curiously and with apprehension The Morgan and the Morton houses were the mysterious word "syndicate” which these allied in many ways. Levi P. Morton — later operations brought into America. Vice-President of the United States, and still It was nothing but a new name, said the living at the age of eighty-six — had been Democrats, for a “ring” to defraud the Gov- Junius Morgan's fellow partner in the dry- ernment. “Sunset” Cox, the Democratic orator goods house of James M. Beebe & Co. in Boston. from New York, let loose a caustic imagina- After many years in the dry-goods trade, he had tion on the subject in Congress. Constitu- come into the banking business seven or eight ents had written him, he said, to ask if it were years after Morgan, at the opening of the Civil related to the Ku-Klux. He had searched the War. Walter Burns, his former partner, — the languages of the earth for its origin. “While son of a prosperous New York dry-goods man, on the island of Corsica,” he said, “I saw the had married Pierpont Morgan's sister in 1867. devilfish of Victor Hugo - a horrible monster Young Morgan joined with his father's old busi- with the most remarkable tentacula, which ness associate, Morton, to secure the contract clasp the human form in their slimy claws. It for refunding the big loan. has depopulated whole villages by the sea. It In 1871 Cooke and his party won, carrying is called by the victims, in their mixed lan- a contract to refund $130,000,000 of the new guage, sund y-cato. Revenue reformers write me bonds. The transaction was extraordinarily that it is an animal peculiar to Pennsylvania, successful, so much so that the Rothschilds of- with a head of iron, eyes of nickel, legs of cop- fered themselves as Cooke's associates in further per, and a heart of stone. It consumes every enterprises. But the Drexel-Morgan-Morton green thing outside of its own state." combination kept after the business. Drexel was a close friend of President Grant; George A New Instrument of Concentration W. Childs, the editor of Drexel's newspaper, the Philadelphia Public Ledger, was still closer. Whatever the etymology of the word, the They campaigned assiduously with him. But Democrats agreed that the syndicate was a dan- "young Morgan and Morton,” says Cooke in gerous thing. Many others, who were in a po- Copyright by Adolph Muller-Ury FROM A PAINTING OF J. PIERPONT MORGAN BY ADOLPH MULLER-URY WHICH WAS EXHIBITED AT THE ART INSTITUTE IN CHICAGO IN 1905 sition to observe the huge operations and the the man with the resources and temperament profits of these great new combinations, felt capable of conducting them was about to that they were a menace. But the underwriting concentrate the greatest financial power in the syndicate had arrived in America to stay. The history of the world. time had come when the aggregation of great The underwriting syndicate of Government sums of money was absolutely essential for the bonds in the 'zo's handled some $750,000,000 conduct of human affairs. The syndicate was of securities. Selling a security with a con- the tool which society had developed to accom stantly rising market, their profits were many plish this, and the head of the syndicate – millions. At their start the credit of the 13 16 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA . United States was on a six and one half per in the security market of America. In one step cent basis; when they closed it was at four he took his place as the greatest financial figure per cent and better. They had established a of his time or any other — greatest because the new financial oligarchy in the United States. leader in the greatest and most momentous August Belmont, as the representative of the movement of capital in the history of the Rothschilds, was much the largest taker of world. bonds. But no element was so active and ag- gressive as the Drexel-Morgans. Amalgamation - the Law of the Railroads Through this operation the Morgans reopened Antretitzar to the huge investing resources of The old finance and the new were two entirely England. For forty years it had been a burial- different matters. A Goverpenent Toan is a loan ground for English capital State debts con= to a people; a corporation loan might rightly federate debts, railroad investments, had been be called a loan to machinery. Behind it lies y successively disastrous. One single monumen- nothing beyond a successful mechanical opera- tal success had been achieved in American tion. The financing which young Morgan securities — the refunding of the 'United States undertook was that of the greatest single class debt, in which the Morgans had been so active. of mechanical operations in the world - the In 1877 the financial magnates of America American, railroads. In 1857, when he began gathered in New York at a dinner to give thanks his business career, the laws of the operation to Junius S. Morgan for "upholding unsullied of the railroad were far from clear. By 1879 the honor of America in the tabernacle of the they were becoming very clear indeed. old world,” as Samuel J. Tilden, the toast The railroad is a type of mechanical opera- master, expressed it. It was unquestionably tion which must inevitably aggregate into great the greatest demonstration in honor of any units, representing huge bodies of invested capi- financier that had ever taken place in America. tal. It is nothing more than a device for rolling men and merchandise from place to place by The $200,000,000 Corporation Arrives steam power. As this process is many times cheaper than any other, any interruption of it is But now a new era in the financial world had so noticeably costly that it cannot be permitted. come. War had ceased among the great civi- The great majority of railroads in the United lized nations, and the financing of war debts had States were built in sections of from twenty to dwindled. In 1879 the great refunding of the fifty miles; between Albany and Buffalo, for American war debt was closed; and at once the instance, there were ten separate lines. They great operations of capital turned into a new were owned by local capital, who made every and more important field, the financing of huge effort to prevent their amalgamation, because corporations. The day of the $200,000,000 of the work that the transferring of goods from corporation, with the $50,000,000 and $100,- one car to another at their terminals gave to 000,000 debt, had arrived, and the United local labor. There were four different gauges, or States, the country of vast distances and ines- widths of track, in the country — built pur- timable resources, was to furnish naturally the posely, in some places, to compel the transfer of greatest and most luxuriant of these huge goods. But, steadily, irresistibly, the railroads growths. of the country progressed along the line of con- August Belmont, who had represented the solidation which they are still continuing. Rothschilds in the bond syndicate, was sixty Pierpont Morgan, in twenty-two years of busi- three years old; Levi P. Morton was fifty-five ness life, had seen practically all of this move- years old; Junius Morgan, now sixty-five, the ment of consolidation of railroad capital in ponderous figure of the East India merchant America. He had watched the most spectacular prince in an old English play, was retiring from phenomenon of the period -- the accumulation active life. In 1879 there came forward, as if by Gould and Vanderbilt of the first $50,000,000 chosen by circumstance and inheritance as the and $100,000,000 fortunes in America — created heir of North America, J. Pierpont Morgan. by nothing more or less than by the understand- He was forty-two then, just about the age of ing and capitalization and manipulation of this George Peabody and Junius Morgan when they consolidation movement. He had, in fact, came to the beginning of their great careers in taken some part in it himself. In 1869 his firm London. Up to that time he had been the son of Dabney, Morgan & Co., in a secondary of his grim-mouthed father. But he had learned capacity, had fought Gould and his political and the tools of his trade; he had watched and legal accomplices, and succeeded in wresting the helped to operate great syndicates; and was Albany & Susquehanna Railroad from them perfectly well equipped to take the first place and merging it into the Delaware & Hudson JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 15 GANGRENFELL&C MORGANGRENNILE CURRLE HEADINY an act that had earned him a directorate in the Delaware & Hud- son. In 1878 a rich comb manufacturer, Adolph Poppenhusen, had started a wild exploit of gridironing the northern part of Long Island with rails, and had been over- whelmed by the enter- prise. The Drexel-Mor- gan firm had picked up his holdings for a song, and taken a hand in managing the road, to turn it over later to the combination, by Austin Corbin, of the roads that now form the Long Island Railroad. The Morgan firm in London was fis- cal agent for a number of roads, and had placed various issues of bonds - large enough in their day, but small judged by modern standards. By 1879, when the days of railroad financing in the tens of millions had arrived, Morgan was well equipped for the first sensational operation of the un- derwriting syndicate in American railroads. The Great Vanderbilt Stock Syndicate It came about in the natural course of events. In 1879, when the last of the United States bond business was done, William H. Vander- bilt' was being har- assed beyond THE MORGAN BANKING OFFICES IN NEW YORK AND LONDON endurance. The New THE NEW YORK HOUSE, SHOWN IN THE UPPER PICTURE, IS ON WALL AND York Legislature, BROAD STREETS. THE LONDON HOUSE IS AT 22 OLD BROAD STREET. THE : backed by the force of PLATES IN THE UPPER RIGHT-HAND CORNER, GIVING THE NAMES OF a fresh popular anger THE PRESENT AND TWO PRECEDING FIRMS, ARE STILL AT THE DOOR OF THE LONDON HEADQUARTERS and surprise at the accumulation of $100,000,000 private fortune in ten years, was proposing new methods of control of rail- was investigating among other matters – roads; the rate wars between the sea-coast and the management of the New York Central, and Chicago were under way; and Jay Gould was a 15 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA threatening to take all of the Wabash traffic sea-going international merchant that for three from the Central and turn it to other Eastern centuries had pioneered and developed the world. connections, unless he was given an interest in There were forty years of an honorable fighting the management of the Vanderbilt road. Wil- house behind him. The merchant was a spec- liam H. Vanderbilt was of softer material than ulator, but always a speculator for a rise. The his father. He finally succumbed. The Mor- Morgan firm represented and believed in Amer- gans managed the $30,000,000 syndicate which ica; and one inherited article of faith appears in took 250,000 shares of the Vanderbilt New every action of Pierpont Morgan. He recalls York Central stock and sold it, very largely to-day, as his business motto, the advice his abroad. Vanderbilt, in selling, took refuge for father gave him on a sea voyage made from his fortune by accepting payment for a consider- England — not long, perhaps, after he had able part of his holdings in United States Gove started business in 1857. It was a small coun- ernment bonds. The big sale was a profitable try then; scarcely more than a fringe of farms venture. The papers announced five months about a wilderness; a third as many people as later a profit of $3,000,000. The Morgans had now; not a third so many miles of railroad as he conducted another great syndicate operation himself influences to-day. successfully, but this time it was a new kind “Remember one thing always,” said Junius of syndicate, and a new Morgan was at the Morgan. “Any man who is a bear on the future head of it. of the United States will go broke. There will be many times, when things look dark and Morgan, the Man of "Yes" and "No" cloudy in America, when every one will think there has been over-development. But remem- Old Wall Street men, who remember those ber, yourself, that the growth of that vast coun- days, recall with vividness the new personality try will take care of it all. Always be a 'bull' that loomed up. The face of the man, compared on America." with the mask which the lines and furrows of And this his son has always been. thirty years of power have made to-day, seems When Pierpont Morgan entered the railroad curiously soft and gentle. But the wonderful world, he appeared in one capacity, and one steely eyes were there, and the brusque and only — the representative of capital. He knows dictatorial manner. nothing, and has said upon the witness-stand "I remember him in the early 'Bo's,” says a that he knows nothing, of the operation of veteran foreign exchange broker. “He used to railroads. do most of his exchange business personally “When you speak of questions of traffic,” he then. I know I had to wait for him when he said, in the case of Peter Power against the was out. He sat there in the front of his private Northern Securities Company, “you speak of office, his head down at his desk, and a big cigar something I know nothing about.” His business cocked up in the corner of his mouth. When was not railroading. For forty years his house you offered him exchange, if he thought it was placed the capital of the world safely, and pro- too high he'd say, 'No’; nothing more. Never posed to do so for fifty and one hundred years an offer of what he'd give. You'd never know more. It had sold State and Government and what he thought. Then you'd go out. If you railroad securities; it was to sell types yet to could you'd come back and offer it again, lower. be invented. Its interests and the interests If he thought the price was right, he'd say, of the capital it united were identical. It I'll take it'; nothing more. It was always was just embarking on a new great enter- 'Yes' or 'No'; no other talk at all." prise — the handling of the capital of the Morgan, for a quarter of a century now the American railway – a mass of securities already man of “yes” and “no” in the financial history greater than any Government debt in the of the country, had taken his position in Wall world, and it brought into the transaction a Street. His method was founded very largely spirit and attitude that had never existed upon the strength of his position. He did not there before. go out bargaining; men and enterprises came to him, because they had to have him. He an- The Waste of the Promoter swered “Yes” or “No." Up to this time the financing of American A "Bull” on America railroads had been almost entirely in the hands of promoters. Their interest as a class was to He is no theorist, and never was. He was a place the greatest possible amount of railroad merchant, with the traditions, not of promoting in the United States, regardless of whether there or juggling with securities, but of the aggressive was need for it or not, and sell it for the highest JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 17 more. possible price. By the exploiting of every pos- line, which was paralleling it; the New York sible source of capital — the nation, the States, Central leased for nine hundred and ninety-nine towns, counties, and individuals in America and years the West Shore road, and the Morgan Europe they had built twice as much railroad house reorganized it. The first step had been as the country could employ, and issued four taken toward a process which was absolutely times the securities it could pay interest on. essential for the interests of capital in America In 1884 Poor's Manual, the railroad authority - a monopoly of transportation between the of the country, stated with great positiveness seaboard and Chicago. that all of the capital stock in the railroads of the United States in 1883 — practically $4,000, Monopoly the Goal of Capital 000,000 represented water. In the three years ending December 31, 1883, it estimated, In the United States, where every tradition $2,000,000,000 of capital and debt had been has tended toward the most extreme type of created, and "the whole increase of share cap- individualism, the concentration of capital in ital, $999,387,208, and a portion of the bonded the form of monopoly is probably more actively debt was in excess of construction." hated and resisted than in any other portion of It was high time that the interests of capital the globe. Yet, from the standpoint of modern at home and abroad had a strong representative capital, monopoly is absolutely and irresistibly to fight for them. The minute that the Mor- logical. Modern capital has been accumulated gans placed their great block of New York for one chief reason — the purchase and opera- Central stock abroad, a champion was assured. tion of power machinery. The effort to secure In 1879 this stock was the highest-class invest- monopoly in modern industry is nothing more ment in America; for ten years, without a break, than the effort of capital to secure just the it had paid eight per cent regularly. It was amount of investment in machinery which will placed abroad by the Morgans on the distinct produce the greatest possible returns. What understanding that it should pay it for five years could be more vicious than the waste of the sav- ings of the race in the duplication of machinery which it does not need to do its work? What Two Railroads Where There Should be One a wild, crazy, wasteful thing, to build two rail- roads where one ought to run! In American Before those five years had passed the storm railroads the capital of the world was being broke. There were now five independent through wasted by the tens of millions, and there was no lines for the chief business of the continent sign of relief. between Chicago and the sea-coast, and two So Morgan, as the maker of good securities more were building. Three roads would have and a defender of these securities when made, been ample for the business. To keep the rail- was drawn irresistibly into the railroad fight of roads running, rates were torn to pieces; pas- the '80's. In 1884 the Reading Railway – sengers went from New York to Chicago for a where vast sums of England's money had been dollar a head, grain was handled from Chicago spent - went into a receiver's hands. А to New York for half the cost of doing it. Three Morgan syndicate furnished the millions needed roads were tottering on the edge of bankruptcy, to reorganize it. In 1887 the solid Baltimore & one had gone bankrupt, and the New York Ohio, a 'road of continuous eight and ten- Central was on the verge of cutting its dividend per-cent dividends, was suddenly found to be more than half. It was time for the house of on the verge of collapse — because of crazy Morgan to come out, according to its established competition in building and rate-cutting. A custom, and fight for its capital. Morgan syndicate furnished the millions needed In the summer of 1885 William H. Vanderbilt to set it going again. In 1888 another Mor- – already within six months of his death – gan syndicate reorganized the Chesapeake & was impotently cursing the West Shore road Ohio. for paralleling his lines —"a common miserable By this time the house of Morgan was getting thief which had been caught with its hands in thoroughly committed to the financial success his pocket." The Pennsylvania management of the great trunk lines to Chicago and the coal were supposed to sympathize with the new com- roads of the Middle Atlantic States, whose petitor, while Vanderbilt was behind a new road interests were inevitably intercrossed in a com- paralleling the Pennsylvania. The West Shore, mon field. It had placed with its clients in overcapitalized to the point of a public scandal, England within ten years great quantities of was giving its expiring gasp. In July, 1885, New York Central, Reading, Baltimore & Pierpont Morgan arranged a compromise. The Ohio, and Chesapeake & Ohio; for twenty years Pennsylvania secured the South Pennsylvania it had been interested in Erie. Its interests beten N sambayo wiscSIV Avenue سی TOWA MILOVA KOUT SAKAWAS TVORE Mn Creo To Mi Gel us FLORIN THE RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1858 THERE WERE 29,968 MILES OF THESE, WITH A CAPITAL AND DEBT OF $1,000,000,000. THE GREAT NUMBER OF LITTLE LOCAL LINES, WHICH MADE THE CHIEF MILEAGE OF THE COUNTRY, ARE NECESSARILY OMITTED IN A MAP OF THIS SIZE - covered very closely the exact area of the by law. In 1887 the Interstate Commerce Act largest interests of English capital in America. was passed, prohibiting pooling. The railroads, being driven to combination by the nature of Competition by Force of Law the operations, proceeded toward monopoly by another way. Now, from the middle of the '70's the effort of these Eastern railroads had been to combine Morgan and a Railroad Trust in one non-competitive organization by the device of pooling a combination which fixed There was no way to turn but to J. P. rates and divided the business or the money Morgan. From the time of the West Shore from it on an agreed percentage between previ- deal in 1885, he led the movement toward ously competing roads. These pool agreements monopoly which was essential to preserve the were constantly being broken in the hunger of securities of the clients of his house. His old- the different railway managements to get busi- fashioned brownstone house on Madison Avenue ness to keep their roads alive. became the resort of railroad presidents, mak- But nothing could make the people of the ing “gentlemen's agreements” on rates over the United States more ugly than the operation. dinner-table. In 1886 the presidents of the Railroad rates between man and man and town anthracite coal roads met there and agreed on and town had been absolutely unequal and higher coal rates; in 1888 the Western railroad unjust. The railroad promoter had swindled presidents gathered at the same place for rate the small investor of the Middle West even more agreements. In January, 1889, the “gentle- flagrantly than the investor in Europe. The men's agreement” movement culminated in the great mass of agricultural population saw noth- formation of the “Interstate Railway Associa- ing in this combination but an attempt to extort tion,” at a meeting of eighteen railway heads illegitimate dividends on billions of dollars of and the then principal bankers of America. fraudulent capitalization. The doctrine of By this time Morgan loomed very large in laissez-faire and free competition being the America. In Wall Street, at this period, his com- great American cure-all for economic ills since monest nickname was “Jupiter" Morgan. And the birth of the Republic, it was decided, after before this meeting of 1889 it was seriously a long fight, to make the railroads competitive announced in the press that Morgan was to be 18 WASHINGTON MONTANA les 3, hast NORTH MAINE DAKETA OREDON 105 lore OH SOUTH WISCONSIN CAN WYOMING DAKOTA NEVADA ES LA IOWA NEBRASKA CALIFORNIA UTAH COLORADO RCTI KANSAS MISSOURO keneisy ORHOMS Vin IA CA ROMA ARIZONA ARKANSAS Temneloce NEW MEXICO COUT CAERUN NEO CIA TEXAS LOUISIAN Miss S& ALABAMA LORA THE “MORGAN" ROADS IN 1898 THERE WERE 32,899 MILES OF THESE-ONE SIXTH OF THE MILEAGE OF THE COUNTRY - WITH A CAPITAL AND DEBT OF $2,750,000,000, AND YEARLY EARNINGS OF OVER $300,000,000 made the head of a great central company to association would itself be a power not lightly to be regulate the whole railway system of America. resisted. But, in addition to that, every stockholder in Europe and America will be likely to gather around the board, giving it proxies when asked for, or dele- Control the Capital of the World gating to it any special authority which, in the board's opinion, it might need. Besides, it would substan- What really happened at the meeting in tially control the capital of the world. Against its January, 1889, was less ambitious, but still an could be raised for any enterprise. advice or opinion we do not believe a dollar of money epoch-making thing. The usual "gentlemen's agreements” on rates were made by the rail- The capital of the world so far as American road presidents — were made, and broken very railroads were concerned — was concentrated in soon afterward. The really significant action these few strong hands. It had centered there, was that of the railroad capitalists. The three not by any man's will, but by its own irresistible chief railroad houses of the day — the Mor- law. In the first place, a railroad was now gans, Kidder, Peabody & Co., and Brown a machine which required a huge body of capi- Brothers — were represented at the meeting. tal for its building, and only a few had the In answer to the question of President Roberts power to get this capital together. In the of the Pennsylvania road, Mr. Morgan said second place, only in a great central mass, di- that he was authorized to state for these great rected by a few hands, could capital be pro- houses that thereafter they would refuse to fi- tected against destruction - by the gigantic nance new competing systems. The Financial waste and fraud and duplication which the Chronicle, America's leading financial organ, American railroad had brought to it. estimated the meeting editorially in these words: Five Minutes' Concentration of Thought The consulting parties were practically all the heads of the competing lines on the one hand and the representatives of the world's capital on the other. The pressure in the center of this movement When the party furnishing all the new money needed of concentration was becoming enormous and the party that owns the old money invested and especially upon the firm that was coming to the party managing the corporation unite, the result bear it all. The man Morgan, more daring and means revolution. thority of the board, when formed, can hardly be forceful than his autocratic father, sat directing overestimated. The standing of the members of the it, keeping his own counsel, saying "yes" or 19 20 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA "no" to great events as they came. He pre- All his life he had taken no particular care of his sented to the public one thing only — results; health -- relying and, indeed, often imposing bare, abrupt decisions, not processes of thought. upon his naturally fine physique. Feeling “Morgan,” says a famous lawyer who has badly, he began taking up artificial exercise, known him well, “has one chief mental asset with dumb-bells and apparatus. And when he a tremendous five minutes' concentration of got no better he called in one of the greatest thought." He acts by a kind of clairvoyance, physicians in New York. He was stripped and an instinctive judgment such as women are given a thorough physical examination from supposed to exercise. There is a quick, intense head to foot. The doctor left him, saying he process of decision; then he turns the whole would give him his opinion in the morning. His matter over, with general directions to his part- opinion was this: "Stop exercise in every form. ners to work out the details. The actual labor Never even walk when you can take a cab. of the firm is concentrated again on one or two You have formed the habit of living without men, the junior members of the house. Already exercise, giving your energy to your brain. in the '80's the firm of Morgan was known as It is too late to change the habit of a lifetime.” a partner-killer. This unusual advice was followed at once, For thirty years the Morgan house has been and with immediate success. Since that time built up by a process of selection. During all Morgan has shunned exercise, eaten heavily, that time Morgan has marked out and taken in smoked much, and buried or shelved all his the men who suited him; offered them the king- business generation. And since this has come doms of the earth; treated them with the utmost the time of his really great achievement - the generosity; and broken them down with work. achievement to which his previous life had been a mere preliminary. For it was the panic of The Story of Morgan's Partners 1893 which began the formation of the financial world in America which we see to-day, and the The first man to receive the load was Egisto creation of the power which we know as Morgan. P. Fabbri. Morgan was alone in the firm until 1876; all the other members were from the Capital Demands More Concentration Drexel side. Then he chose his first man: Fabbri, a native of Italy — taken from the old The confederacy of railroad presidents and trade of the international merchants, with which bankers, as described by the Financial Chronicle, the traditions of the Morgan house had been to “substantially control the capital of the so long associated. Fabbri was a clear-headed, world” in its relation to American railways, did successful business man. He, assisted by J. not fulfil its expectations. There was too much Hood Wright, from the old Drexel firm, was put capitål demanding impossible returns — con- in charge of the detail work. Fabbri gave out in trolled by too large and loosely bound a body of 1884. Charles H. Godfrey, who came in during men. Still greater concentration must come. 1878, retired the same year both rich men No practical system of killing competition broken down in health before their time. Fabbri could be maintained under the circumstances. had to be replaced at once. Railroads kept losing money and piling up In 1884 George S. Bowdoin, from the firm floating debt by millions. Suddenly, in 1893, of Morton, Bliss & Co., and Charles H. the inevitable collapse came; in the next few Coster, an accountant from Fabbri's old ship- years a third of the railroads of the United ping firm of Fabbri & Chauncey, were taken in States went bankrupt. as partners. Coster proved a mind in a gener At this time the great German Jewish security ation for detail. He was immediately Morgan's merchants had no hold upon American railways. man. J. H. Wright was active for a few years The Rothschilds were content to remain, as they longer. Then, in the fall of 1894, Wright, a man are now, a close ally of Morgan rather than a of fifty-eight, fell dead in an elevated railroad competitor, taking their American securities station, at the end of his business day. The from him; Kuhn, Loeb & Co. had yet to rise as whole burden of the detailed working out of a railway power; the Speyers were strong, but Morgan's plan now came upon Coster — at not masterful; the Seligmans, who had been just the most critical and important period in leaders in the Government refunding operations, the history of the firm. had not become a leading house of issue for rail- way securities. Of the firms handling English Why Morgan Does Not Exercise capital, which was so heavily invested in the 'Bo's, the old house of Brown Brothers did not care It was about this time that Morgan, now to branch out aggressively into the field, and a man over fifty, began himself to feel the strain. Kidder, Peabody & Co.'s power for placing se- JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 21 curities abroad had been lessened by the failure years Morgan had been trying to get his hold of their strong foreign connection, the Baring Now he took it, not for himself primarily, for firm, which went down with the English panic his clients for capital. of 1890 that was given its name. The English house of Morgan -- interested in the same The City and the Corporation Argentine Republic securities that so crippled the Barings — had fought that government It is the very natural popular belief that the aggressively and savagely for their bondhold. modern business corporation, in history and ers' rights, and came out victor, stronger than practice, was created to represent, and does repre- ever for the experience. Junius Morgan had sent, the capital which makes it. This is far from died in the spring of that year. Walter Burns, true. The two chief types of corporation, munici- for ten years past the active head of the English pal and business, arose in exactly the same house, led England in this financial battle. way. They were associations of men, not capi- Three years later, in the terrible American panic tal, organized because groups of men had iden- of 1893, capital looked to one house and one man tical interests - in the city because they lived to defend its billions of investment in American together, in the trade guild and the old foreign railroads the house of Morgan and its Ameri- trading company because their business inter- can head. ests were the same. But one man in a business corporation had one vote and no more, exactly The Last Place Open as in a city election, no matter how much capital he had invested in the company. And by com- It was the event, again, which came to mon law the situation would be the same to- Morgan, and not Morgan who had foreseen or day. He was compelled, also, to deliver that shaped the event. First came the Southern vote in person, exactly as at a city election, or Railroad reorganization. The tangle of rail- it was not counted. By common law he would roads in the South, which had been snarled into have to do so to-day. In fact, by common an inextricable mass in the Richmond & Westlaw, the corporation is as much a democracy Point Terminal by a group of New York and as is a city. Richmond speculators, went into a chaotic failure — like nothing ever seen before. Morgan "An Unfair and Mischievous Practice" had not been interested in forming this railroad combination; he did not believe in it at that But a business corporation is primarily an time, nor in the section that it served. Others association of capital, not of men. It imme- tried to reorganize it in vain. Then they turned diately started a system of representation of in despair to Morgan. The firm of Morgan - capital and not men -- greatly to the distress of as Coster used to say about this Southern Rail- the public opinion of the time. “Of late years,' road reorganization – was in the position of the says the English act of 1766, passed to prevent man who came home late at night and was this change, "a most unfair and mischievous asked sarcastically by his wife how he happened practice has been introduced of splitting large to come there. “I didn't come here till every quantities of stock, and making separate and other place in town was shut up,” said the man. temporary conveyances of the parts thereof, for But there was a real and vital reason that the purpose of multiplying or making occa- made the firm of Morgan take up the Southern sional votes immediately before the time of de- Railway reorganization, and with it the general claring a dividend or choosing directors, or of reorganization of the broken American railroads. deciding any other important question; which It was necessary in self-defense. A firm whose practice is subversive of every principle upon greatest specialty was American railroad securi- which the establishment of such general courts ties could not allow them to be utterly stultified is founded, and, if suffered to become general, before the whole world. would leave the welfare of all such companies Having power, once and for all Morgan got liable at all times to be sacrificed for the partial his firm grip on that slippery thing, the Ameri- and interested views of a few.” in other words, can railroad corporation. For forty years the this dangerous innovation of having a corpora- American railway promoters, reckless optimists, tion managed in the interests of the capital gigantic thieves, huge confidence men,- magni- which created it must be stopped. fied a hundred times by the greatness of their It was not stopped, of course. By the first transactions, - had juggled and manipulated part of last century, charters given to corpora- and exploited these great machines for their tions quite commonly gave the right of vote to own profit, and the general loss of every one the shareholders, according to their holdings. beside — public and investor alike. For ten Another change of great importance came in at 22 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA the same time — the right to vote by proxy. great blocks from New York and London stock This device carries out to its logical end the brokers holding customers' shares in their own theory that capital, not men, creates the corpo- names; they went through English cities like ration. The impersonal thing, capital, required Glasgow, Manchester, and Liverpool, buying naturally the abrogation of the requirement of proxies for a shilling or even ninepence apiece. personal voting. Capital was theoretically in Some tens of thousands of dollars insured the control of the corporation. management of a corporation spending twenty million dollars or more a year; and, when Morgan Fighting for the Real Investor once they had control, they merely charged the expenses of buying their election to the But theory is not practice. In the American corporation. railroads, neither the capital which created them The real investors in Erie proposed on one nor the men who furnished it had control of the occasion in 1871, when they had forced Gould corporations. Theoretically the stockholders into a corner, that a majority of the stock are supposed to furnish the capital of a cor- should give irrevocable proxies to English poration, and manage it as their own property; trustees, of which J. S. Morgan & Co. should be practically, the American railroads were built one. This scheme was never carried out. But by the bondholders, who had no word to say in 1876 the Erie road went bankrupt, and the concerning the management of their properties. bondholders took charge. In the reorganization The capital stock — quite generally pure in- an unusual arrangement was made. Bonds flation — had the only voting power, and the were given voting power; and, in addition, half American railroad promoter manipulating it the stock was placed in the hands of “voting played ducks and drakes with the greatest trustees.” These trustees returned trust certifi- properties in the world, and with the only real cates to the owners of the stock, who were en- capital that had created them. titled to every benefit from it except its power Morgan — the representative of the debt- to vote. This remained in the control of the holding class — watched for twenty years the "voting trustees” until the preferred stock of disastrous progress of this manipulation of their the Erie should pay its full dividend for three property; for ten years he had tried continu- consecutive years. The bondholders of a great ously to lay his hand upon it. The slippery American railroad had, for the first time, taken and elusive figures of the railroad promoters al- control of the property they had paid for, by ways slipped through his fingers, defeating him the "voting trust.” through the voting power of the stock. Then came the panic of 1893; the promoters had over “Those Roads Belong to My Clients” played their game. The great properties went into the hands of the bondholders; the stock Pierpont Morgan, from his first entrance into lost its rights of management; and Morgan - big operations in American railroads, insisted before furnishing the new capital that could that the capital he represented have its share in bring the corporations to life again - assumed the management. When disposing of the Van- the voting rights himself. The instrument he derbilt stock in 1882, he demanded a directorship used was the “voting trust”— an aggregation in the New York Central; after financing the of the power of proxy-voting. $40,000,000 Northern Pacific loan, he imme- diately went on the directorate and finance The Erie and the “Voting Trust” committee of that railroad; in 1887 he placed his representative, Samuel Spencer, at the head Twenty years before, when the Erie Railroad of the Baltimore & Ohio upon furnishing its was the leader in the system of grotesquely needs for money; in 1888 and 1889 he took ingenuous trickery and fraud that made Ameri- control of the Reading and the Chesapeake can railroads infamous throughout the civilized & Ohio roads after their reorganization by world, J. S. Morgan & Co. were its fiscal agents means of “voting trusts.” in England. Out of $41,000,000 worth of bonds, It was a perfectly well-defined policy. Morgan over $39,000,000 were held in England. For ten proposed that railroads should be managed by years the actual investor, represented by such the capital that built them. houses as Morgan, fought to obtain control. “Your roads?” he said, at one of his meetings The manipulators of the stock held much of it of railroad presidents. “Those roads belong to upon margins; much of it they did not have to my clients.” own at all. They bought the proxy votes of But through the '80's he could not retain con- stockholders at current rates of from fifteen trol; the active railroad promoter and expan- cents to a dollar a share. They got them in sionist continually defeated him. Villard, a man JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 23 of extraordinary ingenuity and vision of the ing, and the Southern, each with its $300,000,- future, failed and came back again over the 000 of bonds and stock, the Northern Pacific Northern Pacific; the venturesome Gowan was with its $200,000,000. By 1898 over a billion succeeded by the more venturesome McLeod and a half dollars were in the stocks and bonds over Reading. The inefficient Garretts got back of the corporations that he himself had re- the Baltimore & Ohio. Then, all at once, the organized. panic of 1893 brought the properties around No single financial problem in the previous again to Morgan and his clients. He reorgan- history of the world had equaled in difficulty ized the roads and fixed them to his own con- and magnitude this reorganization of the rail- trol by the "voting trust." roads of the United States. These crazy finan- cial structures had been patched together by One Man with Millions of Proxies any possible method of cohesion. They were leased, interleased, subleased; bought in whole It was a far cry from the first old common- or in part; and securities of every degree of law principle of the corporation - one man for inflation represented questionable claims upon one vote delivered personally to this great them. centralized power of the Morgan "voting In the Southern system, for instance, there trust." Essentially it was nothing but the were four holding companies already existing; voting power of hundreds of thousands of men thirty-two roads were controlled wholly or par- transferred by proxy power to Morgan. One tially by leases, more by partial control of man controlled the power of millions of shares stock, while several were merely hung to the of stock. The necessities of wasted and ex- system by loose and shaky agreements. The ploited capital had forced this concentration: leased roads themselves held many others by the transfer, practically to one man, of the second leases, and in numerous cases even the greatest single centered power in the world. junior leases had other alliances hung to them. From his own standpoint, Morgan had come Important links were not controlled at all, to the position by the most ordinary of com- while some main lines were held only by a minor mercial motives — the desire of a reputable stock interest. There were one hundred and house to "stand by its goods.” ten different stock and bond issues involved One after another, the hundred-million-dollar in all. All this must be unsnarled, the various corporations came to Morgan and his clients for claims of security-holders satisfied, and millions reorganization and control. The Erie, the Read- of new capital obtained. The So-called “Morgan” Properties in 1898 Name Miles Central of Georgia Chesapeake & Ohio Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Erie Hocking Valley Lehigh Valley Northern Pacific Reading Southern Baltimore & Ohio Vanderbilt lines 1,582 1,360 535 210 2,509 345 1,402 4,254 1,444 5,893 3,676 9,655 32,865 Stock and Debt $ 50,801,000 125,538,979 28,518,000 13,417,000 318,098,010 30,355,000 151,190, 100 314,743,400 297,851,630 319,515,409 266,746,093 750.910.254 $2,667,684,875 Gross Earnings $ 5,507,070 11,788,551 3,323,671 1,390,695 36,353,176 2,809,895 19,742,538 23,679,718 21,475,242 25,042,705 40,252,804 112,487,402 $303,853,473 Method of Control Stock owned Voting trust Stock control Stock owned Voting trust Stock control Stock control Voting trust Voting trust Voting trust Voting trust Directorship Totals The Railroads of the Country Totals for country 184,894 $11,216,886,452 $1,249,558,724 All roads east of the Mississippi 104,602 7,014,342,094 858,945,884 Total railroads 1858 29,968 1,081,306,865 161,483,500 24 OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA THE MASTERS Morgan and His Dead Partners entire receipts of the United States Government were only twice as large as those of the Morgan This work was the inheritance of Charles H. roads. Coster. Men saw him by day — a white-faced, They were not his personal property, of nervous figure, hurrying from directors' meeting course, but the property of his clients, of the to directors' meeting; at evening carrying home capital of England and the world at large. his portfolios of corporation problems for the Other financial houses and interests were in- night. He went traveling across thousands of volved. In two of the great roads — the Balti- miles of country, watching railroad road-beds more & Ohio and the Vanderbilt lines — other from the back platforms of trains. The ac- strong interests were concerned. But even in countant of the old-time South Street shipping these two Morgan dominated. The lead in the firm with a genius for figures had reached a reorganizations of the Baltimore & Ohio had center of business pressure where no man's been taken by other firms, but not one was then strength could last. In the first part of March, strong enough to oppose Morgan, whose repre- 1900, Coster took a slight cold; within a week sentative was in the "voting trust." The Van- he was dead. The papers, as the chief feature derbilt lines held the family name, but the family of his obituary, recalled that he was in the itself had dwindled. The real, vital force that Directory of Directors as director in fifty-nine remained was Morgan. great corporations. The United States Government had forbidden Fabbri was dead; Coster was dead; J. Hood the advance toward monopoly by the device Wright was dead; Walter Burns was dead in of "pooling.” The capital of the world had London - all dead of the same complaint: the advanced nevertheless, using two other meth- business of the house of Morgan, and the strain ods — the consolidation of railroads into im- of the care of the capital of the world. Both of mense corporations and the control of these the Drexels were also gone. J. Pierpont Morgan corporations by a single interest. In 1858 the was alone; come through that soul-crushing mill greatest corporation in America had about of business -- out of his own generation. Their thirty-five million dollars capital and debt. In work, the work of George Peabody and his own 1898 the New York Central system had a cap- father, remained to him as sole inheritor. italization and debt over twenty times as large — about seven hundred and fifty millions; the The “Morgan" Roads of 1898 Pennsylvania system had nearly a billion. Under the influence of one man, Morgan, had He was a man of over sixty now. It was forty come capitalization and debt of two billion and years since he started his apprenticeship in the three quarters, including eight railroads of over financing of America, since he had begun to see a hundred and twenty-five million capital. This the irresistible drift of capital that had centered one man held a position of such power that his upon him. The difference between the condi- railroads and one other — the great Pennsyl- tions of the financial world of 1858 and that of vania system — were in practical control of the 1898 — particularly in that one greatest field, business of the greatest railroad territory in the the railways, to which he had then given his country, the territory lying between the seaboard mind — was inconceivable. of the Middle States and the Mississippi River. In 1858 there were 30,000 miles in the United Meanwhile new powers were rising west of States, capitalized and bonded at $1,000,000,- the Mississippi which were to revolutionize the 000. Their gross earnings were only about management of the railroads of that section, and $160,000,000. later, coming East, were to force a concen- In 1898 the so-called “Morgan", roads had tration of railroad control vastly greater than 33,000 miles — a sixth of the mileage of the coun- that of 1898. try; their capitalization and debt was $2,700, This story, with the figures of Harriman and 000,000, a quarter of that of the country; their Hill, and the many operations of the Kuhn- yearly earnings were over $300,000,000 — also a Loeb and Rockefeller sources of capital, will be quarter of the total for the United States. The given in the next two numbers of McClure's. MOLLY by George Pattullo Author of “SHIELA etc Illustrations by Frederic R. Gruger. and Maynard Dixon OUBTLESS there can be found his back. But toward the cow — ah, that is persons who will scoff at the asser- different. Here is a mainstay of life. Here is tion that there is more of senti- — well, a cow is a cow. And she has more ment in a cow than in any creature human promptings by a thousand miles than that walks the earth on four legs. the lout who milks her and howls at her with The assertion stands, however. Cavilers, these, raucous voice to "get over”; in self-effacing who look at the gentle bovine through the eye devotion she makes the ladies of the horse tribe of commercialism, not gifted to see beyond her show cold and hard and calculating. barn-yard activities toward the nourishment of Why, there was a time when three hundred mankind. One may approach a horse in com- furiously anxious, bawling mothers smashed radely security, reasonably assured of fair play. out of a stout wooden corral on the Tumbling One walks up to a mule in a spirit of veneration K range, and laid a straight course across four- and religious preparedness, with a sickly aspect teen leagues of territory in quest of their helpless of confidence and fair words, and a club behind progeny, mercilessly cooped in cars at a rail- D 25 26 MOLLY road siding, awaiting shipment to an Arizona It must be confessed that Molly was lonely. butcher. They kept seven well-grown men atop To be the only one of her kind in a tract of five a water-tank for thirteen hours, and — but to thousand acres — they kept her in the horse attempt a citation of cases would be idle. This pasture — was depressing to a companionable is the simple tale of Molly. disposition. The broncos on the river flats and She was not an especially pretty animal, mesquit-clothed hills were shy, wild creatures, Molly — just plain cow, dun in color, with subject to alarms and foolish panics. With a Jersey strain somewhere among her remote mild wonder she would watch them break into forebears. Yet, one could not gaze on Molly a mad run at a sound or a strange scent. They for long without a feeling of profound respect were masterful, too, always driving her away pervading his soul. It was not because one from the water-holes and the salt until they had could see with half an eye that she gave large had their fill. Instinctively she was afraid when quantities of milk; that was merely the per- one of them approached with careless con- formance of her natural functions. Nor was it fidence that she would give place. But, though that her wistful regard suggested all the sorrows unhappy, Molly never overlooked her duty, of her sex. Molly in some way made a subtle and each morning and each evening she stood appeal to sympathy that cannot be voiced. quiet while Uncle Henry milked her, occasion- As a matter of fact, she ought to have ally rumbling a note of satisfaction or sweeping been the pampered occupant of a clover field at a fly with cautious backward swings of her by day and of a stall by night. Instead, head. Uncle Henry was becoming too stiff for she was roaming the zacaton flats of the hard riding, and now spent most of his time Tumbling K and losing herself among the trying to persuade himself and others that the black-brush ridges of the Mules, in vague odd jobs he applied himself to were of his own wonder that the world was grown so large. choosing. Designed to be a respectable milch-cow on a One morning Molly awoke to turmoil. The dairy farm, here she was in the heart of a bellowings of mighty herds came to her on the wilderness; and all because of a boy. west wind, and she rose and walked He came among us, pink and white to the imprisoning fence. Truly the and horribly clean; and Tumbling K was become he was the owner's son. a Babel. In the wide, There were eleven thou- browned valleys, on the sand cows in our domin- mesas, and far into the ions, but milk had been fastnesses of the Mules, a thing of rumor to the bulls and cows and outfit, perhaps because clumsy calves burst it is inconvenient to milk through grassy tangles, on horseback. Now, with riders in hot pur- however, Vance shoved suit. Even where the his legs under the boards waters of Eternity at the bunk-house, and Spring bubbled ice-cold objected to clear, biting the year round, beyond coffee. So, when he de- the edge of things parted blacker than a where the sky came Mexican, with a two down to meet the world, months' beard and over- outlaws and free rovers alls sustained by a strand reared their heads and of rope, - babbling wild dashed for liberty as things of a bath he would the cordon swept toward take, a bath that would and about them. Molly endure for a day and a could hear the churning night, - we still had of the hosts on the Molly. round-up ground, and to "That cow's got a mind, her nostrils was wafted I tell you," Uncle Henry the taint of the dust assured the outfit at sup- belching heavenward in per. “She's got a mind thick, choking clouds. jist like you or me, Dave, For the Tumbling K only better than yourn. range was to be divided, Pass them frijoles." UNCLE HENRY and eight thousand head && ů FREE "FROM WHICH VANTAGE-POINT HE BESOUGHT SOMEBODY TO SHOOT THE ANIMAL" must be gathered and turned over to the In the day-time her heart was filled with fore- retiring partner. bodings and uneasiness. Hundreds of cattle were Where did all the cattle come from? Molly driven into an extensive corral within the con- had never dreamed there were such hordes of fines of her pasture, and thence, in small groups, cows in the world. Great armies of them filed they went into a chute, propelled by the whoops by in long lines, the cowboys on flank and in and outcries of sundry reckless horsemen who rear shouting, whistling, spurring into the press crowded their rear. Molly watched and won- in their efforts to urge the herds forward. dered. She saw these cattle forced singly into Molly stood at the barb-wire fence most of the a narrow runway; she saw them caught fast day now, staring at this rally of her species; in a squeezer, heard their bellows of consterna- sometimes she bawled a troubled greeting. tion and fright; and then there reached her the And the little calves! Many a toddling new- stinging odor of burned hair, when the brand- born, strayed from its mother and solicitous of ing-irons bit to the flesh. Upon which Molly protection, staggered from the line to sniff at would flip her tail in the air and lope away; the kindly disposed creature that nosed it so but she always returned. Much as she feared tenderly from the other side of a six-strand it, this troubled gathering of her kind had an barrier. All night the restless trampling of irresistible fascination for her. sleepless thousands and the bawling of steers It was Uncle Henry who discovered that the and worried cows came to disturb Molly's arrival of the herds was demoralizing our slumbers. The bed-ground for the herds was faithful benefactor. She no longer browsed not four hundred yards distant from the sedately; even the succulent grama-grass of the pasture fence. She could see tiny intermittent creek-bottom failed to hold her, and she walked lights move slowly about them in a wide circle, the barb-wire ceaselessly day and night. Her where the men on guard smoked as they rode weight fell off in alarming fashion; and when, their rounds through the dragging hours. on the third evening, Uncle Henry approached 27 28 MOLLY with outstretched hand and honeyed speech, To her side the white-faced youngster bolted, and the milk-pail cunningly concealed, she confident of sanctuary. For a cow, Molly was shook her big, patient head and moved off. terribly agitated. She turned about and about, He followed, and she quickened her pace. trying to obtain a really good look at this for- “Consarn your fat head!” roared Uncle ward baby who greeted her as his mother. The' Henry, never a patient man. “Hold still or calf, on his part, kept close in an endeavor to I'll take the hide off'n you.” secure his supper, being very hungry and prop- He tore after Molly, threatening dire visita- erly careless of the source of supply. Molly tions. Now, it takes an extremely clever person smelled and sniffed at him, and edged off in in- to circumvent a determined cow, when he is on tense nervousness. Evidently quite positive in foot and she has five thousand acres in which to his own mind that he had found what he had manoeuver, and Uncle Henry returned to head- been seeking, the red white-face gave over all quarters, howling for somebody to lend him useless fuss and set himself resolutely to obtain a horse and he would drag that dun fool clear to a meal. Texas. We went without milk that night, and “Let him go, John," called the boss. “We grumbled and swore precisely as if we had had lost his mother over on the Barbacomba. nothing else all our lives. Molly'll look after him. Look out! Bear down “Hi-yi! Bear down on him, cowboys. More on him, cowboys! It's that big ol' bull.” frijoles here!" Molly was thrilling to long-pent yearnings, With a yell, Big John sprang to the lever of and the vapors of self-delusion welled up to the squeezer and threw all his strength on it, befog her instincts. After five minutes of nosing gripping the plunging steer about the middle and a minute inspection, the Jersey came to as he strove to win through the chute. the conclusion that this must be her son, and "Hot iron! Hot iron!” shrieked the wagon yielded to his hungry importunities. With a boss. "Somebody build that fire up. All right. low, deep murmur of content, she walked away, That's got him, Cas.” followed by her adopted baby. And behind Molly hung about near the corral, gazing on a sage-brush, safe from interference, she fed these frenzied activities in consternation. It him. The outfit watched them go in amaze- was early morning, and low-hanging mists ment, prophesying many things. were shredding before the sun. One of the few things they did not foretell Some calves passed through the chute by came to pass next morning. Molly had hidden inadvertence. Being too small for the squeezer the calf behind some soapweed while she went to hold, they were noosed as they came out, to graze a few rods off, and, the dawn being flanked, and branded on the ground. One was still gray and the air stinging cold, we picked so small that the men at work beside the run- that particular bunch of weed for a bonfire to way, idly rolling cigarettes during a halt in the provide warmth while the wrangler was bring- operations, failed altogether to perceive him ing up the horses. When the match flared, the above the heavy lower boarding, and gave no calf on the other side of the shooting sparks warning. As a result, he sauntered into the staggered to his feet. open, and there was no noose ready to snare. Ba-a-a-a-aw! His ears were twitching with curiosity, and he "It's the little 'un," whooped John. moved his legs as if they were stiff and his feet He said no more, because at that moment hurt, as indeed they did, because he had come came the dull pounding of hoofs on grass, and many weary miles and he was not three days there was Molly, her head held high, turning old. her gaze jerkily from one to another, after the “Hi-yi! There goes a calf!” yelled the manner of cows when preparing to charge. We punchers. “Go to him, John. He's just your forgot about the fire for the moment, and size.” headed for the corral fence, streaming across Big John grinned, spat on his hands, and the country twenty strong, with Molly in hot made a dive for the fugitive. “The li'l' rascal,” pursuit, snorting wrath. Big John eluded her he chuckled, grabbing for its tail. Instead of by dodging behind a bush, leaving a portion of taking to the open and falling a prey to a roper, his overalls with the cow, and she abandoned the calf lunged sideways and went under the the chase at once, returning to her charge. horse-pasture fence. He was so short that he Him she licked and caressed with many mum- easily bowed his back and slid beneath the wire. bled endearments, making sure that he was The outfit sent up a shout of laughter, and unhurt. The calf took all this stoically and as exhorted John to stay with him; but the giant a matter of course, considering it his due, and remained where he was, staring fixedly at the fell to breakfast. Molly gazed across at her fugitive. Molly was on the other side of the fence. late friends sitting spectrally astride the fence, cu fin.CRUER "I CAN'T BEAT HER TO THE GATE!' HE GASPED, WITH A GLANCE BACKWARD" - and all the anger was gone from her eyes; they W boo-00-00-bub! snorted Molly, smashing were large and melting with happiness. down upon him. A crippled horse was shot that day,-- the The wolf straightened and wheeled with bronco-buster threw him too hard, breaking a flash of gray, and sprang, all in one move- a leg,— and to the carcass the coyotes skulked ment. So marvelously quick was he that escape when night shut down. About eleven o'clock would have been certain ninety-nine times in a Molly got to her knees, in which position she hundred. A bull would have borne down on the remained a few seconds, meditating; then rose victim with lowered head and eyes shut, like to walk about, nibbling at the grass. All cattle a runaway freight train; a cow charges with get up in this manner between eleven o'clock eyes open, and Molly, consumed with mother- and midnight, even vast herds of them, to graze wrath, ripped sideways with her sharp horns for a few minutes and then lie down on the other as the cowardly hunter swerved. A shapeless side. This may be the basis of an old super- bundle of brown-gray fur was tossed into the air, stition that “good cows say their prayers.” and when it struck the ground with a snarl of Molly, with the warmth of the snuggling calf pain and rebounded, Molly went at it again. still on her side, wandered farther than she in- This time she caught him full with her horns, tended, leaving him on the ground. Abruptly and, quite by chance, followed stumblingly on she thrust her nose into the wind and sniffed. his ribs with her fore feet. The coyote squirmed It was a stale, penetrating stench, and inherited away from this terrible avenger, snapping fu- knowledge warned her that there was danger. tilely at her muzzle, and a cry from the calf Back ran Molly in a tremor of anxiety, her head distracted the Jersey from a burning desire to wagging from side to side in her efforts to complete the good work. As she whirled about glimpse the marauder. Behind a clump of and ran to her adopted son, the wolf made as if bear-grass, belly to earth, crouched a coyote, to flee; but he was hurt unto death, and sank his foxlike nose pointed toward the spot where down miserably under a mesquit, his glinting snoozed her unprotected son. Inch by inch he eyes searching the brush for foes. And through slunk forward, soundless as a noonday shadow. the long night he panted out his life, until at Now his muscles stiffened for the death-leap. the dawn the last spark flickered. 1 -- 1 29 30 MOLLY "It's a big ol' ki-yote"- John stirred the that the Jersey would permit within five carcass with his boot. “A steer done ripped yards of her baby. He entertained a sort of him.” proprietary affection for the cow, and she “There aren't any steers in the horse pas- reciprocated save when such cordial relation- ture," retorted the boss. “Only Molly.” ship clashed with her love for the adopted one. By one impulse the outfit turned in their At such moments Uncle Henry was not to be saddles to look for her. There stood the Jersey considered, of course, and she was as ready to a hundred paces off, feeding tranquilly on mes- put him on the fence or speed him round a bush quit pods. Toddling at her heels was a red, as any other member of the Tumbling K outfit. white-faced calf of sturdy frame and curly coat. Upon a day in September, he was on his way Molly was behaving as if she had never done back from patching the line fence, when he anything more exciting in her life than eat espied Molly trotting distractedly about a nar- bran mash. row draw. She stopped and stood at gaze as “Good old Molly,” they called back, as they he approached, then resumed her agitated run. dog-trotted to the bunk-house for dinner. From time to time she dashed to the brink of Molly, hearing the familiar name, lifted her an arroyo to gaze down into it. Uncle Henry head to regard the cavalcade soberly. watched her curiously, surmising from the We went without milk cheerfully enough stores of his experience what had happened. now, and speculated at every meal as to the “She'll jist about go on the prod and rip me, probable course Molly would pursue as the calf if I try to get him out,” he announced to his grew. There was little else to talk about. Some horse. vowed she would get over her hallucination Molly took a few steps toward him, lowed quickly and abandon the youngster. Uncle pitifully, and returned to stare down at the Henry thought differently. unfortunate calf. The old puncher neared "She's a better mother to him than his own the arroyo with caution, anticipating a rush; would have been. I never done saw a range but Molly only lowed again, and made way for cow look after her calf like Molly does that him. rascal. And ain't he fat!” he exclaimed. "I swan, she wants me to pull him out,” said One day the wagon boss conceived it to be Uncle Henry in a reverent tone. "If that don't in the line of his duty to brand the white-faced beat every calf. A man was despatched to rope him. He He alighted and walked to the arroyo's rim. returned presently to say that Molly would not Ten feet below, lying on the sandy bottom of permit him to get near. “She went on the a hole whose precipitous sides prevented him peck and gored my horse.” He exhibited a red from climbing out, lay the white-face. Uncle weal along his mount's flank. Henry took down his rope, deftly dropped the "You can't rope a calf away from its mother?” noose over its head, and, remounting, dragged rasped the boss in amaze. “Pshaw! You'd the kicking youngster to safety. When he once better go back to cotton-pickin', Cas.” more got down to remove the rope, Molly suf- He spurred away to bring in the culprit him- fered him to handle her son, though she glared self. What were cowboys coming to nowadays? in swift suspicion when Uncle Henry threw him He would show them! We mounted the corral to the ground and knelt on his body to free the fence the better to view proceedings, and waxed noose from his neck. merry of spirit when Molly chased the boss six “Boys,” said the boss at supper one night, different times. Molly would not be frightened “Molly has got to go.” or enticed away from her son, but turned to “Oh-ho! Ho, indeed!” retorted Uncle confront this unexpected enemy when he gal- Henry, with fine sarcasm. “Oh, yes,” he loped at her. As for the calf, he glued himself added, unable to think of anything better to say. to Molly's side and would not budge therefrom. The boss shook his head sadly over the “Will we stretch her out, Pink?” we shouted. clamor that ensued. He spoke of the matter as “No," snarled the boss. a man of feeling would acquaint a wife of her He made another try, and almost got his rope husband's sudden taking-off; but it had to be. over the calf; but the Jersey bore down on him An order had come to deliver Molly to Bockus, just then and gave him something else to do. the butcher at Blackwater. So the boss ambled back, grinning sheepishly What! Lose Molly? The boss was locoed, behind his sandy mustache. or worse. Had he by any chance secured a "I reckon" — he cleared his throat — “| bottle, of whose whereabouts we were in igno- reckon that's one on me, boys. Let him go just rance? We would buy the cow ourselves first. now. We'll get him in the spring.” It was an off day. The branding was done, Uncle Henry was the only human being and the Tumbling K outfit was awaiting the GEORGE PATTULLO 31 arrival of a purchase of four thousand steers “If I let you have that cow for thirty, I lose from the South. Thus it came about that precisely one thousand nine hundred and thirty- twelve of us rode into Blackwater, and Big seven dollars. No; Molly stays.” John was spokesman. John was not much of “One thousand nine – Why, man, you're a speaker, being given to profanity when a con- crazy! How's that?” gestion of language threatened; but he had a “Ask those strikers of mine," came the grand theme, and talked about Molly in a way answer, accompanied by a chuckle. “Great that made us cough. weather, isn't it? How is veal selling to-day?" “Bless my heart," cried the owner of the “But look a-here, Vance, let me have the hi the on Alle UNIVER ORARY 12 N 90 "SEND FOR ONE OF THEM FOOL COWBOYS!' SCREAMED BOCKUS" Tumbling K, when the mystery slowly un- calf, anyway. You owe me that much," pro- folded itself. “Bless my heart!” tested the fat Bockus. He gaped, then squeezed the mighty muscles “All right. Send out for him, though,” said of Big John's shoulder and laughed. All this the cattleman carelessly. fuss about a cow – one forlorn dun cow. The It happened that Bockus despatched a youth puncher grinned in his turn, shuffling his feet; with a pair of mules hitched to a wagon for the for they knew and understood each other, these calf. He was a wily urchin, and a glance satis- two, having been associated for eighteen years.fied him that Molly's son could be taken from That is why Bockus received the strange ex- her only by craft. Accordingly he loafed all of planation he did when he called to protest one day in the horse pasture, with his wagon against the delay in delivering Molly. close at hand; and when the unsuspecting Jer- "It's just this way,” observed the cattleman, sey strayed off some hundreds of yards to secure slipping an elastic band about his tally-book. better grazing, he made a sudden descent upon 32 MOLLY the white-face, locked his fingers about its muz- abandoned them, springing through the door zle so that the calf could not utter a sound, just as Molly swept down the road. The calf threw and tied him, then heaved the outraged, bawled a greeting, and the Jersey began to trussed victim into the wagon and made off. circle the wagon, occasionally prodding at the Molly returned shortly, and, missing the apple mules just to be on the safe side in the event of of her eye, set out on a frantic search of the their having had anything to do with this theft. immediate vicinity. In the distance a wagon They kicked at her in return, but did not offer raised the dust of the Blackwater trail, going to run away. rapidly; the boy did not feel any too secure “Somebody rope her! Somebody rope her!" even with a fence between them, and lashed his cried Bockus, dancing up and down in his shop. hybrids, shrilling oaths at the gawky beasts. "No, don't shoot. Them locoed Tumbling K's The cow brought up at the fence, every sense will wipe out the town if you do." on the alert to detect the presence of the calf in Alas! there was nobody in Blackwater com- the fast-disappearing vehicle. Some subtle in- petent to do it. They were peaceful, indus- stinct told Molly he was there, and she retreated trious mining folk, and a cow was a thing of a few steps. Then, with a crash, she went terror to them. And an enraged animal like through the six strands of wire, and, with a long Molly! Blackwater suspended business, shut gash in her left shoulder dripping blood, started up shop, and hid indoors or took refuge on the after them at a swinging trot. roof. Brother Ducey was conducting an open-air From time to time Molly abandoned the revival service among the mining population of wagon temporarily to seek revenge where it Blackwater. He was a powerful exhorter, was might be given to her. In this way she made the brother, and, as most of his congregation forays over half the town, and put Bill Terry, were women, with a sprinkling of men who the postmaster, through a new plate-glass win- would presently go on the night shift six hun- dow that Tom Zeigler had imported at enor- dred feet into the bowels of the earth, his pic- mous expense. Tom swore that Vance would ture of a lurid, living perdition had them sway- have to pay for it. ing and rocking on the benches; their groans “Send for one of them fool cowboys!" and lamentations rolled up the street. screamed Bockus, after two hours of this. “You're all a-goin' to hell!” he shouted. His boy stole forth on an emaciated pony, "Your feet are on the hot bricks now. Helland, eluding the cow by a burst of speed, is ..." And, again: "Hell ——” brought Blackwater's prayerful appeal to the Brother Ducey broke off and glared wrath- Tumbling K headquarters. fully at an imp of a boy who drove a clanking We rode in and roped Molly. Then certain wagon at top speed completely around the of us did some trafficking with Bockus, Big meeting-place, making for the slaughter-house John laying down the terms, with the result beyond. that the cord around the calf's legs was loosed Then Molly arrived, and took no such devious and he was restored to his mother. route. She went straight through the congre All the blind savagery was departed from gation, overturning the mourners' bench, and, Molly now. She sauntered over to a patch of unable to differentiate between friends and grass and began to eat, with the calf at her foes, headed for the rostrum. Brother Ducey heels, and the stare she turned on the citizens waved his arms wildly and squalled “Shoo!” of Blackwater was non-committal, even kindly. But, as Molly would not “shoo,” he scaled a Her departure · took on something of the tree with the speed of a lizard, from which character of a pageant. Brother Ducey was vantage-point he besought somebody to shoot induced to make an exhortation - or he could the animal. not be restrained — at any rate, Brother Ducey The Jersey did not pause to trifle with these delivered a speech setting forth the extraor- hysterical worshipers. Her business was to find dinary qualities of the cow. It was really a re- her baby, and she was almost up with him. In markable tribute, but all the notice Molly took truth, the cow was an awesome sight as she was to flick one ear as she masticated a bunch charged anew after the wagon, the blood trail- of grass. ing from her shoulder, froth flaking her nos “An', brethren an’ sistern, what does this trils. Evidently the butcher's assistant found brave creature teach us? Hey?” he demanded, in conclusion. “I can't beat her to the gate!” he gasped, "I dunno," mumbled a gentleman at whom with a glance backward. he was staring, in a hopeless tone. Whereupon he wheeled again and galloped “I ask you-all ag'in, what she done taught us his team in front of Bockus' store. There he when she come a-seekin' of her young in the her so. ORANGE 33 RIVER very heart of our meetin'? Why, it is plain showed. You-all do likewise. Brother Perry as the mole on Lon Rainey's face,” cried will now pass the hat.” Brother Ducey. "I forgive her a-chasing of me We took Molly back to the Tumbling K and up that cottonwood,— it's a right good thing it turned her into the horse pasture. She came was so handy,- an' Miz Ducey kin sew the peaceably enough, six of us acting as escort of pants. But what did this noble animal show? honor. She is there now, browsing among the Jist what I was prayin' of you-all to reveal, breast-high zacaton, followed everywhere she brethren an' sistern. She showed love an' de- goes by a husky red calf with a white face. votion, an' a generous sacrifice for somebody Molly is firmly persuaded that he is her son else besides her own self. That's what she done and the pride of the range. Air ORANGE RIVER BY WILLIAM PATTERSON WHITE SAW the Naval Four Point Seven I swing her muzzle up to heaven en Five miles off a trench was riven, That day at Orange River. I smelt the raw clay gashed by shell, The dead mules at the poisoned well, The donga where the gunners fell, That day at Orange River. I heard the bagpipes' lilting tune, “Ye Banks an Braes o Bonnie Doon,” Mocking the aching sun at noon, That day at Orange River. I felt the cold moon's jeering mirth, And sensed at last the proper worth Of little deeds of little earth, That night at Orange River. Hurja Dool Fir Buxror's L By - Fuero Abbott Ollustrations. by Hanson Booth UBMERGED in the book-lined quiet stretched lips. ‘But if you knew how it was — of his inner office, the State's Chief, me comin' all this ways to be held up an’ sassed Executive stretched out his big by that white-collared candy!" She gulped in frame until the back of his swivel- a last frantic effort at self-control, and then the chair creaked a warning. He nipped reaction came. meditatively at the end of an unlighted cigar, Shortly afterward the Governor was making and doubtless pondered some matter of grave his escape into the outer office with every mani- official importance, for he scowled in stupendous festation of helpless panic. In the doorway he astonishment when the door was fairly struck looked back long enough to say to the girl's open to admit the rush of a strongly built, red- heaving shoulders: faced young woman. She had pushed by the “Now, you mustn't cry like this, you know; private secretary, whose virtuous and protesting you really mustn't! You'll use yourself all up. face was visible for an instant over her shoulder. I've got to leave for a moment. We'll hear the At sight of the gubernatorial expression, the rest of your story later,” he added quickly, outraged countenance of the secretary vanished, when the girl made a sudden movement as if to but not more quickly than the color died out of struggle to her feet. “You stay here and get the girl's cheeks. quieted down, then you can have your chance "Oh, I've went an' made you mad to begin to talk.” with!" She spoke breathlessly, with tightly With this rather evasive promise, the Gov- 34 AVERY ABBOTT 35 1 ernor closed the door, and, wearing as much “Pleaded guilty himself, my dear. A com- of his customary dignity as could be hastily mon swindler! I found out that much.” summoned, he approached his stenographer, “And what is urged in his favor?” who had quickly lowered her eyes and was “Tears; nothing but soppy tears! Here clipping away at her machine with marked comes a great, strapping girl, tearing right absorption. into my private office. She cries, cries fright- "Miss Hall, will you go in there and do what fully, cries all over me! Says she wants to get you can to compose that young woman? Tell 'his' pardon! By George, I won't stand that!” her the rest of her story will be heard, but that The Governor started on a rather circum- she must try to get quiet first, and be able to go scribed constitutional around the room, throw- over it calmly. Ask her to wait in there.” He ing out his arms in angular sidewise jerks which spoke the last with a stiff emphasis which were his only mode of physical emphasis. Ob- compelled from Miss Hall a respectful “Yes, servers of the opposite party averred that the sir.” motion had been acquired twenty years Lefore “Please go at once,” the Governor concluded, in husking corn. as he stepped into the telephone-booth. With “Of course it's too bad about this poor girl," the receiver squeezed tight to his ear, he was he conceded. “I'm sorry nothing can be done presently saying: “Ask Mrs. Ridley to come to for that Jim of hers. But nothing can be done, the 'phone, please. That you, Ruth? and there's an end of it. You must make her I want to see you a minute. understand that clearly.” Won't be leaving the house till I get there, "You mean you want me to see her, J. hn: will you? All right. I'll be right “Why, certainly; I thought I said so. That's out." what I came home for. I thought, if you could When he entered his wife's room, some go right down ” He stopped abruptly. twenty minutes later, she merely said, "Well, "Had you anything else special to do, my dear? John, what is it?” She spoke quite casually, I didn't notice you had on your hat.” and did not even turn to look at him; in fact, she had a good view of his face in the mirror, before which she stood, pinning upon her dark hair a little hat of softly folded silver-gray velvet. John Ridley made no pretense of unconcern. Straightening his big bulk beside the little woman, he drove his hands down in his pockets until the stiff cuffs of his shirt pushed his coat sleeves into corrugations around his elbows, while his wife slid a silver pin through the hat and turned to give him her attention. “It's another pardon, Ruth.” He blurted it out like the big boy he always was with her. “If I were to go on granting pardons at the rate my predecessor did, they'd soon have to use the penitentiary buildings for a foundling asylum or a moving-picture show!" Her answer was a smile of indulgent sym- pathy. “It's all very well to joke about it, but it's a mighty serious matter. Such flagrant abuse of Harici B the pardoning power has turned loose on me, at the very beginning of the term, a regular horde of pardon-seekers. Now, to correct mistakes which were none of mine, I shall be compelled to go to the other extreme.” "It is a pity, isn't it?” “To be sure, it is; but it's nothing like so great a pity as shuffling men in and out of prison according to political expediency." "And this prisoner? "SHE DID NOT TURN TO LOOK AT HIM; IN .. He was surely FACT, SHE HAD A GOOD VIEW OF guilty?" HIM IN THE MIRROR" 36 THE GOVERNOR'S LADY "Nothing whatever," was her unhesitating would understand each other better; don't you reply. think we might?” He closed his big hands tight about hers. The girl's look was one of baffled protest, and “This girl is going to take it hard — needs a when she spoke it was brusquely, but with such woman to talk to; and you must make her frankness that her words could not give offense. understand that there is no chance — no chance “I'll tell you just what I do think, mom. I whatever.” don't think any human bein's on earth under- “But if the case has merits?” stand less about the lives of folks like us than "No; make her understand that this is final. women that's always been lapped up in lugshury. If she won't understand, I shall have to see Understand? W'y, they ain't never dreamed!” her myself.” The Governor's wife smiled again (she had a The Governor was holding his wife's wrap, tender smile), and then she bent forward to lay a long soft coat of that same silver-gray color, a hand upon the other woman's knee. and as he drew it up about her shoulders he “I was a working-girl,” she said. “I had bent forward to kiss her cheek. earned my own living for eight years before John “It's a shame to grind you through the mill, Ridley married me. After that I believe I con- too. But — He gave his wife a farewell tinued to earn it. I hope I am earning it still.” pat on the shoulder. “Run along now. I'm “You taught school, mebbe?” questioned the going to look up some papers. And, by the other guardedly. wily, if you could meet me at the Rostand at “I hadn't the education. I clerked in a one — could you? — we'd lunch together. .. store." Good!” “You did? Well! Then I bet you seen some The little woman's face was very serious as hard days; most of 'em do. I believe, takin' she went down the stairs and out of the wide it all around, I'd ruther cook, as I allays hev entrance. But her preoccupation was not so done, than slave behind a counter. An' I like deep as quite to efface the esthetic pleasure she cookin'. I wa’n't ever dissatisfied at it. Even always felt when the glass doors of her motor when I was cookin' in the El Dorado minin' closed her into the delicately cushioned interior. camp, an' workin' pretty hard, I was always Luxury, for her, had not yet been staled, lookin' forward to the time when Jim an' me although she enjoyed not so much what it gave would have a home an’ me havin' only him to her as what it represented of her husband's cook for. Jim was terrible fond o' good achievement. cookin'.” She certainly had no consciousness of any “Yes,” said Mrs. Ridley, and the girl went on. vicarious official importance when she stepped “I wouldn't marry him till he had a little alertly from her car, and as she entered her something laid by, an' I believe now that was husband's private office the figure before her where I made my mistake. If a man's got any effectually obliterated all constraint. good in him, there's nothin' steadies him down The girl was sitting quiet in the big swivel- like a wife an’ family. Not that there was chair, nor did the heaviness of her tear-swollen ever anything bad about Jim; he was only like face change in the least as the door opened. most young fellows — easy-goin' an' not know- She turned her head slowly to follow her visit- in' very well how to hang on to his wages. But or's course across the green-carpeted floor, and then, he wa'n't earnin' so much, neither, then stared with pale-blue lethargic eyes at the brakin' on a freight-train, an' promotion lookin' dainty woman who slipped to a seat near her. a long ways off. “I am Mrs. Ridley,” began the Governor's “So he begins to get uneasy, wantin' to throw lady. up his job an' try somethin' else, mebbe go to "Yes, mom,” the girl answered. Evidently a big place, where he could earn more. I told she did not understand. him I didn't see no good in it. In cities where “Governor Ridley's wife, you know," the you earned more you saved less. But he said gentle voice explained. when he was gettin' bigger wages, then we could Then the girl straightened up. be married anyway, an' I could do the savin'. "Ain't the Governor comin' back?" she Oh, he was fond o’ me, Jim was, an' faithful! questioned. “He said he would!” He never looked at no other girl.” “And he will, if you want him to.” Her con With her thumb she was wadding her moist fident smile must have been partly reassuring, handkerchief into the palm of her left hand, but the girl did not speak. rolling and working it over and over as if it had “It was the Governor himself who asked me been a lump of putty. She kept her eyes down to come. He tells me about many important as she went on: matters. And I imagine he thought two women “Many's the time I've thought o' that, up in for a suun 03 " "YOU MEAN YOU WANT ME TO SEE HER, JOHN?'" TES OH SUM AGB "HE WAS FOND OF ME, JIM WAS, AN' FAITHFUL. HE NEVER LOOKED AT NO OTHER GIRL'" the Yukon, when I was so beat out, so dog The girl bent forward, leaning upon clenched tired, I felt as if I'd give my right hand off, hands that were shut tight in the sag of her 'most, to get to bed. An' then, when there'd be skirt between the knees. At last she said: a chance at last to crawl in, I'd lay there, starin' "An' after a while come my first letter from wide awake an' thinkin' about Jim.” Jim — an' it come” — she finished huskily — This time she choked over the name; but she “it come from the penitentiary.” did not stop, although she spoke more slowly. She opened a worn, flat purse that had been “He was that kind-hearted, you see, an' gen- lying in her lap and took out a soiled sheet of erous; an', for all he was so big an' gruff- paper with blue lines. “Might I read it to you, voiced, he was a whole lot like a kid. I guess mom?” she remembered to ask, but had begun a good many men's that way. Don't you think almost before the permission was granted: So, mom?” “I think they are just that way,” agreed the "Dear Huldab: wife of the Governor. “I never made good. I was going to write when I did, but I never did. I wanted awful to see you. “Yes — yes, they are," breathed the girl; I made up my mind I could get the money somehow and the other was surprised to see how the and go back. I got in with some fellows that had a heaviness of her face was warming into sweetness padlock game. It sure was easy money. I got five and how the features that had seemed at first Maybe you seen my picture in the papers. I won't years. I guess it is a good thing you are shut of me. only clumsily blocked out were in reality firm never trouble you. It is hell here, and no more and strong. at present. I wanted to see you. “I can see now just how it was with Jim, “Good-by. "JIM." when he got to the city, an' work wasn't easy to find, an' nobody by to hearten him up. After She had read the brief sentences in a mono- he went I kept lookin' for a letter; but there was tone; now she folded the sheet in its worn weeks went by, an' weeks — I don't know how creases, tucked it into the purse, snapped shut many - the clasp, and went on with her story: 38 these for AF 213 WHO "I DON'T WANT TO TELL YOU ABOUT IT NOW. AS SOON AS WE HAVE A LITTLE CHANCE ALONE "I don't guess any of the boys had noticed do. I staked out a claim for myself, an' I was nothin' in the papers. We didn't get 'em very lucky. reg'lar, anyway, an' I never had much time for "I used to get up at three o'clock in the readin'. So it was all done an' over with. My mornings to cook. Between meals I worked Jim was in for five years — my Jim! my claim, an' my sack kept gettin' bigger an' "I never told a soul: I couldn't. Everybody bigger. Finally I set a time ahead when I'd knew that me an' Jim was promised. So I stop: it would be just three years that day never let on but I heard from him right along, since Jim had gone to the pen. an' I had it out by myself o' nights.” She sat “When that night come, I told the boys I silent for a moment, looking before her, and the was goin' out. They was pretty mad. It hit worn shadows in her face seemed to deepen. 'em in a tender spot. They cussed a good deal, “Them was bad nights. an' when I seen how broke up they was feelin', “Then come a chance to go to Alaska to cook I just had to tell 'em. I told 'em what Jim had for a minin' party. Some of the boys I knew done, what I had been a-doin', an' what I was was a-goin', an' the pay they offered me was intendin' to do. That was the first time I ever big, though I didn't set so much store by that. give up before anybody. When them boys | wanted to get away – I didn't care where cheered, I went an' bawled. They even wanted it was. to chip in, but I told 'em I didn't need an ounce "If I'd known what it was goin' to be, maybe of it. If gold could help any to git Jim out, there I wouldn't 'a' have been so crazy to go. But I wouldn't be nothin' lackin', an' there won't. was abler to stand it than some o' the men that I'm a rich girl, mom, an’I've come to git Jim out." went. I took my share with the rest. The She fixed upon her listener a gaze that chal- harder I worked days, the better I slept nights. lenged denial, and Mrs. Ridley temporized. An' we sure had excitement a-plenty. “Have you seen him?” "One after another, the boys was strikin' it "No, mom. I come here right from the rich, an' all of a sudden it come to me what I'd deepo. But I telephoned out. He's there." 39 SHE MADE HIM FEEL THE HEROIC QUALITY OF A LOVE THAT COULD NEVER FORGET” AVERY ABBOTT 41 “My dear girl," began the Governor's wiſe. “I don't want to tell you about it now," she She hesitated a moment, and then went on: answered, “in all this clatter. As soon as we “But if the Governor feels he must refuse?” have a little chance alone --- "He won't," asserted Huldah. “A Governor The Governor set his elbows on the table, to ain't like a law court. I can explain it to the the consternation of the glassware, and leaned Governor so he can see just how it is. Jim ain't toward his wife. no natural crook; he just got off the track, an' “When we're alone we'll talk of pleasanter he's been payin' for it for three years. When things,” said he. I tell the Governor, he'll do what's right. I He was smiling, although she could not but know he will, mom.” see how tired the smile was; and she noticed “A pardon hearing is not held immedi- again, as she had often of late, how fast the ately,” Mrs. Ridley suggested. “There are some worn creases were being plowed into his face. formalities. For one thing, it must be adver- They deepened now, as the smile died, and he tised for two weeks. Did you know that?” spoke in a tone of finality: “Two weeks?" “I'm going to ask you not to tell me about it, “Yes.” Ruth – now or at any other time. I'm very “Wait two weeks?" grateful to you." “That long, at the very least,” said the When Governor Ridley used that tone, even Governor's lady. his wife never opposed him. She did not quite “Wait two whole weeks before I can even succeed in keeping the disappointment out of begin?" her face, but she said, “I know just how you feel “I'm sorry, but that is true.” about it, John," and went on quickly to chat Huldah heaved a sigh of compulsory resigna- of other matters until her husband was smiling tion. again. And so it came about, as the Governor's “Well!” crowded days went by, that he really forgot, as “And since you must wait,” Mrs. Ridley he had thought best to do, the case of the girl went on, “would you be willing to promise me who had cried. not to try to see the Governor for the present, Many other harassing details incident to a but to let me tell him what I think advisable?” new administration had been satisfactorily ar- The girl's face was one protest. “Why, I ranged, and on one of those rare evenings when he can't do that, mom! You can't never tell him and his wife were able to be at home and alone about it like I can. You don't know Jim.” together, he was feeling especially comfortable. “No, but I do know the Governor." There “My, Ruth, but this is good!” He laid down was a sweet whimsy in the little woman's his paper to contemplate, through the blue smile. “Had you thought of that?” shimmer of his cigar smoke, the pretty figure She rose, and as she did so the girl also got up, sitting near the fire. “But, after all, we shall made a step forward, and reached out as if to be glad, girl,— shall we not? — to be back in take the hands of the Governor's lady. But she 'our own house again, free to do as we please? drew back as quickly, looking down at her own And I am not sure that we shall not be accom- hands, that were like reddish-brown leather. plishing quite as much as we are here." “Pretty bad, ain't they?” she laughed “Sometimes I think so, too, John.” She brokenly. “But that don't make no difference. lifted her eyes from the page of her book. You're goin' to help me!” Her eyes were “And what do you suppose I even wish, some- luminant; for the instant they were beautiful. times? I even wish that, when you go back to “No, no; I don't promise you that,” the your practice, it might be as a criminal lawyer." other hastily protested. "We shall have to "Why such an unsavory longing?” The leave it with the Governor.” Governor took his cigar out of his mouth to “Yes, but you are goin' to help me,” declared laugh at her. Huldah, with her sublime imperturbability. “Don't laugh, dear; I mean it. I have been Mrs. Ridley herself might have believed that going to see the men at the prison very often she was, if she had not known so well her hus- of late. I am sure you wouldn't mind. They band's constancy of purpose once his mind was don't know who I am, and I wish I had found made up. Indeed, when they met at luncheon, out, long ago, how much they needed some one he lost no time in confirming her judgment of to talk to. They are bad men, I suppose. his determination. Even while he jotted down I think few of them were so bad when they their luncheon order, with the waiter standing went in." at attention, he opened the subject. “Yes, yes -- but come, now, forget it. I do "It always takes a woman to manage a wish you would!” woman. But l'm glad it wasn't too hard.” "No, you don't, John. There are many 42 A GOOD-BY things that can be done. I look up their The little woman's eyes were sorry, but all mothers, their wives and families. I suppose it she said was: shouldn't be astonishing to find them just like "Because you are the only one who can grant other people, and yet it is. Why, some of those that pardon, John.". women are wonderful, John, wonderful!” Any rejoinder the Governor may have made Her dark eyes were shining, and the firelight to this assertion must have been of less impor- flickering at her back shed a yellow glow about tance than what occurred three weeks later in her. Her husband reached his hand across, the warden's reception-room at the peniten- and let it rest upon her lap. tiary. The girl called Huldah was fairly creat- “There is one girl — I must tell you about ing an illumination in the dingy apartment by her, John.” She was observing his face, but he a stiff silk dress of a startling shade of blue. only removed his cigar to blow a smoke ring and The amazing effect of the ornate gown was watch it dissolve upward. completed by a hat nodded over with a mon- Then she related the story of Huldah -- not strous white plume. To the Governor's lady in the bare outlines that the girl first gave, but she was saying: with all the vitalized appeal of the many little “Mebbe these clothes seem queer, here in the human incidents which had come out in the talks prison; but we want to go straight to the the two women had since held together. She preacher's, you know, an' I s'pose every girl created for him the intrinsic beauty that lay likes to look nice to the man she's marryin'." in the girl's simple strength of body and of will. She was watching the door, and a measured With the fire-shine warm about them both, she tread was coming down the corridor; the filled the room with the frozen darkness of the warden entered with Jim. Alaskan night. She made him feel the heroic Huldah's face grew still redder, if that were quality of a love that could toil for three years possible; but Jim did not look up until the offi- in such hardship, and never forget. She let cial had left the room, then he lifted his simple him see the girl's hands as she herself had seen face and fixed his eyes upon the Governor's lady. them, scarred and blackened and cracked. "I can't -- thank you right — mom.” He When she stopped, the Governor's head had got the words out huskily, but could say no fallen musingly. more than that. “Merciful God, what a woman!” he said. “You're not to thank me.” She went to- “But women are like that.” He shrugged his ward them in her quick way, and took a hand shoulders to throw off the gloom of it. “And of each — the man's hand, flabby and whited, what is she going to do now?” he questioned. and the hand of the girl, squeezed so tightly into “She has come to ask you for his pardon, its blue kid glove. She laid the two together, John." her hands clasping both, and she said again: Then the Governor woke up. “You're not to thank me. You're to thank “Was that the girl --?” he began crisply. Huldah.” She was silent a moment, bending “Ruth, what made you do it?” he concluded, her head, and then she added softly: “All the not angrily, but as one betrayed. days of your life." A GOOD-BY BY ARTHUR L. PHELPS Gºo! OOD-BY, old boy, good-by. Seems hard, somehow, to say the words that mean The thing we do. Good-by, old boy, good-by; I hope the future will be good to you. Good-by, old boy, good-by. Let's smile a little, while your big hand grips Tight into mine. Good-by, old boy, good-by. Climb on; the train is moving down the line. Good-by, old boy, good-by. We've had good days together, just we two, Since first we met. Good-by, old boy, good-by - We'll say the words, but we will not forget. THE LIFE AND · DEATH OF Seni FERRER BY WILLIAM · ARCHER, FERRER and the BARCELONA-RIOTS. In January, 1910, an article by Mr. Perceval Gibbon, dealing with the court martial and execution of Ferrer, the Spanish radical, was published in McClure's Magazine. Since the publication of Mr. Gibbon’s article, there has swept over Spain an anti-clerical movement so pro- found and far-reaching in its influence on Spanish affairs as to give the Ferrer case the importance of a great political event. In view of these developments, McClure's Magazine, early in the spring, commissioned Mr. William Archer, the English critic, to go to Spain and study the whole case anew in the light of the fresh evidence which has been brought forth. In investigating the life, the trial, and the death of Ferrer, Mr. Archer made a careful study of the great mass of books and pamphlets published on the trial, and the reports of the great six days' debate in the Cortes, interviewed many of Ferrer's friends and enemies, his relatives and his close associates, and examined thoroughly the localities in and around Barcelona where the events of July, 1909, took place. The first of two articles representing the result of his investiga- tions is printed below.-Editor. on N October 9, 1909, Francisco blackest type, and Ferrer was glorified as a mar- Ferrer was sentenced to death tyr of free thought, done to death by a sinister the charge of being the and vindictive clericalism. Nine days later the "author and chief” of what is Maura Cabinet resigned, its fall being due in known as the “Revolution of great measure to the evil repute it had brought July” in Barcelona. On October 13th the upon itself and upon Spain by hurrying Ferrer sentence was executed in the trenches of the to his death. But, when the tempest of popular fortress of Montjuich. Instantly there arose in fury had subsided, the Roman Catholics of all almost all the principal cities of Europe a storm countries came forward to the rescue and vindi- of protest. In Paris there was fighting in the cation of their Spanish brethren. They said streets, resulting in one death and many in- (quite truly) that not one in twenty of the people juries. In London a demonstration took place who shouted themselves hoarse in honor of in Trafalgar Square, and the police had some the atheist martyr knew anything of the facts difficulty in protecting the Spanish Embassy of his case. They said that Ferrer was a no- from attack. Great meetings of protest were torious evil liver, who had left his wife and chil- held in Rome, Lisbon, Berlin, Brussels, Zurich, dren to starve while he spent with his mis- and many other places. Demonstrations took tresses the wealth which he had wheedled place in front of the Spanish Consulate in almost out of a too confiding old maid by a hypocriti- every seaport of France and Italy. The execu- cal pretense of piety and philanthropy. They tion was denounced as a judicial crime of the said that he had certainly been concerned in 43 MAS GERMINAL, MONGAT, THE "VILLA" WHERE FERRER IS REPRESENTED AS LIVING IN LUXURY ON MLLE. MEUNIER'S MONEY. THE ONE LIVING-ROOM IS ENTERED BY THE ARCHED DOORWAY. ON THE THRESHOLD IS A PIT (NOW COVERED BY AN OLD PACKING-CASE LID) MADE BY THE POLICE IN THEIR SEARCH FOR DOCUMENTS. THE GRATED WINDOW ABOVE IS THAT OF FERRER'S BEDROOM, STILL INACCESSIBLE BECAUSE THE DOORWAY HAS BEEN SEALED BY THE POLICE. THE HOUSE WAS BUILT IN 1777 Morral's attempt upon the King and Queen published with the sanction of the Spanish Gov- of Spain, though he had so skilfully covered his ernment.* Other accusations brought against tracks that the crime could not be brought home him have, then, no real relevance. But, as he to him. They said that he had engineered the was unquestionably surrounded by a dense at- Barcelona revolt in order to make money by a mosphere of evil report, — an atmosphere which stock-exchange gamble. And, finally, they said breathes from every page of the “Process,”— it that, after a trial conducted in strict accordance may be well, before examining the essential with the law of the land, he had been proved points of the case, to analyze this atmosphere, beyond a doubt to have acted as organizer and and distinguish between the elements of truth director of an insurrection which had been and of falsehood in its composition. accompanied by murder, sacrilege, and unpre- cedented scenes of rapine and havoc. “Did any Marriage and Morals one ever deserve death,” they asked, “if this man did not?” Francisco Ferrer (born January 10, 1859, at Assuredly he deserved death, by the laws of Alella, a village twelve miles from Barcelona) all nations, if he was the instigator and director came of peasant stock and received the education of the rising. But was he? That is the point of a peasant. He was for some time a shop-boy which we have to investigate. in Barcelona, then ticket inspector on the railway It was in this character, and in no other, that between Barcelona and the French frontier. He he was condemned. The prosecution formally very early embraced Republican and anti-cleri- renounced at the outset all attempt to bring cal opinions, and became a trusted agent of the home to him any individual act of violence. It Republican leader, Ruiz Zorrilla, then living in was as "author and chief of the rebellion"- exile. In 1885, having been concerned in one of “autor y jefe de la rebelión"—that he was found *In a pamphlet of sixty-nine pages entitled "Ordinary Process guilty and shot. The phrase occurs not only in Followed before the Military Tribunals against Fran- cisco Ferrer Guardia" ("Juicio Ordinario seguido ante los Tribunales the actual sentence of death, but nearly twenty Militares en la Plaza de Barcelona contra Francisco Ferrer Guardia '). times in the three speeches for the prosecution, Process." In future references to this publication I shall simply call it the 44 DGOS Color INICIO THE ONE SITTING-ROOM OF FERRER'S HOUSE, MAS GERMINAL, WITH THE KITCHEN BEYOND. IT HAS NO WINDOW, AND A TILED FLOOR. ON THE WALL, ABOVE THE STAIRCASE LEADING TO THE UPPER ROOMS, MAY BE SEEN A ROUND ORNAMENT. THERE WAS ORIGINALLY A CROSS WITHIN THE CIRCLE, BUT FERRER BROKE OFF THE TWO UPRIGHT ARMS—A GOOD INSTANCE OF HIS ANTI-RELIGIOUS PURITANISM the many revolutionary attempts of that period, maintained a constant correspondence with he went to Paris, kept a wine-shop until 1889, them, and twice, in 1896 and 1898, he went to and afterwards made his living by giving lessons Australia to see them, submitting to great priva- in Spanish, while acting as unpaid secretary to tions in order to scrape together the passage- Zorrilla. He had married, young, a woman older money. To the end, his relations with them than himself; and his marriage was extremely were excellent, though the younger, Paz, did not unhappy. I have closely investigated its story, share his ideas. The elder, Trinidad, prose- and have convinced myself — mainly, though not cuted, before the Civil Tribunal of Charleville, solely, on the evidence of his eldest daughter – the printer of an anonymous libel upon her dead that the major part of the blame lay with the father which described him as “misérable wife. On June 12, 1894, she fired three shots at comme père.” The defendant had to pay four him with a revolver, wounding him slightly. hundred francs in damages and advertise the For this she was sentenced to a year's imprison- judgment in various ways. ment, but the sentence, under a first-offender's Ferrer tried hard, but in vain, to obtain a act, was at once remitted. She then went off to divorce from his wife. In Spain it was impos- Russia, taking her youngest daughter with her, sible; and he could not obtain the naturalization and contracted what is sometimes called a mar- which would have made it possible in France. riage with a Russian whom she had known in After the affair of the revolver, he entered upon Paris. a “free union” with a French lady, which lasted The two elder daughters, Trinidad and Paz, until 1905. The dissolution of this partnership indignantly deny that Ferrer was a neglectful was far from amicable, and the lady (with whom father. On the contrary, he was extremely affec- I have had a long conversation, followed by tionate and indulgent. Anxious to remove them correspondence) is a hostile witness as regards from a home that was in every way undesirable, Ferrer's personal character. But she does not he consigned them, in early girlhood, to the care believe him capable of the crimes imputed to of his brother José, who was in business as a him. "He was a man of very advanced ideas," market-gardener at Bendigo, Australia. He she says, “but he was not an Anarchist, and he 45 46 THE LIFE AND DEATH OF FERRER never wanted to do harm to any one.” After respect for constituted authority is dead; but the rupture with this lady, Ferrer formed a that she still clings to her faith in a beneficent second union with Soledad Villafranca, an God. This document scatters to the winds the ardent disciple and co-worker, who was his suggestion that Ferrer deceived her as to the companion to the end. It is perfectly true, then, nature of his ideas. She became an intimate that he was a man of irregular life; nor can the friend of the lady who was then sharing Ferrer's irregularity be explained away on the ground life, and in the autumn of 1900 she determined that he could not free himself from his dis- to devote part of her fortune to the furthering astrous marriage. Though we find him, even of the educational projects which (as we shall as late as 1898, making efforts to obtain a see) had taken absolute hold of Ferrer's mind. divorce, it cannot be pretended that he suffered Her intended donation inter vivos was never car- greatly under his disability, or that he was ried out; but on January 21, 1901, she made a averse on principle from the "free unions” in will leaving to Ferrer, without any condition what- which he lived. ever, a house in Paris (11 Rue des Petites Ecuries) producing a yearly revenue of about seven thou- Mademoiselle Meunier's Money sand dollars. This was, roughly, half her for- tune. To the religious institutions, to which in We come now to the story of his fortune. bygone days she had been a liberal benefactress, Among his pupils in Paris was a middle-aged she bequeathed nothing at all; but she left six maiden lady, Mlle. Ernestine Meunier, pious, hundred dollars to be devoted to the saying of artistic, and wealthy. Ferrer, who had a pas- masses for her mother's soul and her own. The sion for propaganda, tried to convert her to his frame of mind indicated in her will is exactly that ideas, and was in great measure successful. We of the letter abovecited. Ferrer has convinced her know exactly the measure of his success, from a understanding, but not her feelings; and, while letter written by Mlle. Meunier on November she is desirous of contributing to the advance- 2, 1899, and quoted by the prosecution at ment of his educational ideal, she still clings to Ferrer's trial (“Process,” p. 50), in which she the conception of God, and to the practices states that her reverence for the clergy is dead, consecrated by the fuller faith in which her that her admiration for the army is dead, that her mother died. The will was so clear and busi- FRANCISCO FERRER AND HIS DAUGHTERS, TRINIDAD (ON THE LEFT) AND PAZ, AND HIS BROTHER JOSÉ AND HIS WIFE; FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AT BENDIGO, AUSTRALIA, IN 1898. FRANCISCO FERRER IS DISPLAYING A COPY OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PAPER "EL MOTIN" ("THE RISING'') WILLIAM ARCHER 47 nesslike that when Mlle. Meunier died (April mal school in Barcelona for the training of 12, 1901) her executor and residuary legatee, teachers; and he had gone some way in his an ardent Italian clerical, could not contest it, preparations for publishing a great educational but, with very ill grace, put Ferrer in possession encyclopedia. His letters, published and un- of his legacy. published (of the latter I have seen many), are full of education. It was the obsession, the Enthusiast or Hypocrite? craze, of his later life. I do not see how any one who has gone into the evidence can believe for Ever since the death of Zorrilla in 1895, Ferrer a moment that his enthusiasm was insincere and had been feeling more and more strongly that adopted as a mask for ulterior designs. political revolutions were of no use in Spain until the people were sufficiently educated to The Training of Revolutionists benefit by them. More than fifty per cent of the Spanish population is illiterate, and most of But there is education and education, and an those who can read and write have been miser- educator may be at once very sincere and very ably taught by underpaid masters, in unsanitary unwise. Unquestionably the teaching adminis- and ill-provided schools. Few people will differtered in the Escuela Moderna was of a kind from Ferrer in thinking that, until this crying that could not but excite the utmost horror in evil is remedied, all changes of political ma- clerical and conservative minds. Ferrer was chinery must be premature and futile. With from first to last an ardent revolutionist. He this idea strong in his mind, he ceased to take any never for a moment denied it. He had come to active part in politics, and devoted himself with think that Spain was not yet ripe for revolution; almost fanatical zeal to education. Mlle. Meu- but the whole object of his work was to cor- nier's legacy he regarded as a trust, to be applied rect her unripeness by educating revolutionists. to this great purpose; and only six months after Was his revolutionism synonymous with violent her death he started the now famous Escuela anarchism – what is called in Spain anar- Moderna (Modern School) at Barcelona. quisma de acción? That is one of the ques- Though now a rich man, he in no way changed tions upon which our judgment as to the justice the simple style of his living. His farm-house at or injustice of his execution will have to turn. Mongat would, in a colder climate, be reckoned For the present I can only say that, after a pretty little better than a hovel. In Paris he stayed at extensive search, I have found only one brief the most modest hotels; in London at a middle- article in the publications of the Escuela Mo- class boarding-house. Nothing can be further derna that can be construed as inciting to vio- from the truth than the legend which pictures him lence. It is a translation from the French of living in luxury on the spoils of his hypocrisy. Dr. Meslier, a Socialist deputy, in which tyran- But was his whole enthusiasm for education a nicide is defended, when a people has no still deeper hypocrisy, designed as a mask for other resource against intolerable wrongs. It the sedulous prosecution of violent anarchism? contains no sentiments that have not been That may be briefly termed the "theory of the uttered a hundred times in every college debat- police.” It is a theory that has been com- ing club; but it is undeniably a palliation of municated by the Spanish police to their Eng- political crime, and might not unreasonably lish colleagues; but I cannot find that the latter, have been cited against Ferrer at the Madrid at any rate, have an atom of evidence to sup- trial of 1907. port it. If it be a true theory, Ferrer was cer It is unfortunate that the word "anarchism” tainly one of the profoundest hypocrites on is so closely associated in the popular mind with record.' He declared his conversion from poli- the throwing of bombs. In Spain, where a great tics to education in letters to private friends majority of the working class are Anarchists, in whom he had no interest in deceiving. He not the sense of being opposed to a centralized state, only started the Escuela Moderna, but he pub- people have tried to escape from the ambiguity lished something like forty volumes of educa- by employing another word, acratism, which tional and scientific books destined for use in his may be interpreted “opposition to power.” An own school and others modeled upon it. He acratist Ferrer certainly was, and his whole published a monthly Boletin devoted entirely teaching was directed toward the inculcation to educational subjects. When his school was of dogmatic acratism. It was anti-religious, closed by the Government, he started, in Brus- anti-monarchical, anti-patriotic, anti-militarist, sels, an educational review, “L'École Renovée," anti-capitalist. Though opposed on principle and he founded a “League for the Rational to rewards no less than to punishments, he Education of Youth,” of which Anatole France broke through his principle and offered a reward was honorary president. He projected a nor- for an inscription, to be placarded in his school- 48 THE LIFE AND DEATH OF FERRER rooms, showing the absurdity of doing homage to which held that the prosecution had “failed to the national flag. Such observances were “ata- establish any link between the presumption visms” (a favorite word of his) which he detested. engendered by the opinions of the accused He deceived himself in thinking that his method and the actual misdeed committed.” of teaching left the child's intelligence to develop Prohibited from reopening his school, Ferrer freely. The extracts which he himself published devoted himself to the publishing business, which from the essays of his pupils show plainly that he called the Libreria de la Escuela Moderna, and they were crammed with dogmas, just as they to the work of educational propaganda already would have been in a clerical school; only the referred to. Thus he passed two years tranquilly dogmas happened to be rationalistic and liber- enough; until, on July 9, 1909," a scrimmage at a tarian. There are very few countries in which border station" in Morocco started the train teaching soopen- of events which ly hostile to the was destined to existing form of lead to his de- government and struction. to the whole so- cial order would Barcelona be endured. One can scarcely im- As the tragedy agine what would approaches, it is happen if such a time to set the school were es- scene. tablished, and On a strip of found numerous gently sloping imitators, in Am- seaboard, about erica or England; four miles wide, but assuredly the between the principle of tol- Mediterranean eration would be and the coast- strained to its range of Catalo- limit. Ferrer, nia, Barcelona however, carried and its suburbs on his campaign occupy one of unmolested for the finest situa- five years. One tions imaginable. of the best- Naples and Gen- known “acra- oa are more pic- tists” in Barcelo- turesque, inas- na said to me: much as they “In this coun- rise more abrupt- try, so long as ly from the sea. everything is But here nature quiet, we SOLEDAD VILLAFRANCA AND FRANCISCO FERRER; FROM seems to have freer than you beveled the coast are in England; FERRER'S ACQUITTAL IN 1907 expressly for the but the moment convenience of a public order is disturbed we are in the grip of great city. Down by the harbor lies the old tyranny." Barcelona, with its gloomy, grand Cathedral Public order was disturbed on May 31, 1906, and its narrow streets. Its outline is, roughly by the throwing of a bomb at the wedding pro- speaking, oval, and it is bisected, along the cession of the King and Queen of Spain. They shorter axis, by the magnificent shady prome- escaped uninjured, but fifteen people were killed nade of the Ramblas, three quarters of a mile and many wounded. The perpetrator of the long, and certainly one of the most animated crime, Mateo Morral, had for some time been thoroughfares in the world. Old Barcelona, librarian in the Escuela Moderna. Ferrer was however, is merely the nucleus of the modern arrested and the school was closed. Every effort town, laid out on the rectangular American plan, was made to have him tried by a military tribu-' but saved from monotony by splendid diagonal nal, but the efforts failed. After spending a year boulevards, and by the fact that every here and in prison, he was acquitted by a civil tribunal, there one comes upon the old streets of one of are A SNAPSHOT TAKEN IN MADRID AFTER WILLIAM ARCHER 49 the many villages—Sans, Gracia, San Martin de that there is little or no very dire poverty. The Provensals, etc.- now embraced in the city Catalonian workman is exceptionally well off. limits. The planning of the ensanches or ex- The climate of Barcelona is almost perfect; un- tensions, as the new parts of the city are called, employment is rare; food is cheap, lodging not is extraordinarily spacious and noble; and nearly extravagantly dear. The so-called Paralelo, a every street has its double row of plane-trees. noble boulevard largely given up to workmen's At about three miles inland the gentle slope cafés, theaters, and variety shows, affords at becomes steeper, and we soon find ourselves night the most brilliant and animated spectacle among the gullies of some low foot-hills, covered of its kind I ever saw. For a few cents the with gay and often fantastic villas. Then, from workman can spend his evenings in a really the foot-hills, the escarpments of Tibidabo and palatial café, debating, playing games, and im- Vallvidrera suddenly and almost precipitously bibing highly colored but not too poisonous re- rise to a height of over seventeen hundred feet; freshments. Drunkenness is very rare; so are and if we take the funicular railway up to Tibida- “crimes of passion.” But beneath this smiling bo, we find in the hinterland nothing but a vast and prosperous surface there lurks every form corrugation of mountain-ranges, with the majes- of faction and discontent. Of the bomb plague tic Montserrat towering in the middle distance. I do not speak. In its present phase it is liter- Amid these ranges, however, there lurk several ally a plague, a disease, which has somehow busy and populous manufacturing towns. settled on Barcelona. It is pretty certain that To the north the low coast-line runs off with no political party is responsible for it, though an eastward curve, the mountains drawing every party now and then lays it to the charge gradually nearer to it; and for some fifteen miles of its opponents. The terrorists are in all prob- the beach is lined by an almost unbroken string ability a tiny group if a group they can be of long villages, fat and unpicturesque, seldom called — of political Jack-the-Rippers. Cer- extending more than a stone's throw inland. tainly they are not to be confounded with the Among them are Mongat, Masnou, and Premia Anarchists, who form a large majority of the de Mar, all scenes in the coming story. And working population. Then there are Socialists, to the southward — what? To the southward comparatively weak, Republicans, strong among nothing but Montjuich. Its fort-crowned bluff, the middle classes, Catalan Home-Rulers, Carl- rising out of the sea to a height of seven hundred ists, and other parties whose tenets it would and fifty feet, closes the vista from almost every take too long to expound. The only party a · point. The poorer streets of the old town of little hard to discover is the party which is at all Barcelona crowd close up to its flanks; and from warmly attached to the monarchy and the exist- distant Premia, beyond the curving coast and ing order of things. This is a point which it is smoke-veil of the city, it is still seen frowning only just that we should clearly bear in mind. on the horizon. With its sinister associations, it In most English-speaking countries we have dominates the whole region. As soon as the boy forgotten what it means to have to deal with any Ferrer looked abroad upon the world, he must considerable political party whose avowed aim have seen Montjuich on the horizon of his life. is revolution, the overthrow of the whole frame From the home of his later years, he could not of government. In Catalonia, on the other take a hundred steps without its confronting hand, the existing order, instead of being him. It loomed daily and hourly before the eyes “broad-based upon the people's will,” has only of the terror-stricken villagers whose testimony a minority in its favor, and rests upon military did him to death. force, aided by the dissensions of the disaffected majority. One cannot but wonder what forms Populace and Priesthood our own political life would assume if the party or parties of progress were party or parties of In the city thus sloping to the morning sun, open sedition. between the mountains and the sea, there are And dotted everywhere — facing us at every more than half a million industrious but excit- turn — throughout this city of modern in- able and turbulent people. There is great dustrialism are monasteries, convents, religious wealth. On the Paseo de Gracia and other mag- houses of one sort or another, some humble and nificent avenues the rich merchants and manu- unpretending enough, but many of them vast facturers have built themselves houses that in and splendid. Some are devoted to education, point of expensiveness would do credit to Fifth others to works of charity; but none, it would Avenue, though the Neo-Catalan architecture seem, has succeeded in earning the respect, is too often hideous in its eccentricity. In the uch les the love, of the working classes, who lower quarters of the town, on the other hand, accuse the frailes of humiliating and exploit. one gathers — what I believe to be the fact – ing the children they profess to teach and train. 50 THE LIFE AND DEATH OF FERRER Exempt from taxation, some of the religious for home on the morning of the 14th. On the houses compete in the production of certain 17th he wrote from Mas Germinal to Charles commodities; and this unfair competition is Laisant: “Here we are installed, finding our keenly resented by the people. Then the sister-in-law out of danger, but not so our secrecy of the conventual life gives scope for niece, who remains in a very critical condi- strange imaginings as to what passes behind tion.”* Poor little Layeta, born to José Ferrer the impenetrable walls. At the present moment, in far-off Bendigo, died on the 19th, aged eight in Barcelona, one of the books most prominently years. exposed on every kiosk is “El Tormento en los For what followed we may turn to a letter Conventos,” by “Fray Gerundio”— no mere from Ferrer to William Heaford, written from catchpenny libel, but a serious indictment. Be- the Carcel Celular of Barcelona less than a week hind and beneath all suspicions and resent- before his trial: ments, however, there doubtless lies the feeling that this monastic host, with its hoarded wealth, There was 1 quietly at Mongat, from is in active alliance with capitalism, militarism, the middle of June, with my wife, tending our and all the enemies of social justice, as it hovers own illness and the loss of her daughter. I diverted poor sister-in-law, who was very much broken by her before the exalted imagination of the Catalan my mind, and passed, I must own, some delightful workman. He sees in the congregations an moments, in reading the six English books î had ideal which he rejects with loathing, ensconced brought with me from London. I think so well of them that I have resolved to have them translated behind high-piled bastions of privilege. They into Spanish, and to publish them, of course after ob- are, in truth, almost entirely outside the law; taining authorization. All the six, I take it, are recom- and the populace, in moments of revolt, is apt mended by the Instruction Moralés Ligue? I am Two in to pronounce and execute — sentence of out- not quite clear as to its name. particular have charmed me — “Children's Magic lawry upon them. Garden," by Alice ? and "Magic Gar- den's Childhood.” [The books referred to are Miss Ferrer Abroad and at Home Alice Chesterton's "Children's Magic Garden” and “Garden of Childhood."] They can be published in We have now to trace the two currents of Santa Claus which I do not consider good for children. Spanish with the single suppression of a tale about events, one private, the other public, which, Then the ist and 2nd series of Gould's “Moral's flowing together at the fated hour, swept Fran- Leçons" which are also very good, except where he cisco Ferrer to his destruction. speaks of Christ, very little, which I should simply On April 21, 1909, Ferrer and Soledad Villa- tended for teachers, of which I do not quite recall the suppress. Then come two volumes, in- franca arrived in London. In a letter which he titles. “The Teacher's Handbook of Morals Le- immediately sent to his intimate friend, Tarrida çons"? One is by Mr. Walldegrave? - admirable del Marmol, he said, “We are here for a time of this one, and resting on a large philosophic basis. To rest.” As a matter of fact, he devoted himself Mr. Reid, too English in its character, but fitted for be published without a single note. The other is by mainly to learning English, with a view to publication with a good many editorial notes. selecting some English books to be added to his (Where are they now, these dear books, annotated educational library. He spent a good deal of by me and ready for translation - where are they after the searches and seizures at Mas Germinal? I time with an English friend, William Heaford, trust I shall find them again some day.) and his family, with Tarrida del Marmol, and with the Kropotkins. On Labor Day, May 1, he This letter is interesting, not only for its ac- went to Hyde Park, and heard Tarrida, among count of Ferrer's employments, but for the others, speak at the International Platform, but glimpse it gives into what may be called the took no active part in the proceedings. It is puritanic, not to say pedantic, rationalism of his clear that he was more or less “shadowed” habit of thought. As his English was very im- during his stay in London, but there is no evi- perfect, he would scarcely have much time left dence that he associated with any persons more over from his editorial labors; but he went once dangerous than those mentioned. On June 9 a week to Barcelona (distant some eleven miles) he wrote from his Bloomsbury boarding-house to attend to his publishing business at 596 Calle to his friend Charles Albert at Paris, stating Cortes. He was seeing through the press that his stay in London was indefinite, and in- “L'Homme et la Terre” by Reclus, and was dicating that it would in all probability outlast making arrangements for the production of an the month; but two days later he wrote to the illustrated translation of Kropotkin's history same friend that his plans had been upset by bad of “The Great Revolution.” news from his Spanish home. His sister-in-law It may be said that Ferrer's own retrospect and niece had been stricken down by typhoid, of his occupations, written at a time when he and he must hurry back to Mas Germinal. * The letters which establish the dates given in this paragraph He spent one day in Paris (the 13th), and left are of unquestioned authenticity and can be produced at any ume. WILLIAM ARCHER 51 knew that his neck was in danger, cannot be ac- Police did not hesitate to make this suggestion cepted as evidence. Even the corroboration of to the Military Tribunal. his friends is subject to discount. But mark this! It was evident that reinforcements, and large On July 7, many days before any human fore- reinforcements, were urgently needed in Melilla. sight could have anticipated the revolt, Ferrer Already on July 11, two days after the open- wrote from Mas Germinal to Alfred Naquet: ing incident, a royal decree authorized the Min- ister of War to call out the reservists in such .. I might tell you, too, of the comic sur- numbers as he should deem necessary. Regi- veillance to which I am subjected by the authorities at Barcelona, who every day send a pareja de civiles ments were hastily brought up to their full (pair of gendarmes) to take count of my comings and strength and hurried to the coast. It was nat- goings, and policemen who attend me to the station ural that Barcelona should be one of the chief and accompany me wherever I go. But I attach no ports of embarkation; but had the Government importance to this, accustomed as I am to it ever understood its temper, they would at all costs since my Madrid trial. have avoided using it for this purpose. From The fact that he was under surveillance was the 14th onward, transports left the harbor confirmed at his trial, so that a false account of every day; and on Sunday the 18th the de- his occupations could easily have been contra- parture of a local battalion was accompanied by dicted. As no such attempt was made, there scenes of wild lamentation and protest. Simi- is not the slightest reason to doubt that in his lar outbreaks occurred at many other points letter to Heaford, and several other letters to throughout Spain. On the 20th the populace precisely the same effect, he was telling the of Madrid attempted to prevent the entrain- simple truth. ment of a regiment, and the Southern Station So much for the stream of private events* was the scene of a serious riot. Meanwhile perfectly smooth save for the death of little Republicans, Socialists, Anarchists, and work- Layeta. We must now follow the converging men's organizations of all sorts were everywhere and very agitated current of public affairs. trying to hold meetings of protest against the war, and the authorities were everywhere sitting The Melilla Adventure on this safety-valve. The news from Melilla, as it filtered through the censorship, grew every Certain mines in the Riff region of Morocco, day more ominous. Since it was evident that some twenty miles from the Spanish settlement the truth was not being told, rumor set to work of Melilla, had for over a year been worked inter- to correct official reticence with its usual fertility mittently and "under precarious circumstances” of lurid invention. The fact that the Cortes by an inextricably complicated group of cap- unchecked despots of Spain; and the fact that were not sitting left the Maura Cabinet the italists, mainly, but not exclusively, Spanish. A railway was in course of construction from Señor Maura declined to summon the Cortes Melilla to the mines; and on July 9, 1909 showed that this despotism was essential to the nearly a month after Ferrer had left London carrying through of his policy. for Barcelona a body of Moors attacked the workmen engaged on the line and killed three or The Workmen and the War four Spanish subjects. The military governor of Melilla, General Marina, at once sallied forth In most countries the working classes, on the to punish the marauders — and found himself outbreak of a war, are apt, for a time at least, to in a hornets' nest. A few far-sighted politicians yield to the contagion of patriotic fervor, and and military men professed to have foreseen shout themselves hoarse with war-cries and war- some such development; but to the Spanish songs: Why was the sentiment of the Spanish nation, as a whole, the war came like thunder working class so utterly different? The reasons from a clear sky. It is absolutely grotesque to are clear, and may be grouped under three heads. suppose that any foresight of this troublet can In the first place, the Anarchism which is domi- have had anything to do with Ferrer's return nant among the Spanish operatives is essen- from London; yet the Chief of the Barcelona tially an internationalist and pacificist doctrine. Its very name declares it anti-patriotic. It re- * It is said that Ferrer would have returned to Paris before the gards the flag without emotion, and considers that the intention to start before the fatal 26th of July is quite soldiers and priests who conspire with the capi- some business inquiries, which detained him; but I do not think the "national honor” a myth invented by the clearly established. warning of the transition from calm to tempest. The life of the call government. In this respect, too, the views + ": There were no premonitory symptoms. Not a cloud gave talists in that process of exploitation which they regular irregularity, a bomb exploded; but that, although it an. of the Socialists are practically identical with pred all citizens, "alarmed few.”—“La Semana Tragica,” by those of the Anarchists. Both parties accept the Augusto Riera, 52 THE LIFE AND DEATH OF FERRER principle laid down at the Congress of Stuttgart: was probably this prohibition which determined “Better insurrection than war.” In the second the outbreak. A Strike Committee of three was place, this particular campaign had all the instantly formed, representing Socialists, Sin- appearance of a war of sheer aggression under- dicalists (trades-unionists), and Anarchists; but taken at the dictation of a group of millionaires, the Solidaridad Obrera, as such, was not repre- closely allied with the Government, whose in- sented. Who these three men were is perfectly terests were inexpressibly indifferent to the well known. I have had long talks with one of Spanish workman. It was believed, too, rightly them. They scout the idea that it would ever or wrongly, that many of the mining shares have occurred to them to take Ferrer into their were held by, or for, the Jesuits. In the third confidence. Each of the three had a lieutenant; place,- and it was this that brought the women each lieutenant was to communicate with four in their thousands into the ranks of the protest- delegates; each delegate with four others, and ers,— the incidence of military service was ex- so on. By this simple but effective means the asperatingly unjust. On the one hand, the son of call to a general strike for Monday the 26th the bourgeois, who could afford to pay three hun- spread through the manufacturing towns of dred dollars for exemption, need not join the Catalonia. It was nominally to be a pacific pro- army at all; on the other hand, most of the re- test, lasting twenty-four hours only, against the servists now being called out were men who, after Moroccan adventure. There were doubtless two years with the colors, had been permitted to many who hoped and believed that it would not return to civil life and to marry. They were now end there; but of actual organization for any- torn from their wives and families, to throw away thing further no one has discovered a trace. their lives — as seemed only too probable-in an “In Barcelona," says Don Angel Ossorio, the ill-omened war, undertaken for the enrichment Civil Governor before mentioned, “no one pre- of a few financiers. That was how the campaign pares a revolution, for the simple reason that it represented itself to the popular mind, espe- is always prepared. .. Of conspiracy, of cially in Catalonia. What wonder if the women plan, of concerted action, of casting of parts, who crowded the wharves of Barcelona on Sun- of recruitment, of payment, of distribution of day the 18th cried to their sweethearts and arms, of issuing of orders, in preparation for the husbands, as they marched through the throng: events of the 26th, I have not heard a single “Throw away your rifles! Don't embark! Let word.”* the rich men go! All or nobody!” Some kind Catholic ladies who boarded the transports, The Strike and the Revolt dressed in their Sunday finery, to distribute scapularies and other appropriate trifles to the I shall now give a rapid sketch of the course soldiers, were shocked to see their benefactions of events, leaving Ferrer, for the moment, en- thrown into the sea. tirely out of it. Another week passed – the 18th to the 25th In the early hours of Monday the 26th some - in much the same fashion. News was sup- workshops and factories resumed work as usual; pressed, meetings were suppressed, troops were but as soon as the news spread that the strike mobilized and despatched. The Times corre was actually taking effect, work was everywhere spondent telegraphed from Madrid on July 23 abandoned. In some cases the employers them- that the "nervousness” of the public had no selves ordered their workmen out, fearing to effect on the Ministry, “whose policy was to have their windows broken. Bands of women pour troops into Melilla until the resistance of went from shop to shop and from office to office, the tribes was broken.” Reuter announced on demanding that they should close; and they the 25th that the Minister of the Interior had seem to have met with no refusals. But- un- ordered provincial governors to seize any edi- fortunately, as it proved — there was one large tions of newspapers that contained news of the body of workers which refused to stand in with war, or of the departure of troops, other than the rest. Throughout the morning the electric that officially communicated. Even the official cars ran as usual, and the servants of the com- communications failed to maintain any plausi- pany declined to quit their posts. Had they ble air of cheerfulness. done so quietly, the day might have passed in On Friday the 23d there was to have been a peace, and work might have been resumed on general assembly of delegates of the Solidaridad the morrow. It was in stopping the tramway Obrera, a federation of workingmen's societies service that the first acts of violence took place. of all shades of opinion, the Catalan counter- Cars were overturned and burnt; rails were torn part of the French Confédération Générale du up; and the police and gendarmes, in trying to Travail. The Civil Governor, Don Angel Ossorio, decided to prohibit the meeting; and it drid, 1910, p. 14. *" Barcelona, Julio de 1909: Declaración de un testigo," Ma- WILLIAM ARCHER 53 protect the car service, came into frequent con- The Tragic Tuesday flict with the crowd. There was a good deal of shooting on both sides, and blood began to flow When night fell on Monday, however, no very in several parts of the city. By three in the great harm had been done. It seems pretty afternoon the street-car service had entirely clear that a little tact and conciliation might ceased. Cabs, too, had been driven from the still have secured the resumption of work on the streets, and two at least of the railways connect- Tuesday morning; but, as a matter of fact, ing Barcelona with the outside world were put the authorities were hopelessly out of touch with out of action. It was not till next day that the the people. The morning of Tuesday the 27th isolation of the city, whether by rail or wire, was passed quietly enough; and, but for the absence rendered practically complete. of all wheel traffic, the non-appearance of the How, in the meantime, were the authorities newspapers, and the constant patrolling of the employing themselves? They were undoubtedly streets, the city wore almost its normal aspect. in rather a tight place. The military garrison It was not till after one o'clock on Tuesday that had been depleted by the war, but there re- the actual revolt broke out. The movement had mained eight hundred regular troops in Barce- by this time quite got out of the hands of the lona. Of policemen there were eight or nine Strike Committee. They had not, indeed, or- hundred, and of gendarmes (Guardias Civiles, a dered the resumption of work, because, in the fine body of men) about one thousand. These absence of telegraphic news, wild rumors and forces were certainly none too many to hold wild hopes were abroad as to the success of the in check a rebellious populace of half a million, revolution in other parts of Spain, and they in a city covering some forty square miles wanted to await the development of events. of ground. A considerable number had to But it was no order of the chiefs that led to the be immobilized for the protection of arsenals, ultimate outbreak. It was partly the impatience military stores, etc.; and the soldiers, as a of the reservists, who preferred fighting in Bar- whole, were not greatly to be relied upon, as celona to fighting in Africa. It was partly the the people insisted on cheering them wherever fact that the official Radical-Republican leaders they appeared, and treating them as the vic- held aloof in dismay, and gave their partizans no tims of governmental oppression. Under the lead at all. It was partly a rumor which got circumstances, the best policy would probably abroad that ten Catalonian soldiers who had have been one of conciliation. The disturbance taken part in the scenes of Sunday the 18th had might have been treated as a more or less legit- been led out and shot on their arrival at Melilla. imate movement of protest, all measures being But mainly, I suspect, the sudden effervescence directed toward securing the peaceful resump- of Tuesday afternoon was the inevitable result tion of work next morning. If this policy ever of prolonged nervous tension, lacking the safety- occurred to any one, it was negatived by a tele- valve of work. "Satan finds some mischief still gram from the Minister of the Interior, Señor for idle mobs to do." La Cierva, urging that the strike must not be Be this as it may, between one and three on treated like an ordinary economic manifestation, Tuesday afternoon barricades sprang up in but repressed with vigor, as a rebellion. At many streets and active fighting began on a midday the Junta (a small body of officials) as- quite different scale from that of the previous sembled, and, outvoting the Civil Governor, day - arms having been obtained by the looting determined to declare the state of siege. There- of gun-stores, pawn-shops, and at least one upon the Governor resigned in a pet, and armory. Almost at the same time, first one absolute authority devolved upon the Captain- great column of smoke, and then another, went General, Don Luis de Santiago y Manescau. This up into the blue air.* It was the splendid build- officer signed a proclamation of the state of ing of the Padres Esculapios, and the convent siege, which at four o'clock was placarded on and church of the Jeronimas, that were burning. all the walls. The opinion of the Junta had From that time onward, for about sixty hours, been that the proclamation would at once anarchy reigned in Barcelona. The street fight- terrorize the people into quietude; but it ing was incessant, save for a sort of truce in the had no such effect. Throughout the afternoon early mornings; and almost every hour saw a and evening there were constant skirmishes fresh ecclesiastical building of one sort or another between the forces of order and the people. given to the flames. On the night of the 27th, The proclamation declared that all "groups” from the surrounding hills, the spectacle of formed in the streets would be broken up by Barcelona dotted all over with conflagrations force; and in carrying out this policy the au- * During the early morning of the 27th two buildings occupied thorities successfully embittered the popular by Marist Fathers had been burnt in the suburb of Pueblo r uevo; but this seems to have been an isolated act of lawlessness, and not irritation. the real beginning of the incendiarist frenzy. 54 THE LIFE AND DEATH OF FERRER must have been at once superb and terrible. In view of such a resolution as this, we need But there was no strategy in the fighting, no scarcely look much further for the connecting method in the convent-burning. It was all link between anti-militarist and anti-clerical desultory, planless, purposeless: an uncontrol- manifestations. But it happens that we know lable ebullition of rage and mischief. The precisely whence the immediate suggestion of authorities were still in telegraphic communi- incendiarism proceeded. On Sunday the 25th, cation with Madrid by way of the Balearic the day before the strike and two days before the Islands; and one line of railway had either not revolt, Señor Lerroux's newspaper, El Progreso, been cut or had been restored. Troops reached the most influential in Barcelona, contained an the city from distant parts of Spain, who were article, headed with the English word more to be trusted than the local levies. Ar- tillery was brought into play against the barri- iREMEMBER! cades. By Thursday evening the revolt had pretty well exhausted itself. Business began to recalling the fact that that day was the anniver- be resumed on Friday, though conflicts still sary of a great outburst of convent-burning in occurred in the streets in certain quarters. By 1835, and deploring that, in these degenerate Monday the city had resumed its normal as- times, there was no likelihood of its repetition! pect, and the "tragic week” was over. More No one who has read this article can have the than fifty ecclesiastical buildings — churches, smallest doubt as to who lit the first torch. convents, colleges, etc.- lay in ruins. The total Ferrer, I may remark, was at this time on bad death-roll, however, was comparatively small. terms with the Republicans and their organ, El It is generally placed between sixty and seventy; Progreso. Not the slightest attempt has been but the Minister of the Interior, in the Cortes, made to connect him with the literally) in- stated it at one hundred and four. Apparently cendiary article. Yet he is in his grave, while marksmanship was not the strong point of the the responsible editor of El Progreso, Don Em- combatants on either side; and the riders were iliano Iglesias, is in the Cortes. very scantily armed. The losses among the soldiers and police seem to have been absolutely No Massacre and No Sack insignificant - not more than four or five all told. The wounded on both sides were, of course, very As to the constitution and behavior of the much more numerous. convent-burning mobs, there is an almost ludi- crous conflict of evidence, or rather of asser- Why Convents Were Burnt tion. The clericals try to make them out worse than fiends, the anti-clericals depict them as Many people have written and spoken as almost angelic in their chivalry and humanity. though some sinister mystery underlay the fact On August 4 the Correspondencia of Madrid pub- that the protest against the Melilla adventure lished a communication from its Barcelona corre- took such a violently anti-clerical turn. There spondent in which he declared that, on the night is really no mystery in the matter. For reasons of July 27, “mad drunk with blood, wine, lust, above indicated, the religious houses were chron- dynamite, and petroleum, with no other desire ically and intensely unpopular. The clergy were than to kill for killing's sake,” the rebels destroyed supposed (and rightly) to be hand in glove with the convents and massacred their inmates. the militarists. A most unwise attempt had also been made in some quarters to represent burnt who are buried beneath the ruins? Who can tell the number of dead, wounded, and the war in the light of a crusade of the Christian Spare me the recital of the details of the martyrdom against the infidel a piece of hypocrisy that de- of the monks, of the ill-treatment of the nuns, of ceived no one and irritated many. At a meeting the brutal way in which they were sacrificed. . of four thousand workmen held at Tarrasa, a I can only say that many died at the foot of the altar, manufacturing town in the immediate neigh- to pieces, their limbs being carried about on poles; stabbed by a thousand women; that others were torn borhood of Barcelona, a few days before the out- that not a few were tortured to death; and that all break, a resolution was passed protesting against passed to another life with the crown of martyrdom. “the sending to war of citizens productively employed and, as a rule, indifferent to the This is a fair specimen of history as it was triumph of the Cross' over the Crescent,' written on the days immediately succeeding the when it would be easy to form regiments of outbreak; and, though every one now admits priests and monks who, besides being directly that it is delirious nonsense, the clerical party, interested in the success of the Catholic religion, while abandoning the details, still writes as have no family or home, and are of no utility though the general picture were a true one. As to the country." a matter of fact, the hecatomb of martyrs re- tally killed. duces itself, even by Catholic computation, to four: two priests shot, one suffocated in the Some were inoffensive houses of ret cellar of his burning church, and one nun bru- few were charitable institutions for seems to be very insufficient; for the death of credibly assured) was a crèche or d For the last outrage the evidence of the working classes themselves. of one of them, the evidence is pretty strong. It while this proves the lack of reason in is absurd, then, to pretend, as some people do, priests, and the mutilation of the body for infants, which is now sadly mis ardor; but it is certainly very remarkable that, mob was absolutely seraphic in its accident, should have been so infrequent. There their pupils, and even the pupilst wild outbreak, murder, and even fatal is abundance of evidence, from the mouths of were prominent among the rioters Viests and nuns themselves, that the general that may clearly be interpreted in veriper of the mob was not in the least homi- than one. But the main allegation WILLIAM ARCHER buildings destroyed lay under no such it also proves the failure of these esteem. Priests and nuns engaged in complain bitterly that the parents the three that the in such a cidal, and that they took pains to have the mob now that the charge of massa buildings cleared of their inmates before setting to be unfounded - is that they desecra fire to them. Even so, no doubt it was suffi- and paraded the streets with the ciently alarming and distressing for hundreds bodies of religious ladies. The fact is of religious ladies to be forced to quit their In more than one convent the nic sanctuaries at a moment's notice, and see them crypts were broken open and bodies delivered to the flames. It is with no view of light, to the total number, it is said defending the conduct of the rabble that I insist thirty-five. But it is no less certai upon the essential difference between burning motive of this profanation was a de an empty convent and burning it over the heads certain whether there was any sign of its inmates. having been tortured, or even buried But, if the revolt was far from being a massa- was found, as a matter of fact, that m cre, at least, say some, it was a scene of un- bodies had their hands and feet bound bridled rapine. On this point, too, the opposing and, though this is susceptible of a parties take up violently contradictory posi- cent explanation, it was not unnatu tions. It would be ridiculous to suppose that in at first as confirming the most sinist a great city like Barcelona, not noted at any To the Anglo-Saxon mind it would time as a home of all the virtues, the destruction when a community walls itself in from of half a hundred rich ecclesiastical buildings and admits no intervention of th should be wholly unaccompanied by robbery. public inspection of its practices, whe There is no reason to doubt that the dregs of the or death, it should not complain if populace, the camp-followers of the revolt, com- arise as to the nature of these pract mitted many depredations. But there is clear alleged design of the rioters was to evidence that robbery was not the motive of the bodies to the ayuntamiento, or town main body of the incendiaries. They were bent their condition might be publicly veri on destruction, not on iheft. They made bon- if any, of them seem to have rea fires, not only of objects of sanctity, but of ob- destination; but, with sharp fighting jects of value. No bank was attacked; no store, in the barricaded streets, this wa other than gun-stores; not one of the many surprising. splendid houses of the commercial magnates of I am inclined to believe that the Barcelona. The word "sack” is no more justly summary researches, discovered no applicable to the to the events than the word dence of torture or other malpracti "massacre.” religious houses. A so-called "roasti the Magdalen Convent - a bed of The Mob and the Mummies screwed down to the floor, under wl said that gas-jets could be lighted But while the mob, as a whole, was neither amined by Mr. Henry Nevinson of t murderous nor rapacious, it was blind and super- Daily News, who satisfied himself th stitious in its rage against all things associated apparatus was imaginary, and that, with religion. Its deeds show no trace of any ability, the bed was intended for insan rational leadership. It did not, for instance, single who might have used loose iron slat out for destruction those institutions which com- injury to themselves or others. S peted unfairly in confectionery, laundry work, or "coining apparatus" found in one o other industries. The great majority of the asteries was probably a machine fo 56 THE LIFE AND DEATH OF FERRER schoolboys' medals. It was, of course, said that member, too, that immediately after the "tragic materials for the making of bombs had been week” the police made hundreds, if not thou- discovered; but I do not know that any serious sands, of domiciliary visits, without discover- attempt has been made to substantiate this ing a single letter of Ferrer's inciting to, or in charge. There is more evidence for the asser- any way bearing upon, the disturbances. The tion that some of the hombres de los terrados prosecution, in short, though it admitted that - mysterious persons who devoted themselves Ferrer was under close surveillance, did not even to "sniping" from the house-tops — were, in attempt to bring home to him a single act of fact, clerics who desired to enrage the troops preparation or organization during the critical against the townspeople. But, even if it be days before the outbreak. What would a jury true that one or two mischievous fanatics were have thought of this omission? caught at this game, it would be unfair to make Well, on the morning of the fateful 26th the Catholic Church responsible for them. The Ferrer betook himself to Barcelona, and Moreno clerical no less than the anti-clerical host would met him, as arranged, at the Estación de Fran- naturally have its fringe of malefactors. cia. Here it was that the two streams of private and of public events definitely flowed together. What Ferrer Was Doing Moreno was, in fact, one of those most actively concerned in the organization of the strike. He It is now time to return to Ferrer, whom we naturally told Ferrer what was afoot; and he left living peaceably at Mas Germinal and smil- strongly asserts that this was the first Ferrer ing at the spies who were set to watch his move- had heard of it. ments. On July 22 — just four days after the "What did he say?" I asked. Sunday that witnessed the first scene of pro "He said,” Moreno replied, “that if it was a test against the war and four days before the serious movement that was going to lead to any- Monday of the general strike — he wrote a thing, it had all his sympathy; but if it was to be letter to Miguel Moreno, formerly a teacher in a mere flash in the pan, he regretted it.” the Escuela Moderna, who desired to discuss On parting from Moreno, Ferrer, according to with him the possible foundation of a farm- his own account (confirmed by his employees school. Here is the letter in full (I have seen and by independent witnesses), proceeded to his the original): publishing office in the Calle Cortes. He had MONGAT, 22/7, 1909. not been long there when a band of women Friend Moreno: appeared, demanding that the office should be ! have so many things to arrange and put in closed. He at once agreed, and only a side door order here at Mongat that I intend to go very little to was left open. Then he went out to procure Barcelona until I have finished. In order to see me, the best plan would be for you samples of paper for his projected edition of to come here on some holiday afternoon. But, if that Kropotkin's “Great Revolution,” after having does not suit you, I would come to Barcelona on Sun- instructed his secretary, Cristóbal Litrán, to day morning, hy a train that arrives at nine. In that arrange with an engraver to meet him at the case let me know beforehand and meet me at the office at four in the afternoon, with reference to station. I repeat that I am your affectionate the illustrations for the same work. He lunched FERRER. alone at the Maison Dorée, a well-known restau- We have recently lost a niece eight years old, to our rant in the Plaza de Cataluña. At four he kept no small sorrow, as you may suppose. the appointment with the engraver at his office, and asked the office messenger, a youth named Here we find “the author and chief of the re- Meseguer, to carry to the station for him a card- bellion,” four days before its outbreak, not even board box “containing a dress for his wife.” mentioning public affairs, and expressing a wish This the young man did, preceding Ferrer to the to avoid coming to Barcelona. Moreno, how- station; but when Ferrer arrived, in time for the ever, in his reply, suggested a meeting at the six o'clock train, behold! he found a notice station, not for Sunday, but for Monday morn- stating that the line was cut and no trains run- ing; and to this Ferrer agreed. We may be ning. Meseguer, seeing that he was much put absolutely sure that he did not visit Barcelona about by this, offered to walk to Mongat and in the interval; for, if he had done so, the police tell his family that all was well with him. He spies would have reported the fact, and the at first demurred, saying that it was too far to prosecution would not have failed to make walk; but the lad insisted, and Ferrer at last much of it. But perhaps he was all the time accepted his offer. Then he went and dined at the plotting the revolt by correspondence? No Hotel Internacional on the Ramblas, spent the one who has any experience of the Spanish post- evening with friends at a café, and at last, soon office will believe this possible. We must re- after midnight, set forth to walk home, arriva - morning.* told nothing Was silent. The ing at Mas Germinal But here it must be said that, although Ferrer returned from Alella in great excitem- ments on the 26th, he did not tell the whole clare that she had, with her own eye truth. For instance, he said nothing of his meet- Ferrer at the head of a band of ince- but the truth as to his employ- porting that she had heard a young wor ing with Moreno; and we shall see later that burning a convent at Premia - There were several other incidents on which he no convent had been burnt. This was to whether these incidents in any way told the revolt, which was soon to swell to su gainst him. they did not, we may ask what was the reason laugh at it; but, at the entreaty of Mm for his silence? he was extremely careful not to compromise any calmer frame of mind should prevail. Othis riends. His deposition was taken while he no wish to undergo another year's in WILLIAM ARCHER at about five in the other — crucial point in the case. On TI the 29th one of the household at Mas G - where, reader shall judge for himself as whisper of the legend connecting Ferr Assuming, in the meantime, that proportions.† He was at first inclined m The answer is pretty obvious: franca, he finally agreed to go into hiding was in solitary confinement, absolutely ignorant ment, if he could help it. as to who might or might not be in the hands of As to the place and manner of his the police, and knowing only that a bitter cam- ment, I know more than I am even paign of vengeance was in full swing. Moreno, liberty to tell. For more than a fortni as a matter of fact, had escaped; but it would disappearance was so complete that he have been a clear disloyalty on Ferrer's part to erally believed to have escaped to Fra allude to his share in the disturbances. Even belief in which the authorities fully people whom Ferrer knew to have taken no part Early in August his publishing off in the events might have been made to suffer for visited and searched, and his secretary, the mere fact of his naming them. We see that arrested, but set at liberty after a two ho he did not even give the name of the messenger amination. On either the 11th or 12th who carried the dress-box to the station for him. monthị twenty-one policemen and ger presented themselves at Mas Germinal ar Ferrer Disappears twelve hours ransacking the house for inci ing documents, without finding anything At Mas Germinal - according to Ferrer's ac- slightest importance. "Before Ferrer lef count and that of his family he remained Mme. Villafranca, “he and I had been throughout Tuesday the 27th. Whether this be to make a great clearance of papers. N true or not is a crucial point in the case which there was anything that could justly b we shall have to discuss in due time. On Wednes- compromising; but we knew how the day the 28th, at about eleven in the morning, all would try to twist everything, not onl parties agree that he went (as was his custom disadvantage, but to that of his correspon every Wednesday and Saturday) to a barber's The search-party, however, carried off shop, in the neighboring village of Masnou, to be tion of three hundred letters from Ferre shaved. Thence he proceeded, a distance of some brother José—a “find” that must have two miles, to the village of Premia de Mar, where disappointing, as we hear no more abou he remained about a quarter of an hour; and then he returned to Mas Germinal, having been The Banishment to Teruel absent, in all, between two and three hours. There is no dispute as to these bare facts; but the On the 16th of August Ferrer ought question of what he said to persons whom he met transacted certain financial business with at Masnou and Premia is another-or rather the in Barcelona, on pain of forfeiture * This account of Ferrer's day is mainly founded on his own valuable securities. On that day Mm deposition. His statement as to interviews with the paper-maker and engraver was confirmed by the evidence of the parties in + The growth of this legend is followed, step by s ques- tion, taken by the examining commandant. The evidence of Litrán third chapter of Dr. Simarro's monumental work on and Meseguer was not before the court, they having been deported, case-a chapter aptly entitled “The Snowball." as we shall presently see, with all Ferrer's family and staff ; but early days of August," the ominously celebrated Ferrer they made formal declarations which they sent from their place of suspected of having financed the rebellion, and a tale is banishment to Ferrer's defender. I may mention that in Ferrer's having cashed a check for 50,000 pesetas at the Crédit own deposition, as read to the court, there are one or two inaccu- a tale wholly without foundation, A few days later, a racies, quite trifling, and of no significance either for or against him, of the Catholic "Committee of Social Defense" which we can only put down to defective reporting on the part of and gives it out in an interview that “el funestisimo the officials. For example, the interview with the engraver is rep: was not in Barcelona for nothing during the week pre resented as taking place in the morning instead of the afternoon. It outbreak." So, by dint of sheer repetition, the legen happens that these particular errors do not matter ; but simlar gradually establishing itself; but it is not until the end errors, at other points in the process, might have the most disas- as we shall see, that Ferrer finally blossoms out into the trous effect. One of the witnesses declared to me : director of the whole revolt. said was no more like what we were reported as saying than this Ferrer himself says the 11th; but I have seen a I is like this "--pointing to a bottle of cognac and a piece of money Soledad Villafranca, dated the 13th, in which she spe which happened to be on the table before us. search having occurred "yesterday." At f goes ** What we 58 THE LIFE AND DEATH OF FERRER franca saw his agent in Barcelona, and received on no charge and for no discoverable reason; from him a paper for Ferrer's signature. A then they were released again, equally without romantic story is told of the way in which the reason. The immediate motive of the “ban- signature was obtained. It is largely fictitious, ishment” was no doubt to drive Ferrer from his and need not detain us. The essential point concealment by cutting him off from communi- is that three days later, on August 19, the cation with his friends; but afterward, as we shall paper, signed, was handed to José Ferrer in see, it proved extremely convenient to have every the market-place at Barcelona, and by him de- one who could give evidence in his favor safely livered to the bank. Evidently the authorities removed to a distance of not less than 245 kilome- had instant notice of the fact, which proved that ters. The“ banishment”lasted eighty-seven days. Ferrer was not far off. Their next move was Having thus happily disposed of the occu- made no later than the following day, and was a pants of Mas Germinal, the authorities made pretty sweeping one. several descents upon the house, in further It must be explained that a favorite method of search for incriminating documents. On one dealing with any condition of unrest in Spain is occasion, about August 27, ten policemen and to “suspend the constitutional guaranties,” and gendarmes took possession of the farm-house so leave the liberty of the subject entirely at the for three days and two nights, broke open the mercy of the bureaucracy. The constitutional floors and the walls, cut the drain-pipes, emptied guaranties had been suspended by royal decree, the cisterns, and left the place a wreck.* It is in the three Catalan provinces, as early as the quite evident that, under such conditions, the 28th of July. Therefore the new Governor of requirement of the law that search shall always Barcelona, Don Crespo Azorin, was within his be conducted in the presence of representatives rights when he ordered the instant deportation of the accused or of responsible and impartial of Soledad Villafranca and her brother, José witnesses could not possibly be fulfilled. The Ferrer and his wife and child, and the whole only occupant of the house was Mme. Villa- staff of Ferrer's publishing house, including the franca's mother; and it can scarcely be conceived aged and infirm Anselmo Lorenzo with his wife that she kept sleepless watch on her ten visitors and daughters — fourteen or fifteen persons in for sixty hours. There is not the slightest reason all. Here is the warrant under which the opera- to presume the genuineness of any document tion was effected: purporting to have been found on this occasion. In virtue of the powers conferred on me by Article The Capture 9 of the Law of Public Order, now in force by reason of the suspension of constitutional guaranties, I de- On cree your banishment (destierro), and that of your August 17 Commandant Vicente family, to a distance of more than 245, and less than Llivina, charged with the duty of preparing the 250 kilometers* from the city of Barcelona. You are case against the "instigators, organizers, and to be immediately conducted, under the surveillance directors” of the revolt, had issued an advertise- of the public forces, to the limit of the radius of 245 ment calling upon Ferrer to appear before him; kilometers. God preserve you many years! Bar- celona, 19 August, 1909. CRESPO AZORIN. and Ferrer asserted that he thought of obeying the summons, but was persuaded not to do so. José Ferrer was not even allowed to send for On August 29, however, he read in the pa- his son, who happened to be away bathing, when pers (according to his own accountt) that the the "public forces” arrived at Mas Germinal. Fiscal (prosecutor) of the Supreme Court, after The whole party, not one of them charged with a visit to Barcelona to investigate the disturb- the smallest illegality, was hurried off, first to ance, had declared, on his return to Madrid, Alcañiz, and afterward to Teruel, the capital that he, Ferrer, was "the organizer of the revo- of Aragon. They had to find food and lodging lutionary movement in Barcelona and in the at their own expense, and were, as a matter of villages on the coast.” fact, on the verge of starvation. They were constantly watched by the police and gendarmes, and, in spite of the advice of my friends, I resolved to Then ſhe proceeds] I could restrain myself no longer, who a present myself to the authorities and at last protest their place of abode. No one was allowed to against such rumors and such affirmations, from how- visit them or communicate with them, except in ever high a source they might proceed. the presence of the police. Their correspond- ence was tampered with, and they were sub- * The traces of this diligencia (that is the expressive Spanish jected to every sort of annoyance and humilia- term) are everywhere visible to this day, and I have examined them. The gravest complaints are made as to depredations com- tion. For a week José Ferrer, his wife, and mitted by the invaders; but as their personal conduct is not germane Soledad Villafranca were actually put in prison, to the case, I say no more about it. +Letter to Charles Malato from the Carcel Celular, October 1, * More than 392 and less than 400 miles. 1909.-" Un Martyr des Prêtres," p. 48. WILLIAM ARCHER 59 He left his hiding-place on the night of August himself up? That must depend entirely on our 31, intending to walk some seven miles in view of his character. In favor of his statement order to take the inland railway line to Barce- we have the fact that he certainly expressed lona, his reason being that he was unknown on this intention to the friends who had harbored this line, and had therefore a better chance of him, and whom he had no motive in deceiving. reaching Barcelona in freedom. His route, how- We may also remember that when he was ever, took him through his native village of "wanted” after the Morral outrage, he volun- Alella; and just outside it he was stopped by the tarily presented himself to the police. Against village somaten (a sort of local vigilance com- this we have to put the undeniable fact that the mittee), recognized, and arrested. After many inland linė “on which he was not known” indignities at the hands of his captors, he was would have carried him to France as readily as taken, not to the examining commandant, as he to Barcelona. But, knowing that the hue and requested, but to the Civil Governor, and after cry was out after him, would he be likely to take a brief examination was consigned to the Celular the risk of attempting to cross the frontier? Prison. On the whole, the weight of probability seems Can we accept Ferrer's own account of these to be in favor of his statement; but the matter incidents, and believe that he intended to give is not susceptible of proof. [MR. ARCHER'S SECOND ARTICLE ON THE FERRER CASE, DEALING WITH FERRER'S TRIAL AND DEATH, WILL BE PUBLISHED IN THE DECEMBER NUMBER OF MCCLURE'S] THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY BY PERCEVAL GIBBON III. A SEASON OF MIRACLES ILLUSTRATIONS BY W. HATHERELL T HEY buried Doña Fortuna in the late breath and stared; only the Englishwoman, afternoon, while the sun still quelled trim, gray-haired, austere, kept her manner of the streets of Tete and held them invincible composure. And in that tenseness of silent. Her grave was on the bank silence and wonder the business was done. The of the river, at a spot whence one priest dropped his hand, stood a moment gazing might look forth from the shadow of palms and down, and turned away. The Englishwoman follow with one's eyes the great stream of the looked at him sharply, and went with him. The Zambesi, sliding smoothly into the haze of palms overhead rustled with the first touch of distance. Her half-caste women sobbed and the evening breeze from the east, and the whined at that last significant parting, but re women made way for the two Kaffirs with strainedly; the presence of the tall priest and the shovels. Anna, the eldest and stoutest of them cool, calm Englishwoman who had gone down- all, stopped her ears as the first shovelful of stream to bring him subdued them. It was in a earth fell. hush as of reverence that the priest, shaking with “The noise of it, like a dull drum, stops my his ague, raised his voice in that final office; heart,” she explained, that evening. “I feel as the forgotten city was voiceless behind his though I were in the grave, with the boards over shoulder; the palms overhead drooped motion- me and about me, and the lumps of earth less in the heat. His voice quavered and broke falling.” as his malady shook him; it had the effect of Timotheo, the priest's “boy,” nodded tears and grief. The awed women caught their thoughtfully. The pair of them were sitting in 60 MISS GREGORY THE ADVENTURES OF the courtyard of Doña Fortuna's house, cross Timotheo grunted, but produced a cigarette legged on the flagstones, with their backs against from the bosom of his shirt and handed it over. the wall. The soft gloom set them in a con- Anna bowed over him to light it from his. fidential solitude; the sky over them was span "Well," she said, drawing at it strongly, gled with a wonder of great white stars. The "this, you must know, is not an Englishwoman light from an open doorway made a path across at all like the rest of the English. The rest of the courtyard and touched Anna's plump bare them — what are they? Mostly lean and a shoulders softly. She was all full curves and little young, with loud voices and given to fa- comfortable ripeness; Timotheo saw her with cetiousness. But this one--you have seen her- grave approval. is of a decent figure. At a guess, she weighs as “I do not like it myself,” he said. “Naturally much as I do. And though she is chill and re- I hear it oftener than you, since it is, in a mote in her manner, and very stiff and formal as manner, my business. But I do not like it.” to her clothes, she is yet human. One feels that He drew at his cigarette, and the glow of it there is blood in her; for all her gray hair and the lighted up his lean, sober face and pale, restless hardness of her countenance, she knows the heat eyes. of passion. One feels that she knows it. Here “But, at any rate,” he added, “it is always she comes afoot across the world, smiling that the last of a sorrowful business. It finishes the little smile of hers at our town and the people in affair. To-night, for example, we may rest." it, and within two days she is in Doña Fortuna's Anna agreed. “There are some of us that chamber, easing her in her pain and whispering need it,” she said, yawning. “Our Doña For- to her things which give her peace. tuna peace be with her! — was all that is “How she got in? That was simple. The great -- a woman of notable splendor and many German that gives people medicine, he sent to sorrows - but she was not reposeful. Seven her to ask her for quinine. She gave it at once, maids she had, counting me, and Kaffirs enough for nothing, only asking some questions about to turn you sick. But do you think there was who was ill and the like. Teresa, who went for sleep of an afternoon or quiet in the evening?” the quinine, told me. And that evening, soon “What was there, then?” inquired Timotheo. after dark, she was knocking at the door. “What was there?” Anna sank her voice. “I came to see if I could do anything,' she “There was a woman with a sickness of the soul, said, when I opened to her, smiling at me in her who could not rest. God give her healing! No strange manner. I was abashed — I confess it; sooner were your eyes closed in the afternoon I am not used to these ways. I knew not how than the calling of your name woke you. “My to answer, for the moment, and that moment head is hot; fan me,' and there was your sleep was enough for her. She passed in at the door gone. And always there were old letters to be as though I had bidden her enter; she has an air brought and untied, and bound up again and of lordship which it is not easy to deal with. put back. And many things of the same kind; Opposite to her was the door of Doña Fortuna's but no repose.” chamber, with light shining under it. 'That is Timotheo lighted a fresh cigarette from the the room?' she asked, pointing. And what could stump of the last, and let himself slip lower I do but nod?” against the wall, so that his bare brown feet lay “Ah!" said Timotheo profoundly. in the path of light from the door, while the rest “But I assure you,” went on Anna rapidly, of him reclined in shadow. He was full-fed and gesticulating with the hand that held the cigar- inclined for conversation. ette so that its head of fire swooped to and fro “This Englishwoman, now," he said, “this in the darkness, “there is a compulsion in her. Mees Gregory that came down the river to sum- Our Doña Fortuna — rest her soul! - knew mon the Padre and me — she is known to you?” how to make herself obeyed, but not with that “I have spoken to her,” replied Anna; “but same quietness and speed. Do you think I am I do not know her. She is English. She comes a woman to let any stranger walk into my mis- hither from the south, walking, with Kaffirs to tress' chamber? And yet I meekly closed the carry her belongings. The English always come in outer door and followed her without a question. this manner. Doña Fortuna was already ill then.” You smile, Timotheo, but if you had been "But the English woman?” persisted Timo- there —-" theo. “Who sent her down the river? What “I smile," said Timotheo, “because I, too, was her concern with you and Doña Fortuna? know this Mees Gregory. You forget that I These English — they are not so useful as all came here with her. Well, she entered the that.” chamber. What then?” “Give me a cigarette, then,” said Anna, "It is a great chamber," said Anna. “To- "and I will tell you." morrow I will show it to you. Stone flags are PERCEVAL GIBBON 61 underfoot, and the walls are all of great stones, smooth gray head bowed above the stormy with the window set high up. The bed is in one black one. And something of calm descended corner a bed with a canopy, like a tent, and upon our Doña Fortuna; she lay back and the long, solemn curtains trailing about it. There lids drooped upon her great eyes. I, in my is other furniture, too, but for the most part the corner, was content; a moment's peace is never room is bare, and when the candles are alight amiss, and I gained some trifle of sleep. they make a little space of radiance at the heart “She is as strong as a mule, that Mees of a great somberness of shadow. It is a room Gregory; she has the endurance of a crocodile. that I have never liked; the shadows stand Do you think she paid her visit and went away? in the corners like men watching. This Mees Not she! One of us was despatched to her lodg- Gregory, she stepped over the threshold, and ing for certain matters, and when these were took one more pace into the room, and then brought she settled herself to stay all night. halted to gaze. It made its effect with her, too. She made a strange toilet, in which she seemed Our Doña Fortuna was in the bed, with a long half a nun and half a clown. She bound a shawl coverlet of blue across her breast and its end over her head and put shoes of soft cloth on her hanging over on the floor, and her gaze turned feet, and established herself serenely in the chair toward us. You did not know that face, Timo- by the bedside. The chamber began to be warm, theo; you are the poorer by that. It is said so all the candles but one were put out, and by I have heard — that in the old days, before she the light of it, when my sleep broke, I saw her came to her retirement at Tete, Doña Fortuna always there, motionless in the gloom, austere, was famous for her beauty. That was before courageous, and watchful. I tell you, Timotheo, I served her. What I knew in her, and shall I have my weaknesses. I do not like things remember till my day comes to be carried out that are awful or ominous in their appearance. to the river-bank, was the fire that burned in her l avoid them willingly. And I was glad in those and would not be quenched, the darkness and still hours that this Englishwoman was at least quickness of her face, like a storm at the point never majestic or solemn. That pink face of of breaking, and all the power and brightness hers — it does not daunt one.” and weariness that stay in my mind as though “H'm!" grunted Timotheo. she stood before me — which saints forbid! In “It does not daunt me,” said Anna. “And that great bed with the shadows all about and Doña Fortuna — she did not shrink, either. the candles before her like the lights on an That-night she had rest; Mees Gregory tended altar, she seemed not to be a real and living her with her own hands. She had a kind of thing. Even I, who knew her and somewhat slow deftness which was surprising to see; in loved her, as you might say, caught my breath. all her ministry she made no noise. She shifted She was of a sudden ghostly and remote; one the pillows and arranged the bed, brought cool trembled and hesitated as at an apparition. water and a fan - everything. For me, who “The Englishwoman stood but a few mo- had been to Doña Fortuna as her right hand, ments. Her manner of making herself known there was nothing to do. As I have said, I to Doña Fortuna has given me matter for made my profit of it. thought. She approached the bed without for “It was in the gray of morning that their mality, as one might go to one's own bed. You voices woke me. When you have served a understand English, I hope?' she asked. I've lady like Doña Fortuna you gain the habit of come to see if I can help at all.' No more than rousing at a whisper to save yourself from that, and it was spoken as one might speak to being beaten with a stick. I opened my any chance-met stranger on the Praça. Timo- eyes to see them close together, talking almost theo, these high people, who have men and in murmurs, so that all they said was not to women like you and me to serve them, have an be heard. understanding. They know how to recognize “This languor that is upon me,' Doña For- one another. I looked to see Doña Fortuna lift tuna was saying, “it tells me more than you can her head and call us to thrust the Englishwoman know. It has dried up my desires like dew in out; but, instead of that, she smiled wearily. the morning — all save one.' 'You are very gracious,' she answered. ‘Anna, “Mees Gregory was leaning upon the edge of set a chair for the senhora, idiota!' And Mees the bed, with her broad back to me. I could see Gregory sat down by her bedside and took her Doña Fortuna's face over her shoulder. gloves from her hands. They surveyed one an “Yes,' she said; ‘what is it?' other a little keenly, while they spoke small mat “Doña Fortuna opened her great dark eyes. ters of politeness. But, I tell you, they have a 'To see him,' she said. “To speak to him, even means of knowing each other, those people. In though it be only to confess.' half an hour they were talking closely, the “I could not catch what Mees Gregory an- 62 MISS GREGORY THE ADVENTURES OF swered. She spoke briefly and very low. What- who gives medicines threw out his hands when ever she said, Doña Fortuna smiled at it, a slow he saw her. I am not a doctor,' he told the smile of great weariness. Englishwoman; 'I do only what I can, and this “He was a man once, she answered, -'a is outside of my little knowledge. But they man. And now he is a priest. As good as dead, worked together about her without resting, you see. And me -- I am no better. What is sending the rest of us forth, so that I did not it? To see him for a moment under lowered eye- hear any more. But I was very curious.” lids, in this shadowed room; to see him as across “Yes,” said Timotheo; "no doubt. But what a broad river, beyond even the range of my happened?" voice — it is not much, and yet it will slake “Nothing happened till the afternoon," said what is left to me of my fever.' Anna. “Then Mees Gregory came to the door "I wondered at her voice, so even, so empty and called me. She was dressed in her clothes of passion; and her face, so tranquil. It was again, looking very like a man in a guardape then I knew what was to come and how I should (petticoat), but pink and composed still. I was hear the earth upon her coffin. I felt wonder, to remain with Dona Fortuna, she told me, and too; for Doña Fortuna seemed to speak of that attend to her in a certain fashion. As she talked life she had before she came to this land. There she took me into the room to show me the medi- was a tale — I had heard ends and scraps of it cines. There were not many. Then she bade - of a young man and some desperate passages; good-by to Doña Fortuna. but there are such tales about everybody. “You will really go yourself?' asked my “The Englishwoman hushed her as one stills mistress. a restless child, but Doña Fortuna had a need “Mees Gregory smiled at her and patted her of speech. With her gaze upturned to the hand. I'm off this very minute,' she said. canopy of the bed, and a manner as though 'Now you must take care of yourself till I she dreamed, she went on. come back. And don't fret!' "To see him!' she said. "The sorrow of his “She gave me her little, high, masterly nod, face dwells in my mind, so that I cannot remem- and marched forth. I had no notion whither ber how he looked when he was glad. But he she went. It was all outside my understand- was happy once; that was before he knew I was ing. But she found you at the old Mission, did wicked. When I close my eyes there is always she not?” one thing that I see - the bright room above “Yes.” Timotheo pitched the end of his Lisbon, and the youth who was holding my cigarette from him and shifted back against the hand, and he his face in the doorway, wall again. “Yes, she found us," he said, amazed, stricken suddenly wise and weary and fumbling in his bosom for another cigarette. sad. It never fails me; I have but to close my He drew forth two, and held out the bent one of eyes and it is there. I see it now.' them to Anna. A good story is the best possible “Mees Gregory moved the fan above her, and foundation for a better one; Timotheo felt this drew the sheet straight. as he lit the cigarette and drew at it reflectively. “He is near here?' she asked. Anna captured the match and lit her own; there “'Twelve hours away,' answered Doña For- was a while of silence as the priest's servant tuna, ‘and a priest. Is that not far enough?' ordered his thoughts. As he smoked, the cigar- "Mees Gregory did not interrupt the fanning. ette-end made brief illuminations of him. 'Where is it?' she asked. Anna waited respectfully for him to offer speech. “Then Doña Fortuna gave her the name of “Yes," he said again; "she found us in a the old Mission down the river. “You would season of miracles." send for him?' she asked. “But he would not “Tell me,” begged Anną. “I told you all that come.' I knew." “We shall see,' said the other, in her short Timotheo waved her to be silent. "In a sea- way. 'And now you must try to sleep again.' son of miracles," he repeated. “We were at the “That was a day that came in with a dull red old Mission, recently returned from a journey sun floating up slowly -- a day of heat. There through the accursed country of M'Kombi, and are days in this town, Timotheo, when one could the fruits of our labor were a malaria and an wish to be a dog, to be naked in shady places ague that left of the Padre the mere rag of a and scratch. This was one of them. Even Doña man. That Mission - it was built in the old Fortuna's great stone chamber filled with the times by folk who had yet to learn of fevers. It glow of it, and the fan seemed but to blow hot squats at the brim of the river, a long, slanting waves to and fro. She was very ill that day. front of old gray stone, and within it is all little Once in the morning her senses fled and she talked damp rooms like tombs. In one of these the to some one who was not there. The German Padre had his camp-bed, and on it he would PERCEVAL GIBBON 63 no- burn and shiver from twelve o'clock to twelve stared, for she went on at once. ‘My mes- o'clock. It was very melancholy there sage is from her.' thing to do, nothing to see but the eternal river, “The Padre answered after a pause. 'Se- no one to talk to. There was a pair of very wild nhora,' he said, I am a priest.' and very timid Kaffirs to cook and clean up; “Yes,' said the English woman. It is to a there was the Padre with his teeth chattering priest I was sent. There is grave need for a like castanbetas; and there was I, solitary among priest — if not you, then another. But it is you them as a crow in a fowl-run. All day long the she desires.' gaunt palms wagged their heads and the brown "He repeated the words: 'Grave need!' water slid past, and the stillness made me think “Grave need,' she said again. "The gravest of waiting for the Resurrection. I was sad. I need of all. Your reverence, recall her. It is you tell you, Anna, I was ready for diversion, even she asks for — to see you and speak to you; but though it should come with its face blacked. it is the priest she has the greatest need for. At Therefore, when, in the afternoon, while I mixed least, it was so when I left.' his draught for the Padre, the door was darkened, “You are sure?' he asked. “She cannot live? and I looked round to see your Mees Gregory She cannot recover? You are sure?' in the door, it was not surprise I felt, but joy. “I suppose she nodded, for she answered Here at length was something on two legs! And nothing in words. yet, it was astonishing enough. Imagine, then “There are priests in Tete,' he said, then. - out of that emptiness of bush and river, in “There will be no priest if it be not you,' she that silence of heathendom, at the middle of the replied. afternoon, there arrives your Englishwoman. “Ah!' he said. "The poor woman! So that She was as you have said a man in a guardape, is her need of me now?' the strangest thing I ever saw, incredible, ridic “That is her need,' answered Mees Gregory. ulous; but I did not laugh.” ‘But — but, father, you are ill.' "No," said Anna. “One does not laugh.” “I could hear the bed creak as he sat up. “She spoke the Padre's name, and he turned “I have not been taught to encourage my on his elbow to gaze at her," Timotheo con- weaknesses,' he said. “Her case is worse than ținued. “A shivering fit had just passed, and mine.' And he called for me." he was yet limp and sweating. 'I have a mes “He is a saint,” said Anna, with conviction. sage,' she said. 'I have come from Tete to "Largely by my assistance," replied Timo- deliver it.' Her eye rested on me rather theo, with deliberation. “But he is somewhat noticeably. of a saint, none the less. I could not at first “Timotheo,' bade the Padre, 'set a chair believe that he was sober in his intention to rise and get out!' and travel. The man was a sop, a piece of damp That was of no consequence, for the rooms flesh; the fever had sodden his bones. I al- in the old Mission have no doors; one hears most laughed at him as he gave me his orders; quite as well outside as in. I stood just out of but this saint has enough of the devil in him to sight, at the corner of the wall, and there I was make himself obeyed. It was not possible for able to see how she had come. There was a him to stand on his feet, but he stood! And canoe under the bank, and in it were a pair of what he proposed! There was no returning by the weariest Kaffirs I have ever seen. I learned water; the Englishwoman's Kaffirs had not the afterward that this Mees Gregory had con- flap of a paddle remaining in their arms, and the strained them to paddle through the heat of the way to Tete was upstream, besides. So it was day, such was her haste to reach us. How she twelve hours on foot through the infested bush, was to get back yet awhile was not so clear; they with night coming up and the land crawling with lay in the canoe in a sprawl of arms and legs; wild beasts. I would have kneeled to him but there was no more work left in them. that I know him; he had a certain tone in his “The talk at the Padre's bedside was brief. voice that told me I should be kicked if I did. “You are ill?' said the Englishwoman doubt. Yes, he can kick, this saint. So I dressed him, as fully. he bade, in the little room with moss on the “I am not too ill to hear you,' the Padre wall like green and yellow paint, and the tireless answered. Englishwoman strolling to and fro in the sun “She seemed not to be assured, but made up outside, while our Kaffirs hid in corners and her mind to speak. gaped at her. “Let me ask you,' she said, 'does the name “But the Padre was like a nightmare to see. of Fortuna carry any meaning to you?' I It was as if a corpse should rise up and go to could not see, of course, how the Padre took work. His legs were like water under him; the her question, but I think he must have ague took him by the throat and rattled him 64 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY as though the bones were loose in his skin. to another tongue. Mees Gregory flagged at Nothing upheld him save the spirit within him, moments, but she has strength, that English- and that was like a tempest caged. He walked woman; she could spur herself to the pace as she with his face uplifted, while his lips quivered with willed. I dared not be left behind; it was only weakness, and your Mees Gregory kept glancing that which maintained me, by which we see sideways at him with little considering frowns. there is a purpose in all our afflictions. I went But I was not comfortable in my mind — 1! on blindly, and came to life, as it were, only I had wished for diversion — true; but not to go when we halted. forth into the raw wilderness with a priest who “Well, at the time I have mentioned, we walked by supernatural power, and that strange came of a sudden to one of those spots where figure of a woman. It was not company in the bush stands back and leaves a piece of the which to take risks. But I did not know. world bare to the sky. I was in the rear; I “The bush grows close about the Mission. knew nothing; but Mees Gregory made a hissing One walks not two minutes and turns round, and noise with her mouth, and reached forward to one is at the heart of the wild. The paths, the Padre's arm and checked him. There was where there are any at all, are Kaffir paths, nar- an urgency in the gesture that startled me, and I row trodden ruts that curl and snake bewilder- did not forthwith sit down, as my custom was ingly between the bushes and trees, and on them when we halted. I looked between them as you must go one behind the other. The Padre they stood, and at the sight my weariness fell took the lead, with the Englishwoman behind from me. Three times already we had heard him, and me at the tail, and behind me all the lions, but this was the first we saw. He was lurking dangers of darkness. The dusk came near the middle of the clear space, plain in the all too soon, and lasted too short a while, and moonlight - a great, lean beast, stiffened to at- then night was with us, crowded with fears. tention at the sound of us, with his great head Ai!” Timotheo shivered and drew his breath up and all the mass of him taut as a string. A through his teeth. “Even the telling of it makes breath of wind stirred the bush; I could see it my heart hesitate. I am without words to show move behind him, and the tops of it swing it to you — our progress, always in a half- against the stars; and it carried the pungent hurry; the great deeps of the bush, where smell of him down to us. We stood -1 do not things stirred unseen; the spaces of moonlight, know how long; it may have been a minute or and our panting haste to cross them; the back of many minutes — and the great brute never the Padre, too thin, too straight, not poised as moved. It might have been the carved figure men poise themselves who have their senses; the of a lion set there in the pale light, intent and unwearying, pounding trot of your stumpy Eng- dreadful. I could not take my eyes from it. It lishwoman; the noise of our breathing that crowded all else out of being. And then, sud- might be the breathing of great beasts near at denly, with a shock that made my heart check hand; the voices of lions that we heard; the and bound, I heard the Padre begin to speak. strangeness, the unreality, the dread of it all. “I must not wait,' he said. “I have my Of the long stages that we made, there remains errand.' in my memory as it were a flavour - the salt “It was his voice of every day; they were the taste of fear in my mouth.” tones in which he would speak to me of his Anna made sounds of sympathy. dinner. I could not think; there was nothing “And all to make your Doña Fortuna easy in left to me to take hold of. At the sound of his her mind," said Timotheo. “But this was not voice, the great beast in the clearing moved a all. There were things that occurred on which little. you may think when next you are deprived “Hush! Oh, hush!' breathed the English- of your sleep. I spoke of a season of mira- woman, with her hand on his arm. cles. You shall hear. No; I have only “He put her hand from him. one cigarette left. “I am not bidden to be careful of myself,' he “I judge it was near midnight, and we had answered; ‘only to go forward in faith.' been on our way, resting scarcely at all, for some “And he went forward. He walked out of eight hours. There was a broad moon aloft; the shadow that screened us, into the pale light, where the bush was sparse there was plenty of and so forward. Anna, my friend, I do not light. I was weary; understand that I was weary speak of it willingly. For my part, I reached to the point of forgetting the terror and strange- out and caught the hand of Mees Gregory and ness of my situation and remembering only my held it; and she did not rebuke me. We did not legs. But the Padre held on. What he felt, move from our place, nor stir, nor, I think, what he suffered, if he felt and suffered at all, breathe. We watched the Padre. He went at is not to be told in human speech; it belongs his accustomed gait, neither in haste nor slowly. . . "I SAW HER ALWAYS THERE, MOTIONLESS IN THE GLOOM, AUSTERE, COURAGEOUS, AND WATCHFUL” There was no faltering; there were not even the before him there was the great beast, its huge uncertain feet of the ague-stricken. His head head low, its body gathered in behind it, all lean, was high held, even as it had been since we terrible strength — doom crouched along the started; one would have said a tall spirit walked ground, tense and imminent. There was a sense out into the moonlight. "Thirty — forty yards upon me as though somewhere something was 65 66 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY stretched to the point of breaking; I felt myself rivers that come down after the rains and join waiting for the snap of it. And all the while themselves to the Zambesi; they are new in there was the unbelievable thing, the Padre their course each season, and treacherous as a walking forward, eating up the moments at each snake. The sky was pale in the east; the dawn stride, and not twenty strides between him and gust was chill in our faces; the bush was ghostly the shape of the lion. There was a catastrophe and gray. The Padre stood, gaunt and upright, overdue; I knew it strangely; I was impatient seeming taller than of old, and looked down at for it." the black water below. “Yes?” said Anna. “Yes? What was the “Get a pole,' he bade me. end of it? Go on!” "I found a great cane as long as a mast, and Timotheo wriggled his back against the wall. slid down the bank with it. At the edge of the In the velvet darkness of the courtyard he water I thrust it in to sound the depth. Up and blinked rapidly; his recital had shifted him down stream I scrambled with it; but every- from his balance. where there was depth to more than double the “There was no end,” he said coolly. “It stature of a man, and no crossing at all. I let it was in no sense an ending at all. These miracles go at last, and it floated slowly away. — they are not dramatic. The Padre went on “The Englishwoman came to me as I came without pausing; the affair still awaited the last up from the water. swift effect; and he came as near to the beast “We must find a ford,' she said. “You go as I am to that door. Yes, about that distance. that way and I will go this. It is the only thing. And then the lion moved. Here it comes!' But what will he do if we don't find one?' thought I. 'It was time.' But no! Nothing of “Walk on the water, perhaps,' I answered. the kind. It seemed to crawl to one side; it had ‘But this time I will not follow him.' the motion of a great snake. It rippled like “I will,' she replied, looking at me strangely. a fluid, as smoothly and noiselessly, and, ere one I do not know what was in her mind. We went could rub one's eyes, there was the crash of our ways to look for the drift, she down stream, twigs, and it was gone. He, the Padre, did not I up. even turn his head; he went on still, and he was "I did not find one. I went perhaps a mile. across the clearing before Mees Gregory pulled I was very weary, and I had small hopes. When her hand from mine, and the pair of us returned I had gone so far, I took my occasion to sit down to our senses.” for a while. I would have rested longer, but I “They are like that,” said Anna. “Look found it too hard to keep awake. So presently them in the eye and they always run away.” I went back. There was the Padre half-way “Always,” agreed Timotheo solemnly. “But down the bank, and no Mees Gregory. I called who looks them in the eye if he can help it? That out to him. kind of fool, thank heaven, is as rare as a saint. “Reverendo,' I called, “it is deep. You saw Look them in the eye, indeed!” me sound it with the bamboo.' “Somebody told me so,” said Anna: meekly. "He looked up at me, smiling a little with “Perhaps it is a lie. No doubt it is. And were a serious face. there any more miracles?” “I cannot wait,' he said gently. “There is “You are hard to satisfy,” said Timotheo. my errand. To-day I must be in Tete,' and he “But there was one more. Do not say this moved yet further down the bank. time, ‘They are like that,' or I shall be dis “You will be drowned!' I cried. As sure as pleased." water is wet, you will be drowned and eaten by “I will not,” promised Anna. crocodiles. And I shall be abandoned in this “Very well, then. The second was at dawn. wilderness.' We had gone on from the place of the lion with “Come after me, then,' he said, quite seri- out pausing to felicitate the Padre. He led us ously. without ceasing, and we drove ourselves to keep "I fell on my knees on the parched grass up with him. There was something changed in and watched him. Here, again, he did not his aspect, or it seemed so; we no longer saw hesitate. He had the air of a man to whom him as the man we knew, full to the lips with a charge is given, who spares thought for no- fever and precarious on his feet. He was become thing else. He went into the hungry water with a being armored against the evil chances of the a calm, grave face, slipping from the bank to its night and the bush, a man guarded invisibly. unseen depths with scarce a splash. Ai! How Therefore, when the bush led us out to the steep one is palsied at such a time! One can only bank of a stream, under which the broad water look, and look, and look. The great stream shut ran calm and in great volume, we said nothing. above him like lips that close over a mouthful, We looked to him. It was one of those lesser and it was tranquil again, and he was gone. TATTAREL Tunnel " MEES GREGORY SMILED AND PATTED HER HAND. I'M OFF THIS VERY MINUTE, SHE SAID " 68 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY Then, ten yards down stream, his face came up; "I did not understand it, and I have not yet it emerged for a moment, with the water wash- understood. I suppose she had some matter in ing over it, and it was the same the same, her. Those people are furnished with thoughts composed, rapt, looking up. His hands made as a mimosa is with thorns, and are not less awk- weak movements; he could swim no more than ward to go in close company with. She led the a hen, and he went under again, a bundle of way across the river, and we rejoined the Padre clothes and limbs which the stream bore along after a chase of an hour, for he had not waited unheeding. Again he came up, further away, for us. and too far for my blurred eyes to mark him; “Well, thanks be, that was the end of the and then there was a space, during which I saw miracles. The rest was walking like dogs nothing, till your Mees Gregory shook me by through the day, till Tete came up in our path, the shoulder. and I was too far gone in fatigue even to be glad “There is a drift,' she said, “a good one. of it. I tell you, there is but a dull remembrance Where is the Padre?' that stays with me of our coming in at the gate “He is gone,' I said. "He would not wait.' there and seeing you girls about the door of the And I pointed her to the stream. house. I saw the Padre enter, but by that time “She was insistent. Now that the thing was I was on my back in the shade, and slumber done, I wished to lie down and be still for a day pinned me down like an assassin. It was you and a night or so; but she would have an that took the Padre in, eh?” account from me. And when I answered her “Yes,” replied Anna. “But I was bidden go shortly, she struck me a most surprising blow forth from the room at once, and Mees Gregory with her open hand. Even the noise I made was was waiting in the hallway without, so I could surprising. So I told her all, as I am telling you. hear nothing." “You are sure he was drowned?' she per “But they knew each other?” persisted sisted. “He could not swim at all?' Timotheo. "My assurances could not satisfy her. I told Anna shrugged; her plump, bare shoulders her again and again that he was drowned, finished, rose and fell in the light from the door. ended, dead; but still she stared across the stream “Who shall say?" she answered. “Our Doña and made exclamations to herself. The day ad- Fortuna was very weak. Only her face looked vanced, and the sun climbed into the world again. out from the bed, with veiled eyes under those "And yet,' she said, “there was his errand. thick lashes of hers. All expectancy was gone; I would have followed him; I would have taken it was a face that had been wiped clear like the chance.' a window-pane. The Padre stood in the middle “'You are saved from that, at least,' I told her. of the room. He is a very tall man; he looked “She looked at me in a strange way, as if down at her as if from a great distance. astonished that I should be sensible and clear in “Jaime,' she said once, feebly; and he an- my head. I believe she was in some degree swered nothing. 'Padre,' she said then, after moved and infected by that great air of inspira- a moment. tion which the Padre had shown her. Women are “My daughter,' he answered, and nodded often accessible to such matters, even old women me to go forth. He held the door while I went, like her, as tough as a sjambok (cowhide). But with his hand high up on it, so that I passed when she turned away from me, with a little shrug under his arm. Then it closed behind me. of impatience, she startled me with a shout. “Mees Gregory was without. She took me “What is it?' I cried, in quick alarm. by the arm very agreeably and drew me near to “Her finger pointed, and my eyes went with her. “My child,' she said in a soft voice, ‘I it. On the further bank of the stream stood the should like a wash.'” Padre himself. He was waving to us with his “And then Doña Fortuna died,” said Timo- arm, and his thin clothes were close about his theo. “She cannot say we did not take trouble body with wetness. He called something, but over her. Well, to-morrow we go back to our his words did not reach us. own place — by river this time.” “I made an interjection of amaze. ‘And I "And that is the end of miracles, happily," saw him drown,' I added, for I was certain of suggested Anna. Timotheo was stiffly uncoiling his legs pre- “Mees Gregory turned on me with a move- paratory to rising. ment like a swoop, so that I stepped back from “Pooh!” he said. “Your Doña Fortuna was her. ‘Dog!' she said, spitting the curt word at neither here nor there. Send him news of a me. You have eyes and you see not. You will dying Kaffir fifty miles away and he can always never see anything but the mud you were made manage a miracle or so. Do I not know it, to of. Come to the drift!' my cost?” it yet. " HE WAS NEAR THE MIDDLE OF THE CLEAR SPACE, PLAIN IN THE MOONLIGHT-A GREAT, LEAN BEAST". called Natalya Urusova. 235 Pag I Berada A RUSSIAN JEWISH SHIRTWAIST OPERATIVE Drawn from life by Wladyslav T. Benda WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS THE SHIRTWAIST - MAKERS AND THEIR STRIKE BY SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT MONG the active members of the beech-wooded village on the steppes of Central Ladies' Waist-Makers' Union in Russia. Here a neighbor of Natalya's family, a New York, there is a young Russian Jewish farmer, misunderstanding that mani- Jewess of sixteen who may be festo of the Czar's which proclaimed free speech, She is and misunderstanding socialism, had printed little, looking hardly more than twelve years and scattered through the neighborhood an old, with a pale, sensitive face, clear dark eyes, edition of hand-bills stating that the Czar had very soft, smooth black hair, parted and twisted proclaimed socialism, and that the populace in braids at the nape of her neck, and the gen- must rise and divide among themselves a rich tlest voice in the world, a voice still thrilled with farm two miles away. the light inflections of a child. Almost instantly on the appearance of these bills, this unhappy man and a young Jewish The Story of Natalya Urusova, a Rus friend who chanced to be with him at the time sian Jewish Shirtwaist-Maker of his arrest were seized and murdered by the government officers — the friend drowned, the She is the daughter of a Russian teacher of farmer struck dead with the blow of a cudgel. Hebrew, who lived about three years ago in a A Christian mob formed, and the officers and 70 SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 71 the mob ravaged every Jewish house in the little tories in New York City amounted to more than town. Thirty innocent Jews were clubbed to ten times that made in any other city; the death, and then literally cut to pieces. Natalya manufacture of women's ready-made clothing in and her family, who occupied the last house on this country is, indeed, almost completely in the the street, crept unnoticed to the shack of a hands of New York's immense Jewish popula- Roman Catholic friend, a woman who hid six- tion.* teen Jewish people under the straw of the hut in the fields where she lived, in one room, with Oppressive Conditions in the Shirt- eight children and some pigs and chickens. waist Factories Hastily taking from a drawer a little bright- painted plaster image of a wounded saint, this As soon after her arrival as her age permitted woman placed it over her door as a means of Natalya entered the employment of a shirt- averting suspicion. Her ruse was successful. waist factory as an unskilled worker, at a salary “Are there Jews here?” the officer called to her, of $6 a week. Mounting the stairs of the waist half an hour afterward, as the mob came over factory, one is aware of heavy vibrations. The the fields to her house. roar and whir of the machines increase as the “No," said the woman. door opens, and one sees in a long loft, which is “Open the door and let me see.” usually fairly light and clean, though sometimes The woman flung open the door. But, as he neither, rows and rows of girls with heads bent was quite unsuspecting, the officer glanced in and eyes intent upon the flashing needles. They only very casually; and it was in utter ignorance are all intensely absorbed; for if they be paid by that the rage of the mob went on over the fields, the piece they hurry from ambition, and if they past the jammed little room of breathless Jews. be paid by the week they are “speeded up” by As soon as the army withdrew from the town, the foreman to a pace set by the swiftest workers. Natalya and her family made their way to In the Broadway establishment, which may America, where, they had been told, one had the be called the Bruch Shirtwaist Factory, where right of free belief and of free speech. Here they Natalya worked, there were four hundred girls settled on the sixth floor of a tenement on six hundred in the busy season. The hours Monroe Street, on the East Side of New York. were long — from eight till half past twelve, a Nothing more different from the open silent half hour for lunch, and then from one till half country of the steppes could be conceived than past six. the place around them. Sometimes the girls worked until half past The vista of the New York street is flanked eight, until nine. There were only two elevators by high rows of dingy brick tenements, fringed in the building, which contained other factories. with jutting white iron fire-escapes, and hung There were two thousand working people to be with bulging feather-beds and pillows, puffing accommodated by these elevators, all of whom from the windows. By day and by night the began work at eight o'clock in the morning; so sidewalks and roads are crowded with people, that, even if Natalya reached the foot of the bearded old men with caps, bare-headed wigged shaft at half past seven, it was sometimes half women, beautiful young girls, half-dressed babies past eight before she reached the shirtwaist swarming in the gutters, playing jacks. Push- factory on the twelfth floor. She was docked carts, lit at night with flaring torches, line the for this inevitable tardiness so often that fre- pavements and make the whole thronged, talk- quently she had only five dollars a week instead ing place an open market, stuck with signs and of six. This injustice, and the fact that some- filled with merchandise and barter. Everybody times the foreman kept them waiting needlessly stays out of doors as much as possible. In for several hours before telling them that he had summer-time the children sleep on the steps, and no work for them, was particularly wearing to on covered chicken-coops along the sidewalk; the girls. for, inside, the rooms are too often small and Natalya was a “trimmer" in the factory. She stifling, some on inner courts close-hung with cut the threads of the waists after they were washing, some of them practically closets, with- finished a task requiring very little skill. But out any opening whatever to the outer air. the work of shirtwaist workers is of many grades. Many, many of Natalya's neighbors here are The earnings of makers of "imported” lingerie occupied in the garment trade. According to waists sometimes rise as high as $25 a week. the United States census of 1900, the men's Such a wage, however, is very exceptional, and, clothing made in factories in New York City even so, is less high than might appear, on amounted to nearly three times as much as that account of the seasonal character of the work. manufactured in any other city in the United The average skilled waist worker, when very States. The women's clothing made in fac * Union Label Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 1, page 1. 72 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS busy, sometimes earns from $12 to $15 a week. upon her health and energy. Her cough con- Here are the yearly budgets of some of the tinued to exhaust her. She was worn and frail, better paid workers, more skilled than Natalya and at eighteen her health was breaking. - operatives receiving from $10 to $15 a week. Sending Money Home from a Wage Story of Rachael, an Eighteen -Year-Old of $12 a Week Shirtwaist Operative Anna Klotin, another older skilled worker, an Rachael, a shirtwaist operative of eighteen, able and clever Russian girl of twenty-one, had been at work three years. She had begun an operative and trimmer, earned $12 a at $5 a week, and her skill had increased until week. She had been idle twelve weeks on in a very busy week she could earn from $14 to account of slack work. For four weeks she $15 by piece-work. “But,” she said, “I was had night work for three nights a week, and earning too much, so I was put back at week's payment for this extra time had brought her work, at $11 a week. The foreman is a bad income up to $480 for the year. Of this driving man. Ugh! he makes us work fast sum she paid $312 ($6 a week) for board and especially the young beginners." lodging alone in a large, pleasant room with Rachael, too, had been driven out of Russia a friendly family on the East Side. To her by Christian persecution. Her little sister had family in Russia she had sent $120, and she been killed in a massacre. Her parents had gone had somehow contrived, by doing her own wash- in one direction, and she and her two other ing, making her own waists and skirts, and sisters had fled in another to America. repairing garments left from the previous year, Here in New York she lived in a tenement, to buy shoes and to pay carfare and all her sharing a room with two other girls, and, besides other expenses from the remaining $48. She working in the shirtwaist factory, did her own had bought five pairs of shoes at $2 each, and washing, made her own waists, and went to a suit for $15. night school. Her income was seriously depleted by the Fanny Wardoff, a shirtwaist worker of twenty seasonal character of her work. Out of the who had been in the United States only a year, twelve months of the year, for one month she helped her family by supporting her younger was idle, for four months she had only three or brother. four days' work a week, for three months she For some time after her arrival in this coun- had five days' work a week, and for four months try the ill effects of her steerage voyage had left only did she have work for all six days. Un- her too miserable to work. She then obtained happily, during these months she developed a employment as a finisher in a skirt factory, where severe cough, which lost her seven weeks of her best wage was $7. But her earnings in this work, and gave her during these weeks the ex- place had been so fluctuating that she was un- pense of medicine, a doctor, and another board- certain what her total income had been before ing place, as she could not in her illness sleep the last thirteen weeks. At the beginning of with her two friends. this time she had left the skirt factory and be- Her income for the year had been $348.25. come a finisher in a waist factory, where she Her expenses had been as follows: rent for one earned from $10 to $12 a week, working nine third of room at $3.50 a month, $42; suppers with and a half hours a day. landlady at 20 cents each, $63; other meals, ap Her place to sleep, and breakfast and dinner, proximately, $90; board while ill, seven weeks in a tenement, cost $2.50 a week. She paid the at $7, $49; doctor and medicine (about) $15; same for her younger brother, who still attended clothing, $51.85; club, 5 cents a week, $2.60; total, school. The weekly expense was palpably in- $313.45; thus leaving a balance of $34.80. creased by 60 cents a week for luncheon and Shoes alone consumed over one half of the 30 cents for carfare to ride to work. She walked money used for clothing. They wore out with home, fifteen blocks. such amazing rapidity that she had needed a Her clothing, during the eight months of new pair once a month. At $2 each, except a work, had cost about $40. Of this, $8 had been best pair, costing $2.60, their price in a year spent for four pairs of shoes. Two ready-made amounted to $24.60.* skirts had cost $9, and a jacket $10. Her ex- In regard to Rachael's expenditure and con- pense for waists was only $3, the cost of material, servation in strength, she had drawn heavily as she had made them herself. * This expense would at this date probably be heavier, as the She spent 35 cents a week for the theater, and working-girls at one of the St. George's Working-Girls' Clubs esti- economized by doing her own washing. mated early this summer that shoes of a quality purchasable two years ago at $2 would now cost $2.50. Here are the budgets of some shirtwaist Ulladysin T Benda A MEETING OF GIRL STRIKERS AT THE UNION HEADQUARTERS ON CLINTON STREET Drawn from life by Wladyslav T. Bendals . 74 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS operatives earning from $7 to $10 a week, less most always worked half a day on Sunday – skilled than the workers described above, but except in slack weeks. She was not certain how more skilled than Natalya. many of these there had been; but there had been enough slack time to reduce her income Story of Irena K., a Sixteen-Year-Old for her family for the year to $450. They had Operative Who Supported Four paid $207 rent for four rooms on the East Side, People on $9 a Week and had lived on the remaining $243, all of which Irena had given to her mother. Irena Kovalova, a girl of sixteen, supported Her mother helped her with her washing, and herself and three other people, her mother and she had worn the clothes she had the year before, her younger brother and sister, on her slight with the exception of shoes. She had been forced wage of $9 a week. She was a very beautiful to buy four pairs of these at $2 a pair. They all girl, short, but heavily built, with grave dark realized that if Irena could spend a little more eyes, a square face, and a manner more mature for her shoes they would wear longer. “But and responsible than that of many women of for shoes,” she said, with a little laugh, “two forty. Irena Kovalova had not been out of work dollars — it is the most I ever could pay.” for one whole week in the year she described. She was a girl of unusual health and strength, She had never done night work; but she had al- and though sometimes very weary at night and troubled with eye strain from watching the needle, it was a different drain of her vitality that she mentioned as alarm- ing. She was obliged to work at a time of the month when she normally needed rest, and endured anguish at her ma- chine at this season. She had thought, she said gravely, that if she ever had any money ahead, she would try to use it to have a little rest then. Molly Zaplasky, a little Rus- sian shirtwaist worker of fif- teen, operated a machine for fifty-six hours a week, did her own washing, and even went to evening school. She had worked for five months, earning $9 a week for five weeks of this time, and sometimes $6, sometimes $7, for the remainder. She and her sister Dora, of seventeen, also a shirtwaist-maker, had a room with a cousin's family on the East Side. Living on $6 a Week and Fighting Tuberculosis IT frita Dora had worked a year and a half. She, too, earned $9 a week in full weeks. But there had been only twenty-two such weeks in that period. For sev- enteen weeks she had earned $6 a week. For four weeks she had been idle because of slack- ness of work, and for nine ONE OF THE SEVEN HUNDRED ARRESTS MADE DURING THE SHIRTWAIST STRIKE Drawn by Wladyslav T. Benda SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 75 weeks recently she had been too ill to work, hay- ing developed tuberculo- sis. Dora, too, did her own washing. She made her own waists, and went to evening school. She had paid $2.75 a week for partial board and for lodging. The food not included in her board cost about $1 a week. The little Molly had paid for Dora's board and lodg- ing in her nine weeks' illness. Dora, who had worked so valiantly, was quietly expecting just as valiantly her turn in the long waiting list of appli- cants for the Montefiore Home for consumptives. She knew that the chance of her return to Molly was very slight. Her expenditure for food, shelter, and cloth- ing for the year had been as follows: room and board (exclusive of nine weeks' illness), $161.25; clothing, $41.85; total, $203.10. As her income for the year had been $297-50, this left a bal- ance of $94.40 for all other expenses. Items for clothing had been: suit, $12, jacket, $4.50, a hat, $2.50, shoes (two pairs), $4.25, stockings (two pairs a week at Rea was paying $4 a month for lodging in two 15 cents), $15.60, underwear, $3.00; total, $41.85. rooms of a tenement-house with a man and his One point should be accentuated in this bud- wife and baby and little boy. She saved carfare get the striking cost of stockings, due to the by a walk of three quarters of an hour, adding daily walk to and from work and the ill little daily one and a half hours to the nine and a half worker's lack of strength and time for darning. already spent in operating. Her food cost $2.25 The outlay for footwear in all the budgets of the a week, so that, with 93 cents a week for lodging, operators is heavy, in spite of the fact that much her regular weekly cost of living was $3.18, leav- of their work is done sitting. ing her 82 cents for every other expense. In spite Here are the budgets of some of the shirt- of this, and although she had been forced to spend waist-makers who were earning Natalya's wage glasses, Rea contrived to send an occasional $2 $3 for examination of her eyes and for eye- of $6 a week, or less than this wage. back to her family in Europe. Rea Lupatkin, a shirtwaist-maker of nineteen, had been in New York only ten months, and was Story of Ida, a Fifteen-Year-Old Operative at first a finisher in a cloak factory. Afterward, Who Worked 56 Hours a week obtaining work as operator in a waist factory, she could get $4 in fifty-six hours on a time Ida Bergeson, a little girl of fifteen, was basis. She had been in this factory six weeks. visited at half past eight o'clock one even- machine CORM A SHIRTWAIST OPERATIVE DISTRIBUTING STRIKE LITERATURE ON THE STREET Draan by Wladyslav T. Benda A Photograph by Hine GROUP OF SHIRTWAIST THIRTY THOUSAND GIRLS EMPLOYED IN THE SHIRTWAIST INDUSTRY IN NEW YORK CITY WENT CONDUCTED BY WOMEN IN THIS COUNTRY, RESULTED IN A STRONGER SPIRIT worn ing, in a tenement on the lower East Side. came away, leaving the little girl The gas was burning brightly in the room; sleeping in her utter fatigue, she wondered several people were talking; and this frail- with what strength Ida could enter upon looking little Ida lay on a her possible marriage couch in their midst, and motherhood - sleeping, in all the noise whether, indeed, she and light, in complete would struggle through exhaustion. Her sis- to maturity. ter said that every night the child returned from Katia Halperian, a the factory utterly worn shirtwaist worker of out, she was obliged to fifteen, had been in New work so hard and SO York only six months. fast. During twenty-one Ida received the same weeks of this time wage as Natalya - $6 a she was employed in a week. She worked fifty- Wooster Street factory, six hours a week — eight earning for a week of more than the law nine-and-a-half-hour allows for minors. She days only $3.50. Katia, paid $4 a week for like Natalya, was a board and a “trimmer." shared with the anxious After paying $3 a week older sister who told board to an aunt, she had about her experience. a surplus of 50 cents for Ida needed all the rest Ways TBendan all clothing, recreation, of her $2 for her cloth- A YOUNG RUSSIAN JEWISH SHIRT- doctor's bills, and inci- ing. She did her own WAIST-MAKER dentals. washing. As the inquirer Drawn from life by Wladyslav T. Benda To save carfare she room 76 CANO 773 OPERATIVES ON STRIKE ON STRIKE DURING THE FALL AND WINTER OF 1909-10. THIS STRIKE, THE OF SOLIDARITY AND SHORTENING OF HOURS FOR THE SHIRTWAIST WORKERS LARGEST EVER walked to her work — about forty minutes' She had been totally unable to find work distance. Her aunt lived on the fourth for the last five months, but this family, floor of a tenement. After working nine and though very poor, had kept her with them a half hours and without payment walking an hour through all this and twenty min- time. utes daily, Katia She had been climbed four three months an flights of stairs operative, putting and then helped cuffs on waists. with the house- Working on a time work. basis, she earned $3 the first week Story of Sonia and $4 the second. Lavretsky, Out She was then put of Work for on piece-work, and in fifty-four hours Five Months and a half could Sonia Lavret- earn only $3. Laid sky. girl of off, she found em- twenty, had been ployment at féll- self-supporting for ing cloaks, earning four years. She from $3 to $6 a lived in a most week. But after wretched, ill- twelve weeks trade kept tenement, in this place also with a family had grown dull. who made arti- SHIRTWAIST STRIKERS During her idle ficial flowers. Drawn from life by Wladyslav T. Benda time she became a ! ONE OF THE THIRTY THOUSAND 77 78 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS "run down” and was ill three weeks. Fortu Nevertheless, her long dull season was a nately, a brother was able to pay her doctor's harassing burden and disappointment, both for bills, until he also was laid off during part of herself and her sister's struggling family. her idle time. When Sonia had any money she gave her land- Story of Betty Lukin lady, for part of a room in the poor tenement with the flower-makers, $3.50 a month, and Betty Lukin, a shirtwaist-maker of twenty, about $2.50 a week for food. Before her dull had been making sleeves for two years. For season and slack work began she had paid nine months of the year she earned from $6 to 20 cents a week dues to a self-education society $10 a week; for the remaining three months only and social club. $2 a week. Her average weekly wage for the Her brother had given her all the clothing she year would be about $6. Of this she spent $3 a had. The burden of her support evidently fell week for suppers and a place in a tenement to heavily upon him and upon the poverty-stricken sleep, and about 50 cents a week for breakfast family of her hostess. And Sonia was in deep and luncheon a roll and a bit of fruit or candy discouragement. She was about to go away from a push-cart. Her father was in New York, from New York in hopes of finding work in doing little to support himself, so that many Syracuse. weeks she deprived herself to give him $3 or $4. She spent 50 cents a week to go to the theater | Getta Bursova, an attractive Russian girl of and 10 cents for club dues. She had, of course, twenty, had worked for eight years — ever very little left for dress. She looked ill clad, since she was twelve. She had been employed and she was, naturally, improperly nourished as a waist operative for six years in London and and very delicate. for two in New York. Two points in Betty's little account are sug- Here she worked nine and a half hours daily in gestive: one is that she could always help her a factory on Nineteenth Street, earning $5 to $6 father. In listening to the account of an organ- a week. Of this wage she paid her sister $4 a izer of the Shirtwaist-Makers' Union, a man who week for food and lodging in an inside tenement had known some 40,000 garment workers, 1 ex- room in very poor East Side quarters, so far claimed on the hardships of the trade for the from her work that number of married she was obliged to men it contained, spend 60 cents a week and was about to for carfare. In her make a note of this busy weeks she had item when he eagerly more than stopped me. "Wait. $1.40 a week left, and wait, please," he cried often only 60 cents, generously. “When for her clothing and you put it down, then every other expense. put this down, too. Getta had been It is just the same for idle, moreover, for the girls. The most nearly six months. of them are married During this time she to a family. They, had been supported too, take care of by her sister's fam- others.” ily. To this truth, Bet- In spite of this de- ty's expense of $3 to feat in her fortunes, $4 for her father from her presence had a her average wage of lovely brightness and $6, and little Molly's initiative, and her in- item of nine weeks' expensive dress had board and lodging for a certain daintiness. her sister, bear elo- She was eager for quent testimony. On knowledge, and the girls' part they through all her busy were mentioned weeks had paid 10 Photograph by Hine merely as “all in cents dues to a self- the day's work," and DISCUSSING THE SHIRTWAIST STRIKE education society. ON GRAND STREET with the tacit sim- never SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 79 plicity of perience has that common seemed char- mortal re- acteristic of sponsibility the trade which is fortunes of heroic. many of the The other forty thou- fact to be re- sand shirt- marked in waist-makers Betty's ac- employed in count is that New York for she spent 60 the last two cents a week years. for club dues In condi- and the thea- tions such as ter, and only described 50 cents for above, Na- all her cas- talya and ual sidewalk other shirt- breakfasts waist-makers and lunch- were working eons from the last fall, when push-carts. one day she Such an eager saw a girl, a hunger for piece-worker, complete shaking her change of head and ob- scene and jecting sadly thought, such to the low a desire for price the fore- beauty and man was of- romance fering her for these two making a comparative waist. "If items show, you don't like appear in it,” said the themselves a foreman, with true romance. a laugh," why Nearly all don't you the Russian join your old shirtwaist - Photograph by Hine 'sisters' out makers visit A SHIRTWAIST OPERATIVE AT HER MACHINE on the street, the theater then?” and attend clubs and night classes, whatever Natalva wondered with interest who these their wage or their hours of labor. Most of them “sisters” were. On making inquiry, she found contribute to the support of a family. ; that the workers in other shirtwaist factories These shirtwaist-makers, all self-supporting, had struck, for various reasons of dissatisfaction whose income and outlay are described above, with the terms of their trade. were all — with the exception of Irena Kova- lova, who supported a family of four — living Police Unfairness During the Shirtwaist away from home. Natalya lived with her Strike mother and father. She did not do her own washing, though she The factories had continued work with made her own waists and those of her sister and strike-breakers. Some of the companies had mother. But her story is given because in other stationed women of the street and their cadets ways—in casual employment, long hours, unfair in front of the shops to insult and attack the and undignified treatment from her employers, Union members whenever they came to speak and in the conditions of her peaceable effort to to their fellow workers and to try to dissuade obtain juster and better terms of living - her ex- them from selling their work on unfair terms. as UN 80 WORKING - GIRLS' BUDGETS Some had employed special police protection entered into a quiet conversation w..n one of and thugs against the pickets. the strike-breakers. Miss Dreier is a woman of There is, of course, no law against picketing. large independent means, socially well known Every one in the United States has as clear throughout New York and Brooklyn. When a legal right to address another person peace- the sergeant recognized her as she came into the ably on the subject of his belief in selling his station, he at once discharged her case, repri- work as on the subject of his belief in the tariff. manded the officer, and assured Miss Dreier But on the 19th of October ten girls belonging that she would never have been arrested if they to the Union, who had been talking peace- had known who she was. ably on the day before with some of the strike This flat instance of discrimination inspired breakers, were suddenly arrested as they were the officers of the Woman's Trade Union League walking quietly along the street, were charged to protest to Police Commissioner Baker against with disorderly conduct, arraigned in the Jef- the arbitrary oppression of the strikers by the ferson Market Court, and fined $1 each. The policemen. He was asked to investigate the chairman of the strikers from one shop was set action of the police. He replied that the pickets upon by a gang of thugs while he was collecting would in future receive as much consideration funds, and beaten and maimed so that he was as other people. The attitude of the police did confined to his bed for weeks. not, however, change. A girl of nineteen, one of the strikers, as It was to these events, as Natalya Urusova she was walking home one afternoon was at- found, that the foreman of the Bruch factory had tacked in the open daylight by a thug, who struck referred when he asked the girls, with a sneer, her in the side and broke one of her ribs. She why they didn't join their “sisters.” Going to was in bed for four weeks, and will always be the Union headquarters on Clinton Street, she somewhat disabled by her injury. These and learned all she could about the Union. After- other illegal oppressions visited on the strikers ward, in the Bruch factory, whenever any com- roused a number of members of the Woman's plaints arose, she would say casually, in pre- Trade Union League to assist the girls in peace- tended helplessness, “But what can ful picketing Is there any way to change this?” Vague sug- gestions of the Union headquarters would arise, Arrest of Miss Dreier and she would inquire into this eagerly and would pretend to allow herself to be led to Early in November, a policeman arrested Clinton Street. So, little by little, as the long Miss Mary E. Dreier, the president of the hours and low wages and impudence from the Woman's Trade Union League, because she foreman continued, she induced about sixty girls we do? Photograph by Hine GIRL STRIKERS ON GRAND STREET, READING THE REPORTS OF THE SHIRTWAIST STRIKE SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 81 to understand about organization and to con ence does it make which one is first and which sider it favorably. one is last?' Well, so we stayed whispering, On the evening of the 22d of November, and no one knowing what the other would do, Natalya, and how many others from the factory not making up our minds, for two hours. Then she could not tell, attended a mass meeting at I started to get up.” Her lips trembled. “And Cooper Union, of which they had been informed at just the same minute all — we all got up by hand-bills. It was called for the purpose of together, in one second. No one after the other; discussing a general strike of shirtwaist workers no one before. And when I saw it - that time in New York City. The hall was packed. Over - oh, it excites me so yet, I can hardly talk flow meetings were held at Beethoven Hall, about it. So we all stood up, and all walked out Manhattan Lyceum, and Astoria Hall. In the together. And already out on the sidewalk in Cooper Union addresses were delivered by front the policemen stood with the clubs. One of Samuel Gompers, by Miss Dreier, and by many them said, 'If you don't behave, you'll get others. Finally, a girl of eighteen asked the this on your head.' And he shook his club chairman for the privilege of the floor. She at me. said: “I have listened to all the speeches. I am “We hardly knew where to go what to do one who thinks and feels from the things they next. But one of the American girls, who knew describe. I, too, have worked and suffered. how to telephone, called up the Woman's Trade I am tired of the talking. I move that we go Union League, and they told us all to come to on a general strike.” a big hall a few blocks away. After we were The meeting broke into wild applause. The there, we wrote out on paper what terms we motion was unanimously endorsed. The chair- wanted: not any night work, except as it man, Mr. Feigenbaum, a Union officer, rapped would be arranged for in some special need for on the table. “Do you mean faith?” he called it for the trade; and shorter hours; and to to the workers. “Will you take the old Jewish have wages arranged by a committee to arbitrate oath?” Thousands of right hands were held the price for every one fairly; and to have up and the whole audience repeated in Yid- better treatment from the bosses. dish*: "If I turn traitor to the cause I now “Then a leader spoke to us and told us about pledge, may this hand wither from the arm I picketing quietly, and the law.t now raise." “Our factory had begun to work with a few This was the beginning of the general shirt- Italian strike-breakers. The next day we went waist strike. A committee of fifteen girls and back to the factory, and saw five Italian girls one boy was “appointed at the Cooper Union taken in to work, and then taken away after- meeting, and went from one to the other of the ward in an automobile. I was with an older overflow meetings, where the same motion was girl from our shop, Anna Lunska. The next offered and unanimously endorsed. morning in front of the factory, Anna Lunska and I met a tall Italian man going into the fac- Natalya Urusova's Story of the Strike tory with some girls. So I said to her: ‘These girls fear us in some way. They do not under- "But I did not know how many workers in stand, and I will speak to them, and ask them my shop had taken that oath at that meeting. why they work, and tell them we are not going I could not tell how many would go on strike in to harm them at all — only to speak about our our factory the next day,” said Natalya after- work.' ward. “When we came back the next morning to the factory, though, no one went to the dress- The circular of advice issued a little later by the Union reads ing-room. We all sat at the machines with our hats and coats beside us, ready to leave. The Don't walk in groups of more than two or three. foreman had no work for us when we got there. Don't stand in front of the shop; walk up and down the block. Don't stop the person you wish to talk to; walk alongside of him. But, just as always, he did not tell when there Don't get excited and shout when you are talking. would be any, or if there would be any at all that Don't put your hand on the person you are speaking to. day. And there was whispering and talking touch his sleeve or button. This may be construed as a softly all around the room among the machines: scab" or use abusive language of any kind. ‘Shall we wait like this?' 'There is a general Plead, persuade, appeal, but do not threaten. strike. "Who will get up first?' 'It would If a policeman arrest you and you are sure that you have committed no offense, take down his number and give it to your Union officers. be better to be the last to get up, and then the In the factories where the Russian and Italian girls worked side company might remember it of you afterward, by side, their feeling for each other seems generally to have been and do well for you.' But I told them,” ob- friendly. After the beginning of the strike an attempt was made to antagonize them against each other by religious and nationalistic ap- served Natalya, with a little shrug,“What differ- peals. It met with little success. Italian headquarters for Italian workers wishing organizations were soon established. Little by * Constance Leupp, in the Survey. little the Italian garment workers are entering the Union. as follows: RULES FOR PICKETS Don't technical Don't call any one 82 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS Arrest of Natalya Urusova and Anna have an opportunity of thinking over what they Lunska have done." “Miss Violet Pike came forward then," said "I moved toward them to say this to them. Natalya, “and said, 'Cannot this sentence be Then the tall man struck Anna Lunska in the mollified?' breast so hard, he nearly knocked her down. “And he said it could not be mollified. She couldn't get her breath. And I went to a policeman standing right there and said, 'Why Natalya's Night in the Tombs do you not arrest this man for striking my friend? Why do you let him do it? Look at her. “They took us away in a patrol to the Tombs. She cannot speak; she is crying. She did noth "We waited in the waiting-room there. The ing at all.' Then he arrested the man; and he matron looked at us and said, “You are not bad said, 'But you must come, too, to make a charge girls. I will not send you down to the cells. against him.' The tall Italian called a man out You can do some sewing for me here.' But I of the factory, and went with me and Anna could not sew. I felt so bad, because I could Lunska and the three girls to the court.” not eat the food they gave us at noon for dinner But when Natalya and Anna reached the in the long hall with all the other prisoners. It court, and had made their charge against the was coffee with molasses in it, and oatmeal and tall Italian, to their bewilderment not only bread so bad that after one taste we could not he, but they too, were conducted downstairs to swallow it down. Then, for supper, we had the the cells. He had charged them with attacking same, but soup, too, with some meat bones in it. the girls he was escorting into the factory. And even before you sat down at the table these “They made me go into a cell,” said Natalya, bones smelled so it made you very sick. But "and suddenly they locked us in. Then I was they forced you to sit down at the table before frightened, and I said to the policeman there, it, whether you ate or drank anything or not. 'Why do you do this? I have done nothing at And the prisoners walked by in a long line after- all. The man struck my friend. I must send ward and put their spoons in a pail of hot water, for somebody.' just the same whether they had eaten anything “He said, You cannot send for any one at with the spoons or not. all. You are a prisoner.' “Then we walked to our cells. It was night, "We cried then. We were frightened. We and it was dark-oh, so dark in there it was did not know what to do. dreadful! There were three other women in the “After about an hour and a half he came and cell — some of them were horrid women that said some one was asking for us. We looked out. came off the street. The beds were one over the It was Miss Violet Pike. A boy I knew had other, like on the boats – iron beds, with a seen us go into the prison with the Italian, and quilt and a blanket. But it was so cold you had not come out, and so he thought something was to put both over you; and the iron springs under- wrong and he had gone to the League and told neath were bare, and they were dreadful to lie them. on. There was no air; you could hardly breathe. “So Miss Pike had come from the League: The horrid women laughed and screamed and and she bailed us out; and she came back with said terrible words. us on the next day for our trial.” “Anna Lunska felt so sick and was so very On the next morning the case against the tall faint, I thought what should we do if she was so Italian was rapidly examined, and the Italian much worse in the night in this terrible darkness discharged. He was then summoned back in where you could see nothing at all. Then I rebuttal, and Natalya and Anna's case was called through the little grating to a woman who called. Four witnesses, one of them being the was a sentinel that went by in the hall all proprietor of the factory, were produced against through the night, ‘My friend is sick. Can you them, and stated that Natalya and Anna had get me something if I call you in the night?' struck one of the girls the Italian was escorting. “The woman just laughed and said, 'Where At the close of the case against Natalya and do you think you are? But if you pay me I will Anna, Judge Cornell said:* “I find the girls come and see what I can do.' guilty. It would be perfectly futile for me to “In a few minutes she came back with a fine them. Some charitable women would pay candle, and shuffled some cards under the candle- their fines or they could get a bond. I am going light, and called to us, “Here, put your hand to commit them to the workhouse under the through the grate and give me a quarter and I'll Cumulative Sentence Act, and there they will tell you who your fellows are by the cards.' Then Anna Lunska said, “We do not care to * Extract from the court stenographer's minutes of the proceed- hear talk like that,' and the woman went away. ings in the Per trial. SUE AINSLIE CLARKAND EDITH WYATT 83 "All that night it was dreadful. In the morn “I said, “I never saw her until to-day.' ing we could not eat any of the breakfast. They “The matron said, 'For the land's sake, what took us in a wagon like a prison with a little do you expect here?' but she did not say any- grating, and then in a boat like a prison with a thing else. So I went off, just as though she little grating. As we got on to it, there was an- wasn't going to let that girl come with us; for other girl, not like the rest of the women pris- I knew she would not want to seem as though she oners. She cried and cried. And I saw she was a would do it, at any rate. working-girl. I managed to speak to her and say, "But, after we were in the cell with an Irish 'Who are you?' She said, 'I am a striker. Ican- woman and another woman, the door opened, not speak any English.' That was all. They did and that Russian girl came in with us. Oh, she not wish me to speak to her, and I had to go on. was so glad! “After that it was the same as the night be- Imprisonment of the Girl Strikers on fore, except that we could see the light of the Blackwell's Island boats passing. But it was dark and cold, and we had to put both the quilt and the blanket “From the boat they made us go into the over us and lie on the springs, and you must keep prison they call Blackwell's Island. Here they all of your clothes on to try to be warm. But made us put on other clothes. All the clothes the air and the smells are so bad. I think if they had were much, much too large for me, and it were any warmer you would almost faint they were dirty. They had dresses in one piece there. I could not sleep. of very heavy, coarse material, with stripes all “The next day they made me scrub. But around, and the skirts are gathered, and so heavy I did not know how to scrub. And, for Anna for the women. They almost drag you down to Lunska, she wet herself all over from head to the ground. Everything was so very much too foot. So they said, very cross, 'It seems to us big for me, the sleeves trailed over my hands you do not know how to scrub a bit. You can so far and the skirts on the ground so far, they go back to the sewing department.' On the had to pin and pin them up with safety-pins. way I went through a room filled with negresses, “Then we had the same kind of food I could and they called out, ‘Look, look at the little not eat; and they put us to work sewing gloves. kid.' And they took hold of me, and turned me But I could not sew, I was so faint and sick. At around, and all laughed and sang and danced night there was the same kind of food I could all around me. These women, they do not seem not eat, and all the time I wondered about that to mind at all that they are in prison. shirtwaist striker that could not speak one word "In the sewing-room the next two days I was of English, and she was all alone and had the so sick I could hardly sew. The women often same we had in other ways. When we walked said horrid things to each other, and I sat on by the matron to go to our cells at night, at the bench with them. There was one woman first she started to send Anna Lunska and me over us at sewing that argued with me so much, to different cells. She would have made me go and told me how much better it was for me here alone with one of the terrible women from the than in Russian prisons, and how grateful I street. But I was so dreadfully frightened, and should be. cried so, and begged her so to let Anna Lunska “I said, 'How is that, then? Isn't there the and me stay together, that at last she said we same kind of food in those prisons and in these could. prisons? And I think there is just as much “Just after that I saw that other girl, away liberty.”” down the line, so white, she must have cried and On the last day of Natalya's sentence, after cried, and looking so frightened. I thought, she was dressed in her own little jacket and "Oh, I ought to ask for her to come with us, too, hat again and just ready to go, one of the but I did not dare.' I thought, ‘I will make that most repellent women of the street said to her, matron so mad that she will not even let Anna “I am staying in here and you're going out. Lunska and me stay together.' So I got almost Give me a kiss for good-by.” Natalya said to our cell before I went out of the line and that this woman was a horror to her. “But I across the hall and went back to the matron and thought it was not very nice to refuse this; so said: 'Oh, there is another Russian girl here. I kissed her a good-by kiss and came away.” She is all alone. She cannot speak one word of The officers guarded the girls to the prison English. Please, please couldn't that girl come boat for their return to New York. There, with my friend and me?' at the ferry, stood a delegation of the mem- “She said, Well, for goodness' sake! So bers of the Woman's Trade Union League and you want to band all the strikers together here, the Union waiting to receive them. do you? How long have you known her?' Such is the account of one of the seven hun- 84 BUDGETS WORKING-GIRLS' dred arrests made during the shirtwaist strike, prison clothes, and remain as uninfluenced by the chronicle of a peaceful striker. her companions as if she had been some blos- As the weeks went on, however, in spite of soming geranium or mignonette set inside a the advice of the Union officers, there were a few filthy cellar as a convenience for a few minutes, instances of violence on the part of the Union and then carried out again to her native fresh members. Among thirty thousand girls it could air. But such qualities as hers cannot be de- not be expected that every single person should manded of all very yourg and unprotected girls, maintain the struggle in justice and temperance and to place them wanionly with women of the with perfect self-control. In two or three cases streets has in general an outrageous irresponsi- the Union members struck back when they were bility and folly quite insufficiently implied by attacked. In a few cases they became excited the experience of a girl of Natalya's individual and attacked strike-breakers. In one factory, penetration and self-reliance. although there was no violence, the workers conducted their negotiations in an unfair and Appeal to Mayor McClellan to Check the unfortunate manner. They had felt that all Abuses of the Police their conditions except the amount of wages were just, and they admired and were even In the period since the strike began many fac- remarkably proud of the management, a firm tories had been settling upon Union terms. But of young and well-intentioned manufacturers. many factories were still on strike, and picket- Early in the general strike, however, they went ing on the part of the Union was continuing, as out without a word to the management, with- well as unwarranted arrests, like Natalya's, on out even signifying to it in any way the point the part of the employers and the police. The they considered unjust. The management did few exceptions to the general rule of peaceful not send to inquire. After a few days it resumed picketing have been stated. Over two hundred work with strike-breakers. The former em- arrests were made within three days early in ployees began picketing. The management sent December. On the 3d of December a proces- word to them that it would not employ against sion of ten thousand women marched to the them, so long as they were peaceful and within City Hall, accompanying delegates from the the law, any of the means of intimidation that Union and the Woman's Trade Union League, numbers of the other firms were using - special and visited Mayor McClellan in his office and police and thugs. The girls sent word back that gave him this letter: they would picket peacefully and quietly. But afterward, on their own admission, which was Honorable George B. McClellan, most disarming in its candor, they became Mayor of the City of New York. careless and “too gay.” They went picketing Union, a body of thirty thousand women, appeal to We, the members of the Ladies' Shirtwaist-Makers' in too large numbers and were too noisy. In- you to put an immediate stop to the insults and stantly the firm employed police. Before this, intimidations and to the abuses to which the police however, the girls had begun to discuss and to This is our lawful right. have subjected us while we have been picketing. realize the unintelligence of their behavior in We protest to you against the flagrant'discrimina- failing to send a committee to the management tion of the Police Department in favor of the em- to describe their position clearly and to obtain ployers, who are using every method to incite us to They now appointed and instructed violence. We appeal to you directly in this instance, instead such a committee, came rapidly to terms with of to your Police Commissioner. the management, and have been working for We do this because our requests during the past them in friendly relations ever since. six months have had no effect in decreasing the While in general the strike was both peaceful outrages perpetrated upon our members, nor have our requests been granted a fair hearing. in conduct and just in demand and methods of Yours respectfully, demand on the part of the strikers, these excep- S. SHINDLER, Secretary. tions must, of course, be mentioned in the inter- ests of truth. Further, it would convey a false The Mayor thanked the committee for bring- impression to imply that every striker arrested ing the matter to his attention, and prom- had as much sense and force of character as ised to take up the complaint with the Police Natalya Urusova. Natalya was especially pro- Commissioner. tected in her ordeal by a vital love of observa But the arrests and violence of the police tion and a sense of humor, charmingly frequent continued unchecked. in the present writers' experience of young Rus On the 5th of December the Political Equal- sian girls and women. With these qualities she ity League, at the instigation of Mrs. O. H. P. could spend night after night locked up with the Belmont, held a packed meeting for the benefit women of the street, in her funny, enormous of the Shirtwaist-Makers' Union. Many impris- SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 85 oned girls were present, and gave to the publia boarding place, as her landlady, realizing Anna's clear, straightforward stories of the treatment responsible character, is always willing to wait for they had received at the hands of the city. The money when work is slack. She has bought this committee of the meeting had offered the Mayor year only two pairs of shoes, a hat for 50 cents, and other city officials a box, but they refused and one or two muslin waists which she made to be present. herself. She has lived on such work as she Again the arrests and violence continued could find from time to time in different facto- without protection for the workers. Never- ries. Anna did not grudge in any way her sac- theless their cause was constantly gaining, and rifice for the less skilled workers. “In time,” although all attempts at general arbitration she said, “we will have things better for all of were unsuccessful, more and more employers us." And the chief regret she mentioned was settled with the operatives. They continued that she had been unable to send any money to settle during December and January until home since the strike. the middle of February. All but thirteen of the The staunchest allies of the shirtwaist-makers shops in New York had then made satisfactory in their attempt to obtain wiser trade condi- terms with the Union workers. It was officially tions were the members and officers of the declared that the strike was over. Woman's Trade Union League, whose response Natalya's shop had settled with the opera- and generosity were constant from the begin- tives on the 23d of January, and she went back ning to the end of the strike. The chronicle of to work on the next day. the largest woman's strike in this country is not yet complete. A suit is now pending against the The Strikers Secure Shorter Hours Woman's Trade Union League and the Union · and Better Treatment for conspiracy in restraint of trade, brought by the Sittomer Shirtwaist Co. A test suit is She had an increase of $2 a week in wages — pending against Judge Cornell for false impris- $8 a week instead of $6. Her hours were now onment, brought by one of the shirtwaist fifty-two a week instead of sixty —.that is to strikers. say, nine and one half hours a day, with a Sat The whole outcome of the strike in its effect urday half holiday. But she has since then been on women's wages in the shirtwaist trade, obliged to enter another factory on account of their income and outlay in their work, both slack work. financially and in vitality, cannot, of course, Among the more skilled workers than Na- yet be fully known. The statement that there talya in New York to-day, Irena Kovalova, who has been a general rise of wages must be modi- supports her mother and her younger brother fied in other ways than that suggested by the and sister, has $11 a week instead of $9. She is depletion of Anna Klotin's income in the year not obliged to work on Sunday, and her factory since the strike. In factories where price on closes at five o'clock instead of six on Saturday. piece-work is subject to arbitration between “I have four hours less a week,” she said with a Union committee of the workers and the firm, satisfaction. The family have felt able to af- the committee is not always able to obtain a fair ford for her a new dress costing $11, and ma- price for labor. One of the largest factories made terial for a suit, costing $6. A friend, a neigh- a verbal agreement to observe Union condi- bor, made this for Irena as a present. tions, but it signed no written contract, and has Among the older workers of more skill than since broken its word. It discriminates against Irena, Anna Klotin, who sent $120 home to her Union members, and it insists on Sunday work family last year, has now, however, only $6, $7, and on night work for more than two nights and $8 a week, and very poor and uncertain a week. Further, during the seventeen weeks work, instead of her former $12 a week. Hers of the strike many shirtwaist orders ordinarily was one of the thirteen factories that did not filled in New York were placed with New Jer- settle. Of their one hundred and fifty girls, they sey and Pennsylvania firms. The present New wished about twenty of their more skilled oper- York season has been unusually dull, and now. ators to return to them under Union conditions, on this writing, early in August, many girls are leaving the rest under the old long hours of discouraged on account of the slight amounts overtime and indeterminate, unregulated wages. they earn through slack work. Anna was one of the workers the firm wished to "But that is not the fault of the employers,” retain on Union terms, but she felt she could not said one of the workers. “You must be reason- separate her chances in her trade from the for- able for them. You cannot ask them for work tunes of her one hundred and thirty compan- they are not able to obtain to give you.” Her ions. She refused to return under conditions remark is quoted both from its wisdom and for so unjust for them. She has stayed on in her another purpose. She was the girl who will 86 UNANSWERED always be disabled by the attack of her em- her wage by day to some one else, enjoying the ployer's thug. Her quiet and instinctive men- theater at night, and, in the poorest circum- tion of the need of justice in considering stances, pouring her slight strength out richly conditions for employers had for the listener like a song for pleasure and devotion. Wonder- who heard her a most significant, unconscious ful it is to know that when Natalya Urusova generosity and nobility. was in darkness, hunger, fright, and cold on Looking back upon the shirtwaist strike nearly Blackwell's Island, she still could be responsibly a year afterward, its profoundest common value concerned for the fortunes of a stranger and had would appear to an unprejudiced onlooker to something she could offer to her nobly. Wonder- be its spirit. Something larger than a class ful to know that, after her very bones had been spirit, something fairer than a mob spirit, broken by the violence of a thug of an employer, something which may perhaps be called a mass one of these girls could still speak for perfect spirit, manifested itself in the shirtwaist-makers' fairness for him with an instinct for justice effort for better terms of life. truly large and thrilling. Such women as that “The most remarkable feature of the strike,” ennoble life and give to the world a richer and says a writer in the Call,* “is the absence of lead- altered conception of justice-a justice of imag- ers. All the girls seem to be imbued with a spirit ination and the heart, concerned not at all with of activity that by far surpasses all former indus- vengeance, but simply with the beauty of the per- trial uprisings. One like all are ready to take the fect truth for the fortunes of all mortal creatures. chairmanship, secretaryship, do picket duty, be Besides the value to the workers of the spirit of arrested, and go to prison.” the shirtwaist strike, they gained another advan- There has never before been a strike quite tage. This was of graver moment even than an like the shirtwaist-makers' strike. Perhaps there advance in wages and of deeper consequences never will be another quite like it again. When for their future. They gained shorter hours. every fair criticism of its conduct has been What, then, are the trade fortunes of some of faced, and its errors have all been admitted, those thousands of other women, other machine the fact remains that the New York strike operatives whose hours and wages are now as said, “All for one and one for all,” with a the shirtwaist-makers' were before the shirt- magnetic candor new and stirring in the voice waist strike? What do some of these other of the greatest and the richest city of our coun- women factory workers, unorganized and entirely try — perhaps new in the voice of the world. dependent upon legislation for conserving their Wonderful it is to know that in that world to- strength by shorter working hours, give in their day unseen, unheard, are forces like those of industry? What do they get from it? For an that ghetto girl who, in the meanest quarter of answer to these questions, we turn to some of New York, on stinted food, in scanty clothes, the white goods sewers, belt-makers, and stitch- drained with faint health and overwork, could ers on children's dresses, for the annals of their yet walk through her life, giving away half of income and outlay in their work away from * Therese Malkiel, December 22. home in New York. UNANSWERED BY GRACE FALLOW NORTON OHI have closed so many doors, Oh, I have closed so many, many doors! But secret hands slide all the bolts, And silent feet glide o'er my floors: Eyes come betwixt mine and the sun Who are the leaders of these strange revolts ? Behold, they are my Questions, and they cry, “Unanswered ľ” – “Unanswered l”- “And I” - Unanswered every one. Yet I have closed so many doors — So many, many doors. "LITTLE SISTER IN CAGE OF GOLD" BY AMANDA MATHEWS THE TRANSLATION AUTHOR OF “THE HEART OF AN ORPHAN," OF GIOVANNA," ETC. M OTHER Mother Mother,- The Daygo shook his earings gold When I make the start with And begged he might the child behold The Teacher froze him with her glasses that precous word I do not know Sir you keep me from my classes to stop. 0 I love how you make Avaunt thou son of garlick do! G on envelops. I allways kiss Giovanna flys too high for you! that G I do indeed. My new beautiful duster razen tailer soot P. S. Dolly says such was not the words of came in a box today. If God had not dyed me that teacher but you cannot write the true in so Daygo brown at first, Mother, I could look poetry or it will not stand right on its ends. just like the Eggsloosifs of this school in that o I have a fraid Luigi will believe I am grown duster razen tailer soot. I cannot help my hawty and how could I when I would be a whole color but I would be no more Daygo inside be- orfun in the sylum this minute just the same cause you are not. This is not mean to my dear like I was if you hadnt took me out by your love. parents for they are all dead and Tony got T. B. Your ownest ownest in his joynts and died in the ospittle poor Tony. Giovanna. Isabella was a little brunet beauty and a kind lady took her for her own and I know not if she Dear Mother Mother Dear,— is dead also but I think yes for that is like our I guess it was God who got me sent to the famly. office not for badness but 3 pencils. The Prin- I have a sorry spot in me for what past to- ciple said listen Giovanna all days that old fruit day. Luigi — you know the man of fruits and peddler friend of yours makes one same song up potaytoes who was friend to my father --came to to this school when he goes by on his waggon. see me but he never because the maid called the I listened and shook and shook for it was same teacher that ran behind me the day I Luigi and he made no song but only to play sing loped with Luigi back to the sylum because the in Daygo talk “I know where is one little bird girls put tayboo on me. That teacher has bad name Isabella in cage of gold.” He did that way ideahs of Luigi that are no fair because Luigi to tell me because he got such scare on that didnt stand for lopes atall but she wouldnt let teacher he hadnt dare to ring the bell. I beg him make more talk in the door but shut the Principle please xcuse all shakes because it tight. Isabella usto be my sister and she was The class poet name Dolly was sent to the little brunet beauty and a kind lady took her office for wispering which is by the door so she for her own. heard all. She is a real poet because she cant The Principle sent the maid quick to run help it no more than a fitty orfun we had once behind Luigi which she done and he had a fraid at the sylum she ran the maytrun most crazy. to whoa but he did and sat on the big black Dolly had to write the poetry on Venusses back chair in the office and the Principle was not or she said it woulda been lost to the world and hawty but treated him grand like he was a pay- what a pity. Venus is a little white saint in the rent of this school. office. Dolly has a nawty way not respeckfull Luigi tell of sell the orange and the apple in of her betters but she says when she acts like one street of rich. He tell one house most big badness it is only jeenyus in the fire. Here is and wide and high and wonderfull. He tell the the poetry. I dont like it for not respeckfull curtains like vail of Virgin in church of Italy of Luigi. where his madre do kiss that vail in its corner. a 87 88 "LITTLE SISTER IN CAGE OF GOLD" ? He tell one little miss come put back curtins to hate hate hate her hard and fierce. If she has with her hands to look — little miss dressed in woe I care not for look at the woe she made to pink silk all ruffledy like biggest doll in Christ- me. I didnt ask her to adopt me the long mas window. Little miss got long black curls brown old thing nobody could want but you and face of Isabella. No he not make catch the and I dont know how you did but I begged her mistake for didnt he see her since bambina to only to let me see Isabella 2 or 3 x in a year play with his own bambinas? Was he old to because God put her to me for a sister but she have eyes of blind beggar? No it was Isabella - wouldnt. I have no sure she will let me in for I he say Isabella till he die and no mistake. Then know her hawty and jellus as she is but she can- Luigi went away. not help I should walk by her house and look for The Principle said Giovanna Saterday a Isabella at the window. But I hope in no win- teacher will take you to see your sister. I an- dow to see that kind lady for the hate I got on her. swer that cannot be for the kind lady wished her Now I will shut her out of my head and only to forget me and all her past. She will never let keep in my thoughts of Isabella. me in. The Principle said real hawty but not It is bedtime but my eyes dont want to sleep at me “you got a Bennyfactor now good as her for my thinks of Isabella and they do too so I can and a teacher of this school will company you. get quicker to Saterday. When I say my pray- That is enough." ers and my goodnight to you by my bed I will So I went back upstairs and the teacher said say also goodnight my baby sister in cage of where are the pencils? I answer please what gold. I love down to Isabella Mother like I pencils? The teacher saw my looks and she love up to you. I pray God will not let her thought I was sick but I wasnt. It was just feckshun for me get lost out of her. my thinks of Isabella jumping round in me. Your O so happy Giovanna. Soon we were dissmist and I ran quick here to my room to tell you all. Only Mother of my Soul, — Today is Wensday and I got to live Thursday We found the place me and the teacher. It and Friday before I can get to Saterday. For was a palace that house but O Mother by the it is a rule of this school not to make visits in the front door was big bow of black. I know what middle of weeks. means black bows for we had them all times in O but 3 days is not so long as perhaps never our famly not so big but 25 dolars is no cheap and to think my darling sister is not dead in her funrals and must make stile for the naybors and grave like I expected. When God made the the man takes the bow the minute the cawfin is start to be good to me He dont forget a thing. gone out of the door but for funrals of 15 dolars Your adoring Giovanna. he wont lend his bow to nobody. I shook and shook and say I might a known Angel Mother of my life,– Isabella would be dead for my family is like that It is my joy that to-morrow is Saterday but the teacher answer it would not be so black when a teacher will take me to visit Isabella. and big for a child. I said no she was little and Can my little sister forget me in one year? curly and I felt some better but queer for it is Can she forget how I held her on our doorstep sorry anybody must die. The teacher rang the at the tenement and how I made curls on her door bell and the maid came and her eyes were and washed her dress and licked any kid that pink with weeps. She told that the lady didnt would teeze her and ate myself the most spoiled want to see nobody because she was dead. The sides of apples which Papa gave us that could teacher asked could we speak to the child Isa- not sell? He was a man of fruits like Luigi but bella and the maid said no she was asleep after more stile for he had a stand and no waggon. much crys but she let us in a room by the door Can she forget how she slept with me and the with gold chairs and talked like wispering. bannannas and I all times put more blankit to She told how Isabella was to that lady her her and not to me? But if she has gone and apple in the eye and never did she want the forgot all I will not have mean feels at her be- child one minute not by her side and Isabella cause she was little. was all times fechshunate with her and sweet in But O Mother the Eggsloosifs all say that her temper. The lady bought her clothes always kind lady was crule and selfish to separate 2 to put her beauty in other dress like a doll. The sisters like she done and its the true. She was little girl sing like bright angel up in the sky and jellus that Isabella would love anybody else but the lady have every day expensif teacher of her. Now perhaps my baby sister has gone voice to come. Upstairs was big room of prettys and lost her love for me out of her heart and all just for her to play and the lady usto take her to by the fault of that kind lady. The priest says stores and when Isabella point her finger to any- on Sunday that hate is wicket but I cant help thing it got bought awful quick. AMANDA MATHEWS 89 on. O Mother the shame I felt in me to think of thinks what I must do and perhaps by that my wicket hate and her so good to put Isabella time I wont mind quite so awful. like a princess in the green book you gave me. I know God dont want no prayer tonight out The maid spoke more to wisper as she tell of any person wicket like me to hate that Ben- how the lady went dead in the night when Isa- nyfactor lady so I will make none. bella didnt know and in the morning she which Giovanna of the bad heart. her name is Vicktoria led the child to look fairwell and Isabella cry and cry with grief and kiss her Wonderfullest Mother in the big world, Bennyfactor and beg her to wake up and speak Today I was doing my practice and to think but the lady couldnt for she was dead. Then Vick- how that piano is full of scales and will the toria took Isabella away and she cry very much postman bring your darling letter and when can but now she sleep her nap and forget her woe. I see Isabella. The maid came and said company The teacher said “letersleep.” She said also in the recepshun room and I told her Mary you “This girl is her sister name Giovanna.” The mean another girl because companys I never do maid looked surprised like she seen a booger man have in my long life but she said Miss Giovanna in the dark. She tell how she got some words it is a companys to ask for you. So I went. the lady gave her for me before she died. “Vick O the feelings that did jump in me when I see toria find that girl of hungry eyes sister to my it was Isabella with Vicktoria! My sister is Isabella and beg her forgive a selfish woman longer in the legs and curls. Her dress black for who was so lonesome she wanted some person sadness but plenty of stile and no hanky pinned to love her most and not love worse a sister or Vicktoria was dressed in sadness also. anybody.” That is a way of richness. Poorness is just as 1 chokt and chokt and reached for my hanky. sorry to lose a piece of the famly but must cry I said “O tell her for me —” but what was the in same dress red or pink except to borrow of good to say anything with the black bow on the naybors black vails and skirts not to shame the door and her deadngone? The teacher said dead one at its funral. better for us to go now and we so went. I looked and looked and Isabella looked and Mother I wish you could hold me on your lap looked. Vicktoria said Miss Isabella kiss your tonight like I was little as Isabella. I got such sister and she did very polite and we looked shame on my hate of my sister's good Benny- more and more. A teacher came and said the factor seems as if it will burn me up. O if children need lonesome for break the eyes. I could just beg her please excuse my nawty Giovanna take her to your room which I done. hate all gone! Look Mother how I hated these We never did break our eyes like that teacher darling Eggsloosifs at the first. But this is said but we made the start and Isabella let me worse for the Eggsloosifs are not deadngone. hug her like crazy and she was glad and loved Now Isabella is back to orfun and I spose me the same like she usto. I showed her your they will send her again to the sylum. She picture and told her of your goodness and she must have forgot all her orfun ways like ugly said that was just like her Mama and her pretty dress and no cake and nobody to call dear on face all fussed up to weep but I kissed her and you. It will be better than for her little hands talked her back past the sylum to the doorstep to reach for breakfast in cans of garbige but she of the tenement and she remembered how a will not have those thinks of comfort. She will mean kid squoze his orange in her eye on pur- have thinks instead of the princess she was in pose and how | whailed that kid and she the house of her Bennyfactor. I have a fraid laughed. She did not want to go so soon with she will die of grief and differents. Mother 1 Vicktoria but Vicktoria said it was time. know in my conshents what I ought. It is to go I never knew how anybody could make wills and be her in the sylum so she can come here and for people to mind when that person is deadn- be me. That is my duty. I am a mean selfish gone. That Bennyfactor lady make a will about pig sister if I dont and her. so little and tender Isabella to go to a school in other city where the and no more ust. I can stand to give her my Principle of that school usto be girls with her shiny bed of brass and my deserts and my duster and that Isabella have lessons to sing and bynby razen tailer soot. I can stand to give her the sail to Italy for the best. So Isabella will be Eggsloosifs dear though they be to me and some lost to me again but not bad for now we Dolly my precious chum and the teachers and the can have stamps. Principle. But when I think to give you to And O Mother Mother, I have no duty to Isabella, Mother of my heart, O how can I do give you to Isabella and go back to the sylum! that? All of me just holds tight to you and I got a glad in me big as a house for that! I have dont want to let go never! no duty not to be the same Please write very quick and say your good Long brown Giovanna of your heart. TRUTH'S ADVOCATE BY JULIA C. DOX T THE Vicar-General looked unusually ing with which he was wont to be received by stern. He had not wanted to be those of his friend's parishioners who happened vicar-general at any time, the honor to be at the station; now they either saluted sul- of the distinction being, in his eyes, lenly or drew away as if they knew his errand and small recompense for the added resented it. He wanted them to resent it, and burden it brought him; but the burden had he was glad when those who seemed least never before pressed so heavily, the honor pleased to see him gave a deferential “Good had never been so empty. If O'Donnell had evening, Father,” to O'Donnell; he felt that only taken himself out of the way, then his he must punch their heads if they failed in work would be purely official; he could secure courtesy to the man beside him. the necessary evidence in connection with the “I know it's hard on you, old man," had been charges, to which Father O'Donnell had made Father O'Donnell's first words. (He always no denial, and get through with it all as quickly thought of the other fellow's end, the Vicar- as possible. He had tried to hope, during the General remembered, with an added pang.) ninety miles of railroad journey to Chanlers- "It's awfully rough on you, but I am so glad to ville, that O'Donnell would have done the easi- see you. You can't think how I have wanted est thing for all concerned; but even while he you.” indulged hope he recognized it as indulgence, The Vicar-General had a horrible feeling that for he knew Jack O'Donnell was not the man to if he did think how Jack had wanted him he choose the easiest thing or to run away under fire. should cry. A vicar-general in tears would be They had been boys together, had gone through quite without precedent, so he looked sterner college as classmates, had received holy orders than ever. on the same day, and the bond that had held Later in the evening the Vicar-General lis- them through the years was a very close and tened to Father O'Donnell's story. dear one, though the Vicar-General's career from “Deny the whole thing, Jack!” he cried in his the first had been notably brilliant, while Father old impulsive way, forgetting all about being O'Donnell had toiled faithfully along in the a vicar-general. "Deny it. These people will “toughest town in the State,” his first and only never press the charges, and, if they should, parish. The Vicar-General did not like to think who's to believe 'em? I won't, for one." of these things; he knew, as no one else knew, “But they're quite true, Tom -- all too true," what O'Donnell's dreams and plans had been, the other priest said pitifully. “I'm down and what loneliness, what thwarted ambition, and out. God knows, I tried to fight, but I have what starvation of mind and spirit, had been his no strength left. I am a miserable drunken portion. And now it had come to this — open wreck — after all these years, a failure! And disgrace, and his the hand to write his friend's I thought I loved my God!” sentence! Just then the Vicar-General hated The Vicar-General did not care a rap whether to be vicar-general, and loathed his duty with there was any precedent for it or not; he could a mighty loathing. He had to pull himself up not help himself, anyway. His dear old patient to refrain from a desire to anathematize the Jack in such straits! It nearly broke his heart. strict disciplinarian, his bishop, who had sent There was no sign of emotion in the Vicar- him on this errand. General's face the next morning. His most O'Donnell was at the station to meet him, and official manner was in evidence when he took the Vicar-General's wrath waxed hot when he his seat beside the long table that was to serve saw his friend's tired, stricken face. He felt as desk during the very informal court of in- a fierce joy in the absence of that cordial greet- quiry he proposed to hold. At his left sat his 90 TRUTH'S ADVOCATE 91 secretary, a slim youth the Vicar-General was room he seemed a crowd in himself. His voice helping through college, who endeavored to look was big, too, rich and full and deep, with a kind as dignified and stern as the Vicar-General. of rumble in it that suggested distant thunder. Father O'Donnell sat at the end of the table, at But it was the bigness in the man's face, a face the Vicar-General's right. The Vicar-General marked by an ugly scar that ran from eyebrow had assured him that it was unnecessary for to chin, the bigness in the steady blue eyes, that him to be there, had indeed urged him to stay made people trust him, that made him a man to away. But Father O'Donnell would come. “It is bank on in a fight or anywhere else. Was Scott part of my punishment,” he explained patiently an ingrate? The Vicar-General felt his indigna- to the Vicar-General, “to hear them say it.” tion rise within him as the question crossed his The Vicar-General felt that it might be part mind, and the indignation was not lessened as of his, too, and was not altogether prepared to he noted the spasm of pain that made Father take it. O'Donnell's features twitch as Scott spoke to There were only half a dozen men in the room him. besides the two priests and the slim young secre It did not take long to get at the facts in the tary. The Vicar-General's keen eyes glanced case; they were all pitifully plain. Carroll rapidly from one to another, missing nothing. told his story straightforwardly, but with a visi- There was Carroll, on hand to do his duty, and ble regret that endeared him to the Vicar-Gen- hating it as fiercely as the Vicar-General hated eral. He had seen Father O'Donnell under the his. “Young” Brennan — not so very young, influence of liquor — well, drunk, you might say but so distinguished by his fellow townsmen three times, once on the street and twice in from his grandfather and father, all christened church, when he had been unable to get through “Patrick” and known respectively and respect- the mass, owing to his condition. He thought fully as “the Old Man,” “Pat,” and “Young" probably Father O'Donnell had been ill and Brennan. “Young" Brennan had the air on had taken a drop of something to steady him- this occasion of having been caught stealing self, and it had gone to his head; that was all chickens. Micky Hickey did not look up at there was to it, so far as he knew. The Vicar- all, but gave his whole attention to his hat, General restrained an impulse to shake hands which he held gingerly between his knees, re- with Mr. Carroll. garding it apparently as something quite new Young Brennan had assisted Father O'Don- and strange to him, though Micky had not nell home on the occasions mentioned by Carroll. boasted a new hat in three years or more. Young Brennan was most respectful to the Sandy McPharr, unctuous and servile. “That's Vicar-General, but his chicken-stealing manner the chap that made the trouble,” was the Vicar- had changed to an air of defiance, a chip-on-the- General's inward comment. Sandy had a face shoulder effect, that seemed to find its special like a ferret the little shifting eyes, sharp animus in Sandy McPharr; his answers to nose, thin lips, and wabbly chin of the born questions were hurled at McPharr as if that trouble-maker. With Sandy came his son-in- pattern of propriety were the accused in the law, Sam Shea. Sam was so impressed with his case. The pattern became decidedly restive own achievement in becoming the son-in-law of under Young Brennan's vindictive glare, and so important a personage as Sandy McPharr muttered to the faithful Sam “as he didn't see that he had never done anything since. He why he was a-bein' looked at; he never got endeavored to be a willing echo of his father- drunk in his whole life, as anybody could say!” in-law, but his willingness did not always offset It was a relief to McPharr when it was Micky his weakness, and it was “Old Man” Brennan's Hickey's turn to testify. Micky continued to publicly expressed opinion that if a man were as interest himself in the shape and texture of his tall as Sam Shea was stupid he would be obliged hat, to which he confided his remarks in so low to stoop to look at the moon. a tone that Mr. Carroll felt obliged to bestow It was the last man of the six whose pres- a fraternal kick upon him, admonishing him to ence the Vicar-General particularly resented speak out like a man, so his Reverence could “Big” Tom Scott. Just as some men acquire hear him; and Young Brennan advised him to military titles by force of personality, Scott was “quit eatin' potatoes if he couldn't swallow 'em invariably addressed and referred to as “Big no quicker nor that.” On top of this, the Vicar- Tom.” There was no doubt about the bigness. General attempted to help along by asking a few He was not so tall, — the Vicar-General was questions. Micky's patience gave way. He taller,- though Scott was well over the average turned his much abused hat right side up and height, and his enormous breadth of shoulder shook it and himself free from further restraint. and depth of chest made him conspicuous in any "You'd 'a' did it yourself if you'd 'a' been in crowd — in Father O'Donnell's small sitting- his place,” he shouted at the Vicar-General; 92 TRUTH'S ADVOCATE "you'd 'a' did it quick enough. There's old the Bishop. All I am here for is to discover coots around here I could name as would drive whether your charges can be sustained. You anybody to drink, and I don't care what you have the witnesses, and Father O'Donnell has say, I ain't goin' to say another darn word!” made no denial of your story, so I need detain “Micky," — Father O'Donnell was stern you no longer.” enough for two vicar-generals and an episcopal "Excuse me, your Reverence,”- it was a big disciplinarian thrown in,-“remember to whom voice with a rumble in it of distant thunder, the you are speaking; apologize at once!" big voice of “Big” Tom,—"excuse me, may I Poor Micky was utterly routed. He floun- say a word before you send us out?" dered helplessly for a moment, then took courage For a moment the Vicar-General hesitated; to look at the Vicar-General; and, instead of the he could not look at Big Tom and distrust him. frowning displeasure he expected to encounter, “Certainly," he said, and waved the others here was something close to approval in the back to their seats. kindly glance that met his. “I meant no "I take it, your Reverence," Big Tom began offense, sir,” said Micky, and sat down. slowly, still standing, “that you came down McPharr could hardly wait to begin his re- here to get at the truth of this matter the cital. He was the richest and in his own eyes whole truth and nothing but the truth.” the most important member of the parish. He The Vicar-General nodded and said “Cer- had been the one to carry the story of Father tainly" again. O'Donnell's defection to the Bishop, and he "Do you think you've done it, sir?" asked mentioned that circumstance more than once. Big Tom. It was all for the good of the parish that he had The Vicar-General started. “Are there other acted, and it was a sore heart he had carried charges, Mr. Scott?" with him when he called on the Bishop -- a very “There are, many of them, if the Bishop is to sore heart. Young Brennan said something know the whole truth.” under his breath about a sore head in a meaning “Go on, Mr. Scott.” The Vicar-General sat way that made Mr. McPharr proceed hastily: up very straight; his dark eyes gleamed like We were all poor critters, and temptation was living coals, his handsome mouth was set in a alwuz with us, and he, for one, was alwuz willin' hard line. Men feared the Vicar-General to make allowances; but others must be consid- when he looked like that, but Big Tom leveled ered - the young, the innocent must be pro- his gaze squarely at the stern face confront- tected. (McPharr loved to hear himself talk.) ing him. The women looked to him in this matter, and, “I have known Father O'Donnell as long as hard as it was, he never had turned aside from you have, your Reverence,” Big Tom began; dooty; he never would. Then he went on to give “known him as boy and man; knew his father a graphic and minute account of Father O'Don- and mother before him. I saw him celebrate his nell's failings - "disgraceful and repeated or- first mass, though at that time I held religion gies,” he characterized them. What a scandal was for priests and women and children, not for in the parish! What a shock to the community! strong men like me, but I went to mass that day As McPharr talked on, Father O'Donnell might because of knowing the family. have been carved of stone, an image of despair. "I was here when he first came here more The youthful secretary forgot to watch for his than twenty years ago, and I've known him well cue from the Vicar-General, and took notes so all these years. I didn't help him none when he viciously that his paper was punctuated with first came; I did my best to hinder him, more holes. Micky Hickey licked his lips nervously, like; but he never said me an ugly word for all and put his hat down on one side of his chair and the trouble I made him. I tried again and again picked it up and put it on the other side no to quarrel with him to show off my indepen- less than a dozen times. Young Brennan, with dence before the boys, but he wouldn't quarrel; admirable self-control, sat on his hands, finding he'd laugh at me sometimes, but he'd only say, some vent for his feelings in reducing Sam Shea gentle and quiet-like, “You'll learn some day, to pulp by the ferocity of his expression. Carroll Tom; you were meant to be a good man, and I'll twisted and turned, and “Big” Tom regarded guarantee you will be yet.' It made me madder McPharr steadily and tolerantly – the only than anything, but I couldn't help likin' him, tolerance shown him, had he but known it. The though I'd 'a' died before I let on. Other people Vicar-General had to drum on the table to keep liked him, too, and he got the church built, and from doubling up his fist. started the school. But I had some influence "It is not necessary to go into further detail, with the boys, and I bothered him that way Mr. McPharr," he finally interrupted sharply. considerable. "I believe you have already made your report to “Owin' to the buildin' and startin' the school, TRUTH'S ADVOCATE 93 9 he hadn't a vacation for three year, and he was way, 'You'll see, Tom, some day; you'll come all run down and sick-like, so he went home for straight- I guarantee that.? a month; and he'd hardly got out of town when "Well, Brennan, here, can tell you of the the cholera struck us. We lived raw here then, time him and his sister were lost on the hills in and any disease had a great show for clearin' us the big blizzard of '96. Little things they were, all out. Father O'Donnell left Sunday after- and their father and mother frantic with the noon, and another priest was to be here the next thought of them out in the storm. We was all Sunday; but Carroll's mother, one of the right in the search, but we'd 'a' give up many a time hands of the parish, was one of the first took, and in them thirty-six hours, but Father O'Donnell Wednesday night, when the train came in, wouldn't. He kep' right on, always ahead of Father was the first and only passenger to step us, and always sayin' to Pat, 'We'll find 'em off. He looked like a ghost. we must!' And when despair got us all, and it “Good God!' says I, ‘Father, what are you seemed hopeless to try to push into the storm doin' here? This is no place for a well man, let another step, he heard somethin' the rest of us alone a sick one. There's nine deaths already didn't hear, and started on a run; and when we in three days!' got up to him he had the kids, diggin' 'em out “Do you think I'd be away from my people from under the snow, warm and asleep. What at such a time?' was all he said. did he hear? I don't know. Mrs. Brennan “When cholera had struck the towns south says angels. He nearly died of pneumonia of us, we laughed at the idea of its gettin' us from the exposure. Just his duty again, o' Chanlersville was healthy and we was tough. course; but, again, put it down - I charge him But we had six months of such terror as with it!” sickens a man just to think of. Carroll, here, Young Brennan held his head high and smiled remembers, and Micky at the Vicar-General as if proud to acknowledge Both men nodded. “Horrible!” Carroll mut- his indebtedness to the man he had been forced tered. to accuse a few moments since. “Horrible, yes," Tom went on; "horror that The big voice resumed its tale. The thunder made brave men cowards and bad ones desper- in it was the thunder that promises coolness and ate. There was just one among us who never refreshment after drought, beneficent and lost his head or his heart, who, half sick himself, comforting. was never too tired to answer just one more call, “You all remember the fire when the mill whatever it might be, wherever it might lead burned; that's only ten years ago. Most of him, who went in and out among the sick and us had sad reason for remembering, God knows. dyin' and dead, cheerin', comfortin', consolin', You know how we was all caught like rats in keepin' the sick alive by the very love that was a trap, and how we passed the girls out of in him, soothin' the dyin' as tender as a man's the windows, and how, when there was still own mother, and helpin' us bury the dead. a hundred or more of us left inside, the whole When the blessed frost came he collapsed, but thing went down, and we was there under the the good Lord spared him to us 'cause we needed ruins, dead and alive, the flames roarin'round him so much.” us, penned in! There didn't seem any chance Scott advanced a step nearer the table. for us then, and we knew it, when I heard my “You'll say, perhaps, your Reverence, just as he name called, and there, crawlin' over one of the said, he did just what any priest would 'a' done big wrecked girders, was his Reverence. I'm under the circumstances — just his duty. All afraid I can't save you for this world, dear lads,' right; put it that way if you will, but put it in. he says, “but I can help you face the next.' He He did it. I charge him with it!” went from one to another, and it looked like he'd Father O'Donnell's head was dropped on his be killed the next minute when he knelt by folded arms, so he did not see the adoring ten- Micky's boy, Dan, who was held by the wreck- derness in Micky Hickey's round, childlike age, bricks fallin' all about him. face, or the respect in Carroll's; but the Vicar “It was just a question of minutes to us then; General saw and was glad. but the men outside, seein' his Reverence had "You'd 'a' thought, after that,” Big Tom con- found a way, followed it up. They had to work tinued, "that nobody could 'a' held out against quick and slow at the same time, the flames was him; but I did it. I said he was all right, and lickin' things up so fast, and if they tried to clear I didn't interfere with the other fellows any a way the whole thing was liable to come down more, but I kep' on sayin' the church had on us; but they made it some way and got us nothin' to do with it - I didn't believe in God, some way — even Micky's boy Dan, with the but I believed in him. I told him so when he two legs of him broke — his Reverence directin' was gettin' better, and he said in the same old it all. Him and me was the last ones. He made 94 TRUTH'S ADVOCATE me go first, because I refused the sacrament and that. The struggle up was more terrible, if wasn't fit to die! Just his duty again, sir anything, than the fall down — the sickening his plain duty. I charge him with that, too fear of failure, the awful nights when even tryin’ offerin' his life for a blackguard! Put it down, seemed a hopeless thing, when to stand upright young fellow, put it down!” was an impossibility, to walk was to drag dead Micky Hickey openly wiped his eyes on his weights with me. But he made me do it; he sleeve unashamed, and the young secretary gave would not let me fail. Sir, such love as his can a hysterical little laugh, that was half a sob, like never fail, because it's of God. Through his a girl, as Scott ordered him to "put it down.” love I learned to know and feel and rejoice in the “There's many other charges we could bring love of God, my Father in heaven; and so he up, sir, if there was time.” The voice that had brought me home!” been raised to a smothered roar dropped back It was very still in the little room - so still to its organ tones. “There's many a lad that's that the Vicar-General could hear the heart- been kep’ straight, many a girl saved from worse beats all about him. than death,- a mill town's hard on girls, - we “Sir, I charge Father O'Donnell with doin' can charge up to our pastor. There's men been his duty in all things, great and small, doin' it made to act honest against their wills," faithfully and well. He has worked so hard for Young Brennan and Carroll stared meaningly at us here, he is tired and worn. He has been McPharr,– "but it isn't necessary to name all lonely, for he hasn't the companionship of them things; they're a matter o'course. But I learned men like himself; he hasn't the com- want it in the charges, what he has done for me. forts larger parishes afford — he has only us. It's a hard thing I'm goin' to do, sir, but I'd And, because he was ill and weary, he felt dis- do much harder for the sake o' the Bishop couraged, and a habit grew on him, and he did knowin' the truth.” not know it, and it threw him and shamed him He paused a second or two, then went steadily before us all; and because of this he thinks he on: cannot help us any more. But we love him - “I lost my eldest boy and my girl in fire, we can't do without him; he belongs to us, and and I hated the God I said I didn't believe in, be- we belong to him.” cause he had spared my life and taken theirs. I Scott's voice was like a trumpet, ringing and went from bad to worse; I was lower than the clear. He stepped close to Father O'Donnell, dogs in the street; even my wife was forced to and laid his big hand on the priest's heaving turn against me for her own safety and the shoulders gently as a woman, and the words children's. But Father O'Donnell wouldn't sounded like a benediction. give me up. I ran away; I hid myself in places "Tell the Bishop this, sir. Father O'Donnell too bad to name before you, sir — there's one o' made a mistake, but it will never happen again. the marks." He touched the scar on his cheek. I that was dead and am alive again promise you “But he found me and brought me back. I - I am his guarantee: for he saved my soul!". was nearly done for, that time, and I begged him The Vicar-General stood up. Micky Hickey to let me die, to let me go. I crawled on the declared afterward that he looked like an arch- ground and cried to him — I wasn't a man: 1 angel. was an outcast, a beast, a thing. And over and “Gentlemen,” he said, “a full report of your over he'd say, 'I promised God to bring you charges shall be laid before the Bishop, but I home to him; as your priest I'm your guar- doubt if any further steps will be taken in the antee; I must do it.' matter. I feel confident that the Bishop will be “For three years we fought it out like that; entirely satisfied with Father O'Donnell's guar- then I had to yield to him. The lowest thing antee.” in creation couldn't have resisted such love as And the Bishop was. MORE REMINISCENCES BY ELLEN TERRY SOME REFLECTIONS ON SHAKESPEARE'S HEROINES D URING my long stage career “tradition” as to the way certain parts should I have often been asked how I be acted is handed down to us in bits very think certain Shakespearian parts often, and it is difficult to piece them together. ought to be played. In other Even when the whole “tradition" exists in a days, in younger days, I was too prompt-book, it may seem worthless in fifty busy to answer. From morning to night I was years. I remember being told a story of Dion at work, preparing for new productions at the Boucicault, the elder, which illustrates this Lyceum, and studying new parts - studying point. old ones, too; for, to a certain extent, one must He was, as is well known, a "producer” of accommodate one's acting to the different taste extraordinary ability, as well as a writer of of different generations of playgoers.' charming romantic plays, and when he was Players must feel the pulse of the public. producing his plays every little detail was con- As long as they can still do that, they are never sidered by him. The stage-manager's version likely to become “old-fashioned”: a nice word of Boucicault's directions was written down in when applied to some things,— to manners, for the prompt-book, and crystallized, as years instance, or to furniture, — but not at all compli- went on, into the traditions of a Boucicault play. mentary when applied to acting! When once Now, it happened that when Boucicault was an it is said we belong to the “old school,” it is all old man he was asked to superintend a revival up with us. We are no better than rusty nails, of one of his plays, one he had not thought hanging by the wall, “in monumental mockery.” of for fifty years — I rather think it was “The In one sense, I belong to the “old school.” Peep o' Day." I was born in it, trained in it. Indeed, I am not “What do you mean by that? Why are you sure that I have not seen more than one "old doing that?” said Boucicault, at one of the school” in my time. But, just as I have tried earlier rehearsals. to keep my limbs flexible (and, thanks be to He was told that it had always been done, God, have succeeded in doing so up to this year that it was “traditional,” and the authority of of grace!), so I have tried to keep my ideas the tradition was the prompt-book made dur- flexible. The "old school" has always been to ing Boucicault's original production fifty years me more an invaluable training-ground than before. a reference-book of tradition.) "I can't remember a single thing about it," said Boucicault, “but I'm certain I never A Story of Boucicault “Tradition" wanted any of this done.” He was shown the prompt-book, and could Tradition! Who can say what stage tradition hardly believe it possible that it was all sup- ( How far is it wise to make an idol of it? The fifty years it had passed for the Boucicault 95 96 REMINISCENCES BY ELLEN TERRY MORE "tradition,” which no one could afford to disre- was Mrs. Siddons, apparently making her exit gard. Probably the stage-manager, in trans- in the whirlwind style. The Siddons tradition ferring Boucicault to the prompt-book, had in the part of Lady Macbeth is stamped on the misunderstood him, or, more probably still, popular mind in a way that is a splendid tribute had taken down the directions faithfully but to the great artist's powers; but to the actress, mechanically. This unintelligent reporting of examining the tradition technically, the figure the original production of a play may be respon- of Mrs. Siddons' Lady Macbeth is by no means sible for many curious and apparently meaning- so clear. less “traditions." That whirlwind exit! I have wondered, In any case, tradition must be siſted and wondered about it; it is certainly not the key selected. It is hopeless to swallow it with your to her treatment of the whole scene. eyes shut. I remember, when we were produc- ing “Much Ado About Nothing” at the Ly- John Philip Kemble on His Sister Sarah ceum, that Mr. Lacy, who, as a representative of the old school, was advising Henry Irving on There was alive until quite recently a Mr. A. certain points connected with his Shakespear- who used to tell a story of a coffee-house in ian productions, told me of a tradition in the the city which his father frequented. Another Church Scene which was so monstrous that regular customer was a very old man, still very I could not believe at first that he was serious. handsome, and very deaf. According to "tradition," Beatrice, when Bene “That's old John Philip Kemble,” the waiters dick comes forward to assist the fainting Hero, used to tell the other customers. “No one dare “shoos" him away. speak to him. He loses his temper when he “Jealousy, you see,” explained Mr. Lacy, don't hear; and he don't, because he's so deaf.” “All women are jealous. She won't let him lay However, Mr. A's. father, who was very a finger on another woman. It gets a laugh,” enthusiastic about the theatre, kept on watching etc., etc. for an opportunity of getting into conversation I answered that not only was it impossible with that cross, splendid-looking old man. for me to do such a thing, but that it was so And once, after handing him the mustard, or utterly opposed to Beatrice's character that it picking up his table-napkin, was rewarded by ought to be impossible for any actress playing a “Thank’ee.” This encouraged Mr. A. to Beatrice to do it! shout,- he had to shout it!—“Could you tell It would be rash to argue from this that tra me anything about your sister Sarah?" dition is never any good. Take the case of a "Eh – what?” comedy of manners, such as “The School for The question having been repeated several Scandal.” Such a comedy satirizes the manners times, John Philip answered: and customs of a period, and, if we had no stage “Sarah? Oh, Sarah! You're quite right. traditions to guide us, the period itself having She was a good actress.” faded out of memory, half the play would go for This was baffling for the earnest inquirer! nothing. I believe that the reason why an However, he persevered. Elizabethan comedy of manners would seem “What was her method in the Sleep-Walking deadly dull to a modern audience is that the Scene?” “tradition” is altogether lost. "Oh, Sarah didn't cut out the Sleep-Walking Scene; oh, dear, no!” Mrs. Siddons in the Sleep-Walking Scene “What was her method in the scene?” bel- lowed the earnest inquirer. Traditional positions in a scene are nearly “Method? Sarah's method? Let me see always valuable perhaps because they teach Sarah's method. Well, let me see," — rubbing us how little variety is possible in such matters. his chin. “She never moved!” The building varies, but the scaffolding is the Such answers may be disappointing to earnest same. I once had in my possession a delicate inquirers, but they convey a great deal to an little pencil sketch of Mrs. Siddons as Lady actor. Only, what one would like to know is Macbeth, given me by that member of the how my little pencil drawing of the stormy exit family whom we used to call “young Kemble” and that story of the motionless method can be — who became in time old Kemble and is now reconciled. They can be reconciled, of course, dead. It was well drawn, done by some one at but how did Sarah conduct the transition? the time, and represented the Sleep-Walking Her recorded memoranda on the part tell us Scene. There were the doctor and the gentle- nothing of that. Curiously enough, while they woman in exactly the same positions as I have contain a great deal of penetrating criticism of always seen them at the present time, and there incidents in the play, they present a picture of Copyright by Windrow & Grove, London 100 ba 223999 TWO PICTURES OF ELLEN TERRY AS LADY MACBETH “SHAKESPEARE LOVED RESOLUTE WOMEN," SAYS MISS TERRY, “ GALLANT, HIGH-SPIRITED CREATURES EVER READY FOR ACTION, A HUNDRED TIMES MORE INDEPENDENT THAN THE HEROINES CREATED BY WRITERS IN THESE LATER DAYS" Lady Macbeth herself which seems totally at actor's medium. When he takes up the pen he variance with the picture that the actress drew becomes a literary critic of an inferior order. possible that, in the notes I am going to make go to a book written by an actor; but I doubt on Shakespeare's women in this article, I may if, in all the books to which I should go, books express quite different views from those which which great writers have contributed to the I have expressed practically by my acting. study of that wonderful character, I should find “After the practice, the theory”; but it is in any criticism equal to that given by Henry Irv- the practice that players can give their best ing in his acting of the part. I am quite sure that critical studies. Action, gesture, voice are the I should not find any. 97 98 MORE REMINISCENCES BY ELLEN TERRY seventeen and twenty I lived with his plays. I am sure, by the way, that 'Titus Androni- cus’ is not by Shakespeare. What do you think?" "I can't say," Henry answered calmly. "I have never read it." I was much impressed by this simple admis- sion, and contrasted it with the pretentious claims to know all about everything which some lesser men put forward. “But," went on Henry, "I will guarantee that when I have read it I shall know more about it than A. or B. or C.”(mentioning some literary folk). “Do you notice that they read the plays, and read them, and read them, but never penetrate further? When I read a play, I see it – I live it. Reading! What sort of reading is it that makes any one talk as S. talked last night about ‘Macbeth?!" This referred to a conversation in the course of which a Mr. S. had attacked Henry for his reading of “Macbeth.” Henry, I remember, TIBI API ADELAIDE NEILSON AS VIOLA I don't believe, for one thing, that any scholar has such advantages as we have. They don't learn so much Shakespeare by heart, and that is the way to penetrate his meaning. They may have far more erudition – precisely as a man who studies religion scientifically has more erudition than a simple peasant saying an ave. But which of the two, the professional theo- logian or the devout peasant, best knows what the ave means? Henry Irving as a Critic of Shakespeare In this connection | recall a conversation I once had with Henry on the subject. I was telling him of my Shakespearian studies. “When I was about sixteen or seventeen, and very unhappy, I forswore the society of men. Yet I was lonely all the same — I wanted a sweetheart. Shakespeare became my sweet- heart! I read everything there was to read about my beloved one. Between the ages of ELLEN TERRY AS IMOGEN, WHICH SHE CON. SIDERED ONE OF HER BEST PARTS -- - MISS TERRY'S LATEST PORTRAIT had listened patiently to the rather conven- Ellen Terry's Lecture Tour tional reasons urged by Mr. S. to support his assertion that Henry was all wrong. Macbeth At the time of writing this I am just setting was a brutal, burly warrior, and so on. When forth on a long lecture tour in the United Mr. S. stopped for want of breath, Henry said States,* and I am delighted to think that it will blandly: be possible in a lecture to work a little in my “I say, S., have you ever read 'Mac- own medium. When I talk about Ophelia or beth'?" Juliet or Lady Macbeth, I may convey very People of the same type as S. often said, little; but, if I quote their own words, action, too, that Henry Irving's Hamlet was not Shake- gesture, voice will all help me to make them speare's Hamlet. But what is Shakespeare's living women to my audiences. Hamlet? There are so many Hamlets hidden I was discussing this lecture on Shakespeare's in the poet's written words, and surely Henry women with an American friend, the other day, was competent to interpret these and asking him if he thought it would be inter- words than his critics. Each actor shows us esting. “I know the subject is not exactly Shakespeare's lines under different conditions, new," I said, “but I think it is the one in which and interprets them by a method special to himself, * Miss Terry will arrive in New York on October 26, to begin her lecturing tour in the United States. more 99 100 MORE REMINISCENCES BY ELLEN TERRY MISS TERRY HAS NEVER SEEN including a good deal of autobiography; for a great part of my life has been spent in the closest and most intimate association with them, and if you take them out of my life you take one of the props that hath sustained my life! You take twenty years of my career and wipe them out altogether. Twenty years in such company could not fail to educate any one, I assure you! You may gather that I have a great opinion of Shake- speare's women. I have. (He brought the idea that women are human beings, with separate individualities, — beings no less important, if different from men, .- to a point that no other writer before or since has ever reached) Shakespeare's Gallant, High-Spirited Women Shakespeare had a fondness for drawing reflective, dreamy men. He preferred the artist to the man of action perhaps because the very masculine type, the straightforward man ADELAIDE NEILSON AS SHE SAYS, WHO WAS GREAT ENOUGH – GREAT IN PASSION AS IN DARING. NEILSON WAS A VISION OF LOVELINESS, BUT DID NOT PORTRAY THE FLAMING SOUL OF JULIET I can best use myself, because all that I have learned about Shakespeare's heroines has become a part of me." I was a little ashamed of the egotism of this remark, but it's no good an actress denying that her art is personal. To my surprise, my friend's objection to my programme was that it was not egotistical enough. "The most popular lecture you could give would be one on yourself.” “On myself! What do you mean?” "Autobiography is what the public wants," my friend answered. “Tell them about your life. They'll eat it. Egotism in life may do harm, but in lectures it ought to be as delightful as it is in memoirs. When people talk about other people, or write about them, they are often dull; but when they talk about themselves they are seldom uninteresting. If Pepys had not chattered about himself in his diary, who would care to read it nowadays?” I quite saw the truth of this, but it seemed to me that, in dealing with Shakespeare's heroines in one of my lectures, I should of necessity be SARAH BERNHARDT AS LADY MACBETH “THERE WAS SOMETHING STRANGE, SOMETHING ALOOF, SOMETHING TERRIFYING ABOUT HER," SAYS MISS TERRY, IN DESCRIBING BERNHARDT IN THE SLEEP-WALKING SCENE MORE REMINISCENCES BY ELLEN TERRY 101 of few words and many deeds, is not, after all, of the highest interest to the dramatist; perhaps because, as Mr. Frank Harris has proved very ingeniously in "The Man Shakespeare,” all his characters were, in a sense, but different reve- lations of his own individuality. Certainly, we find the dreamer and philosopher in Macbeth, the murderer; in Richard II., the King; in Romeo, the lover; in Anthony, the soldier; in Arthur, the child; in Jacques, the courtieſ and man of the world. By way of contrast ( Shakespeare seems to have loved resolute women, gallant, high- spirited creatures ever ready for action, a hun- dred times more independent than the heroines created by writers in these later days. With the exception of George Meredith's women, all ninc- teenth-century heroines seem singularly “back- ward" and limited compared with Shakespeare's) How far do Shakespeare's women conform to a certain well-bred, well-educated, independent type which was the direct product of the Renais- sance woman's movement? That type is to be DUSE, WHOSE JULIET MISS TERRY DESCRIBES AS POSSESSING A "KIND OF SIMPLICITY – THE STRAIGHT THOUGHT, STRAIGHTLY IMAGINED 'AND PORTRAYED" recognized, I think, in Beatrice, in Rosalind, in Portia, and in Juligt; but one must not strain the point too far, Jany more than one must wholly identify Cleopatra and Armida with Mistress Fitton, Shakespeare's "dark lady," or Miranda and Perdita with his daughter Judith - any more than one must see his wife Anne in all the disagreeable and shrewish women of the earlier plays, and his mother in Volumnia. But, as his early marriage with a provincial-bred woman older than himself may reasonably be supposed to have affected his ideas of women when he first came to London and wrote plays, as his passionate devotion to Mistress Fitton may at a later time have given him material for the creation of the grande amoureuse in Cleo- patra and the ignoble light woman in Cressida, so some highly educated, well-bred, noble-hearted woman some true daughter of the Renais- sance movement — may have suggested the creation of Beatrice and Portia. But none of Shakespeare's women are faith- ful copies of living models. Perhaps that is why they are as much alive now as they were in A MODJESKA AS LADY MACBETH MISS TERRY LIKED MODJESKA BEST AS JULIET. “SHE HAD THE NOBLE TOUCH," SHE SAYS IN DESCRIBING THIS GREAT ARTIST'S PERFORMANCE Type ELLEN TERRY AS VIOLA MISS TERRY SAYS NOTHING OF HER OWN PERFORMANCE OF THIS PART, BUT SHE THINKS SHE KNEW HOW TO PLAY BEATRICE. AS OPHELIA SHE CAME NEARER SATISFYING HERSELF THAN IN ANY OTHER PART the sixteenth century. Perhaps that is why they a paradox, it is true) great actors and actresses need no special type of actress to interpret never resemble one another in the slightest degree! them. Every good actress is Juliet, is Lady People have sometimes told me that if Mrs. Sid- Macbeth, is Rosalind, according to her imagi- dons could come back to us now, we should prob- nation; and the best actresses are always right, ably not be able to stand her; her acting wouldn't whatever their interpretations may be. Until do in modern times — and so on. Wouldn't it! recent years I had seen very few actresses in I say that, if we could see her now, all that we Shakespeare, and the fact that when I did see shouldn't be able to stand would be the illumi- them it was generally in one scene at a matinée, nation of it! She would dazzle us with light. or in a last act, when I rushed away from my own theatre to theirs, makes it impossible for The Lady Macbeth of Mrs. Siddons, me to comment on and discuss their interpre Ristori, and Sarah Bernhardt tations in detail. One remarkable thing I have noticed, and that is that great acting is always, Mrs. Siddons, according to her notes on the in a sense, the same, and (though this sounds part, thought that Lady Macbeth was "fair, 102 ELL OLIVER PHYLLIS TERRY, ELLEN TERRY'S NIECE AT THE AGE OF SEVENTEEN, WHEN SHE HAD HARDLY BEEN ON THE STAGE A YEAR, THIS YOUNG ACTRESS SURPRISED LONDON BY HER EXQUISITE PERFORMANCE OF VIOLA feminine — nay, perhaps even fragile.” Yet, Siddons Lady Macbeth was a “man in petti- on the stage (if those contemporaries who have coats.” Those who said so were imposing left impressions of her performance are to be an eighteenth-century standard of femininity. trusted) Mrs. Siddons presented a threatening Mrs. Siddons had to abandon the Lady Mac- and commanding figure, a woman imbued with beth of delicate and sensitive spiritual structure "a'turbulent and inhuman strength of spirit," and fragile physique, but I dare assert she gave an “exultant savage.” Mrs. Siddons must have them a womanly Lady Macbeth, for all that. realized that her physical appearance alone – (There is not a line in this short part – short her nose, her raven hair, her eagle eyes, her in words, but how long in opportunities for the commanding form — was against her portraying actress — that does not indicate that the “dear- the Lady Macbeth of her imagination. It is no est partner” of Macbeth's ambition and crime use an actress wasting her nervous energy on is a woman, with the nervous force of a woman, a battle with her personality. She must use it the devotion of a woman, and, above all, the as an ally. conscience of a woman. It is her tortured con- Yet I do not believe, all the same, that the science that kills her in the end. 103 104 MORE REMINISCENCES BY ELLEN TERRY I saw the great Italian actress, Ristori, as although she is a girl, she is not an ordinary girl, Lady Macbeth, but, alas! my memories of it still less an ordinary English girl. She has all are most indistinct. She created a great im- the young Italian's mastery in dissimulation, pression on me, in particular, by her reception and a nobility in loving that seems to have of Duncan. I can see her now, bowing, bowing, been one of the special attributes of the women ceaselessly bowing, almost to the ground. It of the Italian Renaissance. There is a kind of was very Italian, and very good. She played gravity about her which makes her seem older the Sleep-Walking Scene in a way that empha- than her years, and a courage which is conven- sised its ugly side. She was the somnambulist tionally supposed to be found oftener in men before everything, and her heavy breathing was than in women. I don't remember to have rather upsetting in its realism. My ideas about seen any Juliet who was great enough — great in JULIA MARLOWE A VIOLA MISS MARLOWE, IN THE FACE OF THE SUPERSTITION THAT ONLY MATURE ACTRESSES SHOULD ATTEMPT WIOŁA, PLAYED THE PART WHILE YET A YOUNG GIRL. "WHAT WAS LOST IN SOME WAYS WAS GAINED IN OTHERS," SAYS MISS TERRY IN COMMENTING UPON HER PERFORMANCE the famous scene have completely changed passion as in daring. My sister, Kate Terry, since I played Lady Macbeth at the Lyceum looked a little girl. I really was a little girl at more than twenty years ago. I know I struck the time, but I can recall the sweetness and fra- no note of horror. Sarah Bernhardt I saw in grance of her performance in the Balcony Scene just this one scene, and there was something (my worst scene, by the way); but I don't strange, something aloof, something terrifying remember the rest.I saw Modjeska in the about her. It was as if she had come back from same scene, with Johnston Forbes-Robertson the dead. Oh, that I could remember how she as Romeo. She had the noble touch. Duse got that effect! has it, too: a kind of simplicity — the straight thought, straightly imagined and portrayed. Adelaide Neilson's Juliet Then, there was Adelaide Neilson's Juliet. I see a vision of loveliness, great velvety eyes, I think it is very important for any actress a pure white brow; a ridiculous dress with a Vic- who studies the part of Juliet to remember that, torian lace “bertha.” I hear a soft, gentle MORE REMINISCENCES BY ELLEN TERRY 105 voice, ruined by an artificial and pedantic Make me a willow cabin at your gate, diction. But where is the flaming soul of And call upon my soul within the house. Write loyal cantos of contemnèd love Juliet? And sing them loud even in the dead of night. "O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!" Hallo' your name to the reverberate hills And make the babbling gossip of the air This is a beautiful creature; she may give us Cry out, “Olivia!” O, you should not rest Between the elements of air and earth, but a painted sorrow, yet what a lovely painting! But you should pity me! Its beauty takes one's breath away makes us love her, and forget that this is only the face What wonderful things Ada Rehan did with of tragic passion, not its heart. her wonderful voice in that speech I defy any critic to convey; and all seemed governed by Julia Marlowe and Ada Rehan a most true and beautiful emotion. There was as Viola at times an unspeakably attractive bashfulness, a shy reticence, in Ada Rehan's comedy which I would far rather see a young English actress I believe must be inherent in the Irishwoman, tackle Viola than Juliet. I was impressed by for I have noticed it in another Irish actress this idea some years ago in America, when I saw Ellen O'Malley. It was fascinating in Ada Miss Julia Marlowe in this part. She conquered Rehan's Viola, although, to my thinking, this the audience with her youth. It was something was not her best Shakespearian performance. quite new then (for me) to see a young girl rush- To see that, you had to see her Katharine in ing in (not at all like a fool) where experienced “The Taming of the Shrew." actresses (not always like angels), dare not tread. There was a sort of understanding, in Helen Faucit's Rosalind England at least, that it was a life-time before one knew enough of one's trade to venture on “More than common tall.” Shakespeare was such parts as Viola, Juliet, Rosalind, Portia, fond of tall heroines — because Mary Filton was etc. But Julia Marlowe knocked the super- tall, says Mr. Frank Harris; because the ac- stition to bits. What was lost in some ways was tresses of his day were young men, say others. gained in others. I felt this again, many years She is vivid and witty in her speech, like Bea- later, when I saw Viola Tree make her first ap- trice; enjoys rather racy jokes, like many of his pearance as Viola, and once again, the other heroines: but, for all her“ cheekiness,” she has day, when my brother Fred's daughter, seven a breeding which it is impossible to mistake. teen-year-old Phyllis Terry, surprised London At least, I should have thought so, but I cannot by her exquisite performance at the Shakespeare help remembering performances of Rosalind Festival at His Majesty's. The child had that were epitomes of vulgarity. hardly been on the stage a year, but she was Helen Faucit (afterwards Lady Martin) was almost the perfect Viola. a beautiful Rosalind. It is true that I saw her Of course, in her case, inherited aptitude for when she was no longer young, and she took the the stage must to a certain extent have supplied part at the pace that kills. It was all porten- the want of experience, but it was none the less tously slow, more like a lecture on the part than an extraordinary contradiction of the theory the part itself. And yet, the grace of gesture that actresses cannot play Shakespeare's young and speaking, reflecting a yet greater grace of heroines until they are too old to play them! mind, the perfect adjustment of the means to Fred, who a quarter of a century earlier the end, the certainty of everything, stamp this had been the twin-brother Sebastian to my performance in my mind as the greatest I ever Viola, played it again with his young daugh- saw of a Shakespearian part. ter. The likeness between them was extraor- dinary. It is as sure as anything can be in Mrs. Charles Kean's Shakespearian Acting this world that my niece Phyllis has a great future. I don't think I have seen any other I have often been asked about Mrs. Charles young actress with such a heaven-born instinct Kean's acting in Shakespeare, but, as I only saw for the stage. her when I was a small child, and when, more- Ada Rehan’s Viola was more sophisticated. over, I stood in great awe of her, hardly dared As a whole, I missed something which I learned to look at her,— any opinion ! can express is later extreme youth can give better than the inadequate, to say the least of it. Of her Con- most accomplished art, but I shall never stance in “King John,” of which I ought to forget her delivery of the speech in which Viola know something, as I was the Arthur of that answers Olivia's question as to what she would production, I can remember very little except do if she loved: that she never took her eye off me — at least, 106 MORE REMINISCENCES BY ELLEN TERRY I never found it off me. She sobbed a great deal. not even in the case of Helen Faucit’s Rosalind, Her Hermione was very dignified, in spite of the surpassed my imagination of how these parts petticoats she wore under her classic draperies. might be played. With my own acting of them My young heart was deeply moved by her suf- I have, assuredly, never been satisfied. ferings, whereas when she wept as Constance I was terrified, the first night I played I did not care a bit — a test, of a kind. Her Ophelia, at my complete failure to realise scien- Queen Katharine in “Henry VIII."— well, she tifically my ideas — and concluded I was a could play Katharine, I can tell you, even if she complete failure with the public. Afterwards I didn't terrify the surveyor as much as Mrs. came to please myself in this particular part Siddons is reported to have done. more than in any other — and found, to my surprise, that the public had been pleased A Story of Mrs. Siddons' Realism all along! (A few nights in my life I have played Portia One has to be familiar with the scene to appre- well. Beatrice I knew how to play, but I was ciate the story. The Duke of Buckingham's never swift enough. Imogen, I think, was one surveyor is there, prepared to answer any ques- of my best parts. I did good things now and tions put by the King and Wolsey. He knows again in Lady Macbeth, in Volumnia, and in that the more damaging his answers are to Hermione, but(in whatever I did I could not Buckingham, the more he will please them. live down the superstition that I was too Suddenly the woman, the Queen, on whom he "womanly” and “tender” for such parts. hasn't counted at all, whom he presumes per I sometimes think people use these words haps to be indifferent, turns round at some without knowing what they mean, and talk as particularly mendacious statement of his, and, if strength means something disagreeable and fixing him with a penetrating look, exposes his sweetness something weak. want of disinterestedness in the matter: I suppose my day as a Shakespearian actress is over, although there still remain a few parts, If I know you well You were the Duke's surveyor, and lost your office such as Constance, Katharine, Mistress Page, On the complaint of the tenants: take good heed and Hermione, - parts any woman might act You charge not in your spleen a noble person at any age, - to say nothing of the Nurse of And spoil your nobler soul. I say, take heed; Yes, heartily beseech you.. Juliet, Emilia, Queen Gertrude, and others. It was in Shakespeare that I made my reputa- The man who played the surveyor to Mrs. tion, and in Shakespeare that I kept it. Happy Siddons' Katharine trembled and shook to such the actress who is associated with Shakespeare, a degree at rehearsal that the great actress had for she cannot play any of his parts without ex- to ask him to control himself. His answer was erting imagination, without using every faculty. to run off the stage. They tried to bring him He suggests much, but often says little. He can back. “I can't, I can't; I'd rather die!” never be literally translated. I do not know a single Shakespearian part that is easy to act. Ellen Terry's Criticism of Her Own Acting Happy the actress who is associated with Shake- speare, I say again, for she learns to think nobly By this time it may easily be seen that my of women, and, as if that were not enough re- experience of actresses in Shakespearian parts ward, has her mortality clothed in the ample is limited, and that what I have seen has never, cloak of his immortality. MY EXPERIENCES IN SAN FRANCISCO BY YOSHIO MARKINO AUTHOR "A JAPANESE ARTIST IN LONDON" * OF [Note.—This is a piece of autobiography by a Japanese artist now in London, dealing with his experiences as a boy when he first reached the United States.] O N the early morning of July 15th, hopeless boy to swear at, and he afterwards 1893, the S. S. Peru arrived became a real friend of mine and he taught me at Golden Gate and I was on her how to play “casino.” Among the first-cabin board. Of course I was one of passengers there was Mr. Tsuda, an old Japanese the Asiatic steerage passengers. gentleman well known by his intemperance The word "Asiatic steerage” is something work. He often invited me to his cabin. more than dreadful for me to recollect now. During all through the voyage I had some- Only those Chinese and Japanese laborers thing so seriously to worry. It was just the were the passengers in this class. First few time that the immigration law was established days I could not eat the food they gave me. in America, and I was told that some American It was something more like the foods for dogs or officers would come on board and examine all horses. But I was lucky enough to be petted by the steerage passengers, and if one had not those night watchmen. I don't know why they more than one hundred dollars, he would not were so kind to me. Perhaps I was the youngest be allowed to land. and neatest. They used to bring me some Alas! I had a little less than twenty dollars, nice dishes. “Don't show that to the steward," and I spent about thirteen dollars at Honolulu. they warned me. One Chinese boy, Han tsu I told about this to all my Japanese, Chinese, Gi-Lon, was especially so kind. He was far and American friends. They all said I need not more educated than those average Chinese. I worry about that, because I was not a laborer. used to have the conversation with him by Some of them suggested me that if the officer writing, and he composed poetries; some of asked me how much I had, I should say several them were quite good. I still remember the hundred dollars, which I have sent to some bank names of two of those American night watch- in San Francisco. I said I could not lie like men. One was called Hinton and the other that, and if I try to lie, my expression changes Black. They became great friends. I believed immediately and they will find out the truth. and trusted everybody, and very often I took And I wept. One or two of them soothed me even their sneerings as kindness instead, all tenderly and said it was not quite necessary to through my ignorance of their English(American, lie, but the officers would surely pass me. to speak more correctly!). One evening I went up I spoke this matter to Mr. Tsuda at last. He to the deck, and it was rather cold, so I wrapped gave me such a happy idea. He said he would up myself with a rug. I looked just like Daru- *"Gentler, easier, and fairer than any business I had before!' I ma (an image of a Buddhist disciple). A negro said to myself.' Oh, I don't hate the business matter now! I see This is perfectly honey! boy pointed on me and shouted, “Jesus Christ!" it does not always taste like castor oil. And as Yoshio Markino had these sentiments when it was settled Of course I did not know anything about the that he should assist in the production of " The Darling of the American swearing; so I was quite pleased to on starting to review his latest books. To say that I have read them be called Christ, who is equal with Buddha in the time of his theatrical experience, when my brain was quite Japan. Black and Hinton looked sorry for me busier than Mr. Tree was imagining," from the Samurai dinners of and told me "not to let a negro swear at me." in the art school he was forced to eat the bread which was provided The negro himself found out I was such a for the purpose of charcoal drawing.- From the London "Book. mav's" review of " A Japanese Artist in London." 107 108 SAN FRANCISCO MY EXPERIENCES IN accompany me to the officer and tell the officer and wrote his address in Sacramento Street and that I am his personal friend, and if the money asked me to call on him. An emigration officer was necessary he would show his own money. came to us and shouted, “What are you doing Oh, I felt so easy and happy, as if I had met here? You, Jap, have nothing to do with the with a Buddha in the Hell. Chinamen!" i politely explained him, with All the passengers were excited on the night my very broken English, that that Chinese was of July 14th, because we had to land on the next my dear friend. morning. Perhaps I was the most excited one. The officer, without single word, pushed me I could not sleep, so I was on the deck all night. away so roughly. I could not even weep. No, About 2 a. M. I saw a light above the horizon. it was beyond that. I was really angry. I It was the pilot boat which was to lead our boat. said to myself, “Oh, how mistaken I was to Half an hour later I saw a hilly land on the left think America was one of the most civilized side, with plenty of electric illumination. That countries! This is really most barbarous coun- was San Francisco, the very destination of mine. try indeed.” How very beautiful city it must be! Mr. Tsuda came to me and said, “Now you We were soon enveloped into a thick mist. must go to that room where you shall be ex- Nothing could be seen and our boat stopped her amined.” engines. A few hours passed before the mist I followed after him. In the room I found cleared up. About ten o'clock the Peru began out the American officer with an interpreter to move on slowly. On the shore we saw many and two Japanese gentlemen. One of them, I laborers were at work to take out the coals with understood, was Mr. Chinda, the Japanese Con- transporter from the boats. I have never seen sul, to whom I had an introduction letter. such severe work. Their faces were quite black The officer asked me, “What for you come tɔ with the coal dust, and the terrible sounds of the America?” I said directly to him in English, transporter were deafening. “For studying." Mr. Tsuda pointed them out and said to me, “Do you know anybody in San Francisco?" “You must go through that sort of life!” I said, “No. But I have an introduction to "Quite willingly!" I answered him such cour- the Japanese Consul," and I pulled out the letter age. Who knows, this courageous feeling of from my pocket and was going to give it to Mr. mine had to be swept away by some great dis- Chinda. Mr. Chinda shook his head. I under- appointment! What was my disappointment stood that he meant I mustn't do that there. then? Well, however dusty their faces were, The officer announced, “Pass!" Mr. Tsuda and however hard they were working, those white I both so delighted. But I met another diffi- races are treated as humans. And it was quite culty. Mr. Tsuda landed quite safe from the different matter with us Japanese. The readers cabin gangway. He hired a cab and beckoned must be patient until they come to my experi- me to land at once. Alas, no ladders were put ences later on, unless they have witnessed from the steerage deck! Japanese life in California. I saw some sailors were arranging two narrow Our boat arrived at the wharf at last. boards from the deck to the wharf. I thought Hundreds of Chinese were made into rows on it was for me to land. I stepped on them. Lo! the deck. Several officers of the emigration they were so flexible and so slippery that I came to examine the Chinese. I saw my dear slipped right down to the wharf. They shouted friend Han tsu Gi-Lon in the row. He had put after me, “Here, here, what are you doing?" on his best silk robe for landing. The officers Afterwards I learnt that was for sliding the were making mark on the back of each Chinese luggages! with chalk, and so pitilessly an officer made a After I joined to Mr. Tsuda I found out I had big mark on my friend's shoulder, then they forgotten my bags on board. I wanted to get were shouting and pushing and kicking those on board again, but I was not allowed. poor Chinese. One of the Japanese steerage passengers Oh, what on earth does that mean? I have shouted, “Never mind. I shall bring that out never seen the human beings treated like that for you.” before. The English shepherds would treat I said, “Nothing much in it, so if it is too their sheeps much tenderer! troublesome for you, throw it into the water." I went straight to Han tsu Gi-Lon and shook However, he was kind enough to take care of his hand. “I cannot bear to see you treated like it, and brought it out after half a day's delay this. It makes me feel so sad." (all the steerage passengers had to be detained My Chinese friend seemed not much minded. half day). Mr. Tsuda and I drove to a Japanese “Ah, allo Melicans do the same. You savez, Mission in Mission Street. Hip allight.” Then he tock out a piece of paper Many young Japanese were in a room where I YOSHIO MARKINO 109 entered in. I was quite shocked with the topic with another Japanese. Whenever we passed of their conversation. It seemed to me a dream before the crowds, they shouted “Jap!” and of dreams. Most of them seemed to be proud of "Sukebei!” (the latter word is too rude to trans- being "Americanized.” They were even calling late). Then some of them even spat on us. each other with such Christian names as “Char- When we came out to the corner of Geary Street lie," "Jack," "Joe"! Fancy giving up their pebbles were showered upon us! That was my own Japanese names which their beloved par- first and very last visit to the Golden Gate Park! ents gave them! Let me write down a sketch By the experiences day after day, I had learnt of their conversation. that there was nothing but domestic work left "Charlie, what are you doing now?" for my livelihood, because the Californians didn't “I? I got a job - three dollars and half a recognize us as the humans and they wouldn't week!" accept any of our brain work. I thought, “What is it?" “How dreadful that is!” But I had to go “Well, cook; but the mistress talks awfully through it, for my last nickel was gone within a lots. She is a cat! And what about yourself, week and I had to get any work immediately. Joe?” I decided myself that as long as I did domestic "General housework! Only two families and work I should persevere everything in silence; two dollars and half. They say they will raise because it would be absolutely foolish to talk up to three later on.” about dignity after making myself as a slave. “Oh, you are a lucky dog!” I was told there was one job as a “school- “And you, Tom?” boy” in Sutter Street near Steiner Street. First "I have no work; I am trying to get a job as thing I had to do was to buy a white coat and a'school-boy." apron. Some Japanese lent me the money for I myself sat down on a chair in the corner and that. Then he took me to the house. He set- drooped my head and kept silence. One of tled my wage with the “ma'am”. one dollar them came to me and said, “I suppose you are and half a week. green, aren't you? You better to hurry up. Immediately the ma'am demanded me to When the rainy season comes, you can not get scrub the kitchen floor. I took one hour to fin- any work, you know!” ish. Then I had to wash windows. That was I said very timidly, “Could we not get any very difficult job for me. Three windows for work a little more manly than domestic?” another hour! She said, “You are slow worker, They laughed at me and said, “That is why but you do everything so neat. Never mind; you we call you 'green.' Um, do you think the will learn by and by. I like you very much.” whites would give us chance beside domestic, or In the evening her husband, sons, and daugh- fruit-picking, or railway-laying?" ters came back. The whole family was eight in But at that moment I was foolish enough to number. The ma'am taught me how to cook. believe I could make money by the brain. She asked me if my name was “Charlie.” 1 On the same night there was Dai Nippon Jin said, “Yes, ma'am.” At the dinner-table, she Kai (social meeting of the great Japan). In called, "Charlie, Charlie." But by that time I Japan we have many associations and clubs had quite forgotten that “Charlie” was my own with the names “Dai Nippon so and so.” To name; so I did not answer. I was sitting on the me "Great Nippon" sounded something very kitchen chair and thinking what a change of noble; so I was much flattered to attend to Dai life it was. The ma'am came into the kitchen Nippon Jin Kai. I went out in the street and and was so furious! It was such a hard work asked a policeman where was the meeting. He for me to wash up all dishes, pans, glasses, etc., asked his comrade, “Where is Japs going to after the dinner. When I went into the dining- have a meeting?” Fancy, the Californian room to put all silvers on sideboard, I saw the translation for "Great Nippon" is "Japs"! It reflection of myself on the looking-glass. In a gave away 100% of dignity. white coat and apron! I could not control my I was so astonished and the shock went deeply feelings. The tears so freely flowed out from into my spine. In that meeting Rev. Harris my eyes, and I buried my face with my both and Mr. Chinda had the demonstration about arms. One of the daughters noticed that and the Japanese education in California. Where- asked me what was the matter. I said, upon I learnt a great lesson: For the first time “Nothing, Miss.” The rest of the family came in my life I realized the critical question about in. She said to them, “Something is not quite Japanese in California. I most sincerely appre- right with this little Jap.” But that time I ciated the kindness of Rev. Harris who was had quite recovered from my foolish misery. trying so hard to protect us! So I laughed, and they all called me "a funny The next day I went to the Golden Gate Park little Jap.” I10 FRANCISCO MY EXPERIENCES IN SAN I think I worked there about four days. · Such some hot cakes for my breakfast, his ma'am a hard work from six in the morning until ten came into the kitchen and asked him, “What for in the night! On the fourth or fifth evening 1 are you making so many hot cakes?" Where- went to the Japanese Y. M. C. A. in Height upon he replied, “These are for my own break- Street, where one of my villagers was. I told fast, ma'am," and he ate all in her presence. him all about my daily work. He was so sur- He told me afterwards it was the hardest work prised. He said, “That is not a school-boy, but for him to eat so much when he had no appetite, the general housework. If you work as a school- and he was so frightened that the lady might boy you ought to get time for the school hours. come into his room, where I was lying down, I suppose they are taking advantage of you, be- so he locked the door. I slept on his bed for cause you are green. Ask them to give you a half day, and when his ma'am went out for time to study.” afternoon shopping, he put two boiled eggs in There I learnt a new lesson and I went back my pocket and made me go away. to my room to sleep. All night I was thinking At that time I met with the Japanese Consul what to do. I hated to have any dispute which and some other elderly country-fellows, and I the servants generally do with their mistress. told them my ambition to become an English So I had come to the conclusion to leave that writer. They all advised me to be an artist house altogether. At the luncheon time next instead, because the foreigners never become day, when there were the ma'am and her master of the other language. elder daughter, I simply said this: "Please let I thought they were quite right and I decided me go immediately.” to study the art. I wanted to attend to the They asked me why I wanted to go away. Hopkins Art College. But the difficulty was the I said, “Because I want to go away.” They did expense. The monthly tuition was six dollars for not want to lose "a nice little Jap they have the cast class and seven dollars for the life class. ever had.” But after a few minutes the daugh If I worked as a school-boy I could get the ter broke in: “Oh, let him go away; we have no school hours, but my wages were not enough to right to stop him against his will!" (I think pay the tuition. If I tried to get enough money this is the real American spirit, and I admire it I could not get time enough. I thought the best so much. Even now I can not forget.) way was to do some hard work and save money The mother lost her temper and shouted, for study. So I took a job as a general house- “That is not your business." Whereupon the worker and cook at a house on Pine Street near daughter was very indignant. They had a furi- Gough Street. It was three dollars a week. ous quarrel about half an hour. Then the When my room was shown to me, I saw some mother insisted she wouldn't let me go before Japanese writing on the wall. Evidently some her husband came back, or else she wouldn't pay Japanese had been working here before. I read my wages. I said I did not want any payment this: and said, “Good-by, Ma'am and Miss." When “Beware! This is the most horrible place, I came to the door, the daughter came to me the ma'am is such a hard-hearted woman!” and said, “I myself will pay you from my own | said to myself: “Very well. Let the pocket,” and she gave me one dollar. ma'am be 'hard-hearted' and let this place be Since then I have been in seven or eight houses as “horrible' as possible. I am only a slave at to work as a school-boy, “half day housework,” the present moment; I shall persevere every- or “a cook.” In some places I got “sack” be- thing." But that prophesying was only too true. cause I could not work quick enough, and in The woman (really I cannot call her lady) was so other places I ran away because either they did selfish and so bad-tempered. From morning not pay me at all or they treated me too cruelly. till night she was grumbling at me for nothing. In that way one whole year passed. During Well, I succeeded to bear that. But I was so that time the Japanese Y. M. C. A. was my first unfortunate to get a severe influenza. It was headquarter, but I soon changed it to the Een needless to plead my illness; so I worked just sei sha (non-Christian Association), where I the same. On my every step my head felt as if passed my starving days interval to my working it was going to be cracked, and the woman days. Very often I could not pay for my bed, 10 grumbled at me because my work was so slow. cents a night, and I passed whole nights by When I went to bed at ten o'clock, I felt as if walking on the streets. One morning, after my some red hot iron was stuck to my spine and all night walk, I called on some house in Bush yellow smoke was puffing through my nostrils. Street where my Japanese friend was working I passed three or four days in that way. as a cook. Of course I went to the back door. My patience was broken at last, and I left that He was so sorry for me and took me to his own house after four weeks or so. All my Japanese room in down-cellar. Just while he was making friends told me that I was so pale and nothing YOSHIO MARKINO III but skin and bones. I got a nickname, “Kage- and house-cleaning for the other half. All her boshi” (shadowy figure). family treated me very tenderly. They were However, I had earned a little over ten dol- English – very English; indeed, Queen Vic- lars. Some Japanese told me the best thing toria's portrait was hung over the middle wall was to do day-work. By which it meant to go of the drawing-room! to the Japanese employment office and get jobs I felt quite at home. They gave me all con- of cleaning windows and steps, etc. So I did veniences for my art study. If I wanted to go that. Then I got a better job to vulcanize some out for sketching, they would have early break- false teeth for some dentists. fast in beds. In the evenings, if their friends By these ways I earned the money enough to came, I was always called to the drawing-room attend to the Art College for two months. Then to have chat with them. I was so earnest to the saddest blow fell upon me. I got the news make some composition for the fortnightly com- of my father's death in Japan. I suppose there petition at the school. I always put my half is no one who doesn't feel sad by losing father. finished composition on the kitchen table while But I had shock more than anybody. I was I was cooking, and so absent-minded I was I so much attached to him, especially after my made awful mess on the cooking. A kettle on mother's death, and to me his one pleasing word the fire had no water and began to crack. I got was far more than thousands of nice reviews. I a dipper full of water and poured it on mashed intended to succeed before he died only to see potatoes instead of in the kettle. Sometimes I his pleasing smile! burnt porridge. Sometimes when I opened the My sister and brother wrote me all graphic oven I found my sponge cake was transfigured details, and I learnt that my father was caught into a red flaming fire. They always forgave with paralysis so suddenly. They asked my my faults and passed every mistake simply by father what were his last words to leave for me. laughter. I worked there nearly three years. He could not speak, so he wrote on a piece of Only once I had a dreadful time which I can- paper: "I shall not die until I see Yoshio's not forget even now. Their lovely cat had four success." It was only a few hours before he kittens. They asked me to take these four little died. This made me quite broken down. I kittens in a potato sack to the sea-shore near by passed the first few days as a dream. Then I and drown them! I could not act myself as began to swear at the Creator. Why has he so such a cruel demon. Yet I could not refuse the cruelly snatched my father away? In my boy- demand by my master and mistress. Anyhow, ish mind I thought it was too foolish to walk on I took that cats-full-sack to the sea-shore. I the proper way in this beastly wretched world. pulled one of them out and I so fearfully put itin So I became a gambler, and lived in the Chinese a shallow water and watched it. It looked so opium den. miserable, so I picked it up. I went to a lonely It did not last more than three or four weeks. street and took all kittens out of the sack and Their heads were so low and their behavior was left them amidst the street with heartily earnest so rough, and I could not get on well with them. hope that some sympathetic person might pick But there I learnt a great lesson. I heard some them up. When I ran away from them, they great professional gambler was talking. He cried so loud, “Mew, mew, mew!” Now some said: “Sometimes I come here with hundred fifteen or sixteen years passed since then, but dollars in my pocket, and during a night they get even now I can hear their pitiful “mew, mew” down to ten cents. However, with this ten cents so clearly! I could make hundred dollars again. But if I At the school I paid six dollars a month out of bring only ten cents in my pocket, that ten my wages, so I had only two dollars a month as my cents never makes hundred dollars, nay, not pocket money, with which I had to buy all neces- ten dollars.” sary things for my study as well as for my living. This stimulated my heart so much, I said to So naturally I could not pay traffic fares. I had myself, “Well, I came out into this world as a to walk all the way. I often had bad fever on Samurai. Although I am no more than a slave rainy days, because I was quite wet through, now, I shall get back to a Samurai, wherever I yet I had no other suits or boots to change. So go.” Thus I determined to study hard. often I wanted to give up this hard study. But By this time I had learnt all cookings and every time I got some encouragement to go on. washings and ironings, so I got just a suitable I attended on the cast class for about six months, job for myself. Miss Holden, a medalist stu- then I reached to the extremity of the hardship, dent at the Art School, wanted a Japanese boy thought I must give up the school. Then Mr. at her house in Vallejo Street. Her family was Mathew (the headmaster) came to me and said, seven in number, and I had to cook breakfast and “You work so well, you must join to the life class dinner, and on Saturday to do washing half day from to-morrow.” 112 MY EXPERIENCES IN SAN FRANCISCO I All my classmates envied me, and I was much was broken and my head got hurt. I never encouraged; but, on the other hand, fancy, I took any notice, but walked on. had to pay seven dollars a month! My pocket A young lady was walking on the opposite money was reduced into one dollar a month. I side. She came to me and said: “Why don't decided to do some window washing in the you get a policeman to prison him?” morning before the school hours. So 1 hurried I said: "No, ma'am. It is quite useless, to wash the breakfast dishes as quick as possible ma'am. I tried once or twice before, but police and went to the Japanese employment office to don't take any notice of us Japanese.” get jobs. She expressed her deep sorrow and said she One day awfully comical incident happened. would speak to her father about that. I got a job to wash ten windows for half dollar. Another time, some one spat on me, and a It was a fortune for me. So I carried a few rags gentleman was near by. He caught that fellow and rang the bell. A young boy came out. Lo! and smacked his head. I asked the gentleman he was my classmate! not to be too severe, because I was so afraid that “Hallo, how could you find out my house? fellow might revenge on me only too hard. Walk in! I shall show you my sketches. Then Since then I tried to avoid to go out, unless it have luncheon with me, and then we shall go to was quite necessary. I thought for studying the school together.” I was so shy to say I any subject would do, to draw or paint, so I went there to wash windows, so I hid the rags in used to sketch books, kettles, chairs, or any- my pocket and did just as I was told, and I thing handy in the room. enjoyed myself. Afterwards I learnt that his This is a very rough sketch of my four years' mother went to the employment office and com- life in San Francisco. All the time I was think- plained very much because they did not send ing that was not the place for me to stay long. her a Jap to wash windows! Every day, nay, every hour, I wanted to get out In that way I attended to the Art School for from this actual Hell, and come out to the eleven or twelve months with many intervals, and “East” or Europe. Oh, so often I looked at I always made my own luncheon from the breads the eastern sky and worshiped and prayed, given to the students forcharcoal drawings. But “Let me go.” On the August, 1897, I met with as the time was passing on my suits were getting Captain Sakurai, who happened to be in San into rags, my boots worn out, and my shirts and Francisco for building a Japanese cruiser there. hat getting too old to wear. Alas, I had to give He gave me some introduction letters to his up my school lessons. So I did all sorts of day friends in Paris and London. He bought one of works instead of going to the school. An idea my sketches for thirty dollars (I think it really came into my mind that I need not attend to the did not worth a nickel). Then another Japanese, school for landscape study. With the money I Mr. Ota, gave me twenty dollars. With this got by washing windows and scraping the steps money I paid the railway fare to New York. for several months, I bought a painting-box, At New York I had no less hard life - quite some tubes of oil paints, and brushes, but as I penniless again. could not buy canvases, I asked Mr. Holden to I wanted to cross the Atlantic as a sailor. give me those cigar-boxes to paint on. One day But any employment office would not give me I went to Land's End (near Cliff House) with all a job as a sailor because I was “too delicate.” I my provisions to learn the sketching. Some struggled very hard there for four months. Then rough boys came and destroyed all my materi- one of my Japanese friends in San Francisco for- als. It was such a disheartening thing for me. warded me fifty dollars for the boat-fare. With I was so frightened to go out — even on the this I came to Europe. Now San Francisco is streets, they used to throw stones at me. But it simply my nightmare, yet I am most grateful to must be remembered they are not all the haters her. To confess the truth, I was such a weak- of Japanese. Once while I was passing the minded boy, especially for girls; all my villagers spare ground on the corner of Fillmore Street and thought I might so possible ruin my life on Geary Street, some big young fellow threw a account of love affairs. But that hard life in San large stone at me. It struck my head. My hat Francisco saved me from all the temptations. mality, country, or race. PEACE AND DISARMAMENT BY COLONEL RICHARD GÄDKE* N Utopia!" the statesmen as well as “Who could propose, by way of averting ca- the generals tell us, with a super- lamity, that the whole of Europe should groan ior smile — being in this opinion under the burden of an armed peace! Mutual divided by no bounds of nation- distrust is what keeps the nations in arms against “Eternal one another. . All nations stand equally peace is a dream, and not even a beautiful in need of peace.” dream, and war is a component part in the In truth, not even an opponent of the efforts fixed order of the universe, established by God made with such inspiration and conviction by himself. It develops man's noblest virtues of the Peace Society could fail to perceive the courage and renunciation, faithfulness to duty force of Moltke's arguments. and readiness for self-sacrifice. Were it not for The state of peace —“the Truce of God”— war the world would become bemired in ma- within the circle of the civilized world is, surely, terialism.” Thus wrote Field-Marshal Count no Utopia, but it is an ideal that can only be von Moltke, on December 11, 1880, in a letter realized slowly, step by step. Swift results to Professor Bluntschli, instructor in interna- cannot be expected, for it must be clearly tional law. This exaltation of battle as a God- borne in mind that the evolution of mankind ordained law does not ill become the great does not proceed uninterruptedly in a direct military leader whose name is forever linked line toward a fixed goal, but rather it advances with two glorious wars. However, those who, in spirals, and displays a constant tendency to for lack of better foundation, cite the authority relapse into the barbarous old habits and coul- of Moltke, who is, as it were, pleading his own ceptions. cause, might have their attention called to the The mutual distrust of which Count von fact that even he has not always regarded the Moltke spoke really does impede the approach beauty of war as beyond peradventure. On of the civilized nations to one another; they April 24, 1877, he said in the German Reichstag: are, unhappily, in a position where no one of “Gentlemen, I share the hope and the wish of them can fully trust the others. Every State is, the orator for a lasting peace, but I do not share in a certain sense, a large business concern, in com- his confidence. Happy will be the time when the petition with every other State, jealously watch- States will no longer be in a position where they ing the progress of its neighbors, and contem- must devote the greater part of their income plating their ruin or submission. Although merely to rendering their existence safe, and civilized mankind in Europe and America rally when not only the governments, but the peoples forms one great community, united by innumer- and parties also, shall have convinced them- able bonds of similarity, we still believe that we selves that even a successful campaign costs are separated from one another by abysses, and more than it brings in. Human life in exchange say-all manner of evil of one another. In the for wealth cannot be called a gain. opposition of petty interests the community of “But, gentlemen, this lasting peace is pre- great interests which bind us together is for- vented by mutual distrust, and in this distrust gotten. lies our greatest danger." And so European-American civilization stands, inwardly split and rent asunder, facing the dan- Our Civilization Rent Asunder by gers which threaten from its borders. National Jealousies One of the greatest barriers erected between And still later, on March 1, 1880, he ac * Colonel Gädke, the great German military critic, is universally knowledges in the Reichstag: recognized as one of the foremost living authorities on military and international affairs. 113 114 PEACE AND DISARMAMENT us lies in the dream of a world-power, in the mander three times before the Armada arrived flattering thought of imperialism, which lies again at Hampton Roads." dormant in the background of our soul. We all It would hardly be possible for any one to desire, eventually, a friendly community, the speak with higher national self-importance. organized peace of the civilized world – but War begets chauvinism and armaments; ar- we can hardly think of it otherwise than as maments beget distrust; and distrust, in turn, under the supremacy of our own nation. There- augments armaments in the same ratio as these in we are all alike, Englishmen, Germans, increase distrust. It is a vicious circle into Frenchmen, and Americans. The more we which the civilized world of our day appears in- think of our own power and ability, the oftener extricably to have fallen. we have tasted of the fruit of victorious war, the more are we surrounded by the evil spirits Are Our Armaments the Insurance of chauvinism and of imperialism. War is the Premiums of Peace? father of other wars. It is only partly true that armaments are the Japan's Ambition to Master the Pacific insurance premiums of peace. With better right they might be called a constant menace to The most modern example of this we see in peace. At any rate, they have become a mon- Japan. It was a fatal error to suppose that the strous burden for the people. The most pro- national aspirations of the youngest military gressive and the greatest States are precisely power would be satisfied by the victory won those which suffer most under this burden. over Russia under peculiarly favorable circum If Field-Marshal Count von Moltke thirty stances. “Eating creates hunger" is applicable years ago could not refrain from complaining in this case also. The self-conceit of the Japan- about the oppression of the growing military ese has been immensely quickened by the last armaments, how much more are we justified in war, and it expresses itself in ever-increasing complaining, now that they have risen to truly armament and the broadening of their territory gigantic proportions. At that time the hos- and sphere of national interests. I extract from tility between France and Germany dominated the Review of the German Navy, dated Febru- the political-military situation, and the cam- ary of this year, a triumphant proof of this paign between the two States was confined contention. In the Annual Register of the to the land forces; and, even in that limited English Navy League, a Japanese naval officer sphere, it did not demand their entire national published an article with the significant title, strength. “The Mastery of the Pacific.” It says: But to-day the fever for armaments has “That State only is a genuine sea-power which seized upon almost the whole world. Nations, does not need to let itself be disturbed by the laws great and small, are incessantly trying to perfect of neutrality. Whether permitted or not permitted, armor and guns, and, as far as possible, to place Japan's insistent craving is the mastery of the every man capable of bearing arms in the ranks Pacific Ocean. . . . However friendly we [Eng- of the national defense. lishmen and Japanese] may feel toward each I have already pointed out that the principal other, we must come to a perfectly clear under- focus of this armament fever is old Europe, where standing with regard to one fact, namely, that the greatest enmities are crowded into the there is not a single officer in the Emperor of smallest space, where the inheritance that the Japan's service who would ever ask aid from Roman Empire bequeathed to us has preserved Great Britain either on land or sea, however the conception of world-sovereignty in the most great might be his need, however firm the alli- vivid fashion throughout the long course of ance. Japan is armed on every side with men nineteen hundred years. The long and rancor- who are stronger than armor-plate." ous hostility between France and Germany And then comes an assumption which may which followed the peace of Frankfort in 1871, not escape contradiction by the navy and people and made the whole world hold its breath in of the United States, but, in any case, will offer suspense for two decades, has, it must be ad- food for thought: mitted, relaxed as time passed on, since in “From a naval standpoint, the Russian Baltic both lands a new generation has grown up, and fleet was commanded better in its difficult po- has undertaken the guidance of political affairs. sition in time of war than the American fleet But the direction of a course which a great was commanded in time of peace. The Russian State has once entered upon cannot be altered commander-in-chief at least brought his fleet to at an instant's notice, even when the deter- the field of battle and advanced on the enemy, mining causes have long since ceased to act but the Americans had to change their com- with the former force. The law of inertia acts COLONEL RICHARD GÄDKE 115 in the realm of politics as well as in that ments. Any one who has attentively followed of physics. There is no reconciliation between the recent election struggle in England can the two States, and on each side confidence in entertain no doubt that the fear of Germany the trustworthiness of the other is lacking. has played a great and often a decisive rôle therein greater than the question of the Europe Menaced by the Rivalry between House of Lords and even than the reform of the England and Germany tariff, which also, in turn, is connected with the political hostility to Germany. But in the meantime another enmity, more But the greatest danger lies in the armaments powerful and more dangerous than the last, has themselves. sprung up in this world of European States, an The whole of Europe appears to have been enmity that is more far-reaching in its influence converted into a great armory where all the on the policy of the States as a whole, more material, intellectual, and moral forces are ap- incalculable in its issue — the rivalry between plied in the service of one single idea — the England and Germany. The military campaign service of destruction, the service of the bloody of conquest between France and Germany has “struggle for existence.” terminated in favor of the latter, because of And while these States are ready to hurl the Germany's increasing prosperity and its incom- fire-brand into their neighbor's house as soon as parably greater and still augmenting population; they believe themselves to be prepared, the but between the cognate Germanic nations a still enemy of the white man's supremacy is already unsettled, quiet and tenacious battle is being lurking on the frontiers of the civilized world, waged through an incessantly strengthened waiting to bring about the day of the “Götter- naval armament. While Germany announces dämmerung”— the twilight of the gods. For, that she is making herself strong merely for in the final solution, it is no longer merely a the sake of her own interests, England openly question of "The Mastery of the Pacific" that acknowledges that her armaments are wholly we have to consider here. and essentially influenced by the consideration Europe is only a little greater in extent than of Germany. The enormous strength of the the United States. But within this compara- German army, which is able to put almost tively narrow space, wherein four hundred every able-bodied man of our nation in the million persons daily wage the painful fight for field as a trained warrior, makes the anxiety of their daily bread, more than three and a half the Island Kingdom seem not entirely without million men are under arms day in, day out, foundation, in view of the comparative numer- withdrawn from peaceful labor, and training ical weakness of the English regular army. Only only for battle against one another. If one so long as the narrow strip of water which sepa- include also those who belong to the militia rates it from the Continent can be defended by or to the reserves, and are called out for brief a superior fleet is England absolutely protected drilling, as many as six million may be engaged against an invading martial force from the in warlike exercises in the midst of peace. More Continent. But, on the other hand, Germany than a sixth part of this number belong to considers that she has interests vital to her Germany alone, almost a third to Germany and existence that must be defended upon the sea France combined. Both nations, in case of and across it, and is working with iron energy, need, are able to place against each other the and to the extreme limit of her financial ability, gigantic number of more than seven million men. to become at least the second naval power, Tremendous are the financial burdens that as she already is, indisputably, the first land these war armaments impose upon all the States, power. but most tremendous for the world-powers, which claim the greatest authority upon the earth. If The Fear of Germany a Dominating we consider only the eight great military powers Influence in English Politics of the world (Germany, England, Russia, the United States, France, Austria, Italy, Japan), It would be contrary to the purpose of this we find a sum of nearly two billion dollars ex- article for me to attempt to follow up these last pended annually for army and navy. At the grounds of the jealousy between England and head, at the present moment, stands Germany Germany; for it would be difficult to remain with $350,000,000 and England with $300,- completely impartial in the matter. I should 000,000. They are followed by Russia with run the risk of stirring up strife, whereas my $270,000,000, and the United States with $265,- concern is to set forth the value and the indis- 000,000. France attains the sum of $250,000,- pensability of international conferences which 000, while the three others follow closely shall put a check on the excess of war arma- after. We must not forget, however, that the 116 PEACE AND DISARMAMENT purchasing power of money differs greatly in Germany, almost equals her. But, at any rate, different lands. Last year $1,400,000,000 were England still has the overpowering preponder- wasted in expenses for defense by the European ance in armored cruisers. powers alone. One third of the entire disburse In a few years the monster vessels with at ments of a State, and in some cases more least eight guns of the heaviest caliber will be the than a third, is spent upon armaments. only ones accounted full-powered implements If one does not include Russia, the enormous of battle. Of these at the present time England extent of whose domain, huge population, and possesses seven ships of the line and three gigantic frontiers, menaced at many points, cre- armored cruisers of the line, with the same ate for it an exceptional position, the three Ger- number under construction. The United States manic States * march at the head of the expendi- has four ships of the line and as many in ture for armaments. And at least two of them building; while Germany has only two ships are threatening each other! In the last ten of the line completed, but has eight under way, years (1900 to 1909) Germany has spent about and three armored cruisers of the line ready two and a half and England more than three to be put into commission within a short billion dollars for their army and navy. Ger- time. It must be borne in mind that the many, moreover, during the last four years has combined cost of operating the marine force for the first time flung herself, with the iron does not furnish an available scale of determination of which our race is capable, measurement for the development of the upon the task of strengthening her sea power, navy. The keep of the crews in the United without at the same time forgetting her accus- States and in England must be far more ex- tomed care for her army. But her expenditure pensive than it is in Germany, for Germany for these first years has by no means reached possesses in her obligatory naval and military the highest point, and neither has that of service a cheap and never-failing source for England. If things go on at the present rate, replenishing her supply of sailors. Only the by the end of the decade that has just begun building fund of a navy forms an adequate (1910 to 1919), the two hostile peoples will each measure for its expenditure. Germany has have sacrificed three and a half or four billions already outstripped the United States in her of dollars to the Moloch of war preparations. expenditure for new vessels, and has closely approached England. In 1909 England's ex- The Gigantic Growth of the Navies penditure for new vessels amounted to about $60,000,000, Germany's to $52,000,000. Both Upon the sea the efforts of the three Ger- countries will impose still higher sums upon manic nations surpass everything that the their taxpayers during the coming year. Ten world has seen up to this time. England, the years hence the real naval power will be judged oldest sea power, is far in the lead of the others; only by the sums which these States will have Germany and the United States claim the second spent for new battleships of the first class. place with almost equal strength, but at a All the other nations lag behind these three, great distance behind Great Britain. All the and only Japan, who at the present moment rep- other States are far in the rear. France- in resents the military power of the East Asian this respect, perhaps, the wisest among the civilization, is making strenuous efforts to gain Great Powers — learned long ago to bring her a prominent place in naval affairs. If we leave expenditure for armament into accord with her her out of the reckoning, the newest and most means - a concession which opens for the powerful implements of war are wielded chiefly first time the possibility of a practical limita- by the three Germanic nations, each one of which tion of armaments. France's latest program appears to be determined to assure for itself the provides a fleet of only twenty-eight ships of future, which means in the end the sovereignty the line, while England already possesses an of the world. armada of fifty-five ships of the first rank, and The most dangerous enemies of the English will build from four to eight Dreadnoughts sea sovereignty are the two most nearly related every year. And Germany is on the way to nations; and it lies in the very nature of things procure for herself a sea power of fifty-eight that the one that is situated nearest the cen- fighting-ships of the most modern kind (thirty- tral point of British power, the one that proves eight ships of the line, and twenty cruisers). to be the most astute competitor upon material If one merely takes into consideration the ton- fields, also appears to be the most dangerous. nage of the battleships that have been built Considering this fact, the nervousness of in the last twenty years, the United States England is readily comprehensible. comes next to England, and, combined with And now comes in the additional fact, that Germany, England, and America. the finances of both States are already beginning COLONEL RICHARD GÄDKE 117 to suffer by this competition. It may be that bearers of culture, and also the possessors of the other general causes should be held responsible greatest military power and energy, were of the for this distress; that, possibly, a depression in white race. It has not always been so, and trade and industry, which is felt all over the there is no certainty that it will remain so. We world, is in part to blame. But, assuredly, the should think differently about the civilizing crisis would have been more easily overcome effects of war if the representatives of the col- had not the disbursements of billions for arma- ored races should win the upper hand over the ments eaten such a big hole in the purse of these white race, especially over its strongest repre- rich nations. Only by superhuman efforts has sentatives, the Germanic nations. Germany been able to effect a financial reform which is supposed to increase her revenues by A War between the Germanic Nations Might one hundred and twenty-five millions of dollars Undo the Supremacy of the White Race annually, but which probably will do nothing of the kind. In England, too, affairs have come A war between the Germanic nations would to a parliamentary-political crisis over the reor- always be a catastrophe; it would be the greatest ganization of the budget and the taxes requisite scourge that could afflict mankind. What would thereto; and that crisis is far from being at an the civilization of the world gain through a de- end, and may, perhaps, lead to painful civil strife. structive war between Germans and English- It almost seems as if the “insurance pre- men, Englishmen and Americans, Americans and mium” against war had now reached, with Germans? Infinite treasures of culture, spir- both peoples, a threatening height, where it is itual as well as material, would be destroyed beginning to be the reverse of economical. No thereby; the might and strength of the brother private individual, no cautious business man, nations would rend each other into pieces; and would lay out so much for insurance against nations outside of the white race, who endure fire and burglary that, for the sake of a possible our superiority with ill-concealed rancor, would danger in the future, he would place himself in stand ready to take up the inheritance of power. financial straits in the present. This, however, A war between the Germanic nations would be is what some of the greatest nations appear to a crime against humanity; it must be prevented be doing in the matter of armaments. at all costs, and will be prevented so long as Undoubtedly, neither England nor Germany there is a single spark of conscience or common desires war. But — I must repeat it again sense left in the statesmen and in the people. in the mutual distrust between the two Therefore everything must be avoided which nations, in the competition of armament might stir up hatred or discord between them; which it provokes and the aggravation which and all efforts to make a lasting peace between this economic burden imposes upon the people, them should be supported. lies the possibility of a sudden, fierce outbreak. I believe I have demonstrated that the last There are, it is true, everywhere philosophers and greatest danger to peace is the excess of who regard war as the only means for selection armaments, which keeps the thought of war among nations. The people that is superior awake in the hearts of the peoples, and puts from a military point of view is asserted to be, upon their shoulders a financial burden that in general, the one that is superior in culture they cannot bear for any great length of time also — so I have just read in a military journal. without injury. Therefore, the time has come The military competition of the States, it is when we should earnestly consider a limitation stated, exerts an influence on culture which pro- of armaments — for we shall hardly be able now motes progress, for the danger of war forces every to alter the mutual relations between the three community to acquire the high standard of cul- strongest nations. At the moment when the ture of the most powerful and advanced nations. balance shall be disturbed, the nation that is From the historical point of view, one must threatened first will, in all probability, endeavor offer some opposition to this theory; for ex- to rid herself of the danger, at any cost, even at amples are sufficiently abundant where it was that of a bloody war. not the higher civilization, but brute force or Nothing but binding agreements between the superior size, which decided the outcome of a nations can avert, in a peaceful manner, the great war of nations; where the civilization of the dangers that are ceaselessly lying in wait for conquered has been trampled under foot by the us; treaties are remedies which work gradually barbarism of the victor. - Mankind has, in all prob- for an assured peace among civilized nations. ability, lost more through wars than it has won. But if we are forced, nevertheless, to take up The view of the civilization-promoting in- arms, let it be, not against one another, but for fluence of war is derived solely from the history one another. of the last four centuries, in which the standard Berlin, Steglitz, February 19, 1910. ON GOVERNMENT W ITH this number we begin of the real government of the United States, a history of the most pow- and show why these conditions are inevitable. erful forces in American We cannot quarrel with a law of nature: water life. Messrs. Moody and always flows downhill; government always seeks Turner will describe the a strong hand. If, even from the noblest motives, great industrial monopolies and semi-monopo- or through inexperience, or by fraud, a people es- lies that are loosely called the "System,” “Big tablish a government weak in form, hampered so Business," "Predatory Wealth,” the "Corpora- as to be ineffective, government will scorn such a tions,” etc. home and will inevitably seek the strongest seat. All human societies are governed by the It will make no difference as to the beneficent or strongest constituent element or elements in any maleficent purposes of the people who furnish given political entity. If the ordinary legal this seat of strength. Government, abstractly, government is stronger than any element in the is as unmoral as a force of nature. The great body politic, then the legal government and the struggle in the United States to-day is to trans- real government are identical. This is very fer government from the real seat of power to the largely the case in Germany, both city and legal seat of power. One of the manifestations nation, in England, and in most of the north- is insurgency. The real power, and hence the western countries of Europe. But such a con- real government, is in Wall Street. The struggle dition is exceptional in the United States. At is to transfer the real power, and hence the real times in the national government itself, and government, to Washington. generally in most of our States and cities, there Government will only go where there is have been two governments: the legal govern- power. There is a difference of opinion as to ment, weak, badly organized (under absurd whether we should have a strong centralized charters and constitutions), corrupt; and the national government, or a government in which real government, consisting largely of men seek- the States retain their sovereign rights. Those ing office for personal ends, backed by public who contend for the rights of the States, and utility corporations and railroad companies, oppose the centralizing of the power in the na- banks, trusts, etc. San Francisco, Pittsburgh, tional government, labor under the impression New York City, New York State, Pennsylvania, that the American people have a choice in the and Illinois are illustrations that rise at once matter. to the memory. The United States is governed to-day by a Now, it is a universal law that all human strongly centralized national government, seated society is strongly ruled. No human society in Wall Street, and the seat of government will ever existed under the sway of a weak, gentle remain where it is until sufficient power is government. If the legal government is mild, given to the national government in Washing- gentle, and not strong, an extra-legal or illegal ton to attract the real government to Wash- government gets the power of legal government, ington. and usually the people are cruelly and harshly Messrs. Moody's and Turner's article de- governed. scribes the railroad companies who divided in The choice of the people is between a strong, the '50's the ownership of what is now the New just government and a strong, cruel government. York Central. Supposing the New York Cen- This magazine has described government tral Railroad had remained as it formerly was, under Schmidt and Ruef in San Francisco and could it have competed with such a magnificent under Tammany in New York City, and cruel, system as it is to-day? The comparative effi- strong governments in other cities and States. ciency of the New York Central as now organ- During the coming year it will publish a series of ized, and of the New York Central Railroad as articles dealing with the present seats of power organized about fifty years ago, will about 118 ON GOVERNMENT 119 measure the comparative efficiency of a nation coveries of the last hundred years demand a composed of forty or fifty little republics (mostly government much more powerful than existed corrupt) and a nation organized with a strong a hundred years ago. centralized national government. The present well-organized national systems One hundred and two years ago November of railroads, banks, and so-called trusts engaged 17, 1808 — the great statesman, Freiherr Von in the production of fundamental materials like Stein, laid the foundation for the development steel, coal and iron ore, etc., form a powerful of the German nation by the reform of municipal national government. government. An equally strong government by men of The beginning of good government in any equal ability, organized as efficiently and for the nation is in good city government. highest efficiency, will have to exist in Wash The commission form of government for cities ington if we can hope to separate government is the most important contribution in American from the great corporate powers. history to good government in the United Some people complain because the corpora- States. tions are in politics, and plan to oust the cor The general establishment and success of porations from politics. Such a thing is im- commission-governed cities will lead to the con- possible. It is possible to remove government sideration of the corrupt State legislatures, from the corporations by furnishing government which are identical in moral degradation and a stronger seat of power. And such a seat must inefficiency with the average board of aldermen. be national to be powerful enough. State legislatures, as we understand them now, While the permanent seat of government will be ultimately abolished, and a short ticket will be either in Wall Street or in Washington, of from three to five names will take the place there is a possible temporary unstable abode of the present unworkable system. which some people might call socialism, others It might be worth while to consider the mak- semi-confiscation. This seat is situated in ing of some modern nations. Within half a cen- unreasoning, passionate gusts of popular tury Italy has become a single nation, composed opinion. of hitherto separate states. Several German It is to the interest of all citizens, and above states have united to form the German Empire; all to the interests of those who own and those and, including the United States, there are four who control the great corporate interests, that English-speaking nations in process of making, as peaceable and rapid as possible a transference in process of passing from the federal to the of the seat of real government be made to Wash- national form. These are the United States, ington. This is Mr. Roosevelt's prime ob- Canada, Australia, and South Africa. ject. And the interests of corporate wealth From many kingdoms England became one; are above all things to aid him and avoid an finally Scotland was added, and then Ireland; interregnum that would be very disastrous to and the very name, United Kingdom, indicates the general welfare. the origin. Strong national government will always exist, France as a nation is a comparatively modern but, unless the real government is identical with achievement. The names Normandy, Brittany, the legal government, the business of the coun- Touraine, etc., are to-day mere geographical try will always be in a condition of unstable expressions. At one time they were as signifi- equilibrium. cant as Illinois, Massachusetts, and California. In all ages the principle has held good that The four English-speaking nations in process to make the legal government the real govern- of development from a federal into a national ment, the legal government must be as powerful form are not all in the same stage of develop- as any force or institution to be governed. The ment; but all will arrive in time at the same gigantic developments and institutions resulting goal. from the great body of inventions and dis- S. S. McClure. “DAUGHTERS OF THE POOR” ONE YEAR AFTER A YEAR ago McClure's Magazine gave Worse Than the "Red-Light” Days an accurate picture of white slavery (From the New York Evening Post, Sept. 21, 1910) and prostitution under Tammany rule. Investigations made by the Not the tenth part of what Mitchels investigators or ever will be -- to the New York State Commission of discovered has been told general public. It is enough to say that the vicious Immigration, by the United States Govern- resorts running openly in the city to-day are, on the ment, and by other investigators revealed a whole, of far worse character than those of the Red- like condition. Light days which caused the election of a reform city For a few months after the publication of the ticket, headed by Seth Low, in 1901, According to the information furnished to the article New York ceased to be a town in which Grand Jury by the Acting Mayor Mitchel, conditions vice flourished under official sanction; but for as to gambling and other vice in New York City were the last six months* the magazine has been in never more fiagrant and the Tenderloin was harboring constant receipt of information showing that, Lexow investigation. more unlawful resorts than in the days prior to the while Tammany was partially defeated last November, the group of low politicians, pimps, and strong-arm men which compose the lowest What Acting Mayor Mitchel Was Able to Do strata of Tammany Hall had lost little of their dreadful power by the election. (From the New York Daily Mail, Sept. 23, 1910) The unforeseen activity of Acting Mayor Mit- The gamblers and the iniquitous are lying low, chel has revealed the truth. Through his efforts, hoping for a return of the conditions which the drastic and the evidence he has laid before the Grand and sweeping methods of Acting Mayor Mitchel and Jury, we have official recognition of the situation. his aide, Commissioner of Accounts Fosdick, wiped out in the absence of Mayor Gaynor. They were uncertain, for a time, as to what the out- Details So Revolting No Newspaper come was to be, until Police Commissioner Baker's men, Can Print Them driven by the fear of the wrath of the Acting Mayor, started in on such a city cleaning as has not been seen (From the New York Evening Sun, Sept. 21, 1910) in New York in years, and produced a situation to- Not since the days when Tammany Hall rode the tally different from anything which has been found in Police Department to suit itself, and when pool-rooms, the present administration headed by Mayor Gaynor. gambling-houses, and disorderly resorts were going To New Yorkers not familiar with the conditions full blast, have things been as flagrantly wide open that have prevailed for the last six months in the as they are to-day, according to some of those familiar Tenderloin — such, for instance, as those of West with some of the evidence gathered recently. So Thirty-second Street, where were reënacted the vile revolting are the details reported by Mr. Mitchel's conditions of Allen Street in 1900, which resulted in men that no newspaper can print them. the election of Mayor Low and a reform adminis- It has leaked out that the affidavits turned in have tration - the disclosures of vice and crime have come told of orgies of the most revolting sort in houses in as a terrible shock. which families with young children occupied other Letters of commendation are pouring in upon floors. In some instances the dives are alleged to Acting Mayor Mitchel, commending him highly for have run almost without cover, in buildings where the strength and acumen with which he has grappled numbers of young women were employed. with the vicious problem which has been set before him, offering a high example for those in executive * This editorial was written on September 23. position to follow. ANNOUNCEMENT The article on Professor Ehrlich and his work, including his recent important discovery "606," announced in the October number of McClure's, will be printed in the December issue. In the December McClure's will also appear the third chapter of Goldwin Smith's Reminiscences, dealing with three great English statesmen — Peel, Disraeli, and Gladstone. 120 GOOD KING WENCESLAS GºC OOD King Wenceslas look'd out, On the Feast of Stephen; When the snow lay round about, Deep, and crisp, and even: Brightly shone the moon that night, Though the frost was cruel, When a poor man came in sight, Gath'ring winter fuel. “Hither, page, and stand by me, If thou know'st it telling, Yonder peasant who is he? Where and what his dwelling?" “Sire, he lives a good league hence, Underneath the mountain; Right against the forest-fence, By Saint Agnes' fountain." "Bring me flesh, and bring me wine, Bring me pine logs hither ; Thou and I will see him dine, When we bear them thither." Page and monarch forth they went, Forth they went together: Through the rude wind's wild lament And the bitter weather. “Sire, the night is darker now, And the wind blows stronger, Fails my heart I know not how; I can go no longer." “Mark my footsteps, good my page; Tread thou in them boldly: Thou shalt find the winter's rage Freeze thy blood less coldly." In his master's steps he trod, Where the snow lay dinted; Heat was in the very sod Which the Saint had printed. Therefore, Christian men, be sure, Wealth or rank possessing, Ye who now will bless the poor Shall yourselves find blessing. Dr. Neale wote Drawn by F. Walter Taylor "SHE HESITATED, STANDING THERE, ALL WHITE AND GOLDEN, AT THE TOP OF THE STAIR" See "Miss Cal," page 218 MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE VOL. XXXVI DECEMBER, 1910 No. 2 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA THE MULTIMILLIONAIRES OF THE GREAT NORTHERN SYSTEM: THE AGGREGATION OF A BILLION- DOLLAR RAILWAY CORPORATION IN THEIR HANDS AND THEIR ALLIANCE WITH J. PIERPONT MORGAN BY JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER I T HE three years the grasshoppers but no one took him very seriously. The idea were eating up Minnesota — eight- of his getting hold of the St. Paul & Pacific een seventy-four and-five and-six, was amusing. “Jim” Hill used to sit in front of The St. Paul & Pacific Railroad was built his coal-and-wood store on the levee largely with Dutch capital, which contributed at St. Paul, talking about buying the St. Paul to the building of so many American railroads. & Pacific Railroad. St. Paul was under The bondholders had put nearly twenty million 25,000 then a little frontier town. Hill was dollars of real money into building it. In 1872 a well-known town character - a short, stubby the Dutchmen believed that they were being man with long hair, one blind eye, and a reputa- badly swindled, and stopped the money; in 1873 tion as the greatest talker in the Northwest. the road went into the hands of a receiver. It For years he had been a familiar sight on the was an irregular thing, sprawling out of St. Paul levee - sitting there, whittling at his old chair, in three separate branches. One went north to and giving out nuggets of thought on current the Northern Pacific road at Brainerd; another events. one went west two hundred miles to the Red It was twenty years since Hill had drifted River; and the third was projected to the Cana- in, an eighteen-year-old Scotch-Irish boy from dian boundary, three hundred miles northwest. Ontario, and begun work in a steamboat office The first two were practically done in 1873, but on the levee in St. Paul; and now, in 1876, he only patches of the road to Canada were finished. was thirty-eight years old, and was a fixture of the town. And the town felt that it had his Hill, Kittson, and Smith measure. He had been in a variety of things: he was agent for the Davidson steamboats on The most promising part of the St. Paul & the Mississippi River and for the Kittson boats Pacific, when it failed in 1873, was the branch on the Red River, and he had prospered moder- west from St. Paul to Breckenridge on the ately. Everybody knew him and liked him; Red River. Hill was the Mississippi River Copyright, 1910. by The S. S. lllcClure Co. All rights reserved 123 124 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA Steamboat agent at one end; at the other end, The Plague of Grasshoppers an old Hudson Bay trader, Norman W. Kittson, ran two little old stern-wheel steamboats from Minnesota certainly was a dismal place for Breckenridge to Winnipeg. One of these boats investment just at that time. In 1873 Jay Hill had had built for him, taking the engine Cooke & Co., the backers of the Northern out of a Mississippi steamer that stuck on a Pacific, failed; and the Northern Pacific came sand-bar. Hill was a kind of jack-of-all-trades to a dead end forty miles east of Bismarck, who had his hand in everything. in Dakota. In 1874 the plague of grasshoppers A large proportion of the freight that Hill and spread across the West. They ranged east- Kittson handled was for the Hudson Bay Com- ward all over the western half of Minne- pany. It came up the Mississippi, went across sota-square miles of them—and ate every- on the St. Paul & Pacific to Breckenridge, and thing off the face of the earth. The State then up the Red River to Kittson's steamboats. bought coal-tar and gave it to the farmers, and The man who got it at the other end was Donald the farmers smeared it on long pieces of sheet- A. Smith, chief commissioner of the Hudson iron,- in a kind of fly-paper arrangement,- Bay Company at Winnipeg - or Fort Garry, as and dragged it around their fields, three or four they called it then. sheets trailing after a horse. When the sheets Smith — now Lord Strathcona — was a lean, were full of grasshoppers, they scraped them off tall, urbane Scotchman with a soft manner and with a board and left them in heaps. For ten a long red beard. In 1876 he was fifty-six years years afterward you could see the little black old, with a life of strange, wild adventure be- spots on the prairie where these heaps had been. hind him. Banished to Labrador by the gov- But it was of no use; the farmers could not raise ernor of the Hudson Bay Company, when under anything. By 1875 they were giving it up and twenty, to take charge of the company's station; going out of the country. for thirteen years alone there one white man among the Indians; in the '60's practically king The Flip of a Penny over all the great, savage territory of the com- pany on the waters entering Hudson Bay; cap In 1875 George Stephen and Richard B. An- tured by Riel in the Half-Breed Rebellion of gus, the second man in the Bank of Montreal, 1870; sentenced to death by Riel, and saved went to Chicago to look after a lawsuit there. only because Riel dared not kill him — Donald They had made a big loan to the Joliet Steel A. Smith had already achieved a career un- Company, the Steel Company had failed after equaled, in its way, in America. But he had the panic in 1873, and the bank was suing to accumulated no great amount of money. get some of its money back. The lawsuit in Chicago was adjourned, and they had two weeks Wanted - A Few Million Dollars on their hands, so they flipped a penny to de- termine whether to go to St. Louis or St. Paul It would be a great advantage to Smith to to kill part of the time. The penny sent them to have a railroad from St. Paul to Winnipeg for St. Paul. gathering in his supplies when the Red River “I am glad of that,” said Stephen; "it will boats were frozen up in winter. He wanted it give us a chance to see the prairies, and look very much. The service on the St. Paul & over that St. Paul & Pacific Railroad that Smith Pacific between the Mississippi and the Red is talking about.” River was frightful. So in eighteen seventy They arrived in St. Paul one Sunday morning, three and -four and -five these three men and James J. Hill made the St. Paul & Pacific peo- Smith and Hill and Kittson — were growling ple get out an engine and an old passenger car about freight conditions, telling what they would and take them over the line to Breckenridge. do with the St. Paul & Pacific if they had it, and the country had been scoured by the grasshop- finally speculating on whether they couldn't pers, and looked like the top of a rusty old stove. get hold of it. That seemed very unlikely. It But Stephen was a broad-minded man, wise would be a transaction running into the mil- enough to know that the pest of grasshoppers lions. could not last forever. It was the first time in The only one of the three men who had any his life he had seen the prairies, and they im- financial connections was Smith. The Hudson pressed him very much — the great empty level, Bay Company banked with the Bank of Mon- miles of rich farm-lands, made a great contrast treal; he was well acquainted there. So Smith, to the meager soil of eastern Canada and of whenever he went East, kept calling the thing Scotland, where he had been raised. He liked to the attention of George Stephen, - now Lord the idea of getting hold of the road, but he Mountstephen,- the head of the bank. didn't see how it could be done. Here was a "JIM” HILL IN 1885 transaction of millions, and Stephen himself had what they call "administrations." Thousands of only a moderate fortune. small holders buy securities through these "ad- That was in 1875. Meanwhile Hill kept talk- ministrations," who keep the bonds or shares, ing about the St. Paul & Pacific. He talked give the owners a certificate for them, and rep- continually to everybody in St. Paul. He was resent the owners' interests in dealing with getting wildly enthusiastic. When Hill was en- the corporations — doing everything, from thusiastic he made a curious gesture with the collecting dividends to voting. This makes it little finger of his right hand, and in 1875 Hill very easy to deal with Dutch investors; the was talking about the St. Paul & Pacific and management of their investments is so cen- waving his little finger excitedly at everybody tralized. Stephen went to the manager of the in St. Paul. George Stephen was figuring what house that had placed most of these bonds, and could be done for the finances. The only way he pleaded vigorously for more money to finish the could see was to get the Dutchmen to stick and road. The Dutchmen had had enough, and put up more money. nothing would move them. "I'm no Don Quixote,” said the manager. A Forty-Cent Option Stephen kept arguing; for he thought it was the only way the thing could be put Finally, in 1876, Stephen went over to Am- through. sterdam to see the Dutch bondholders. The “I tell you what we will do," said the manager. Dutch had then, and have now, their own pecu- "We'll give you an option on those bonds, if liar way of investing in securities — through you like them so much." 125 126 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA “If you gave me an option you'd want some There was one more thing for Hill to do. The money for it,” said Stephen. "I don't believe road had been entitled to two million acres in I can give it to you; but how much do you land grants. The State had validated them; now want?” it was necessary to get the Government to do so. “One guilder," said the manager. He knew This was done soon after the legislature closed. Stephen, and realized that he was an honest, So, then, in the spring of 1877 they were ready able, and entirely reliable man. to take over the St. Paul & Pacific. People still "All right,” said Stephen. smiled at it in St. Paul, and wondered a good deal So, half in jest, he gave Stephen an eight how Jim Hill had mesmerized a bank presi- months' option on the controlling bonds for one dent like Stephen into getting him to put up the guilder. A guilder is worth forty cents. money. If it hadn't been for the grasshoppers, The price agreed upon, which Stephen was to it would have been different. But, as it was, pay for the Dutchmen’s bonds, was thirty cents no one could take it seriously. When the syn- on the dollar-less than the accrued interest dicate came to pay its lawyers, Bigelow, Flan- which was due and unpaid on them. Eight dreau & Clark, it offered them a choice months would give them a chance to see what between $25,000 in cash and $500,000 in stock. they could do with the Minnesota legislature They took the cash, as everybody else in the about the franchise. section would have done. This was a mistake that cost them, principal and interest to the Kennedy, the Trustee, Comes in present time, some $15,000,000, all told. But they did not know then, and could not know. Then Stephen came back and started out to No one, of course, could guess the thing that see what he could do. John S. Kennedy, a New was about to happen. York private banker a cautious, side-whis- kered Scotchman was either a trustee or the The Grasshoppers Leave agent of the Dutch bondholders, or both, for all of the principal St. Paul & Pacific mortgages. The spring of 1877 came in, and with it the Kennedy could be very useful to them. He usual plague of grasshoppers. They grew and knew just where the bonds they hadn't got increased for two months — swarms of little options on lay, and the best way to get at the fellows who could only crawl and jump a foot or bondholders and buy them out. They got him two high. Then, in the early summer, it came into the combination right away. Then Hill, time for them to fly. One day, without the who was an excellent “mixer," and knew half slightest warning, they left the country - of the people of the State in his position of swarms square miles wide. They never came station-master at St. Paul, began to work with back again, and, stranger than that, no one in the Minnesota legislature. the entire country either saw where they went It was at the time of the Granger revolution or could figure it out afterward. against the railroads in the Mississippi valley; A few of the settlers had stayed on the farms the session of the Minnesota legislature was lim- to make a fourth trial of the pest-ridden coun- ited to sixty days, and the Northern Pacific inter- try. The grasshoppers had eaten the young ests, which already owned the worthless stock wheat, but, like early frost, their eating had of the St. Paul & Pacific, wanted to get hold merely driven back its growth, given it stronger of the road. Hill had the fight of his life to get roots, and really helped it. That year saw the his bill through in those sixty days. The fran- greatest wheat crop for its area ever grown in chises and the land grant had lapsed with the that region. The farmers who remained started failure of the railroad; it was necessary to re the new railroad carrying out their crops day vive them. For two months Hill buttonholed and night. The station at St. Paul was piled to politicians, traded votes, compromised with the roof with the baggage of farmers going the Northern Pacific people by giving them back to take up the deserted farms. And Hill, the branch to Brainerd, and shook his little with his twenty or thirty locomotives and few finger in argument before the members of hundred cars, was frantic with success. He the legislature. But, up to the last minute, he worked every possible source for more freight- seemed to have been beaten. Four days before cars; and, to get the troops of immigrants to the session closed, his bill had not passed the his farms, he sent as far East as New York to Senate, where it was introduced, and had not buy a lot of discarded passenger-coaches given been acted upon at all by the House. It passed up by the Harlem road. Any one familiar with the Senate finally; then, by pure accident, the the Harlem road at that time can imagine what House passed it on the last or next to the last the passenger-cars it abandoned in 1877 would day of the session, under suspension of rules. be like. They had board seats, and in the for- JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 127 in addition several million dollars of profits. The old bond issues out- standing had aggregated $24,000,000, with an annual interest charge of $1,680,000. The new issues aggre- gated $16,000,000, with an annual interest of $1,120,000. So they saved on the outset $560,000 a year, to come to the stock in- stead of the bonds. Nearly enough, in itself, to pay four-per-cent dividends on $15,000,000 worth of stock. The Whole of Lake Michigan So, then, it was time for this syn- dicate to divide up. In May, 1879, the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Mani- toba Railroad was formed — the bonds were sold and the stock di- vided. The enterprise was divided HILL'S OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE AT ST. PAUL IN 1868. HIS NAME CAN BE SEEN ON THE BUILDING ward ends of the cars were old box-stoves for cord wood. But they served their pur- pose, if they weren't pretty. The plague of grasshoppers had made a new group of multimillionaires. If it had not arrived as it did, no one could have bought ONE OF THE OLD STEAMERS LAND- the St. Paul & Pacific for the price they paid ING AT THE ST. PAUL LEVEE for it. If it had not ceased all at once, they might have been unable to finance it. But now, with their forty-cent option on into five parts. Stephen, Smith, Kennedy, the bonds, they found themselves in the fortu- and Hill had one fifth apiece; Angus and nate position of a man who can mortgage his Kittson divided the other fifth between property for more than he paid for it. This group them. Hill's fifth was given to him. of six men had paid out altogether $283,000 in The question was, how much stock should completing the deal, making surveys, locating they put out? Stephen, who was a a very and negotiating for the remainder of the bonds, far-seeing man, wanted to make the capital and getting their franchises and land grants. $25,000,000. It would be done once and for In 1878 they secured and advanced money for all, he said, and if they tried to do it later the receiver to complete the road. Stephen in they would be exposed to the usual cry against the Bank of Montreal and Kennedy in New stock-watering. York easily found the money for it; capital was "Water!” said Hill. “We've let in the whole gladly advanced for so safe an enterprise. Then, of Lake Michigan already!” in 1879, they paid for everything — the bonds, Hill's proposition was to make the capital their expenses, and the advances for finishing only $5,000,000. Finally they compromised on the road out of two new bond issues, and made $15,000,000. 128 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA Men Who Knew How to Hold On up a secure financial foundation. But more and more, after the first few years, James J. Hill Very few of the cloudbursts of fortune which became the railroad; the other men rarely created the multimillionaires of the last century went near it. Kennedy, indeed, testified, equaled this one. It had cost this group of six toward the end of his life, that he had never Scotchmen $283,000 to get this railroad property; attended an annual meeting. Hill developed in 1883, four years after its incorporation, their a great genius for railroading. He was not investment showed a value of nearly $40,000,000. the old “Jim” Hill who sat whittling at his old The $15,000,000 of stock which they issued to wooden chair on the levee-front. His appear- themselves was worth $140 a share by 1882; that ance had not changed, it is true; he still talked is, $21,000,000 in the aggregate. In 1882 they his eager plans to the bootblack, the minister, divided between a million and two million more and the bank president; he still let his hair of profit by issuing to themselves $5,000,000 more grow till his wife told him that he'd have to of this stock at par. In 1883 they issued to them- have it cut. But he was no longer the indi- selves $10,000,000 worth of six-per-cent bonds vidual, Hill: he was a strong young railroad for $1,000,000. Together with the profits from company personified. their first bond issues, they had securities and And so, from 1879, every year the St. Paul, profits aggregating well toward $40,000,000. Minneapolis & Manitoba kept growing. By This was an interesting thing, but not of chief 1893 — as the Great Northern system it had importance. The main thing was the strong gone to the Pacific Coast, and had rolled up a young corporation which this group had secured, mileage of 4,300 miles; in 1898 it had 5,000 miles, and which was to grow under their hands. It nearly ten times the number it started with. was a little thing, comparatively, in 1879: less In 1893 it had a capitalization in the hands of than 600 miles of cheaply constructed railroad, the public of $143,000,000 --- $103,000,000 in 49 locomotives, 58 passenger-cars, 761 freight- bonds and $40,000,000 in stock. In 1879 it had cars, and a capitalization of $31,000,000, about been capitalized at $31,000,000, about equally equally divided between stock and bonds. That divided between stock and bonds. It had was all. But before it, if rightly directed, was grown, that is, over seven times in mileage, while a future of tremendous and irresistible growth. its capital had grown four and a half times. It was in exactly the right hands to hold No man could have managed this more it-six wise, canny Scotchmen, of the type cheaply and more wisely than James J. Hill. He that has pioneered and developed the whole of knew the Northwest from end to end; he spent the Canadian Northwest. Every one of them, more than three quarters of a million dollars with the possible exception of Kittson, saw the surveying the best route for the Pacific extension growth that was coming, and every one of them to the coast. When the Pennsylvania Railroad, held on to the property to get the benefits of it. he said, was rebuilding great sections of its road Lord Strathcona, in particular, has framed his on the fourth different location, it was enough of whole long business life upon the principle of an object lesson; he intended to start right, with buying cheaply in a new country and never the lowest grades and the cheapest route. In letting go. It is a well-known Canadian tra- spite of the impression that these roads were dition that he never sells anything. built with the proceeds of stock, the greater part of them - when not built from earnings — were The Growth of a Railroad built with bonds; and bonds at four or four and one half per cent, instead of seven, as at the Now, it is absolutely necessary for a railroad to beginning. The corporation was pursuing the grow. If it doesn't grow it dies, or is eaten up logical course of a successful young monopoly by the road that does grow. This has been an - extending its plant with cheap borrowed inexorable law of the railroad corporation in money, and dividing the growing profits among America. The one thing essential is that the the stockholders. growth be strong and healthy, but not too rapid. The early direction of the growth of this Stockholders Get $31,000,000 More strong new corporation came into the hands of Stephen and Hill. Stephen was its president In 1898, when the road's great period of ex- the first half dozen years, and Hill its gen- pansion to the West was about closed, Hill eral manager for ten years more. Stephen, still began his division of profits among his asso- the one financial power in the combination, had ciates. It was a great and difficult task to avoid charge of the all-important matter of raising the public clamor thať is so easily aroused by money. The two men made a powerful combina- such an operation. Mr. Hill performed it tion. Hill talked and schemed; Stephen built wonderfully. The Interstate Commerce Com- JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 129 mission has paid this teed a six-per-cent divi- tribute to Mr. Hill's in- dend by the Great genuity in performing it: Northern; the Great "It would be difficult Northern could then dis- to devise a scheme bet- tribute the surplus earn- ter intended to confuse ings in a second dividend and to conceal than that on its own stock. The employed in the devel- net payment from the opment and operation of stockholders for this the Great Northern $20,000,000 of new stock System."* — by use of a bond issue The way he divided up in 1888 — was $8,000,- was, roughly, this. The 000; the water was operations to 1883 had $12,000,000. given the stockholders In 1898 the final big $20,000,000 of stock and division of this period $10,000,000 of bonds, made $19,000,000 more par value, for $6,000,000 of water. Twenty-five in cash. In 1890, by a million dollars in stock very clever manipula- was given out. Although tion of bonds and stocks, nominally the stock- the Great Northern holders paid $15,000,000 Railroad was formed. for this, really their only This was a device calcu- payment was the $11,- lated exactly to double 000,000 in cash which the stock issue. The the bonds, retired with stock of the old railroad the $15,000,000, cost company was guaran- them in 1892. Twenty- five million dollars more Opinion No. 820, Interstate Commerce Commission, City of was given to retire the Spokane, Washington, et al., vs. Northern Pacific Railway Com $20,000,000 of stock of LORD MOUNTSTEPHEN pany et al. (GEORGE STEPHEN) the old St. Paul, Min- LORD STRATHCONA (DONALD A. SMITH) ROBERT B. ANGUS 10 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA neapolis & Manitoba. The Great Northern largely in the form of demand notes in the Company now came into full possession of the banks of Baltimore. In 1894 Hill sent down property. So now, at the end of this period, in to Baltimore and bought up the demand notes. 1898 the stockholders had received $55,000,000 The little railroad could not give him his money of securities free $46,000,000 in stock out of when he asked for it. So Hill petitioned for a a total of $75,000,000, $9,000,000 in six-per-cent receiver. It looked very much as if he would bonds. get it for its debts. All of these securities were worth far more than their face value. The strong young cor A Sudden and Unexpected Loss poration was well capable of paying large divi- dends upon them; and the management of the Then, all of a sudden, he lost it. He was out corporation still stayed in the same able and of town, traveling to the Pacific Coast, when they vigorous hands. telegraphed him from St. Paul that the $750,000 had been tendered the court to pay its notes. New Yorkers Come into the Group Hill telegraphed back at once to demand that payment should be made in gold. It was made. The group had changed somewhat with the Hill understood at once. There was only one years, but not essentially. Kittson had died interest strong enough to do this. The Cana- in the '8o's; all of the original men had dis- dian Pacific had taken it and hitched it to their posed of some of their holdings; but by 1892 Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railroad. there were only one hundred and twenty-two Naturally, Hill was very much disturbed. It stockholders, great and small, in the Great was a road of excellent promise, especially be- Northern. Hill and Lord Strathcona, Lord cause it went up through the great new iron- Mountstephen and Kennedy, all held to great ore district of northern Minnesota. But this blocks. was only the beginning of his troubles; in the The most notable change was the addition next few months something far more serious to the group of capitalists from New York. happened. D. Willis James, the head of the big metal-sell The air was full, in 1894, of the development ing firm of Phelps, Dodge & Company, of New of the great iron-ore district above the north- York, -a friend of Kennedy, and a representa- west corner of Lake Superior — the greatest in tive, like Kennedy, of the old dignified, side- the known world. John D. Rockefeller had whiskered class of financier of the '60's, - came taken over and begun opening his great Mesaba in early. George F. Baker, president of the First mines; the profits, even at that troubled time, National Bank of New York, acquired an in- promised to be tremendous. It was the one terest of millions. The enterprise like every great speculative dream that obsessed the im- great enterprise of the country was feeling agination of the Northwest. the great centripetal financial force drawing Wright & Davis, the big Michigan lumbermen, toward New York. But the group was intact, were cutting off a great tract of timber-land in staying always with the property their prop- the Mesaba range to the west of the Rockefeller erty, they considered it, as truly as a horse and mines — thousands of acres. One day their wagon. And always Hill was watching the workmen found iron ore under an uprooted tree. stock books of the company to see that the Everybody was familiar with the red stuff when control lay in their hands. It was becoming a they saw it. Then Wright & Davis bored, and great property; but as yet it was in its youth. found that their tract was full of ore. Before Hill could act, the Canadian Pacific people A Bargain of the Panic had got an option on these ore lands and the logging railroad, which ran from the Mississippi And now came the profitable and interesting River, crossing the Duluth & Winnipeg on the Great Northern iron-ore deal. The panic of way. 1893 had come, meanwhile, and new roads and Hill's Methods of Work little roads and weak roads were falling, and the strong roads were devouring them. Hill James J. Hill is his railroad; for thirty years he watched the Northwest with an acute and has been nothing else. Night and day he works restless eye to see what his strong railroad for it, with the enthusiasm of a fanatic. He is a should take in. tremendous worker,- in a very curious way, — There was a good little railroad going north- planning, all the time, how he will extend and west from Lake Superior, called the Duluth & enlarge his road and distribute its great profits, Winnipeg, just being started by St. Paul and and always talking his plans aloud to any lis- Baltimore men. It had out $750,000 of debt tener -- from the barber to the Wall Street JOHN S. KENNEDY magnate. Those who know him best believe were still directors in the Canadian Pacific, and that he can think successfully only when he is Hill immediately went to them to get back the talking, and talking to an auditor. And, day Duluth & Winnipeg and the tract of iron ore. after day, he goes down the line of his acquaint- He pleaded, threatened, claimed it was the Great ances, telling them of his plans, getting their Northern's natural territory, and promised them opinion of them, changing and improving them a great east-bound traffic from his lines, and a as he goes along, and finally bringing them out perpetual right to run their trains across the in an entirely different form from any he has Duluth & Winnipeg, if they would surrender talked about. For this reason his enemies have it to him. His enthusiasm and promises called him a liar. He is really an inventor, in- won; they gave the whole thing over to him. venting and planning aloud. He is, in fact, a But they never got the east-bound traffic prom- very fortunate man; his enthusiasm drives him ised them. Hill did not give it, and it would be to accomplish an enormous amount of work, useless to try to go to law about it. Such con- with the greatest of pleasure, every day. tracts were not enforced by the United States When Hill heard of the loss of this great courts. iron-ore development, he was wild with disap- pointment. It was not the property alone – The Division of $100,000,000 from the the value of that was only partly understood at Ore Deal the time: it was the traffic lost to his railroad as well. The ore beds and the logging road cost about The Canadian Pacific was built very largely $4,500,000. From time to time Hill added on by Strathcona and Mountstephen and Angus – lands that had not been prospected, tongues three of the men who were made multimillion- of property which jutted into the main tract aires by the St. Paul & Pacific operations. It and rounded it out into one big whole. When- was, in fact, a direct outcome of the fortunes ever he saw desirable additions, he picked made in the American road. Hill and Kennedy them up. In all, the additional cost was but had been with them at the beginning in the early a few million dollars. For twelve years Hill 'Bo's, but had dropped out. The Canadians talked over this greatest single gift of the Great 131 132 MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA THE Northern to its stockholders. In 1906 he dis- bonds, leaves $150,000,000 paid in. This, less tributed it to them, one trust certificate for each the gift of $105,000,000 worth of ore certificates, share of stock, giving title to an equal share in leaves $45,000,000 — the actual net cost to the profits to every share of Great Northern stockholders of the $210,000,000 of stock. stock. With Great Northern stock - for years a reg- It was now clear that this was one of the half ular payer of seven-per-cent dividends — esti- dozen greatest ore bodies in the known world mated at 145, the total value of the capital 65,000 acres of land, a little over 100 square stock of the Great Northern Company is about miles. In 1906 the United States Steel Corpora- $ 305,000,000; and so the profits of this dis- tion leased 39,000 acres of this, - sixty per cent, tribution have come to $260,000,000 in twenty- - selecting what it thought to be the best terri seven years practically a quarter of a cen- tory. This was estimated by Mr. Hill to con- tury. The original venture in promoting the tain 700,000,000 tons of iron ore. The Steel concern was $283,000; so whatever stock the Corporation agreed to take out 1,500,000 tons original group still retained — and they held in 1908, and to add 750,000 tons each year, great blocks of it - showed a net profit of a until, in 1917, they reach the high point of little less than 1,000 to 1. 8,250,000 a year. It is to pay 85 cents a It was a most remarkable showing to stock- ton for this ore the first year, with 3.4 cents holders, of which Mr. Hill is very naturally additional each year succeeding; the Great proud; a spectacular thing; and yet not the Northern gets 80 cents a ton for hauling it, and matter of chief interest. The Great Northern the steel company bears all the cost of mining. was now, in 1906, a company of nearly $360,- It has now started on its contract, and has 000,000 outstanding capitalization, eleven times already expended many millions in develop- as large as the corporation — the St. Paul & Pa- ment. When it reaches the maximum output cific which began the series of aggregations in its contract, it will be paying out for ore in 1879. And yet the Great Northern was a $9,817,500 a year, and for hauling $6,600,000. minor part of the greater aggregation which All the $9,817,500, together with the profits had been accomplished. from the mines which are developed in the other forty square miles of ore lands, go to the The Fall of the Northern Picifia Lake Superior Company, Limited, ---the com- pany that holds the mines,- for distribution to From the day the St. Paul, Minneapolis & the holders of the Great Northern ore certi- Manitoba started west in 1887, paralleling the ficates. Northern Pacific, it was simply a case of the It is difficult to estimate exactly the real survival of the fittest between the two roads. value of these 1,500,000 trust certificates. The In the end it was little short of murder. The $9,817,500 due from the steel company when Northern Pacific road was a rickety, sprawling its contract reaches its full proportions would growth of twenty years - fifty-four different alone pay a dividend of six per cent upon companies tangled together into one system. them — an income that should make them It cost fifty per cent more per mile to operate worth over $100 apiece; they sold for 85 than the Hill road; its fixed charges were fifty when first issued, and in the panic times of per cent more. When the panic came in 1893, 1907 went down as low as 37. A fair average the Great Northern earned more than ten per price in the stock market since their issue would cent on its $20,000,000 worth of stock; the be $70 apiece; and at that price the free gift Northern Pacific lacked almost a million dol- made of them by the Great Northern to its lars of paying its current debts. The two roads stockholders would be $105,000,000. had fought from the beginning — particularly in the way of building branch lines on their Net Proſit to Stock, $260,000,000 common territory. In 1893 the Northern Pacific was tottering; the Great Northern With this, in 1906, the Great Northern made pushed what it could by cutting rates. On its last division to its stockholders; and in the August 15, 1893, the Northern Pacific went same year it made the last of several great into the hands of receivers. And the first increases of stock following 1898 and raised its feasible plan of reorganization announced called own stock issue to its present figure of $210,- for its absorption by the Great Northern. 000,000. The accounts with the railroad stock There was no intention, on the part of Hill holders in the twenty-seven years since the or his associates, to wreck the Northern Pacific original deal in 1879 stood, then and to-day, so that they could take it over; the plan of the about like this. Stock outstanding, $210,000,- absorption came from another source. And it 000, less $60,000,000 par value of free stock and came simply from the logic of events; simply JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 133 other way. because of two peting roads, it railroads fight- created a mo- ing for the nopoly, which same terri- was contrary tory,one must to the laws of be absorbed; Minnesota.* simply, in the So the rail- last analysis, roads com- because a rail- bined in an- road is natu- rally and Statutes properly a alter the path monopoly, of the inevi- and, in spite table drift to- of legislative ward railroad efforts to make monopoly, but it competitive, they have must eventu- never checked ally be estab- it. J. P. Mor- lished as a mo- THE GRASSHOPPERS SWARMED EVERYWHERE gan took up nopoly. No DURING THE PLAGUE IN MINNESOTA the Northern one could ex- Pacific reor- pect to take ganization the Northern and carried Pacific, just it through, and emerging, weak from then handed it to bankruptcy, and the Great North- fight the Great ern group as indi- Northern for the viduals. If the Northwest. So it Great Northern was definitely could not own the agreed and ar- Northern Pacific, ranged that the the multimillion- Great Northern aires who owned should take over the Great Northern the Northern Pacific. could. There is no The Deutsche restriction yet Bank, of Ber- by law regard- lin, and Drex- ing the indi- el, Morgan THE "SELKIRK,” AN EARLY RED RIVER STEAMER IN vidual's right & Co. had WHICH HILL WAS PART-OWNER to own what financed the From an old wood-cut property he bond issues chooses. that built the Northern Pacific. Early in 1895 the following plan was agreed upon between “Bargain Day" for Multimillionaires these two interests and Hill. The Northern Pa- cific would be reorganized by an issue of $200, It was, then, the remarkable period in Amer- 000,000 bonds and $100,000,000 stock. The ican railroad finance when the multimillionaire Great Northern would guarantee the low interest formula by which this Great Northern group of three and four per cent promised in the bonds; of financiers was created was to be repeated in in return for this, it would be given half of the the railroads and many of the industries of the new stock of the Northern Pacific. United States. This movement was under the Great Northern Forbidden to Own leadership of the financial center of New York, Northern Pacific and more particularly under the management of J. P. Morgan & Co.- into whose hands the The arrangement was annuonced in May, great bankrupt railroad systems of the country 1895; on March 30, 1896, the United States Su- had come for reorganization. The money preme Court decided that this planwas illegal, be- required for reorganization was to be secured cause, by uniting two parallel and naturally com * Pearsall vs. Great Northern Railway Co., 161 U. S. 647, 134 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA quite largely by the assessment of stockholders. old stockholders refused to pay it, and conse- A very considerable part of the stockholders quently there was some $30,000,000 of this refused to be assessed, and their stock fell back in the hands of Morgan as reorganizer. In into the hands of the reorganization manage- February, 1897, Morgan sold $25,834,100 par ment. It lay there in great blocks. In the value out of $80,000,000 of this common stock meanwhile the charges for interest on reorgan- to Hill and Lord Mountstephen for the Great ized raili ads had been cut down between a Northern groups for $4,133,456 — $16 a share.* third and a half; so that these reorganized roads The monopoly, which the capital invested in were really worth much more than before their both roads demanded, had been accomplished reorganization. It was a “bargain day” for the — as, in one way or another, it always is. financial powers or for the few of them that had ready resources which built up new A Sure Profit of $25,000,000 multimillionaires, swelled the fortunes of older ones, and concentrated financial control of the When all but a few of the railroad capitalists great corporations of the entire country beyond of the United States had their resources tied up anything ever known before. by the panic, these men had great sums free for So far the Great Northern had kept out of use, especially those of them who lived outside New York pretty well in its financing; it had of this country and were unoppressed by the always had great surpluses in its treasury; and crisis here. Because of the opportunity this in the late '8o's Stephen and Hill had gotten the gave them, the same group of men repeated in money for the extension toward the Pacific in the next four years their old and brilliant gains London from Baring Brothers, before that great of 1877 and 1879 in the St. Paul & Pacific. The firm failed. Hill was in and out of New York, of Northern Pacific before reorganization had had course; he had offices in New York, where a large to pay in interest and rentals of other roads proportion of his new group of stockholders were. $11,000,000 a year; by reorganization this was But now the Northern Pacific matter brought cut almost in half to a little over $6,000,000. him, with the other roads, into the great finan- The stock of the concern was almost $5,000,000 cial drift toward America's chief city. a year nearer dividends than it was before. The stockholders, as usual, did not realize this; Episcopal Convention Brings Morgan and tens of millions of dollars' worth of stock was Hill Together thrown over. On the other hand, the men who had planned In October, 1895, the National Convention of and intimately understood the reorganization the Episcopal Church was held in Minneapolis. knew perfectly well — especially after the con- J. Pierpont Morgan, as every one knows, is the nection with the Great Northern group had leading layman of that denomination in Amer- been made and a practical monopoly assured -- ica, and attended, as usual, its triennial gath- the real value of the stock. Mr. Morgan stated ering. Hill is not an Episcopalian, but, as the this precisely on the witness-stand, in the case leading citizen of the section, he and Morgan of Peter Power against the Great Northern, on naturally saw a great deal of each other. They March 26, 1902. had known each other before, of course, but it “From the day that that plan of reorganiza- is from the time of this Episcopal convention tion was issued,” he said, we never had one that the business and personal confidence and moment's doubt that, within a few years, and intimacy between the two men dates. before the expiration of the time fixed for the It was the most natural association in the voting trust, the common stock would have world. The positive, optimistic character of reached a point in its price where it could be Hill, the strong, solvent character of his enter- sold at par or better." prise, and the sound, conservative, and aggres In April, 1901, and before the "corner” of sive character of the group of men behind May six months before the voting,trust had inevitably appealed to Morgan. These were originally been planned to expire - Northern men of the old generation of financiers, with Pacific common had gone up just about one whom he had been raised. Kennedy had been hundred points. In two months more than four his friend for thirty-five years. years the Great Northern group had seen a In 1896 Morgan completed the reorganization profit of just about $25,000,000 on their hold- of the Northern Pacific. Even before this, Hill ings. It was to be a great deal larger. and some of the Great Northern group held It was not quite so large or so spectacular several millions of Northern Pacific bonds. a profit as had been made at their opening The reorganization called for a $15 assessment operations in 1879; but it was a vast profit at on the common stock; a large number of the * See Peter Power vs. Great Northern. Copyright by Pach Brothers JAMES J. HILL AT THE PRESENT DAY a comparatively small risk, and, more than that, merce.Act of 1887, had forbidden “pooling" of it doubled, at one stroke, the great railroad railway earnings or business; failing this, the system which the group held in their control. railroads had been turned into the much closer The length of the Great Northern road in 1901 bond of common ownership of stock - either was 5,500 miles; of the Northern Pacific 5,600 — by individuals or by the railroad corporations a total of more than 11,000 miles, out of the themselves — which was becoming known as 200,000 miles of railroad in this country. The the "community of interest." control of it lay in the same old hands into In those days of continual activity of the which an erratic fortune had placed the St. Government against monopoly of any kind in Paul & Pacific, plus another great factor — the railroads, the financiers retired to the rights of house of J. P. Morgan & Co. private property as an irreducible stronghold. They were not only rights: they were the basic The Community-of - Interest Plan principle of the financial religion that these men had been taught — the sacred thing upon The Great Northern, for a quarter of a cen- which society was founded. tury sufficient to itself, had outgrown its own particular territory, and had become an integral “Men Who Own Property Can Do part of the greater movement toward monopoly What They Like with lt” which was consolidating the railroads of the country. "The community of interests," said Mr. The United States, by the Interstate Com- Morgan on the witness-stand, in the Peter 135 WINNIPEG D Red SI VINCENT OKENNEDY Rainyme ty MT NEYS GRANDFORKS. CROOKSTON DosT А A River LADA GLYNDON ( SULUTH LAKE SUPERIOR КО Do BARNESVILLE BRAINERR BRECKENRIDGE ALEXANDRIA Miss BROWN VALLEY D A MORRIS SAUKRAPIDS ST CLOUD DAS-PAUL MINNEAPOLIS WISCONSIN THE ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & MANITOBA RAILROAD IN 1880 Power suit, “is that principle that a certain have its own connection to the great railroad number of men who own property can do what center of Chicago. As the purchase of any con- they like with it." necting railroad system cost a great deal of Question. “But they sha'n't fight one money, the Great Northern and the Northern another?” Pacific naturally decided to buy it together. Mr. Morgan. “There is no fighting about it. Mr. Morgan has described the operation, in If they choose to fight their own property his blunt, straightforward fashion, in his testi- but people don't generally do that.” mony in the Peter Power case. Question. “Is not this community of inter “I think," said Mr. Morgan, “it was 1899 — est one of working harmony?” it may have been 1898 — I made up my mind Mr. Morgan. “Working in harmony, yes." that it was essential that the Northern Pacific Question. “Even though they own compet- Railroad Co.-- Railway, or whatever you call it ing and parallel lines?” what is it?” Mr. Morgan. "No; they own them all.” Mr. F. L. Stetson (his counsel). “Railway." So in this, as often, legislation against com Mr. Morgan. “Railway should have its binations created a still greater and closer con eastern terminus practically in Chicago; and, centration of capital. in the same manner, that the New York Cen- tral, of which I am a director, at that time or Morgan Decides to Extend to Chicago soon after decided the same thing with regard to their line; that the western terminus of their Both the Great Northern and the Northern line should be in Chicago, practically, by acquir- Pacific in 1900 came no farther east than St. ing the Lake Shore; in other words, that the Paul; the Great Northern had never done so; transcontinental line should come to Chicago, the Northern Pacific had cut off the Wisconsin and the eastern line should go to Chicago. So Central, which previously had taken it into that was to be the central point. And I talked Chicago, at the time of its reorganization. And it over with a great many people interested in now it was clearly necessary for each road to the Northern Pacific, and I found they all 136 NORTHERN! PACIFIC CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY. WESTMINSTER С N AN A SEATTLE WINNIPEG SPOKANE GREAT NORTHERN GRAND FORKS Pasuperior PORTLAND ORE BEDS HELENA BUTTE DULUTH BILLINGS ST PAUL NEAPOWS! Michigan DES MOINES 100 HOOGDEN CHEYENNE ( 1AHA SALT LAKE CITY HICAS ASAN FRANCISCO DENVER $74SEPH KANSAS CITY SI LOUIS a SANTAFE ao THE PRESENT "HILL" SYSTEM agreed with me, and the question came up as to to Chicago — the necessity of economical how it could best be done. Of course, we were operation. confronted with the question, which is always The great drift of freight in the United States arising and repeats itself, as to whether a line is from west to east; two loaded cars come east that you want is an independent line, or whether to one that goes back west. And every un- it is a competing and—what is the other term?” loaded car that passes over a railway represents Mr. Stetson. “Parallel." a dead loss. Naturally, the effort of the Amer- Mr. Morgan. “Parallel and competing line; ican railway operator is to secure the west- and from a study of the case I came to the con- bound trafic. Hill was fighting with all the clusion that there were but three lines available. rest to get more than his share; and naturally, ... I said, take St. Paul, because the financial when it came to buying railroads to the east, responsibility was less.” he planned to get the greatest west-bound So Mr. Morgan started out to buy the St. traffic that his great sources of money would Paul from its board of directors — exactly as buy. He did not want the St. Paul; he wanted a farmer would buy a piece of land he needed the Burlington road, which stretched its 8,300 to add to his farm. The St. Paul directors miles, like a great drag-net, down the Mississippi finally refused to sell. to St. Louis, and across the rich prairies to the west as far as Denver. In the first four months Hill Buys the Burlington of 1901 — together with Charles Steele, of J. P. Morgan & Co.- he bought the Burlington Now, Mr. Hill had never wanted the St. Paul; road for the Great Northern and the Northern he had wanted the Burlington. He differed Pacific. from Mr. Morgan on this point simply because Burlington stock was quoted at about 165 at he was a railroad operator and Morgan was not; the time; it was closely held, and very little and the logic of his railroad property demanded was for sale on the open market. Hill and the Burlington. There was a second necessity Morgan offered, through the directors, $200 for his railroad, equally as urgent as an outlet a share in four-per-cent bonds — a trade that 137 138 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA was quickly taken by the stockholders. There the four per cent upon these bonds and half as was much criticism, at the time, of the much again. high price paid. "In a few years," said Jim Hill, "they will be saying that I stole the The Geometrical Progression of the road." Multimillionaire “Take the Burlington stock at 200 and add it to the bonded debt per mile of the road," he It was a long march of events from the time said, in the Peter Power case, “and it would Jim Hill left the coal-and-wood business in give the average cost of the Burlington about St. Paul, but a perfectly direct and simple one, $42,000 a mile, which was about what it cost once he had obtained possession of the St. us; that is, $10,000 or $12,000 a mile less than Paul & Pacific. Railroads must aggregate; it any of these Granger roads are selling in the is a law of the working of traction machinery market. In other words, the Burlington was as certain as gravity. The strongest road, in the cheapest property altogether." course of time, must inevitably take in its com- There was never doubt of the value of the petitors. And upon the owners of the stock in bargain. The Burlington has from the begin- the successful surviving corporation is focussed ning thrown traffic to the Great Northern and both the control and the profits of the whole the Northern Pacific; its profits have been well aggregation, growing in almost geometrical pro- concealed, but, if necessary, it could have paid gression — two and four and eight times the power and profit with each successive growth. The operation works according to an almost METHOD OF DISTRIBUTING GREAT invariable formula. The American railroads NORTHERN CAPITAL STOCK were built with bonds; beyond a certain speci- INCREASES TO STOCK- fied per cent — four or five or six -- to which HOLDERS they were entitled by their terms, they got ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & MANITOBA no share in the profits of the enterprise. Cash paid in Stock issued When railroads aggregate, it is with bonds, 1879 $15,000,000 again, that they pay for their additions. And 1882 $5,000,000 5,000,000 1888 6,000,000 so, in the successful railroad corporation, all the growing profits are aggregated upon the stock the part of the securities that originally cost little or very frequently nothing, and whose 1890 $2,000,000? $20,000,000 1892 control in the United States has been concen- 10,875,000 1893 5,000,000 5,000,000 trated in the few hands that grasped them at 1898 25,000,0003 opportune times. And, in this way, in forty 1898 years there has arisen the wonderful spectacle 1899 15,000,000 15,000,000 1900 of the growth of the American railroad for- 10,000,000 1901 20,000,000 25,000,000 tunes from nothing to hundreds of millions 1905 25,000,000 25,000,000 of dollars. 1907 60,000,000 60,000,000 Totals $158,875,000 $2 10,000,000 A Billion-Dollar Property Less profit of bond bonus of 1883 9,000,000 And now the little group of men at the cen- ter of the great aggregation had accumulated 149,875,000 an economic power that would have been in- Less ore certificates at $70 conceivable twenty-five years before. Twenty 105,000,000 thousand miles of railroad; a capitalization of Total actual cost $44,875,000 over $900,000,000 outstanding; receipts of 1 Cash payments for bonds, which were later re $110,000,000 a year — all came under their tired means of stock increases. direct control. They had sold much of their 2 $10,000,000 cash was paid in for stock; stock in the Great Northern as time went on; 3,000,000 of this was used to retire $8,000,000 par value of bonds for which stockholders paid but the group still held some $35,000,000 – $6,000,000 in 1888. Net cash payment by stock- nearly thirty per cent of the company's stock holders, $2,000,000. in the spring of 1901; with J. P. Morgan & Co., 3 $15,000,000 cash paid in; was used to pay for they held between $35,000,000 and $40,000,000 bonds sold to stockholders in 1892 for $10,875,000. of the $155,000,000 stock of the Northern * $25,000,000 Great Northern stock exchanged for $20,000,000 St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba; Pacific — about a quarter of the whole. And net stock increase, $5,000,000. through the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern they held the Burlington. GREAT NORTHERN 5,000,000+ 10,000,000 3 JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 139 NET PROFIT ABOVE ALL CHARGES 926 RECORD OF THE “HILL” RAILROAD EXPANSION (Statements at end of fiscal years, June 30. Compiled from Poor's Manual) AVERAGE BONDS MILES STOCKS AND GUARANTEED TOTAL GROSS OPERATED STOCKS CAPITAL EARNINGS 1880 656 $15,000,000 $16,324,900 $31,324,900 $2,885,330 $555,795 1881 702 15,000,000 18,107,700 33,107,700 3,700,852 732,466 1882 15,000,000 18,646,000 33,646,000 6,629,694 1,960,084 1883 1,203 20,000,000 20,791,720 40,791,720 9,090,631 3,381,275 1884 1,378 20,000,000 31,368,000 51,368,000 8,256,868 2,210,677 1885 1,459 20,000,000 32,436,000 52.436,000 7,776,164 2,352,240 1886 1,471 20,000,000 32,336,000 52,336,000 7,321,730 1,654,380 1887 1,739 20,000,000 43,289,977 63,289,977 8,028,448 1,457,591 1888 2,304 20,000,000 55,283,944 75,283,944 9,561,905 1,348,168 1889 2,932 20,000,000 60,985,000 80,985,000 8,586,566 1,089,263 1890 3,000 20,000,000 85,778,900 105,778,900 9,582,931 2,327,090 1891 2,797 20,000,000 86,429,900 106,429,900 10,281,714 1,638,621 1892 2,865 20,000,000 89,149,200 109, 149,200 12,604,128 1,943,476 1893 3,352 20,000,000 123,435,754 143,435,754 13,522,581 2,182,330 1894 3,765 25,000,000 125,080,455 150,080,455 11,345,357 1,083,346 1895 4,374 25,000,000 125,279,355 150,279,355 16,530,425 1,439,508 1896 4,374 25,000,000 125,433,325 150,433,325 19,612,564 2,292,547 1897 4,415 25,000,000 126,141,854 151,141,854 19,436,060 2,457,267 1898 8,828 180,000,000 292,412,854 472,412,854 46,257,262 9,985,344 1899 9,365 230,000,000 259,449,000 489,449,000 51,066,577 12,427,653 1900 9,790 254,000,000 267,579,455 521,579,455 58,932, 107 19,910,360 1901 10,302 255,000,000 274,756, 112 529,756,112 60,911,673 16,797,719 1902 18,484 280,000,000 640,815,982 920,815,982 131,214,982 26,364,013 1903 18,935 280,000,000 656,923,652 936,923,652 149,566,131 35,271,598 1904 19,263 280,000,000 680,071,239 960,071,239 151,810,119 33,551,740 1905 19,599 280,000,000 680,039,585 960,039,585 160,222,010 39,976,759 1906 20,234 305,000,000 675,970,952 980,970,952 186,686,427 45,878,670 1907 20,547 354,272,892 670,524,315 1,024,797,207 206,152,485 45,730,163 Notes: St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba stock placed in bond column from 1890 to retirement in 1899. Great Northern's “proprietary lines” not included in mileage or gross earnings column in years 1891-4. Northern Pacific system included in above figures after 1897. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system included in above figures after 1901. “Surplus” after charges from 1902 on is combined balance after making full allowance of four per cent on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy collateral bond issue. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy stock, being nearly all owned, is not included in the above figures. Dates refer to condition at close of fiscal years - June 30 of each year. Figures of capitalization cover only stocks and bonds outstanding in the hands of the public on those dates. Average miles operated are usually somewhat less than total mileage owned or jointly controlled. The capitalization represents securities in the hands of the public. Taken altogether, it was one of the most back as 1897 that they would better tie up remarkable groups of men ever got together in their property, the Great Northern, so that no- the country - these wise, aggressive Scotch- body else should get hold of it. They did not men and their few later associates. They would now, to be sure, own the whole property, nor have been remarkable if for nothing else than actually half of the stock; but they certainly that they had hung together for all these years, controlled it; and they considered it as much and taken for themselves the natural growth of their property as their houses. Why shouldn't a powerful corporation in a new and expanding they? They had managed it always. A man's country. But they were a group of old men property is his own. This new thing of singling now; it was twenty-five years since they under- out railroads for especial control by the Govern- took their venture with the St. Paul & Pacific. ment they not only did not understand, they It occurred to them that they were about considered it an outrage. Their attitude was exactly like Mr. Morgan's: a man has a right to do what he pleases with his own property. About to Die, We Consolidate So they proposed to tie up their Great Northern stock in a holding company. Living or dead, Lord Strathcona was eighty-one, Mount, the majority vote of their stock should rule the stephen seventy-two, Kennedy seventy-one, and Great Northern Railway. cven Hill was sixty-three, in 1901. It came to When Kennedy proposed the plan, it found Kennedy — always the cautious one as far general favor among the party of old men. to die. 1.40 MOIRA O'NEILL They were a hardy set; Strathcona even now, — an attempt to buy a control of $155,000,000 at ninety, is still vigorously planning enter- of stock in the market.” prises that will occupy him for twenty years to It was the Harriman-Schiff forces hunting come. Yet it was well enough to be safe. They the Northern Pacific and the Burlington. If did not act at once, but in the spring of 1901 they got them, Hill testified, the property of they were about ready to take it up. his associates, who had been with him so long, would be ruined; their plans and management A Sudden Catastrophe would be taken by other hands; and the whole structure would be destroyed. Then suddenly out of a clear sky came a The Old Guard of the Great Northern, and catastrophe. They were in danger of losing their ally, J. Pierpont Morgan, awakened sud- their property in the New York stock market. denly to defend their property in the greatest “Something had occurred,” as Hill said later, financial battle in American history – the “that never had happened in New York before Northern Pacific corner of May 9, 1901. The next article will describe the rise of the Harriman-Schiff railroad alliance out of the Southwest, their battle with Morgan and his allies, and the culmination of the great movement of railroad consolidation throughout the United Staies GRACE FOR LIGHT BY MOIRA O'NEILL WHEN HEN we were little childer we had a quare wee house, Away up in the heather by the head o' Brabla’ burn; The hares we'd see them scootin', an’ we'd hear the crowin' grouse, An' when we'd all be in at night ye'd not get room to turn. The youngest two She'd put to bed, their faces to the wall, An' the lave of us could sit aroun', just anywhere we might; Herself ’ud take the rush-dip an' light it for us all, An' "God be thankèd!” she would say,-"now we have a light.” Then we be to quet the laughin' an' pushin' on the floor, An' think on One who called us to come and be forgiven; Himself 'ud put his pipe down, an’ say the good word more, “May the Lamb o' God lead us all to the Light o' Heaven!” There' a wheen things that used to be an' now has had their day, The nine Glens of Antrim can show ye many a sight; But not the quare wee house where we lived up Brabla' way, Nor a child in all the nine Glens that knows the grace for light. 2.Wladyslaut Bend THE MERRY CHRISTMAS OF GIOVANNA BY AMANDA MATHEWS AUTHOR OF "THE HEART OF AN ORPHAN," ETC. ILLUSTRATIONS BY WLADYSLAW T. BENDA OTHER of my thankful heart, - and the dinner so many courses it was like a Yesterday was Thanksgiving and week of meals tied together. the Principal said in chapel for us I fell awake in the middle of Thankful Night to count our bennyfits up to God. and first believed me to be back in the sylum for That was easy like anything because when he the many girls in white nightys. But when I gave you to me seems like he said “Giovanna, saw those nightys all embroidery and my shiny here is all your bennyfits in one package." bed of brass and one girl to toast marshmallows Our school turkey was big as a little ash barrel on the steam heat I knew the difference and was 141 142 THE MERRY CHRISTMAS OF GIOVANNA ness. glad. Dolly my poet chum now rooms with me must reduce us all to skinnybone.” The other by both our wish. Dolly stood on her bed Eggsloosifs made laughs on her and more pil- making her arms act like the priest's and whis- lows and said no deserts was allright with them pered a speech most out loud to say she had for orfuns' sake. been taken with an idea in her sleep very grand Dolly poeted when she never knew she was even noble. going to. The Eggsloosifs laughed much and whispered "Here! here!” and sat on our beds and floors to “Dear cyclopede of orfun lore, listen and passed chockylet creams. Only one O wont you please to tell us more?" was sleepy and said pickle that idea but the rest So I told how the presents of orfuns are most put shame and pillows on her. I asked “Dolly, times the same for all. You look at your pres- is it a new poem?" and she answered “no butent and then 3 or 4 dozen orfuns hold the better for a poem is just litteryture and this same in their hands and if you let go of it you idea is all true izem." I asked “What's izem can tell no more if it is really that one except Dolly?” but she never explained. She made yours was not broken and the one you now got more speech but low for teachers wake easy. is so. She said there is us pampered darlings of our The Eggsloosifs had serious looks on them doting parents and there's orfuns who are Miss and said all gifts must be different. They sang Fortune's wafes and poor things. Her grand idea to me Dolly's poetry. was for the Eggsloosifs to give the orfuns of the sylum a Christmas like they never dreamed “Dear cyclopede of orfun lore, could be in this world. The girls jumped them- O wont you please to tell us more?".; selves up and danced in their bear feet for glad So I told that if not the same then orfun of my chum's noble idea and I never loved presents must be already busted prettys of rich- Eggsloosifs quite so hard as that minute. In my sylum Christmas one time I got a Dolly put me in her speech to name me cyclo- doll like I prayed by my bed very beautiful ex- pede of orfun lore who must understand their cept she missed one foot and one hand and one habits and for me to all times speak up. eye and a crack in her cheek. I tried to think One girl said the orfuns could use her tree the onto her all that was missed but I never could so next day after the day after Christmas. I said I played instead how she had been whaled by a did they truly want the cyclopede of orfun lore cruel father but was now a whole and adopt to speak up? They answered “Yes, lay on by me to love better for her misseds and whales. mack duff." I shook some in my bed but lay Dolly hugged me and all promised no gifts on like they said and explained how orfuns must must be busted and sang Dolly's poetry at me be ever grateful for trees but all years to have again to speak up more. Christmas not on the hollyday but after other I answered “This next is too much for orfuns persons have finished tastes like cold potatoes but O the ache I usto have in me for a present to their souls. tied in tisshoe paper with a red ribbon! I ached The girls said this must be no cold potato and ached and ached for that like a pain to take Christmas. They decided to beg their parents medicine with a spoon for cure.” to sellybrate their presents at home Christmas All exclaimed tisshoe paper with red ribbon Eve and to let them eat early Christmas Day so must be wrapped round the gifts like for relay- as to fetch the orfuns to the school before dark shuns or anybody. and all so promised except one girl that lives I said I must wear my orfun clothes for them far off in the geography. not to see me that usto be orfun now in dress Another girl said “Lets give the orfuns turkey of richness. Dolly made her arms act like 6 dinner before the tree,” but some complained so priests for telling all to wear orfun dress same many relayshuns wait for presents they could as me and look like wholes. The Eggsloosifs not put that much allowance onto orfuns. cried “O lets! lets! lets!” and the girl who lives But an Eggsloosif named Bessie made to far in the geography said she would write her answer “Lets ask the Principal if we have no family to let her stay and have cold potato deserts on our dinners from now to Christmas Christmas at home after all had finished so perhaps she will give us turkey dinner for the she could wear a sylum dress. orfuns." But I said that is no fair because orfuns want The girl of sleepy replied “That is easy now to stare at pretty clothes and not come here to to say when we have just finished mints pie and see like their own selves in the lookinglass. plum pudding and cake and ice cream and Dolly was taken with another idea so big it raisins and nuts all in one Thankful dinner but made her most crazy — that was to put the a month of no deserts would be terrible and pretty clothes on the orfuns' backs to keep. Tady Taw T.Benda - "DOLLY'S GRAND IDEA WAS FOR THE EGGSLOOSIFS TO GIVE THE ORFUNS OF THE SYLUM A CHRISTMAS LIKE THEY NEVER DREAMED COULD BE IN THIS WORLD" 144 THE MERRY CHRISTMAS OF GIOVANNA She asked me how many orfuns and I answered child and rich like anything. Dolly makes little I believed the orfuns to be about the same tacks on their hearts like to say “What is home thickness of Eggsloosifs and she declared one without an orfun?” But her Uncle will ever girl must dress one orfun perhaps not new but answer “When orfun comes in at the door piece good and pretty. flies out of the window” which is a mistake for All got excited and forgot teachers and the Lizzie is not the kind to break the window like Principal opened the door in a keemono. Dolly Dolly's Uncle thinks. disapeared under the blanket but her head was This does not discourage my poet chum. She wrong way round to her feet on the pillow. has a skeem to fix all Christmas night at the The Principal went to look haughty but her tree. The Eggsloosifs will invite their relay- eyes laughed and the girls begged her in which shuns and the halfs their whichever they got she came and they told her all. She said we lefts and the maytrun will company the wholes. might make Christmas for orfuns and econy- Dolly says anybody must give thanks for pres- mize by no deserts for orfun turkey but now ents and never look like it is not the best thing to bed and not catch our deathycolds which they want in the big world so she will give Liz- all so done very happy. zie to her Aunt and Uncle for a present and It is my turn to practice scales on the piano them to Lizzie for a present and all live happy so I will say goodbye, darling bennyfit Mother ever after and three off her list. I tell Dolly a of me. Giovanna. present can be no fair like a lady in our tenny- ment O awful poor and a daygo organist made Angel Christmas present Mother, - a present to her little boy of a sick monkey that We have so much orfun business in this school must all days eat cream and bannannas. Dolly we almost cannot do our practice and lessons. says the cases are different but she will ask the The girls all secured easy the dresses but now Principal so I may be satisfied. have much trouble to find the right orfun which Mother I had to choose the orfun of big fits in the dress. All Saturdays go committys of mouth and little sense because nobody else Eggsloosifs to the sylum for measuringorfuns but could like her looks and ways but I know what just with their guess not to spoil the surprise. feels you have to be that kind no person wants. Dolly begged her dress off an Aunt with a little She is most my size and will fit in my plain girl cousin. It is navy blue silk deckrated with brown rainy dress or my red silk. The Princi- ruffles so her orfun must be 7 like the dress. pal says in chapel “mind your conshents" so I She picked out a whole named Lizzie to fit it asked mine which dress? One conshent says fine so that is not her grief and woe but it comes “Shame Giovanna selfish pig girl, think how of asking Lizzie what she wants for presents and that orfun put her finger to that red silk dress Lizzie begged “O please a Mama and a Papa.” at the sylum the day it was bought and said Dolly has that kind of heart to promise first ‘pretty pretty' and now with that dress on her and then wonder if she can so now she's got to she will be happy up to the sky and believe she anyway and it puts her most crazy. If Lizzie is an angel.” And then another conshent will could just be the pretty kind but her com- speak “Ungrateful one to give away the so pleckshun is pale trimmed with freckles and her beautiful dress of red whistling silk the first teeth are some gone and not grown in yet. Her bought you by your darling Bennyfactor Mother hair is red pigtales. Her nose skwints up a little that whistles all the times of her! What can it but not enough to notice much and she has a whistle to that orfun of big mouth and little good blue eye and a feckshunate dishpishin. sense?” Now Mother what do I make with Dolly names her hair tisshen but the Eggsloosifs those conshents? Our letters must go far so it laugh and say no, plain carrots. They all times will be done before I get your advice to tell what advise Dolly to raffel her off at the tree with conshent I shall mind. tickets but my noble chum will ever answer O if you' could visit me that would be my "Heethen creatures! raffel off your own orfuns Christmas present of the whole world but you if you want to but my Lizzie never do I raffel! say that cannot happen. I will try and not I will find her sootybell parents or adopt her make too much sadness to myself for that be- myself." cause when I am your daughter every day is It's a tight secret only Dolly lets me tell just Christmas for my thinks of you. you she's got the parents of Lizzie all picked but Giovanna. they don't know it yet and Dolly has awful scares to imagine how they will act when the Mother my Christmas heart, - news gets broke on them. It is an Aunt and There stays just your me tonight in this Uncle not the one she begged the dress off of but school of many girls. All the Eggsloosifs selly- another named Winnyfred and John with no brate Christmas Eve at home except her that Milan Benda “THE PRINCIPAL GAVE OUT THE PRIZES WITH MANY CHEERS FROM ALL” lives far in the geography and she went to orfun. The maytrun named me ungrateful to Dolly's tree not to notice homesick aches in her cry but Mother how could Christmas be glad soul like she got simptums. when my surprise was lost? Dolly invited me so hard she most got mad on I usto not think so much of Santa Claus as me not to go but I never could for lonesome. Some to treat richness all times better than Here I have no lonesome but glad instead be- poorness but I learned off a kid on our doorstep cause you said in your preciousest letter of all at the tennyment that there isn't any. So its that this Eve I could know you were writing to no fair to blame a person who never was any- me. Last Christmas I was mixed with many body and I believe a really truly Santa Claus orfuns but felt like sollytude. This Christmas would act like his photograf looks and not I got such company as nobody ever had that forget the stockings of poorness- together we write to each other. Last Christ The s of poorness has the long tale because in mas at the sylum I received a work basket with that minute the maid knocked with a bundle for two spools and thimbel but no surprise for they me. This is my thoughts to open that box. were all on the maytrun's bed when I swept her O! O! O! O! O! O! O! To think you put in room and no names just any basket to whatever prettys for me to give to all the names in my 145 146 THE MERRY CHRISTMAS OF GIOVANNA letters. Dolly will jump and dance at the nug- my hope so how could I think to earn a prize get buckle. Luigi will put a smile on him like except for stupid and faults? anything to see the yellow pipe. O Mother Friday was the last day of this school turn, never before in my long life did I give a present and the Principal gave out the prizes with many to any person. For somebody to look on me cheers from all and her of smartness earned the with present looks that will be my all new joy one for grammar which was a poetry book. At with this first Christmas to be your daughter. last the Principal said there was one more prize In the boxes corner stayed a little package in to decide by vote of all the girls which pupil had tisshoe paper tied with red ribbon. O the teeny got most better in manners by trying hard. gold watch with G on it in pearls and a pearl pin O Mother that prize was given to me and not to fasten it on top of my heart! O Mother it by fair because no other girl here was ever orfun never can be me that usto be orfun Giovanna so I had the head start in backness. I was so to own that watch! It must be a fairy dream scared I almost could not hold out my hand and and I will wake up in the sylum to say "What to walk back to my seat I did not know where a dream I dreamed!” Always your presents it stood with the Eggsloosifs to clap clap their talk to me of you or look at me with your looks hands so much. By and by when I opened the but this watch speaks most of all not to stop package the Principal asked me why I look so in day or night or get tired. I say to it “Little disapointed. I answered “It is very beautiful angel watch she is the Mother of my —” And and never did I earn it but what can my that watch SO smart ticks back “heart, Mother make with a Girl's Memory Book of heart, heart, heart." No other watch could School for a Christmas present?” She ex- be smart like this of pearly G and teeny golden plained that if I wrote it full of memorys for you hands. Mother it would be a piece of real daughter O but it makes me feel twice as dreadful about present same as Dolly's and the musical girl's your Christmas present you won't get from me and her of smartnesses. But it is my grief and for an awful long time like next summer. If woe you will not get it in time for Christmas you are thinking this minute I forgot your because I cannot write in it memorys that are present that is not the true but despare and not to happen yet but must wait till they most wear out my brains that is the true and happen. now what looks like no gift. I have decided to give away my red silk dress I was going to buy you a pretty with the because my Christmas .conshent says “Gio- money you sent for a swetter but the Principal vanna you got such lots and that orfun so said in chapel to take the money of your parents little.” O my little darling watch! It now ticks to buy them gifts what love in that? Give “You got to stop, you got to stop” because the them what costs you effort and self denial. electric will be off in one minute and so good- And she talked more to say never give debty night Darling Mother from little watch and me. presents just because you owe them or hopeful Giovanna. presents to get one back. Dolly raised her hand and asked “What if somebody needs a Mother of my Merry Christmas Heart,- present which they don't want?” The girls The candles are just blown out on the orfun giggled to guess she meant Lizzie. The Prin- tree and I took a pink one not much burnt to cipal replied “Decide that yourself with love put in the teeny silver candlestick Dolly gave and tact. Young ladies you are dismissed to me so I can write to you after electric is off. your classrooms." I believe this candle likes to burn itself up for Dolly says love and tact and the Principal that because it waves round its little flame as and a quarter which fell heads up are all on her if to speak “Giovanna remember me to your side to give Lizzie to her Uncle and Aunt at the Mother.” tree. She made a poem for her parents out The Eggsloosifs all rushed back today quick of her own poetry but I cannot poet for you as possible after their deserts to dress them- Mother because it must fall on one out of the selves orfun style. Such laughs never were sky or its no good. A musical girl dedycated her heard in the real kind. Then came the jenuine parents many staffs full of tunes but I could orfuns and O the looks on them to behold the only make you some scales what are notes up- immitashun orfuns! Thatorfun which usto make stairs and downstairs and that would be no tall her pompydoor with the maps out of her present. A very smart girl in lessons was to geography said if she had known she was invited give her prize if earned which made me worse just to other sylum she never woulda come. despare for many girls shorter in their skirts are The Eggsloosifs took each one her orfun to her longer than me in their grades which must put room and dressed her all sweet and pretty and shame on you and the prize for spelling is past stylish like a girl of richness with two parents. -- uladys Ton T Benda "LIZZIE STEPT CLOSE TILL UNCLE JOHN SAID, WHOSE LITTLE GIRL ARE YOU?'" One orfun said to her Eggsloosif “I thank you Mother when all was finished the orfuns made but keep this dress to your own self because immitashun Eggsloosifs like the Eggsloosifs you look worse poor than me.” And the father made immitashun orfuns - I guess because the of that Eggsloosif is a 1000000air. Eggsloosifs in dress of poorness acted like fixed Mine which was her of big mouth and little grand for a party and the orfuns could not for- sense all times touched the red silk with her get so quick their scroocht down feelings even finger and repeated “My red dress, my red in dress of richness. dress” like my watch ticks and I was glad to see Next was the turkey dinner with the orfuns her love it that hard. in the chairs and the Eggsloosifs to act like maids. Dolly's Lizzie turned not pretty but so Dolly All their swallows could work fine and they were named her quaint and said that was more dis- very satisfied except Lizzie teased to sit be- tinggay. Lizzie asked “Will my new Mama tween her Mama and Papa but Dolly told her like me better in this dress?” And Dolly kissed they were not yet come. her and pinned a card on her “Merry Christmas After turkey dinner all went to the big hall of to dear Aunt Winnyfred and Uncle John from the Christmas tree and there stayed the parents Dolly.” But Lizzie never saw Dolly wring her and relayshuns and whichevers. Dolly looked hands to me on the quiet to show what scares so pityfull for her feelings on Lizzie a kind old she got on herself. man thought she was a jenuine and tried to 147 148 THE MERRY CHRISTMAS OF GIOVANNA give her a dollar in her hand but she explaned “O my Papa don't want me! O my Mama no thank you. don't want me!” The janitor plaved he was Santa Claus and Dolly ran to comfort her but she would take passed the presents and O the joy and surprise no comfort. Aunt Winnyfred stood up and of those orfuns most paralized them. I gave spoke, “Let us go! this is very painful! Dolly mine a doll because her sense is younger than you must be punished!” But Uncle John an- she is and it seemed as if she couldn't hug it swered “Why not take her along and look her enough and I was glad. over? Anyway she said first she was mine." But poor little Lizzie looked like weeps and Aunt Winnyfred talked back “Just because you said to Dolly “Where is my Mama and Papa sat on that side so she came first to you.” So like you promised?” My chum led her pretty Uncle John carried her but Aunt Winnyfred near to her Uncle and Aunt where they sat and held her hand. whispered to Lizzie which they were and ran to The little candle is most gone and so is my first hide behind the tree. Lizzie stept close and merry Christmas but I got plenty of merryness close till Uncle John said “Whose little girl are this time to catch up on all I missed before. you?” and she answered “I am yours, Papa," O Mother what a long chain you started by and the surprise that Uncle had on him was your goodness to me. The Eggsloosifs tied wonderful. Aunt Winnyfred spoke “What some more to that chain by this wonderful nonsents! Run to your Mama, child,” but she surprise on the sylum; Aunt Winnyfred and answered “You are my Mama.” Uncle John made another piece to adopt Lizzie. Uncle John looked on her card and exclaimed And I never did a thing to make it longer but “O) that Dolly!” Aunt Winnyfred explaned perhaps I can some day. That is my wish. to Lizzie how she did not want a little girl and I have just one more minute to say Merry all was mistake. Christmas so with that I will stop my letter. Lizzie got that kind of disapoint which Merry Christmas, Mother! Merry Christmas, hurts so bad you don't cry the first minute and orfuns! Merry Christmas, Eggsloosifs! Merry they thought she was satisfied but she fell herself Christmas, all the people in the big world! down on the floor and her grief and woe were Merry Christmas, dear God up in heaven! dreadfull and she all times talked in her cry Giovanna. Bagn Banda The Adventures of Miss Gregory N: 4 by Perceval Gibbon The Adventure with the Slave Dealer Illustrations by W Hatherell T was high morning when the Kaffir porters, country, chiefly because of his skill in avoiding jogging over a saddle of hill, checked and danger, but partly also because he spoke a fluent cried out at the far sight of the camp; but and recognizable English. The consul, who had evening was at hand before they reached lived most of his life in the tropics, disapproved it. Lazaro, the half-caste interpreter, of globe-trotting for ladies. Miss Gregory's puffed to the front to take stock of it, staring project for a journey of half a year in the un- down over the broken land with lowered brows. known interior seemed to him hardly proper; It lay in a little cup of valley, among those and he felt it due to her family that she should brooding hills that stretch south from Mount not move out of hearing of the English tongue, Irati toward the lost rivers of the heart of Mo- at least. Therefore he had prevailed on her to zambique. The one tent, which proclaimed it accept Lazaro. the habitation of a white man, shone under the “He is said to steal quite a lot," he told her, strong sun like a patch of snow. Lazaro turned while Lazaro shuffled his toes in the sand out- to call the news to his employer in the rear. side the consular veranda and smiled sidelong, "See,” he cried, pointing with a lean dramatic "and perhaps he's not very clean; but think of arm. “I have bring-a you to an Inglez. To- the advantage of having somebody to talk to." night you will have a society.” So Miss Gregory had become Lazaro's master, Lazaro never failed to claim credit for any and had fulfilled the consul's good intentions by piece of good fortune that might occur; he listening to the complacent singsong of his voice waited now to be thanked for leading the across nearly two thousand miles of wilderness. party to this fortunate point. She hastened now to forestall his small talk with His employer came briskly up the last of the a question. slope, and gazed out over the world spread “Do you know whose camp it can be?" she below under the sun — a world crumpled like inquired. paper into naked hills and abrupt valleys. She "It can be anybody," answered Lazaro pleas- nodded briefly. antly,“ but not many. Only three-four white men “I see,” she said. “But what are we stopping come up here — all Inglez, all very bad people.” for?" "How?” demanded Miss Gregory. Lazaro smiled resignedly. “Only to see," he “What you call bolt-from-a-police,” explained answered, and called to the Kaffirs. The party Lazaro blandly. “Ye-es; very bad people.” strung out again on the downward slope, weav : "I see.” Miss Gregory was not at all dis- ing in a ragged line through the rocks and clumps turbed. She had already met the discreet outlaw of aloe, with the red dust puffing up like smoke of the Coast, and had not found him formi- from under their feet. At the rear, Lazaro dable. She was fifty years of age and a woman ranged himself alongside of Miss Gregory to of the world, and her world was wide enough to indulge her with conversation. He had been accommodate human beings of all kinds. She chosen for his post by a British consul down had it in mind that her travels should result in 149 150 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY a book a big book, full of meat, spiced with “Yes," agreed Miss Gregory. "It's dread- character and pungent with real raw life; and in ful.” the meantime she saw all men in the light of He looked like some monstrous child, with possible literary material. Even Lazaro was loose smiles straying upon his large pink face. down in her note-book. He seemed as soft and agreeable as a kitten. From the heights the little camp had seemed He waved the staring Kaffir porters to the fires to lie just below, near enough to shout to; but and the company of his own Kaffirs, and led the there was a day of hard going across rough spurs way for Miss Gregory to the front of his tent, of hill and straggling thickets of aloe and cactus where his folding table stood ready for the even- before Miss Gregory and her party came forth ing meal. He shambled as he walked; there was at last to the cool stillness of the little valley nothing about him that was not vague and in- in which the one tent was pitched. A last nocuous and amiable. tangle of spiked shrubs let them through, and "Never could get used to eating my meals Miss Gregory stepped forth on to short parched off the ground,” he said. “A man must have grass within fifty yards of the tent. The sun was some furniture. So I always carry a table and a already over the hills to the west, and the world chair.” He made a sudden dive into his tent, was beginning to breathe again after its day- and came out again with a collapsed chair in his long torpor of heat. Beyond the tent, cooking- hands. “Have the chair, by the way,” he sug- fires were sending up their thin spires of blue gested, and struggled to open it. smoke; about them, Kaffirs moved babbling, "Oh, please don't bother," begged Miss and a single white man, conspicuous in shirt and Gregory, as he pinched a finger violently in one trousers among their sleek bare bodies, stood of the joints of the ingenious machine. with his back toward her. There seemed to be "It's always like this,” said Smith, looking at some business going forward; his voice sounded her worriedly as he sucked the hurt finger. in curt queries and was answered with obse He let the chair go, and it opened of itself as quious clamor. it fell. He stared at it with a manner of suspi- As Miss Gregory advanced, with Lazaro cion, and pushed it gingerly toward her. “Have beside and a little behind her and the Kaffirs it, anyhow," he said. "Don't waste the beastly straggling in the rear, he turned and caught sight thing, now it is open.” of her. He stared for a moment, as well he He left her and went over to superintend the might, for white women do not come within a erection of her tent, and Miss Gregory, watching month's journey of that part of the world; but him, saw that he possessed in the supreme degree he recovered himself with creditable quickness, the art of commanding Kaffirs. It is by no and came striding to meet her. means a thing that any one can do; men spend “This is capital,” he said —"capital!” and half a lifetime in Africa and are no nearer it at greeted her with a big, wandering hand. the end than they were at the beginning. It is He was a big, fair man, with a deep stoop in a gift more esteemed than virtue and more the shoulders, and a large, mild, absent face. coveted than wealth. Miss Gregory had only His pale-eyes looked through big spectacles with heard of it, up to the present, in the casual talk an effect of simplicity and vagueness; there was of people she met; now she saw it, and recog- about him an indoor, scholarly suggestion, most nized it forthwith. There was nothing of vio- strikingly at variance with the background of lence or menace in the man's speech; he did not scarlet-plumed aloes and hushed, listening even raise his voice. He shambled at large negroes. He beamed in a kindly, preoccupied round about the work, and delivered brief fashion on Miss Gregory. orders in the tones of commonplace speech; and “Saw your camp this morning,” she said. Miss Gregory's weary "boys” tumbled over “Hope we sha’n’t be in the way, you know.” one another in an undreamed-of haste to obey. “In the way?” He waved the idea from him. Even Lazaro — Lazaro, who never worked with “But it's capital, I tell you. So glad to see you. Kaffirs, who had his own “boy" to serve him I'm Smith." and play white man to, who spoke English and Miss Gregory accepted the introduction, and wore a hat - Lazaro was drawn in, too. He imparted her own name. “Not Pirate Smith?” was checked on his way across the grass to she inquired, as an afterthought. "I heard of speak to Miss Gregory. The big, dreamy man Pirate Smith when I was at Chinde." cast him a word over his shoulder, and without He shook his big, fair head. “No,” he said; a protest, without even an answer, Lazaro fell “no connection. I know him, of course. He's to. His reproachful eyes made complaint a shy bird. No. They call me 'Silly Smith,' for through the fresh dusk to Miss Gregory, but some reason. A chap gets all kinds of names the music of his tongue was stilled. It was a out here, you know." beautiful thing to see: Miss Gregory felt that it LTETA ELL VERS! WHAT IS THIS?' DEMANDED MISS GREGORY" 152 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY poor old compensated her in some measure for months meat away,” he advised gravely. “No use spoil- of Lazaro's conversation. ing your knife. I'll chop you off a tender bit.” “Do your boys’ ever disobey you?" she “No, thanks," said Miss Gregory firmly. asked Smith, when he came to tell her that all “No; I've only heard of Pirate Smith. They was ready for her. talk about him a good deal at Chinde. Rather “Disobey?” he repeated. “They never do a ruffian, I should imagine.” anything else. Why?" Silly Smith stared. “A ruffian “I thought you seemed to handle them rather Pirate? Not a bit of it,” he said. "He's not a easily," she answered. gentleman, you know; comes of pretty poor Smith shook his head. “You don't know stock an' all that; but there's no harm in him. 'em,” he said. “But you ought to see old Pirate Not” — he added thoughtfully—“not that you Smith handling niggers. It's like conjuring." could call him an absolute saint, though." In Mozambique the evening redeems the day. "I suppose not,” observed Miss Gregory. While Miss Gregory, in her tent, repaired the She had heard the name spoken at Chinde, and havoc of the march with much cold water and since. It was given as the name of a peculiarly some hoarded eau de Cologne, the daily marvel bloodstained scoundrel. She examined her host achieved itself. There came a breath of wind with fresh attention, as a man of singularly out of the east, and forthwith the world came to tolerant standards. life, like one that springs from sleep to full wake “By the way,” she said, “since we're asking fulness. About the little valley, the bush was questions, are you up here for your health?” suddenly vocal. One heard movements, goings He smiled delightfully, almost gleefully. to and fro, the traffic of small beast life in the “Yes,” he answered confidentially. “Got away undergrowth; a parrot rent the peace with just in time, too. That was luck.” one raucous scream, and launched himself -- It was impossible to connect him with law- a wedge of crude green across the still air. breaking in the picturesque forms that the Even the ground underfoot, baked and cracked Coast affects; one could as easily have imagined with the oppression of the sun, became a theater a murderous baby. And yet, men do not take of minute activities, and insects threaded among to the bush for matters of small moment. Miss the stems of the dry grass. Night came striding Gregory gasped and gave it up. up at the speed of the tropics; and when Miss “There is a man somewhere in Mozambique Gregory, restored and refreshed, came forth whom I had hoped to meet,” she said, abandon- from her tent, the sky was dark overhead and ing her attempt to eat the venison. “His name powdered with bold stars. A lantern on the is Jeal — John Jeal. He was the son of a tenant folding table shed a steady light over the of ours in Kent. Have you heard of him?” preparations for supper. Smith pondered. "Jeal," he repeated. "That It was a curious meal, a meal of highly civi- was his name in England, eh? How long has he lized foods which none the less were character- been out?” istic of the wilderness. There are few things “It would be about ten years,” replied Miss eatable that can not be and are not put into Gregory. “He was a big youth ten years ago, tins and sold on the East Coast of Africa to with very red hair and a squint." those whose memories are fresher than their “A squint, eh? I know somebody like that,” palates. “Silly” Smith produced for his guest said Silly Smith; “but his name's not Jeal. No, pâté de foie gras and lobster, as preliminaries I'm afraid I don't know your man. to the eternal fresh venison one shoots for one's want him particularly?” self. He looked larger and more indeterminate "I merely wanted to see him," explained Miss than ever with the lantern shining on the twin Gregory. “One doesn't like to lose sight of moons of his spectacles; he was a sort of night- people entirely, and I promised old Jeal, his mare of an urbane host. father, to see him if I could. They're very good “By the way," he asked, "I suppose you're yeoman stock, the Jeals; tenants of ours, father not up here for your health? Charmed and son, for two hundred years." to see you, of course, in any case; but I just “Ah,” said Smith, with interest. "And this wondered.”. one's broken adrift? A pity, isn't it?” "I'm traveling,” explained Miss Gregory, It seemed to make him thoughtful. He blun- sawing at the venison on her plate, “seeing the dered back to the subject several times during country; I'm writing a book.” the evening. Silly Smith hastened to show comprehension. “Yeoman stock," he would mumble reflect- “It was your askin' about old Pirate Smith,” ively, and turn his vacant eyes on Miss Gregory. he explained. “That's what made me think “Your man seems like a throw-back, eh? Strain that perhaps -- " He paused. “Better shy that of devil in that family, somewhere.” He would Do you er "MISS GREGORY, SITTING ON HER BED, SURVEYED HER WITH FROWNING SPECULATION" 154 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY shake his head regretfully, as if he, too, had ex- make way. They were gathered about one of perience of the small reliance to be placed in a God's creatures, who crouched on the ground, carefully nurtured tenantry. with a face pressed into helpless hands, and There was a thin moon in the sky when Miss uttered the slow, soul-shaking sobs of anguish Gregory bade him good night and prepared to go she had heard in her tent. Miss Gregory halted to her tent. He shook hands with her uncer- in the middle of a stride and stared. It was a tainly and gave her the lantern for her use. The negro woman, foul with dust; there was blood subject was still on his mind. here and there upon her body, from thrusting “Jeal,” he said, when he had bidden her good through thick bush. She half sat, half lay, in the night,-“Jeal. It's a good name, too. Family center of that circle of men, and the noise of her like that might have mixed its blood as far back sorrow never abated; the last protest of weak- as the Crusaders. And it breaks out in this ness and impotence was eloquent in every line fellow. Pity, isn't it?” of her attitude. It was a slice of tragedy wedged From her pillow in the darkness of her tent, suddenly into the scene. before she fell asleep, Miss Gregory heard the low "What is this?” demanded Miss Gregory. rumble of his meditations as he walked to and Silly Smith mooned benevolently at her side. fro under the paring of moon, and “Pity, too,” “We can't understand much of what she reached her ears more than once. She was too says," he replied; “but her game's pretty plain: tired for her regular nightly exercise with her she's bolted." diary and note-book, and postponed it till the Miss Gregory stared at him, understanding morning. It was obvious that Silly Smith must nothing. “Bolted — from where?” she asked. go down in black and white in that copious At the sound of her voice, the forlorn creature record of Miss Gregory's experiences; she saw on the ground looked up. Her face — the pa- precious humanity in him for the book that was thetic mask of the negro, framed to be void and to come. Africa has always its novelties; but foolish—was alight with a sort of passion, hope, even Africa is not fertile in men who combine and servility joined together. She looked from the appearance of a university don with — so the silent circle of staring black men to the one far as Miss Gregory could gather the dark other woman. past of a villain of melodrama. Silly Smith waved an uncertain hand to the “Character," murmured Miss Gregory to large east. herself. “Character is what one wants in a “She's run from somewhere over there,” he book of travels.” said. “Got away in the night, you know. She And it was upon that note she closed her eyes. doesn't seem to have been chained or anything,” She was awakened in the chill of early morn Miss Gregory's lips parted. “A slave?" she ing by the noise of voices near her tent - a asked, scarcely above a whisper. babbling of Kaffirs, and now and again the soft, "Well”- Smith seemed to shy at the plain brief remarks of Smith. Also, there was another word. “You can call it that, you know. There's sound, which struck persistently through the probably a train of 'em being marched north- mingled voices and lifted her sharply to her east, and we don't want trouble with 'em. Now, elbow - the sound of weeping. She listened do we?” acutely and made sure that she was not mis "Trouble?" repeated Miss Gregory. The taken: some one was sobbing brokenly near at crouching woman's face strained toward her. hand, with a quality of abandonment in the “What do you mean trouble?" sound at which Miss Gregory exclaimed shortly The big, mild-looking man smiled down at his and bundled herself out of bed. The dawn chill fingers. made her shiver, and she dressed in haste; she “Oh, I meant trouble,” he answered. “If came out to the open with a long cloak shroud- some one were to come after her, and found her ing her. here, you'd know what trouble stands for. I Smith and the Kaffirs were grouped near the was just telling her to be a good girl and clear fires, and the former turned round as she ap- out.” proached. The woman shifted and crawled a foot nearer “Cold, isn't it?" he remarked. Miss Gregory's feet. That lady stood for per- “Yes,” said Miss Gregory. “I thought – haps ten seconds in thought. In the back- I'm sure I heard some one crying just now.” ground, the yellow Lazaro, shivering in the keen Silly Smith nodded. “I shouldn't wonder," air, pursed his pliant lips disapprovingly. Silly he said. “You see, a woman has just got into Smith fidgeted and smiled and picked at his. camp and nails. Miss Gregory stepped round him as he stood “Very well,” said Miss Gregory, at last. The before her, and the ring of Kaffirs opened out to hushed Kaffirs pricked their ears at the sound of "HE LAUGHED OUTRIGHT, AND ROSE FROM THE TABLE” her voice; they knew the ring of decision. "If light had been flashed upon him and removed; she's fit to travel, I'll take her with me at once. that instant's illumination showed a fell power And if not - under the man's mask of manner. It lasted Silly Smith dropped from his smiling reverie. only while one might draw breath; then he "Ah! And if not?” he inquired. smiled sheepishly again. "Perhaps, in that case, you'd better move “Oh, I don't think I want to shift, you know," your camp beyond the reach of trouble,” he answered. suggested Miss Gregory. Miss Gregory nodded; she was his equal in His eye met hers, and for the moment his gaze resolution. She turned from him and stooped was steady and full of calculation. It was as if a to the woman. At the touch of her hands, the er - 155 156 ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY THE broken creature drew a short gasp; one could the table equipment with jerking haste. Silly see how the revulsion of relief rent her. She Smith had come out of his tent and was looking closed her eyes and her head drooped; then, with on agreeably. her race's instinct of obedience, she rose totter “Young woman doing nicely?” he asked, with ingly and went with Miss Gregory to her tent. heavy politeness. "Yes? That's good. But Silly Smith watched the canvas flap fall be- it's a mistake, you know — a mistake. Like hind them, and spat meditatively. His wander- giving soup and blankets to another man's ten- ing eye seemed to appeal to earth and heaven antry. Bad form, bad form. You don't mind for an explanation; but, when it rested upon the me tellin' you?" Kaffirs, their staring group dispersed forthwith. Miss Gregory seated herself opposite to him. The illumination that had enlightened Miss “Yes, I'll take a little whiskey, please," she Gregory was an old story for them. said. “I never was remarkable for good form, In her tent, Miss Gregory, eager to ease the Mr. Smith, and soup and blankets are things trembling woman, found herself baffled by the of the past in my part of the world. When is the fact that the poor creature had no needs beyond trouble you spoke of due to arrive?” rest and security. She seemed young; her limbs "Oh, any time,” said Smith; "any time. If were of that splendid black-brown which ripens you hear any shooting, you'll know it's here. under the equator; the muscles rippled in smooth The wonder to me is that it hasn't started yet. waves under the sleek skin. It was a comely They've had time enough to follow her up by animal and little more. The sorrowful negro now.” face, so formed for grotesque passions, fell back Miss Gregory's face set grimly. She had her to vacancy and the exterior shape of content as moments of magnificence, and this was one the woman let herself sink on the rug which Miss of them. Smith peered at her short-sightedly Gregory spread for her. She would not eat; through his spectacles, and there was no token rest was the first of her requirements; and there of wavering in her. was a flash of perfect teeth as she looked con “I thought the slave trade had been put an tentedly up to her protector and turned to sleep. end to," was all she answered. In five minutes she was breathing like a child, "It has," said Smith. “There's hardly any, and Miss Gregory, sitting on her bed, surveyed really — not a dozen trips in a year. The her with frowning speculation. There had been markets are too far away, you see. You could no gratitude, no tears, nothing fervent or count the fellows who go in for it on the fingers moving; the runaway slave was in safe-keeping of one hand, and they've all got their own special again, free from responsibility and the dangers customers.” He held up a plump freckled of independence, and could now sleep in peace. hand. “Let me see,” he said. “There's King "It wasn't from slavery she ran,” reflected Miss Jim — he's one; there's a Turk they call ‘Turkey Gregory. "Perhaps it was from the particular Gall'— he's two; there's old Pirate Smith slaver.” And, while these reflections were fresh “The man you were talking of?” asked Miss in her mind, she reached for her note-book and Gregory. proceeded to perpetuate them. “Yes; that's the chap I mean.” He smiled as The woman slept immovably, taking her fill he spoke; Miss Gregory wondered why. "Well, of rest after a night of desperate flight. It was that's all I can think of at the moment, but there past noon when Miss Gregory stepped across her are a couple more. They're a rough lot. I body and went out again. She had missed really think I'd turn that girl out, if I were you.” her breakfast, and had no intention of letting her “Oh, no,” said Miss Gregory. “Oh, dear me, host off the obligation of serving her with lunch- no. She's not going to be turned out. Please No one who knew Miss Gregory would let that be quite clear. I need to be able to have expected it; and Silly Smith, who had look my countrymen in the face; and that girl known her for upward of twelve hours, made no goes with me.” mistake in this respect. The folding table was He laughed outright, and rose from the table. laid, with the folding chair at one end and an up-. "Sure?” he asked. ended whiskey-case at the other. Lazaro was "Quite sure," she replied. placing knives and forks in position when she “Right,” he said, and shouted to Lazaro. He arrived. He showed the whites of his eyes at her. had still his studious droop, his soft and supple “Not go away to-day, Missis?” he asked appearance, but there was a new briskness in quickly, in a whisper. Miss Gregory shook her him which warned Miss Gregory. She rose 'to head. “This Inglez very bad man,” sighed her feet as Lazaro came running. Lazaro. “Very bad, Missis; very rude. Better "Sorry to disappoint you," smiled Smith we go away." to her; "but you must let me have my way He stopped there, and resumed the placing of in this." eon. "SILLY SMITH WRITHED IN RESPONSE TO A SICKENING KICK" He spoke shortly to Lazaro in the native Smith say I mus' make you. Please - please tongue, pointing at Miss Gregory, and then to stop still!” strode over the grass toward her tent. At the “Let me pass at once,” commanded Miss wave of his hand, his Kaffirs flocked after him. Gregory. Miss Gregory made to go, too; but Lazaro, dan Smith was at her tent door, and she pushed cing in front of her in a nervous agony, stopped Lazaro from her. But he, with a last appeal to her with outspread arms. her to “please stop still,” laid hold of her jacket “ Missis, Missis!" he cried beseechingly. and hauled her back. She turned on him, flam- “Please — please to stop still. Meester Seely ing; but he only shut his terrified eyes and hung 157 158 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY on desperately. Miss Gregory struggled, but pact as water spouts when a stone is thrown into it was no use: Lazaro was more afraid of Smith a pool, the whirl of his blows, and the epic fall than of anything else in the world; he obeyed his of Silly Smith. orders and held her back. “Jeal's my name," floated across to her, in She ceased to struggle; the purposelessness of the tones of fury. “Call me 'Pirate' again if it disgusted her. you dare!" And the form of Silly Smith writhed “Very well, Lazaro,” she said. “We will have in response to a sickening kick. “I'll ‘Pirate' a reckoning by and by; but now I will sit down." you, you dog!” He was only too glad to let her. She had seen Presently Miss Gregory, with her composure Smith enter her tent with a couple of Kaffirs, quite restored, sauntered across the grass. Jeal and had heard the woman's short cry as they eyed her sheepishly, at an atrocious angle; Silly roused her. She turned to take her chair again, Smith sat up and blinked. but stood rooted. “Thank you, Jeal,” she said. “That was just At the moment of her turning there had what I wanted. But I suppose I ought to be stepped forth from the fringe of the bush a tall moving now. Mr. Smith will be glad to see the white man bearing a rifle in the crook of his last of us.” arm, and she stood now face to face with him. Smith, seated on the ground, rubbed himself “White man” is the term, but this man was thoughtfully. red -- red and ardent, from the flame-colored "Oh, don't think that," he begged, settling hair under his hat to the great, cruel hands of his spectacles on his nose. His vague, benev- him - a man tinted like fire. He was no less olent smile returned. “Now, if only old Turkey startled than she; he stared at her out of hard, Gall was to turn up, we could make up a hand narrow eyes that squinted evilly. He was big at bridge.” and limber and dangerous, potent and threaten Jeal scowled and his foot drew back. Silly ing in every aspect. Miss Gregory took a quick Smith, still smiling, edged, sitting, out of range. step toward him. “Good old soup and blankets,” he murmured. "Why, Jeal!” she cried. “Don't you know “The tenants are grateful, bless 'em!” me, Jeal? Don't you know me — Miss Gregory Miss Gregory turned to Jeal. “What you - from the Hall?” want, Jeal, is a holiday,” she said. “You ought The man gave ground with a motion like a to go back to Kent for a year. Do you no end stagger, and the blankness of mere amaze swept of good. Your father's getting old." over his face. "Is he, Miss?” Jeal squinted more than ever “Miss Gregory," he repeated. “Well, if this in his embarrassment. “I 'ope the Squire's ain't-" He paused, still gaping, and put a keeping 'is ’ealth, Miss?" hand to his hat. "Well, miss," he said in a “My brother? Yes, thanks. Now, there's hard, matter-of-fact voice, “if this don't beat just one thing more I want you to do for me, cock-fightin'!” and then we'll pack up and move." Miss Gregory put a hand on his arm. "Jeal," “Yes, Miss," said Jeal. "Anything you like." she said, “look.” Miss Gregory smiled graciously, and beck- Across the parched grass, Smith was coming oned to Lazaro. He came at top speed, though forth from her tent, thrusting the Kaffir girl manifestly anxious. before him by the nape of the neck. Jeal looked "Lazaro," said his mistress, "I'm not pleased with all his little eyes. with you. Now go with this gentleman and get "That's my tent, Jeal," said Miss Gregory a good beating, while the Kaffirs break camp." urgently, “and he's taking that woman to drive Come on, Lazarus,” said Jeal genially. And her into the bush. Don't let him, Jeal.” Lazaro went. A beating was bad, - as it “Eh?” Jeal needed a second or so to under- proved, - but it was better than disobeying stand. “Your tent, Miss? Right.” the man who squinted. It was as if she had touched the button that let Silly Smith, benevolent and dreamy, bade loose the waiting forces of a machine. Jeal dis- Miss Gregory good-by at the edge of the clearing. charged himself from under her hands like some “Good luck,” he said, with his big pink face sentient projectile, brushing past Lazaro with an wavering above her. “Wonderful how the old impetus that sent that faithful servant spinning. feudal spirit crops up, isn't it? Breed 'em care- Miss Gregory sat down deliberately. She fully for three hundred years, give 'em tracts had good nerves, but the last few minutes had for their morals and pills for their digestion, and been full of stress, and it was as a confused and old Pirate Sm — Jeal, I mean a man like blurred picture that she saw Jeal's arrival in the Jeal is the result. Pity, isn't it? Good-by.” midst of Smith's grouping, the scattering force He waved his hand to the scowling Jeal, and of his charge, the Kaffirs spouting from his im- stood smiling till the bush closed behind them. GOLDWIN SMITH'S REMINISCENCES 111 RECOLLECTIONS OF GREAT ENGLISHMEN P ARTLY by my connection with Peel's Quarrel with Lord George Bentinck journalism, partly by my Eton and social connections, I was led to in It was currently reported, and the belief has timacy with some public men, with found a place in Froude's Biography of Disraeli, the Peelite circle at first, and after- that Peel wanted to send Disraeli a challenge wards with Bright, Cobden, and the Manchester for something said by him in the Corn Law de- school. Peel himself was always the object of bates. Peel did want to send a challenge, and my political allegiance. I saw in him a states- for something said in the Corn Law debates; but man, in his later days at all events, above party, it was not to Disraeli — it was to Lord George who sought and studied with singleness of heart Bentinck. The Duke of Newcastle, who was the good of the whole nation; and, though I had asked by Peel to carry the challenge, told me less respect for some venerable institutions than the story. he had, I recognised his wisdom in preferring We were talking about our contemporaries at administrative reform, which he steadfastly Eton and Oxford. This led to mention of Sid- pursued, to organic change. Beyond doubt, he ney Herbert and a reference to a false charge had the confidence not only of the majority but against Peel of having abused Sidney Herbert's of the most intelligent and respectable part of confidence in him. The Duke said that no one the nation. His fall before an unprincipled would be less likely to be guilty of such a thing coalition of Protectionist Tories, office-seeking than Peel, who was so sensitive about his rela- Whigs, English Radicals, and Irish enemies of tion to his friends that, for aspersing it, he had the Union had increased my feeling in his favor. wanted to send a challenge to Lord George Of Peel I saw nothing. When I went to Lon- Bentinck. The Duke proceeded to say that don he had fallen from office not from power: after the debate, when the House was up, Peel he was still at the head of the House of Com- had asked him to wait while he wrote the cus- mons and of the country. Greville says truly tomary letter to the Queen, then took his arm that he would have been elected Prime Minister and walked with him towards his own house in by an overwhelming majority. Soon after- Hyde Park Gardens, saying by the way that wards he was killed by a fall from his horse. Bentinck's language had been an aspersion on He was a good shot, but a bad horseman, having his honour and the Duke must carry a challenge. a loose seat. Care was supposed to be taken in The Duke remonstrated. Peel insisted. They buying horses for him on that account; yet the walked to and fro till workmen began to pass on horse that killed him had been offered for sale to their way to work. Peel was then persuaded my father and other fox-hunters in our neigh- to go to bed, the Duke promising speedily to bourhood, and had been rejected for its trick of return. Returning, the Duke found Peel still bucking and kicking. Our neighbour at Morti- resolved to send the challenge; but at length mer, Sir Paul Hunter, met Peel riding in the consideration for what the Duke pleaded would park, recognised his horse, actually turned to be the feelings of the Queen, in case of serious warn him, but, fearing to intrude, abstained. consequences, prevailed. The horse probably played its usual trick Having heard the story, I naturally asked how threw Peel over its head; and he, falling with it was that Peel felt so much a blow of Lord the reins in his hand, pulled down the horse George Bentinck's bludgeon, when he showed upon him. The horse with his knee broke such indifference to Disraeli's poniard, of which the rider's rib, drove it into his lungs, and thus, he once only stooped to take cursory notice. like the mole whose mole-hill killed William The Duke's answer was that, calling at Peel's III., played a part in history. house on his way to the House of Commons, he 159 160 REMINISCENCES OF GREAT ENGLISHMEN had been shown by Peel, who took it from his Gladstone by saying that he was a "sophistical bag, a letter from Disraeli asking place. That rhetorician intoxicated with the exuberance of he had ever asked Peel for place Disraeli in the his own verbosity,” the ridicule turned on House of Commons denied. The letter which himself. proves that he lied is now published by Mr. Disraeli's strong point as a speaker was per- Charles Parker, and most abject it is. sonal attack, apart from which he was apt to be The Duke gave me the fact with full liberty heavy. I heard him at the time of the Mutiny to use it. I took a note of it from his lips. But make a highly laboured speech on the Indian I was also cognisant of it in another way, Peel's question, which evidently wearied and partly correspondence having been opened to me by cleared the House. Even as a novelist he in- his literary executors for the purpose of a pro- dulges in personal attack, though when he jected Life. My inspection of the correspond- comes to deal with Lord Hertford his own ence was confidential, and I felt bound not to sycophancy betrays itself and he shows a strong embarrass the literary executors, especially contrast to the free hand of Thackeray. His when Peel had himself shown so much delicacy "Letters of Runnymede” are an extravagant on the subject. It is not unlikely that the letter imitation of Junius. He says to Russell, who was before him in Peel's bag when Disraeli's had given him no provocation: falsehood was told. Thus the fact remained A miniature Mokanna, you are now exhaling upon unknown until, after a long delay caused by the constitution of your country, which you once various accidents, Peel's correspondence saw the eulogised, and its great fortunes, of which you light. To me, however, it was well known what once were proud, all that long-hoarded venom and the man was who was making his gambling- accumulated in your petty heart and tainted the all those distempered humours that have for years table of my country. I do not feel sure that I current of your mortified life. did right in keeping the secret. Divulged, it might have averted mischief; but Peel had Disraeli's Extravagant Flattery of kept it. Queen Victoria There was one slip in the Duke's narrative. He said that if he would not take the challenge He avowed that he was a flatterer, having, as Peel threatened to apply to Lord Hardinge. he said, found the practice useful. To the Queen Hardinge was then in India. But I found that he “laid it on with a trowel,” and with most he had acted for Peel in an affair with a Colonel satisfactory effect. He once opened a sitting of Mitchell, and to this, no doubt, Peel referred. the Privy Council with an extravagant compli- There was always fire under Peel's snow, and he ment to her as an authoress. He was overheard was of the old school of honour. pandering to her hatred of Garibaldi, and, when she said that she had been told the same things Disraeli — "the Man Who Made a before, said: “Then it must be true, for no one Gaming-table of His Country” would tell your Majesty anything but the truth.” Peel could not give Disraeli place, but his Disraeli had, in reality, no great difficulties reply to him was perfectly courteous, and it to overcome. He was a Jew by descent, but a seems that he encouraged him at his rather baptised Christian. He was married to a rich unfortunate début in the House of Commons by wife. He started in public life as an adventurer, a kindly cheer. Disraeli presently commenced a angling for a seat in Parliament by baits thrown series of laboured attacks on Peel. His object out to both parties, and going through a series at this time was blackmailing, for he protested of transformations in the course of which he had against being ruled out of the party, and a slanging match with O'Connell, who called afterwards asked Graham, Peel's colleague, for him “the lineal representative of the impeni- patronage. The split between Peel and the tent thief.” In his “Letters of Runnymede” he Protectionists opened a grander game. That fawns fulsomely on Peel and scurrilously abuses he had lampooned the Corn Law squires in the Whigs. "Popanilla" did not prevent his flinging him- One part of his Parliamentary strategy was self into their arms and glutting at once his the concoction of little pointed sayings about revenge and his ambition by a series of most the personal peculiarities of his opponents; as intensely venomous attacks on the great when he said of Horsman that he was a “supe- convert to free trade. rior person," and alluded to Hope's “Batavian He was fortunate in the split between Peel grace.” Lord Salisbury was “a master of gibes, and his Protectionists. He was fortunate in flouts, and jeers.” People were weakly afraid finding such a tool as Bentinck, with his of drawing these shafts of ridicule upon them- sporting reputation, his stolidity and violence, selves. When, however, Disraeli tried to kill wherewith to work upon the angry squires. He Courtesy of Funk & Wagnalls DISRAELI IN 1852 From a painting by Sir Francis Grant, P. R. A. was fortunate in finding a patron like Lord part of his friend's game, jettison of Protection. Derby, all-powerful with the Tory and Protec- He was fortunate, again, in having on the throne tionist party, and at the same time not unjustly no longer Prince Albert, who abhorred him, but nicknamed "the Jockey,” with a good deal of Prince Albert's widow, highly receptive of the the turfite in his character, and, though sup- flattery which, to use what was reported as his posed to be a paragon of high principle, not too own expression, he laid on with a trowel. scrupulous to take a leap in the dark with the His cleverness nobody denies. It was shown highest interests of the nation, if thereby he by leading the gentlemen of England out of the could dish the Whigs, of whom, at the time of path of honour. But his whole course was one the Reform Bill, he had been about the most of manoeuvring with a selfish aim. Long as was violent. He was doubly fortunate in the sudden his career, not one good measure of importance death of Bentinck, who was ferociously sincere bears his name. Nor in his speeches is there and would never have consented to the second anything high or noble, anything that can be 161 162 REMINISCENCES OF GREAT ENGLISHMEN . quoted for its sentiment, anything that shows the person attacked cannot repel it without genius, unless it be the genius of the literary seeming to recognise its aptitude. stabber. His elaborate oration on India at the In “Popanilla" will be found clear proof that time of the Mutiny, which I heard, was very Disraeli was not a Protectionist, but a satirist of heavy, and thinned the House. His vindictive- Protection. He took to Protection for the pur- ness was truly Oriental. In his Life of Lord pose of his conspiracy against Peel, with the George Bentinck he still gloats over the recollec- intention of throwing it over, as he did, when tion of Peel rising “confused and suffering” his object had been gained. This programme from his attacks, as he fancied, though it was he could not have carried out if Lord George really pain at the rupture of the tie with party Bentinck had lived, instead of being re- and friends, about which Peel's feeling was in- moved, as he was, just at the right moment, by tense. The passage is interesting, read in a sudden death. Bentinck was an honest fanatic, comparison with Peel's scrupulous delicacy and would never have allowed Disraeli to turn in respecting the confidential letter suing for him round for the purpose of the game. In Ben- place. tinck, who had the character and confidence of the land-owning gentry, which Disraeli lacked, Disraeli Slanders Goldwin Smith in was found the exact tool required by Disraeli. His Novel “Lothair" The charge against Peel of having "murdered” Canning, which Disraeli in his Life of Bentinck It may have been partly by suspicion of my has carefully credited to his “friend,” was Dis- possession of an unpleasant secret that Disraeli raeli's own invention and infused by him into was moved to follow me across the Atlantic and his dupe. Bentinck had been Canning's private try, as he did in “Lothair,” to brand me as “a secretary. It was not likely that he would have social sycophant.” His knowledge of my social followed Peel all those years if he had believed character was not great, for I had only once met him to be the betrayer of Canning, and had he him in society. His allusion to the “Oxford been himself devoted to Canning, as Disraeli professor” who pretends, though was going to the Greville scouts United States the idea. was as trans- At the time parent as if he when Peel de- had used my clared for free name. Had 1 trade, dire dis- been in England, tress prevailed. where my charac- Tens of thou- ter was known, I sands of working- should have let men were out of the attack pass; employment. but I was in a Grass was being strange country, boiled for food. where, made by a Wedding-rings man of note, the were being attack was likely pawned by the to tell. I therefore hundred. In Ire- gave Disraeli the land a terrible lie, and neither famine impended. he nor any of his Yet this Semite, organs ever ven- who had shown tured to repeat that he saw and the calum ny. ridiculed the fal- Surely nothing lacy of Protec- can be more das- tion, as he con- tardly than Courtesy of Funk Ell'ngnalls tinued when Pro- attack on char- tectionism had acter under cover served his turn to of a pseudonym. do, could for his However false own revenge and and malicious the advancement slander may be, coolly play the an FROM A WATER COLOR OF DISRAELI BY A. E, CHALON GOLDWIN SMITH 163 A PORTRAIT OF DISRAELI A FEW YEARS LATER Protectionist have been diffi- game. cult when such a The Conserva- household as I tives who had saw in the domes- stuck to Peel tic chapel at through the Corn Clumber was to Law conflict, and be maintained. though few in These households number were the must have eaten brains of the deeply into the party, included revenues of the Graham, Lord landed aristoc- Aberdeen, Glad- racy of England. stone, the Duke The present of Newcastle, King, * then Dalhousie, Card- Prince of Wales, well, Sidney Her- was at Clumber. bert, and Can- In his honour, a ning. Having banquet was hovered for a time given in the state between the two dining-room, with camps, they ulti- the ancestral des- mately coalesced sert service of and finally fused gold plate, which with the Liberals. did not seem to The six younger me very dazzling members of the Courtesy of Funk & Ilagnalls in its brilliancy. group had been The mayors of not only taken neighbouring into office but towns were in- personally trained vited. Ice to cool by Peel, who was wine had just master of all de- come into fashion. partments and One of the may- was unique in devices to provide the country ors took it for an entrée, got it on his plate, with a succession of statesmen. first tried to cut it, then carried a lump of it My chief political friends of the group were to his mouth with a spoon. A well-trained the Duke of Newcastle and Edward Cardwell. footman, seeing the situation, whipped away The Duke had been, like me, though somewhat the ice, but the Mayor's confidence was shaken before me, in Coleridge's house at Eton, which for the rest of the feast. I have said was a bond. With Newcastle and Cardwell I was very Gladstone Described by His Friend Lord intimate, passing much time and meeting in Selborne as "Morally Insane" teresting people in the houses of both of them. Clumber, the Duke's abode, was in itself very My memories of Gladstone, with whom interesting as a great historic house still full of. I was also very intimate, I will not dwell historic treasures, gifts, some of them gifts of upon here - his almost miraculous powers of Royalty to statesmen of old. Among these was work and speech, his mastery of the art a superb pair of Sèvres vases, the gift of the of framing great measures and carrying them King of France. They had been lent to an ex- through Parliament, his triumphs as a finan- hibition, where one of them was swept in a roll cier, his general though less unchequered merits of cotton off a packing-table and smashed to as a statesman, his virtues, graces of char- pieces, but had been very skilfully put together acter, and piety as a man. Nor need l touch again. The Duke was trying to redeem the upon his weaker points — his liability to self- estate encumbered by the extravagance' of his deception and casuistry, or the violent impul- predecessors, one of w had indulged his siveness and combativeness which hur him pride by buying and tearing down a vast and at last into his Trish policy and made his sumptuous mansion in the neighbourhood, that great friend and admirer, Lord Selborne, de- Clumber might have no rival. But saving must * King Edward VII. was living when this was written, (164 REMINISCENCES OF GREAT ENGLISHMEN scribe him, in a letter to me, as “morally serious misgiving that Gladstone went into the insane." Crimean War. This probably was the real Even in his intellect there was a strange source of his secession from Palmerston's Gov- mixture of weakness with strength. It is difficult ernment. It happened that when he was to believe that the same man can have made meditating that step I was with him, one morn- the budget speeches and written as Gladstone, ing, on business. Our business done, he went in the full light of research and science, wrote on to talk to me, or to himself, about the war in about theology and Homer. His fancy, heated a way that betrayed his intention. He said with political fray, grew wild enough to com- that Russia had offered us the terms originally pare the abolition of the exclusionist Parliament demanded, and that if the Trojans would have of Ireland to the massacre of St. Bartholomew. given back Helen and her possessions, the Greeks In the earlier part of his career Gladstone, I sus- would have raised the siege of Troy. It did not pect, was unconsciously controlled by the gentle occur to him that the terms originally demanded influence of friends such as Cardwell and New- might not satisfy after the expenditure of so castle, both of whom he lost. Of Mr. Morley's much blood, or that when he had roused the Life the first two volumes are historical as well pugnacity of the bulldog it might be difficult to as admirably written; this can hardly be said call him off. of the last. It does credit to Peel's largeness of mind that Criticisms of Gladstone's Public Character he should have recognised and promoted high ability in a character so different from his own. I can hardly attempt here fully to discuss his Gladstone was loyal to Peel, but I do not think character — his public character, of course, I he ever loved him. Peel was an orthodox Prot- mean; for his private character, it need not be estant and Erastian, while Gladstone was a said, was admirable in every way. Labouchere High-Churchman, with Ritualists for his special said that he did not object to Gladstone's having friends, and hankering for reunion with Rome. aces up his sleeve, but he did object to his think- After Peel's death, and when Protection, as ing that the Almighty had put them there. Disraeli said, was “dead and damned,” Glad- Jowett, who always withheld his confidence, stone would have taken the Conservative leader- said something much more severe. Simplicity ship if Disraeli had not stood in the way. Disraeli certainly was not Gladstone's ordinary char- professed his willingness to go, but did not go. acteristic, nor could it be denied that he had a singular power of self-deception. It was the Gladstone's Championship of the general impression that he would have taken the Oppressed Conservative leadership if Disraeli had been out of the way. Having become the Liberal leader, That for which I could never cease to be he threw himself into his part with all the im- grateful to Gladstone was his noble advocacy of petuosity of his nature — persuading himself, the cause of the oppressed; of the cause of the perhaps, that he had long been a Liberal, as he Italians oppressed by Austria and the Bourbons; persuaded himself that he had long been in- of the cause of the Christians oppressed by the clined to Home Rule. It cannot be denied that Turks. Here, at all events, he was perfectly his great Liberal moves, Disestablishment and single-hearted and sincere. His sympathy was Home Rule, coincided, though he might not be with everybody who was struggling to be free. conscious of the coincidence, with the exigencies This it was mainly, I believe, which led him, in of his struggle for power. It has now been pretty the American Warof Secession, to lean to the side well proved that his sudden dissolution of Par- of the South, and, in a not very happy moment, liament in 1874 without consulting his col- to proclaim that Jefferson Davis had made the leagues, which appeared so unaccountable and South a nation. His course gave offence to for a time wrecked his party, was his mode of strong Liberals. It was probably with a view escape from a personal dilemma in which he had to regaining their good opinion that he wrote involved himself by taking the salaried office of one of them a letter saying that if the South Chancellor of the Exchequer without going to were separated from the North he would willingly his constituents for reëlection. I was at Man- see Canada annexed to the North. The avowal chester when the dissolution was announced, would not have satisfied those who desired the and I remember the astonishment and conster- extinction of the slave power, while it might nation which it caused. have embarrassed the writer if he had ever been Archbishop Tait told me that what he most called upon again as Minister to deal with feared in Gladstone was his levity. This may Colonial questions. It was therefore destroyed. seem paradoxical; yet I believe the Archbishop It may safely be said that it was not without was right. That Gladstone's moral aspirations - Copyright by Walker & Cockerell SIR ROBERT PEEL were high cannot be doubted. It is more doubt- which had been given amidst extreme excite- ful whether his sense of responsibility was very ment. When his love of power and his pug- strong. At a dinner-party at which I was pres- nacity were excited, it is questionable whether ent, he came up late from the House. He was in he thought much of anything but victory. the best of spirits and seemed to have nothing on his mind. At last he spoke of the motion of Gladstone Not a Statesman of the which he had just given notice in the House. Highest Class The motion, as afterwards appeared, was one which would have brought the two Houses into That Gladstone was a statesman of the very collision with each other, and the notice of highest class I should find it difficult to believe. 165 166 REMINISCENCES OF GREAT ENGLISHMEN His moves always seemed to be impulses rather in effect, was that the Creator, though un- than parts of a settled plan. In his speeches on scientific, had come remarkably near the truth the extension of the franchise he failed to indi- about his own work and had all but hit upon the cate the polity which he expected to produce, nebular hypothesis. In his Homeric and myth- and talked fallacious commonplace about unit- ological lucubrations there are some things that ing the whole people about their ancient throen. are interesting, but there are others so fantastic If he attacked the Lords, it was not that he had that their publication shakes one's confidence in deliberately made up his mind in favour of a the general wisdom of the man. He once pro- change, but that they came in his way at the pounded to me a Homeric theory which he was moment; and the constitutional doctrines which going to give to the world, founded on a philo- he put forward on that occasion were the angry logical discovery which he supposed himself to fabrication of the hour. His proposal to give have made. I felt sure that the discovery was an Ireland a Parliament of her own, and at the illusion, and tried to convince him of this, with- same time a representation in the United Par- out effect. Just then his brother-in-law, Lord liament which would have enabled her to hold Lyttleton, who was a first-rate classical scholar, the balance of parties and practically to dom- came into the room. He evidently saw the inate there, can hardly be mentioned with matter as I did, yet he allowed himself to be half calmness. talked over, and I suppose the fancy went into As a speaker he was in the highest degree print. Before the publication, Gladstone gave effective, but the effect was produced by his a Homeric dinner to half a dozen scholars, command of the subject, by the ascendency of including Milman and Cornewall Lewis. The his character, by the impressiveness of his man- ostensible object of our meeting was to discuss ner and an admirable voice, rather than by any Gladstone's theories. But of discussion there grace or force of language. He was at his best, was very little. I suspect it was not easy for I think, in expounding a great measure and adverse truths to find access to the Great Man. steering it through the House. He had, as was It was very difficult to convince him by ar- said before, marred the freshness of his style by gument, but I suspect he was more open to overmuch speaking in debating clubs early in infusion. life. His prolixity, which Disraeli called his There was nothing fine or indicative of high verbosity, was not felt by the hearers of his intellect in his face except the fire of the eye. speeches, who were rather struck by his com- The whole frame bespoke nervous energy. mand of perfectly correct language; but it is Gladstone was a first-rate sleeper. At the time greatly felt by his readers. when he was being fiercely attacked for his “We are much better off than you are for a secession from Palmerston's Government, I was leader,” said a Conservative Member of Par- told by a common friend whom I met one liament to a Liberal. “Ours is only an un- evening that he was in a state of extreme ex- principled scoundrel; yours is a dangerous citement. I happened, next morning, to have lunatic." business with him. He went out of the room to fetch a letter, Lady Russell's Answer to the Report of leaving me with Mrs. Gladstone, to whom I Gladstone's Insanity made some remark on the trying nature of his situation. She answered that her husband came Tories were always saying, and half believed, home from the most exciting of the scenes, laid that Gladstone was literally insane, and stories his head upon his pillow, and slept like a child; of his insanity were current. One was that he that if ever he had a bad night he was good for had gone to a toy-shop and ordered its whole nothing the next day, but that this very rarely contents to be sent to his house. I asked Lady happened. Russell whether there could be any foundation Greville's “Journal” has revived the memory for this report. Her answer was: “I begin to of the Peelites; and an article appeared the think there must be, for I have heard it now other day, by the survivor and the most re- every session for several years.” nowned of the group, in which, as a set of men If Gladstone had not, like Brougham, the taking their own course and remaining outside vanity of versatility, he had the propensity in the regular parties, they were designated as “a large measure. It is true that his amazing public nuisance.” One cannot help surmising powers of acquisition enabled him, in a way, that they incurred this severe judgment in some to deal with many subjects. But his writings, measure by their similarity to a set of public enormously voluminous and various, are of men who at the present time are so misguided as little value. His controversy with Huxley about to refuse at the call of a party leader to say Genesis displayed his weakness. His argument, what they think false and to do what they GOLDWIN SMITH 167 think wrong. It is the car of the Caucus “Clemency Canning" and the Sepoy Juggernaut rolling backwards over political Mutiny history. Of Lord Canning I saw something in con- The Men of Peel's Party nection with the Oxford University Reform Bill, with which he was charged in the House of Though I never was in public life, I saw a good Lords, and for the debate on which I was set to deal of some of the Peelites, and from them cram him. He seemed to me, I confess, slow of heard about the rest more than, after the lapse apprehension and somewhat puzzle-headed. It of many years, I can remember. The acquaint- was believed that he was sent to India to get ance of the Duke of Newcastle I made through him out of the Cabinet, where he gave trouble our common tutor at Eton, Edward Coleridge, by his opinionativeness; and everybody shud- who died the other day, and of whom, amidst dered, when the Mutiny broke out, at the the flood of biography, I wonder no memoir has thought that India was in his hands. I was appeared. Coleridge was the Arnold of Eton. dining with Sir Charles Trevelyan, who had He was a very Eton Arnold, it is true; and, as he been head of a college in India, and a chairman was not head master, but only an assistant, his of the East India Company was one of the sphere was rather his own pupil-room than the guests, when news arrived of the capture of school. But in that sphere, and in his own way, Delhi by the Sepoy mutineers. Great was the he did for the very dry bones of education at consternation. It was increased by mistrust of Eton what Arnold did at Rugby. “My Tutor” Lord Canning, then Governor-General. was greatly beloved, as he deserved to be, by These misgivings he nobly belied. He met all his pupils, and the connection always re- the tremendous peril well, and saved the char- mained a bond. It drew together even those acter of the country by keeping control over the who, like the Duke and myself, had not been bloodthirsty frenzy of the dominant race, there- contemporaries at Eton. by earning for himself the epithet, meant as Of Sidney Herbert I did not see so much. He opprobrious, but really glorious, of “Clemency was the model of a high-bred English gentleman Canning.” What the frenzy in India was, and in public life. To the elevation of his character, into what jeopardy it brought the honour of the fully as much as to his powers of mind, he owed Imperial country, may be learned from the his high position, his designation as a Prime letters of the good Lord Elgin and from those Minister that was to be, and the tears'shed over of Russell to the Times. One commander pro- his early grave. He had the advantage of posed impalement. In England also frenzy historic rank and of wealth associated with the reigned, and horrible were the yellings of lit- poetry of Wilton. Of aristocracy he was the erary eunuchs displaying their virility by cries very flower. The special qualities of leadership for blood. Philanthropy itself, in the person of he can hardly be said to have shown, and, Lord Shaftesbury, was carried away so far as though he administered the War Office well, to countenance stories of the mutilation of Eng- I should not suppose that his power of work lishmen by the rebels, which, after bringing on rivalled that which was possessed by some of his a storm of vengeful fury, proved unfounded. associates. He had, however, beneath a quiet We had a terrible lesson on the moral perils of bearing and a slight appearance of aristocratic the Empire. listlessness, plenty of courage and not a little force of character. Disraeli, who hated him as Tutoring the Late King Edward, When He Peel’s “gentleman,” attacked him bitterly, and Was Prince of Wales found that he had better have let him alone. “If a man wishes to see humiliation, let him As professor of history at Oxford I had for look there,” said Sidney Herbert, pointing at a pupil the present King, then Prince of Wales.* Disraeli (who had thrown over Protection) with He was a comely youth, like his mother in face, his finger, beneath which even Disraeli cowered. and with a slight German accent, showing, as he Sidney Herbert was a High-Churchman, and had not been in Germany, that German was Wilton Church shows that the aesthetic element spoken in his domestic circle. His manner was of the school was strong in him. Mr. Gladstone, very engaging and he was thoroughly good- as all the world knows, was a High-Churchman natured. I am sure I bored him when I went to also; so, in a less degree, was the Duke of New- examine him in history. A malicious story was castle; and the combination of political Liberal- current about Prince Albert's death. It was ism with Ritualism may be said to have had its said to have been caused by sleeping in an un- origin in the secession of the Peelites from the aired bed when he had gone down suddenly to Tory party. *This refers, of course, to His late Majesty, King Edward VII. 168 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS Cambridge, where his son then was, to break accosted by a stranger of gentlemanly manner, off a bad engagement. I can say positively that who drew him into conversation about the the story was untrue. I was invited to go with Prince. He said that the Prince was extremely the Prince's party to Canada, but could not amiable, but had not the brains of his brother, leave my Chair. The notion that I wanted any- the Duke of Edinburgh. When the stranger thing in Canada was preposterous. I was hap- went away, some one asked Acland whether pily and perfectly settled for life. The King he knew to whom he had been talking. has always shown a kindly remembrance of his Acland said that he did not. “That was the old preceptor. correspondent of the New York Herald.” My excellent friend Dr. Acland,* the pro- A day or two afterwards the Prince came fessor of medicine, in whose house many a down to breakfast flourishing in his hand a pleasant evening was passed, went with the copy of the New York Herald and saying, Prince to Canada. He was very affable, and not “Acland, I see that you think I am very very guarded. At a ball at Quebec he was amiable, but I have not the brains of my *Afterwards Sir Henry Wentworth Acland-1815-1900. brother Edinburgh." TWO POEMS BY WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS YOUTH AND AGE TH HOUGH leaves are many, the root is one: Through all the lying days of my youth I swayed my leaves and flowers in the sun; Now I may wither into the truth. TO A CERTAIN COUNTRY HOUSE IN TIME OF CHANGE HOW LOW should the world be luckier if this house Where passion and precision have been one Time out of mind became too ruinous To breed the lidless eye that loves the sun And the sweet laughing eagle thoughts that grow Where wings have memory of wings and all That comes of the best knit to the best; although Mean roof-trees were the sturdier for its fall, How should their luck run high enough to reach The gifts that govern men, and after these To gradual Time's last gift a written speech Wrought of high laughter, loveliness, and ease. The Case of Richard Theynell a Serial Ilovel fürs Humphry Wars by, M A FOREWORD man talks of the sin of schism, or draws up schemes of reunion which drop still-born. AY I ask those of my American Meanwhile, alike in the Church, in noncon- readers who are not intimately formity, and in the neutral world which owes acquainted with the conditions formal allegiance to neither, vast movements of English rural and religious of thought have developed in the last hundred life to remember that the dom- years, years as pregnant with the germs of new inant factor in it the factor on which the life as the wonderful hundred years that fol- story of Richard Meynell depends - is the lowed the birth of Christ. Whether the old existence of the State Church, of the great bottles can be adjusted to the new wine, ecclesiastical corporation, the direct heir of whether further division or a new Christian the pre-Reformation church, which owns the unity is to emerge from the strife of tongues, cathedrals and the parish churches, which by whether the ideas of modernism, rife in all right of law speaks for the nation on all na- forms of Christianity, can be accommodated to tional occasions, which crowns and marries and the ancient practices and given a share in the buries the Kings of England, and, through her great material possessions of a State Church; bishops in the House of Lords, exercises a con how individual lives are affected in the passion- stant and important influence on the lawmaking ate struggle of spiritual faiths and practical of the country? This Church possesses half the interests involved in such an attempt; how con- elementary schools, and is the legal religion of science may be enriched by its success or steril- the great public schools which shape the ruling ized by its failure; how the fight itself, ably upper class. She is surrounded with the pres- waged, may strengthen the spiritual elements, tige of centuries, and it is probable that in the power of living and suffering in men and many directions she was never so active or so women — it is with such themes that this story well served by her members as she is at present. attempts to deal. Twenty-two years ago I At the same time, there are great forces of tried a similar subject in “Robert Elsmere." change ahead. Outside the Anglican Church Since then the movement of ideas in religion stands quite half the nation, gathered in the and philosophy has been increasingly rapid various non-conformist bodies — Wesleyan, Con- and fruitful. I am deeply conscious how little gregational, Baptist, Presbyterian, and so on. I may be able to express it. But those who Between them and the Church exists a per- twenty years ago welcomed the earlier book petual warfare, partly of opinion, partly of — and how can I ever forget its reception social difference and jealousy. In every village in America!- may perhaps be drawn once and small town this warfare exists. The non- again to some of the old themes in their new conformist desires to deprive the Church of dress. her worldly and political privileges; the church- MARY A. WARD. 169 10 go in." turned at the summons and dis- “She's been most kind, sir, most attentive, she have," said the postman warmly, his long ULLO, Preston! don't trouble to hatchet face breaking into animation. “Lucky for you!” said the Rector, walking The postman, just guiding his away. “When she cuts in, she's worth a regi- bicycle into the rectory drive, ment of doctors. Good day!” The postman looked after him with an ex- The Rector approached him from pression that was not only friendly, but eagerly, the road, and the postman, diving into his militantly friendly; and, with a murmured ex- letter-bag and into the box of his bicycle, clamation, he mounted his bicycle and rode off. brought out a variety of letters and packages, Meanwhile the Rector passed on through the which he placed in the Rector's hands. gate of the rectory, pausing as he did so with The recipient smiled. a rueful look at the iron gate itself, which was “My word, what a post! I say, Preston, 1 off its hinges and sorely in want of a coat of add to your burdens pretty considerably.” new paint. “It don't matter, sir, I'm sure," said the "Disgraceful!” he said to himself. “Must postman civilly. “There's not a deal of letters have a go at it to-morrow. And at the garden, delivered in this village.” too,” he added, looking round him. “Never “No, we don't trouble pen and ink much in saw such a wilderness!” Upcote Minor," said the Rector; “and it's my He was advancing towards a small gabled belief that half the boys and girls that do learn house of an Early Victorian type, built about to read and write at school make a point of for- 1840 by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, on getting it as soon as they can — for all practical the site of an old clergy-house, of which all purposes, anyway." traces had been ruthlessly effaced. The front "Well, there's a deal of newspapers read garden lying before it was a tangle of old and now, sir, compared to what there was." for the most part ugly trees: elms from which "Newspapers? Yes, I do see a Reynolds' or heavy, decaved branches had recently fallen; a People or two about on Sunday. Do you acacias choked by the ivy which had over- think anybody reads much else than the betting grown them; and a crowded thicket of thorns and the police news, eh, Preston?” and hazels, mingled with three or four large Preston looked a little vacant. His expres- and vigorous though very ancient yews, which sion seemed to say, “And why should they?" seemed to have drunk up for themselves all The Rector, with his arms full of the post, that life from the soil which should have gone smiled again and turned away, looking back, to maintain the ragged or sickly shrubbery. however, to say: The trees also had gradually encroached upon "Wife all right again?” the house, and darkened all the windows on the “Pretty near, sir; but she's had an awful bad porch side. On a summer afternoon the deep time, and the doctor he makes her go careful.” shade they made was welcome enough, but on "Quite right. Has Miss Puttenham been a rainy day the Rector's front garden, with its looking after her?" coarse grass, its few straggling rose-bushes, and 170 MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 171 say its pushing throng of half-dead or funereal trees, velope, which the Rector twirled in his hands a shed a dank and dripping gloom upon the moment without opening. visitor approaching his front door. Of this, “After tea,” he said at last, with the sudden however, the Rector himself was rarely con- breaking of a smile. And he put it on the sofa scious; and to-day, as he with difficulty gath- beside him. ered all the letters and packets taken from the As he spoke the door opened to admit his postman into one hand, while he opened his housekeeper with the tray, to the accompani- front door with the other, his face showed that ment of another orgy of barks. A stout woman the state of his garden had already ceased to in a sunbonnet, with a broad face and no fea- trouble him. tures to speak of, entered. He had no sooner turned the handle of the “I'll be bound you've had no dinner,” she door than a joyous uproar of dogs arose within, said sulkily, as she placed the tea before him and before he had well stepped over the thresh- on a chair cleared with difficulty from some old a leaping trio were upon him — two Irish of the student's litter that filled the room. terriers and a graceful young collie, whose “All the more reason for tea,” said Meynell, rough caresses nearly made him drop his letters. seizing thirstily on the teapot. “And you're “ Down, Jack! Be quiet, you rascals! Be quiet, you rascals! I quite mistaken, Anne. | quite mistaken, Anne. I had a goloptious Anne!” bath-bun at the station.” A woman's voice answered his call: “Much good you'll get out of that!” was the “I'm just bringing the tea, sir.” scornful reply. “You know what Doctor “Any letter for me this afternoon?” Shaw told you about that sort o' goin' on.” “There's a noté on the hall table, sir.” “Never you mind, Anne. What about that The Rector hurried into the sitting-room to painter chap?" the right of the hall, deposited the letters and “Gone home for the week-end.” Mrs. Wellin packets which he held on a small, tumble-down retreated a foot or two and crossed her arms, sofa already littered with books a.id papers, bare to the elbow, in front of her. and returned to the hall table for the letter. The Rector stared. He tore it open, read it with slightly frowning "I thought I had taken him on by the week brows and a mouth that worked unconsciously, to paint my house,” he said at last. then thrust it into his pocket and returned to “So you did. But he said he must see his his sitting-room. missis and hear how his little girl had done in “All right!” he said to himself. “He's got her music exam.” an odd list of ‘aggrieved parishioners’!” Mrs. Wellin delivered this piece of news very The tidings, however, which the letter con- fast and with evident gusto. It might have been tained did not seem to distress him. On the thought she enjoyed inflicting it on her master. contrary, his aspect expressed a singular and The Rector laughed out. cheerful energy as he sat a few moments on the “And this was a man sent me a week ago by sofa, softly whistling to himself and staring at the Birmingham Distress Committee – nine the floor. That he was a person extravagantly weeks out of work — family in the workhouse — beloved by his dogs was clearly shown mean- everything up the spout. Goodness gracious, while by the exuberant attentions and caresses Anne, how did he get the money? Return with which they were now loading him. fare, Birmingham, three-and-ten." He shook them off at last with a friendly “Don't ask me, sir," said the woman in the sun- kick or two, that he might turn to his letters, bonnet. “I don't go pryin' into such trash!” which he sorted and turned over much as an "Is he coming back? Is my house to be epicure studies his menu at the Ritz, and with painted?” asked the Rector helplessly. an equally keen sense of pleasure to come. "Thought he might," said. Anne briefly. A letter from Jena, and another from Berlin, “How kind of him! Music exam-Lord save addressed in small German handwriting and us! And three-and-ten thrown into the gutter on signed by names familiar to students through- a week-end ticket, with seven children to keep, out the world; two or three German reviews, and all your possessions gone to‘my uncle.' And it copies of the Revue Critique and the Revue isn't as though you'd been starving him, Anne!” Chrétienne, a book by Solomon Reinach, and “I wish I hadn't dinnered him as I have three or four French letters, shown by the cross been doin'!” the woman broke out. “But preceding the signatures to be the letters of he'll know the difference next week! And now, priests; a long letter from Oxford, enclosing sir, I suppose you'll be goin' to that place again the proof of an article in a theological review; to-night?” and, finally, a letter sealed with red wax and Anne jerked her thumb behind her over her signed “S. Marcoburg" in a corner of the en- left shoulder. 172 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL “Suppose so, Anne. Can't afford a night touching things with care and gentleness, like nurse, and the wife won't look after him.” one accustomed to the small tools of the writer. “Why don't some one make her?” said At last the Rector threw himself back in his Anne, frowning. chair, while some of the litter on his lap fell to The Rector's face changed. the floor, temporarily dislodging one of the ter- “Better not talk about it, Anne. When a riers, who sat up and looked at him with reproach. woman's been in hell for years, you needn't ex “Now, then!” he said, and reached out for pect her to come out an angel. She won't for- the letter on the mantelpiece. He turned it give him, and she won't nurse him- that's flat." over a moment in his hand, and opened it. “No reason why she should shovel him off It was long, and the reader gave it a close on other people as wants their night's rest. attention. When he had finished it he put it It's takin' advantage — that's what it is." down and thought awhile, then stretched out his "I say, Anne, I must read my letters. And hand for it again and re-read the last paragraph: just light me a bit of fire, there's a good woman. July! ---ugh! -- it might be February." You will, I am sure, realise from all I have said, my In a few minutes the bit of fire was blazing in dear Meynell, that the last thing ! personally wish to do is to interfere with the parochial work of a man the grate, though the windows were still wide for whom I have so warm a respect as I have for you. open; and the Rector, who had had a long I have given you all the latitude I could, but my duty journey that day to take a funeral for a friend, is now plain. Let me have your assurance that you lay back in sybaritic ease, now sipping his tea will refrain from such sermons as that to which I have and now cutting open letters and parcels. The the extraordinary innovations in the services of which drawn your attention, and that you will stop at once letter signed “F. Marcoburg” in the corner the parishioners have complained, and I shall know had been placed, still unopened, on the mantel- how to answer Mr. Barron and to compose this whole difficult matter. piece facing him. Do not, I entreat you, jeopardise The Rector looked at it from time to time; and views which you hold to-day, but which you may the noble work you are doing for the sake of opinions it might have been said by a close observer have abandoned to-morrow. Can you possibly put that he never forgot it; but, all the same, he what you call “the results of criticism"-- and, went on dipping into books and reviews, or remember, these results differ for you, for me, and for a dozen others I could name — in comparison puzzling – with muttered imprecations on the with that work for souls God has given you to do, and German tongue over some of his letters. in which He has so clearly blessed you? A Christian “By Jove! this apocalyptic Messianic busi- pastor is not his own master, and cannot act with the ness is getting interesting. Soon we shall know to the Church and to the flock of Christ; he must freedom of other men. He belongs by his own act where all the Pauline ideas came from — every always have in view the "little ones ” whom he dare man-jack of them! And what matter? Who's not offend. Take time for thought, my dear Meynell, the worse? Is it any less wonderful when we do - and time, above all, for prayer,-- and then let know? The new wine found its bottles ready – me hear from you. You will realise how much and how any sly I think of you. that's all!” Yours always sincerely in Christ, As he sat there he had the aspect of a man F. MARCOBURG. apparently enjoying the comfort of his own fireside. Yet, now that the face was at rest, “Good man true bishop!” said the Rector certain cavernous hollows under the eyes, and to himself, as he again put down the letter; certain lines on the forehead and at the corners but even as he spoke the softness in his face of the mouth, as though graven by some long passed into resolution. He sank once more fatigue, showed themselves disfiguringly. Yet into reverie. the personality on which this fatigue had The stillness, however, was soon broken up. stamped itself was clearly one of remarkable A step was heard outside, and the dogs sprang vigour, physical and mental. A massive head up in excitement. Amid a pandemonium of covered with strong black hair, curly at the noise, the Rector put his head out of the window. brows; eyes greyish blue, small, with some “Is that you, Barron? Come in, old fellow; shade of expression in them which made them come in!” arresting, commanding even; a large nose and A slender figure in a long coat passed the irregular mouth, the lips flexible and kind, the window, the front door opened, and a young chin firm one might have made some such man entered the study. He was dressed in catalogue of Meynell's characteristics; adding orthodox clerical garb, and carried a couple of to them the strength of a broad-chested, loose- books under his arm. limbed frame, made rather, one would have “I came to return ik-se,” he said, placing thought, for country labours than for the vigils of them beside the Rector; "and also — can you the scholar. But the hands were those of a man give me twenty minutes?” of letters - bony and long-fingered, but refined, “Forty, if you want them. Sit down.” E BROCK " • MY DEAR FELLOW! NO WOMAN OUGHT TO MARRY UNDER NINETEEN OR TWENTY'" 174 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL The newcomer turned out various French that's nonsense; it doesn't apply to me. I'm and German books from a dilapidated arm- no general. And I'm not going to be killed!” chair and obeyed. He was a fresh-coloured, Young Barron was silent, while the Rector handsome youth, some ten years younger than prepared a pipe and began upon it; but his Meynell, the typical public school boy in ap- face showed his dissatisfaction. pearance. But his expression was scarcely "I've not said much to father yet about my less harassed than the Rector's. own position,” he resumed; "but, of course, “I expect you have heard from my father,” he guesses. It will be a blow to him,” he added he said abruptly. reluctantly. "I found a letter waiting for me," said Mey The Rector nodded, but without showing any nell, holding up the note he had taken from the particular concern, though his eyes rested hall table on coming in. But he pursued the kindly on his companion. subject no further. “We have come to the fighting,” he repeated, The young man fidgeted a moment. “and fighting means blows. Moreover, the “All one can say is”- he broke out at last — fight is beginning to be equal. Twenty years “that if it had not been my father, it would ago -- in Elsmere's time – a man who held his have been some one else — the Archdeacon, views or mine could only go. Voysey had to probably. The fight was bound to come.” go; Jowett, I am inclined to think, ought to “Of course it was!” The Rector sprang to have gone. But the distribution of the forces, his feet, and, with his hands under his coat- the lie of the field, is now altogether changed. tails and his back to the fire, faced his visitor. I am not going till I am turned out; and there “That's what we're all driving at. Don't be will be others with me. The world wants a miserable about it, dear fellow. I bear your heresy trial, and it is going to get one this father no grudge whatever. He is under orders, time.” as I am. The parleying time is done. It has A laugh — a laugh of excitement and discom- lasted two generations. And now comes war -- fort — escaped the younger man. honourable, necessary war!” “You talk as if the prospect were a pleasant The speaker threw back his head with em- one!” phasis, even with passion. But, almost im “No- but it is inevitable.” mediately, the smile which was the only posi “It will be a hateful business,” Barron went tive beauty of the face obliterated the passion. on impetuously. “My father has a horribly “And don't look so tragic over it! If your strong will; and he will think every means father wins - and as the law stands he can legitimate.” scarcely fail to win - I shall be driven out of “I know. In the Roman Church, what the Upcote. But there will always be a corner Curia could not do by argument they have somewhere for me and my books, and a pulpit done again and again — well, no use to inquire of some sort to prate from.” how! One must be prepared. All I can say is, “Yes; but what about us?” said the new. I know of no skeletons in the cupboard at comer slowly. present; anybody may have my keys!” "Ah!” The Rector's voice took a dry intona He laughed as he spoke, spreading his hands tion. “Yes — well! - you liberals will have to to the blaze, and looking round at his com- take your part and fire your shot some day, of panion. Barron's face in response was a face course fathers or no fathers." of hero-worship, undisguised. Here, plainly, "I didn't mean that. Where shall we be were leader and disciple — pioneering will and when you desert us — leave us to ourselves, docile faith. But it might have been observed without a leader?" that Meynell did nothing to emphasise the "I sha'n't desert you — unless I'm turned personal relation; that, on the contrary, he out.” shrank from it and often tried to put it aside. “No; but you expose „yourself unneces After a few more words, indeed, he resolutely sarily!” said the young man, with vivacity. closed the personal discussion. They fell into “It is not a general's part to do that." talk about certain recent developments of "You're wrong, Stephen. When my father philosophy in England and France-talk that was going out to the campaign in which he was showed them as familiar comrades in the in- killed, my mother said to him, as though she tellectual field, in spite of their difference of were half asking a question, half pleading - 1 age. Barron had but lately left Cambridge for can hear her now, poor darling! —'John, it's a small Trinity living, richly laden with hon- right for a general to keep out of danger?' and ours. Meynell — an old Balliol scholar - bore he smiled and said, “Yes, when it isn't right the marks of Jowett and Caird still deep upon for him to go into it head over ears.' However, him, except, perhaps, for a certain deliberate MRS. 175 HUMPHRY WARD throwing over, here and there, of the typical "To-day — would he have thrown up? - or Oxford tradition — its measure and reticence, would he have held on?" Meynell presently its scholarly balancing of this argument against said, in a tone of reverie, amid the cloud of that. A tone as of one driven to extremities smoke that enveloped him. Then, in another a deep yet never personal exasperation — the voice: "What do you hear of the daughter? poised quiet of a man turning to look a hostile I remember her as a little reddish-haired thing host in the face – again and again these made at her mother's side.” themselves felt through his chat about new in “Miss Puttenham has taken a great fancy fluences in the world of thought Bergson or to her. Hester Fox-Wilson told me she had James, Eucken or Tyrell. seen her there. She liked her." And to this undernote inflections or phrases “H’m!” said the Rector. “Well, if she in the talk of the other seemed to respond. It pleased Hester - critical little minx! --" was as though behind the spoken conversation “You may be sure she'll please me!” said they carried on another unheard. Barron suddenly, flushing deeply. And the unheard presently broke in upon the The Rector looked up, startled. heard. “I say?" "You spoke of Elsmere just now," said Bar Barron cleared his throat. ron, in a moment's pause, and with apparent “I'd better tell you at once, Rector. I got irrelevance. “Did you know that Mrs. Els- Hester's leave yesterday to tell you, when an mere is now staying within a mile of this place? opportunity occurred - you know how fond she Some people named Flaxman have taken is of you. Well, I'm in love with her — head Maudely End, and Mrs. Flaxman is a sister of over ears in love with her — I believe I have Mrs. Elsmere. Mrs. Elsmere and her daughter been since she was a little girl in the school- are going to settle for the summer in the cottage room. And yesterday-she said-she'd marry near Forkèd Pond. Mrs. Elsmere seems to have me some day.” been ill for the first time in her life, and has The young voice betrayed a natural tremor. had to give up some of her work.” Meanwhile, a strange look – a close observer “Mrs. Elsmere!” said Meynell, raising his would have called it a look of consternation eyebrows. “I saw her once twenty years ago had rushed into Meynell's face. He stared at at the New Brotherhood, and have never forgot- Barron, made one or two attempts to speak, ten the vision of her face. She must be almost and at last said abruptly: an old woman." “That'll never do, Stephen that'll never "Miss Puttenham says she is quite beautiful do! You shouldn't have spoken.” still — in a wonderful, severe way. I think she Barron's face showed the wound. never shared Elsmere's opinions?” “But --- Rector!” "Never." "She's too young,” said Meynell, with in- The two fell silent, both minds occupied with creased harshness, "much too young! Hester the same story and the same secret compari- is only seventeen. No girl ought to be pledged sons. Robert Elsmere, the rector of Mure- so early. She ought to have more time — time well, in Surrey, had made a scandal in the to look around her. Promise me, my dear boy, Church, when Meynell was still a lad, by throw- that there shall be nothing irrevocable -- no ing up his orders, under the pressure of New engagement! I should strongly oppose it." Testament criticism, and founding a religious The eyes of the two men met. Barron was brotherhood among London workingmen, for evidently dumb with surprise; but the vivacity the promotion of a simple and commemorative and urgency of Meynell's expression drove him form of Christianity. into speech Elsmere, a man of delicate physique, had “We thought you would have sympathised," died prematurely, worn out by the struggle to he stammered. “After all, what is there so find new foothold for himself and others; but much against it? Hester is, you know, not very something in his personality and in the nature happy at home. I have my living, and some of his effort — some brilliant, tender note — had income of my own independent of my father. kept his memory alive in many hearts. There Supposing he should object —" were many now, however, who thrilled to it, who He would object," said Meynell quickly. could never speak of him without emotion, “And Lady Fox-Wilson would certainly ob- who yet felt very little positive agreement with ject. And so should I. And, as you know, I him. What he had done or tried to do made a am co-guardian of the children with her." kind of landmark in the past; but in the course Then, as the lover quivered under these of time it had begun to seem irrelevant to the barbs, Meynell suddenly recovered himself. present. “My dear fellow! No woman ought to marry 176 MEYNELL THE CASE OF RICHARD under nineteen or twenty. And every girl his knees. “And, as you go out, just tell Anne, ought to have time to look around her. It's will you, to keep herself to herself for an hour not right; it's not just - it isn't, indeed! Put and not to disturb me?" this thing by for a while. You'll lose nothing Stephen Barron moved to the door, and as by it. We'll talk of it again in two years.” he opened it he turned back a moment to look And, drawing his chaiſ nearer to his com- at the man in the chair, and the room in which panion, Meynell fell into a strain of earnest and he sat. It was as if he asked himself by what affectionate entreaty, which presently had a manner of man he had been thus gripped and marked effect on the younger man. His chiv- coerced in a matter so intimate and, to him- alry was appealed to -- his consideration for the self, so vital. girl he loved; and his aspect began to show the Meynell's eyes were already shut. The dogs force of the attack. At last he said gravely: had gathered round him, the collie's nose laid “I'll tell Hester what you say — of course I'll against his knee, the other two guarding his tell her. Naturally we can't marry without feet. All round, the walls were laden with your consent and her mother's. But if Hester books; so were the floor and the furniture. A persists in ‘wishing we should be engaged?” carpenter's bench filled the farther end of the “Long engagements are the deuce!” said the room. Carving tools were scattered on it, and a Rector hotly. "You would be engaged for large piece of wood-carving, half finished, was three years. Madness! — with such a tempera- standing propped against it. Barron, who had ment as Hester’s. My dear Stephen! — be ad- been much abroad and seen many museums, vised — for her and yourself. There is no one knew very well that the carving was not par- who wishes your good more earnestly than I. ticularly good. It was part of some choir But don't let there be any talk of an engage- decoration that Meynell and a class of village ment for at least two years to come. Leave boys were making for the church, where the her free — even if you consider yourself bound. Rector had already carved with his own hand It is følly to suppose that a girl of such marked many of the available surfaces, whether of character knows her own mind at seventeen. stone or wood. There was a curious originality She has all her development to come.” in it, the originality of a man without training, Barron had dropped his head on his hands. with a certain imitative skill and a passionate "I couldn't see anybody else courting her -- love of natural things - leaves and flowers and without birds. But it was full of faults; and there were "Without cutting in; I daresay not,” said many, Barron's father among them, who thought Meynell, with a rather forced laugh. “I'd for- it a mere disfiguring of the church. give you that. But, now, look here." For the rest, the furniture of the room was The two heads drew together again, and Mey- shabby and ugly. The pictures on the walls nell resumed conversation, talking rapidly, in were mostly faded Oxford photographs, or out- a kind, persuasive voice, putting the common lines by Overbeck and Retsch, which had be- sense of the situation - holding out distant longed to Meynell's parents and were tenderly hopes. The young man's face gradually cleared. cherished by him. There were none of the He was of a docile, open temper, and deeply pretty artistic trifles, the signs of travel and attached to his mentor. easy culture, which many a small country vicarage possesses in abundance. Meynell, in At last the Rector sprang up, consulting his spite of his scholar's mastery of half a dozen watch. languages, had never crossed the Channel “I must send you off, and go to sleep. But Barron, lingering at the door, with his eyes on we'll talk of this again.” the form by the fire, knew why. The Rector “Sleep!” exclaimed Barron, astonished. “It's had always been too poor. He had been left just seven o'clock. What are you up to now?” an orphan while still at Balliol, and had had to “There's a drunken fellow in the village - bring up his two younger brothers. He had dying — and his wife won't look after him. So done it. They were both in Canada now, and I have to put in an appearance to-night. Be prospering. But the signs of the struggle were off with you!" on this shabby house, and on this shabby, “I shouldn't wonder if the Flaxmans were frugal, powerfully built man. Yet now he of some use to you in the village,” said Stephen, might have been more at ease; the living, taking up his hat. “They're rich and, they though small, was by no means among the say, very generous.” worst in the diocese. Ah, well! Anne, the "Well, if they'll give me a parish nurse, I'll housekeeper and only servant, knew how the crawl to them,” said the Rector, settling him- money went — and didn't go; and she had self in his chair and putting an old shawl over passed on some of her grievances to Barron. MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 177 They two knew — though Barron would never look at a small gabled house surrounded by a have dared to show his knowledge — what a garden and overhung by a splendid lime-tree. wrestle it meant to get the Rector to spend what Suddenly, as he approached it, the night 'burst was decently necessary on his own food and into fragrance, for a gust of wind shook the clothes; and Anne spent hours of the night in lime-blossoms and flung the scent in Meynell's indignantly guessing at what he spent on the face; while, at the same time, the dim masses clothes and food of other people — mostly, in of roses in the garden sent out their sweetness her opinion, “varmints.” to the passers-by. These things flitted vaguely through the A feeling of pleasure, quick, involuntary, young man's sore mind. Then, in a flash, they passed through his mind — pleasure in the were absorbed in a perception of a wholly thought of what these flowers meant to the owner different kind. The room seemed to him trans- of them. He had a vision of a tall and slender figured - a kind of temple. He thought of woman, no longer young, moving among the the intellectual life that had been lived there; rose-beds with a basket on her arm, a light the passion for truth that had burnt in it; the dress trailing on the grass. The vision brought sermons and books that had been written on with it a sense of grateful affection, of com- those crowded tables; the personality and in- radeship, of quick and generous sympathy. fluence that had been gradually built up within Then, pleasure and sympathy were drowned in it, so that to him, as to many others, the dingy something else — some heavy anxiety — some study was a place of pilgrimage, breathing tragic pitifulness. inspiration; and his heart went out, first in “And she's been happy lately — really discipleship, and then in a pain that was not happy — and at peace,” he thought ruefully. for himself. For over his friend's head he saw "Preston's wife was a godsend. And she loves the gathering of clouds not now to be scattered her work — and her garden. Her only anxiety or dispersed; and who could foretell the course has been for me; she lives in her few friends." of the storm? His eyes lingered on the house. Presently, The young man gently closed the door and as the farther corner of it came into view, he went his way. He need not have left the saw a thinly curtained window with a light house so quietly: the Rector got no sleep inside it, and it seemed to him that he distin- that evening. guished a figure within. “Reading - or embroidering? Probably at 11 her work; she had that commission to finish.' Busy woman!" The church clock of Upcote Minor was just He fell to imagining the little room: the striking nine o'clock as Richard Meynell , a embroidery-frame, the books, and the brindled few hours later than the conversation just cat on the rug, of no particular race or beauty - recorded, shut the rectory gate behind him, for use, not for show, but full of character, like and took his way up the village. its mistress, and, like her, not to be readily The night was cold and gusty. The summer made friends with. this year had forgotten to be balmy, and Mey “How wise of her," he thought, “not to nell, who was an ardent sun-lover, shivered as accept her sister's offer! To keep her little he walked along, buttoning a fuch-worn par- house and her independence. Imagine her, son's coat against the sharp air. Before him prisoned in that house, with that family. Ex- lay the long, straggling street, with its cottages cept for Hester - except for Hester!" and small shops, its post-office and public He smiled sadly to himself, threw a last houses, and its occasional gentlefolks' dwell- troubled look at the little house, and left it ings, now with a Georgian front plumb on the behind him. Before him the village street, street, and now hidden behind walls and trees. with its green and its pond, widened under the It was evidently a large village, almost a coun- scudding sky. Far ahead, about a quarter of a try town, with a considerable variety of life. mile away, among surrounding trees, certain At this hour of the evening most of the houses outlines were visible through the July twilight. were dark, for the labourers had gone to bed. The accustomed eye knew them for the chim- But behind the drawn blinds of the little shops neys of the Fox-Wilsons' house, owned now, there were still lights here and there, and in since the recent death of its master, Sir Ralph the houses of the gentility. Fox-Wilson, by his widow, the sister of the lady The Rector passed the fine Perpendicular with the cat and the embroidery, and mother of church standing back from the road, with its many children, for the most part an unattrac- church-yard about it; and just beyond it he tive brood, peevish and slow-minded like their turned, his pace involuntarily slackening, to father. Hester was the bright, particular star 178 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL in that house, as Stephen Barron had now thought of how little an enemy could find to found out. lay hold on in his history or present existence Alack, alack! The Rector's face resumed seemed almost to bring with it a kind of shame- for a moment the expression of painful or facedness, as for experience irrevocably fore- brooding perplexity it had worn during his con- gone — warm, tumultuous, human experience versation of the afternoon with young Barron among the sinners and sufferers of the world. on the subject of Hester Fox-Wilson. For there are 'odd, mingled moments in the Another light in a window, and a sound of lives of most scholars and saints — like Renan shouting and singing. The “Cowroast” — a with Théophile Gautier — when such men "public" mostly frequented by the miners who inevitably ask themselves whether they have inhabited the northern end of the village - not missed something irreplaceable, the student was evidently doing trade. The Rector did by his learning, the saint by his goodness. not look up as he passed it, but in general he Here now was “Miners' Row.” As the Rec- turned an indulgent eye upon it. Before en- tor approached the cottage of which he was in tering upon the living, he had himself worked search, the clouds lightened in the east, and a for a month as an ordinary miner, in the col- pale moonshine, suffusing the dusk, showed, in liery whose tall chimneys could be seen to the the far distance beyond the village, the hills of east above the village roofs. His body still Fitton Chase, rounded, heathy hills, crowned vividly retained the physical memory of those by giant firs. Meynell looked at them with days — of the aching muscles and the gargan- longing and a sudden realisation of his own tuan thirsts. weariness. A day or two, soon, perhaps a week At last the rows of new-built cottages at- or two, among the fells, with their winds and tached to the colliery came in view on the left; scents about him and their streams in his to the right, a steep hillside heavily wooded, ears — he must allow himself that before the and at the top of it, in the distance, the glim- fight began. mering of a large white house, stately and No. 8. A dim light showed in the upper separate, dominating the village, the church, window. The Rector knocked at the door. A the collieries, and the Fox-Wilsons' plantations. woman opened — a young and sweet-looking The Rector threw a glance at it. It was nurse in her bonnet and long cloak. from that house had come the letter he had “You look pretty done!” exclaimed the Rec- found on his hall table that afternoon, a letter tor. “Has he been giving trouble?” in a handwriting large and impressive, like "Oh, no, sir, not more than usual. It's the the dim house on the hill — the handwriting two of them.” of a man accustomed to command, whether “She won't go to her sister's?" his own ancestral estate, or the collieries that “She won't stir a foot, sir.” had been carved out of its fringe, or the village “Where is she?" spreading humbly at his feet, or the church The nurse pointed to the living-room on her into which he walked on Sunday with heavy left. tread and upright carriage, conscious of his "She scarcely eats anything - a cup of tea threefold dignity as squire, magistrate, and sometimes; and I doubt whether she sleeps church-warden. at all.” "It's my business to fight him!” Meynell “And she won't go to him?" thought, looking at the house, and squaring “If he were dying, and she alone with him in his broad shoulders unconsciously. “It's not the house, I don't believe she'd go near him.” my business to hate him — not at all — rather The Rector stepped in, and asked a few ques- to respect and sympathise with him. I pro- tions as to arrangements for the night. The voke the fight, and I may be thankful to have patient, it seemed, was asleep, in consequence lit on a strong antagonist. What's Stephen of a morphia injection, and likely to remain so afraid of? What can they do? Let 'em try!” for an hour or two. He was dying of an internal A smile, contemptuous and good-humoured, injury inflicted by a fall of rock in the mine crossed the Rector's face. Any angry bigot some ten days before. Surgery had done what determined to rid his parish of a heretical par- it could, but signs of blood-poisoning had ap- son might no doubt be tempted to use other peared, and the man's days were numbered. than legal and theological weapons, if he could The doctor had left written instructions, get them. A heretic with unpaid bills and some which the nurse handed over to Meynell. If hidden vice is scarcely in a position to make certain symptoms appeared, the doctor was to much of his heresy. But the Rector's smile be summoned. But, in all probability, the showed him humorously conscious of an al- man's fine constitution, injured though it had most excessive innocence of private life. The been by drink, would enable him to hold out MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 179 another day or two. And the hideous pain of Forgive him! Ask God to help him to die in the first week had now ceased; mortification peace!” had almost certainly set in, and all that could While he spoke she stood motionless, impas- be done was to wait the slow and sure failure sive. Meynell's voice had beautiful inflections, of the heart. and he spoke with strong feeling. Few persons The nurse took leave. Meynell was iranging whom he so addressed could have remained up his hat in the little passageway, when the unmoved. But Mrs. Bateson only retreated door of the front parlour opened, after being farther into the dreary little parlour, with its unlocked. wool mats and antimacassars, and a tray of Meynell looked around. untasted tea on the table. She passed her "Good evening, Mrs. Bateson. You are tongue round her dry lips to moisten them coming upstairs, I hope, with me?" before she spoke, quite calmly: He spoke gently, but with a quiet authority. “Thank you, sir; thank you. You mean The woman in the doorway shook her head. well. But we must all judge for ourselves. If She was thin and narrow-chested. Her hair there's anything you want I can get for you, was already grey, though she could not have you knock twice on the floor - 1 shall hear been more than thirty-five, and youth and you. But I'm not comin' up.” comeliness had been long since battered from Meynell turned away discouraged, and went her face, partly by misery of mind, partly by upstairs. direct ill usage, of which there were evident In the room above lay the dying man traces. She looked steadily at the Rector. breathing quickly and shallowly under the in- “I'm not going,” she said. “He's nowt to fluence of the drug that had been given him. me. But I'd like to know what the doctor was the nurse had raised him on his pillows, and thinkin' of 'im." the window near him was open. His powerful “The doctor thinks he may live through to- chest was uncovered, and he seemed, even in night and to-morrow night — not much more. his sleep, to be fighting for air. In the twelve He is your husband, Mrs. Bateson, and, what- hours that had elapsed since Meynell had last ever you have against him, you'll be very sorry seen him he had travelled with terrible rapidity afterwards if you don't give him help and com- towards the end. He looked years older than fort in his death. Come up now, I beg of you, in the morning; it was as though some sinister and watch with me. He might die at any hand had been at work on the face, expanding moment." here, contracting there, substituting chaos and And Meynell put out his hand kindly towards nothingness for the living man. the woman standing in the shadow, as though The Rector sat down beside him. The room to lead her. was small and bare – a little strip of carpet But she stepped backward. on the boards, a few chairs, and a little table “I know what I'm about,” she said, breath- with food and nourishment beside the bed. ing quickly. "He made a fule o' me wi' that on the mantelpiece was a large printed card wanton Lizzie Short, an' he near killt me the containing the football fixtures of the winter last morning afore he went. An' i'd been a before. Bateson had once been a fine player. good wife to him for fifteen year, an' never a Of late years, however, his interest had been word between us till that huzzy came along. confined to betting heavily on the various local An' she's got a child by him, an' he must go an' and county matches, and it was to his ill luck throw it in my face that I'd never given him as a gambler no less than to the influence of the one. An' he struck an' cursed me that last flimsy little woman who had led him astray that morning — he wished me dead, he said. An' his moral break-up might be traced. I sat an' prayed God to punish him. An' he A common tale! — yet more tragic than usual. did. The roof came down on him. An' now For the bedroom contained other testimonies he mun die. I've done wi' him - an' she's to the habits of a ruined man. There was a done wi' him. He's made his bed, an' he mun hanging bookcase on the wall, and the Rector lie on it." sitting by the bed could just make out the titles The Rector put up his hand sternly. of the books in the dim light. “Don't, Mrs Bateson! Those are words Mill, Huxley, a reprint of Tom Paine, various you'll repent when you yourself come to die. books by Blatchford, the sixpenny editions of He has sinned towards you — but, remember! “Literature and Dogma” and Renan's "Life he's a young man still, in the prime of life. of Christ,” some popular science, volumes of He has suffered horribly, and he has only a few Browning and Ruskin, and a group of well- hours or days to live. He has asked for you al- thumbed books on the birds of West Cumbria ready to-day; he is sure to ask for you to-night. the little collection, hardly earned and, to judge 180 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL from its appearance, diligently read, showed with the utmost vigour through all the stages that its owner had been a man of intelligence. prescribed by ecclesiastical law. The Rector looked from it to the figure in the But it was, rather, some earlier letters from bed with a pang at his heart. the same hand — letters more familiar, inti- mate, and discursive — that ultimately held All was still in the little cottage. Through the Rector's thoughts as he kept his watch. the open window the Rector could see fold For in those letters were contained almost all after fold of the chase stretching north and the objections that a sensitive mind and heart west above the village. The moorland ridges had had to grapple with before determining shone clear under the moon, now bare, or on the course to which the Rector of Upcote scantily plumed by gaunt trees, and now was now committed. They were the voice of clothed in a dense blackness of wood. Meynell, the "adversary,” the “accuser.” Crude or who knew every yard of the great heath, and conventional as the form of the argument loved it well, felt himself lifted there in spirit might be, it yet represented the “powers and as he looked. The bunchberries must just principalities” to be reckoned with. If the be ripening on the high ground — nestling Rector's conscience could not sustain him scarlet and white amid their glossy leaves; and, against it, he was henceforth a dishonest and among them and beside them, the taller, slender unhappy man; and when his lawyers had bilberries, golden green; the exquisite grasses failed to protect him against its practical re- of the heath, pale pink and silver and purple, sult - as they must no doubt fail — he would swaying in the winds, clothing acre after acre be a dispossessed priest. with a beauty beyond the looms of men; the “What discipline in life or what comfort in purple heather and the ling flushing towards death can such a faith as yours bring to any its bloom; and the free-limbed scattered birch- human soul? Do, I beg of you, ask yourself trees, strongly scrawled against the sky. The this question. If the great miracles of the Creed scurry of the clouds over the purple sweeps of are not true, what have you to give the wretched moor, the beat of the wind, and then, suddenly, and the sinful? Ought you not, in common pools of fragrant air sun-steeped — he drew in human charity, to make way for one who can the thought of it all as he might have drunk offer the consolations, utter the warnings, or the moorland breeze itself, with a thrill of hold out the heavenly hopes from which you pleasure, which passed at once into a movement are debarred ?” of soul. “My God my God!” The Rector fixed his gaze upon the sick man. No other words imagined or needed. Only a It was as though the question of the letter were leap of the heart, natural, habitual, instinctive, put to him through those parched lips. And, from the imagined beauty of the heath to the as he looked, Bateson opened his eyes. Eternal Fountain of all beauty. “Be that you, Rector?” he said in a clear The hand of the dying man made a faint voice. rustling with the sheet. Meynell, checked, re "I've been sitting up with you, Bateson. buked almost, by the slight sound, bent his Can you take a little brandy and milk, do you eyes again on the sleeper, and, leaning forward, think?" tried to meditate and pray. But to-night he The patient submitted, and the Rector, found it hard. He realised anew his physical with a tender and skilful touch, made him and mental fatigue, and a certain confused comfortable on his pillows and smoothed the clamour of thought, strangely persistent behind bedclothes. the more external experience alike of body and "Where's my wife?” he said presently, look- mind, like the murmur of a distant sea heard ing round the room. from far inland, as the bond and background of “She's sleeping downstairs." all lesser sounds. “I want her to come up.” The phrases of the letter he had found on the “Better not ask her. She seems ill and hall table recurred to him whether he would tired.” or no. They were mainly legal and technical, The sick man smiled a slight and scornful intimating that an application had been made smile. to the Bishop of Markborough to issue a com “She'll ha' time enough presently to be tired. mission of enquiry into certain charges made You go an' ask her." by parishioners of Upcote Minor against the “I'd rather not leave you, Bateson. You're Rector of the parish. The writer of the letter very ill.” was one of the applicants, and gave notice of “Then take that stick there, an' rap on the his intention to prosecute the charges named floor. She'll hear tha fast enough." MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 181 The Rector hesitated, but only for a mo- Rector, never mind. Sit tha down mebbe ment. He took the stick and rapped. you'd be wantin' to say a prayer. You're Almost immediately the sound of a turning welcome; I reckon it'll do me no harm.” key was heard through the small, thinly built His lips parted in a smile -- a smile of satire. cottage. The door below opened, and footsteps But his brows frowned, and his eyes were still came up the stairs. But before they reached alive and bright, only now, as the watcher the landing the sound ceased. The two men thought, with anger. listened in vain. Meynell hesitated. “You go an' tell her as I'm sorry I knocked “I will say the church prayers, if you wish it, her aboot,” said Bateson eagerly. “An' she Bateson; of course I will say them.” can see for hersen as I can't aggravate her no “But I doan't believe in 'em,” said the sick more wi’ the other woman." He raised him- man, smiling again, “an' you doan't believe in self on his elbow, staring into the Rector's face. 'em, noather, if folk say true! Don't tha be "I'm done for -- tell her that." vexed — I'm not sayin' it to cheek tha. But “Shall I tell her also — that you love her? Mr. Barron, ee says ee'll make tha give up. and you want her love?” Ee's been goin'roun' the village, talkin' to “Aye,” said Bateson, nodding, with the same folk. I doan't care about that-an'a've never bright stare into Meynell's eyes. “Aye!" been one o' your men,- not pious-enough, be a Meynell made him drink a little more brandy, long way,—but I'd like to hear now as I and then he went out to the person standing can't do tha no harm, Rector, now as I'm goin', motionless on the stairs. an' you cawn't deny me what tha does really “What did you want, sir?” said Mrs. Bate- believe? Will tha tell me?” son, under her breath. He turned, open-eyed, impulsive, intelligent, “Mrs. Bateson he begs you to come to as he had always been in life. him! He's sorry for his conduct - he says you The Rector started. The inward challenge can see for yourself that he can't wrong you had taken voice. any more. Come – and be merciful!” "Certainly I will tell you, if it will help you — The woman paused. The Rector could see if you're strong enough.” the shiver of her thin shoulders under her print Bateson . waved his hand contemptuously. dress. Then she turned and quietly descended “I feel as strong as onything. That sup o' the cottage stairway. Half way down, she brandy has put some grit in me. Give me some looked up. Thank tha. . . . Dost tha believe in “Tell him I should do him nowt but harm. God, Rector?” her voice trembled for the first time His whimsical, half-teasing, yet at bottom "I doan't bear him malice; I hope he'll not anxious look touched Meynell strangely. suffer. But I'm not comin'.” "With all my life--and with all my strength!" “Wait a moment, Mrs. Bateson! I was to Meynell's gaze was fixed intently on his tell you that, in spite of all, he loved you questioner. The night-light in the basin on the and he wanted your love.” farther side of the room threw the strong fea- She shook her head. tures into shadowy relief, illumining the yearn- "It's no good talkin' that way. It'll mebbe ing kindliness of the eyes. use up his strength. Tell him I'd have got “What made tha believe in him?" Lizzie Short to come an' nurse 'im, if I could. “My own life — my own struggles — and It's her place. But he knows as she an' her sins — and sufferings," said Meynell, stooping man flitted a fortnight sen, an' theer's no towards the sick man, and speaking each word address.” with an intensity behind which lay much that And she disappeared. But at the foot of the could never be known to his questioner. “A stairs — standing unseen - she said in her good man put it once in this way: 'There is usual tone: something in me that asks something of me.' "If there was a cup o' tea I could bring you, If a man wants to be filthy, or drunken, or sir — or anythin'?” cruel, the something within asks of him to be, Meynell, distressed and indignant, did not instead, pure and sober and kind. And perhaps answer. He returned to the sick-room. Bate- he denies the something, refuses and tramples son looked up as the Rector bent once more on it again and again. And then the joy in his over the bed. life dies out, and the world turns to dust and "She'll not coom?" he said in a faint voice of ashes. Every time that he says no to the voice, surprise. Well, that's a queer thing. She he is less happy -- he has less power of being wasn't used to be a tough 'un. I could ’most happy. And the voice itself dies away — and make her do what I wanted. Well, never mind, death comes. But suppose he turns to the more. יין 182 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL voice and says, 'Lead me I follow!' And “Stop me if I tire you,” he said at last. "I suppose he obeys, like a child stumbling. Then, don't know if I can make it plain; but to me, every time he stretches and bends his poor Bateson, there are two worlds that every man weak will so as to give it what it asks, there is is concerned with. There is this world of every- a strange joy; and the joy grows and grows. day life – work and business, sleeping and It asks him to love to love men and women, talking, eating and drinking — that you and I not with lust, but with pure love; and as he have been living in; and there is another world, obeys, as he loves, he knows — he knows that within it and alongside of it, that we know when it is God asking, and that God has come to him we are quiet — when we listen to our own and abides with him.” hearts, and follow that voice I spoke of just "Tha'rt talkin' riddles, Rector!” now. Jesus Christ called that other world the "No. Ask yourself. When you fell into sin kingdom of God - and those who dwell in it with that woman, did nothing speak to you, the children of God. Love is the king of that nothing try to stop you?" world, and the law of it,- Love, which is God. The bright, half-mocking eyes below Mey- But different men, different races of men, give nell's wandered a little — wavered in expres- different names to that Love — see it under sion. different shapes. To us — to you and me - it “It was the hot blood in me aye, an’ in speaks under the name and form of Jesus her, too. Yo' cawn't help them things." Christ. And so I come to say — so all Chris- “Can't you? When your wife suffered, didn't tians come to say — 'I believe - in Jesus Christ that touch you? Wouldn't you undo it now if our Lord.' For it is his life and his death that you could?" still to-day as they have done for hundreds “Aye — because I'm goin' - doctor says of years — draw men and women into the I'm done for." kingdom - the Kingdom of Love -- and so to “No; well or ill, wouldn't you undo it God. He draws us to Love — and so to God. wouldn't you undo the blows you gave your And in God alone is the soul of man satisfied – wife, the misery you caused her?” satisfied and at rest.” “Mebbe; but I cawn't.” The last words were but just breathed, yet “No – not in my sense or yours. But in they carried with them the whole force of a man. God's sense you can. Turn your heart; ask “That's all very well, Rector. But tha's him to give you love — love to him, who has given up th' Athanasian Creed, and there's been pleading with you all your life — love mony as says tha doesn't hold by t'other to your wife, and your fellow men — love, and creeds. Wilt tha tell me as Jesus were born of a repentance, and faith.” virgin? - or that a got up out o' the grave on Meynell's voice shook. He was in an anguish the third day?" at what seemed to him the weakness, the in The Rector's face, through all its harass, effectiveness of his pleading. softened tenderly. A silence. Then the voice rose again from "If you were a well man, Bateson, we'd talk the bed: of that. But there's only one thing that mat- “Dost tha believe in Jesus Christ, Rector? ters to you now — it's to feel God with you — Mr. Barron he calls tha an infidel. But he to be giving your soul to God.” hasn't read the books you an' I have read. I'll The two men gazed at each other. uphold yer!" “What are tha nursin’ me for, Rector?” said The dying man raised his hand to the book- Bateson abruptly. “A'm nowt to you." shelves beside him with a proud gesture. “For the love of Christ," said Meynell The Rector slowly raised himself. An ex- steadily, taking his hand — “and of you, in pression as of some passion within, trying at Christ. But you mustn't talk. Rest a while.” once to check and to utter itself, became visible There was a silence. The July night was be- on his face in the half light. ginning to pale into dawn. Outside, beyond "It's not books that settle it, Jim. I'll try the nearer fields, the wheels and sheds and the and put it to you — just as I see it myself two great chimneys of the colliery were becom- just in the way it comes to me.” ing plain; the tints and substance of the hills He paused a moment, frowning under the were changing. Dim forms of cattle moved in effort of simplification. The hidden need of the the newly shorn grass; the sound of their chew- dying man seemed to be mysteriously conveyed ing could be faintly heard. to him — the pang of lonely anguish that death Suddenly the dying man raised himself in brings with it, the craving for comfort beneath bed. the apparent scorn of faith, the human cry "I want my wife!” he said imperiously. expressed in this strange catechism. "I tell tha, I want my wife!” MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 183 It was as though the last energy of being had sacrament of love. His own mind was for the thrown itself into the cry — indignant, passion- time being tranquillised. It was as though he ate, protesting. said to himself, “I know that trouble will come Meynell rose. back — I know that doubts and fears will pur- "I will bring her." sue me again; but this hour — this blessing – Bateson gripped his hand. is from God!" “Tell her to mind that cottage at Morden The sun was high in a dewy world, already End — and the night we came home there busy with its first labours of field and mine, first — as married folk. Tell her I'm goin'— when Meynell left the cottage. The church goin' fast." clock was on the stroke of seven. He turned He fell back, panting. Meynell gave him into the church, where a few straggling groups food and medicine. Then he went quickly of men, on their way to the morning shift at downstairs, and knocked at the parlour door. the colliery, had preceded him. When he came After an interval of evident hesitation on the out, he was greeted by many a friendly look part of the occupant of the room, it was re- and nod. It was known that the Rector had luctantly unlocked. Meynell pushed it open been sitting up with Jim Bateson, who was wide. dying. "Mrs. Bateson! come to your husband. He passed down the village street, and He is dying!" reached again the little gabled house which he The woman, deadly white, threw back her had passed the night before. As he approached, head proudly. But Meynell laid a peremptory there was a movement in the garden. A lady hand on her arm. who was walking among the roses, holding up “I command you - in God's name. Come!” her light skirts from the dew, turned and ran A struggle shook her. She yielded sud- towards the gate. denly -- and began to cry. Meynell patted her “Come in! You must be tired out. The on the shoulder as he might have patted a gardener told me he'd seen you about. We've child, said kind, soothing things, gave her her got some coffee ready for you." husband's message, and finally drew her from Meynell looked at the speaker in smiling the room. astonishment. She went upstairs, Meynell following, anxious “What are you up for at this hour?" about the physical result of the meeting, and “Why shouldn't I be up? What's a summer ready to go for the doctor at a moment's notice. morning for? I have a friend with me, and I The door at the top of the stairs was open. want to introduce you.” The dying man lay on his side, gazing towards Miss Puttenham, fresh and tall, in a morning it, and gauntly illumined by the rising light. dress of blue, opened her garden gate and drew The woman went slowly forward, drawn by the in the Rector. Behind her, among the roses, eyes directed upon her. Meynell perceived another lady — a slender “I thowt tha'd come!” said Bateson, with a girl in a broad hat. smile. “Mary!” said Miss Puttenham. She sat down upon the bed, crouching, ema The girl approached. Meynell had an im- ciated, at first motionless and voiceless a pression of mingled charm and reticence as she spectacle little less piteous, little less deathlike, gave him her hand. The eyes were sweet and than the man on the pillows. He still smiled shy — the shyness of strong character rather at her, in a kind of triumph; also silent, but than of mere youth and innocence. his lips trembled. Then, groping, she put out “This is my new friend, Mary Elsmere. her hand her disfigured, toil-worn hand You've heard they're at Forked Pond?” Alice and took his, raising it to her lips. The touch Puttenham repeated, smiling, as she threw her of his flesh seemed to loosen in her the fountains arm round the girl. “I captured her for the of the great deep. She slid to her knees and night, while Mrs. Elsmere went to town. kissed him, enfolding him with her arms, the want you to know each other.” .two murmuring together. "Elsmere's daughter!” thought Meynell, Meynell went out into the dawn. His mys- with a thrill, as he followed the two ladies tical sense had beheld the Lord in that small through the open French window into the little upper room; had seen as it were the sacred dining-room, where the coffee was ready. And hands breaking to those two poor creatures the he could not take his eyes from the young face. 1 TO BE CONTINUED PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK BY MARGUERITE MARKS My dear Mr. McClure: It affords me great pleasure to have you give the readers of your magazine an article about my work, and I can say that I am very much pleased with the manner in which Mrs. Marks has given an account of my studies. There are many bonds, scientific and personal, between me and your country, and I remember with pleasure my trip to America, and the friendship and mental stimulus that I found there. your very hely Strlen L AST year the Rockefeller Institute of the Professor of Pharmacology in Columbia Uni- city of New York granted $10,000 versity, who said in a recent address*: to Professor Paul Ehrlich, to be used "Claude Bernard, Helmholtz, Pasteur, and in scientific investigation in his Ehrlich are the unexcelled prototypes of investi- famous Institute at Frankfurt-on-the- gators of life phenomena in medicine.” And again: Main, Germany. The year before, Professor “At the time when Pasteur was beginning his Ehrlich received the Nobel Prize for medical research on anthrax, a young student at the research. The report of these gifts brought the University of Strassburg, Paul Ehrlich, was name of the German investigator prominently laying the foundations for that uniquely fertile to the attention of the general public; to the and versatile career of medical research which scientific world he had long been known for the has made him the most original and picturesque originality and practical value of his many dis- of living investigators of medical science.” coveries in the field of experimental medicine. It seems well that the life story of a man of But now he has attained world-wide prominence whom such things can be said should be brought through the discovery of a drug which appears more clearly to the attention of the public, in to be a specific and positive cure for syphilis. particular since his latest achievement is of From all over the world doctors and patients are a character to make intimate and personal - flocking to him, and the results already attained appeal to an enormous number of persons in in the eight months that the drug has been used every walk of life. In the following pages the for human syphilis are almost unexampled in full story of the chief discoveries of this remark- the history of medicine. able investigator is told in untechnical language Professor Ehrlich's place in contemporary for the first time. medicine even before the announcement of this * Christian A. Herter: "Imagination and Idealism in the Med- latest triumph may be inferred from the estimate ical Sciences." An address delivered to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, September 23, 1909, at the of so competent a judge as Dr. Christian Herter, opening of the Medical School. 184 PAUL EHRLICH: 185 THE MAN AND HIS WORK Ehrlich an Indifferent College Student throughout the body, nor does it equally affect the different tissues and organs. Paul Ehrlich was born on March 14, 1854, in Thus, to name some familiar instances, mor- Strehlen, in the province of Silesia. His was phine and strychnine affect the nervous system; a family of business men, but already in his digitalis acts on the heart; pilocarpine on the paternal grandfather, who was actively inter- secretory apparatus of the skin; curare on the ested in botany and physics, and who still muscular system, etc. Stated thus, in general lectured on these subjects when ninety years terms, the theory that each tissue has a selected of age, there are to be found distinct traces of affinity for certain drugs is a commonplace of scientific talent. Another distinguished member medical knowledge. But Ehrlich elaborated the of the family was the well-known pathologist, theory till it took on new meanings, as we shall Karl Weigert, who was a cousin of Ehrlich's. see presently; and, by experimenting along the Ehrlich went to school and passed through the line of his theory, he has been able, in two in- “Gymnasium” in Breslau with a mediocre stances at least, to discover drugs that, when record. Then he studied medicine at Breslau, taken into the human system, will destroy cer- Strassburg, Freiburg, and Leipsic. It is unneces- tain virulent disease germs without injuring the sary to mention the names of his professors, body tissues in the midst of which these disease as he studied astonishingly little under any of germs lurk. In so doing he has forecast the them, and, unlike most men, certainly was not probably not distant day when a specific and influenced by them. If Ehrlich was a poor certain remedy for every germ disease to which student at school, he was a worse one at the humanity is heir will be at the service of the University. He cut lectures regularly, and medical profession. spent his time in experimenting and trying to The first work of Ehrlich which attracted work out ideas of his own. His professors seem world-wide attention, and which by itself would to have recognized an unusual talent, for he was have sufficed to place him in the foremost rank left unmolested to do as he pleased. At the end of medical scientists, greatly extended our en- of the five-year term Ehrlich failed to pass his tire knowledge of the cellular elements of the examinations; he remained at the University blood, which forms so important a part of med- another year, during which his research work icine to-day. Up to Ehrlich's time blood had assumed so original and important an aspect been studied only microscopically in its fresh that, on the strength of that, he was graduated. state, and investigators had been able to dis- tinguish the red blood-cells, and several differ- Ehrlich's Life Work a Logical Sequence ent kinds of the white blood-cells, or leucocytes. So-called lymphocytes (one kind of leucocyte) In his university days Ehrlich continually (fig. 1, f) were, for example, distinguished from worked with dye-stuffs, in order to determine these cells possessing granular bodies (fine dust- their effects upon the different tissues of the like particles), which were then given the gen- body, alone and in many combinations. In this eral name of pus-cells. Certain cells with large way he became aware of the fact that different coarse granules, which Ehrlich later named tissues respond in varying ways to the same eosinophiles (fig. 1, d), could also be distinguished dye-stuffs, and this was the origin of that theory from the other granular cells by their light- of the relation between the distribution and breaking properties under the microscope. the chemical constitution and effect of different Ehrlich first made dried preparations of chemical substances, which has followed him blood, using the method that Koch had found throughout his career. In spite of the faet advantageous in staining bacteria. A small that the range of Ehrlich's discoveries spreads drop of blood was spread as thinly as possible over the medical branches of histology, inter upon a thin glass slide; this was allowed to dry nal medicine, pathology, neurology, bacteriology, in the air and then stained. in the air and then stained. Once, quite by pharmacology, chemistry, and studies of the accident, having left some slides lying on an protozoa and immunity, his whole work pre- oven, which was later, without his knowledge, sents a logical sequence. heated, he found the next day, when staining His basic idea, briefly, is this: that each and these preparations, that the cells were colored every type of living cell (and all living organ- much more clearly, and that no amount of isms, whether animal or vegetable, are com- washing in water could remove them from the posed entirely of cells), including bacteria and glass. This surprised him, and in trying to other parasites, has a specific affinity — if you account for it he learned that the oven had please, an individual taste or avidity for some been burning overnight. particular substance. A given drug, when He repeated the experiment, and found that taken into the body, is not equally distributed the heat fixed or hardened the cells, and that the 186 PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK preparations made in this way far surpassed count of the different types of white blood those made by the other method; and no other corpuscles, a new and highly valuable aid in method that has since been tried gives such the diagnosis and differentiation of different satisfactory results. These dried and fixed diseases. To give a simple instance: We know smears he stained with many different kinds of that the white blood corpuscles which Ehrlich dye-stuffs, and found again that different parts termed eosinophiles constitute about two to of the body of the white blood corpuscles showed four per cent of the total number of leucocytes an election for different substances. Some of in normal blood, and that in certain worm the granulations would stain with one dye-stuff, diseases -- for instance, hookworm disease - some with another, showing a distinct difference these particular cells increase to ten per cent in coloring. After experimenting in this way or more. If, therefore, in examining a patient's for a long time, he succeeded in perfecting a blood, eosinophiles are found in large numbers, staining solution which contained three different attention is called immediately to the probable dyes, and which is known as the “Ehrlich tri- presence of these parasites. acid stain," with which he was able to differ To Ehrlich we are indebted also for the simple entiate the normal white blood corpuscles into and precise method of recognizing tubercle five distinct varieties. (See fig. 1.) bacilli when mixed, as they usually are, with other bacteria. Soon after the discovery of the The Constituents of the Blood tubercle bacillus by Koch (whose achievement is the more remarkable as he had at his com- The results of these studies, though highly mand no differential stain), Ehrlich found that, important, are rather technical in character. when once the tubercle bacilli were heavily Briefly, it is shown that certain of the white stained with fuchsine, a red dye-stuff, they did not blood corpuscles originate in the spleen, certain give up the dye as easily as the other bacteria others in the lymphatic system, yet others in when treated with diluted acids. This discovery the marrow of the bones; that the different has been of untold value to all medical investi- types of corpuscles are present in normal blood gators and practitioners, as it has enabled them in very definite proportions; and what is most to be certain in their diagnosis. important that these proportions become disturbed in a definite way under the varying Staining the Living Tissues of Animals conditions of disease. Hence the "blood tests,' with which every one is nowadays more or Ehrlich now sought to determine whether the less familiar, in which observation of a drop selective affinity for different dye-stuffs which of blood under the microscope affords, through dead tissues manifested would be shown also by living tissues. His affirmative expectations were fully justified. On injecting into the blood of a live rabbit the solution of a drug known as methylene blue (a dye-stuff which he in- troduced into the laboratory as a stain for bacteria, and later into therapeutics as a cur- ative agent for malaria), he found that if the animal were killed several hours after the in- jection no trace of the dye-stuff could be found, except throughout the nervous sys- tem, which was colored deeply blue. This 11 3 clinching experiment showed the elective Normal Resistance affinity of different tissues for specific sub- stances in the living animal in the clearest manner, and laid the foundation for the process known as intra-vital staining; it was proved that different cells or tissues can be stained while in the living state if once a dye- stuff is found possessing the necessary affinity. This experiment produced no directly bene- 1 ficial results; yet it laid the foundation for all FIGURE No. 2-DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE RHYTH- modern knowledge of the elective action and MICAL ACTION OF TOXINS The curved line represents the changing resistance of the organism specific affinity of chemicals upon which Pro- to the poison, After each injection resistance is lessened, but fessor Ehrlich's practical triumphs in the con- subsequently rises to successively higher points until very large doses have no poisonous effect quest of disease are based. 24 23 22 21 20 19 Third wet 18 17 16 115 114 13 12 econd Inection ا 10 9 A 7 6 5 3 2 b d e-- FIGURE No. I -BLOOD STAINED WITH EHRLICH'S TRI-ACID STAIN As seen under the microscope, showing red blood corpuscles (a) and different types of white blood corpuscles (b, bi, c, d, e, and f) Ehrlich's Work on Immunity gators, which he called the side-chain theory of immunity. These experiments fortified Professor Ehrlich As a matter of course, Ehrlich's hypothesis in the belief that he was on the right track. He was based on experimental facts. We must now turned his attention to the all-important examine these in some detail before we shall be subject of immunity. The condition of immu- prepared to understand the theoretical explana- nity, as is well known, is that state of an animal tion itself. The first experiments (made in 1891) organism in which it is capable of resisting dis- had to do with rendering mice immune to the ease. It is a purely specific condition; that is deadly effects of certain vegetable poisons. The to say, a person once having had scarlet fever active principles of castor oil and jequirity beans rarely has a second attack; the same is true of (known respectively as ricin and abrin) were measles, yellow fever, smallpox, etc. But im- selected almost at random. These poisons were munity to one of these diseases does not in the fed to mice in very small quantities at first, least protect against the others. and gradually in larger and larger doses. The The general fact that an attack of an acute normal animal could stand only a minimal infectious disease prevents its subject against amount, but one that had been given the grad- future attack had been observed from the ear- ually increasing quantities could stand a dose liest times. Specific knowledge of protective that would kill the normal mouse in a very short inoculation against smallpox dates from the time. In other words, the mice could be made time of Jenner (late eighteenth century); and immune against the ricin and abrin poisons. numberless experiments in recent years had This was not only the first demonstration that extended our knowledge of the problems of animals could be made resistant to vegetable immunity as applied to many contagious dis- poisons, but it was also the first time that any eases. But, as yet, no one had advanced a organism was quantitatively immunized; that plausible hypothesis to explain the phenomena; is, the grade of immunity attained was abso- and without a hypothesis of somewhat tangi- lutely known, as the pure drug was always given ble character an experimenter in any field of in known quantities. The imaginative mind of physical science must grope his way rather Ehrlich found valuable clues to more important darkly. Ehrlich sought and found a hypothesis things in these simple observations. which could and did offer sterling aid in guiding Soon after Behring published his discovery of the experiments of himself and other investi- the diphtheria anti-toxin, Ehrlich was able to 187 188 PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK A to 14. show that the same phenomena occurred here Ehrlich who first believed that this could be as in the case of the immunity produced by done (with his ricin and abrin work as a basis feeding ricin and abrin. for this belief) and who produced the first strong serum. It had, before then, been necessary to How Diphtheria Anti-Toxin is inject large quantites of the anti-toxic serum Manufactured (five to seven ounces) into a child suffering with diphtheria in order to cure it. With Ehrlich's To understand what follows, details of the serum only a fraction of an ounce is necessary. process of manufacture of anti-toxins must be given. If diphtheria bacilli (the cause of diph The Poison Acts Rhythmically theria) are allowed to grow for some days in specially prepared bouillon which is known as While working with these toxins with Brieger, a culture medium, they produce a poison which Ehrlich discovered that the immunity produced remains in this bouillon in solution and can be by the injection of toxins does not continually, separated from the bacilli by pumping the after the first injection, rise above the resistance fluid through a Pasteur filter, which is so which every normal animal possesses. Were fine that it inhibits the passage of all bac- we to picture it, we might say that the process teria. After this filtering, a highly poisonous, of attaining immunity is accomplished in waves. bacteria-free fluid, known as the diphtheria In order simply to illustrate, let us say quite toxin, is left. arbitrarily that the normal resistance of a given The next step is to inject a sufficiently small animal is 10. Immediately after the first in- quantity of this poison into a horse, which then jection, resistance, instead of rising as might be becomes ill, but recovers in a few days. If the expected, will drop, let us say, to 3, and prob- ably remain there for several days, at the end of which it will begin to climb and probably go If another injection is given at this point, the resistance of the animal will fall to 6, but will again rise in a few days, perhaps reach- ing 18; and this course will be followed in all -В the subsequent injections. (See fig. 2.) -R This discovery laid the foundation for the practical technique of immunization. It showed that it is dangerous to inject more poison when the resistance of the animal has fallen c below normal: in other words, a definite period of time must elapse before each successive in- FIGURE No. 3-DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRA. jection. And this is the principle on which rests TION OF EHRLICH'S LOCK-AND-KEY all of our latter-day vaccine therapeutics as THEORY OF CELLULAR ACTION introduced into medicine by Wright of London. The cell C has a receptor, R, which will permit it to take up the particle A, but not the particle B During this work Ehrlich also showed that immunity could be transferred; that is, if the identical quantity were again injected into the mother animal were highly immunized to diph- same horse, it would have no effect; but, as the theria, for example, her young would also be idea is to bring about a high state of resistance, immune; or if young animals from a non-im- a slightly larger dose is given. This process is mune mother were allowed to drink the milk continued until the animal is able to stand tre- of an immune animal, they would also become mendous quantities. A large amount of blood immune. is then drawn from a vein of the horse under the most cleanly (antiseptic) conditions This Standardizing Anti-Toxins is allowed to stand until the blood coagulates, when the clear serum is separated from all the As the diphtheria anti-toxin came more and cells of the blood. more into use, Ehrlich saw the need of estab- This clear serum contains the anti-toxin; and lishing some standard, not only in order to in- it is this which, when injected into a human sure its purity, but also to make it possible, by being suffering with diphtheria, so rapidly having only good serum in use, for a proper cures the disease. idea of its worth to be obtained. After sey- At first the process of injecting the horse was eral years of the most painstaking work, Ehr- not often repeated, as it was not known that a lich finally established a standard which the stronger serum could thus be obtained. It was German government adopted. Practically all 6 5 8 co 3 FIGURES 4 to 9-DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF EHRLICH'S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY The dark bodies represent the particles of a tcxin, each consisting of a so-called haptophore portion, which can combine with the protruding receptor of a cell, and of a toxophore portion, which contains the poison. The successive figures represent the cell as developing receptors in great numbers, until they Noat in the blood and, by combining with the toxic particles, event them from reaching the cell 190 PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK of the other governments have since accepted its strength, he decided to take for a standard the same standard, which is almost everywhere the anti-toxin whose strength he could con- in use to-day. stantly maintain by a method that he devised. Soon after the publication of this method, This standard, like all others, is an arbitrary Ehrlich was given the direction of a government one. Just as the standard meter is kept in institute, founded in Steglitz, near Berlin, Paris, so is the standard anti-toxin kept in especially for the purpose of testing anti-toxins Ehrlich’s laboratory. and for further investigations in this field. On Ehrlich took for his standard a strong anti- account of the rapid growth of this branch of toxic serum of which he had a large quantity. knowledge, it was found necessary in a very short This he dried in bulk in a vacuum, and the time to enlarge the facilities of this institution. dried substance was then transferred to smaller To this end, the Royal Institute for Experi- vacuum tubes in which it keeps indefinitely. mental Therapeutics in Frankfurt-on-the-Main Every two months a small tube of this dried was founded, and Ehrlich was transferred there. standard serum is opened, and dissolved in a Since its foundation the Institute has grown solution of glycerin and salt water, and a sam- until now it contains, under Ehrlich, many ple is sent to all the government laboratories other departments; but, although he himself and serum factories throughout the world. has long since ceased to be personally interested One cubic centimeter (which is known as one in this work, the serum-examination department immunity unit) of this serum solution contains is still the most important; for the factories that sufficient anti-toxin to neutralize (render inef-- produce the serum must pay for its examina- fective) one hundred minimal lethal doses of tion, and by this means this department earns toxin, a minimal lethal dose being the smallest the greater part of the funds that support the quantity which will kill all guinea-pigs of a cer- entire Institute. tain weight within four days. In America the government laboratory which The importance of this standard, which in- has charge of the supervision of anti-toxins can sures not only the purity but also the efficacy of purchase only in the open market samples of all diphtheria anti-toxin throughout the world, anti-toxin, after it has been sold by the factories can hardly be overestimated. In 1906 the di- to the different druggists and pharmacists, and rector of the United States Serum-Testing Lab- possibly after injections have been given to oratory, the Hygienic Laboratory of the Public children, so that, if the serum is impure, harm Health and Marine Hospital Service, Dr. M. J. has already been done. But in Germany, Rosenau, in a publication* explaining Ehrlich's according to the regulations which were sug- normal serum, took occasion to acknowledge the gested by Ehrlich, a government officer is pres- debt of gratitude which humanity owed him ent when the horse is bled, to secure the serum for having devised this standard, and also used in making the anti-toxin. He takes a sam- acknowledged the debt of the American public ple of the anti-toxin and sends it to Ehrlich's to Surgeon-General Walter Wyman for having laboratory. Meanwhile a seal is placed upon had it introduced by law into the United States. the entire remaining quantity of that lot, which is left unbroken until the sample has been ap- Cellular Activities Explained proved by the Institute. It is there tested first for the presence of bacteria, culturally and also All this, it will be observed, is thoroughly by injection into guinea-pigs. This obviates practical work, the results of which are perfectly all danger of bacterial infection. It is then tangible and quite independent of any theo- tested to see that it does not contain too much retical explanation. But an imaginative mind carbolic acid, which the factories are allowed to like that of Professor Ehrlich is bound to seek add, up to one half per cent, in order to prevent the why of the facts it observes. The explana- bacterial contamination. This testing is done tion was found in the new theories to which we by injecting one half cubic centimeter of the have previously referred, and to which we are serum into mice, which can stand only one half now prepared to give specific attention. per cent. Should these mice die, the serum is Almost from the start Professor Ehrlich had rejected. evolved an imaginary picture of the activities Since these sera are sold with a guaranty by of the living cell, and he presently drew imagi- the manufacturer to contain a given number of nary diagrams to illustrate his ideas, ultimately units, they are tested to determine whether the elaborating, with the aid of these diagrams, a guaranty is correct. This is done by means of theory that is exceedingly helpful in explaining a standard serum. Ehrlich first tried to use the the phenomena of immunization. The basal toxin itself as the standard; but as this soon *"The Immunity Unit for Standardizing Diphtheria Anti-Toxin proved to be most unstable, and with time lost Based on Ehrlichs Normal Serum),” Bulletin No. 21, Hygienic , CA -- b... ...a nal FIGURE No. 10-BLOOD CONTAINING THE GERM OF SLEEPING-SICKNESS, AS SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE a, red blood corpuscles ; b, white blood corpuscles ; c, germ of sleeping-sickness idea may be understood if we think of each type receptors of different characters (see Fig. 6), of cells of the living organism (muscle cells, each adapted to receive the atoms of a different nerve cells, gland cells, etc.) as having individ- substance, we begin to grasp the essence of Ehr- ual peculiarities of conformation that make lich's theory. Under normal conditions these it possible or impossible, as the case may be, different receptors make possible the nourish- for various substances floating in the blood to ment of the cell, through the taking in of the combine with them. varied chemical substances that are supplied by Perhaps a familiar illustration may be found the food. Under diseased conditions the recep- if we compare the cells of each set of tissues to tors permit the taking in of sundry noxious a particular type of Yale lock into which only compounds (toxins), to the detriment or de- a particular key will fit. Professor Ehrlich's struction of the cell itself. diagrams present the matter in this tangible light. If, for example, we imagine a cell like C The Side-Chain Theory Developed in Fig. 3 possessing what we may (following Ehrlich) call a “receptor," and we picture two But how explain the fact that a cell which chemical substances (keys, if you will) possess- takes up a poison readily under normal condi- ing different atom groupings A and B, it is ob- tions will finally (when the animal is immune) vious that A will be able to attach itself to the refuse to do so? That was the extension of the cell, but that B cannot do so, because the cell theory to which Ehrlich now turned. A clue is has not the proper receptor to accommodate it. given by the experimental fact which Ehrlich, to In other words, A is a key that fits this particu- his astonishment, discovered while studying the lar lock, but B is a misfit. diphtheria toxin – that, although the property Now, the elaboration of this lock-and-key of combining with the anti-toxin remains always idea seemed to Ehrlich to explain the actions the same, the toxicity or poisonous quality of of the bodily tissues both under normal condi- the toxin itself may become greatly altered. tions and under the influence of disease. For That is, if at a given time a toxin possesses example, the nervous system of the rabbit, in a definite toxicity and can be neutralized by a the early experiments already cited, was stained given quantity of anti-toxin (which is stable), blue by the methylene dye because the nerve and this same toxin is again tested a few months cells had receptors suited to receive and hold later, it is found that it is now, when tested the atoms of that particular substance. Con- alone, very much less toxic (a much larger. trariwise, the other tissues of the rabbit re- amount being needed to kill a guinea-pig in four mained unstained, because their cells were not days), but that to render it ineffective requires provided with this particular type of receptor. the same quantity of anti-toxin as before. If now we further conceive that each cell in Ehrlich concluded from this phenomenon the body possesses not merely one but many that each particle of the toxin is composed of 191 192 PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK two distinct parts: one part (which he named piling up experimental data in support of it. the haptophore group) is non-poisonous, but has It has gained wide, though not universal, ac- the property of combining with certain recep- ceptance: but perhaps the reader may advan- tors of the body cells; the other part (which he tageously be again reminded that the validity called the toxophore group) contains the poison, of the theory itself is something quite apart but cannot by itself combine with the cell. from the indubitable facts on which the theory The only way, then, in which the toxin (carried is based. in the toxophore group) can gain access to the cell, and thus exert its destructive influence, is Experiments with Snake-Venoms through the medium of the haptophore group with which it is associated. Many workers Reverting now to the realm of fact rather have found that the toxophore group can be than of theory, we may note that many of the destroyed in various ways (by heating, the ac- important results achieved by Ehrlich in the tion of some chemicals, etc.); but it is much field of immunity have been attained through more difficult to destroy the haptophore group. test-tube experiments, which he was the first to Ehrlich based his next conclusion upon a law introduce into the field of immunity research. of over-production formulated by Weigert; that He showed that ricin has the power of coagu- is, that if a part of a cell is in any way injured, lating the red blood corpuscles if mixed together and the injury is not too great, it repairs itself, with them in a test tube, and that this coagu- but the amount of repair always exceeds the lation could be prevented by adding a small amount of damage. Ehrlich pictures the quantity of the serum of an animal which had mechanism of immunity as follows (and, in been previously immunized against ricin. He order to make it more easily understood, has was also able, by means of this method, to devised the accompanying series of imaginary demonstrate and explain for the first time the figures): the toxin enters the body in small manner in which numerous other blood poisons, quantities and combines with proper receptors especially snake-venom, affect the blood. by means of the haptophore group, after which Snake-poison, taking that of the cobra as an the toxophore group works destructively upon example, contains one substance, known as the body of the cell. (See figs. 4-9.) The cell, neuro-toxin, which has a specific affinity for seeking to repair itself, produces new receptors the nerves and paralyzes them; and another, in greater numbers than it at first possessed. known as hemorrhagine, which causes hemor- Therefore, when a second quantity of toxin rhages; and still another which was formerly enters the body, it again combines with these thought to be the same as neuro-toxin, but receptors, causing a still further production. which Ehrlich first showed by chemical analysis (See fig. 6.) Through this now excessive pro- to be entirely independent of it. This is called duction the receptors are pushed off from the haemolysin. He demonstrated that in order cell and float free in the body fluids, principally to dissolve the red blood corpuscles (which is the blood. (See fig. 7.) If the cells are suffi- the way the poison works destructively on the ciently stimulated, a state is reached where they blood) this haemolysin must first combine with continually produce and throw off receptors, a phosphorus-like substance known as lecithin until the blood is filled with them. Now, even (which is normally found in the body, princi- if a large quantity of toxin enters the body, it pally in the brain, nervous system, and red blood is caught up by these free floating receptors, corpuscles), thus forming a new substance which and the toxophore group, being unconnected has the power of dissolving the corpuscles. By with any body cell, must float harmlessly in the means of test-tube experiments Ehrlich demon- blood until destroyed or until eliminated by the strated that those red blood corpuscles that did various excretory organs. In other words, the not contain lecithin could not be dissolved and organism is immune to that particular poison. therefore could not be affected by the poison. (See fig. 9.) In order to obtain a higher grade Ehrlich also discovered the isolysins (iso = of immunity, the process of stimulation and self, lysin=dissolve; an isolysin is, then, receptor-formation must be continued for a long something having the power to dissolve itself). time. This theory fully explains the production He found that if the red blood corpuscles of one of diphtheria and all other anti-toxins, on the sheep were injected into another sheep, the se- assumption that the anti-toxic serum contains rum of the second was able to dissolve the red these free receptors or side-chains in large blood corpuscles of the first, and also the quantities. red blood corpuscles of two or three out of ten For years after the publication of the side- other sheep. The fact that individual sheep chain theory Ehrlich busied himself in expand- differ thus in susceptibility shows that, although ing it and, together with many co-workers, in it has not been possible to discover by the finest PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK 193 re- existing methods any chemical difference be- did not grow on those fed with some of the cere- tween constituent parts of the body of the same als, such as rice. It was also observed that if species, such differences do exist. Until these mice that already had a tumor were fed with differences are scientifically tested, our knows these minimum quantities, the tumor would ledge of the structure and function of cells will cease growing, and, in those mice that were not be complete. living on rice, in some cases degenerate. But, of course, the mouse would die in a few weeks Ehrlich's Discoveries Regarding Cancer from lack of properly balanced nourishment. While this line of work presents ground for The problem of cancer next attracted Ehr- future investigation, its importance should not lich's attention, and he succeeded, during the be overestimated. short time that he worked in this field, in Although Ehrlich is confident that the cancer observing several important phenomena con- problem will eventually be solved, and that nected with the disease. It was shown first in through the medium of experiments on ani- his laboratory that the virulence of the tumor mals,— he realizes that it will require a very cells could be greatly increased by passage long period of time. As the opportunity through a series of animals. Thus a tumor was given him to undertake upon a large which at first infects fifty per cent of all mice scale a line of investigation that he had long may, after being often transplanted from one planned and in which he believed he could mouse to another, infect one hundred per cent. obtain quicker and more conclusive results, Its rate of growth, also, becomes increasingly he practically left the field of cancer rapid. Tumors are divided into several classes, search and founded an entirely new science, according to the appearance of their constituent that of specific chemical therapeutics. In other cells under the microscope. It had always been words, he sought a specific cure for each germ thought that these divisions were constant, but disease. Ehrlich discovered that tumors of one kind, The difficulty, of course, is to find a remedy carcinoma, or true cancer, may, after many that will kill the germ without injuring the tis- passages through mice, show all the character- sues of the individual in whose system the germ istic appearances of the supposedly different has found lodgment. Ehrlich believed that his kind of tumor called sarcoma. This was found antecedent studies had put him on the track of several times here, and later in other laborato- such specific substances. He was confident that ries both in Germany and America. a different poison must be found for each specific Ehrlich next formulated a theory which is germ. What particular one should he first in- known as that of atreptic immunity. This vestigate? An answer was found in the fact theory is that, in order for a cancer cell to grow, that just at this time the sleeping-sickness was certain food-stuffs must be present in the animal attracting the attention of the medical world by body, and these food-stuffs are specific. This is its appallingly rapid spread in Africa. As the shown by the fact that a mouse tumor will not causative agent of this disease is easy to transfer grow when transferred to a rat (or vice versa), to lower animals, and therefore convenient to but will again begin to grow as soon as it is work with, Ehrlich decided to begin his experi- reinoculated into a mouse. This atreptic im- . ments here. munity is further demonstrated by the fact that if a mouse upon which a tumor is already grow The Scourge Called Sleeping-Sickness ing is again inoculated in another part of its body with another tumor, the second tumor will Sleeping-sickness, that scourge which is now not grow, because the first one has taken up all sweeping through equatorial Africa, has been available specific food-stuffs. known for over a hundred years. It was first A recent (1909) piece of work in this depart- reported in 1803 by Dr. Winterbottom in Sierra ment, whose significance cannot as yet be de- Leone, and was later recognized in the Congo termined, showed that the tumor growth in and Senegambia, and seems to have been con- mice could to a great extent be controlled by fined almost exclusively to the West Coast of certain diets. First of all, the smallest quantity Africa. Not until 1901, after the white man of all kinds of food-stuffs (meats, fats, cereals, had opened up communication between differ- etc.) were found upon which a mouse could ent sections of the continent, did it assume subsist for several weeks. These quantities epidemic form in Uganda, British East Africa. were then fed to mice for a number of days. Authorities seem to agree that the disease came After this the mice were inoculated, and it was into Uganda about 1890, when some 10,000 found that, whereas the tumor grew at once on Sudanese natives were brought down from the mice whose diet consisted of meats and fats, it edge of the Congo by Emin Pasha. In the few PROFESSOR PAUL EHRLICH years that have intervened since then, the dis- tics are those published by Dr. M. Beck, a mem- ease has wrought terrible havoc among the na- ber of the German Commission under Professor tives, and has within the last few years also Robert Koch. He says † that the Sese Islands attacked the whites. Colonel Sir David Bruce,* (an archipelago of fifty small islands in Lake who has an intimate knowledge of Africa and Victoria), before the breaking out of the disease the diseases peculiar to it, says: in 1901, were inhabited by 35,000 people. In “Civilization gives to the natives of Uganda 1907 hardly 10,000 remained; 20,000 surely had peace, and at the same time introduces a dis- died, and a few had wandered to the mainland. ease which during the last three years has killed Of those remaining, over fifty per cent were 100,000 of the population. For a long time it found infected. From Uganda the disease was considered that this disease was confined spread to German East Africa, where a similar to regroes. Unhappily, this is not so. Several condition exists. To-day the whole of equa- Europeans have now succumbed to the disease, torial Africa is infected, and Bruce I says: as well as the natives of Persia and India." "Large native populations in Central Africa Probably the most accurate mortality statis + Arbeiten aus d. Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamt," 1909, Bd. 31, Heft 1. * Osler's Modern Medicine," page 467. Osler's " Modern Medicine," page 460. 194 PAUL EHRLICH AND HIS ASSISTANT, DR. MARKS, AT WORK IN EHRLICHI'S LABORATORY AT FRANKFURT are being swept away at this moment by this fig. 10) called trypanosomes. These parasites plague, and great tracts of country are rendered were first seen in 1841 by Glüge in the blood of uninhabitable for man and the domestic ani- frogs and fishes. They were described and first mals.” The disease is declared by all who have called trypanosomes by Gruby in 1843. These studied it to be invariably fatal, and, according discoveries attracted but little attention until to Greig and Gray, as quoted by Bruce, between 1878, when Dr. Lewis, an English physician in fifty and seventy-five per cent of the natives in India, observed similar bodies in rats. In 1880 Uganda have been found infected, which means Dr. Evans discovered a like parasite which was that they will die within a few years if the sick- the cause of a disease deadly to horses, asses, ness is allowed to run its course. camels, and elephants in India. Livingstone, during his earliest travels through The Germs of Sleeping-Sickness Trans Africa, observed and described a disease which mitted by Tsetse-flies. affected animals fatally. Even then the natives knew that the illness was caused by flies biting Sleeping-sickness (or trypanosomiasis) is the animals, and that there existed distinct caused by microscopic wormlike parasites (see areas, known as fly-belts, infected by this dis- 195 196 PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK ease, which was called by the natives nagana. state of complete coma, from which the illness This has since been confirmed, and the fact derives its name. Often, during the second has been established irrefutably by Bruce and stage of the disease, the brain becomes affected, others that the germ of sleeping-sickness is and some of the patients try to run away into carried by the tsetse-fly (just as malaria and the forests or swamps, where they die of expo- yellow fever are carried by mosquitos), and is sure or starvation. To prevent this, the rela- spread in no other way. The fly that trans- tives of a sufferer frequently chain him down mits the human form of the disease, or sleeping- until the time comes when he can no longer sickness proper, is the Glossina palpalis; that move. which transmits the animal form, or nagana, is Since the breaking out of this disease, almost the Glossina morsitans. There is little difference numberless drugs have been tried without any between the two parasites, the flies being differ- satisfactory results. As arsenic was first used ent species of the same genus. The disease by Lingard and later by Bruce with some success spreads particularly during the rainy season, in treating horses and cattle suffering with and on the coast or near rivers, lakes, and nagana, it was one of the drugs earliest em- swamps, where insects breed. ployed in trying to cope with sleeping-sickness, At first it was thought that the tsetse-fly is and has proved to be, in certain changed condi- but the mechanical carrier of the germs, and that tions, the most valuable. it could infect a human being or animal only for forty-eight hours after biting one already in- Ebrlich Seeks a Remedy fected. This was later found by Dr. Kleine of the German Commission to be incorrect, for the Ehrlich first started his work with dye-stuffs, curious fact has been proved that the fly, though and soon discovered a new one, trypan red, with it cannot infect seventy-two hours after taking which he could definitely cure mice that had in the parasites, nevertheless, without again bit- been inoculated with the germs of sleeping- ing an infected person, can transmit infection sickness. The curious fact was revealed that after many months, having harbored the para- the substance which thus kills the germs sites during the whole time. It is thus demon- within the body of the mouse has no effect upon strated that the germ of sleeping-sickness goes germs of the same kind when brought in contact through a life-cycle within the body of the fly, with them outside the body. When placed in which is therefore a veritable host and not a test tube containing even a strong solution of merely a mechanical agent. trypan red, the parasites live for many hours — quite as long, indeed, as they live in salt solution, Symptoms of Sleeping-Sickness which is the best medium for them outside the body. Ehrlich ascribed the power of trypan The course of this disease is an extremely red to act upon parasites while in the body and slow one. The first stage is said to last a year not while in the test tube as an indirect action, or more, and the cause of the disease may be in explaining that the substance undergoes chemi- the blood long before any symptoms whatever cal changes in the animal body. This was an present themselves. The patient has occa- observation of the utmost importance, as it sional fever; indeed, a disease hitherto called showed that mere test-tube experiments are not Gambia fever has recently been recognized as to be fully relied upon except when supple- the first stage of sleeping-sickness. It is said mented by experiments made on the living that the swelling of the lymphatic glands of the organism. neck is a characteristic early symptom. This The sequel held another surprise, and a dis- was known in 1803 to Dr. Winterbottom, who appointment as well; for when trypan red was states that slave-traders, recognizing the symp- used on sleeping-sickness patients it was found tom of a fatal disease, would not buy slaves who inadequate to cure the disease. It does, indeed, had this glandular enlargement. The patient possess the power to banish the trypanosomes feels well and strong, and is able to go about his from the blood for a time, but they always re- usual occupations. turn. Trypan red has, however, recently been The second stage is indicated by a distinct found by Professor Nuttall, of England, to be change in the appearance of the patient. His most efficacious in the treatment of the disease expression grows heavy and dull; he becomes of cattle (Texas cattle fever) and dogs, preva- apathetic, lies around a great deal, and cannot lent in Africa and America, which is caused by exert himself. With the progress of the disease a different parasite, the pyroplasmosis. these symptoms become more marked: walking Trypan red having failed to fulfill its promise, and speech become difficult and finally impossi- Ehrlich continued his search in other directions. ble. During the last week the sufferer lies in a A drug called atoxyl, which is a combination of PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND 197 HIS WORK arsenic and analin (the latter being a coal-tar chemically This drug cures all animals, even product), had been tested as a remedy for sleep- those that are apparently dying, when injected ing-sickness, first by Thomas of Liverpool on once. (It must be noted that animals have animals, and then on patients by Kopke, and syphilis only when infected for experimental was later used extensively by Koch, with results purposes.) that were at first highly encouraging. With It is this which, after years of animal experi- this drug apparent cures could be effected in mentation, is now being tried on human beings a large number of cases, if the treatment were in Africa. This is a slow process, for the great- given early enough. More extended observa- est caution must be exercised in using so power- tion, however, showed that the cures were ful a drug, when it is not known how large a not permanent, and it is now known that quantity men can stand. But private reports, the percentage of cases of sleeping-sickness made to Ehrlich by those actively engaged in that yield to atoxyl is a very small one, if, the treatment of the disease with this substance, indeed, cures are ever effected by it. More- all go to show that at last a drug has been found over, the drug has after effects of an alarming which, when properly used, will definitely cure character, as at least two per cent of those at least a percentage of patients. Dr. Strong treated with it become totally blind, and a in Manila has treated surra (nagana) in horses larger percentage suffer from impaired vision. with arseno-phenyl-glycin, and reports excellent results. It is, then, not only man but also the A Seeming Specific Found domestic animals that are being benefited by Ehrlich's discovery. Obviously, then, atoxyl itself could not be Professor Ehrlich, always conservative, when regarded as the remedy for sleeping-sickness asked recently to make a statement of present which was so earnestly to be desired. Yet its conditions in Africa as regards the treatment of observed effect on the germs was such as to sleeping-sickness with this drug, said: suggest to Ehrlich that this drug might furnish “Results are various, differing in different a foundation from which to evolve a chemical regions. In Togo (West Africa) the results are that would accomplish the desired object of excellent, according to Dr. von Raven. It killing the germ without injuring the patient. seems that after two injections of a relatively Experimenting with this end in view, Ehrlich small dose a definite cure is effected. The reason first made the important observation that atoxyl for this is that the race of sleeping-sickness is an entirely different substance from what germs in Togo is a different one from that in Béchamp, its discoverer, had thought it. He Central Africa, and is more easily influenced by proved that the combination between the analin the drug than the latter. and arsenic is a stable one, and that the drug can “The results in the regions where the disease be chemically treated in a variety of ways which is most widely spread, as on the sea-coasts, are allow the making of numerous combinations. less satisfactory, up to now, because the para- So nearly seven hundred substances, which are sites do not seem to be so easily influenced by in reality only chemically altered atoxyl, were arsenical preparations. Whether they can be made and tried. Ehrlich also tested on animals destroyed by very large doses of the arseno- over a thousand dye-stuffs, in order to deter- phenyl-glycin, or whether it will be necessary to mine which, when combined with arsenic, would employ other drugs in combination with the be the most effective. In speaking of this work latter, the future alone can show.” he likens himself to a general who, desiring to capture a fort at the top of a hill, would attack Interesting Side-Lights it, not from one but from every side. Soon he found that those atoxyl derivatives Several interesting collateral discoveries have that had the most effect worked indirectly, that resulted from Professor Ehrlich's experiments is, only in the body. He concluded that the in quest of a remedy for the sleeping-sickness. body had the power of “reducing.” these sub- For example, many substances were found, in stances,- in other words, of abstracting oxygen the course of Ehrlich's investigations, which, from them,- and that these reduction products when greatly diluted, had the power to kill the were the ones that cured the disease. He there- germs in test tubes, but had no effect when in- fore made in the laboratory numerous reduction jected into affected animals — precisely revers- products, and one was finally found (the 418th) ing the conditions observed in the use of try pan which proved to be a specific. This Ehrlich red, as previously noted. This was, according called arseno-phenyl-glycin. It is a bright to Ehrlich, because the substances possessed yellow powder which has to be kept in little more affinity for the body (organotrope) than for vacuum tubes, as contact with the air alters it the parasites (parasitotrope). 198 PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK Another discovery of the greatest importance tion of syphilis here. Although this disease has was that disease germs themselves, if they sur been known in Europe for over four hundred vive, presently become immune to these cura- years, its causative factor was not known tive drugs; that is, if a drug has the power of until 1905, when it was discovered by Dr. banishing the parasites from the blood only for Schaudinn. This proved to be a thin spiro- a certain length of time, and is again injected on chaeta, which, because it was so difficult to their return, they will again disappear, but will stain, he named Spirochaeta pallida (see fig. 11). come back after a much shorter interval. When This belongs to a large family of parasites, this has been repeated several times, a crop of known as spirilla, which cause a variety of trypanosomes is obtained upon which this given diseases in man and in many animals. Phy- substance has no effect: that is, they are im- sicians have long since learned empirically that mune to.it and to closely related chemical sub- iodide of potash and mercury in different forms stances. This discovery greatly complicated have a checking influence on the disease, the problem. Ehrlich now saw that it was though whether either of these drugs is capable necessary to find a chemical one injection of of curing is still a debatable question. which would absolutely cure the disease; for, if more than one injection were needed, the A Cure for Syphilis parasites would become immune to it, and the patient would be worse off than if the Ehrlich decided to find a drug by which with illness had been left to run its normal course. one injection he would be able completely to Arseno-phenyl-glycin ful- fills all these conditions. Rockefeller Contributes $10,000 toward Ehrlich's Work 1 á At the very outset of this work it was seen that much time, money, and room would be re- quired to carry it out. In 1906 Mrs. Georg Speyer, the late widow of the renowned banker of that name, endowed an institute for chemical therapeutics for Ehrlich. It is in this “Georg Speyer-Haus," next door to the older in- stitute, that most of the RABBIT SEEMINGLY DYING OF SLEEPING-SICKNESS. PICTURE TAKEN JUST sleeping-sickness work BEFORE INJECTION OF EHRLICH'S SPECIFIC has been accomplished. As the efforts of Ehrlich to overcome sleeping- cure the disease. As he expected, those chemi- sickness were more and more meeting with cals which affected the trypanosomes had no success, he turned his attention to other similar effect whatever on the spirochaeta. His previ- parasitic diseases, notably syphilis. ous work very much simplified the problem con- It is interesting to recall that it was at this fronting him. It required only a short time for stage that Mr. John D. Rockefeller, learning of him to find (1909) a substance (another atoxyl the contributions made by Ehrlich to medical derivative) which gives all experimental evidence science, authorized the board of directors of of answering the purpose. One injection into the Rockefeller Institute to place $10,000 at his any infected rabbit causes the spirochaetes to disposal. So American influence of this practical disappear immediately and permanently. The kind may to some extent have facilitated the re drug is named dioxydiamido-arsenobenzol, but searches that resulted in what will probably be being the six hundred and sixth of the series, is regarded in the futureás by far the greatest of Pro- popularly called “606." fessor Ehrlich's triumphs, the conquest of syphilis. There are now over six hundred leading It is not necessary to give a detailed descrip- authorities all over the world testing “606" on PAUL EHRLICH: THE MAN AND HIS WORK 199 a human beings, with the most astonishing re Personal Traits of Professor Elrlich sults. Among these are Professors Neisser of Breslau, Lesser, Wechselmann, Fraenckel, and There are several salient features of Professor Kraus of Berlin, and Pick and Van Norden in Ehrlich's mind that stand out as characteristic Vienna. and individual. He is gifted with a remarkably Ehrlich has records of 10,000 cases, all of quick perception: whatever is before his eyes he which, except a minimal percentage, have been sees at once in its full significance. He reads only absolutely cured in an incredibly short period what interests him: in medical literature only of time; those few failures were seemingly what bears directly on the subject with which due to the fact that at the beginning it was not he is laboring, and by way of amusement prin- known how large a dose the human organism cipally light detective stories — American dime could stand, and consequently too small a quan- novels, for the most part (which, by the way, tity was given. have been abundantly translated into German). It is worthy of mention that in all the cases on In all his reading, just as in his work, Ehrlich record there has not been one where the eyes of has the gift of picking out the essential points the patient have been affected, a thing which with lightning rapidity. His method is first was greatly feared, since "606” is an atoxyl empirical and only subsequently constructive: derivative. Whether the cure is in all cases as, for instance, in his work on sleeping-sickness, absolutely lasting can be determined only by he first tried out hundreds of drugs, then picked years of painstaking observation. out those that were in any measure effective, and upon these as foundation he built until he reached the de- sired goal. Ehrlich believes firmly in absolute concentration concentrated work along one line and con- centrated amusement in hours of recreation. Per- haps his greatest gift of all is his remarkable im- agination. He has said of himself that his most powerful asset is his “chemical imagination,” which is unique. Al- though he has never studied chemistry much in the conventional way, and during his student day's never attended his THE SAME RABBIT ONE MONTH LATER, AFTER HAVING ENTIRELY RECOVERED chemistry lectures, he possesses an unrivaled An announcement of paramount importance knowledge of the properties and actions of or- is that “606" will be introdaced into America ganic chemicals (those derived from the vege- about November 1. table and animal kingdom), especially the dye- As the causative factor of relapsing fever, an stuffs. acute disease found in eastern and southeastern Contrary to usual chemical methods, he never Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America, is works quantitatively, and rarely with a definite morphologically closely related to the Spiro- end in view. To use his own words, his is a chaeta pallida, the new substance has also been play-chemistry (Spiel-Chemie), and is simply tried for this disease, with astonishing results, used as a means toward an end: that of curing by Dr. Iversen in Russia. One injection of a disease, and of explaining the phenomena of the small dose definitely cures relapsing fever in action of chemicals upon the human body. In man. Finally, a small injection of this drug into this connection, even the most fantastic ideas chickens also cures a disease caused by a similar are worked out experimentally, for Ehrlich says spirillum, which has devastated numerous farms that through his experience, wherein chance has in all parts of the world. played a considerable part, he has learned that -A ms mam om FIGURE No. II-SPIROCHAETA PALLIDA A, the germ of syphilis, seen under the microscope, in the midst of blood corpuscles nothing is to be regarded as ridiculous or barren 1890: Received the title of Professor Extraordinary until it has been actually proved so. from the University of Berlin. Since Professor Ehrlich is still comparatively 1896: Became director of the Royal Institute for Serum-research and Serum-testing in Steglitz, a young man, and has already opened up many near Berlin. new paths to knowledge and done much to alle- 1897: Received from the Prussian Government the viate the suffering of the human family, and as title of Gebeimer Medizinalrat. he is even now laying the foundation of a new Since 1899: Director of the Royal Institute for Ex- perimental Therapeutics in Frankfurt-on-the- science, there is every reason to expect still Main. greater achievements from this extraordinary 1900: Delivered Croonian Lectures in London. mind. 1903: Received from the King of Prussia the "gold medallion for science" for the work on im- The following is a list of the positions Professor munity. Ehrlich has held, the titles that have been be- 1904: Received an honorary professorship from the stowed upon him, and the honors he has won: University of Göttingen. 1904: Visited the United States and delivered lec- 1878-1885: Assistant in the Medical Clinic of von tures in several of the large Eastern cities. Frerichs in Berlin. Received the degree of LL.D. from the University 1885 -1887: Assistant in the Medical Clinic of Ger of Chicago. hardt in Berlin. Since 1906: Director of the Georg Speyer-Haus in 1884: Received the title of Professor from the Frankfurt-on-the-Main. Prussian Government. 1907: Delivered Harben Lectures in London, and 1887-1890: Furnished and maintained a private received the title of Doctor of Science from the laboratory. University of Oxford. 1887: Made Instructor (Privatdocent) of Internal 1907: Received the title of Geheimer Obermedi- Medicine by the University of Berlin, zinalrat from the Prussian Government. 1890-1895: Given a place for his own laboratory by 1908: Received the Nobel prize, with Metchnikoff, Professor Robert Koch in his Institute in Berlin. for the work on immunity, 200 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS I11 UNSKILLED AND SEASONAL FACTORY WORKERS BY SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT A MONG the women workers who help point, specific chronicles from skilled and from to supply the enormous garment unskilled factory workers, both hand workers trade of New York with the in- and machine operatives among others, pack- numerable yards of stitching it ers of drugs, biscuits, and olives, cigarette-roll- requires, the waist-makers have .ers, box-makers, umbrella-makers, hat-makers, within the last year achieved, through organiza- glove-makers, fur-sewers, hand embroiderers, tion, a better spirit of solidarity and hours less white-goods workers, skirt-makers, workers on exhausting. men's coats, and workers on children's dresses. What are the chances in life of some of the As will be seen, the situation occupied and other self-supporting girls and women who are described by any individual girl may in a year working in factories, in the garment trade and or five years be no longer hers, but that of some other industries in New York? Besides the ac- other worker. So that the synthesis of these counts of the waist-makers, the National Con- chronicles is presented not as a composite sumers' League received, in its inquiry on this photograph of the industrial experiences in any 201 202 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS one trade, but rather as an accurate kineto For this she contrived to såve $4 a month out scope view of the yearly life of chance passing of her income of $4 a week. Sarina packed pow- factory workers. ders in a drug factory from eight to six o'clock, For the purposes of record these annals may with three quarters of an hour for lunch. She be loosely divided into those of unskilled and was a beautiful and brilliant girl, who used to skilled factory workers. This division must re- come to work in the winter dressed in her sum- main loose to convey a truthful impression. mer coat, with a little woolen under-jacket to For the same self-supporting girl has often protect her from the cold, and a plain cheap felt been a skilled and an unskilled worker, by hat, much mocked at by the American girls. hand, at a machine, and in several industries. Sarina scorned the mental scope of these girls; scorned to spend for dress, money with which Emily Clement, an Unskilled American she could learn to read “Othello” and “King Worker Lear” in the original; and scorned to spend in giggling the lunch hour in which she might read Discouragement at the lack of opportunity to in Yiddish newspapers the latest tidings of the advance was expressed by almost all the narrators struggle in Russia. of their histories who were engaged in unskilled In the drug factory, and in her East Side factory work. Among them, Emily Clement, an hall bedroom, she lived in a world of her own American girl, was one of the first workers who a splendid, generous world of the English trag- gave the League an account of her experience. edies she studied at night school, and of the Emily was tending an envelop-machine, at a thrilling hopes and disappointments of the Rus- wage of $6 a week. She was about twenty years sian revolution. old; and before her employment at the envelop She had been in New York a year. In this machine she had worked, at the age of fourteen, time she had worked in an artificial flower for a year in a carpet-mill; then for two years in factory, earning from $2 to $2.25 a week; then a tobacco factory; and then for two years had as a cutter in a box factory, where she had kept house for a sister and an aunt living in an $3 a week at first, and then $5, for ten hours' East Side tenement. work a day. She left this place because the She still lived with them, sharing a room with employer was very lax about payment, and her sister, and paying $3 a week for her lodging, sometimes cheated her out of small amounts. with board, and part of her washing. She did She then tried finishing men's coats; but work- the rest of her washing, and made some of her ing from seven-thirty to twelve and from one to sister's clothes and all of her own. This skill six daily brought her only $3 a week and severe had enabled her to have for $5.20, the cost of exhaustion. the material, the pretty spring suit she wore From her present wage of $4 she spent 60 a coat, skirt, and jumper, of cloth much too thin cents a week for carfare and $4.25 a month for to protect her from the chill of the weather, but her share of a tenement hall bedroom. Al- stylishly cut and becoming. though she did not live with them, her mother In idle times she had done a little sewing for and father were in New York, and she had her friends, for her income had been quite inade- dinners with them, free of cost. Her luncheon quate. During the twenty-two weeks she had been cost her from seven to ten cents a day, and her in the factory she had had full work for eleven and breakfast consisted of 11 cents' worth of rolls. one half weeks, at $6; half-time work for eight and All that made Sarina Bashkitseff's starved one half weeks, at $3; and two weeks of slack and drudging day's endurable for her was her work, in each of which she earned only $1.50. clear determination to escape from them, by She had no money at all to spend for recrea- educating herself. Her fate might be expressed tion; and, in her hopelessness of the future and in Whitman's words, “Henceforth I ask not her natural thirst for pleasure, she sometimes good fortune, I myself am good fortune." accepted it from chance men acquaintances met Whatever her circumstances, few persons in on the street. the world could ever be in a position to pity her. A $4-a-Week Russian Factory Worker Story of Marta Neumann, a Homesick Who Studied Shakespeare in the Austrian Worker Original Marta Neumann, another unskilled factory Another unskilled worker of twenty, Sarina worker, an Austrian girl of nineteen, was also Bashkitseff, intended to escape from her monot- trying to escape from her present position by onous work and low wage by educating herself educating herself at night-school, but was in a private evening school. drained by cruel homesickness. A GROUP OF GIRL WORKERS IN A NEW YORK PAPER-BOX FACTORY SARINA BASHKITSEFF WORKED AS CUTTER IN A PAPER-BOX FACTORY, FIRST AT $3 A WEEK, THEN AT $5, FOR TEN HOURS' WORK A DAY. HER STORY IS TOLD IN THE ARTICLE Marta had spent all her youth, since her and her sister's, scrubbed the floor, and rose childhood at home,- four years in New York, every day at half past five to help with the work - in factory work, without the slightest pros- and prepare her luncheon before starting for pect of advancement. Her work was of the the factory at seven. least skilled kind — cutting off the ends of Marta could earn so little that she had never threads from men's suspenders, and folding been able to save enough to make her deeply and placing them in boxes. She earned at first desired journey back to Austria to see her $3 a week, and had been advanced to $5 by a mother and father. Although both their chil- 50-cent rise at every one of the last four Christ- dren were in the new country, her mother and mases since she had left her mother and father. father would not be admitted under the immi- But she knew she would not be advanced be- gration law, because her father was blind. yond this last price, and feared to undertake heavier work, as, though she had kept her health, Story of Mrs. Hallett, Earning $6 a Week she was not at all strong. After Working Sixteen Years She worked from eight to six, with half an hour at noon. On Saturday the factory closed The lack of opportunity to rise, among older at five in winter and at one in summer. Her unskilled factory workers, may be illustrated income for the year had been $237.50. She had by the experience of Mrs. Hallett, an American spent $28.50 for carfare, $13 for a suit, $2 for a woman of forty, a slight, gentle-voiced little hat, and $2 for a pair of shoes she had worn for widow, who had been packing candies and tying ten months. Her board and lodging with a and labeling boxes for sixteen years. In this married sister had cost her $2.50 a week, less in time she had advanced from a wage of $4 a one way than with strangers. But she slept with week to a wage of $6, earned by a week of nine- part of her sister's family, did her own washing hour days, with a Saturday half holiday. 203 204 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS However, as with Marta, this had represented women workers in unskilled factory labor who payment from the company for length of service, gave accounts of their income and outlay in and not an advance to more skilled or respon- their work away from home in New York. sible labor with more outlook. In Mrs. Hallett's case this was partly because the next step would Experience of Yeddie Bruker, a Hungarian have been to become a clerk in one of the com- White-Goods Worker pany's retail stores, and she was not strong enough to endure the all-day standing which The chronicles printed below, taken from this would require. Mrs. Hallett liked this establishments of different kinds and grades, company. The foreman was considerate, and express as clearly as possible the several features a week's vacation with pay was given to the most common to the trade fortunes the workers employees. described - uncertain and seasonal employ- Mrs. Hallett lived in an excessively small, un- ment, small exploitations, monotony in occupa- heated hall bedroom, on the fourth floor of an tion, and fatigue from speeding. enormous old house filled with the clatter of the Because of uncertain and seasonal employ- elevated railroad. On the night of the inquirer's ment, machine operatives in the New York call, she was pathetically concerned lest her vis- sewing industries frequently change from one itor should catch cold because “she wasn't used trade to another. This had been the experience to it.” She lighted a small candle to show her the of Yeddie Bruker, a young Hungarian white- room, furnished with one straight hard chair, a goods worker living in the Bronx. cot, and a wash-stand with a broken pitcher, The tenements of the Bronx appear as but with barely space besides for Mrs. Clark and crowded as those of the longer-settled neighbor- her kind, public-spirited little hostess. They hoods of Manhattan, the lower East Side, sat, drowned at times in the noise of the elevated, Harlem, Chelsea, and the cross streets off the in almost complete darkness, as Mrs. Hallétt in- Bowery, where so many self-supporting factory sisted on making a vain effort to extract some workers live. These newer-built lodgings, too, heat for her guest from the single gas-jet, by have close, stifling halls, and inner courts hung attaching to it an extremely small gas-stove. thick with washing. Here, too, you see, through For this room, which was within walking dis- the windows, flower-makers and human hair tance of the candy factory, Mrs. Hallett paid workers at their tasks; and in the entries, $1.75 a week. Her breakfast of coffee and rolls hung with Hungarian and German signs, the in a bakery near by cost her 10 cents daily. children sit crowded among large women with She apportioned 15 or 25 cents each for her many puffs of hair and a striking preference luncheon or dinner at restaurants. In her for frail light pink and blue princess dresses. hungriest and most extravagant moments she These blocks of Rumanian and Hungarian tene- lunched for, 30 cents. Her allowance for food ment districts, their fire-escapes hung with had to be meager, because, as she had no laun- feather-beds and old carpets, and looking like dry facilities, she was obliged to have her wash- great overflowing waste-baskets, are scattered ing done outside. Sometimes she contrived to in among little bluff ledges, scraggy with walnut save a dollar a week toward buying clothing. brush, some great rocks still unblasted, and But this meant living less tidily by having less several patches of Indian corn in sloping hillside washing done, or going hungrier. During the empty lots — small, strange heights of old New last year her expense for clothing had been a York country, still unsubmerged by the wide little more than $23: summer hat, $1; winter hat, tide of Slav and Austrian immigration. $1.98; best hat, $2; shoes (2 pairs at $2.98, 2 In this curious and bizarre neighborhood, pairs rubbers), $7.16; wrap (long coat), $2.98; Yeddie Bruker and her sister lived in a filthy skirt (a best black brilliantine, worn two years), tenement building, in one room of an extremely at $5.50, $2.75; underskirt (black sateen), 98 clean little flat owned by a family of their own cents; shirtwaist (black cotton, worn every day nationality. in the year), 98 cents; black tights, 98 cents; Yeddie was a spirited, handsome girl of 2 union suits at $1.25 (one every other year), twenty-one, though rather worn-looking and $1.25; 6 pairs stockings at 25 cents, $1.50; white. At work for six years in New York, she total $23.56. had at first been a machine operative in a large She said with deprecation that she sometimes pencil factory, where she fastened to the ends of went to the theater with some young girl friends, the pencils the little corrugated tin bands to paying 25 cents for a seat, “because I like a good which erasers are attached. Then she had been time now and then.” a belt-maker, then a stitcher on men's collars, These trade fortunes represent as clearly as and during the last four years a white-goods possible the usual industrial experience of the worker. -- INQUIRING, TIRELESS, SEEKING WHAT IS YET UNFOUND ;- BUT WHERE IS WHAT I STARTED FOR SO LONG AGO, AND WHY IS IT STILL UNFOUND?" IValt Ilhilman. 206 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS In the pencil factory of her first employment are more cheaply and clumsily constructed and there was constant danger of catching her fin- the material is held less firmly by the metal gers in the machinery; the air was bad; the fore- guide under the needle-point. It was not her woman was harsh and nagging, and perpetually eyes, Yeddie said, that were tired by the stitch- hurrying the workers. The jar of the wheels, the ing, but her shoulders and her back, from the jar darkness, and the frequent illnesses of workers of the machines. Every month she suffered from breathing the particles of the pencil-wood cruelly, but, because she needed every cent she shavings and the lead dust flying in the air, all made, she never remained at home, when the frightened and preyed upon her. She earned factory was open. only $4 a week for nine and one half hours' work a day, and was exhausting herself when she left The Nagging Foreman the place, hastened by the accident of a girl near her who sustained hideous injuries from One of the most trying aspects of machine- catching her hair in the machinery. speeding, in the sewing trades, is the perpetual goading and insistence of the foremen and fore- Stitching Six Dozen Collars a Day at $4 women, frequently mentioned by other workers a Week besides Yeddie. Two years ago, in a waist and dress factory where 400 operatives — more than In the collar factory she again earned $4 a 300 girls and about 20 men were employed week, stitching between five and six dozen col- for the company by a well-known sub-contrac- lars a day. The stitch on men's collars is ex tor, Jake Klein, a foreman asked Mr. Klein to tremely small, almost invisible. It strained her beset some of the girls for a degree of speed he eyes so painfully that she was obliged to change said he was unwilling to demand. The man- her occupation again. ager discharged him. He asked to speak to the As an operative on neckwear, and afterward girls before he went away. The manager re- on belts, she was thrown out of work by the fused his request. As Mr. Klein turned to the trade seasons. These still leave her idle, in her girls, his superior summoned the elevator man, present occupation as a white-goods worker, for who seized Klein's collar, overpowered him, and more than three months in every year. started to drag him over the floor toward the In the remaining nine months, working with stairs. “Brothers and sisters,” Klein called to a one-needle machine on petticoats and wash the operatives, "will you sit by and see a fellow dresses, in a small factory on the lower East workman used like this?" In one impulse of Side, she has had employment for about four clear justice, every worker arose, walked out of days in the week for three months, employment the shop with Jake Klein, and stayed out till for all the working days in the week for another the company made overtures of peace. This three months, and employment with overtime adventure, widely related on the East Side, three nights in a week and an occasional half serves to show the latent fire, kindled by the day on Sunday, for between two and three accumulation of small overbearing oppressions, months. Legal holidays and a few days of ill which smolders in many sewing shops. ness made up the year. In full weeks her wage is $8. Her income for The Story of Sarah Silberman, an Austrian the year had been $366, and she had been able Jewess, Self-Supporting from the Age to save nothing. She had paid $208 for her of Fourteen board and lodging, at the rate of $4 a week; a little more than $100 for clothing; $38 for car The uncertainty of employment characteriz- fare, necessitated by living in the Bronx; $3 ing the sewing trades fell heavily on Sarah Silber- for a doctor; $2.60 to a benefit association which man, a delicate little Austrian Jewish girl of sev- assures her $3 a week in case of illness; $5 for the enteen who finished and felled women's cloaks. theater; and $6 for union dues. She had always lived in poverty. She had Her work was very exhausting. Evenly worked in a stocking factory in Austria when she spaced machine ruffling on petticoats is diffi- was a little thing of nine, and had been self- cult, and she had a great deal of this work to do. supporting ever since she was fourteen, machine- She sewed with a one-needle machine, which sewing in Vienna and London and New York. - carried, however, five cottons and was hard to She had been in New York for about a year, thread. It may be said here that the number of lodging, or rather sleeping at night, in the tene- needles does not necessarily determine the diffi- ment kitchen of some distant cousins of hers, culty of working on sewing-machines; two-needle practically strangers. The kitchen opened on machines are sometimes harder to run than five- an air-shaft, and it was used not only as a or even twelve-needle machines, because they kitchen, but as a dining-room and living-room. SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 207 For the first four months after her arrival Sarah corsets. She was a tiny, grave-looking girl of earned about $5 a week, working from nine and nineteen, very frail, with smooth black hair, a one half to ten hours a day as a finisher of boys' lovely refinement of manner, and a very sweet trousers. From this wage she paid $3 a week smile. Like many other operatives, she wore for her kitchen sleeping space and breakfast glasses. Katia was a good manager, and an and supper. Luncheon cost her 7 cents a day. industrious and clever student; a constant at- She had been able to buy so very little clothing tendant at night school. that she had kept no account of it. She did her In the factory where she was employed she own washing, and walked to work. earned about $10 a week as a week worker, a She had never had any education until she skilled worker making an entire corset, after came to America, and she now attended a night it was cut and before it was trimmed. But she school, in which she was keenly interested. She had only twelve full weeks' work in the year; was living in this way when her factory closed. for two and a half months she was entirely idle, She then searched desperately for employ- and for the remaining six and a half months she ment for two weeks, finding it at last in a cloak worked from two to five days a week. Her in- factory* where she was employed from half past come for the year had been about $346. seven in the morning until half past six or seven Katia worked with a one-needle machine in a in the evening, with a respite of only a few min- small factory off lower Broadway. Before that utes at noon for a hasty luncheon. Her wage was she had been employed as a week worker in $3 a week. Working her hardest, she could not a Fifth Avenue corset factory which may be keep the wolf from the door, and was obliged to called Madame Cora's. Shortly before Katia go hungry at luncheon-time or fail to pay the left this establishment, Madame Cora changed full rent for her place to sleep in the kitchen. her basis of payment from week-work to piece- Sarah was very naturally unstrung and ner- work. The girls' speed increased. Some of the vous in this hardness of circumstance and her more rapid workers who had before made $10 terror of destitution. As she told her story, she were able to make $12. On discovering this, sobbed and wrung her hands. In the next six Madame Cora cut their wages, not by frankly months she had better occupation, however, in returning to the old basis, but by suddenly be- spasmodically busy shops, where the hours were ginning to charge the girls for thread and needles. shorter than in the cloak factory, and she man- She made them pay her 2 cents for every needle. aged to earn an average wage of $6 a week. She Thread on a five-needle machine, sometimes was then more serene; she said she had “made with two eyes in each of the needles, stitches up out good.” very rapidly. The girls were frequently obliged During her six weeks of better pay at $6 a to pay from a dollar and a half to two dollars a week, however, which so few people would con- week for the thread sewed into Madame Cora's sider “making out good,” she had suffered an corsets, and for needles. They rebelled when especially mean exploitation. Madame Cora refused to pay for these materials She applied at an underwear factory which herself. From among the three hundred girls, constantly advertises, in an East Side Jewish thirty girls struck, went to Union headquarters, paper, for operatives. The management told and asked to be organized. But Madame Cora her they would teach her to operate if she would simply filled their places with other girls who work for them two weeks for nothing and would were willing to supply her with thread for her give them a dollar. She gave them the dollar; corsets, and refused to take them back. Katia but on the first day in the place, as she received did not respect Madame Cora's methods, and no instructions, and learned through another had left before the strike. worker that after her two weeks of work for Katia spent $2.50 a week for breakfast and nothing were over she would not be employed, dinner and for her share of a room with a con- she came away, losing the dollar she had given genial friend, another Russian girl, in Harlem. to the firm. The room was close and opened on an air- shaft, but was quiet and rather pleasant. She Story of Katia, a Corset Operative Who paid from $1.25 to $1.50 for luncheons, and, out Heard Grand Opera on an Income of the odd hundred dollars left from her income, of $346 a Year had contrived, by doing her own washing and making her own waists, to buy all her clothing, Another worker who was distressed by the and to spend $5 for books and magazines, $7 for dull season, and had witnessed unjust imposi- grand opera, which she deeply loved, and $30 tions, was Katia Markelov, a young operative on for an outing. On account of her cleverness * The income and outlay of other cloakmakers will be separately than some of the less skilful and younger girls. Katia was less at the mercy of unjust persons presented. 208 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS Two Sisters of Eighteen and Nineteen The family of seven lived in two rooms, paying Who Brought a Family of Five for them $13.50 a month; their food cost $9 or Over from Russia $10 a week; shoes came to at least $1 a week; the girls made most of their own clothing, and for Among these, Molly Davousta, another young this purpose they were paying $i a month for a machine operative, was struggling to make sewing-machine; and they gave $1 a month for payments to an extortionate ticket-seller who the little brother's Hebrew schooling. had swindled her in the purchase of a steam Molly was seen in the course of a coat-makers' boat ticket. strike. She wept because the family's rent was When Molly was thirteen, her mother and due and she had no means of paying it. She father, who had five younger children, had sent said she suffered from headache and from back- her abroad out of Russia, with the remarkable ache. Every month she lost a day's work intention of having her prepare and provide a through illness. home for all of them in some other country. She was only nineteen years old. By working Like Dick Whittington, the little girl went to every hour she could make a fair wage, but, London, though to seek not only her own for- owing to the uncertain and spasmodic nature tune, but that of seven other people. After she of the work, she was unable to depend upon had been in London for four years, her father earning enough to maintain even a fair standard died. She and her next younger sister, Bertha, of living. working in Russia, became the sole support of the family; and now, learning that wages were The Cost of Working-Girls' Shoes better in America, Molly, like Whittington, turned again and came to New York. A point that should be accentuated in Molly Here she found work on men's coats, at a wage Davousta's account is the .price of shoes. No fluctuating from $5 to $9 a week. She lived in one item of expense among working-girls is part of a tenement room for a rent of $3 a more suggestive. The cost of shoes is unescap- month. For supper and Saturday meals she able. A girl may make over an old hat with a paid $1.50 a week. Other food she bought from bit of ribbon or a flower, or make a new dress groceries and push-carts, at a cost of about $2 a from $i's worth of material, but for an ill- week. As she did her own washing, and walked fitting, clumsy pair of shoes she must pay at to work, she had no other fixed expenses, except least $2; and no sooner has she bought them than for shoes. Once in every two months these wore she must begin to skimp because in a month or to pieces and she was forced to buy new ones; six weeks she will need another pair. The hour and, till she had saved enough to pay for or two hours' walk each day through streets them, she went without her push-cart lunch- thickly spread, oftener than not, with a slimy, eon and breakfast. miry dampness, literally dissolves these shoes. In this way she lived in New York for a year, Long after uptown streets are dry and clean, during which time she managed to send $90 those of the congested quarters display the home, for the others. muddy travesty of snow in the city. The stock- Her sister Bertha, next younger than herself, ings inside these cheap shoes, with their worn had then come to New York, and obtained work linings, wear out even more quickly than the at sewing for a little less than $6 a week. Be- shoes. It is practically impossible to mend tween them, in the following six months, the two stockings besides walking to work, making one's girls managed to buy a passage ticket from waists, and doing one's washing. Russia to New York for $42, and to send home All Molly Davousta's cares, he: anxiety about $30. This, with the passage ticket, and two shoes and her foreboding concerning seasonal other tickets which they purchased on the work, was increased by her position of family instalment plan from a dealer, at a profit to him responsibility. of $20, brought all the rest of the family into New York harbor — the girls' mother, their Rita Karpovna, Who Went Without three younger sisters of fifteen, fourteen, and Luncheons to Pay Her Union Dues eight, and a little brother of seven. Five months afterward Molly and Bertha In the same way, in the course of her sea- were still making payments for these extortion- sonal work, family responsibility pressed on ate tickets. Rita Karpovna. She was a girl of nineteen who In New York, the sister of fifteen found em- had come to America a few years before with her ployment in running ribbons into corset-covers, older brother, Nikolai. Together they were to earning from $1 to $1.50 a week. The fourteen- earn their own living and make enough money year-old girl was learning operating on waists. to bring over their widowed mother, a little SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 209 brother, and a sister a year or two younger young and many of them with great beauty, to than Rita. the greatest dangers and temptations.* Espe- Soon after she arrived she found employment cially at the mercy of the seasons were some of in finishing men's vests, at $6 or $7 a week, for the fur-sewers, and the dressmakers and milli- ten hours' work a day. Living and saving with ners working, not independently, but in factories her brother, she contrived to send home $4 a and work-shops. month. Between them, Nikolai and Rita brought over their mother and the little brother. Working Nine Hours a Day in a Fur Shop But, very soon after they were all settled to- gether, their mother died. They were obliged Helena Hardman, an Austrian girl, a fur- to put the little brother into an institution. sewer, had been employed for only twenty weeks Then Nikolai fell from a scaffolding and in- in the year. She sewed by hand on fur garments capacitated himself, so that, after his partial in a Twelfth Street shop, for $7 a week, working recovery, his wage was sufficient only for his nine hours a day, with a Saturday half holiday. own support, near his work. The air and odors in the fur shop were very dis- Rita now lived alone, spending $3.50 a month agreeable, but had not affected her health. for a sleeping-place in a tenement, and for sup At the end of the twenty weeks she had been pers $1.25 a week. Her luncheons and break- laid off, and had looked unsuccessfully for work fasts, picked up anywhere at groceries or push- for seventeen weeks, before she found employ- carts, amounted, when she was working, to ment as an operative in an apron factory. Here, about 12 cents a day. At other times she often however, in this unaccustomed industry, by went without both meals. For in the last year working as an operative nine hours a day for her average wage had been reduced to $4.33 a five days a week, and six hours on Saturday, she week by over four months and a half of almost could earn only $3 or $4. complete idleness. Through nine weeks of this She paid $4 a week for board and a tenement time she had an occasional day of work, and for room shared with another girl. She had been nine weeks none at all. obliged to go in debt to her landlady for part of When she was working, she paid 60 cents a her long idle time, after her savings had been week carfare, 25 cents a month to the Union, of exhausted. which she was an enthusiastic member, and 10 During this time she had been unable to buy cents a month to a'“Woman's Self-Education any clothing, though her expense for this before Society.” The Union and this club meant more had been slender: a suit, $18; a hat, $3; shoes, to Rita than the breakfasts and luncheons she $3; waists, $3; and underwear, $2.50. She dispensed with, and more apparently than looked very well, however, in spite of the strug- dress, for which she had spent only $20 in a gle and low wages necessitated by learning a year and a half. secondary trade. Some months afterward, Mrs. Clark received word that Rita had solved many of her difficul- Shifting for a Livelihood in the Dull Season ties by a happy marriage, and could hope that many of her domestic anxieties were relieved. The dull season is tided over in various ways. The chief of these, worry over the situation of A few fortunate girls go home and live without her younger sister still in Russia, had been en- expense. Many live partly at the expense of hanced by her observations of the unhappiness philanthropic persons, in subsidized homes. In of a friend, another girl, working in the same these ways they save a little money for the dull shop — a tragedy told here because of its very time, and also store more energy from their serious bearing on the question of seasonal work. more comfortable living. Rita's younger sister was in somewhat the same On the horizon of the milliner the dull season position as this girl, alone, without physical looms black. All the world wants a new hat, strength for her work, and, indeed, so delicate gets it, and thinks no more of hats or the makers that it was doubtful whether her admission to the United States could be secured, even if Rita * In the first report of the New York Probation Association, the statement is made that out of 300 girls committed by the courts could possibly save enough for her passage during the year to the charge of Waverley House, 72 had been en- money. The friend in the shop, hard pressed by other employed as operatives. On questioning the probation the dull season, had at last become the mistress worker, Miss Stella Miner, who had lived with them and knew their of a man who supported her until the time of of these girls had gone astray while they were little children, had the birth of their child, when he left her resource- they had learned machine operating, and on going out of its pro- less. Slack and dull seasons in factory work tection to factories had drifted back again to their old ways of life. must, of course, expose the women dependent girls in its undertow cannot, of course, be known. The truth re- on their wage-earning powers, most of them mains that factory work, when it is seasonal, must increase tempta- 210 WORKING-GIRLS' BUDGETS of hats. On this account a fast and feverish The greatest pleasure the girls had in their making and trimming of hats, an exhausting little establishment was the opportunity it gave drain of the energy of milliners for a few weeks, them for entertaining friends. Before, it had is followed by weeks of no demand upon their been impossible for them to see any one, except skill. in other people's crowded living-rooms, or on Girl after girl told the investigator that the the street. busy season more than wore her out, but that Regina was engaged to a young apothecary the worry and lower standard of living of the student, whom she expected to marry in the dull season were worse. The hardship is the spring. Like her, he was in New York without greater because the skilled milliner has had to his family, and he took his meals at the two spend time and money for her training. girls' little flat with them. Many of these girls try to find supplementary Regina's father, who was living in Russia with work, as waitresses in summer hotels, or in some a second wife, had sent her $100 when she wrote other trade. A great difficulty here is the over- him of her intended marriage. This, and about lapping of seasons. The summer hotel waitress $40 saved in the six weeks of earning $10, were is needed until September, at least, but the her reserve fund in the long dull season. milliner must begin work in August. To obtain The inquirer saw Regina again a few days employment in a non-seasonal industry it is before Thanksgiving. She She was still out of often necessary to lie. In each new occupation work, but was learning at home to do some it is necessary to accept a beginner's wage. mechanical china-decorating for the Christmas trade. Regina, a Fifteen-Year-Old Russian Who Earned $3 a Week and Lived on Bananas The Chronicle of an American Milliner Regina Siegerson had come alone, at the age Among the milliners, several girls were study- of fifteen, from Russia to New York, where she ing to acquire not only a training in a secondary had been for seven years. The first winter was trade, but the better general education which cruel. She supported herself on $3 a week. She Frances Ashton, a young American girl of had been forced to live in the most miserable of twenty, had obtained through better fortunes. tenements with “ignorant” people. She had Her father, a professional man, had been com- subsisted mainly by eating bananas, and had fortably situated. Without anticipating the worn a spring jacket through the cold winter. It necessity of supporting herself, she had studied seemed, however, that no hardship had ever pre- millinery at Pratt Institute for half a year. vented her from attending evening school, where Then, because it was rather a lark, she had gone her persistence had taken her to the fourth year to work in New York. Most of her wage was of high school. She was thinking of college at the spent for board and recreation, her father send- time of the interview. Regina was a Russian ing her an allowance for clothes. revolutionist, and keenly thirsting for knowledge. After a year, his sudden death made it neces- She talked eagerly to the inquirer about Victor sary for her to live more economically, as her Hugo, Gorky, Tolstoy, and Bernard Shaw. With inheritance was not large. The expenses of an no less interest she spoke of the trade fortunes attack of typhoid one summer, and of an opera- of milliners in New York, and her own last tion the next year, entirely consumed it. year's experience. She had worked through In the year she described, she had been a May, June, and July as a trimmer, making $11 copyist in one of the most exclusive shops on in a week of nine hours a day, with Saturday Fifth Avenue. The woman in charge was ex- closing at five. During August and September ceptionally considerate, keeping the girls as long and the first weeks in October she had only six as possible. She used to weep when she was weeks' work, as a maker in a ready-to-wear hat obliged to dismiss them, for she realized the factory, situated on the lower West Side over a suffering and the temptation of the long idle stable, where she made $10 in a week of nine period. hours a day. However, the season had lasted only three Regina and a girl friend had managed to fur- or three and a half months at a time, from nish a two-room tenement apartment with very February i to May 15, and from August 18 simple conveniences, and there they kept house. to December 4. During the six busy weeks in Rent was $10.50 a month; gas for heating and the spring and the autumn, while the orders cooking, $1.80; and food for the two, about $5 were piling up, work was carried on with fever- a week. As Regina did her own washing, the ish intensity. The working day lasted from weekly expense for each was but $3.67, less than eight-thirty until six, with an hour at noon for many lodgers pay for very much less comfort. luncheon. Many employees, however, stayed THE STORMY HEART 211 until nine o'clock, receiving $1, besides 30 cents Yet she had excellent training and skill, the supper money, for over time. But by six o'clock advantage of living comfortably and being well Frances was so exhausted that she could do no nourished, and the advantage of a considerate more, and she always went home at that hour. employer, who did as well as she could for her In addition to her thirty weeks in the Fifth workers, under the circumstances. Avenue order establishment, Frances had two Something, then, must be said about these weeks' work in a wholesale house, where the circumstances — this widespread precarious- season began earlier; so that she had been em- ness in work, against which no amount of thrift ployed for thirty-two weeks in the year, and idle or industriousness or foresight can adequately for twenty. She was a piece-worker, and she provide. Where industry acts the part of the had earned from $8 to $14 a week. grasshopper in the fable, it is clearly quite hope- The twenty idle weeks had been filled with less for workers to attempt to attain the history continuous futile attempts to find anything to of the ant. Among the factory workers, the waist- do. Application at department-stores had been makers' admirable efforts for juster wages was, ineffectual. So had answered advertisements. as far as yearly income was concerned, largely She said she had lost all scruples about lying, ineffectual, on account of this obstacle of slack because, the moment it was known that she and dull seasons, whose occurrence employers wanted a place during the dull season only, she are as powerless as employees to forestall. had no chance at all. These chronicles, showing the effect of seasonal Frances lived in one of the pleasantest and work on the fortunes of some self-supporting most expensive subsidized homes for working- operatives and hand workers in New York fac- girls, paying for board, and a large, delightful tories and workshops, concern only one corner room shared with two other girls, $4.50 a week. of American industry, in which, as every observer Although she walked sometimes from work, must realize, there are many other enormous carfare usually amounted to 50 cents a week. fields of seasonal work. These histories are Laundering two sets of underwear and one nevertheless clear and authentic instances of a white waist a week cost 60 cents. Thus, strange and widespread social waste. Neither for a reasonable degree of cleanliness and trade organization nor State legislation for comfort, partly provided by philanthropic per- shorter hours is primarily directed toward a sons, she spent $5.60 a week aside from the more general regular and foresighted distribu- cost of clothing. tion of work among all seasonal trades and all She dressed plainly, though everything she seasonal workers. Until some focussed, specific had was of nice quality. She said she could attempt is made to secure such a distribution, spend nothing for pleasure, because of her con- it seems impossible but that extreme seasonal stant foreboding of the dull season, and the want, from seasonal idleness, will be combined necessity of always saving for her apparently with exhausting seasonal work from overtime inevitable weeks of idleness. She was, at the or exhausting seasonal work in speeding, in a time she gave her account, extremely anxious manner apparently arranged by fortune to because she did not know how she was to pay devastate human energy in the least intelligent another week's board. manner possible. THE STORMY HEART BY ANITA FITCH 7 HEN I am dead perchance my clay may lie In some wild spot, unshielded of the wind And strewn with wreckage of the salty seas. My stormy heart would choose its stormy kind. W When I am dead perchance my soul may know The Thing to which my living soul was blind; And so forget the foolish heart of me Still with its playthings — with the wrecks and wind! THE DUB A Job-Hunter's --- Love Story by Oscar Graeve Illustrations by Frederic Dorr Dorr Steele L elevator, she determined to go back. It had come to her that the man was some one she knew. She turned, and in a moment, climbing the few steps to the bend, stood before him. She was right; he was one of the young men who State M worked in the bookkeeping department. She had often furtively admired his young vitality. He did not look up until she touched him. Then he started, lifting a shamed face and red- dened eyes to hers. “What do you want?” he ILY did not wait to say good-by to the asked surlily. other girls; she had not made friends "You laid off, too?” with any of them in the few weeks she He nodded and resumed his former position. had worked for Garden & Company. Lily waited a moment, and then said, She did not make friends easily, “There's no use going on like this about it.” although she had often wished that she had He looked up with a flicker of anger. “Oh, the gift. After her hat and coat were on, she there ain't, ain't there? Much you know about walked from the lockers through the main office, it, butting into other people's affairs! It don't nodding farewell to three or four of the stenog- mean much to you, perhaps. Probably you just raphers and clerks, but not stopping to speak. work to have spending money." His eyes swept She was sorry she had been discharged, but over her neat attire. “But me, all l've got is she was not worried. She felt quite confident of my week's salary — all I've got in the world, finding another position shortly. Lily was well and two weeks' board due, and all my clothes equipped to fend for herself. Almost as long as looking like the devil. I'm down and out." she could remember she had been compelled to Lily sighed. She thought it a hopeless case do so, and through these years of self-support she might as well be on her way but she sat she had been constantly perfecting the tools that down near him, a step below. brought her a livelihood. Besides, there was “There's plenty of other jobs," she said. added consolation in the knowledge that her “Not for me,” he answered, looking at her, savings amounted to about five hundred dollars. and wondering a little at her interest. "I can't She walked down the dim hall. It was the seem to keep a job. I was just hoping this time of day when daylight lingers as if waiting would be permanent. I was doing my best for the lights of man. On the way to the eleva- here honest, I was! And they gave me the tor she passed the seldom-used stairs. In their G. B.- I guess because I was incompetent.” bend, half concealed, she made out a man sitting "It wasn't that at all,” Lily declared warmly. in a crouching position. Lily walked on, but, “You're not the only one that was laid off. just as she was about to press the button for the How about me? I'm competent, and don't you 212 OSCAR GRAEVE 213 forget it! There were about six others, too George was on time the next morning, and the ones that had been there the shortest time. they sat in the front parlor with a Sunday And business being slow was the only reason.' paper's "want columns spread over the table “Yes, business being slow," he repeated; before them. Lily read the advertisements “and then you're jollying me into thinking it's and George wrote the answers as she dictated. a cinch to get another job.” He stopped, and Working in this way, they answered eight ad- then said suddenly, “Say, what's your game, vertisements for him and five for her. anyway?” Finally she threw down the paper and jumped As he looked up into Lily's face, she noted the to her feet. “That seems to be about all. weakness of the mouth and chin; yet she ad- Now, what do you bet that we don't both get mired his straight, sharply carved features and a position this same week?" she laughed. his splendid, muscular throat. She wished she George caught her enthusiasm. "Well, we could help him - he so evidently needed help. ought to, if letters count for anything." And yet he angered her; she felt a desire to They were silent. He fumbled at his coat shake him; and if she were a man, she thought, lapel, while she lifted and replaced a vase on she would not only shake him but swear at the mantel. him. It seemed to be what he needed. “Shall we go out for a walk?” he asked But she chose another course. She put her suddenly. hand firmly on his shoulder. “Come along!” She swung around, smiling. "Oh, I can't go she said. “Somebody's likely to see you here this morning. I have lots of sewing and things any minute. Let's go outside; and as we go to do. Sunday is just as much a work-day for along we'll talk it over.” me as any other. If it wasn't, goodness knows Outside, it was March. There was a little what I'd look like. But I'll tell you what you sunshine left, but the wind was cold. They do, if you want to,” she added. 'Come about walked across the City Hall Park until they four o'clock this afternoon, and I'll go." came to two vacant seats on a bench near the He was there again sharply at four; Lily was fountain. “Let's sit here,” said Lily. ready, and they started. It had grown mild They did not talk for a few minutes; each overnight; the air was of the peculiarly soft, had grown a little shy of the other. Finally fragrant quality that foretells spring. Lily asked: “What's your name?” They had walked up to the park ard part “George Scott.” way back, when George said: "Can't you take “Well” (it seemed foolish to call him “Mis- dinner with me? I know where we can get a ter"), "well, George, what are you going to do fine meal for thirty-five cents. You're doing about a new position?" so much for me, I'd like to have you." He had almost forgotten his troubles, but the Lily slipped her hand through his arm. question plunged him back into his depression. “And you broke and out of work,” she said. Answer ads; see my friends; look around,” he “Not much!” said briefly. But he urged her, and at last they compro- “That's all right,” she answered; "but it re- mised: Lily would go if she might pay for her quires more than that. It needs — ” She gave own dinner. They crossed to Sixth Avenue, him a quick side glance and then wondered if it and on one of the meaner side streets found the were worth explaining. That brought a new idea. restaurant, which, he assured her, was “elegant “I'll tell you what you do. Come to my for the money." house to-morrow morning, and we'll answer the The meal seemed to bring them closer to- ads together. I'll help you and you can help gether; in a way, it put a new aspect on their me." relationship. Lily was no longer the dominat. He brightened visibly. “That is nice of you. ing personality; it was George who shone forth. What time shall I come?" His ready talk and good looks both helped. From her hand-bag she took a card on which But — perhaps for that very reason Lily en- her name and address were printed; she scrib- joyed herself immensely. She had seldom gone bled "8.30" on it and handed it to him. “At out with men; life, so far, had denied her a that time; then we can have the parlor to our- "beau.” She wondered what the other girls selves. None of the other boarders are up in the restaurant thought of George; she imag- Sunday mornings before ten." ined that some of them envied her. She shivered and stood up, holding out her The time passed so quickly that in an incom- hand. “Good-by until then, and — and don't prehensibly short time they were outside again. worry." As they stood there, a man, flashily dressed and He took her hand, pressed it hard, and left with bright, protuberant eyes, swung past; he her without speaking. glanced from George to Lily, then back again. 214 THE DUB “Hello, Georgie, my boy,” he sang out, rais- She locked the door, and then, without removing ing his hat. her hat and coat, sat down in the one chair. “I George waved his hand. "Hello, Bill." wonder what I'm doing it for?” she said, her Lily waited a moment, and then asked, eyes round with musing. "Who's that man, George?” Her thoughts flew back and forth over the “Why, it's a friend of mine; I used to go to events — they were events — of the night. school with him.” How really handsome George was — how “I don't like him. What does he do?” strong, how big! And yet he didn't amount to George evidently did not hear. much. He really knew very little, she thought “What does he do, George?” she repeated. reluctantly. He was inefficient - and she de- “He — he runs a pool-room.” tested inefficiency. She had often thought that “Do you have anything to do with that?” if she ever loved a man' he must not only be she asked quickly. strong and virile, but he must be capable and He shook his head and answered, with a trace commanding; he must be a leader, even if he of sullenness, "Not lately." led only a gang of street laborers. But what By that time they were walking down the right had she to think of love? Then she won- street. When they turned into Sixth Avenue, dered if, by any strange distortion of fancy, George proposed a moving-picture show. George could think her pretty — she who all her Lily agreed to go on the same terms on which life had cried a protest against her own unat- she had consented to the dinner, and they walked tractiveness. up to Twenty-third Street, to a theater where With her head full of these musings, she got a continuous bill of vaudeville and moving up and prepared for bed. "Well, I'll get him pictures was offered to the public for twenty a job, and then he'll forget all about me," she cents. told herself, as she turned out the light. “But Lily had beguiled many an otherwise lonely if he doesn't forget," valiant hope sang on, hour at moving-picture shows, but she had "what then?” never enjoyed one as much as she did this. As “Lily Ritter, you're a fool!" she cried aloud, George leaned a little toward her, she was vehemently, and jumped into bed. It was her conscious of his arm against hers. To go with final summing up of the situation. some one was much nicer than going alone, Tuesday night found Lily at the restaurant thought Lily. first. She had received three replies to her five When the illustrated songs came, and the letters, and was triumphant with the promise singer, with an air of frightened good-fellowship, from one firm of a trial. She was to begin work invited the audience to join in the chorus, Lily in the morning. “Now, if only George has and George both sang. “Let's sing right out something,” she thought. But at that mo- loud,” she said. “I've never dared to before, ment she saw him enter, and she knew im- but I've always wanted to.” mediately that he had not been as fortunate Together they followed the words on the as she. screen, and the pretty, lilting music haunted Nevertheless, as soon as he was seated oppo- Lily's heart ever after that night. “There'll site her, she said with assumed gaiety, “What's never be another girl like you — you — you!” the news?” (Lily wondered if George felt it as she did.) He shook his head. “I got answers from “And you I'll always love, dear, for you're four places, but nothing doing. I've got one true — true -- true!" more place to go to in the morning." Soon after that the continuous bill began to Her small clenched hand came down on the reroll from the act at which it had been when table. “Now, look here, George! You've got they entered. Lily and George, with some to get that place — do you hear? You say to others, passed through the red-lighted "Exit” yourself, as you're going in, I'm going to have into the street, and George saw Lily home to the it,' and feel that you are - look it -- and you'll boarding-house on East Seventeenth Street. get it. That's my plan." “Will I see you again?” he asked rather for He straightened his shoulders as she spoke. lornly, standing at the gate. “Gee! I wish you could come along with me." “Why, of course; I'm not going to lose track “Oh, you'll get it all right, George. Remem- of you until you've got a good job.” Sheber, I expect you to.” thought for a moment. “Suppose we meet at They arranged to meet again the next evening. six o'clock Tuesday night at the restaurant All through her work that day Lily kept won- and compare notes." dering how George was succeeding. "If these With that agreement they parted. people knew what I was thinking all the time, Lily went upstairs to her tiny hall bedroom. I see how my trial would end!” she admonished Slato 79. “LILY READ THE ADVERTISEMENTS, AND GEORGE WROTE THE ANSWERS AS SHE DICTATED" 10 herself, as her trained fingers flew over the key- George said he had an engagement with some board. But when the end of the work-day friends. Lily went home alone. came at half past five, she gathered, from what “And he didn't say when he'd come to see her new employer said, that already she had me,” she murmured, as she walked along. “I "made good." suppose this'll be the end of it for me." She She rode in the subway to Fourteenth Street, knew she was not pretty; she knew she had not and walked the few blocks to the little eating- that charm with which other girls seemed to place. It was George who was there first that attract men so easily. night, and almost before Lily was seated he cried She tried to become accustomed to the thought out to her radiantly: "I got it, Lily! I got it!" that she would never see George again, and in In her pleasure, she placed her hand over his. doing so it suddenly burst upon her that, com- “I'm so glad!” she said. pletely and irrevocably, she loved him; know- Both talked eagerly of their new positions ing his weakness and his faults, she loved him. until, toward the end of the meal, a constraint It seemed incredible that in so short a time this fell upon them. Each stole occasional glances love had become as vital a part of herself as her at the other. Presently Lily said, “Will — will flesh and blood. I see you again?" “He's a dub!" she reasoned angrily. "Think He nodded. “Of course.” of me loving a dub!” "I'll be glad to have you call any night,” she By the time she reached home she had ceased said, trying to put it indifferently. to fight against this love; she had surrendered They parted when they reached Sixth Avenue; to it. She stood looking up at the stars — they 215 216 THE DUB seemed strangely near and brilliant to-night. her hands and lips. It seemed as if her love had “Love!” she whispered. “Love! And it's grown until it would stifle her. “Think of me come to me at last!” loving such a dub!" she repeated again and That was Wednesday night. Thursday came, again, with fierce self-scorn; but it did no good. and Saturday; another week slipped by; but At last there was an evening when George she neither saw nor heard from George. The came to her and said, with a strange absence of following Saturday night she went to the res- triumph: "Well, I've got a job." taurant where they had dined together. “It She studied him from beneath her lowered isn't that I expect to see him there,” she told eyelashes. “What is it, George?” she asked. herself, and even as she said it she knew “I'm not going to tell you!” — this defiantly. she lied. Presently he came in and saw her. Lily said nothing. She adopted an indiffer- He looked away quickly and made as if to ent tone. “Well, shall we go out for a walk?” go to another table. But suddenly he swung Suddenly he turned to her. "Oh, Lily!" he around and sank into the seat opposite hers cried brokenly; then he controlled himself. without speaking. “Yes, let's go out," he said. “What — what's the matter?” she asked. It was April now. Instinctively they sought “I'm ashamed to even look at you,” he said, the quieter streets, walking along without speak- covering his eyes with his hand. ing. Finally they came from the calm of a night- Lily did not say anything, but, feeling the deserted business street into the glare and roar direct gaze of her eyes upon him, he blurted out: of the Bowery. "Where are we, anyway?” “They let me go Wednesday night; said my asked Lily. work was not satisfactory." George looked at a lamp-post. It was Canal Now that Lily knew the worst, she summoned Street. “Let's go down to the bridge,” he sug- all her courage to his aid. “They're not the gested. only people you can work for, George," she They were soon there. Midway, they stood cried angrily. “We got that job easy; we can leaning on the rail. Far beneath them, the dark get another just as easy." waters glistened. George, looking up, found He shook his head. “You could, Lily; but Lily's eyes full upon him. He knew the reason. there's something lacking in me. I'm in wrong." “Remember that man we met one night in Lily fought with his depression. After they front of the restaurant?” he asked. left the restaurant, they walked along as far as Lily remembered. "Yes; the one I didn't the Sixties, and all the way she said at intervals, like?” "Just keep a stiff upper lip, George," or, "Some “I went to see him the other day, and he thing is sure to show up, and meanwhile you can offered me a job — a good job,” he added count on me.” hurriedly; "twenty a week.” They turned and walked back; and presently “The man who ran the pool-room?" she asked. they came to the park on East Eighteenth He nodded. Street, and found a bench. "Oh, George!” she exclaimed, and the tone "Here I am, a great, overgrown brute," he called a defense from him. said bitterly—“feel the muscles of my arm, “I had to take it, Lily,” he said. “You've Lily.” Her fingers touched him lightly. “And tried hard to make something out of me; but I can't make enough to keep myself. What's you couldn't. What difference does it make if the matter with me? What's the good of keep- I do take it?” ing at it?" She put her hand on his sleeve. "I can't let After some persuasion, Lily made him prom- you do this, George — I can't. You can't take ise to come to her boarding-house in the morning, it!” The words came hurriedly. “I'll give and let her answer some advertisements for him. you money until you get a position; but don't But, although George received several replies take this." to these letters, it seemed impossible for him He dropped his arm, and her hand fell from to get anything. A week passed, and then an- it. He did not meet her eyes as he said: “It's other. Lily saw him almost every other night. all settled.” Each time she managed to send him forth “What can I do?" Lily thought. She knew with some small share of new courage. But that if George took this position it would ruin at times she could have wept with despair; at him. His weakness and the constant tempta- others she felt that she could hardly control tions the rottenness of the whole thing! She her tongue from telling him that it was his own pictured him going down and down. inefficiency that held him down; and yet, all the It was George who broke the silence by saying time, she had to restrain a desire to enfold him hesitantly, “I've often thought if I could get in her arms, to comfort him with soft touches of away from New York, if I could go West or OSCAR GRAEVE 217 SUC- even on a farm somewhere, I'd make good. I'm Fox Building, the clock showed a quarter to in wrong somehow. You've helped me a lot, twelve. They had been on the bridge for more Lily, but even you couldn't make a go out of it than three hours! When they reached the - here. This” he lifted his strong arms street, they boarded a car, and in about fifteen "don't count for much in the city.” minutes were before the house where Lily lived. Suddenly Lily knew that he was right. Out Hardly a word had been spoken on the way West — somewhere else — there would be a home. One or two glances at George's face told chance for him. Here he was "in wrong." Lily that he was still thinking of his future Well, she could send him West; she had the his future without her. money — five hundred dollars; she'd give him “I'll get the money to-morrow-it's at a half. But at that thought she stopped. What private banker's," she said; "and you of her? She couldn't send him away. It can start Sunday. Good night." She wasn't as if he would come back to held out her hand without her. She couldn't hold him looking at him. deep down within her, she knew But he was still full that for the truth. If she of his plans. He started sent him away, he would to speak of them again, probably be successful, but now the confidence but it would be the end of his first enthusiasm of him for her. “Oh, I was over. Before long can't do it!” The cry he said: “But sup- came so clearly it pose I don't succeed, seemed to her almost Lily? Suppose I lose as if she had uttered your money - what it aloud. "Oh, I then?” can't!” “Don't get talking Then, passionately, that rot, George,' as if she wished to she answered. “Of keep in advance of course you'll her desires, she took ceed.” his hand between “It'll seem awful hers. "I can send you new — awful lonely, away, George," she at first,” he con- said. “I have the tinued. “Here I had money, and you can you to help me, and have it." other friends. There He looked at her I won't even have Bill curiously. “Lily — " to offer me a position he began, and choked. in a pool-room." He "Why are you so good took her hand and held to me? But — I can't it. "Say, Lily, why — take it!” why can't you come, too?” “It'll just be a loan.” She She was trembling. spoke in a way that seemed to ""SO LET'S GO TOGETHER'". “What do you mean, George?” stamp her words as true prophecy. “I know, “Why can't you come along as my wife and as well as I know that I'm standing here, that my pal? You can make something out of me, you'll make good. I feel it! It'll be a loan Lily. You can make me succeed. And, God and you can repay me.” knows, I need you!” He shook his head, but she continued to She did not speak for a moment. She knew plead with him. Presently he began to talk why he asked her - simply because he was hopefully; he began to plan for a new life; and afraid to go alone. But finally she turned to Lily became the silent one. She listened with a him with “Oh, George, I think in some ways dull pain at her breast, that grew and grew, so you're an awful dub,” — she was sobbing, - that she could have cried out with the agony of it. “but I do love you, and I-perhaps that is what She was afraid to look at George; she was almost I was made for — to help you. Besides, I think afraid to speak to him. They stood for a long I need you just as much as you need me! while; a policeman passed, gazing at them in- So- quiringly, smiling, with a shrug of his shoulders. “Yes?" he urged. They started for home. As they passed the "So let's go together." MISS CAL BY ELIZABETH ROBINS AUTHOR OF "COME AND FIND ME AND "THE MAGNETIC NORTH ILLUSTRATION (SEE FRONTISPIECE) BY F. WALTER TAYLOR T a HEY were talking, one evening, at who can dominate a London dinner-party can a London dinner-party about a girl do anything on earth.” It is not and never was who was coming later in the even- true, but the mot gives some measure of the ing to sing. People were mildly combination of gifts required for such social curious about the nameless one ascendancy as Berwick's. "Oh, quite unknown,” said the hostess; People dreaded the faint irony of his reflective young American.” smile more than another man's loud denuncia- But London knew what to expect at Lady tion. A shrug of the stooped shoulders was com- St. Edmond's. “A little music after dinner,” mittal to outer darkness. No need for him to was the way the invitations ran when Paderew- cry: “So much for Buckingham!”— the head ski was to play. To-night it was to be Kreisler of the unfortunate was already weltering in the and Tetrazzini and the Unknown. basket. "Where did you hear her?” somebody asked. Before dinner, Lady St. Edmond had whis- The lady in the smoke-colored gauze and the pered in my ear: "Olive Hertford will be furious wonderful emeralds smiled as she confessed: because she isn't put next him. But she's too “Like you, I shall hear her to-night for the first exigeante. He's tired-harassed. That horrible time.” all-night sitting! Mind, no politics!” she said, “Aren't you rather nervous — considering shaking her pretty head till the long emerald who's here?” demanded her brother-in-law. and diamond earrings flew out and scattered All the eyes at our end of the table followed the splinters of light. “He must be gently diverted.” direction of Lord Seale's. With one accord they I was not over-pleased with my task. If, in fastened on the man who sat between the hostess common with all the world, I felt Noel Berwick's and myself. Foreigner though I was, I had not charm, I resented his easy despotism. I resented lived in London all these years without know- other people's assuming the supreme importance ing something of the meaning of that instinctive of saying to him “the right thing" and never appeal to the slightly bored, gently cynical, praising the wrong. Well enough, I told myself, middle-aged man at my side. Eighteen years to remember that this was a party. All life was ago my first glimpse of Noel Berwick had re more or less "party" to Noel Berwick. vealed a tall, extravagantly slim man of thirty But now, seated at the table, with all these one or two, with delicate, indeterminate features eyes following Lord Seale's to my neighbor, I and charming, if slightly supercilious, manners. came under the spell of the common wonder as To-day I knew that not his inherited high place to how even Lady St. Edmond had dared ask in the English hierarchy, any more than the an untried stranger to sing before this man. despotic power he had come to exercise in poli “I am not in the least nervous," she an- tics, not even the personal charm that his bit- swered, “because Miss —a— the young lady terest opponent could not deny — none of these was recommended by Mr. Berwick.” causes had focussed the attention of a gathering I was intensely conscious that he would like this upon the man sitting between the host- rather she had left that unsaid. ess and myself. His power of imposing fastidi "Well, in matters musical,” said the Liberal ous, intensely circumscribed taste in art and whip who had taken me down, “we are all letters had ruled this little great world for willing to follow Mr. Berwick.” The gibe fell twenty years. He had made it the fashion to be flat on Tory ears. “intellectual” — within limits. As one noted Interest in the Unknown had enormously the sensitiveness of the instant response to his quickened. A question from the other side of faintest playing upon the organ of social opinion, the table elicited from the great man the languid one remembered Oscar Wilde's saying: "A man information that he had heard the girl only once. 218 ELIZABETH ROBINS 219 “I spent some weeks in America last year,” he aren't you? Do you think I could sing in Lon- said, as though the two hemispheres had not don some day?'”. chronicled the fact. "I escaped from Newport “And now she's here. Very pretty. Ready with a couple of friends who took me to the to astonish the natives.” Adirondacks. Mountains, you know.” With a “Too bad I sha'n't hear her," said the Liberal qualified approval he dwelt upon the scenery. whip, rising and putting his napkin in a tousle “But the girl, the singer!”— several voices on his chair. “You said you would allow me to reminded him that he was digressing. tear myself away.” He bowed to the hostess, “Ah, yes. It was during a little walking tour. who dismissed him with a nod. We lost our way one day. We had to put up at He paused behind Mr. Berwick's chair to say: a little mountain hotel of a highly primitive “So that I shall know it's she when I hear her nature. There were two other people to share caroling at Covent Garden, what is the siren's our belated meal. An oldish woman severely name?” New England, and a girl. When we went out The sole notice Mr. Berwick took of the in- on the pee-yazzah (they call it pee-yazzah) to quiry was palpably to lower his voice and turn smoke, the two women went into the sitting- to me with: room. To our consternation, one of them began “We talked to her for several minutes, I to play.” He lifted his fine, long hands half-way remember. She told us she had been studying to his ears, and then dropped them. Our nerves very hard in New York.” twanged sharp in sympathy for his martyrdom. “How old was she?” "Fortunately, the younger woman called out "I should have said about sixteen; but she to her to stop. If only in gratitude for that, the said she was twenty -- and quite sure she was girl deserved —” He smiled; so did the com- born lucky. 'Yes,' we agreed, ‘with a voice like pany. “But she succeeded in silencing the other that. No, it wasn't so much her voice. It was woman only by saying: “I'll sing for you without her friends. No girl alone in the world (she was an accompaniment. an orphan, she said) — no girl ever had such He paused, and seemed to be examining the friends. And she celebrated them - standing perversities in color and in shape of the orchids there in the window, looking - well, you'll see that hung over the slim Venetian glass in front her. 'Generous, wonderful friends!' Especially of him. one!” “Well - she sang,” he ended. “The severe-looking chaperon?” “Oh, oh, now play fair," laughed the hostess. “Well, no. “She is a friend I've made my- “This is how he told me: 'There was a little self,' the girl said, as though apologizing for the silence and then - a voice. An enchantment.”” work of an inexperienced hand. The lady was The man's eyes left the mauve and orange one of the teachers in the academy where Miss flecks on the unearthly flowers, and he glanced -a - the girl had studied. The 'wonderful a little reproachfully at Betty St. Edmond. friends' were of her father's making. One in She had convicted him of enthusiasm. particular. A very prince. Out of devotion for “The voice was very true, and of a purity —" her father, his friends had paid for her educa- He paused, and then : “It seemed to have had tion — for everything, she said. She stood there some fair training, too,” he said in his lan- with her head up — how they carry themselves, guid way. those raw American girls!” he exclaimed, and wondered how they learned it. “She came out on the pee-yazzah, of course?” Nobody knew. “No. They went upstairs. We were waked "Well, she poured out her innocent paean to the next morning by the ministrations of a those wonderful friends of her father's. She piano-tuner — wherever they'd unearthed him! had just had a letter from one of them to say, When we came down she — the girl — was if she wanted to study abroad, she might. singing again.” That, as I say, was last summer. Three weeks “And you lost the coach,” said Lady St. ago, during the Whitsuntide recess, she sent me Edmond. Though she would never allow any a note, recalling herself.” one else to tease her lion, she did not mind doing “Ah! the wonderful friend was as good as his it herself. word!” “What I chiefly remember," he said airily, “How do you mean?” “is that we liked the way she took our pleasure in "He was sending her to London — to find her performance — when she opened the shutter more wonderful friends." and found us listening. She grew scarlet. And "She had been in London eight months, when one of us complimented her, she leaned studying under Marchesi. She had made out of the window to say: 'You are English, strides. And she had been very happy, she said. “Well, go on." 220 MISS CAL << Because she had got a medal? No - though opposite, a consideration of importance seemed she was glad to have a medal. Happy because to drive out the triviality: “I haven't seen you she is young and ‘April's here'? Not at all. since that maladroit speech Gerald made in the She was happy because she had justified the house on Tuesday.” The tone was a trifle hopes of 'those kind, kind men' who for her brusque. “You'll have to keep him better in father's sake had done so much for her. They hand.” will soon be relieved of the burden of Miss — a 'Ah, Gerald! He's the enfant terrible of the - of her support." Lords. But nobody minds Gerald.” "Going to be married?" “Don't believe it.” And my neighbor went “She has been singing," Lady St. Edmond on to outline the effect on the country of such threw in, “for — what did she say was the name an exhibition by a hereditary legislator at a mo- of the impresario? And he's engaged her.” ment so critical for the Upper House. For the “Oh, we must make up a party and go and next three quarters of an hour they told anec- hear her.” dotes about the harum-scarum young gentle- "Not this season, is it? Didn't she say next?” man, who was known to everybody there and Berwick asked Lady St. Edmond. related to half the company. “Yes; but the impresario man must think During the stir made by the women's leaving well of her to do all he's going to do.” the dining-room, I said to the hostess: “What is “Another wonderful friend!” the name of the American songstress?” They laughed. The sparkling face took on a look of malice as “He pays her a retaining fee, I believe,” said she said under her breath: Mr. Berwick. "Promise not to tell?” "Don't forget the condition,” added the "Bury it," I vowed. hostess. Her eyes danced. “Miss Cal Hizer Tripp," she “Ah, a condition!” said Lord Seale. pronounced with relish. I stared. She motioned “Now, don't be cynical, Bobbie. We must that I blocked the way, and I turned. The tell them the condition, Mr. Berwick, or else long, shining table, the rows of men standing they mayn't appreciate their good luck.” while the procession of women filed out — it all It seemed to me that he tried to stop her. grew dim, but with a dimness that, instead of “The condition,” the lady went on, “is that obscuring, strangely enhanced some of the im- she is not to let her voice be heard, even at a plications in the familiar picture. Never had private gathering, before she makes her debut the unemphatic, delicate luxury of such a scene in grand opera.” come more insistently to my senses. Never had “Then you've got us here under false pre women seemed so ethereal. tenses!” Cal Hizer Tripp! “What! are we only to be allowed to see the Never a man so unreal as Noel Berwick - way she carries herself?” There was an out- never flesh and blood so much a fetish as this burst of mock indignation. totem-pole of a tall, thin aristocrat, talking now "Wait till you hear!” she insisted. The long to the Lord Chief Justice about the imperial emerald earrings swung toward Noel Berwick. idea and the "people.” What did he know of “Do tell them. It's rather pretty of her. She the people? He feared them; he despised must sing justonce, she told the impresario,-just them. So did these human orchids trailing once, — for some one who had encouraged her.” their delicate petals past, ivory, mauve, and The great man lifted one shoulder and smiled jewel-strewn black. The low laughter and the deprecatingly. “I did not remember, but it soft voices, the shimmer and the rustle, went seems I encouraged her. She is going to-morrow through the hall and up the great staircase. to Leipsic for her final months of training. To Cal Hizer Tripp! night she is to sing for”, he inclined his head I followed; but for me the shining procession -"for Lady St. Edmond.” had vanished. I was north of 64, walking in an- “Ah, for Lady St. Edmond!” other company, on the shore of the Bering Sea. In the rustle of laughter and comment the Cal Hizer Tripp! long earrings swung our way again. Under her The absurd name reeked of Nome. breath:“She must change her ridiculous name," It seemed to hold in its uncouth concatena- said our hostess, with decision. tion of vocables all the rawness, the lawlessness, "Oh, of course," agreed Mr. Berwick hur- the courage and the cowardice, the inexplicable riedly. allurement and the fierce repulsion, the enlight- “What is her name?” I asked. enments, strange, precious — all that memory “Her name? — a"- he seemed to search his linked with the great Arctic gold camp. memory. Then, as he caught the eye of the man Cal Hizer Tripp! ELIZABETH ROBINS 221 5 setback ten years. Nome was raging through The tone of languid relief stirred an old feeling its first summer after the news went broadcast in me. and in the little river wandering through the travelers, from time to time: a sense of impa- tundra behind Anvil Rock. Nome, the gathering-place of the nations, bide at home and presume to gauge the infi- utterance of that incantation the calendar “Ah, you know the friends, too,” he said. Not peculiar to me. A feeling that gold had been discovered in the sea sands seizes many an American, and perhaps almost all At was that tience with the contented ignorance of men who world. forty Mecca of the derelict, the dump-heap of the nitely remote; an impulse not to spare the smug A strip of storm-swept coast, where self-sufficiency of those who would rather govern thousand desperate beings had flung them- "the people" than take the trouble to under- selves, to fight like wild beasts, at first for gold, stand them. by and by for life — where thousands, rich and “Yes," I said; “I had some acquaintance, poor alike, slept shelterless on the shingle amid years ago, with her father's and her ‘particular a tangle of useless machinery, of goods and gear friend.' Bill Dexter was his name.” and dead Siwash dogs — many a man, and “Indeed.” woman, too, ready enough never to rise again. “He was a saloon keeper.” Nobody much disturbed by the knowledge that “A what?” smallpox and typhoid were settling down on the “Bill Dexter was proprietor of the Golden demented camp. A more important matter Sands Gambling Hell at Nome, the year of the that a man, after washing out a fortune, lying great boom.” in his tent with a pistol on either side of him, He stared an instant. As he turned his face might waken any night to find holes cut in his from me to the smoke-colored figure flashing her canvas, eyes looking through, a gun pointed, and wonderful emeralds from group to group, he a voice: “Move a hair and I'll shoot." Then, encountered the watchful, critical eyes of Betty while the eyes watched and the murderous bore St. Edmond eyes that nothing escaped and pointed, the pal or two would enter and quietly nothing held. I thought I detected more than decamp with thousands of dollars' worth of dust. a shade of apprehension in the great man's No redress. Unless the loser were a cheechalker commonly imperturbable countenance. he never troubled to report his loss. Sheer How would Betty take it? waste of time! He set to work to rock out more I said to myself: "She already takes in dust or to dam the sand, washed over now so whether I am being 'diverting' or not. I am many times and running low in gold. being disturbing. Another two minutes and Cal Hizer Tripp! she will rescue him.” Three murders and five suicides that week "Apart from her voice," Noel Berwick was when I helped to bury her father. saying, in his aloof way, “my memory of the young woman is, I confess, a little vague. But Upstairs, we stood about the beautiful rooms certainly I got no impression of her being that and talked about the Anglo-Japanese Exhibi- sort.” tion and the health of the Queen of Spain. “What sort?" When the men came up, I moved toward Mr. "Perhaps you are mistaken.” Berwick. "You think life so rich as to squander on the “I've discovered that I know something about world two American girls each with a voice your young American,” I said. and each called Hizer Tripp?” “Ah!” The long hand made a motion of humorous It struck me that he welcomed the idea of agnosticism. “The name, I admit, is without somebody's helping him to bear the responsibility parallel — in Europe. But she clings to it with of “knowing about” Miss Cal. And he took a pertinacity that is not only comic. It argues it so calmly, my knowing! An American my- a pride in such association as it undoubtedly has self - who had traveled in queer places of for her.” The thought reassured him. “She course I would know. He was nearly capable, absolutely refuses to give it up!” he said. I felt, of a question like that I used to meet: “Does she tell you she has been asked to?” “From America, are you? Then perhaps you “No, oh, no. Our hostess tells me. Betty know my brother Jack?” wrote to her to suggest that a singer might “Whereabouts is he?" adopt something more more convenient for “I forget the name of the town, but it's some - well, for professional purposes. Her reply where near Texas." was, I understand, that the only thing she felt “She is quite right,” I said; "your little it possible to alter was 'Cal.' If that was held singer is right to speak well of her father's to be too palpably a nickname, she was ready friends." to let her first name appear in full.” 222 MISS CAL "Caroline?" I suggested. on after the opera. Let us go in there.” On the "Guess again.” way he turned and said: “You don't seriously I remembered a lady called Tennessee. Cal mean to tell me you knew personally the — a might be California. No? Calphurnia, then? the man who kept the — that place you spoke Again he shook his head. “Unless Lady St. Ed- of?” mond made it up, the name is Calvina. Yes – “I knew the man; and I knew the place.” after her father. He was called Calvin in addi The face at my side conveyed not mere polite tion to — a those other things: Hizer and incredulity. It said plainly: "Of course I don't Tripp. As Betty says, how people can be so believe you. But, if you like to spin me a yarn rude! calling names like that. But Miss Cal- — well, it is one way of getting through the hour vina"- he returned to the problem - "what before the music begins." He dropped his eye- makes one (forgive my frankness) doubt your glass, and slowly we made our way through the information is that she has an exalted reverence back drawing-room, past the open piano and the for the memory of her father. She is proud”— music-stands, past the regiment of gilt chairs Mr. Berwick smiled the smile that made women set in rows, to a small white room hung with adore him —"proud, poor child, to be the water-colors -all French except for a few of daughter of Calvin Hizer Tripp." Sargent's. Half way across the room, Lady St. Edmond “She has done this very well,” he murmured, saw the smile. She changed her course. replacing his eye-glass and looking round. "It “Yes,” said I; "he had the gift of getting used to be rather trying. The old Dowager hold of people, had Mr. Hizer Tripp. He got Lady St. Edmond had it upholstered in brick- hold of me." red brocade and choked with Early Victorian “Not at the place with the absurd name." art." He smiled as he sat down. “She used, "Nome? Yes, Nome." in her old-fashioned way, to call it the Red “But Nome is somewhere in the Arctic regions, Saloon.” isn't it?” In the very thick of his bewilderment, “Did she?" | reflected. “There was more Mr. Berwick asked, smiling: “Do they spell it than one red saloon in Nome. But Miss Cal's with a G?” Then, as I laughed, “I'm ready to friend had the biggest and most popular.” admit,” he added, “it's too far off to matter. “Miss Cal's friend,'” he repeated in an Of course I've heard — we've all been told odd voice. He was scrutinizing my face more that you have been — out there.” His vague frankly than he had done in the drawing-room. gesture assigned no limit to my eccentricity. “Yes. Three quarters of the business of the “But, now,”— he looked at me through his eye- camp was transacted at the Golden Sands. The glass and seemed disposed to believe I had been crowd round it was often so dense you simply maligned,—“I thought it improbable you had couldn't hurry by.” “You had to pass it!” “Oh, I went farther than that." "Every day. I was as familiar with the look “Than — but you didn't really" — he seemed of it as I am with — well, say the House of to appeal at once to my better nature in general Commons. More familiar. I didn't look down and to my sense of honor in particular -"you upon the Golden Sands Saloon.” I hastily ex- didn't go as far as Gnome?" plained: “From the level of the wooden side- “Yes - the Hizer Tripps and I were there walks I could see the long, narrow hall. I could together." see the sides of the end near the street, lined "Is it possible?" with shelves and a counter. Between the shelves "And Hizer Tripp is there still.” and the counter were always men, in shirt- “How do you know that?” sleeves, mixing drinks. Other men by the gold- "Because I helped to bury him.” scales, weighing out dust. In the open space, “You!” men in brown drill and high laced boots stand- “I shouldn't say 'helped. It was Bill Dexter ing about smoking, talking about the strike up who did the helping. I only assisted — in the at Casadepaga, or the latest shooting over a French sense. But for Bill Dexter, Miss Cal's jumped claim at Anvil Creek. The men weren't father would have lacked more important jolly adventurers of romance, either. They were things than burial. But for Bill Dexter, Miss men who walked heavily and wore strained Cal wouldn't be singing to-night in the most 'Nome'faces. And on either side were haggard, exclusive house in London.” painted women, trying to be jolly at the bar." The reminder seemed unpalatable. He “Ah”- the great man crossed his legs; but glanced at Betty St. Edmond, and then he said he kept looking at me. suddenly: "I am keeping you standing. They "If an aisle opened in the crowd, you'd see can't begin the music till the Tetrazzini comes that a little way farther down, where the card- gone so far.” ELIZABETH ROBINS 223 tables began, were the wheel of fortune and all issue warrants that nobody noticed. After two the other mechanical devices for gambling. And or three robberies on a big scale and an incon- where they stopped, at the lower end, was a venient amount of bloodshed, the Wells, Fargo piano. Sometimes a space would be cleared for people found it hard to get men to undertake dancing. Sometimes the whole lower half of the the risk of seeing the coach through. So they hall was dizzy with couples spinning, each in did a thing that would perhaps occur only to an their own restricted space, like tops. And they American. They engaged Billy Dexter, at the danced without joy, as if it were part of the salary of a Cabinet minister, to go out as guard whole grim business that had to be run through. to the gold he'd been making so free with.” Sometimes you'd see a short-skirted girl dan “How did it work?" cing alone." "Nobody ever molested anything Dexter was “Now - you never saw looking after. He ought to have been governor “Who?" I took a malicious pleasure in in- of a province.” viting him to pronounce the uncouth syllables. The maker of viceroys smiled. “Why, Miss - a - the girl that's coming "Well, he had the art of compelling people to here to-night." accept his ruling. I'd like to give you an idea “Oh, I am speaking of ten years ago. Miss of Miss Cal's friend — make you see why I Cal was a child. But I saw, one day, a woman agree with her that he's no ordinary man." of thirty, in a bright pink skirt, dancing on the We were silent a minute. cards in the middle of a faro-table. The men “Perhaps you don't know,” | went on quite lounging at the doors said she'd just lost four gravely, “about the great Sharkey-Fitzsimmons hundred and sixty-eight dollars. It seemed to fight?” put them in spirits to see a woman taking it like No, he was sorry he didn't. that. They applauded her. She got her money "Well, it would have helped you to under- back, too, and a hundred to boot. I say 'to stand the stuff Miss Cal's friend was made of. boot' advisedly. That's just how she did it. They used to talk about that fight at Nome. By kicking the court-cards, one by one, into the The Pavilion in Frisco was packed, they say, face of a man who bet her fifty dollars a time with people keen as mustard to see those two she couldn't hit him." champions stand up to each other. The stakes “You saw that?” were heavy. Fitzsimmons made a magnificent I laughed. "Oh, that was nothing. They showing. No man on earth but Bill Dexter said Miss Sametta did some ‘high-rolling' when would have dared go against the sentiment of Bill Dexter was out on the creek looking after that crowd. I don't know whether it's true, his lay. But Bill's place wasn't like the others. I am not trying to whitewash Bill Dexter, - but Bill's joint was respectable.” they say he'd been 'fixed' to the tune of ten "His joint?" thousand dollars. When he stood up to umpire, I nodded and left it at that. “Miss Cal’s you could have heard a pin drop. And he had friend was well spoken of at Nome. The worst the nerve to throw the fight to Sharkey on a character in camp had a wholesome respect for foul. The crowd would have torn any other man Bill. I mustn't let you undervalue Miss Cal's to pieces. Dexter faced down the growling friend. He was the famous Bill Dexter, of with those steel eyes of his. Nobody imagined Dexter Brothers, you know.” I waited. “But it would be good for his health to make a pro- perhaps their fame has not reached you.” test. That's Bill Dexter at a prize fight, or “No, I can't say holding up a Wells, Fargo coach. “Well, the Dexters were well known down “But, lounging in and out of the Golden Sands Arizona way. They were the men who got the Saloon, he was a mild-looking person of thirty- best of Wells, Fargo. Perhaps you don't even seven or -eight, with a drooping corn-colored know Wells, Fargo. They're a San Francisco mustache and slow movements. His admirers express and banking company, the great bullion say he's killed fourteen men. His whole art, carriers of the Pacific. The Dexters used to they tell you, lies in the way he gets out his pick off the guards as neatly as Lady pistol. Draws it like a flash of lightning, before St. Edmond would gather a rose.” the other fellow has time to remember there are “Pick them off? You don't mean such things as shooting-irons on the earth. But “Yes, I do. And they'd get away those he never provokes a quarrel. And he won't Dexters would - with every dollar the coach allow 'gun practice' round the Golden Sands carried.” bar.” “Did the authorities accept that arrange “Why,” came in the mellow accents of the ment?" great man, “why was a person of such accom- "Not a sheriff in the West dared do more than plishments reduced to keeping a saloon?” as 224 CAL MISS “Ah, you don't understand American condi- of them called up: 'What you makin', kiddie?' tions. Most of the business of the West, and a 'A crazy quilt,' says she; ‘all the ladies give me good deal even in the East, is done in saloons. ribbons and pieces of silk.' 'A crazy quilt!' The proprietor is often an immensely influential They roared with laughter. They never had person. Bill Dexter was.” heard of such a thing, I suppose. “Do for your “What I am wondering is, how you happened father!' one man shouted. He was more than to stumble across such a man.” half seas over. But the child said, 'Of course “I didn't stumble. I went straight. Since it's for father'— as innocent as milk. So she I was there, I wanted to know the people — not sat there and sewed and sang till the hour when just look at them. Dexter was one of the best all the cover her father needed was a foot of worth knowing people in Nome. He gave the earth. Dexter said Hizer Tripp should have a key-note. A sort of — "I looked at the man decent burying, on account of the child. On before me and I didn't quite dare to say “a account of the child, Mr. Berwick.” sort of Arctic-circle Berwick.” But I had a He stroked his mustache. feeling the great man got my meaning. “If you "Did they ask you to read the service?" he said. could interest Dexter in a scheme it was sure to I fell into his tone. go through. Shrewd, critical — but his hand “You think there weren't any parsons in always in his pocket. And not by any means al- Nome? Thick as blackberries. But Bill Dexter ways after his revolver. Take Miss Cal's father. went and asked the services of a mere boy, who When Hizer Tripp got to Nome, as Dexter said, wasn't a parson at all. But he had opened a all he had in the world was a small daughter, a hospital, and got a license from some church to wire-haired terrier, and one lung. He'd been preach and bury, and a license from his Maker sleeping on the beach ever since he landed, to get very close to his fellows. He was the coughing his life out. He earned a little money busiest man in Nome; but he said he'd do the running a gasoline engine for a gold-dredger. business for Hizer Tripp. I had been hearing One day he came up to Bill's to get a drink. He about all this from my miner friends, but I had didn't want the drink, but he wanted human my own problems to consider about that time. society. He wanted news. Incidentally he “The hordes had kept on pouring in all the wanted the free luncheon that went with the summer. Disorder and violence had increased whiskey. When he finished he said he'd like so that the commander of the United States some crackers to take back to his kid, and he post declared martial law. But the worst put down another quarter. Plain to see he was abuses were beyond a cure by bayonet. Life dying. Always thinking about his kid. Dexter was a nightmare. The hospital was filling up, said 'it got other people kind of into the same and a pest quarter was established below the habit.' I asked why he'd brought the child to southern fringe of the camp. Half the popula- such a place, if he cared for her. “The same tion had been inoculated more than once with reason he brought the dawg,' Bill said. "No- worthless virus which hadn't taken. We were body else wanted 'em.' expecting that those of us who didn't die would "When a box of oranges or sweet crackers shortly be quarantined till the last boat had would be opened, Dexter used to look round for gone. That would mean being shut up in that Hizer Tripp. 'Here's your chance,' he'd say. place for nine months. Other people, too, got into the way of saying: “We had a week of stormy weather. There ‘This'd do for Hizer Tripp's gal.' was already a feeling of winter in the air that "By and by he got so weak he couldn't walk made one anxious, restless. back and forth. 'Better go to bed for a day or “The day of Hizer Tripp's funeral was one of two,' Dexter said. Beds in Nome were worth a succession of gray mornings. But this one ten dollars a night. Hizer Tripp shook his head. brought with it a wind that came howling over Dexter was selling floor-space in an outhouse for the Bering Sea, piling up the water and sending two dollars a man. “There's a little room up- it to overwhelm the beach shacks and wash tents stairs,' he said. “You and the kid can have it and gold-extractors and thousands of feet of till I get a good let.' He sent some of his pals lumber far above the ordinary tide-line. There down to bring up Hizer Tripp's valise, as well they lay in windrows on the tundra. Of the men as the three other things. Well, he made that who had brought those things so far to leave them last journey leaning now and then on the child's at the mercy of wind and tide and thieves, some shoulder a little thing with long tow plaits were lying there already on the little tongue and a quiet face. I used to see her at the win- of land north of Nome City. I remember think- dow of that room sewing, sometimes singing ing, as I stood there, it was as grim a place as when the piano and the brass-throated women you'd find on earth. Not a tree in sight. Not were still. The men used to listen. One day one a bush nor a blade of grass down there on the ELIZABETH ROBINS 225 Point. Too exposed even for the tundra moss to "And that was how we buried Hizer Tripp." grow there. Just sand and loose scoriae and un- hewn pieces of volcanic rock laid on the shallow I had quite got over my wish to make Noel graves; here and there a slab of wood. Hardly Berwick feel his ignorance of something I knew. one was driven deep enough into the ground to I had come to a place where I wanted more than stand firm a single summer. They leaned for- anything that he shouldn't think meanly of Miss lornly this way or that - apologetic for the fail- Cal's friends — that he should recognize the ures they were there to record. Two men with humanity in them. gold-picks and shovels were digging Hizer Tripp's “And the child?” he said, when I had been grave. Digging, did I say? A few inches under silent a moment. the surface the ground was locked in the ice of “I wanted her to come with me. She clung ages. They picked out a little trench. The sea to Bill Dexter. He lifted her up on his shoulder was booming and threatening, and now and and took her away before they put the heavy then it sent up a huge white-crested breaker just pieces of rock on the new grave. Well, the same to peer and find out what those silly cheechalk- day happened to bring a crisis in another matter, ers were at. I couldn't bear it. I turned my and I had my hands full for the next twenty- back on the water, and thought about this four hours. not only forgot the Hizer Tripps: strange life I had come to know, and about the I forgot matters closer to my business and my meaning behind it all. I stood there under the bosom. lead-colored sky, with my scarf whipping my “The first I knew of the lifting of the threat face. It stung me. Other things, too. I won- of quarantine was when I overcame my reluc- dered how many more of the people still on the tance to enter the Golden Sands Saloon two beach, and at the creeks, and in the saloons days after the funeral. I marched in, feeling how many more were to end the story here. very daring, not to say abandoned. Bill Dexter “Hizer Tripp was far from my mind when I was playing poker with some pals. He put down heard the shouting and the cursing. I turned his cards and came toward me, his big diamond round and saw a little steam-launch trying in horseshoe flashing. He took off his hat and vain to land in that boiling surf. I saw who was bowed — the sort of bow that is called 'old on board. Half a dozen men and a child and a school.' Not badly done. I think he knew I had dog. The launch was towing a dory. In the been told about the men he'd murdered, for he dory was a long box. What I was mainly con wore an air of modest pride. I said I had come scious of was the captain's awful language. The to ask after Hizer Tripp's little girl. child must have heard strange things, but this “She's all right,’ Dexter said. was beyond everything. The air was sulphur "I had been covertly glancing down the saloon, ous. The captain was cursing at the top of his afraid I should catch sight of her. The tobacco powerful lungs all the time they were landing - smoke was so thick that even the men congre- all the time they were getting the ghastly cargo gated at the bar and standing about in groups up on the Point. I was glad the little girl had near the door looked vague and dreamlike. The hidden her face. Some one carried her through whipper-in was going up and down, elbowing his the surf, and the dog swam after. The Boy way and calling out, ‘Come and have game o' Preacher opened his book and led the way. The roodge-ee-nore. Craps, then, or black jack. procession — I thought of it as we came up- Yes, this way the little hosses.' He had got to stairs to-night - it came across the Point to the the door now, and he called out to the men newly hacked out trench. The men stumbled hanging aboutoutside: ‘Come and try your luck, and floundered among the stones with the un- gentlemen. Come in a minute, anyhow, and painted deal box on their shoulders. The little have a look at Miss Sametta's noo dance. I girl followed, with Bill Dexter and the dog. The caught a glimpse of her down at the end of the child's hair had come unbraided, and it whipped hall, and I felt pretty low in my mind. about in the wind. Her petticoats blew about, “ 'I am glad the child is all right,' I said. “I too, and showed her thin legs in rusty old shoes. thought perhaps she'd like to come and have I went and stood near her. So it happened that supper with me.' the sulphurous captain and I brought up the "Guess she can't do that, Dexter said. I rear. I didn't notice he had stopped cursing asked why not. “She ain't here,' he said. When till I saw that he had taken his hat off. And I asked where she was, he hitched his head. then I saw he was crying. Not the dribbled “Not on the water-front alone! Oh, Mr. crying of most grown-up people, but great, Dexter!' | said. “It's too bad.' round tears like children's tears. And little Cal "Guess she's all right,' he drawled. “We took Bill Dexter's hand, and we all sang ‘Nearer, shipped her off on the North Star a couple of my God, to Thee.' hours ago.' 226 MISS CAL “My first thought was, ‘Then the boats are "'That? Why, that's the crazy quilt. Miss running again! Thank God!' Sametta, here, started givin' her ribbons and "So Hizer Tripp's little girl's gone home!' bits of things, and the kid made a crazy quilt.' “She ain't got any home,' he said. “And she gave it to you?' I said. “I'm glad “Where is she going, then?' you give it a place of honor.' “To school,' said Dexter. “It's put there so's folks can see it's a bang- “Oh, then, Hizer Tripp left something?" up quilt. We're goin' to raffle it.' "Bills. But he'd set his heart on the kid “I said I hoped he'd get a good price for it goin' to school. So we took up a subscription, and indemnify himself for some of his loss on the and she's gone.' room He stared at me a moment with an ex- “I stared. “What school?' pression I didn't like; it was too like contempt. “A school that Cherokee Bob found this “We're rafflin' it for the kid,' he said. And mornin'. Here.' He picked up a tattered news- all I could say was 'Oh!' paper off the bar, and put a finger on a marked “When we got to the door, and the loafers advertisement in a two-months-old San Fran- made an aisle to let me out, I stopped and held cisco Examiner. I looked and saw ‘The Santa out my hand. Dexter looked a little confused Clara Seminary for Young Ladies.' as he shock it. He muttered something about “Dexter watched me narrowly. Reads all people in Nome appreciatin' the work in that right,' he said. quilt.' The ten-dollar chances had gone like “Yes,' I said; ‘just the thing.' hot cakes. “Miss Sametta's taken two.'” “'She didn't want to go, though,' he said-a little proudly, I thought. “But we'd promised “So this is where you are!” her father.' I looked up to see Lord Seale hurrying in. “Someone had started the pianola on a “You're a nice sort of patron! Here's the rag-time waltz. Miss Sametta and two other prima donna, with a music-roll and a duenna women came up the length of the bar-room, all complete, looking over Betty's head and asking the men to dance. Soon there was a asking, ‘Isn't Mr. Berwick coming?' whirling at the end of the bar, and a stamping of We went back to the drawing-room. I caught feet under the tables and back against the wall fragments on the way: “Rather school-girly." - of feet that didn't dance but kept the time, “Too delicate — that sort of good looks — to and of feet that danced but didn't keep the show up. I shouldn't wonder if she was quite time. A fine, light dust was rising out of the insignificant on the stage." boards and mixing with the tobacco smoke. Craning my head, I got my first glimpse of "I asked Dexter if he knew Hizer Tripp be- her. A tall girl in a high-necked frock of thin fore he came there. The question seemed to sur- muslin - a face nearly as white as the frock. prise him. “No,' he said, “but I kind o' took to And yet, somehow, she looked perfectly well. the cuss, he was so damned unreasonable.' Then Her eyes were light, too, and the only definite I said something about Hizer Tripp's having color about her was in her lips and her golden good luck at the Golden Sands, whatever other eyebrows. Her fine, straight hair was that sort people had found there. He looked at me of white-gold seldom seen out of Scandinavia. sharply and said: 'Don't you make any mistake: The instant she saw Berwick, she smiled and we play a square game at the Golden Sands.' color came into her cheeks. She was beautiful “I think you do,'.I said humbly. then. But when she had said, “How do you do, “Besides, Hizer Tripp was an Elk, Dexter Mr. Berwick?” she stood quite silent, looking said.” like a contented child. He made one or two I explained to the Londoner that the Elks remarks, but it was “yes” or “no” with her. were a benevolent brotherhood, a sort of Am “She doesn't need to be clever," was the com- ericanized freemasonry. The members wear ment of a man behind me, "with a face like that.” an elk's head for a badge, and they look after I came forward to speak to her, but Mr. Ber- widows and orphans. “Meanwhile,” I went on, wick drew out his watch and said in an odd, “Dexter, with his best air, was conducting me to rather fussy way, “Time the Tetrazzini was the door. Miss Sametta's partner had brought here.” And then we heard she was on the stair. her up to the bar and ordered drinks. Miss So Mr. Berwick led Miss Cal to the reserved Sametta was one of the youngest women in seats in the front row. I had the queerest Nome. She had come up in my boat, not six feeling that he was somehow protecting Miss weeks ago. Already she looked ten years older, her Cal from me. mouth hard, her manner devil-may-care. Inavoid The Tetrazzini sang with her usual effect, and ing her eyes, mine went to the wall over her head. they came for Miss Cal. “Where is Mrs.Reader?” What's that?' I asked Dexter; and he stopped. she said, standing up and looking round. ELIZABETH ROBINS 227 away, there When the Tetrazzini group moved Mr. Berwick's cool voice broke in on her en- was Mrs. Reader on the piano-stool, straight- thusiasm, saying we must listen to Kreisler. ening out the music a grenadier of a woman. Miss Cal looked reproved. She bit her lip. The girl took up her position by the accom- Then Mrs. Reader marched up, and said it was panist and began a German ballad about Klär- late and Miss Cal must go home; there was chen. I didn't try to listen to it. I was think- the long journey before her to-morrow. So we ing about the last time I'd seen the singer. I went out and stood in the hall, Mr. Berwick and kept seeing the deal coffin in the dory, buffeted Miss Cal and I, while Mrs. Reader went and about by the surf — kept seeing the child in the got the cloaks. ugly little dress she had outgrown, and the rusty "Oh, do let us talk about Nome just for boots, following after the men as they staggered a minute,” Miss Cal whispered. “Did you over the volcanic rocks. I heard the curses, and know the roaring of the surf. I remembered the sting “That is the same lady, isn't it,”- Mr. Ber- in the wind, the desolation of the place and hour. wick looked after the uncompromising form And, quite suddenly, it all faded. I had the most stalking down the passage, “the same lady vivid sensation of standing in the summer rain. who was with you last summer?” It was tinkling all about me in a wood. I could “Yes; she's been with me ever since I left smell the fresh scents coming up out of the school. She is very nice and immensely accom- earth and the grasses. The air was full of birds, plished; but I don't really need her. It's only flying low and calling, calling, as they do when to please my friends rain comęs suddenly and takes them unaware. “Ah — h'm — yes," said Mr. Berwick. They went in a level flight through flowering “They don't know how independent girls are branches, singing, calling. The raindrops they nowadays. They are a little old-fashioned, I shook off in a shower seemed to fall to music. guess. Specially Mr. Dexter. He always seems Then the sun came out of the cloud, and the to want Mrs. Reader to come along everywhere wood was glorified. I go.” She turned to me. “Do tell me if you I felt a sense of jar at a sudden discordant knew Mr. Dexter? Really? Oh, it's so exciting noise — and I looked round and saw that every- to think you know my friends. Did you meet body but me was applauding Miss Cal. Mr. Smith, too? Yes? He had a red beard, I She sang again. I heard some one say: “It's remember. And Mr. O'Brien and Mr. Schin- the kind of voice that comes into the world once dler" in a generation or two. A voice that gives you “Do you see much of them nowadays?" I back your youth." asked. Mr. Berwick had gone and thanked her in a “No. That's the only thing that isn't hea- gentle, quiet way that I could see pleased her venly kind about them. They've never been to more than the extravagances she had to listen see me.” to. But, when I tried to get near enough to be “You've never seen any one of them since the introduced, he refused to catch my eye. Was he Nome days?” afraid of my embarrassing her - of my recall “Never once. It is a little bad of them," she ing people and impressions best forgotten? conceded. “But they live a long way off. And Something made me press forward and hold I'm sure to see them some day. When I've out my hand. deserved it!” She smiled at Berwick as much "It is a long time since we met," I said. as to say “You understand.” She took my hand and looked at me out of "But you get letters," Mr. Berwick suggested, those light blue eyes of hers. “I'm afraid I converted now to the topic. don't remember "Oh, yes; every month. Or, at least," she “Of course you don't. It is ten years ago.” said, speaking by the card, “I have a check “Ten years? But ten years ago”- she every month.” Then she told me how these thought an instant. “I was at Nome ten gentlemen all “such great friends” of her years ago.” father's · how they had given her her educa- “So was l.” tion. “They are very busy people; I think they “You were? Ob!” She seized my hand again, have banks and railroads to see after. I can't and again that transfiguring color swept across expect them to use up their time writing to a the whiteness of her face. ‘Did you know us? girl.” My father and me?” “Do they take turns?” “No, I only saw you,” I said. “Turns?” “Oh, do let us go somewhere”- she looked "In writing you or in sending - a about breathlessly —"and talk about it. I “No; it's always Mr. Dexter who does the never meet anybody who knows about Nome." writing. But, when I ask about the others, he 228 FLORENCE WILKINSON sends me back messages from them all — Mr. “No; I'm afraid -” But she didn't hear Smith and Mr. O'Brien and Mr.--" me out. “I used to think Mr. Dexter the most in "I used to watch the people going by the teresting,” I said. “Does he write interesting window, and listen to the pianola in the big letters ?" room below. Mr. Dexter had heaps of friends. “I love them; but they are always very short Everybody used to come to Mr. Dexter's. He little letters,” she said wistfully. “Even when used to tell father and me about them. Some I send my photograph (I've always done that of them had their money stolen on the beach, every birthday), he has never said I'd grown, or and some couldn't find their mines. Ever so anything." many of those people had lost everything in the Mrs. Reader was stalking along under a world. But, gracious! they were plucky. They'd burden of cloaks. We disembarrassed her and try to keep up their spirits with singing and play- helped Miss Cal to find her sleeves. She smiled ing games. Quite childish games. One, 1 re- at me over her shoulder. “It's been such a member, was called the ‘wheel of fortune.' And pleasure to me to talk to some one about the the one called 'little horses’ I longed to play old times." myself. Only I never could leave my father! I “It has all grown very vague to you, I should used to be so sorry for that. Rather naughty think.” about it, I remember. But I'm glad, now, that "Oh, not at all. I remember everything – I never left poor father.” oh, but distinctly.” “Yes,” said Mr. Berwick; “I think you may “You were very young,” I said. be glad." She seemed not to like my tone. The April brightness was shining again in her “I haven't forgotten a thing!” she protested, face as she turned to me to shake hands. “Thank -“except your face. There were so many nice you so much for remembering father and me. ladies at Nome, weren't there?” It has made it perfectly beautiful, seeing some- I admitted that our niceness and our numbers body who knew us at Nome. If only”- she excused her failure to particularize. “Oh, was put it to me — "wouldn't it have been wonder- a wonderful experience. The journey up - and ful if Mr. Dexter had been here to-night, too?" the fun we had camping on the beach. Only, I agreed that it would, indeed, have been poor father didn't enjoy that part very much.” “wonderful" if he had been. She shook her pale-gold head. "No; I like best “Good-by,” she said to Mr. Berwick. “Thank to think of him in that nice little room at Mr. you a thousand times for being so kind to me. Dexter's. I used to sit at the window,” she ex 1 –” She hesitated, standing there, all white plained to Berwick, as we moved toward the and golden in the light, at the top of the stair. stairs, “and sew bits of silk the ladies gave And then you saw in her face that she had me.” She looked back at me. “Did you give found Noel Berwick's reward. “I shall write me bits of silk, too?" Mr. Dexter all about you,” said Miss Cal. THE THINGS THAT ENDURE BY FLORENCE WILKINSON HAT wish you, immortality? Then of frail visions become the wooer. Stone cities melt like mist away, But footsteps in the sand - endure. W Assyria was mowed down like grass. Queen Ptah a thousand slaves would give To buy her body from the tomb. Yet one slave's laugh — shall live. Words sown upon the air float forth, Immortal voyagers. The solid mountain shall dissolve, But not that look of Hers. . The Trial and Death of Ferrer by William FIrcher PART II F ERRER was captured: how was he What is the procedure of a Spanish military to be tried? On that everything tribunal? The rules that govern it are set forth depended. (not quite fully or frankly, however) in the A leading Catholic paper, El Uni- appendix to the official version of the Ferrer verso, in an article published imme- trial (“Process," p. 67). diately before the capture, manifested grave The Juicio Ordinario is called "ordinary" apprehensions lest he should once more, as in in contradistinction to the Juicio Sumarisimo, the Madrid trial of 1907, slip through the fingers or drumhead court martial, which disposes of of a civil tribunal. These civil tribunals, it re- you with the least possible ceremony. The marked, were in the habit of "insisting on clear, “Ordinary Process” falls into three parts -- the precise, and decisive proofs of guilt"; and it Sumario, Plenario, and Vista Publica. For the pointed out the superior convenience of military first two terms I do not think there is any Eng- and naval Courts of Honor, which "need not lish equivalent. The Sumario is practically subject themselves to concrete proofs, but are what the French call the instruction, the private satisfied with a moral conviction, formed in the examination of the prisoner and of witnesses by conscience of those who compose them.” the juge d'instruction, or examining magistrate -- The alarm of El Univer so was groundless. It of course in this case a soldier. The first rule of had apparently forgotten the Ley de Jurisdicci- the Sumario has certainly much to commend it: ones (Law of Jurisdictions), passed a few years ago by a Liberal ministry, with the aid and Before proceedings can be directed against a countenance of the Conservatives. Under this person, there must appear some charge against him (Article 421). remarkable act, every offense that concerns the army, the fatherland, or the flag is to be The only other rule that calls for special tried by a military court and under military notice is this: “Domiciliary searches must be law. That is to say, one of the parties in the conducted in the presence of those interested, or case is to sit on the bench and try the other of a member of the family, or of two witnesses party. If I am rightly informed, the law was [Article 51).” We have seen how this rule specially designed to enable the army to chastise was observed at Mas Germinal. promptly and effectually the audacity of certain When we come to the second stage of the journalists who had attacked it. But it was process, the first rule that meets us is as follows: very easy to make the riots a "military rebel- “The Plenario is public [Article 540].” If this lion” and to bring everything connected with means anything, it means that there is a public them under the Law of Jurisdictions. Nor can session of some sort; and we find that, at the it be said that this was a straining of the law. Plenario of another case, an audience was pres- As the whole trouble had grown out of the sys- ent, for a statement attributed to one of the tem of conscription and the calling out of the witnesses called forth “great laughter among reservists, it certainly was a matter “concerning the public.” But in the case of Ferrer I cannot the army." There was no illegality, then, in discover that any public session was ever held handing Ferrer over to military justice. before the final Vista Publica. The second rule 229 230 THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF FERRER is: “The accused himself names his Defender the Government publishes under the title of [Article 453)”; but it is not mentioned that he “Ordinary Process . . . Against Francisco is required to choose his Defender from a list of Ferrer.” The speech for the defense is tactfully officers which is handed to him. Note, too, that omitted. during the Sumario, while the evidence is being Having noted the structure of the machine in taken, he has no Defender or adviser of any sort. which Ferrer was caught, let us now try to fol- In the Plenario he may demand, and the exam- low its workings. Up to the opening of the ining commandant may, at his discretion, per- actual trial (Vista Publica), the letters of Ferrer mit, a "ratification of the witnesses,” which himself are our chief authority; but no attempt I take to imply a reëxamination; but there has been made to contradict his statements as seems to have been nothing of the sort in Fer- to the way in which he was treated. rer's case. The Defender, it would appear, never saw a single witness, much less had any Ferrer in Prison opportunity for cross-examination. Ferrer him- self, during the period of the Sumario, was After his brief interview with the Governor, “confronted” with four of the witnesses,-four he was passed on to the central police station, out of fifty or sixty,--but the proceedings were and there stripped and subjected to the Bertillon confined to affirmation on their part and denial system of measurements, etc. This done, not on his. Of anything like cross-examination a single stitch of his clothing was returned to there is no trace. Ferrer had, very likely, no him, but he was rigged out from head to foot skill in that peculiar art; and, had he possessed in “reach-me-down” garments ridiculously too skill, there is nothing to show that he would small for him, with what he calls an “apache” have been allowed to exercise it. сар. The underlings among his jailers were We proceed now to the Vista Publica - the themselves surprised at this unexampled pro- public trial. The court is a “council of war,” ceeding. He remonstrated against it in vain, composed of a colonel (the President) and six and made public protest at his trial. Can we captains. They are assisted by an Assessor—an believe that the authorities deliberately sought officer who is supposed to be at the same time to prejudice him by making him look grotesque? something of a lawyer. First the report, or It is almost incredible; and yet, what else can dossier, of the examining commandant (juge have been their motive? It was not economy, d'instruction) is read; then come for the maneuver cost the Treasury (by Ferrer's own estimate) at least fourteen francs. He The examination by the Fiscal, Assessor, Defend- went to his death in his fourteen-franc suit. ers, President, and members of the Council, of wit Arrived at the Carcel Celular, he was not nesses and experts, and the recognition of objects and only incommunicated (that is to say, placed in documents; the accusation and the defense are read; ; . and, lastly, the accused speaks, to set forth secret confinement), but he was assigned a cell — whatever he may consider opportune. he, an untried man-of the class devoted to riguroso castigo, or rigorous punishment. This So runs the order of procedure, as officially is his description of it, in a letter to his friend stated; and in practice there was only one de- Heaford: tail omitted —- the examination of witnesses. With this trifling exception, all went according without air or light, in the underground region of the They put me in a repugnant cell, fetid, cold, damp. to rule. The portfolio of evidence was read; the prison, where so rotten an atmosphere prevails that Fiscal (prosecutor) read his commentary on in descending to it you can't help turning your head the evidence, and demanded the conviction of away. In this cell (8 feet by 13) there is a plank bed, the accused; the Defender read his reply, which disgusting. A pan for refuse and a jar of drinking, a palliasse, a counterpane, and a sheet — all filthy, he had been allowed only twenty-four hours to water. Impossible to sleep on account of the cold and prepare; and, finally, the accused said a few the little animals of all sorts which swarmed, and words. Then (strictly according to rule) the which, on the first night, attacked me at every point, court met in secret session, and the Assessor bread in the four corners, so that the beetles left me I took the precaution afterwards of leaving crumbs of read his report, which was, in fact, another in peace; not so the other beasts. For food, soup speech for the prosecution, unchecked by the twice a day, always the same, made with chick-peas presence of the accused or his Defender. Then (garbanzos) in the morning, and with haricots in the the court (still in secret) passed its sentence, difficult to pick out the lumps of rancid bacon which evening, served in such darkness that it was very which was forwarded for approval to the Cap- almost made me sick. It needed a good stomach like tain-General of Catalonia, accompanied by the mine to resist this, and a strong will not to be cast report of an officer termed the Auditor-a third down. I asked for a basin and water so as to be able indictment in which all sorts of fresh matter is granted after six days. I asked for soap, but as the to wash at least my hands and face. My request was introduced. It is these three indictments that police had kept all my money I could not get any, WILLIAM ARCHER 231 until I protested so much that at last the Governor of Ferrer's case was disjoined from the group, and the prison, Don Benito Nieves, a charming person, handed over to another examining comman- gave me a piece of his own, and then made me a pres- ent of a cake. To combat the cold and the tedium dant, Valerio Raso by name. What was the rea- of not being able to read, or talk, or see any one, I son of this transference? A comparison of dates paced up and down my cell, like a wild animal, until may help us to divine it. The four cases left perspired. When I saw that my incommunication under Llivina's charge were not brought to was not soon to end, I asked, on September 11, for a change of linen (I had been in prison since the ist), trial until March 4, 1910, when passion had for I could not endure to live in such filth, upon me fairly worked itself out. Three of the accused and around me. They gave me clean linen on the were then acquitted, and the fourth sentenced 23d! to imprisonment for life. Ferrer, on the other handwas brought trial within thirty- This letter is important in more ways than days of his arrest, and executed four days later. one. It not only shows the quiet heroism of the Yet, with all this expedition, he was scarcely man, and the spirit of rancor in which he was out of the way before the date fixed for the treated: it also gives us a glimpse of a Spanish reassembling of the Cortes. He was shot on prison which is not without significance when October 13; the Chambers met on October 15. we find that the most important—almost the If there be no significance in this juxtaposition only important-witnesses for the prosecution of dates, Señor Maura's Government was the were arrested for complicity in the disturbances, victim of a singularly unfortunate coincidence. and were released on giving their evidence. To put a man in such a cell as this is almost equiva- place on Monday, September 6, when the com- Ferrer's first meeting with Valerio Raso took lent to the application of peine forte et dure; mandant had him microscopically scrutinized and what is the worth of evidence so extracted? from head to foot by two doctors, to see whether To close the subject of Ferrer's treatment in prison, I may say that this letter to Mr. Hea- they could find any scar, scratch, or burn on his person. He believed that, if they had discov- ford was written on October 5, when the “in, ered anything of the kind, he would have been communication” was over and he was placed summarily shot. Probably he was wrong in in a more habitable cell. Nevertheless, it ends: this. A rumor was current that he had been The rest another time, my dear friends. I am tired wounded in the riots, and that his wound had now, and my little friends of the cell are beginning to been dressed in a drug-store at Badalona, a town take unfair advantage of the peace in which I have between Barcelona and Mongat. The search left them for so long. They are even coming to see for a cicatrice was no doubt intended to test what I am doing on this paper. I forgot to the value of this evidence; and, none being tell you that they refused to give me back a tooth- brush which I had with me, two pocket handkerchiefs, found, the evidence simply disappeared from or, in fact, anything belonging to me. the record. For the moment, the commandant contented himself with this corporeal examina- Ferrer, said El Universo, had been handed over tion. Three days later, on the 9th, he adminis- to the austera severidad of the military tribunals. tered his first interrogatory; and on the 19th Was it part of that austere severity to prevent his second and last. The date of the “confronta- him from brushing his teeth? tions” we do not know. On October 1, Raso reappeared to announce to Ferrer that his A Commandant in a Hurry dossier was completed, that his "incommuni- cation” was relaxed, and that he would be tried In the evening of the day of his arrest (Sep- "one of these days." Ferrer protested that he tember 1), he underwent his first examination, had still many declarations to make; the com- at the hands of Commandant Vicente Llivina. mandant replied that nothing more could be This officer, says Ferrer in his letter to Heaford, admitted, "military law not being like civil "seemed to me a very honorable and unpreju- law.” He also presented a list of officers from diced man, desirous of knowing the truth and among whom Ferrer must choose his Defender. nothing but the truth. I never saw him again.” Knowing none of them, he selected Captain Llivina, as we have seen, was the commandant Francisco Galcerán Ferrer,* on account of the told off to get up the case against the “instiga- chance resemblance of names. Captain Gal- tors, organizers, and directors” of the riot. It cerán has confessed that he accepted the charge was he who had, by advertisement, summoned very unwillingly, being strongly prepossessed Ferrer to appear before him. Up to this point, * Ferrer is one of the commonest of Spanish names, being, in the prosecution of Ferrer had been conjoined fact, I take it, the equivalent of Smith. The frequency of double with four other prosecutions-against Emiliano names arises from the habit of adding the mother's name to the Iglesias, Luis Zurdo, Trinidad Alted, and Juana name. Ferrer noticed, not only that two of Galcerán's names Ardiaca — under the care of Llivina. But now in the one case, F. F. G., in the other case, F. G. F. were the same as his own, but that all the initials were the same: 232 THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF FERRER against Ferrer on account of his anti-militarism; hand camera; and, while that man is awaiting but an hour's talk with the prisoner made him his trial, the Government goes out of its way to his undaunted champion. distribute lavish rewards among the heroic cap- tors! Could any better means be imagined of The Exiles and Their Evidence announcing a confident foreknowledge of the prisoner's doom? Meanwhile Soledad Villafranca was eating her Weary at last of waiting for a call that never heart out at Teruel, in total ignorance of what came, the exiles of Teruel on September 28 was passing at Barcelona. She and some of her addressed a letter to the examining comman- comrades in exile were the persons who could dant, expressing their surprise at not having been best speak as to Ferrer's employment of his time summoned, and demanding to be heard. The during the week of revolt; and they naturally letter was signed by Soledad Villafranca, José expected, day after day, to be called upon for Ferrer, Alfredo Meseguer, Cristóbal Litrán, and their evidence. This expectation was encour- Mariano Batllori. On September 30, Don aged (unofficially, of course, and very likely in Valerio Raso replied that on the previous day good faith) by their jailers. A member of the the case had been "elevated to Plenario,” and Palace police from Madrid, who had been hat, consequently, no more evidence could be specially told off to keep watch over Mme. Villa- taken. “I am much surprised,” he added, “that, franca, bade her wait patiently and the sum- if you had anything to say, you should not have mons would come in due time. She and her done so before, in the twenty-eight days which comrades were not reassured on finding that two had elapsed before you wrote.” As no one anarchist documents, said to have been dis- seems to know in what consists the mysterious covered among Ferrer's papers, were going the operation of “elevating" a case "to Plenario," round of the press, with the natural result of it is impossible to disprove Don Valerio's asser- still further prejudicing the public mind against tion. It may be said, however, that the "ele- him. This is, indeed, one of the darkest features vation” was not made known to Ferrer himself of the whole affair. The Sumario, or collection until October 1, and that, even after that, Mme. of evidence, is by rule and custom absolutely Villafranca's mother was called upon to give private; yet here were two documents, on the evidence. The rules of the Plenario, it is true, face of them most compromising, allowed to do not permit the appearance of fresh witnesses, leak out, and passing from newspaper to news- except in the case of “common offenses” as dis- paper. In one of the documents, moreover, as tinguished from “military offenses"; but they communicated to the press, a word of some im- do not explain why, in dealing with military portance was misquoted. When the document offenses, the court should deny itself a means of was cited by the Assessor (“Process," p. 33), it getting at the truth, which it is free to employ in appeared that one of the paragraphs ended with other cases. At any rate, as the evidence of Fer- the phrase, “Viva la anarquía!” But in the rer's friends was rejected on this paltry plea of version sent to the newspapers the word dina- time, it was a little unkind of the Fiscal to make mita was substituted for anarquía. These slips it a point against him that there were no wit- of the pen are a little unfortunate when a human nesses to speak in his favor (“Process," p. 21). life is at stake. Another straw which showed how the wind The Trial was blowing was the announcement on Sep- tember 25 of the rewards accorded by the Gov At a quarter to eight on the morning of Sat- ernment to the men who had arrested Ferrer. urday, October 9, the Council of War assembled The Mayor of Alella was made a Commander at the Model Prison for the trial of Francisco of the Order of Isabella the Catholic; two of the Ferrer. The prisoner was not, as has been somaten (vigilance committee) became Cava- stated, brought before the court in fetters. That liers of the same order, and were presented with report arose from a misprint in the Times. a uniform and complete equipment, including There were about twenty (not two hundred) a Mauser rifle “with a plate commemorating journalists present, and an audience of privi- the date of the arrest”; while to the watchman leged (and no doubt “well-thinking”) persons. and one or two others who assisted in the arrest Ferrer tried at the outset to say a word of were accorded medals of Isabella the Catholic apology for the ridiculous attire in which he and six hundred dollars apiece in cash. Am I was forced to present himself, but he was cut wrong in considering this a quite amazing inci- short by the President. dent? Seven or eight villagers have arrested one We do not possess a full report of the dossier solitary man, who made no resistance, being recited by the examining commandant; but armed with nothing more formidable than a there can be no doubt that everything that could WILLIAM ARCHER 233 possibly tell against the prisoner was recapitu- It is not pretended that Lieutenant-Colonel lated and underlined in the “Fiscal accusation,” Ponte saw him doing so, or speaks otherwise which has been published in full (“Process," than from hearsay. pp. 5-28). Jimenez Moya, “a witness above suspicion, The Fiscal, Don Jesús Marín Rafales, opened since, on account of the exaltation of his ideas, with a rhetorical description of the riots and he is at present banished to Majorca, makes the outrages, quite in the style of that quoted from charge more concrete, saying that, in his opin- the Correspondencia (see the November num- ion, the rebellion started from the Solidaridad ber, page 54), and almost as exaggerated. Be- Obrera and pointing to Ferrer and his fore saying a word to connect Ferrer with these companions of the Antimilitarist League as its events, he appealed to the professional and per- directors.” [The Fiscal does not add, what we sonal resentment of the judges, "all or almost learn from Captain Galcerán's speech, that the all” of whom, he said, had taken part in the declaration of this witness ends with the avowal repression, and had been exposed to its dangers. that “he knows nothing positive, since he was He spoke of “the fire to which you were sub- absent from Barcelona from the 15th of July jected from barricades and housetops." He onwards."] denounced the rioters as “drunk with blood,” Verdaguer Callis "affirms that, according to forgetting that nine tenths of the blood shed was intelligence which he has no means of verifying, that of the populace, shot down by the police but which he believes to be exact,” the events were and soldiers. In short, he neglected no means “impelled and guided by Ferrer Guardia." of awakening the passions of the soldier judges, Emiliano Iglesias believes that the Solidaridad if perchance they had fallen asleep. At the Obrera spent more money than it possessed. same time, he explicitly declared: [Ferrer had, about a year previously, lent the Solidaridad Obrera one hundred and eighty In this case we are not investigating the burning dollars which it required to meet the expenses of a particular convent, nor the explosion at this or that of moving into new premises. Beyond this no given point, nor the cutting of this or that telegraph wire, nor the construction of this or that barricade, one proved or attempted to prove any financial nor this or that overt act of war. No! we are following relation between Ferrer and the society.] up the revolutionary movement in its inmost entrails; Baldomero Bonet, arrested on a charge of we are investigating the causes that gave it life, and convent-burning, believes that the Solidaridad seeking the agency which prepared, impelled, and Obrera was at the bottom of the events, and, as sustained it. it does not abound in funds, participates in the In less ornate terms, the Fiscal confessed that general idea that it was subventioned by Ferrer. they could not bring home to the prisoner a On a second examination," he confirms his belief, single act of violence. since he cannot understand that any other ele- He then devoted a few minutes to arguing ment could have caused the events." that the events of July constituted a “military "The same current against the Solidaridad rebellion” as by law defined; and, that being Obrera and Ferrer is maintained in the declara- satisfactorily established, he went on to an tion of Modesto Lara.” analysis of the evidence. It is this analysis Garcia Magallón relates a conversation with which we must now analyze. a journalist named Pierre,* who told him that he The evidence falls under four distinct heads: had heard it said that the events were promoted 1. Unsupported opinion and hearsay. by the Solidaridad Obrera under the direction 2. Statements which may or may not be of Ferrer. true, but which prove nothing. Puig Ventura “believes that Ferrer was at the 3. More or less relevant accusations, the bottom of it all.” truth or falsehood of which is worth examining. Casas Llibre formed the opinion that Ferrer 4. Documentary evidence - two revolution- was the “directing element.” ary papers purporting to have been found at Alvarez Espinosa “abounds in the same Mas Germinal. opinion,” and believes that Ferrer was "the true instigator and inspirer of the events.” 1. Unsupported Opinion and Hearsay The last three witnesses we shall encounter Under this head I cannot do better than again, and shall have to consider the value of summarize a single paragraph of the Fiscal's their evidence on matters which actually came speech: within their knowledge. Here they are only, Lieutenant-Colonel Leoncio Ponte of the Guardia Civil points to Ferrer as taking active * I have seen a letter from this Pierre, protesting that he never part in the movement of Masnou and Premia. said ifanything of the sort; but this protest scarcely increases the 234 THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF FERRER like all the rest, expressing opinions and beliefs asked the bystanders who these men were, the for which they do not even allege the smallest answer was, “They are the stone-cutters whom solid foundation. Thus we have ten witnesses, Ferrer is said to have sent.” Moreover, a good one of whom, Iglesias, said nothing about Fer- deal of vague village gossip is reported as to rer, two “pointed to" him, three “believed” cyclists and persons driving a tartana, or one- that he was at the bottom of the revolt, two horse cart, who were supposed to be agents of "formed an opinion” to the same effect, one Ferrer; but no one is produced who actually related a report "which he had no means of saw these “agents”; much less any one who verifying,” and one repeated what some one saw them do or heard them say anything illegal; else told him that he had heard some one else least of all any evidence to connect them with say. Meanwhile, there were in the jails of Ferrer. Barcelona more than a thousand prisoners But the finest example, perhaps, of this class accused of participation in the riots, and in the of evidence is afforded by a witness named rest of Catalonia at least a thousand more, not Pedro Pagés, who “reports that he read in La one of whom could be found to have received Almudaina, a newspaper of Palma [Majorca),” orders from Ferrer, or arms, or money, or to a story about some workmen having patrolled have had any direct or indirect knowledge of the coast road, saying that they did so under him as organizer or chief of the revolt.' the orders of Señor Ferrer. A newspaper para- A group of five witnesses cited by the Fiscal graph is not usually considered the best of evi- in the same paragraph deserves somewhat dif- dence; but Don Pedro Pagés did not even ferent treatment. They are villagers of Premia produce the paragraph — he only remembered -- Don Juan This and Don Jaime That. Three to have read it. of them declare generally that "after" the visit A point of transition between pure hearsay of Ferrer to Premia on Wednesday the 28th and evidence of some apparent validity is events in that locality “assumed a grave char- afforded by the incident of the town hall at acter”; a fourth asserts that the change took Masnou. Salvador Millet relates, “from in- place "immediately on his arrival,” while the formation received (segun referencias),” that on fifth fixes it at “an hour after his departure.” the 27th or 28th groups of rebels presented Now we shall see anon that Ferrer spent a very themselves at the said town hall, and from the short time in Premia, that a most important balcony "harangued the multitude," saying witness, Puig Ventura (called Llarch), was in his that they did so in the name of Ferrer, "who company all the time, and that, except for what could not be present, as he was detained in Bar- he is alleged to have said to Puig, Casas, etc., celona on the business of the revolution.” This he clearly held no communication with a soul is the usual vague hearsay; but in this case in the village. Thus, while the evidence for there is actually one witness, Esteban Puigde- any considerable change in the course of events mon, who declares that from the door of his is of the vaguest, one of the Prosecution's own house, hard by the town hall, he heard one man witnesses proves that there was no connection make a speech and say that he came to repre- between Ferrer's visit and whatever change sent Ferrer. Well may the Fiscal introduce Don there may have been. Esteban in italics as a testigo presencial, or wit- ness who was on the spot. Such witnesses are A Shadowy Host of "Agents" rarities in this part of his brief. Esteban, indeed, is more than a rarity; he is But we are by no means at the end of hearsay unique. We shall come presently to witnesses evidence and the expression of mere opinion. who purport to relate what Ferrer actually It is stated that a man named Sola was fre- said to them at Masnou and Premia; but there quently seen during the days of the disturbance is nothing in their evidence that shows him act- at the Fraternidad Republicana of Premia, and ing as organizer or director of the occurrences in one Juan Alsina is "morally certain” that he that region. The attempt to exhibit him in that received instructions directly from Ferrer. light-"irradiating rebellion,” as the Prosecu- There is no evidence whatever as to his having tor of the Supreme Court put it, from his head- done or attempted anything illegal; but, on the quarters at Mas Germinal — rests absolutely and ground of one witness's "moral certainty" that entirely on the hearsay evidence we have just he was an emissary of Ferrer, this is gravely set examined. Of the host of agents with whom forth as an incriminating circumstance. Again, popular rumor credited him,-cyclists, stone- one Puig Pons speaks of the appearance at cutters, miscellaneous workmen, indefinite Premia of a party of thirty men whom he "be- “rebels,” etc.,—not one is produced. There is lieves” to have been recruited by Ferrer. He no direct testimony to his having issued a single does not know this personally; but when he order or paid any one a single peseta. There WILLIAM ARCHER 235 is only one testigo presencial, who heard some his presence there was resented. As we have unknown person “harangue a multitude,” and abundant proof of the momentary feud between say that he acted on behalf of Ferrer. What Ferrer and the Lerrouxists, this explanation of has become of the “multitude"? If the inci- the matter is entirely credible. dent really occurred, surely a few more of that From a rational point of view, the sole im- crowd might have been found to testify to it. portance of the incident arises from the fact And, even if it did occur, can Ferrer be held that Ferrer appears to have denied having been responsible for what an unidentified “rebel” at the Casa del Pueblo or seen Ardid, and only may have said? This whole part of the case to have retracted his denial on being con- merely proves - what we learn in other ways as fronted with the witness. I have satisfied my- well — that the ignorant peasants of the district self, from the position and character of the Casa had been indoctrinated with wild ideas as to del Pueblo, that Ferrer can scarcely have for- the maleficent power of their heretic neighbor gotten the fact of his having been there. Here, at Mas Germinal. then, is a single case in which he seems to have made a positively untrue statement.* And 2. Statements That Prove Nothing why? In all probability, because he feared to compromise this very Ardid, who, as a matter of We have now to return to Barcelona, and to fact, was arrested in connection with the riots. Ferrer's doings on the 26th — the day of the The commandant probably questioned him strike. We have already noted that, in his own about the Casa del Pueblo without letting him account of that day, he omitted a good deal, know that Ardid was to figure as a witness probably in fear of compromising his friends. against him; and Ferrer was probably on his Let us now see whether there was anything guard not to make any admission that could criminal -- anything displaying him in the possibly be used against the old Republican character of “author and chief of the revolt" campaigner. in the incidents that he omitted. Oddly enough, the Fiscal accepts, without There is no attempt to show the “author and attempting to cast doubt upon it, the state- chief” in any way concerned with the events ment that Ferrer intended to return to Mongat of the day until three o'clock in the afternoon. by the six o'clock train - an intention which At that hour — between his luncheon and his cannot but seem surprising in the head appointment with the engraver - he went to of the revolt, especially as it implies that the the Casa del Pueblo, a workmen's restaurant organizer-in-chief did not know that the rail- and recreation-place, in search of his secretary, way line was to be cut. When Ferrer left the Litrán. In the café he saw an old Republican, station, he was seen by “the agent of vigilance, Lorenzo Ardid, whose evidence is thus reported Don Angel Fernandez Bermejo, intrusted with by the Fiscal: the duty of shadowing him," mingling with sedi- tious groups on the Plaza de Antonio Lopez, Ferrer entered and saluted him, saying that he again near the Atarazanas barracks, and yet would like to speak to him privately. Ardid replied, When you please"; and Ferrer then asked him, again on the Rambla. When one of the groups “What do you think of the events of the day?” The was dispersed by a charge of the police, he lost witness answered, “It is all over: it is only a sort of sight of Ferrer, but then saw him again going protest, which cannot go any further.” Then Ferrer into the Hotel Internacional, where, as a matter repeated, “You think it cannot go any further?”- upon which he answered with energy, and Ferrer be- of fact, he dined. The sole importance of this came silent. Ardid then turned his back to him and evidence is to show that Ferrer was shadowed. said to one of the company, “Tell that gentleman that He could scarcely move about the streets with- he had better go away quickly by the side door"- out getting into “groups,” and he would natu- which Ferrer at once did. rally exchange a few observations with this man Ardid has since declared that this is a per- and that. Of anything pointing to leadership verted version of his evidence; but, taking it at the spy has no word to say. its face value, what is there in it? A passing It was very likely at the same time, though remark on the situation. The Prosecution they place it a little earlier, that two soldiers apparently seeks to suggest that in Ferrer's exit saw a man in a blue suit and a straw hat in there was some sort of conscious guilt; but a group of people on the Plaza de Antonio Ardid declares that he explained this in his evi- Lopez. When they requested him to move on, dence. The fact was that Ferrer had fallen out he pointed to a poster on the wall proclaiming with the Radical-Republican party, which has the state of siege, and said, “May one not read its headquarters at the Casa del Pueblo, and Ardid heard, or thought he heard, a menacing * The following rule of the Sumario may be worth citing in this hum in the crowded café which showed that placed under oath.” connection: “The accused makes his declaration without being 236 THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF FERRER that?” This seems an innocent and even laud- it is true that, had the project gone forward, able desire; yet the Fiscal singles out the inci- Ferrer would have signed it. But it is not true dent as being of “notable intrinsic importance,” that the design was his, that he carried the and is triumphant when the soldiers identify document around, or that he took any leading Ferrer “three times” * in a group of prisoners. part in the negotiation. In so far as Dome- Very probably the man was Ferrer, who was nech's testimony points in that direction, it is certainly in that part of the town about that false. Domenech may have misunderstood, or time; but where is the “intrinsic importance” his evidence may have received a little twist in of the fact? Shortly afterward, the Fiscal tries the reporting. We shall see before we have done to give it extrinsic importance by citing the with Domenech that there was no possibility of evidence of two officers who, on the 28th, testing or rectifying his statements. arrested some persons armed with new Smith From the office of El Progreso Ferrer and revolvers, who said the pistols had been given Domenech set forth to walk home. Their way to them by a man they did not know, wearing lay through the Calle de la Princesa, and in that a blue suit and a straw hat. How many men street they met Moreno. Ferrer told him that in Barcelona wore blue suits and straw hats? there were representatives of the Solidaridad · And what had become of the arrested revolver- Obrera at the office of El Progreso, trying if they men? If one or two of them had identified could come to an understanding with the Radi- Ferrer as the distributor of the weapons, their cals, and suggested that Moreno should go and evidence would have been worth all the rest see what was happening. He replied: "They put together. (presumably the Radicals) are already compro- mised”; and added, according to Domenech, The Barber of Masnou “Woe to whoever fails us, for we will do with him as they do with traitors in Russia!" Now appears on the scene a curious and rather Then Ferrer and the little barber walked on important figure. As Ferrer was sitting, about together, parting at Mongat between four and half past nine o'clock, in the café under the five in the morning. We shall meet our friend Hotel Internacional, where he had dined, he saw Domenech again a little later. passing a youth named Francisco Domenech, In all these incidents of the 26th, is there a assistant in a barber's shop at Masnou, and single one that shows Ferrer taking a directing secretary of the Republican Committee of that part in the disturbances? I submit that the village. Ferrer called him in, and, learning that evidence, even accepting it at its face value, is he proposed to walk home that night, suggested wholly inconsistent with such a view. He is that they might go together. From the café, an interested onlooker, no more; and after six says Domenech, they went to the office of the o'clock he is an onlooker only because the trains Lerrouxist (Republican) paper El Progreso, to are not running, and he prefers (as he said to learn "what the comrades were going to do”- Litrán) to take his eleven-mile walk in the cool an odd inquiry for the "author and chief” to of the early morning. We find him willing to make. Thence they went to a café, where Ferrer join in sending a threatening address to the met some of his friends and nothing particular government; and if that willingness be a pun- happened; and presently they returned to the ishable offense, he deserved whatever punish- office of El Progreso. Ferrer went in alone, and ment the law assigns to it. But between that on coming out he remarked, according to and being author and chief of the rebellion Domenech, that neither Iglesias nor others had there is all the difference in the world. Had he been willing to sign a document which he had had any guilty consciousness, he would scarcely brought with him, an address to the government have been at pains to attach a witness to his demanding the cessation of embarkations for every footstep. Domenech asserts, no doubt Melilla, and threatening, in case of refusal, to with truth, that he and Ferrer were the merest make a revolution, the signatories placing them- acquaintances. Why should Ferrer, had he selves at the head of the people. Iglesias had been organizing and directing the rebellion, said that the strikers had better return to work, have put his life in the hands of a casual and had asked what forces he counted upon for barber's assistant? the course proposed. Now, Iglesias denies that he saw Ferrer that 3. Relevant Accusations: The Catholic night. It is true, however, that some such Journalist document had been drawn up by Moreno; and It is almost a relief to come upon two accu- * In this and another case of identification, the "three times " are sations to which a certain weight would doubt- specially insisted on. But surely any one who can identify a man once can do so three times. less have been attached in a competent court of WILLIAM ARCHER 237 law. One is the unsupported assertion of a said that the man in question was “captaining" single man; the other rests on the testimony of the group. What were the signs and tokens of several witnesses. his captaincy? On this point, too, a little cross- Don Francisco de Paula Colldefons,* a jour- examination would not have been amiss. nalist on the staff of various clerical papers, What, now, was the probability of Ferrer's asserted in one of them, El Siglo Futuro, as early being in Barcelona on the evening of the 27th? as August 8, that he saw Ferrer “at the head The authorities had carefully refused to admit of a group (capitaneando un grupo) in front of the evidence of Ferrer's family, who positively the Liceo Theater on the Rambla.” When he assert that he never quitted Mas Germinal that appeared before the examining commandant, day. But, even with this testimony ruled out, however, his statement became considerably what do we know? We know that he reached less positive. This is how the Fiscal reports it: home on foot about five on the Tuesday morn- ing; and we know that all public means of com- The said gentleman affirms that on Tuesday, the munication by which he could have returned to 27th, between seven-thirty and eight-thirty in the Barcelona that day were interrupted. Can we evening, he saw a group, in the Rambla, in front of the conceive that, at two or three on the Tuesday Liceo, captained (mark that well) captained by a per- son who seemed to him to be Francisco Ferrer Guar- afternoon, he started in the blazing heat to dia, whom he knew only from a photograph; but he walk eleven dusty miles into Barcelona, in order acquired the conviction that it must be he from hear- to “captain a group"? Or, if he took some ing the passers-by say so. The group passed down the private conveyance, can we conceive that, in identified Ferrer three times in a circle of prisoners as that thickly peopled region of gossiping villagers, the man he had seen in that situation. no evidence of the fact should be forthcom- ing? He must not only have gone to Barce- Clearly, this evidence is worth looking into. lona, but he must have returned before ten the What weight can we attach to the identifi- next morning, when he went, as usual, to be cation? The witness who knew Ferrer from shaved at Masnou. Is it conceivable that there photographs would, of course, refresh his mem- should be absolutely no evidence as to his means ory of these photographs before proceeding to of transit either way? that not a living soul the identification, so that it is scarcely surpris- should have seen him outside of Mas Germinal, ing that he should recognize his man. More- save Don Francisco de Paula Colldefons? over, we have seen that the authorities had Where was “the agent of vigilance, Don Angel been careful to dress Ferrer in a ridiculous garb, Fernandez Bermejo, intrusted with the duty of which would make him stand out from any shadowing him”? He was not a man unknown group of ordinary prisoners, and insure atten- in Barcelona, nor one whose comings and goings tion being drawn to him. The identification, were apt to be unmarked. If he was "captain- then, amounts to nothing. ing a group,” he must have made himself at Now as to the actual incident: It took place least moderately conspicuous; yet, out of the "between seven-thirty and eight-thirty in the thousands who were in the streets that night, evening"; yet it does not seem to have oc- the one discoverable person who recognized him curred to any one to inquire by what light was a Catholic journalist who did not know him! Colldefons recognized a man whom he knew And this Catholic journalist who did not only from photographs. I have satisfied my- know him is the one witness who even purports self that at seven-thirty on July 27 it would be to present him in the light of a chief or director, barely possible to see a man's features by the not of the revolt, but of a particular grupo de evening light at the spot indicated; at seven- revoltosos. forty-five or later it would be quite impossible. But what about electric light? I have been The Village Republicans unable to find any conclusive evidence as to whether the electric lamps were or were not Vastly more serious is the evidence of the lighted on the Rambla that evening. The village Republicans of Masnou and Premia de probability is that they were not. In any case, Mar. If we can believe it, we must hold Ferrer the light must either have been very dim, or guilty of an indiscretion which was doubtless else artificial and deceptive. The fact that liable to some punishment, though it was im- this point was wholly neglected shows the dan- measurably different from the crime of being ger of relying upon witnesses who cannot be "author and chief of the revolt.” But can we cross-examined. Furthermore, no one has in- believe the evidence? quired what Señor Colldefons meant when he This is how it runs: On Wednesday the 28th, Ferrer, as was his custom of a Wednesday * I believe this is the correct form of the name, though it some- times appears as "Colldeforns" and "Colldefrons," morning, presented himself at the barber's shop 238 THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF FERRER at Masnou, where Domenech was employed. What is Ferrer's own account of the matter? According to Domenech, he sent for one Juan We have it in the long letter to Charles Malato, Puig Ventura, nicknamed Llarch, or “tall,” the written on October 1. He says that the barber's President of the Republican Committee. On shop at Masnou rapidly filled with people who Llarch's arrival, Ferrer proposed to him that he wanted to question him about the events at should go to the Ayuntamiento, or town hall, and Barcelona; for the report had got abroad that there proclaim the Republic. So far, Dome- he was connected with them. He told them nech; but Llarch himself goes further and says that he was as anxious as they for news, since that Ferrer urged him “to begin by inciting he wanted to attend to his publishing affairs as people to sally forth and burn churches and con- soon as business was resumed. Just then a small vents.” Llarch replied that he did not see how steamboat came along the coast from Barce- that would advance the Republican cause; to lona, and seemed to be going to put in at Pre- which Ferrer answered that he cared nothing mia; whereupon he proposed to Llarch, who about the Republic, but was simply bent on had just been telling how he had quieted a riot- revolution. He then proposed that Llarch ous crowd, that they should walk on to Premia should accompany him to Premia, which that and learn what news the steamer brought. But gentleman, though shocked at his suggestions, she did not, after all, put in at Premia; so they agreed to do. At Premia they met the Alcalde, very soon returned, Llarch to Masnou, Ferrer or Mayor, to whom Ferrer made similar pro- to Mongat. During the five or ten minutes they posals. Then, on their way back to Masnou, spent in Premia, they were surrounded by peo- they met a group of young men coming from ple asking for news —"as we, in turn, asked Barcelona, who told them what was going on, them.” “It appears,” Ferrer continues, “that whereupon Ferrer said, “Good! Good! Cour- the Republican Mayor of Premia was among age! It must all be destroyed!” the group; and he now declares that I proposed The Alcalde himself, Don Domingo Casas, to him to proclaim the Republic, and to burn and the acting secretary of the Ayuntamiento, the convent and the church; which is as false Alvarez, are quoted as emphatically confirming as Llarch's assertion to the same effect. The the statement that Ferrer proposed the procla- judge confronted me with these two canailles, mation of the Republic, and the Deputy Al- who stuck to their assertions in spite of my pro- calde, Mustarés, seems to have told the same tests, reminding them that we exchanged only story. Finally, Francisco Calvet, waiter at the the phrases that every one was exchanging in Fraternidad Republicana of Premia, relates that those days: What is going on? What is the news at half past twelve on the day in question from here, from there? What are people saying?" Llarch appeared at the café with another per At the confrontations, Llarch is reported as son whom he (Calvet) did not know: having said "that he was sure Ferrer would “Presently arrived Casas, Mustarés, and abound in explanations and denials, but that Alvarez;, and then the unknown said: 'I am he nevertheless maintained what he had Ferrer Guardia.'” The witness adds that this stated”; while the Alcalde said, “One who produced a startling effect on those present, and denies the truth, as you do, is capable of deny- especially on himself, on account of all the evil ing the light of the sun.” he had heard of that person; and that then Ferrer added, addressing the Alcalde, “I have Six Just Men come to say to you that you must proclaim the Republic in Premia.” The Alcalde replied, We have, then, six witnesses — Domenech, “Señor Ferrer, I do not accept these words”; Llarch, the Alcalde, Mustarés, Alvarez, and upon which the accused answered, “How should Calvet — who all aver that Ferrer urged the you not accept them, since the Republic is pro- proclamation of the Republic, two of them add- claimed in Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, and ing that he also incited to convent-burning. other capitals?" This is unquestionably pretty strong evidence. These allegations, I confess, seem to me by far But there are one or two remarks to be made the strongest part of the whole case for the prose- as to the credit of the witnesses. cution. On examination, we find reason to dis Domenech, to begin with, having given his count them heavily; but I am inclined to think evidence, was got out of the country with all that there must be a residue of truth in them. despatch. His own account is that “friends” gave him money, and that he started for South * If the evidence of Colldefons were true, this would be no news America on the 16th of August. The “friends” to Ferrer, who must himself have returned quite recently from Barcelona. Again, if the evidence of both Colldefonscandy Llaren are stated to have been the Barcelona Com- were true, it would be strange that Ferrer should have said nothing mittee of Social Defense, an ultra-Catholic to Llarch as to his having taken part in the scenes of the "* tragic organization, which bought him off his military night" in Barcelona. WILLIAM ARCHER 239 service and gave him three hundred dollars phrases which, somewhat modified by after sug- with which to clear out. This assertion was gestion, assumed in his mind the form in which made, in somewhat veiled terms, by Captain he stated them. Nor can one regard it as quite Galcerán, in his speech for Ferrer's defense; improbable that, looking at the columns of and I have not seen it denied. At all events, smoke rising over Barcelona, Ferrer may have I have it from Señor Domenech's own lips that expressed a malign glee. In this there is "friends” made it possible for him to absent nothing inconsistent with his declaration to the himself for three or four months — until, in fact, examining commandant that "he was opposed Ferrer was satisfactorily dead. His evidence, then, to what happened in the week of disturbances.” though costly, can .scarcely be called valuable. I do not wish to see any wrong done to my dear- Of the other five, three at least - Llarch, the est foe, and I would not raise a finger to injure Alcalde, and Alvarez (I am not quite sure about him; but if, by chance, he gets into trouble Mustarés) — were arrested on the charge of well, I do not pretend to be inconsolable. having taken part in the disturbances, and were The story of the villagers, then, may very liberated, without trial, after giving their evi- likely be founded on fact, though wildly dis- dence. This is, on the face of it, not quite re- torted by their panic-stricken eagerness to save assuring. And, when one realizes the whole their own skins. Supposing it, however, to be position, the panic that prevailed; the denun- literally true, can we find in it any proof that ciations flying around; the jails (and such jails!) Ferrer was the author and chief of the revolt? full of prisoners; and always on the horizon the On the contrary, it shows him, on the day when grim silhouette of Montjuich, with its tradition the revolt reached its height, strolling through of torture,- one is not inclined to wonder insignificant villages, thirteen to fifteen miles overmuch if these poor villagers (a butcher, a from Barcelona, and making pitifully ineffectual blacksmith, etc.) were tempted to give to their attempts to lure certain law-abiding citizens evidence just the little twist that the authori- aside from the paths of virtue in which their ties so ardently desired. We may remember, too, feet are fixed. It is quite extraordinary how that at the time when the first investigations badly he chooses his men, and how he is re- were made (it must have been early in August, buffed at every turn by their unflinching loyalty since Domenech departed on the 16th) it was to Church and State. Strange that these pillars universally believed that Ferrer was safely out of the commonwealth should actually have been of the country. What more simple and harmless imprisoned for sedition! Their story, if we ac- than to shift on to his shoulders any little in- cept every syllable of it, would show Ferrer discretions into which one might have been liable to whatever punishment the law assigns betrayed? to an uttterly abortive attempt to stir up a On the other hand, I am inclined to regard local sedition; but even the Spanish Military the waiter, Calvet, as an honest witness. He Code does not make this a capital offense. was not (I believe) arrested, and he had nothing to fear except, perhaps, loss of favor with the 4. Documentary Evidence Committee of the Fraternidad Republicana. It will be noted that he says nothing about Space forbids me to enter at large into the convent-burning. Moreover, I confess to feel- somewhat complex question of the "documen- ing that Ferrer, in the letter above quoted, pro- tary proofs.” They consisted of two papers, tests a little too much. It is hard to believe one of which Ferrer admitted to be genuine, that he and Llarch walked from Masnou to while he declared that he had never set eyes on Premia and back again (about five miles in all) the other. The genuine paper (there is good without exchanging some definite views on the reason to believe that it came before the court situation. Ferrer's version of all that passed in a seriously garbled form) was a circular which during these two hours is altogether too color- he had drafted in 1892, had never issued, and, less and non-committal. The probability is, in fact, had never thought of again. The policy I think, that there was a good deal of general embodied in it was one which he had in the discussion as to the prospects of the revolt. meantime utterly abandoned, both in theory Barcelona was entirely cut off from the rest of and practice, as his correspondence from 1900 the world, and it is certain that wild rumors onward conclusively proves. The second paper were afloat as to the success of the movement was an old-looking type-written document in in other cities. The question whether, and when, two parts, purporting to be an anarchist procla- it would be safe to proclaim the Republic, would mation, though suspiciously like the work of an almost certainly be canvassed among these Re- agent provocateur. It was said to have been publicans; and it is possible that Calvet, going found during the practically uncontrolled search to and fro about his business, may have heard at Mas Germinal of August 27 to 29; and 240 THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF FERRER two experts in handwriting, inspecting three see their executioners.” On facing the firing- letters (a t, a b, and an a) put in with a pen, party, he cried: “Aim well, my sons! It is not declared that they might be in Ferrer's hand, your fault. I am innocent. Long live the though they could not say so positively. The Escuela—" Three bullets in the brain cut weakness of the attribution is flagrant; and even short the phrase. By especial favor, his if we believe Ferrer to have had anything to do mother and nephew were permitted to see his with the document, it had no reference whatever horribly disfigured remains before they were to the events of Barcelona, but clearly appeared, consigned to the common burial-ground. on internal evidence, to have been written be When the Cortes met, two days later, the tween 1900 and 1902. Yet all three accusers (the Ministry could point not only to a chose jugée, Fiscal, the Assessor, and the Auditor) dwell on but to fait accompli. these documents as conclusive proofs of guilt. The Case Summed Up Verdict and Execution Excepting some of the villagers and one or The result is known to all the world. On two subordinate policemen,* I doubt whether Saturday the 13th the Council of War, having any one concerned in the affair acted in delib- in a single morning heard all the evidence and erate and conscious bad faith. It is quite unnec- pleadings in the complex cause, devoted the essary to suppose so. We have all the materials afternoon to hearing, in secret session, the As- for a judicial crime, in a law carefully designed sessor's indictment, and then, in secret, passed to give the accused no chance, administered sentence of death. The Auditor had then to by a band of puzzle-headed and prejudiced sol- write his report upon the sentence before send- diers. Lawyers’ law is not always synonymous ing it up to the Captain-General; and the with justice, but it is always preferable to sol- Captain-General had to send it, fortified with diers' law. I have given sufficient specimens of his approval, to the Government in Madrid. the sort of evidence gravely propounded to and Spain is sometimes thought to be a country of accepted by the Council of War; but no one who dilatory habit; but here the promptitude of all has not studied in detail the dictamina of the Fis- concerned was nothing less than miraculous. cal, the Assessor, and the Auditor can fully esti- The Auditor wrote this dictamen of 7,500 words mate the sheer stupidity of these gallant officers, in a single day, Sunday the ioth - a very re I reject, then, the theory of any criminal con- markable feat; and in two more days the Cap- spiracy against Ferrer. Malignant stupidity, tain-General and the Government had satisfied coupled with the absence of the most rudimen- their consciences of the justice of the sentence. tary sense of fair play, is sufficient to account About three in the morning of the uth Ferrer for all that occurred. But certainly it has a good was removed from the prison to Montjuich: deal to account for: the arbitrary banishment a step which showed that his fate was already of all Ferrer's friends; the studied neglect to sealed. On Tuesday evening a cabinet council call for their evidence; the pettifogging refusal was held in Madrid, ending at about half past of that evidence when offered; the wantonly eight; and, almost at the same hour, Ferrer harsh treatment of the untried prisoner; the was taken to the office of the governor of the abstraction of his clothes and personal prop- fortress, where the examining commandant, erty; the publication (in papers under strict Valerio Raso, read to him the sentence of censorship) of compromising documents which, death. He was then conducted, en capilla, whether genuine or not, should never have left into a mortuary chapel, where he was sur- the secret portfolio of the examining comman- rounded all night by priests of various orders, dant; the rewards ostentatiously showered on pressing upon him their ministrations. These the heroes who had arrested an unarmed and he declined without asperity, and occupied the unresisting man; the violent haste with which, greater part of the night in dictating to a from the moment the "incommunication” was notary a long and careful will. At a little relaxed and the Defender chosen, the whole before nine in the morning of Wednesday the complex case was rushed to its conclusion; the 13th he was led out into the trenches of Mont- eager acceptance of every second-hand whisper juich and shot. to the detriment of the accused, and the rejec- His worst enemies admit that he faced death tion of every favorable testimony to character; with serene courage. He asked to be allowed to stand, instead of kneeling, and to have his * Ferrer accused the police of having attempted to suborn his eyes unbandaged. The first part of this request they tried to bribe the man to betray his master's hiding-place- As a matter of fact, was granted, but the second was refused on a legitimate proceeding, from their point of view. the ground that “traitors are not permitted to wariden doiuko ehere is pletele doubt that they found " the type- WILLIAM ARCHER 241 .. the neglect of even the scanty opportunities of Premia up to the Fiscal of the Supreme Court provided by the law for the public examination (who was practically, though not formally, cited of witnesses; the spiriting away of one impor- as a witness), were profoundly convinced that he tant witness, and the release without trial of was morally responsible for the revolt — that he others — all this would give the case a dark and was, through his opinions and teachings, the sinister complexion even if the evidence were moral “author and chief” of the “Revolution.” ten times stronger than it is. But this is not But the law had unfortunately omitted to make villainy, not Jesuitism; it is plain, downright such "moral" authorship a capital crime, so it stupidity. Having an iniquitous law ready- was necessary to allege efficient and actual au- made to their hands, his enemies could have shot thorship as well. Constantly and quite plainly Ferrer quite as comfortably if they had observed we see the minds of witnesses and advocates the law in every detail, had treated him with shifting from the one ground to the other, and scrupulous consideration, and had left his cap- back again. The most flagrant instance, per- tors unrewarded. The haste alone was necessary, haps, occurs in the dictamen of the Auditor, lest, when the Cortes met, awkward questions (“Process," p. 56); but the insidious fallacy is should be asked. But the haste was the traceable on almost every page of the official greatest stupidity of all, for it meant the suicide documents, to say nothing of the writings of of the Ministry. The Cortes assembled on conservative and clerical apologists for the October 15. Three days later the Liberal sentence. Many of these, indeed, practically leader, Señor Moret, delivered a crushing at- abandon any other plea than that of "moral" tack on the Government of Señor Maura; and responsibility. though Maura and La Cierva, the Minister of Is it a just plea? Can it be maintained that the Interior, made a fierce fight, three more days the five years' activity of the Escuela Moderna sufficed to drive them from office. They re- They re- and its sucursales, together with the publication signed on October 21, just eight days after the of certain scientific and educational manuals, death of Ferrer. It is true that the Liberal contributed appreciably to the popular frame attack was based on their general mismanage- of mind displayed in the revolt ? Barcelona ment, the alternate impotence and violence of had been a turbulent city, and a hotbed of their conduct, rather than on the Ferrer case in acratism and anti-clericalism, long before Ferrer particular. Señor Moret, when challenged to began his educational work. The influence of say whether he himself would have pardoned that work it is impossible to measure precisely; Ferrer, made no answer. It was difficult to but it was, in all probability, a mere drop in a question which assumed Ferrer's the bucket. At any rate, it is a gross. absurdity guilt; for if he was guilty he deserved no par- to seek in the Escuela Moderna the mainspring don. But, whatever the attitude of the Liberals of the revolt. toward Ferrer, there is not the least doubt that Ferrer was not a great educator; he was not the execration of Europe, with which in those a great man. His thought was crude; his meth- days the air was ringing, was the main factor in ods were crude. Quite amazing is the poverty Maura's fall. The Government were forced of resource which can combat such thought and to admit Moret's contention that "their un- such methods only with the gag and the garotte. popularity at home and abroad was a danger But, while he was intellectually mediocre, his to the country.” persecutors contrived to reveal in him a genuine I am not at all sure that, had Ferrer been moral greatness. His idealism was ardent and fairly tried under reasonable rules of evidence, sincere, his courage was high and unflinching; he would have got off scot-free. He was cer- and these qualities are not so common that we tainly not the "author and chief of the revolt”; can deny their possessor a certain greatness. that accusation was a monstrous absurdity; but The man who wrote his letters from prison, it is not quite clear that his irrepressible sym- and who faced an unmerited doom with such pathy with every form of revolt may not have simple serenity, is certainly not the least among led him into one or two indiscretions. What is the victims of obscurantism, the martyrs of perfectly clear is that it was not the crumbs of progress. good evidence against him that led to his con Both in Spain and out of it, Ferrer has very demnation, but the mountain of bad evidence, commonly been called "the Spanish Dreyfus." to most of which a rational court of law would The resemblances between the two “affairs" have refused to listen for a moment. The ulti- are, indeed, unmistakable. In each case we mate th, when we get to the roots of things, see militarism, inspired by clericalism, riding is that he fell a victim to a simple equivocation rough-shod over the plainest principles and a play upon words. His accusers, his judges, practices of justice. The victim in each case all the witnesses against him, from the villagers is a personage hated by the Church - in answer 242 POLYGAMY IS THE UNITED STATES France a Jew, in Spain a free-thinker. If cases lies in the fact that the Spanish Govern- my reading of the Ferrer case is right, there ment had the courage of its fanaticism and was not so much active and deliberate villainy killed its man. Perhaps it took warning from at work in it as there was in the Dreyfus case; the Dreyfus case and determined to seek but, on the other hand, the determination to security in the irreparable. It is true that convict, with or without evidence, was even no argument, no revision, can undo the work more manifest in the Spanish authorities than of that October morning in the trenches of in the French. The character of Ferrer was Montjuich; but it may be doubted whether interesting in itself, whereas Dreyfus, apart Don Antonio Maura may not find the ghost from his calamities, would never have been of Ferrer more formidable than the living man heard of. But the great difference between the could ever have been. THE PRESENT STATUS OF POLYGAMY IN THE UNITED STATES M OST people outside of the Rocky Moun- American citizens. These rigorous measures tain States think that Mormon polyg- brought the church to terms, and in 1890 it amy is a thing of the past that it was published its manifesto abandoning for all time killed by the manifesto against it issued in 1890 the practice of polygamy. The President of the by Wilford Woodruff, at that time President of United States, on this evidence of repentance the Mormon Church. Extensive investigations and good intentions for the future, granted recently made by McClure's Magazine, how- amnesty for all offenses committed against the ever, show that polygamy is still practised in the anti-polygamy laws, and the Government re- Mormon States on a considerable scale. Bur- stored the escheated property. Congress also ton J. Hendrick, of the MCCLURE staff, has gone did what it had refused to do for fifty years thoroughly over the ground — he has traveled admitted Utah as a State. This last act radi- through the Mormon towns in Utah, talked with cally changed the situation. So long as Utah scores of people, and derived his information was a Territory, the Federal Government could largely from Mormon sources. Everywhere he control polygamy; once a sovereign State, how- finds that not only are the old polygamous rela- ever, the people of Utah themselves . became tions that existed before 1890 still maintained, supreme. As the State is two-thirds Mormon, but that hundreds of young men and women this means that the Mormon Church itself con- young people in their twenties and thirties trols the law-making and law-enforcing machin- have contracted plural marriages. More im- ery. From 1890 until 1895, when statehood was portant, these “new polygamists,” as the people acquired, the Mormons observed their own of Utah call them, receive special favors at the manifesto against polygamy, for they were upon hands of the church many of them hold their good behavior; almost immediately after the highest ecclesiastical offices, are teachers statehood, however, the old polygamous system in the church educational institutions, and was revived. The word went through the State, are prominent in business and social life. “Live your religion"; the old polygamists Perhaps the most unfortunate aspect of this began living openly again with their plural revival of polygamy is that it places L'tah in the wives, and new plural marriages were once more position of having violated its solemn pledges secretly performed all over Mormondom. This to the nation. In 1884 the Federal Government polygamous cult is now spreading into adjoining entered upon a rigorous campaign for the extir- States — Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, pation of polygamy. It cast hundreds of Mor- Oregon, and into old Mexico and Canada. The mons into prison, disincorporated the church “Mormon Problem” is thus by no means yet on the ground that it was a law-defying and solved. treasonable organization, confiscated its prop Mr. Hendrick will tell this whole story in two erty, and refused to naturalize Mormons as articles, the first of which will appear in January. 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The Mormon god is not only a just and a vengeful NE of the problems with which god, but he is a lustful god. The Mormon doc- the American people will soon trine teaches the progressive development of have to deal is the revival of earthly and celestial beings. Man comes into polygamy in Utah. In 1890 the existence as a disembodied spirit, in due course President of the Mormon Church takes up a tabernacle of clay, and then slowly received a revelation from Heaven commanding advances in grace through several grades of eter- the cessation of this practice. This revelation, nal glory until he himself becomes a god. The as interpreted by the Mormons themselves, de- god who presides over this present world has manded two things: the abandonment of polyg- attained unto his celestial kingdom according to amous relations entered into prior to 1890, and this stipulated program. The Mormons teach the prohibition of new plural marriages. Be- only vaguely the fundamental idea of one all- cause of this fundamental change in Utah's powerful, all-wise, overruling deity; their belief social system, Congress in 1896 admitted the is essentially polytheistic. They have peopled Territory as a sovereign American State. The the universe with a mighty heavenly host, and evidence now seems abundantly clear that the have allotted an endless system of planets and Mormon Church has violated its own revelation worlds to a multiplicity of gods. The earth has in both respects: the polygamous unions con- its god; the other planets of our system - Mars, tracted before 1890 have not been given up, and Venus, Mercury, Saturn — all have theirs; the Copyright, 1910, by The S. S. McClure Co. All rights reserved 245 246 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY millions of heavenly bodies whirling far in the whom we have to do.” This Adam-god, as unseen universe have their presiding deities. well as all the other gods of the universe, is Astronomy has always been a favorite study simply a perfected, celestialized man. Should with the Mormons; and, according to we meet him face to face, we should see their teachings, all the heavenly merely a reflection of ourselves; he worlds are inhabited by sentient would be far more dazzlingly beings. They have eagerly beautiful than we are, his flesh hailed all scientific discover- would be of a finer texture, jes that seemed to sub- his movements far swifter, stantiate this idea, and his mental comprehen- one of their particular sion infinitely superior heroes is Professor Per- to that of a purely cival Lowell, whose human brain — but researches on the he would be a man population of Mars nevertheless. We they regard as a could shake him by direct scientific the hand, walk and indorsement converse with him, of Mormon the- laugh and tell ology.* jokes, sit down with him at table Adam the God of and enjoy a hearty This World meal. For the god of the Mormons has The god of each “ body, parts, and one of these heavenly passions”; he eats, bodies, according to walks, feels the warmth the Mormon doctrine, and cold, and can love, was originally a man. sympathize, enjoy, and “What man is, God become angry, much once was; what God like an ordinary man. is, man may be- The only difference come”- this is one is that in him all of their favorite these human attri- JOSEPH SMITH, JR. theological aphor- butes are raised to isms. And God THE FOUNDER OF MORMONISM, WHO MADE POLYGAMY the highest power. THE LEADING DOCTRINE OF THE CHURCH has progressed We know that both from this lowly the father and the stage to his pres- son (says James F. ent exaltation largely by the exercise of his Talmage, in his “Articles of Faith,” one of the most procreative powers. The god of each planet widely circulated Mormon works) are in form and has, as his subjects, his own posterity. Bearing body, infinitely pure and perfect, yet a body of flesh stature perfect men; each of them possesses a material in mind these two fundamental principles, that and bones. the god of our present world was once a man, What are men? (writes Parley P. Pratt, in a dis- and that we, its inhabitants, are merely his course reprinted in Roberts' "Mormon Doctrine of descendants, we can easily fix his identity. Our Deity,” 1903). They are the offspring of God, the own presiding deity, of course, is Adam. “When fathers and mothers in Jesus Christ. They our Father Adam came into the garden,” says are capable of receiving intelligence and exaltation to Brigham Young, explaining this doctrine, " he such a degree as to be raised from the dead with a body like that of Jesus Christ, and to possess immortal flesh came into it with a celestial body, and brought and bones, in which they will eat, drink, converse, Eve, one of his wives, † with him. He helped to reason, love, walk, sing, play on musical instruments, make and organize this world. He is Michael, go on missions from planet to planet, or from system the Archangel, the Ancient of Days, about whom the same powers, attributes, and capacities.that their to system; being gods, or sons of God, endowed with holy men have written and spoken. He is our heavenly Father and Jesus Christ possess. Father and our God, and the only God with God Himself a Polygamist Elsewhere in the magazine (see page 360) will be found a large number of quotations from Mormon writings, in which toe ellen. logical ideas are set forth in deaii. And among this god's most transcendent + The italics are Brigham Young's. See Journal of Discourses, vol. 1, p.se 50. qualities is his capacity for multiplying his BURTON J. HENDRICK 247 kind. He came into the garden as Adam, an after his own order in the heavens. ' . The immortal being. While he was still in his state family of Abraham was a transcript of a celes- of innocence, God gave him Eve, his wife, with tial pattern.” And the fact to be emphasized, the admonition to increase and multiply and in considering the moral consequences of doc- replenish the earth.” If procreation were one of trines of this sort, is that this god and these Adam's functions while in this sinless state, is it wives are not empty symbols, but are beings of absurd to suppose that now, when he has again flesh and bones, with an infinite capacity for taken on immortality, he has ceased to multiply indulgence. his seed? In developing this idea, Mormon theology sinks into a grossness that can only Mormonism and Maeterlinck's be hinted at. It teaches, for example, that this "Blue Bird" Adam-god was the father of Jesus Christ, not in any spiritual or mystical sense, but after the It is because God lives in marital relations flesh. Some Mormon writers have even taught that the necessity arises for polygamy on earth. that Jesus was a polygamist, that Mary and for the people, the men and women and chil- Martha were his wives, and that the wedding dren, whom we see moving upon this planet, celebrated at Cana was his own. They have constitute the smaller part of its population. likewise taught that the polygamous family on There are in the spirit world millions and mil- earth is simply patterned after the polygamous lions of conscious human souls who have not yet family in heaven. God has not only many taken on bodily form — all the offspring of the mansions, but he has many wives. “If none Almighty. As in Maeterlinck's “Blue Bird,” but gods will be permitted to multiply immortal these disembodied souls are eagerly waiting for children,” writes Orson Pratt, “it follows that opportunities to get into the world; for, before each god must have one or more wives.” “When they can achieve immortal bliss, they must God sets up any portion of his kingdom upon come here and pass their period of probation. the earth,” says Orson Spencer, “it is patterned Unless they do this, they are doomed to an eter- BRIGHAM YOUNG AS A YOUNG MAN AND IN OLD AGE. AN UNYIELDING ADVOCATE OF POLYGAMY, HE HAD TWENTY-SIX WIVES 248 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY nal life as homeless spirits; they must go wailing that at the resurrection she and all her children through eternity, with no abiding-place in any — his children, too will be strangers to him. of the Mormon heavens — the cast-off, neg- lected children of the eternal Father. Conse- Children will be Born in the Next World quently they have but a single purpose — they are irrepressibly seeking to be born. Every Therefore in Mormonism the only marriage woman is constantly surrounded by thousands, that really counts is the marriage for eternity. millions of them, pleading for an opportunity The proper term for this is not “marriage,” but to get into the world. The prime object, of “sealing.” That is, a man and a woman are course, is to capture the most desirable human “married for time,” but they are “sealed for parents. Especially blessed are those who are eternity”- or “sealed up unto eternal life.” born in Utah and the other Mormon States, in The great majority of marriages are for both the families of the saints. The supply of human “time and eternity.” A man and a woman live parents is so small, however, and the multitude together in this life, and when both have gone of homeless spirits so large, that many are con- “beyond the veil" they placidly resume their strained to enter the world under less desirable domestic relations and continue to have chil- conditions. Some even submit willingly to a dren throughout eternity. In many cases, a humiliating parentage; the fact that there are woman may be married to one man for time, so many illegitimate children is due to their and “sealed” to another for eternity. Children incessant pleadings. And the competition is born to her in such a marriage do not belong to now waxing acute, as there is only a little time her temporal husband, but will go with her into left; in a few years the millennium will be the celestial kingdom and become part of the here, the first resurrection will come, the reign posterity of the husband to whom she has been of earthly man will be over, and there will be no “sealed.” Thus a widow who has been already further opportunity to enter the flesh. All the “sealed” to one good departed saint can still, spirits who have not become human beings by without infringing divine law, become the wife that time will be doomed to outer darkness of another saint, merely for time. Joseph Smith, through limitless eternity. the founder of Mormonism, left many wives who Hence, according to Mormon ideas, the great- had been “sealed” to him; Brigham Young took est responsibility of a man is fatherhood, and about half of them for time, and Heber C. that of a woman motherhood. The man who Kimball the other half. Many obliging saints pleases God most is the one who gives fleshly permit unmarried women to be sealed to them; habitations to the largest number of his created hundreds were supposed to have been sealed to spirits. Obviously, the man who is limited to Brigham Young. Such sealings have no validity one wiſe cannot fulfil this obligation to the full- in this life, though the married relations begin est extent. Clearly, the more wives one has, the in the celestial world. more imprisoned spirits will he set free. And the These "sealings" are extremely consoling to whole plan of salvation, according to Mormon spinsters, because thereby they are not only doctrine, largely hangs upon this particular point. saved, but "exalted.” For no man and no woman can ever get into the celestial kingdom Marriages for “Time” and for "Eternity' unless he or she is married for eternity. There are no bachelors and no old maids there. This The word for heavenly bliss, in Mormon sealing is the “new and everlasting covenant” theology, is not “salvation”; it is “exaltation.” of marriage, and the revelations of Joseph Smith Nearly everybody may be saved, but all may are very explicit in its observance as a qualifi- not be "exalted.” This transcendent glory is cation for entrance into the highest kingdom. largely dependent upon one's matrimonial Thus we read in Section 131: achievements. Marriage, in the Mormon 1. In the celestial glory there are three heavens or Church, is different from anything known degrees. in any civilized country. There are several 2. And in order to obtain the highest a man must ways in which a Mormon may wed. He may enter into this order of the Priesthood (meaning the be married for "time"- that is, for this world new and everlasting covenant of marriage); 3. And if he does not, he cannot obtain it. only, precisely as are all Christians — “until 4. He may enter into the other, but that is the end death do you part.” The Mormons teach, how- of his kingdom; he cannot have an increase. ever, that family relations in the future life are to be resumed, and that a man will go on living A Min with an “Increase'' May Become a Go / with his wife or wives, and continue to rear children. To be married for“time,” therefore, And what the orthodox Mormon yearns for means that one has his wife only for this life, and above all else is a “kingdom” and an “increase.” BURTON J. HENDRICK 249 Unless he has this he can never be a god; he can were made: several laws were passed; but the only be an “angel." Those unmarried, or mar- efforts always ended in failure. About 1882, ried only for time, will get no farther than the however, Congress concluded that this un- terrestrial kingdom. Their chief function in this civilized situation had lasted long enough, and lower sphere will be to serve as “ministering entered upon a ten years' warfare with the Utah angels” or servants of those in the celestial saints. It went into the campaign with a deadly world. And in this celestial world God reserves seriousness, determined to destroy polygamy or the highest glory for those who have the largest destroy the Mormon Church. In that year it posterity. Not all the saints are equal in his passed the Edmunds law, which struck deeply at sight; many are set apart and are commanded the problem. By this time the government had to follow the example of Abraham, Jacob, learned the futility of attempting to punish David, and Solomon, and to take unto them- polygamy as a specific crime. In order to con- selves “a plurality of wives.” To the Mormon vict on such a charge, it was necessary to prove who enters into this order there is practically no a polygamous marriage; and the secrecy with end of glory. For his wives polygamy is as which these marriages were performed made it essential to exaltation as for himself. These virtually impossible to get the legal evidence. women can never be exalted except by the side Congress therefore determined to assail the of some man, and their highest aspiration is to institution in the only practical way — by mak- be the "queens” of some polygamist in the ce- ing the outward manifestation of polygamous lestial world. Here, husband and wives, they relations the specific offense. Under the Ed- live together throughout eternity; there is a con- munds law, therefore, it was not necessary to tinuous increase of immortal children, and their prove that a man had married a plural wife; all seed, like that promised to Abraham, becomes that was necessary to prove was that a man, as numerous as the stars in the heavens or the “by common habit and repute,” lived in the sands of the seashore. Ultimately, after millions marital relation with more than one woman. and millions of sons and daughters have been The Edmunds law, therefore, described a new born to him, the time arrives when the saint him- crime — that of “unlawful cohabitation." self becomes a god. With his wives and chil- dren he moves to some planet, and there he reigns Polygamists in the “Underground" eternally as its god, just as Adam, because of his great posterity, reigns as the god of this world. Under this law there followed the period in Utah history which Mormon writers usually I wish to be perfectly understood here [writes Brig- describe as the “Diocletian persecutions.” ham H. Roberts in his famous Mormon work, A President Arthur sent out, as Chief Justice, New Witness for God'). Let it be remembered that the Prophet Joseph Smith taught that man, that is, Charles S. Zane, of Illinois, Abraham Lincoln's his spirit, is the offspring of Deity; not in any mystical successor in the Springfield law firm of Lincoln sense, but actually; that man has not only a Father in & Herndon. Judge Zane's arrival was a signal heaven, but a Mother also. And when I say that the for a general flight of polygamist Mormons. prophet taught that the resurrection is a reality, that the relationship of husband and wife is intended to be Almost all the leading ecclesiastics suddenly eternal, together with all its endearing affections, I went into hiding “in the underground,” or left mean all that in its most literal sense. I mean that in the country. For several years only three or the life to come man will build and inhabit, eat, drink, four apostles were present at the semi-annual associate and be happy with his friends; and that the power of endless increase will contribute to the power conferences of the church; the rest were fugi- and dominion of those who attain by their righteous- tives from justice. A large part of the anti- ness unto these privileges. What a revelation is here! Mormon population, official and unofficial, Instead of the God-given power of procreation being joined in the chase. Hunting “ cohabs” — such of the chief means of man's exaltation and glory in was the name applied to those accused of unlaw- that great eternity which like an endless vista stretches ful cohabitation – became the chief occupation out before him. of a horde of deputy Cnited States marshals, assisted by a small army of clergy men, news- Federal Legislation Against Polygamy paper reporters, bankers, merchants, and even women and children. In those days the ap- Ever since Brigham Young planted his polyg- pearance of a stranger in any Mormon town was amous theocracy in Utah, in 1847, Mormon usuatly followed by the scampering of a consid- history has been one continuous conflict with the erable part of its male population. The mar- government for the preservation of this phallic shals found their prisoners everywhere: in cellars, form of worship. For nearly forty years our in church belfries, between mattresses in beds, failure to destroy polygamy was recognized as in caves. The officers, disguised as peddlers, a national reproach. Many sporadic attempts book-agents, and tramps, surrounded suspected WILFORD WOODRUFF WHO, AS PRESIDENT OF THE MORMON CHURCH, RECEIVED A REVELATION FROM GOD IN 1890 COM- MANDING THAT ALL MORMONS POLYGAMOUSLY MARRIED SHOULD GIVE UP THEIR PLURAL WIVES, AND ALSO THAT NO NEW PLURAL MARRIAGES SHOULD TAKE PLACE JOSEPH F. SMITH PROPHET, SEER, AND REVELATOR, PRESIDENT OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS IN ALL THE WORLD. UNDER PRESIDENT SMITH'S RÉGIME POLYGAMY HAS BEEN RESUMED. HE IS HIMSELF THE MOST CONSPICUOUS VIOLATOR OF THE WOODRUFF MANIFESTO 252 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY houses in the night-time or at daybreak, and sion of all the church's real and personal prop- sometimes forced an entrance with axes. erty and to use the proceeds for public education- in Utah. The tithing-vard, the historian's office, "Lying to the Gentiles' God” the famous Lion and Beehive houses, the Amelia Palace, the Perpetual Immigration Fund, all For three or four years the federal courts of were seized, and for several years the Mormons Utah were crowded with cases of this kind. had to pay rentals to the American government The really pathetic martyrs were the plural for the use of their own buildings. A period of wives and their children. In proving polyga- financial demoralization followed. The church mous relations the suspected wives of the had little money with which to take care of its accused were indispensable witnesses. The poor; its ward meeting-houses became dilapi- time-honored rule of evidence that protects a dated, and it could raise hardly enough money wife from testifying against her husband did not for current expenses. The saints fought the apply to plural wives, since, in the eyes of the validity of the act of confiscation before the law, they were not wives at all. There was almost Supreme Court of the United States. That body nothing these women would not do, however, upheld it as constitutional, and thus the larger to protect their husbands: they never hesitated part of its temporalities passed out of the hands to perjure and even to dishonor themselves. of the Mormon Church, apparently forever. They would frequently appear in court with their babies in their arms, and, when asked to name Congress Proposes to Disfranchise All the fathers of these children, would quietly Mormous declare that they did not know. Mothers and fathers would similarly testify that they The federal courts in Utah refused to natural- did not know who were the fathers of their ize Latter-Day saints on the ground that they daughters' children. “It's none of my busi- were members of a treasonable society. But ness”; “I never had the curiosity to inquire”; Congress was by no means satisfied with putting “My daughter's old enough to take care of up the bars against Mormon aliens. It had al- herself” — these were the answers frequently ready disfranchised all polygamists; and now a given. The older children, who were some- concerted movement was started to deprive of times put upon the stand, would swear that their citizenship all members of the church, mo- they did not know who their fathers were, nogamists as well as those in the celestial order. though invariably these same fathers were The Territory of Idaho, one third of whose sitting a few feet away in the prisoners' pen. population was Mormon, had already passed Such witnesses, when reproached outside the such a law — a law which the Supreme Court court-room for this manifest perjury, would of the United States, in 1890, had pronounced sometimes say, “I lied to the Gentiles' God constitutional. The people of Utah were not not to our God.” In many cases these polyg- slow in acting upon this decision. In the United amous wives, too conscientious to swear falsely, States Senate, Shelby M. Cullom introduced a would sit sullenly and refuse to answer questions bill disfranchising the members of the Mormon at all; some would even refuse to take oath or Church in all the Territories, and, in the House, affirm or recognize the proceedings in any way. Representative Struble introduced a similar These, of course, would have to go to prison for measure. Among the strong men who warmly contempt, and cases were by no means unknown advocated it were Senator Orville H. Platt and in which their polygamous husbands permitted Congressmen William McKinley and Thomas them to do so. To sacrifice everything for the B. Reed. It was the hardest blow yet aimed church and divinely instituted polygamy that at the Mormon Church. If passed, it would was the command of the priesthood. entirely change the political complexion of Utah. It would take the territorial govern- Congress Confiscates Church Property ment out of the hands of a large Mormon majority and hand it over to a small Gentile Though the federal authorities sent more minority. And that Congress was in earnest than a thousand polygamists to jail, the church was evident from the fact that in April, 1890, showed no sign of yielding, and in 1887 Congress this so-called Struble bill was favorably reported. passed more legislation against the Mormons. It disincorporated the Church of Jesus Christ of The Mormons, Crusher, Agree to Surrender Latter-Day Saints, and confiscated all its prop- erty. It did this on the ground that the church The spring of 1890, therefore, found the was a treasonable and law-defying organization. Mormon Church absolutely crushed. Its lead- The courts appointed receivers to tabe posses- ing men were in hiding — fugitives from justice; A GROUP OF MORMONS SERVING THEIR TERMS IN THE UTAH PENITENTIARY FOR POLYGAMOUS PRAC- TICES. THE MAN SITTING IN THE DOORWAY IS GEORGE Q. CANNON, AFTER BRIGHAM YOUNG'S DEATH THE MOST POWERFUL APOSTLE IN THE CHURCH, IT WAS THIS VIGOROUS EN. FORCEMENT OF THE LAW THAT LED TO THE ABANDONMENT OF POLYGAMY IN 1890 hundreds of its most conspicuous members mon hierarchs, protestingly, tearfully, agreed to were in the penitentiary – to which the gov- sacrifice to Diana. ernment was ominously building a large ad- dition; its property had been confiscated; it Necessity of Statehood to the Mormon Church had lost its legal existence; and a measure had already advanced far in Congress, which, At least, that is the way the situation seemed if passed, would disfranchise every adherent of then; subsequent proceedings, however, have the church. put events in a different light. There was If, under these circumstances, the leaders just one way in which the Mormon Church had still kept the faith,— if, like the Christian could circumvent its “enemies” — could pre- martyrs with whom they were so fond of com- serve itself and its peculiar institution, and paring themselves, they had suffered all kinds yet remain unmolested. This was by getting of privation rather than burn incense to the statehood for Utah. The Mormon Church had gods, — they would have been entitled to that suffered for fifty years because of one fact - respect which is due all enthusiasts who will that Utah was a Territory, not a sovereign State. endure the extremest tortures rather than give As long as this situation continued, the authority up what they regard, however mistakenly, as a of Congress would be supreme. The President conscientious belief. But the Mormons were appoinied the Governor, who had a veto power apparently weary of well doing. They had over all the acts of the territorial legislature; given their god manifold testimonies of their Congress could legislate directly, as it had in faith, and he had deserted them. They had the case of plural marriage; all the officers who been fed to the lions and burned as torches enforced these laws, the marshals, the district in the circus for nearly ten years, and all to attorneys, the judges, were appointees of the no purpose. At last a wicked and adulterous President of the United States. If Utah could generation had triumphed over the disciples once become a sovereign State, however, the of the only true living God; and the Mor- situation would entirely change. The supreme 253 254 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY authority would then be, not the federal gov- heard the same story: "You cannot get state- ernment, but the citizens of Utah. They hood until you abandon polygamy." In 1890 would elect their own law officers, their own several prominent Mormons had a long talk with judges, pass and enforce their own laws. As John W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior in two thirds of the people were Mormons, this President Harrison's cabinet. Mr. Noble told meant that the Mormons would have absolute them that, unless the church itself took some power. Under the American system, the con- stand against polygamy, Utah would never be trol of the marriage relation is the exclusive admitted into the Union. But that the authori- prerogative of the States; the federal govern- ties would take such a stand, no one, in Utah or ment, therefore, would have no right to come in out, believed; their sufferings under the pros- and enforce the laws against polygamy. ecutions had impressed all observers with their Brigham Young, from the earliest days in sincerity. Utah, had perceived the necessity of statehood. Even a year before the interview with Sec- When he came to the valley of the Great Salt retary Noble, the Mormon priesthood had Lake, Utah, as well as California, New Mexico, outwardly modified its attitude on polygamy. and Arizona, was Mexican territory, and it was Although it refused officially to give up the then unquestionably his ambition to erect an practice, it declared that new marriages were no independent State. When sovereignty over this longer performed under ecclesiastical sanction. great area passed to the United States as a The non-Mormons of Utah, however, asserted result of the Mexican war, Brigham Young that these statements were made, not because quickly saw that this ambition could never be the Mormons had changed their faith, but realized, and planned to obtain the next best merely to stay the hand of “persecution.” In thing — statehood. As far back as 1849 the view of the many well-known instances of new Mormons organized the provisional State of plural marriages in the late eighties, it is perhaps Deseret, which included not only the present not strange that the Gentiles did not take these State of Utah, but generous slices of California, statements seriously. * Arizona, and New Mexico, and applied to Con- gress for its admission into the Union. But Mormons Officially Give Up Polygamy Congress treated the application with contempt. Mormon policy, however, continued persistently In the early part of October, 1890, was held to aim at statehood; and, up to 1893, seven the regular semi-annual conference of the Church applications had been made. In 1887, when the of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. These anti-polygamy crusade reached its height, the conferences are important occasions, ecclesias- Mormons met in convention, adopted a con- tically and socially. The faithful gather from stitution, and again asked for statehood, only all over the world; the farmers and their wives to be again refused. and babies pour into Salt Lake City, and, with lunch-baskets and nursing-bottles, take up Congress bad Alwar's Refused to Grant headquarters in the Tabernacle and in the Statehood Because of Polygamy Temple grounds. There are three days of prayer, singing, and exhortation; the authori- Utah had a larger population than several ties of the church are "sustained" for the en- States already in the Union, and in the sta- suing six months, and important steps in bility of its government and institutions and church policy are officially decided on. The in the abundance of its resources it had every president of the October conference in 1890 claim to statehood. But Congress had refused was Wilford Woodruff, a mild-mannered, sweet- this boon chiefly for one reason. That was the tempered Connecticut Yankee, the only pres- predominance of the Mormon hierarchy. The ident of the church who has ever gained any cry invariably went up from all parts of the strong hold upon the affections of the Gentile country, and especially from the Gentiles of population. Mormonism, to Wilford Woodruff, Utah, that the proposition for statehood merely meant simply the restoration of Christ's gospel meant the erection of a self-governing polyg- upon earth; his faith was simple and unques- amous commonwealth. Once withdraw federal tioning; in him there was much of the religious authority, the protestants asserted, and polyg- mystic — he believed in dreams and visions, amy would flourish undisturbed forever. The and in every transaction of his daily life, how- dominance of the church in politics was another ever minute, he saw the ever-present hand and ground of protest; statehood in Utah would * Thus, in the Smoot investigation in 1904. Josiah Hickman, then mean that we should have that anomalvin Amer- professor at the Brigham Young University in Provo, testified ican institutions the union of church and received the necessary, ecclesiastical perinission from Frarcis M. I yman, an apostie (Vol. 2, pp. 92 and 253). Numerous other cases state. From every source the Mormon leaders could be cicedo BURTON J. HENDRICK 255 voice of God. At this time President Woodruff therefore, Lorenzo Snow, at that time the presi- was eighty-three years old; and, as his patri- dent of the twelve apostles, made the motion archal figure rose to address the assembled for its acceptance. He said: saints, every face was upturned to him with that seraphic attention which one finds only in I move, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the presi- Mormon congregations. When the president dent of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and the only man on earth at the present time opened his mouth, it was not Wilford Woodruff who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we con- who was speaking: it was God himself. sider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to "What do the Latter-Day Saints believe in?” issue the manifesto which has been read in our hearing he began, and then he called upon Bishop Orson and which is dated September 25, 1890, and that, as a F. Whitney to read the articles of faith -- in declaration concerning plural marriage as authorita- church in general conference assembled, we accept his which there is no mention of polygamy. Then, tive and binding. without further ado, Bishop Whitney read the following: “All who accept this document will signify it by raising the right hand,” continued Presi- OFFICIAL DECLARATION dent Snow. Immediately from all over the Tabernacle To Whom It May Concern: Press despatches having been sent for political pur- heavenward there went up a forest of right hands pointing poses from Salt Lake City, which have been widely the famous Mormon sign of published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, affirmation and agreement. in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, Contrary minded, by the same sign.” allege that plural marriages are still being solemnized, Not a single hand was uplifted in opposition. and that forty or more such marriages have been con- tracted in Utah since last June or during the past year; In the next few weeks hundreds of similar also that in public discourses the leaders of the church assemblages were held throughout Mormondom. have taught, encouraged, and urged the continuance There were conferences in all the stakes of Zion of the practice of polygamy; 1, therefore, as President of the Church of Jesus the Woodruff manifesto was read, and every- and in all the bishops' wards. Everywhere Christ of Latter-Day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false. where, without a dissenting voice, the Mormon We are not teaching polygamy, or plural marriage, nor people accepted it as the binding law of the permitting any person to enter into its practice; and church. In order to be at peace with their I deny that either forty or any number of plural mar- riages have during that period been solemnized in our fellow Americans, they had abandoned polyg- temples or in any other place in the Territory. amy, apparently forever. One case has been reported in which the parties al- leged that the marriage was performed in the endow Manifesto, Said Woodruff, Meant the ment house in Salt Lake City in the spring of 1889. But I have not been able to learn who performed Giving Up of Plural Wives the ceremony. Whatever was done in the matter was without my knowledge. In consequence of this Hardly had the first excitement passed, how- alleged occurrence, the endowment house was, by my ever, when murmurs arose from both Gentiles instructions, taken down without delay. Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress and Mormons. What did the manifesto mean? forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been The non-Mormons ridiculed the statement, pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, with which it began, that polygamy had not i hereby declare my intention to submit to those laws, recently been taught or practised. On every church over which I preside to have them do likewise. hand, however, the chief point of inquiry was There is nothing in my teachings to the church, or concerning its scope. The great question was: in those of my associates, during the time specified, Does the manifesto merely prohibit new mar- which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or en- riages, or does it also require the cessation of courage polygamy, and when any elder of the church has used language which appeared to convey any such polygamous relations established prior to 1890? teaching, he has been promptly reproved, and I now That it specifically prohibited new polygamous publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-Day marriages seemed clear; that Mormons polyg- Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage for- amously married before 1890, however, should bidden by the laws of the land. Wilford WOODRUFF, cease living with their plural wives -- that was President of the Church of Jesus Christ not so plain. But, at this particular time, that of Latter-Day Saints. was the real point at issue. As has already been explained, the government had found that According to Mormon custom, every action of there was only one effectual way of destroying the church authorities, before it becomes bind- polygamy, and that was by breaking up polyge- ing, must be “sustained” by the people in mous relations. In the anti-polygamy fight, conference assembled. When Bishop Whitney it had centered its energies not so much on finished reading this momentous document, preventing polygamous marriages as on pre- 256 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY venting men and women so married from living commanded to do that, it was all clear to me. I went in the married relation. Every one realized before the Lord, and I wrote what the Lord told me to the difficulties of the situation, especially for write. I laid it before my brethren, such strong men as Brother George Q. Cannon, Brother Joseph F. the women. The government took the posi- Smith, and the twelve apostles. I might as well tion, however, that these people had knowingly undertake to turn an army with banners out of its violated the laws, and must suffer the penalties course as to turn them out of a course that they con- like other criminals. No one suggested that sidered to be right. These men agreed with me, and ten thousand Latter-Day Saints also agreed with me. the Mormons should cease maintaining their Why? Because they were moved upon by the spirit plural wives and caring for and educating their of God and by the revelations of Jesus Christ to do it. polygamous children. In the eyes of non- Mormons in Utah, the mere fact of plural Mormons Generally Give Up Their marriage in itself did not greatly endanger Plural Wives public morals; the situation became a scandal only when the polygamous husband lived More convincing than all their words, how- openly with several women and appeared as ever, were their acts. All over Zion the word the father of several families. They would was passed: “God has commanded you to give accept no surrender of the Mormon Church up your plural wives. You must support them, that did not mean the ending of these con- you must protect them against want; you must ditions. care for and educate your polygamous children; The church authorities clearly understood but the old relations must cease.” Messages this point, and hastened to quiet public appre- like this — if not in these precise words, at hension. Soon after the manifesto was issued, least to this effect — were passed from mouth the Mormon Church made application for the to mouth by those having authority. And restoration of its escheated property. In the nearly all the important leaders, so far as is proceedings before the master in chancery the known, themselves scrupulously“ took counsel.” leading members of the hierarchy were closely President Woodruff avoided even the appear- examined on this particular point — whether ance of associating with his plural wives. the manifesto meant that they should give Lorenzo Snow, who a few years before, in the up their plural wives as well as enter into Utah penitentiary, had haughtily refused to no more new marriages. President Woodruff yield an inch, for the rest of his life lived with testified as follows: one wife the youngest, a Danish girl, Minnie Henson. George Q. Cannon, according to Q. Did you intend by that general statement of general belief, likewise faithfully kept his intention to make the application to existing con- covenants. There were many, some of them ditions where the plural marriages already existed. A. Yes, sir. highly placed, who did not give up their wives Q. As to living in the state of plural marriage? but generally, all through Mormondom, an A. Yes, sir; that is, to the obeying of the law. honest attempt was made to observe the manifesto. At least, this was the opinion of Lorenzo Snow, George Q. Cannon, Joseph F. the harshest critics of the Mormon people, the Smith, and Anthon H. Lund, all apostles, testi- Gentiles of Salt Lake City. fied to the same effect. In other ways, too, the church had seemingly reformed. It ceased to meddle in politics; the Woodruff Says that God Commanded old-time struggles between the Mormon or Him to Write the Manifesto People's party and the Anti-Mormon or Liberal party abruptly ended. The old party align- But was the manifesto a real revelation ments were dropped; the Mormons, for the command direct from God himself? Many licans and Democrats, and began to show an first time in the history of Utah, became Repub- people said that it was not. President Wood- active interest in national affairs. Mormons ruff publicly explained this point in an address and Gentiles now drew closer together, and social at the Logan Tabernacle on November 1, 1891. and business relations became more agreeable. He said: This period, which lasted from about 1890 to I have had some revelations of late, and very im- 1895, is known in Utah history as the "era of portant ones to me, and I will tell you what the Lord has good feeling.” All over the country and the said to me. Let me bring your minds to what is termed world went the news that the Mormon problem the manifesto. · I want to say this: I should had been solved. The Mormons had followed have let all the temples go out of our hands; I should the advice given them several years before by have gone to prison myself and let every other man go President Cleveland and had become “like there, had not the God of heaven commanded me to do what I did do; and when the hour came that I was the rest of us.” a BURTON J. HENDRICK 257 President Harrison Issues a General their flock who profited from it, received full Pardon to Mormons pardon and amnesty on the promise of giving up their plural wives. Everywhere the spirit of forgiveness was abroad. There was a national desire to show Mormons Offer to Outlaw Polygamy in the Mormons that the American people had Exchange for Statehood not punished them for their religion, but merely for their violations of civil law. The courts A few months later Congress restored to the proceeded to ignore their previous decision church all its confiscated property. What the FRANCIS M. LYMAN, WHO, IF HE LIVES, WILL BE THE NEXT PRESIDENT OF THE CHURCH, AND APOSTLE JOHN HENRY SMITH, SECOND IN SUCCESSION TO THE PRESIDENCY. BOTH MEN HAVE VIOLATED THE WOODRUFF MAVIFESTO against naturalizing Mormon aliens, and freely church desired above all, however, was state- admitted them to American citizenship. The hood for Utah. In order to obtain this, the President of the United States, Benjamin leaders were prepared to make every possible Harrison, was only too glad to exercise the par- concession. They offered to insert a clause in doning power; he extended clemency to several the Utah constitution providing for the sepa- hundred saints who were under indictment for ration of church and state, and another forever unlawful cohabitation or were suffering civil prohibiting the practice of polygamy. They disabilities because of criminal convictions. even suggested that the constitution contain an- In 1891 the Mormon hierarchy, acting under other clause stipulating that these particular the advice and indorsement of their Gentile sections should never be repealed or amended, friends, applied for a general pardon covering except with the consent of the Congress and the all their people and all offenses. President President of the Cnited States. They offered Harrison issued a proclamation granting general to reënact, as State laws, all the anti-polygamy amnesty; but upon “the express condition” laws passed by Congress the same ones against that those accepting it "shall in the future which they had so bitterly fought for years. faithfully obey the laws." Thus all the apostles In spite of all these evidences of good faith, who signed this petition, and the thousands of there were still a few protesting Gentiles. 258 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY “Can't you see that it's all a Mormon trick?” Utah, the control of the church became supreme. they said. “What they are after is statehood; In 1890, in order to gain statehood, the hier- that will give them control of affairs. The archy had passed the word among the faithful: church will control the legislature and the courts “Cease associating with your plural wives.” - and that's what it wants. They make these Soon after statehood was obtained, the word promises, of course — because they know they quietly went around: “Live your religion." can't get statehood unless they do. They will pass these anti-polygamy laws, too — but do Joseph F. Smith Brings Back the Spirit you suppose they will ever enforce them? As of Brigham Young soon as they get the situation in their own hands, they will simply laugh at us and restore the old Even before 1901 polygamous households had conditions." been reëstablished on a considerable scale, but But most Gentiles regarded this view as ex- with the succession of Joseph F. Smith to the pressing the extreme prejudice of the irrecon- presidency of the church the restoration of cilables. In some instances, the non-Mormons old conditions became practically open. More advocating statehood were probably not entirely than any of the prophet's successors has Mr. disinterested. United States senatorships, seats Smith brought back to the church the spirit of in Congress, governorships, and other prospective Brigham Young. He has not Brigham's ability offices proved tempting baits. The proceeding or his capacity for leadership, but he has all of involves an important political story, which need Brigham's fanaticism, all his aggressiveness, all not detain us here. And, for the great part, the his fiery devotion to the Mormon Church. In advocacy of statehood by Gentiles was entirely order to understand the character of Presi- sincere. In previous years, when the bill came dent Smith, one must understand the circum- up for hearing before Congress, a large dele- stances of his early life. His father was Hyrum gation of influential non-Mormons invariably Smith, the brother of the Prophet Joseph and, appeared in opposition. In 1892 these same at the time of his death, the presiding Patriarch men went to Washington, side by side with of the church. In its earliest days Mormonism Mormons, to advocate it. Judge Zane, whom lived in constant conflict with its neighbors; in the Mormons had regarded as the Jeffreys of the Ohio, in Missouri, in Illinois, its early history anti-polygamy assize, wrote to the Senate that was a succession of mobbings, lynchings, and “polygamy is a dead issue.” Judge Anderson, miscellaneous outrages. These disturbances who had refused to naturalize Mormon aliens, form the most vivid memories of President now declared that Utah was ready for statehood. Smith's childhood. Eleven days before he was Before the Senate committee, Judge Judd, who born (in Far West Missouri, in 1838) his father had sent many saints to prison, said: “I do not and his uncle were arrested, tried on a charge of believe to-day that we could any more, by the treason, and sentenced to death. The prophets consent of the people of the Territory of Utah, were reprieved on this occasion, but greater reëstablish polygamy there than you could re- disasters awaited them. In June, 1844, the establish slavery in Georgia or Tennessee." wildest disorder broke out in the Mormon city of Nauvoo; the Prophet Joseph, his brother Hy- Congress Gites Statehood to Utah rum, and several other Mormons were arrested and taken to the Carthage jail. A mob sur- In consequence of these representations, Con- rounded the building, determined to murder the gress passed the act giving statehood to Utah. prisoners. Hyrum was shot, dying instantly'; In 1895 a convention met to draw up a constitu- the Prophet Joseph jumped from a second-story tion for the projected state. The membership window, and was filled with bullets as he lay on of this convention included seventy-seven Mor- the ground. His last words were, “The Lord mons, of whom thirty were polygamists. Its my God.” The present Joseph F. Smith vividly Gentile membership was only thirty. Notwith- remembers the day — he was only six years standing the fact that the Mormons were thus old — when the dead bodies of his father and largely in the majority, the convention inserted uncle were brought home. a clause prohibiting polygamy for all time, and The blood of the martyrs thus flows in the the Mormon legislature also enacted all the veins of Joseph F. Smith; nor has he ever per- federal laws against polygamous crimes. mitted himself to forget it. When he was only Thus, as a result of several years' manoeuver- eight, he started with his mother on the long ing, the Mormon Church made Utah a State. exodus from Nauvoo to the valley of the Great With this change the authority of Congress over Salt Lake, Joseph himself driving an ox-cart all the marriage relation ended. Because the Mor- the way. He has had practically no formal mons comprise two thirds the population of education; on his way across the plains, in the BURTON J. HENDRICK 259 tent, or by the light of the camp-fire, his mother Brigham Young to expel “the enemy.' In busi- taught him to read; and his reading has been ness and financial matters Mr. Smith, again like largely confined to the Bible, the Book of Mor- Brigham, has the keenest instinct. Before his mon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and other elevation to the presidency he was a poor man; orthodox works. His early experiences may he is now reputed to be a millionaire. He is a account for the intensity of his nature. All of director in the Union Pacific Railroad, the presi- Brigham's successors have been mild-mannered dent of several banks and trust companies, the souls, but President Smith is a man of violent head of a great department-store and of a wagon passions; one could easily imagine him torturing company, president of the corporations that heretics or burning witches to advance the king- have control of the beet-sugar business in Utah dom of God. In his eyes, only one thing really and Idaho, president of a large salt monopoly, counts, and that is Mormonism. “From my and the editor of three magazines. He is trustec youth up to the present,” he says, “I have not in trust for a theater, a dancing pavilion, and a believed that Joseph Smith was a prophet, for I bathing beach. have known that he was. In other words, my knowledge has superseded my belief.” Presi- President Smith a Fanatic on Polygamy dent Smith has spent all his days in the service of the church; he went on his first mission to the In Mormonism the doctrine that is nearest Sandwich Islands when he was fifteen; and the President Smith's heart is unquestionably succeeding years, until 1880, when he became polygamy. Upon that subject he is an un- first counselor to President John Taylor, he vielding fanatic. “Some people have sup- spent traveling over the world, without purse or posed," he said, in a sermon preached July 7, scrip, frequently in rags, often hungry, preach- 1878, “that the doctrine of plural marriage was ing to every nation, kindred, tongue, and people a sort of superfluity or non-essential to the the gospel of the last dispensation in the fullness salvation or exaltation of mankind. In other of time. And to an unusual degree President words, some of the saints have said, and believe, Smith has participated in all the promised gifts that a man with one wife, sealed to him by the of the spirit. He has learned the languages of authority of the priesthood for time and eter- the strange peoples among whom he has labored, nity, will receive an exaltation as great and not so much as a result of study as it was a glorious, if he is faithful, as he possibly could direct revelation from God. He has had the gift with more than one. I want here to enter of healing and has performed many miracles. my solemn protest against this idea, for I know Once, in the Sandwich Islands, a woman was it is false.... I understand the law of brought before him suffering with an evil celestial marriage to mean that every man spirit, visibly manifest in contortions of the in this church who has the ability to obey and face and insane cavortings. "In the name of practise it in righteousness, and will not, shall the Lord Jesus Christ," said Joseph, placing his be damned. I say I understand it to mean hands on the maniac's head, “I rebuke you"; this, and nothing less; and I testify in the name and presently the devil fled. of Jesus that it does mean that .... The marriage of one woman to a man for time and President Smith Enforces the Temporal eternity by the sealing power, according to the Power of the Church law of God, is a fulfilment of the celestial law of marriage in part — and is good so far as it There are other than spiritual sides to his goes. But this is only the beginning of the character, however. Four years ago the present law, not the whole of it.” “prophet, seer, and revelator" shocked the peo Mr. Smith has practised his own doctrine. ple of Salt Lake City by appearing, with eight His first marriage, that with Levira A. Smith in of his sons, as a spectator at an especially brutal 1859, turned out unhappily. She left him, went prize fight. Like Brigham Young, he believes to California, and obtained a civil divorce on that the Mormon Church is a temporal as well as the ground of adultery. This charge, of course, a spiritual power. “He who says I can rule was easily established in an ordinary court of him spiritually and not temporally," he once law, as, by that time, Mr. Smith had begun said in an address at Provo, "lies in the sight marrying plural wives. Thirty years afterward, of God.” President Smith has illustrated his when she died, Joseph F. Smith, although he own belief by himself bearing arms against the had himself secured a Mormon Church divorce American government. In 1857 President Bu- from his deceased wife, attempted (unsuccess- chanan sent an army to Utah to enforce the fully) to make a legal claim to her property. federal authority, and Joseph F. Smith joined Mr. Smith has married five wives besides this the Mormon militia hastily called together by one — two of them sisters-and, up to date, has 260 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY had forty-three children. It is not strange that, Mr. Smith, I have admitted that, Mr. Senator, a under the presidency of a man of this type, great many times here. there should be a resumption of polygamy. At this same hearing Mr. Smith admitted, in President Smith Says He is "Violating so many words, that he had violated his pledges: the Laws of God” Mr. Smith. I wish to assert that the church has obeyed the law of the land, and that it has kept its In a sermon delivered at the dedication of a pledges with the government; but I have not, as an meeting-house in Payson, Utah, in 1896, Mr. individual, and I have taken that chance myself. Smith said: “Take care of your polygamous wives; we don't care for Uncle Sam now.” President F. M. Lyman Says He is Living From the day that President Woodruff issued in Disobedience to the Lau's of God his anti-polygamy manifesto, Mr. Joseph F. and Muni'' Smith has ignored it. So far as any one knows, he has married no new wives; but he has lived Mr. Smith's heir apparent as head of the with five continuously since 1890. The real church is Mr. Francis Marion Lyman, now presi- facts, so far as Mr. Smith is concerned, became dent of the quorum of the twelve apostles. Mr. definitely known when he himself testified con- Lyman, before the Senate committee in 1904, cerning them at the investigation conducted by testified as follows concerning his observance the Senate committee in 1904 to test the eligi- of the manifesto: bility of Reed Smoot, a Mormon apostle, to hold his seat as Senator: Mr. Tayler. Did you think it would have been right to abstain from polygamous cohabitation with your Mr. Tayler. Is the cohabitation with one who is plural wife? claimed to be a plural wife a violation of the law or Mr. Lyman. I think it would have been right. rule of the church, as well as of the law of the land? Mr. Tayler. You did not do that, though? Mr. Smith. That was the case, and is the case even Mr. Lyman. No, sir. to-day. That it is contrary to the rule of the Mr. Tayler. So you violated both laws? church and contrary as well to the law of the land for Mr. Lyman. Yes, sir. a man to cohabit with his wives. Chairman. You are now continuing in this polyga- But I was placed in this position: I had a plural mous relation? family, if you please; that is, my first wife was married Mr. Lyman. Yes, sir. Chairman. And intend to? to me over thirty-eight years ago, my last wife was married to me over twenty years ago, and with these Mr. Lyman. I had thought of nothing else, Mr. Chairman. wives I had children, and I simply took my chances, preferring to meet the consequences of the law rather Senator Hoar. So you say that you, an apostle of than to abandon my children and their mothers; and your church, expecting to succeed, if you survive Mr. I have cohabited with my wives — not openly, that is, Smith, to the office in which you will be the person to not in a manner that I thought would be offensive to are known to your people to live, in disobedience of the be the medium of divine revelation, are living, and my neighbors - but I have acknowledged them; I have visited them. They have borne "me children law of the land and of the law of God? since 1890, and I have done it, knowing the responsi- Mr. Lyman. Yes, sir. bility and knowing that I was amenable to the law. Next in succession to the headship of the church Chairman. I wish to ask you a question right here. is Mr. John Henry Smith, at present second You speak of your unwillingness to abandon your counselor to President Joseph F. In the same children. Mr. Smith. Yes, sir. proceedings John Henry testified as follows: Chairman. Why is it necessary, in order to support your children, educate and clothe them, that you the rule of the church is against polygamous cohabi- Mr. Tayler. In your own case, you understand that should continue to have children by a multiplicity tation, do you? of wives? Mr. Smith. Because my wives are like everybody Mr. Smith. Yes, sir. else's wife. Mr. Tayler. And the law of the land is against it? Mr. Tayler. How many children have been born to Mr. Smith. Yes, sir. Mr. Tayler. you since 1890? But you propose to continue to violate Mr. Smith. I have had eleven children born since purely personal matter with yourself, and to take such the law of the land and the rule of the church as a 1890. All of my wives bore children. Mr. Tayler. Since 1890? consequences as may be imposed upon you for it? Mr. Smith. That is correct. Mr. Smith. Neither the law of the land nor of the Chairman. How many children have you in all? church can take away obligations and contracts and Mr. Smith. I have had born to me forty-two chil- relieve me of them as made between me and my God. dren, twenty-one boys and twenty-one girls; and I am proud of every one of them.. Brigham H. Roberts, one of the first seven Senator Overman. Is there not a revelation that you presidents of seventies, testified to similar effect: shall abide by the laws of the State and of the land? Mr. Smith. Yes, sir. Chairman. Then you are disregarding both the Senator Overman. If that is a revelation, are you not law of God and of man? violating the laws of God? Mr. Roberts. I suppose I am. BURTON J. HENDRICK 261 The Smoot investigation showed that, of the ence to the original revelation on polygamy fifteen men who then constituted the first presi- makes this clear. Section 26 reads as follows: dency and the apostles' quorum, eight were Verily, verily, I say unto you, If a man marry a openly living with plural wives, in defiance of wife according to my word, and they are sealed by the the revelation received in 1890. These eight Holy Spirit of promise, according to mine appoint- men had, in the aggregate, thirty wives. ment, and he or she shall commit any sin or transgres- As already related, in 1893 thirteen of the sion of the new and everlasting covenant whatever, first presidency and apostles applied to Presi- murder, wherein they shed innocent blood - yet they and all manner of blasphemies, and if they commit no dent Harrison for amnesty for all members of shall come forth in the first resurrection, and enter the church suffering disabilities for polygamy into their exaltation; but they shall be destroyed in the and unlawful cohabitation. In this petition Satan unto the day of redemption, saith the Lord God. flesh and shall be delivered unto the buffetings of they "pledged their faith and honor for their future.” The Smoot investigation showed that In other words, any man polygamously mar- the following apostles who had signed this peti- ried is absolved from sin. It is a new form of tion and received such amnesty, had vio- plenary indulgence. Instead of paying money, lated their pledges: Joseph F. Smith, Moses as in the days of Tetzel, the Mormon simply Thatcher, Francis M. Lyman, Heber J. Grant, takes one or more plural wives. The act of John Henry Smith, John W. Taylor, M. W. polygamous marriage makes him sinless. He Merrill, and Abraham H. Cannon. can do anything except murder, wherein he “sheds innocent blood,” and yet “come forth in Polygamous Living Now the Rule the first resurrection, and enter into his exalta- tion.” To perjure one's self on the witness- With these examples in high places, it would stand, to make solemn covenants with the Amer- have been strange if the rank and file had not ican people with not the slightest idea of keeping returned to their polygamous relations. Indeed, them, to carry on cunningly a long campaign of the “old polygamists”— that is, those who were deceit for the accomplishment of definite pur- polygamously married before 1890 -- now make poses these, under the Mormon revelation, virtually no pretense of living apart from their would be no sin, so long as one were in the celes- plural wives. Every Mormon city and town tial order. Some people have said that Presi- has its ſair quota. They are found everywhere dent Smith's statement that he was “defying - in high positions in the church, in both the laws of God and man” was blasphemy. But houses of the State legislature, in important this very revelation permits him-since he has official positions in the gift of Utah. Mormon entered the new and everlasting covenant - to governors have not hesitated to appoint polyg- commit “all manner of blasphemies” and still amists, living openly in defiance of law, to not lose his “exaltation.” In this world he may positions of great honor and trust. Perhaps the be "delivered unto the buffetings of Satan,' most conspicuous instance was the selection of that is, he may be punished by the civil power. U tah's representative to the First International This actually happened to President Smith in Congress for School Hygiene at Nuremberg in November, 1906. In that month a child was 1903. Governor Heber M. Wells — himself a born to one of his plural wives — his forty- Mormon — appointed Apostle Heber J. Grant, third. On this evidence a Salt Lake Gentile who was at that time a fugitive from justice, a swore out a warrant for adultery against the warrant having been issued for his arrest on a president of the Church of Jesus Christ of charge of unlawful cohabitation. In Mormon Latter-Day Saints. Mr. Smith was not sub- educational institutions polygamists likewise mitted to the indignity of arrest, and the charge occupy high places. Thus George M. Brim- was changed by the prosecuting attorney to one hall is president of the Brigham Young Uni- of unlawful cohabitation. On this accusation versity, a co-educational institution with he was permitted to plead guilty through his more than a thousand students; and Josiah lawyer; he was fined three hundred dollars, and Hickman is the head of the Murdock Academy paid the fine. at Beaver. In this article the writer has confined him- self to one phase of the situation — the restora- How the Polygamists Are Justified tion of the polygamous relations that existed prior to 1890. But the Mormons have violated How can these polygamists conscientiously the manifesto in the second respect — that is, disregard the divinely revealed manifesto of new plural marriages, by young men and women their own church — admit, as do Joseph F. in their twenties and thirties, have beer per- Smith and the other apostles, that they are formed. In the February McClure's this aspect “defying the laws of God and man"? A refer- of modern polygamy will be described. The Lodger Illustrations by Henry Raleigh unmistakable relief. He was close staircase. by Mrs Belloc Lowndes Author of “The Decree Made Absolute HERE he is at last, and I'm glad ing. Also she was listening -- following in of it, Ellen. 'Tain't a night you imagination her lodger's quick, singularly quiet would wish a dog to be out in.” -“stealthy,” she called it to herself - progress Mr. Bunting's voice was full of through the dark, fog-filled hall and up the to the fire, sitting back in a deep leather arm "It isn't safe for decent folk to be out in such chair – a clean-shaven, dapper man, still in out- weather — not unless they have something to ward appearance what he had been so long, and do that won't wait till to-morrow.” Bunting now no longer was — a self-respecting butler. had at last turned round. He was now looking "You needn't feel so nervous about him; straight into his wife's narrow, colorless face; Mr. Sleuth can look out for himself, all right.” he was an obstinate man, and liked to prove Mrs. Bunting spoke in a dry, rather tart tone. . himself right. “I read you out the accidents She was less emotional, better balanced, than in Lloyd's yesterday — shocking, they were, was her husband. On her the marks of past and all brought about by the fog! And then, servitude were less apparent, but they were that 'orrid monster at his work again — there all the same especially in her neat black "Monster?” repeated Mrs. Bunting absently. stuff dress and scrupulously clean, plain collar She was trying to hear the lodger's footsteps and cuffs. Mrs. Bunting, as a single woman, overhead; but her husband went on as if there had been for long years what is known as a had been no interruption: useful maid. "It wouldn't be very pleasant to run up “I can't think why he wants to go out in such against such a party as that in the fog, eh?" weather. He did it in last week's fog, too,” “What stuff you do talk!” she said sharply; Bunting went on complainingly. and then she got up suddenly. Her husband's "Well, it's none of your business now, remark had disturbed her. She hated to think is it?” of such things as the terrible series of murders “No; that's true enough. Still, 'twould be that were just then horrifying and exciting a very bad thing for us if anything happened to the nether world of London. Though she en- him. This lodger's the first bit of luck we've joyed pathos and sentiment,– Mrs. Bunting had for a very long time.” would listen with mild amusement to the details Mrs. Bunting made no answer to this remark. of a breach-of-promise action,- she shrank from It was too obviously true to be worth answer- stories of either immorality or physical violence. 262 MRS. BELLOC LOWN DES 263 Mrs. Bunting got up from the straight-backed them, they had taken over the lease of a small chair on which she had been sitting. It would house in the Marylebone Road. soon be time for supper. Bunting, whose appearance was very good, She moved about the sitting-room, flecking had retained a connection with old employers off an imperceptible touch of dust here, straight- and their friends, so he occasionally got a good ening a piece of furniture there. job as waiter. During this last month his jobs Bunting looked around once or twice. He had perceptibly increased in number and in would have liked to ask Ellen to leave off fidget- profit; Mrs. Bunting was not superstitious, but ing, but he was mild and fond of peace, so he it seemed that in this matter, as in everything refrained. However, she soon gave over what else, Mr. Sleuth, their new lodger, had brought irritated him of her own accord. them luck, But even then Mrs. Bunting did not at once As she stood there, still listening intently in go down to the cold kitchen, where everything the darkness of the bedroom, she told herself, was in readiness for her simple cooking. In- not for the first time, what Mr. Sleuth's depart- stead, she opened the door leading into the bed- ure would mean to her and Bunting. It would room behind, and there, closing the door quietly, almost certainly mean ruin. stepped back into the darkness and stood mo Luckily, the lodger seemed entirely pleased tionless, listening. both with the rooms and with his landlady. At first she heard nothing, but gradually there. There was really no reason why he should ever came the sound of some one moving about in the leave such nice lodgings. Mrs. Bunting shook room just overhead; try as she might, however, off her vague sense of apprehension and unease. it was impossible for her to guess what her She turned round, took a step forward, and, lodger was doing. At last she heard him open feeling for the handle of the door giving into the door leading out on the landing. That the passage, she opened it, and went down with meant that he would spend the rest of the light, firm steps into the kitchen. evening in the rather cheerless room above the She lit the gas and put a frying-pan on the drawing-room floor — oddly enough, he liked stove, and then once more her mind reverted, sitting there best, though the only warmth as if in spite of herself, to her lodger, and there obtainable was from a gas-stove fed by a shil- came back to Mrs. Bunting, very vividly, the ling-in-the-slot arrangement. memory of all that had happened the day Mr. It was indeed true that Mr. Sleuth had Sleuth had taken her rooms. brought the Buntings luck, for at the time he The date of this excellent lodger's coming had had taken their rooms it had been touch and go been the twenty-ninth of December, and the with them. time late afternoon. She and Bunting had been After having each separately led the shel- sitting, gloomily enough, over their small tered, impersonal, and, above all, the financially banked-up fire. They had dined in the middle easy existence that is the compensation life of the day — he on a couple of sausages, she offers to those men and women who deliber- on a little cold ham. They were utterly out of ately take upon themselves the yoke of domestic heart, each trying to pluck up courage to tell service, these two, butler and useful maid, had the other that it was no use trying any more. suddenly, in middle age, determined to join The two had also had a little tiff on that dreary their fortunes and savings. afternoon. A newspaper-seller had come yelling Bunting was a widower; he had one pretty down the Marylebone Road, shouting out, daughter, a girl of seventeen, who now lived, as “'Orrible murder in Whitechapel!” and just had been the case ever since the death of her because Bunting had an old uncle living in the mother, with a prosperous aunt. His second East End he had gone out and bought a paper, wife had been reared in the Foundling Hospital, and at a time, too, when every penny, nay, but she had gradually worked her way up into the every halfpenny, had its full value! Mrs. Bunt- higher ranks of the servant class, and as useful ing remembered the circumstance because that maid she had saved quite a tidy sum of money. murder in Whitechapel had been the first of Unluckily, misfortune had dogged Mr. and these terrible crimes — there had been four Mrs. Bunting from the very first. The seaside since – which she would never allow Bunting place where they had begun by taking a lodging- to discuss in her presence, and yet which had of house became the scene of an epidemic. Then late begun to interest curiously, uncomfortably, had followed a business experiment which had even her refined mind. proved disastrous. But before going back into But, to return to the lodger. It was then, on service, either together or separately, they had that dreary afternoon, that suddenly there had made up their minds to make one last effort, come to the front door a tremulous, uncertain and, with the little money that remained to double knock. 264 THE LODGER si er "Capital — capital! This is just what I've been looking for!” The sink had specially pleased him — the sink and the gas-stove. “This is quite first-rate!” he had exclaimed, “for I make all sorts of experi- ments. I am, you must understand, Mrs. - Bunting, a man of science.” Then he had sat down — suddenly. "I'm very tired,” he had said in a low tone, “very tired indeed! I have been walking about all day.” From the very first the lodger's manner had been odd, sometimes distant and abrupt, and then, for no reason at all that she could see, confidential and plaintively confiding. But Mrs. Bunting was aware that eccentricity has always been a perquisite, as it were the special luxury, of the well born and well educated. Scholars and such-like are never quite like other people. And then, this particular gentleman had proved himself so eminently satisfactory as to the one thing that really matters to those who let lodgings. “My name is Sleuth,” he said, “S-l-e-u-t-h. Think of a hound, Mrs. Bunting, and you'll never forget my name. I could give you references," he had added, giving her, as she now remembered, a funny sidewise look, “but I prefer to dispense with them. How much did you say? Twenty-three shillings a week, with attendance? Yes, that will suit me perfectly; and I'll begin by paying my first month's rent in advance. Now, four times twenty-three shillings is"— he looked at Mrs. Bunting, and for the first time he smiled, a queer, wry smile — “ninety-two shillings.” Bunting ought to have got up, but he had He had taken a handful of sovereigns out of gone on reading the paper; and so Mrs. Bunt- his pocket and put them down on the table. ing, with the woman's greater courage, had gone “Look here," he had said, “there's five pounds; out into the passage, turned up the gas, and and you can keep the change, for I shall want opened the door to see who it could be. She you to do a little shopping for me to-morrow.” remembered, as if it were yesterday instead of After he had been in the house about an hour, nigh on a month ago, Mr. Sleuth's peculiar ap- the bell had rung, and the new lodger had asked pearance. Tall, dark, lanky, an old-fashioned Mrs. Bunting if she could oblige him with the top hat concealing his high bald forehead, he loan of a Bible. She brought up to him her nad stood there, an odd figure of a man, blink- best Bible, the one that had been given to her ing at her. as a wedding present by a lady with whose "I believe – is it not a fact that you let mother she had lived for several years. This lodgings?" he had asked in a hesitating, whis- Bible and one other book, of which the odd tling voice, a voice that she had known in a name was Cruden's Concordance, formed Mr. moment to be that of an educated man — of a Sleuth's only reading: he spent hours each day gentleman. As he had stepped into the hall, she poring over the Old Testament and over the had noticed that in his right hand he held a volume which Mrs. Bunting had at last decided narrow bag a quite new bag of strong brown to be a queer kind of index to the Book. Icather. However, to return to the lodger's first Everything had been settled in less than a arrival. He had had no luggage with him, bar- quarter of an hour. Mr. Sleuth had at once ring the small brown bag, but very soon parcels "taken” to the drawing-room floor, and then, had begun to arrive addressed to Mr. Sleuth, as Mrs. Bunting eagerly lit the gas in the front and it was then that Mrs. Bunting first became room above, he had looked round him and said, curious. These parcels were full of clothes; but rubbing his hands with a nervous movement, it was quite clear to the landlady's feminine eye I CAME DOWN TO SEE IF YOU HAD A GAS-STOVE"" MRS. BELLOC LOWVDES 265 women. that none of those clothes had been made for learning to paint animals in Paris; and it was Mr. Sleuth. They were, in fact, second-hand he who had had the impudence, early one sum- clothes, bought at good second-hand places, each mer morning, to turn to the wall six beautiful marked, when marked at all, with a different engravings of paintings done by the famous name. And the really extraordinary thing was Mr. Landseer! The old lady thought the world that occasionally a complete suit disappeared — of those pictures, but her nephew, as only excuse became, as it were, obliterated from the lodger's for the extraordinary thing he had done, had wardrobe. observed that “they put his eye out." As for the bag he had brought with him. Mrs. Mr. Sleuth's excuse had been much the same; Bunting had never caught sight of it again. And for, when Mrs. Bunting had come into his sitting- this also was certainly very strange. room and found all her pictures, or at any rate Mrs. Bunting thought a great deal about that all those of her pictures that happened to be bag. She often wondered what had been in portraits of ladies, with their faces to the wall, it; not a night-shirt and comb and brush, as she he had offered as only explanation, “Those had at first supposed, for Mr. Sleuth had asked women's eyes follow me about.” her to go out and buy him a brush and comb Mrs. Bunting had gradually become aware and tooth-brush the morning after his arrival. that Mr. Sleuth had a fear and dislike of That fact was specially impressed on her mem- When she was “doing" the stair- ory, for at the little shop, a barber's, where she case and landing, she often heard him reading had purchased the brush and comb, the foreigner bits of the Bible aloud to himself, and in the who had served her had insisted on telling her majority of instances the texts he chose con- some of the horrible details of the murder that tained uncomplimentary reference to her own had taken place the day before in Whitechape!, sex. Only to-day she had stopped and listened and it had upset her very much. As to where the bag was now, it was probably locked up in the lower part of a chiffonnier in the front sitting-room. Mr. Sleuth evidently always carried the key of the little cupboard on his person, for Mrs. Bunting, though she looked well for it, had never been able to find it. And yet, never was there a more confiding or trusting gentleman. The first four days that he had been with them he had allowed his money — the considerable sum of one hundred and eighty-four pounds in gold — to lie about wrapped up in pieces of paper on his dressing- table. This was a very foolish, indeed a wrong thing to do, as she had allowed herself respect- fully to point out to him; but as only answer he had laughed, a loud, discordant shout of laughter. Mr. Sleuth had many other odd ways; but Mrs. Bunting, a true woman in spite of her prim manner and love of order, had an infinite pa- tience with masculine vagaries. On the first morning of Mr. Sleuth's stay in the Buntings' house, while Mrs. Bunting was out buying things for him, the new lodger had turned most of the pictures and pho- tographs hanging in his sitting room with their faces to the wall! But this queer action on Mr. Sleuth's part had not surprised Mrs. Bunting as much as it might have done; it recalled an incident of her long-past youth-something that had happened a matter of twenty years ago, at a time when Mrs. Bunting, then the still youthful Ellen Cottrell, had been maid to an old lady. The old lady had a favorite nephew, a bright, jolly young gentleman who had been HORALE .am "I BELIEVE -- IS IT NOT A FACT THAT YOU LET LODGINGS" 266 THE LODGER while he uttered threateningly the awful didn't know you were down here, Mrs. Bunting. words, “A strange woman is a narrow pit. Please excuse my costume. The truth is, my She also lieth in wait as for a prey, and in- gas-stove has gone wrong, or, rather, that shil- creaseth the transgressors among men.” There ling-in-the-slot arrangement has done so. I had been a pause, and then had come, in a came down to see if you had a gas-stove. I am high singsong, "Her house is the way to hell, going to ask leave to use it to-night for an ex- going down to the chambers of death.” It had periment I want to make.” made Mrs. Bunting feel quite queer. Mrs. Bunting felt troubled -- oddly, unnat- The lodger's daily habits were also peculiar. urally troubled. Why couldn't the lodger's ex- He stayed in bed all the morning, and some- periment wait till to-morrow?“Oh, certainly, times part of the afternoon, and he never went sir; but you will find it very cold down here." out before the street lamps were alight. Then, She looked round her dubiously. there was his dislike of an open fire; he gener “It seems most pleasantly warm,” heobserved, ally sat in the top front room, and while there “warm and cozy after my cold room upstairs.” he always used the large gas-stove, not only for “Won't you let me make you a fire?” Mrs. his experiments, which he carried on at night, Bunting's housewifely instincts were roused. but also in the daytime, for warmth. “Do let me make you a fire in your bedroom, But there! Where was the use of worrying sir; I'm sure you ought to have one there these about the lodger's funny ways? Of course, Mr. cold nights.” Sleuth was eccentric; if he hadn't been “just “By no means - I mean, I would prefer not. a leetle 'touched upstairs" - as Bunting had I do not like an open fire, Mrs. Bunting." He once described it -- he wouldn't be their lodger frowned, and still stood, a strange-looking now; he would be living in a quite different sort figure, just inside the kitchen door. of way with some of his relations, or with a “Do you want to use this stove now, sir? Is friend of his own class. there anything I can do to help you?” Mrs. Bunting, while these thoughts galloped “No, not now — thank you all the same, Mrs. disconnectedly through her brain, went on with Bunting. I shall come down later, altogether her cooking, doing everything with a certain later — probably after you and your husband delicate and cleanly precision. have gone to bed. But I should be much While in the middle of making the toast on obliged if you would see that the gas people which was to be poured some melted cheese, she come to-morrow and put my stove in order." suddenly heard a noise, or rather a series of "Perhaps Bunting could put it right for you, noises. Shuffling, hesitating steps were creak- sir. I'll ask him to go up.” ing down the house above. She looked up and “No, no — I don't want anything of that listened. Surely Mr. Sleuth was not going out sort done to-night. Besides, he couldn't put it again into the cold, foggy night? But no; for right. The cause of the trouble is quite simple. the sounds did not continue down the passage The machine is choked up with shillings; a leading to the front door. foolish plan, so I have always felt it to be.” The heavy steps were coming slowly down the Mr. Sleuth spoke very pettishly, with far kitchen stairs. Nearer and nearer came the thud- more heat than he was wont to speak; but Mrs. ding sounds, and Mrs. Bunting's heart began Bunting sympathized with him. She had al- to beat as if in response. She put out the gas- ways suspected those slot-machines to be as stove, unheedful of the fact that the cheese dishonest as if they were human. It was dread- would stiffen and spoil in the cold air; and then ful, the way they swallowed up the shillings! she turned and faced the door. There was a As if he were divining her thoughts, Mr. fumbling at the handle, and a moment later Sleuth, walking forward, stared up at the the door opened and revealed, as she had known kitchen slot machine. “Is it nearly full?” he it would, her lodger. asked abruptly. "I expect my experiment will Mr. Sleuth was clad in a plaid dressing-gown, take some time, Mrs. Bunting.” and in his hand was a candle. When he saw the "Oh, no, sir; there's plenty of room for shil- lit-up kitchen, and the woman standing in it, he lings there still. We don't use our stove as looked inexplicably taken aback, almost aghast. much as you do yours, sir. I'm never in the “Yes, sir? What can I do for you, sir? | kitchen a minute longer than I can help this hope you didn't ring, sir?” Mrs. Bunting did cold weather.” not come forward to meet her lodger; instead, And then, with him preceding her, Mrs. Bunt- she held her ground in front of the stove. Mr. ing and her lodger made a slow progress to the Sleuth had no business to come down like this ground floor. There Mr. Sleuth courteously into her kitchen. bade his landlady good night, and proceeded “No, 1–1 didn't ring,” he stammered; “I upstairs to his own apartments. MRS. BELLOC LOWNDES 267 Mrs. Bunting again went down into her stairs. But Mr. Sleuth did not go straight up kitchen, again she lit the stove, and again she to his own quarters, as she expected him to do. cooked the toasted cheese. But she felt un- Instead, he went to the front door, and, opening nerved, afraid of she knew not what. The place it, put it on the chain. At the end of ten min- seemed to her alive with alien presences, and utes or so he closed the front door, and by that once she caught herself listening, which was time Mrs. Bunting had divined why the lodger absurd, for of course she could not hope to had behaved in this strange fashion it must hear what her lodger was doing two, if not have been to get the strong acrid smell of burning three, flights upstairs. She had never been wool out of the passage. But Mrs. Bunting felt able to discover what Mr. Sleuth's experiments as if she herself would never get rid of the really were; all she knew was that they re- horrible odor. She felt herself to be all smell. quired a very high degree of heat. At last the unhappy woman fell into a deep, The Buntings went to bed early that night. troubled sleep; and then she dreamed a most But Mrs. Bunting intended to stay awake. terrible and unnatural dream; hoarse voices She wanted to know at what hour of the night seemed to be shouting in her ear, “'Orrible her lodger would come down into the kitchen, murder off the Edgeware Road!” Then three and, above all, she was anxious as to how long words, indistinctly uttered, followed by “ he would stay there. But she had had a long at his work again! Awful details!” day, and presently she fell asleep. Even in her dream Mrs. Bunting felt angered The church clock hard by struck two in the and impatient; she knew so well why she was morning, and suddenly Mrs. Bunting awoke. being disturbed by this horrid nightmare. It She felt sharply annoyed with herself. How was because of Bunting — Bunting, who in- could she have dropped off like that? Mr. sisted on talking to her of those frightful Sleuth must have been down and up again murders, in which only morbid, vulgar-minded hours ago! people took any interest. Why, even now, in Then, gradually, she became aware of a faint her dream, she could hear her husband speaking acrid odor; elusive, almost intangible, it yet to her about it. seemed to encompass her and the snoring man “Ellen,” so she heard Bunting say in her by her side almost as a vapor might have done. ear,—“Ellen, my dear, I am just going to get Mrs. Bunting sat up in bed and sniffed; and up to get a paper. It's after seven o'clock.” then, in spite of the cold, she quietly crept out Mrs. Bunting sat up in bed. The shouting, of the nice, warm bedclothes and crawled along nay, worse, the sound of tramping, hurrying feet to the bottom of the bed. There Mr. Sleuth's smote on her ears. It had been no nightmare, landlady did a very curious thing; she leaned then, but something infinitely worse – reality. over the brass rail and put her face close to the Why couldn't Bunting have lain quietly in bed hinge of the door. Yes, it was from there that awhile longer, and let his poor wife go. on this strange, horrible odor was coming; the dreaming? The most awful dream would have smell must be very strong in the passage. Mrs. been easier to bear than this awakening. Bunting thought she knew now what became She heard her husband go to the front door, of those suits of clothes of Mr. Sleuth's that and, as he bought the paper, exchange a few disappeared. excited words with the newspaper boy. Then As she crept back, shivering, under the bed- he came back and began silently moving about clothes, she longed to give her sleeping husband the room. a good shake, and in fancy she heard herself “Well!" she cried. “Why don't you tell me saying: "Bunting, get up! There is something about it?" strange going on downstairs that we ought to “I thought you'd rather not hear." know about.” “Of course I like to know what happens close But Mr. Sleuth's landlady, as she lay by her to our own front door!" she snapped out. husband's side, listening with painful intent And then he read out a piece of the news- ness, knew very well that she would do nothing paper — only a few lines, after all — telling in of the sort. The lodger had a right to destroy brief, unemotional language that the body of a his clothes by burning if the fancy took him. woman, apparently done to death in a peculiarly ll'hat if he did make a certain amount of mess, atrocious fashion some hours before, had been a certain amount of smell, in her nice kitchen? found in a passage leading to a disused ware- Was he not was he not such a good lodger! house off the Marylebone Road. If they did anything to upset him, where could “It serves that sort of hussy right!" was Mrs. they ever hope to get another like him? Bunting's only comment. Three o'clock struck before Mrs. Bunting When Mrs. Bunting went down into the heard slow, heavy steps creaking up her kitchen kitchen, everything there looked just as she had 208 THE LODGER left it, and there was no trace of the acrid smell knoweth not that the dead are there; and that she had expected to find there. Instead, the her guests are in the depths of hell.” cavernous whitewashed room was full of fog, The landlady turned the handle of the door and she noticed that, though the shutters were and walked in with the tray. Mr. Sleuth was bolted and barred as she had left them, the sitting close by the window, and Mrs. Bunting's windows behind them had been widely opened Bible lay open before him. As she came in he to the air. She, of course, had left them shut. hastily closed the Bible and looked down at the She stooped and flung open the oven door crowd walking along the Marylebone Road. of her gas-stove. Yes, it was as she had ex “There seem a great many people out to- pected; a fierce heat had been generated there day,” he observed, without looking round. since she had last used the oven, and a mass “Yes, sir, there do.” Mrs. Bunting said of black, gluey soot had fallen through to the nothing more, and offered no other explana- stone floor below. tion; and the lodger, as he at last turned to his Mrs. Bunting took the ham and eggs that she landlady, smiled pleasantly. He had acquired had bought the previous day for her own and a great liking and respect for this well-behaved, Bunting's breakfast, and broiled them over the taciturn woman; she was the first person for gas-ring in their sitting-room. Her husband whom he had felt any such feeling for many watched her in surprised silence. She had years past. never done such a thing before. He took a half sovereign out of his waistcoat “I couldn't stay down there,” she said, “it pocket; Mrs. Bunting noticed that it was not was so cold and foggy. I thought I'd make the same waistcoat Mr. Sleuth had been wearing breakfast up here, just for to-day.” the day before. “Will you please accept this “Yes,” he said kindly; "that's quite right, half sovereign for the use of your kitchen last Ellen. I think you've done quite right, my dear.” night?" he said. “I made as little mess as I But; when it came to the point, his wife could could, but I was carrying on a rather elaborate not eat any of the nice breakfast she had got experiment.” ready; she only had another cup of tea. She held out her hand, hesitated, and then Are you ill?" Bunting asked solicitously. took the coin. “No,” she said shortly; "of course I'm not As she walked down the stairs, the winter ill. Don't be silly! The thought of that hor- sun, a yellow ball hanging in the smoky sky, rible thing happening so close by has upset me. glinted in on Mrs. Bunting, and lent blood- Just hark to them, now!" red gleams, or so it seemed to her, to the piece Through their closed windows penetrated the of gold she was holding in her hand. sound of scurrying feet and loud, ribald laugh- ter. A crowd, nay, a mob, hastened to and 11 from the scene of the murder. Mrs. Bunting made her husband lock the It was a very cold night — so cold, so windy, front gate. “I don't want any of those ghouls so snow-laden the atmosphere, that every one in here!” she exclaimed angrily. And then, who could do so stayed indoors. Bunting, “What a lot of idle people there must be in the however, was on his way home from what had world,” she said. proved a very pleasant job; he had been acting The coming and going went on all day. Mrs. as waiter at a young lady's birthday party, and Bunting stayed indoors; Bunting went out. a remarkable piece of luck had come his way. After all, the ex-butler was human — it was The young lady had come into a fortune that natural that he should feel thrilled and excited. day, and she had had the gracious, the sur- All their neighbors were the same. His wife prising thought of presenting each of the hired wasn't reasonable about such things. She waiters with a sovereign. quarreled with him when he didn't tell her any This birthday treat had put him in mind of thing, and yet he was sure she would have another birthday. His daughter Daisy would been angry with him if he had said very much he eighteen the following Saturday. Why about it. shouldn't he send her a postal order for half a The lodger's bell rang about two o'clock, and sovereign, so that she might come up and spend Mrs. Bunting prepared the simple luncheon that her birthday in London? was also his breakfast. As she rested the tray Having Daisy for three or four days would a minute on the drawing-room floor landing, cheer up Ellen. Mr. Bunting, slackening his she heard Mr. Sleuth's high, quavering voice footsteps, began to think with puzzled concern reading aloud the words: of how queer his wife had seemed lately. She “She saith to him, Stolen waters are sweet, had become so nervous, so "jumpy,” that he and bread eaten in secret is pleasant. But he didn't know what to make of her sometimes. HON " WAS IT POSSIBLE THAT THEIR PLACE WAS BEING WATCHED-ALREADY?” She had never been a really good-tempered was walking rather quickly. It was clear that woman, your capable, self-respecting woman he had not yet become aware of the proximity seldom is, but she had never been like what of his landlord. she was now. Of late she sometimes got quite Bunting felt pleased to see his lodger; it hysterical; he had let fall a sharp word to her increased his feeling of general satisfaction. the other day, and she had sat down on chair, Strange, was it not, that that odd, peculiar- thrown her black apron over her face, and looking figure should have made all the dif- burst out sobbing violently. ference to his Bunting's) and Mrs. Bunting's During the last ten days Ellen had taken to happiness and comfort in life? talking in her sleep. “No, no, no!" she had Naturally, Bunting saw far less of the lodger cried out, only the night before. “It isn't true! than did Mrs. Bunting. Their gentleman had I won't have it said! It's a lie!” And there had made it very clear that he did not like either the been a wail of horrible fear and revolt in her husband or wife to come up to his rooms with- usually quiet, mincing voice. Yes, it would Yes, it would out being definitely asked to do so, and Bunting certainly be a good thing for her to have Daisy's had been up there only once since Mr. Sleuth's company for a bit. Whew! it was cold; and arrival five weeks before. This seemed to be a Bunting had stupidly forgotten his gloves. He good opportunity for a little genial conversation. put his hands in his pockets to keep them warm. Bunting, still an active man for his years, Suddenly he became aware that Mr. Sleuth, crossed the road, and, stepping briskly forward, the lodger who seemed to have “turned their tried to overtake Mr. Sleuth; but the more he luck," as it were, was walking along on the hurried, the more the other hastened, and that opposite side of the solitary street. without even turning to see whose steps he Mr. Sleuth's tall, thin figure was rather heard echoing behind him on the now freez- bowed, his head bent toward the ground. His ing pavement. right arm was thrust into his long Inverness Mr. Sleuth's own footsteps were quite inaudi- cape; the other occasionally sawed the air, ble — an odd circumstance, when you came to doubtless in order to help him keep warm. He think of it, as Bunting did think of it later, 269 270 THE LODGER lying awake by Ellen's side in the pitch-dark The two men passed into the hall together. ness. What it meant was, of course, that the The house seemed blackly dark in comparison lodger had rubber soles on his shoes. with the lighted up road outside; and then, The two men, the pursued and the pursuer, quite suddenly, there came over Bunting a at last turned into the Marylebone Road. They feeling of mortal terror, an instinctive know- were now within a hundred yards of home; and ledge that some terrible and immediate danger 30, plucking up courage, Bunting called out, his was near him. A voice — the voice of his first voice echoing freshly on the still air: wife, the long-dead girl to whom his mind so "Mr. Sleuth, sir! Mr. Sleuth!” seldom reverted nowadays – uttered in his ear The lodger stopped and turned round. He the words, “Take care!" had been walking so quickly, and he was in so “I'm afraid, Mr. Bunting, that you must poor a physical condition, that the sweat was have felt something dirty, foul, on my coat? pouring down his face. It's too long a story to tell you now, but “Ah! So it's you, Mr. Bunting? I heard foot- I brushed up against a dead animal --- a steps behind me, and I hurried on. I wish I'd dead rabbit lying across a bench on Primrose known that it was only you, there are so many Hill.” queer characters about at night in London.” Mr. Sleuth spoke in a very quiet voice, almost “Not on a night like this, sir. Only honest in a whisper. folk who have business out of doors would be "No, sir; no, I didn't notice nothing. I out such a night as this. It is cold, sir!" And scarcely touched you, sir.” It seemed as if a then into Bunting's slow and honest mind power outside himself compelled Bunting to there suddenly crept the query as to what utter these lving words. “And now, sir, I'll be Mr. Sleuth's own business out could be on saying good night to you,” he added. this cold, bitter night. He waited until the lodger had gone upstairs, “Cold?” the lodger repeated. “I can't say and then he turned into his own sitting-room. that I find it cold, Mr. Bunting. When the There he sat down, for he felt very queer. He snow falls the air always becomes milder.” did not draw his left hand out of his pocket till “Yes, sir; but to-night there's such a sharp he heard the other man moving about in the east wind. Why, it freezes the very marrow in room above. Then he lit the gas and held up one's bones!” his left hand; he put it close to his face. It was Bunting noticed that Mr. Sleuth kept his dis- flecked, streaked with blood. tance in a rather strange way: he walked at the He took off his boots, and then, very quietly, edge of the pavement, leaving the rest of it, on he went into the room where his wife lay asleep. the wall side, to his landlord. Stealthily he walked across to the toilet-table, “I lost my way,” he said abruptly. “I've and dipped his hand into the water-jug. been over Primrose Hill to see a friend of mine, and then, coming back, I lost my way.” The next morning Mr. Sleuth's landlord Bunting could well believe that, for when awoke with a start; he felt curiously heavy he had first noticed Mr. Sleuth he was com- about the limbs and tired about the eyes. ing from the east, and not, as he should Drawing his watch from under his pillow, he have done if walking home from Primrose Hill, saw that it was nearly nine o'clock. He and from the north. Ellen had overslept. Without waking her, They had now reached the little gate that he got out of bed and pulled up the blind. gave on to the shabby, paved court in front of It was snowing heavily, and, as is the way the house. Mr. Sleuth was walking up the when it snows, even in London, it was strangely, flagged path, when, with a “By your leave, curiously still. sir,” the ex-butler, stepping aside, slipped in After he had dressed he went out into the front of his lodger, in order to open the front passage. A newspaper and a letter were lying door for him. on the mat. Fancy having slept through the As he passed by Mr. Sleuth, the back of Bunt- postman's knock! He picked them both up ing's bare left hand brushed lightly against the and went into the sitting-room; then he care- long Inverness cape the other man was wearing, fully shut the door behind him, and, tossing and, to his surprise, the stretch of cloth against the letter aside, spread the newspaper wide open which his hand lay for a moment was not only on the table and bent over it. damp, damp from the flakes of snow that As Bunting at last looked up and straightened had settled upon it, but wet wet and gluey. himself, a look of inexpressible relief shone upon Bunting thrust his left hand into his pocket; his stolid face. The item of news he had felt it was with the other that he placed the key in certain would be there, printed in big type on the lock of the door. the middle sheet, was not there. MRS. BELLOC LOWNDES 271 He folded the paper and laid it on a chair, The cabman lowered his voice: "Them are and then eagerly took up his letter. crying out that 'orrible affair at King's Cross. Dear Father [it ran]: I hope this finds you as well He's done for two of 'em this time! That's as it leaves me. Mrs. Puddle's youngest child has got what I meant when I said I might have got scarlet fever, and aunt thinks I had better come away, a better fare; I wouldn't say anything before at once, just to stay with you for a few days. Please Missy there, but folk ’ave been coming from all tell Ellen I won't give her no trouble. Your loving daughter, over London like a fire; plenty of toffs, too. Daisy. But there — there's nothing to see now!” “What! Another woman murdered last Bunting felt amazingly light-hearted; and, as night?” Bunting felt and looked convulsed with he walked into the next room, he smiled broadly. horror. "Ellen,” he cried out, “here's news! Daisy's 7 he cabman stared at him, surprised. “Two coming to-day. There's scarlet fever in their of 'e.n, I tell yer within a few yards of one house, and Martha thinks she had better come anothe. He’ave got a nerve away for a few days. She'll be here for her "Have iney caugin: him?" asked Bunting birthday!" perfunctorily. Mrs. Bunting listened in silence; she did not “Lord, no! They'll never catch 'im! It even open her eyes. “I can't have the girl here must ’ave happened hours and hours ago just now,” she said shortly; “I've got just as they was both stone-cold. One each end of an much as I can manage to do.” archway. That's why they didn't see 'em But Bunting felt pugnacious, and so cheerful before." as to be almost light-headed. Deep down in The hoarse cries were coming nearer and his heart he looked back to last night with a nearer two news-venders trying to outshout feeling of shame and self-rebuke. Whatever each other. had made such horrible thoughts and suspi “ 'Orrible discovery near King's Cross!” they cions come into his head? yelled exultantly. And as Bunting, with his “Of course Daisy will come here,” he said daughter's bag in his hand, hurried up the path shortly. "If it comes to that, she'll be able to and passed through his front door, the words help you with the work, and she'll brisk us both pursued him like a dreadful threat. Angrily he shut out the hoarse, insistent cries. Rather to his surprise, Mrs. Bunting said No, he had no wish to buy a paper. That kind nothing in answer to this, and he changed the of crime wasn't fit reading for a young girl, such subject abruptly. “The lodger and me came in a girl as was his Daisy, brought up as carefully together last night,” he observed. "He's cer as if she had been a young lady by her strict tainly a funny kind of gentleman. It wasn't the Methody aunt. sort of night one would choose to go for a walk As he stood in his little hall, trying to feel "all over Primrose Hill, and yet that was what he right” again, he could hear Daisy's voice had been doing – so he said." high, voluble, excited - giving her stepmother It stopped snowing about ten o'clock, and a long account of the scarlet-fever case to the morning wore itself away. which she owed her presence in London. But, Just as twelve was striking, a four-wheeleras Bunting pushed open the door of the sitting- drew up to the gate. It was Daisy -- pink- room, there came a note of sharp alarm in cheeked, excited, laughing-eyed Daisy, a sight to his daughter's voice, and he heard her say: gladden any father's heart. “Aunt said I was to “Why, Ellen! Whatever is the matter? You have a cab if the weather was bad,” she said. do look bad!” and his wife's muffled answer: There was a bit of a wrangle over the fare. “Open the window – do.” King's Cross, as all the world knows, is nothing Rushing across the room, Bunting pushed up like two miles from the Marylebone Road, but the sash. The newspaper-sellers were now just the man clamored for one-and-sixpence, and outside the house. “Horrible discovery near hinted darkly that he had done the young lady King's Cross — a clue to the murderer!” they a favor in bringing her at all. yelled. And then, helplessly, Mrs. Bunting While he and Bunting were having words, began to laugh. She laughed and laughed and Daisy, leaving them to it, walked up the path to laughed, rocking herself to and fro as if in an the door where her stepmother was awaiting her. ecstasy of mirth. Suddenly there fell loud shouts on the still air. "Why, father, whatever's the matter with They sounded strangely eerie, breaking sharply her?” Daisy looked quite scared. across the muffled, snowy air. “She's in 'sterics -- that's what it is,” he said “What's that?” said Bunting, with a look of shortly. “I'll just get the water-jug. Wait a startled fear. "Why, whatever's that?” minute." up a bit.” 272 THE LODGER Bunting felt very put out, and yet glad, too, “Ellen, is the lodger in? I haven't heard for this queer seizure of Ellen's almost made him him moving about. I don't want Daisy to be forget the sick terror with which he had been mixed up with him.” possessed a moment before. That he and his “Mr. Sleuth is not well to-day,” his wife an- wife should be obsessed by the same fear, the swered; "he is remaining in bed a bit. Daisy same terror, never crossed his simple, slow- needn't have anything to do with him. She'll working mind. have her work cut out looking after things The lodger's bell rang. That, or the threat of down here. That's where I want her to help the water-jug, had a magical effect on Mrs. me.” Bunting. She rose to her feet, still trembling, “Agreed,” he said. but composed. When it grew dark, Bunting went out and As Mrs. Bunting went upstairs she felt ner bought an evening paper. He read it out legs trembling under her, and put out a sha' ng of doors in the biting cold, standing beneath a hand to clutch at the bannister for cr po.t. street lamp. He wanted to see what was the She waited a few minutes on in. uding, and clue to the murderer. then knocked at the door of her lodger's The clue proved to be a very slender one parlor. merely the imprint in the snowy slush of a half- But Mr. Sleuth's voice answered her from the worn rubber sole; and it was, of course, by no bedroom. “I'm not well,” he called out queru- means certain that the sole belonged to the boot lously; “I think I caught a chill going out to see or shoe of the murderer of the two doomed a friend last night. I'll be obliged if you'll women who had met so swift and awful a death bring me up a cup of tea and put it outside in the arch near King's Cross station. The my door, Mrs. Bunting.” paper's special investigator pointed out that “Very well, sir.” there were thousands of such soles being worn Mrs. Bunting went downstairs and made her in London. Bunting found comfort in that lodger a cup of tea over the gas-ring, Bunting obvious fact. He felt grateful to the special watching her the while in heavy silence. investigator for having stated it so clearly. During their midday dinner the husband and As he approached his house, he heard curious wife had a little discussion as to where Daisy sounds coming from the inner side of the low should sleep. It had already been settled that a wall that shut off the courtyard from the pave- hed should be made up for her in the sitting- ment. Under ordinary circumstances Bunting room, but Bunting saw reason to change this would have gone at once to drive whoever was plan. As the two women were clearing away there out into the roadway. Now he stayed the dishes, he looked up and said shortly: “] outside, sick with suspense and anxiety. Was think 'twould be better if Daisy were to sleep it possible that their place was being watched with you, Ellen, and I were to sleep in the already? sitting-room." But it was only Mr. Sleuth. To Bunting's Ellen acquiesced quietly. astonishment, the lodger suddenly stepped for- Daisy was a good-natured girl; she liked ward from behind the wall on to the flagged London, and wanted to make herself useful to path. He was carrying a brown-paper parcel, her stepmother. “TII wash up; don't you and, as he walked along, the new boots he was bother to come downstairs,” she said. wearing creaked and the tap-tap of wooden Bunting began to walk up and down the room. heels rang out on the stones. His wife gave him a furtive glance; she won Bunting, still hidden outside the gate, sud- dered what he was thinking about. denly understood what his lodger had been “Didn’t you get a paper?" she said at last. doing the other side of the wall. Mr. Sleuth had “There's the paper,” he said crossly, “the been out to buy himself a pair of boots, and had paper we always do take in, the Telegraph.” gone inside the gate to put them on, placing his His look challenged her to a further question. old footgear in the paper in which the new “I thought they was shouting something in boots had been wrapped. the street - | mean just before I was took Bunting waited until Mr. Sleuth had let him- bad.” self into the house; then he also walked up the But he made no answer; instead, he went to flagged pathway, and put his latch-key in the the top of the staircase and called out sharply: door. Daisy! Daisy, child, are you there?” “Yes, father,” she answered from below. In the next three days each of Bunting's “Better come upstairs out of that cold waking hours held its meed of aching fear and kitchen.” suspense. From his point of view, almost any He came back into the sitting-room again. alternative would be preferable to that which KEEP INNOCENCY,' HE SAYS, WAGGING HIS HEAD AT ME" to most people would have seemed the only remark, and her stepmother had snubbed her one open to him. He told himself that it well for it. would be ruin for him and for his Ellen to be mixed up publicly in such a terrible affair. It I11 would track them to their dying day. Bunting was also always debating within Daisy's eighteenth birthday dawned unevent- himself as to whether he should tell Ellen of his fully. Her father gave her what he had always frightful suspicion. He could not believe that promised she should have on her eighteenth what had become so plain to himself could long birthday - a watch. It was a pretty little be concealed from all the world, and yet he did silver watch, which Bunting had bought second- not credit his wife with the same intelligence. hand on the last day he had been happy; it He did not even notice that, although she seemed a long time ago now. waited on Mr. Sleuth as assiduously as ever, Mrs. Bunting thought a silver watch a very Mrs. Bunting never mentioned the lodger. extravagant present, but she had always had Mr. Sleuth, meanwhile, kept upstairs; he had the good sense not to interfere between her hus- given up going out altogether. He still felt, so band and his child. Besides, her mind was now he assured his landlady, far from well. full of other things. She was beginning to fear Daisy was another complication, the more so that Bunting suspected something, and she was that the girl, whom her father longed to send filled with watchful anxiety and unease. What if away and whom he would hardly let out of his he were to do anything silly --- mix them up with sight, showed herself inconveniently inquisitive the police, for instance? It certainly would be concerning the lodger. ruination to them both. But there – one never “Whatever does he do with himself all day?" knew, with men! Her husband, however, kept she asked her stepmother. his own counsel absolutely. "Well, just now he's reading the Bible,” Mrs. Daisy's birthday was on Saturday. In the Bunting had answered, very shortly and dryly. middle of the morning Ellen and Daisy went "Well, I never! That's a funny thing for a down into the kitchen. Bunting didn't like the gentleman to do!” Such had been Daisy's pert feeling that there was only one flight of stairs 273 274 THE LODGER between Mr. Sleuth and himself, so he quietly father,” she said, without turning round, “I've slipped out of the house and went to buy him- seen the lodger! He's quite a nice gentleman self an ounce of tobacco. though, to be sure, he does look a cure! He came In the last four days Bunting had avoided down to ask Ellen for something, and we had his usual haunts. But to-day the unfortunate quite a nice little chat. I told him it was my man had a curious longing for human com- birthday, and he asked me to go to Madame panionship - companionship, that is, other Tussaud's with him this afternoon.” She than that of Ellen and Daisy. This feeling laughed a little self-consciously. “Of course I led him into a small, populous thoroughfare could see he was 'centric, and then at first he hard by the Edgeware Road. There were spoke so funnily. And who be you?' he says, more people there than usual, for the house- threatening-like. And I says to him, I'm Mr. wives of the neighborhood were doing their Bunting's daughter, sir.' "Then you're a very marketing for Sunday. fortunate girl' -- that's what he said, Ellen Bunting passed the time of day with the 'to ’ave such a nice stepmother as you've got. tobacconist, and the two fell into desultory talk. That's why,' he says, “you look such a good, To the ex-butler's surprise, the man said nothing innocent girl.' And then he quoted a bit of the at all to him on the subject of which all the prayer-book at me. “Keep innocency,' he says, neighborhood must still be talking. wagging his head at me. Lor'! It made me And then, quite suddenly, while still standing feel as if I was with aunt again." by the counter, and before he had paid for the "I won't have you going out with the lodger packet (f tobacco he held in his hand, Bunting, – that's flat.” Bunting spoke in a muffled, through the open door, saw, with horrified sur- angry tone. He was wiping his forehead with prise, that his wife was standing outside a green- one hand, while with the other he mechanically grocer's shop just opposite. Muttering a word squeezed the little packet of tobacco, for which, of apology, he rushed out of the shop and across as he now remembered, he had forgotten to pay. the road Daisy pouted. “Oh, father, I think you “Ellen!” he gasped hoarsely. "You've never might let me have a treat on my birthday! I gone and left my little girl alone in the house?” told him Saturday wasn't a very good day — at Mrs. Bunting's face went chalky white. “I least, so I'd heard for Madame Tussaud's. thought you were indoors,” she said. “You Then he said we could go early, while the fine were indoors. Whatever made you come out folk are still having their dinners. He wants for, without first making sure I was there?" you to come, too.” She turned to her step- Bunting made no answer; but, as they stared mother, then giggled happily. “The lodger at each other in exasperated silence, each knew has a wonderful fancy for you, Ellen; if I was that the other knew. father, I'd feel quite jealous!" They turned and scurried down the street. Her last words were cut across by a loud "Don't run," he said suddenly; “we shall get knock on the door. Bunting and his wife there just as quickly if we walk fast. People looked at each other apprehensively. are noticing you, Ellen. Don't run.” Both felt a curious thrill of relief when He spoke breathlessly, but it was breathless- they saw that it was only Mr. Sleuth – Mr. ness induced by fear and excitement, not by the Sleuth dressed to go out: the tall hat he had quick pace at which they were walking. worn when he first came to them was in his At last they reached their own gate. Bunt- hand, and he was wearing a heavy overcoat. ing pushed past in front of his wife. After all, “I saw you had come in," he addressed Daisy was his child — Ellen couldn't know how Mrs. Bunting in his high, whistling, hesitating he was feeling. He made the path almost in voice, -- "and so l've come down to ask if you one leap, and fumbled for a moment with his and Miss Bunting will come to Madame Tus- latch-key. The door opened. saud's now. I have never seen these famous “Daisy!” he called out in a wailing voice. waxworks, though I've heard of the place all “Daisy, my dear, where are you?” “Here I am, father; what is it?” As Bunting forced himself to look fixedly at "She's all right!" Bunting turned his gray his lodger, a sudden doubt, bringing with it a face to his wife. “She's all right, Ellen!” sense of immeasurable relief, came to him. Then he waited a moment, leaning against the Surely it was inconceivable that this gentle, wall of the passage. “It did give me a turn,” mild-mannered gentleman could be the monster he said; and then, warningly, "Don't frighten of cruelty and cunning that Bunting had but the girl, Ellen." a moment ago believed him to be! Daisy was standing before the fire in the “You're very kind, sir, I'm sure.” He tried sitting-room, admiring herself in the glass. “Oh, to catch his wife's eye, but Mrs. Bunting was my life.” MRS. BELLOC LOWNDES 275 looking away, staring into vacancy. She still, “Yes,” she said; "that is so. And this is my of course, wore the bonnet and cloak in which husband's daughter, Daisy; I expect you've heard she had just been out to do her marketing. of her, Mr. Hopkins. And this” — she hesitated Daisy was already putting on her hat and coat. a moment “is our lodger, Mr. Sleuth.” But Mr. Sleuth frowned and shuffled away. Madame Tussaud's had hitherto held pleasant Daisy, leaving her stepmother's side, joined him. memories for Mrs. Bunting. In the days when Mrs. Bunting put down three sixpences. she and Bunting were courting they often spent "Wait a minute," said Hopkins; "you can't part of their "afternoon out" there. The go into the Chamber of Horrors just yet. But butler had an acquaintance, a man named you won't have to wait more than four or five Hopkins, who was one of the waxworks' staff, minutes, Mrs. Bunting. It's this way, you see; and this man had sometimes given him passes our boss is in there, showing a party round." He for “self and lady.” But this was the first lowered his voice. “It's Sir John Burney - 1 time Mrs. Bunting had been inside the place suppose you know who since she had come to live almost next door, Sir John Burney is?” as it were, to the big building. "No," she answered in- The ill-sorted trio walked up the great stair- differently; "I don't know case and into the first gallery; and there Mr. that I ever heard of him.” Sleuth suddenly stopped short. The presence She felt slightly-oh, very of those curious, still figures, suggesting death slightly-un- in life, seemed to surprise and affright him. easy about Daisy took quick advantage of the lodger's Daisy. She hesitation and unease. would like her “Oh, Ellen,” she cried, "do let us begin by stepdaughter going into the Chamber of Horrors! I've never been in there. Aunt made father promise he wouldn't take me, the only time I've ever been here. But now that I'm eight- een I can do just as I like; besides, aunt will never know!' Mr. Sleuth looked down at her. “Yes,” he said, “let us go into the Chamber of Horrors; that's a good idea, Miss Bunt- ing." They turned into the great room in which the Napoleonic relics are kept, and which leads into the curious, vault- like chamber where waxen effi- gies of dead criminals stand grouped in wooden docks. Mrs. Bunting was at once disturbed and relieved to see her husband's old acquaint- ance, Mr. Hopkins, in charge of the turnstile admitting the public to the Chamber of Horrors. "Well, you are a stranger,” the man observed genially. "I do believe this is the very first time I've seen you in here, Mrs. Bunting, since you married!" "SUDDENLY MR. SLEUTH SWERVED TO ONE SIDE" 276 THE LODGER to keep well within sight and sound. Mr. Sleuth quickly. "The Hamburg and Liverpool man?" was taking the girl to the other end of the room. he said interrogatively. "Well, I hope you never will know him -- not The other nodded. “Yes; I suppose you've in any personal sense, Mrs. Bunting.” The had the case turned up?" man chuckled. "He's the Head Commissioner Then, speaking very quickly, as if he wished of Police that's what Sir John Burney is. to dismiss the subject from his own mind and One of the gentlemen he's showing round our from that of his auditors, he went on: place is the Paris Prefect of Police, whose job is “Two murders of the kind were committed on all fours, so to speak, with Sir John's. The eight years ago -- one in Hamburg, the Frenchy has brought his daughter with him, and other just afterward in Liverpool, and there there are several other ladies. Ladies always were certain peculiarities connected with the like 'orrors, Mrs. Bunting; that's our experience crimes which made it clear they were committed here. 'Oh, take me to the Chamber of 'Orrors!' by the same hand. The perpetrator was caught, that's what they say the minute they gets fortunately for us red-handed, just as he was into the building.” leaving the house of his victim, for in Liverpool A group of people, all talking and laughing the murder was committed in a house. I my- together, were advancing from within toward self saw the unhappy man - I say unhappy, for the turnstile. there is no doubt at all that he was mad,”-- he Mrs. Bunting stared at them nervously. She hesitated, and added in a lower tone, - "suffer- wondered which of them was the gentleman ing from an acute form of religious mania. I my- with whom Mr. Hopkins had hoped she would self saw him, at some length. But now comes never be brought into personal contact. She the really interesting point. Just a month quickly picked him out. He was a tall, power- ago this criminal lunatic, as we must regard ful, nice-looking gentleman with a commanding him, made his escape from the asylum where manner. Just now he was smiling down into he was confined. He arranged the whole thing the face of a young lady. "Monsieur Barbe- with extraordinary cunning and intelligence, roux is quite right,” he was saying; "the Eng- and we should probably have caught him long lish law is too kind to the criminal, especially ago were it not that he managed, when on his to the murderer. If we conducted our trials in way out of the place, to annex a considerable the French fashion, the place we have just left sum of money in gold with which the wages of would be very much fuller than it is to-day! A the staff were about to be paid.” man of whose guilt we are absolutely assured is The Frenchman again spoke. "Why have oftener than not acquitted, and then the public you not circulated a description?" he asked. taunt us with another undiscovered crime'!” “We did that at once,” — Sir John Burney “D’you mean, Sir John, that murderers some- smiled a little grimly, — “but only among our times escape scot-free? Take the man who has own people. We dare not circulate the man's been committing all those awful murders this description among the general public. You see, last month. Of course, I don't know much we may be mistaken, after all." about it, for father won't let me read about it, “That is not very probable!” The French- but I can't help being interested!” Her girlish man smiled a satirical little smile. voice rang out, and Mrs. Bunting heard every A moment later the party were walking word distinctly. in Indian file through the turnstile, Sir John The party gathered round, listening eagerly Burney leading the way. to hear what the Head Commissioner would Mrs. Bunting looked straight before her. Even say next. had she wished to do so, she had neither time “Yes." He spoke very deliberately. "I nor power to warn her lodger of his danger. think we may say -- now, don't give me away Daisy and her companion were now coming to a newspaper fellow, Miss Rose — that we do down the room, bearing straight for the Head know perfectly well who the murderer in ques- Commissioner of Police. In another moment tion is —_" Mr. Sleuth and Sir John Burney would be face Several of those standing near by uttered ex to face. pressions of surprise and incredulity. Suddenly Mr. Sleuth swerved to one side. “Then why don't you catch him?” cried the A terrible change came over his pale, narrow girl indignantly. face; it became discomposed, livid with rage “I didn't say we know where he is; I only and terror. said we know who he is; or, rather, perhaps ! But, to Mrs. Bunting's relief, - yes, to her ought to say that we have a very strong sus- inexpressible relief, — Sir John Burney and his picion of his identity." friends swept on. They passed by Mr. Sleuth Sir John's French colleague looked up unconcernedly, unaware, or so it seemed to her, MRS. BELLOC LOWNDES 277 that there was any one else in the room but misgiving. He looked at Daisy, flushed and themselves. smiling, happy and unconcerned, and then at “Hurry up, Mrs. Bunting," said the turn- Mrs. Bunting. She was very pale; but surely stile-keeper; "you and your friends will have her lodger's sudden seizure was enough to make the place all to yourselves.” From an official her feel worried. Hopkins felt the half sov- he had become a man, and it was the man ereign pleasantly tickling his palm. The Prefect in Mr. Hopkins that gallantly addressed pretty of Police had given him only half a crown - Daisy Bunting. “It seems strange that a mean, shabby foreigner! young lady like you should want to go in “Yes, I can let you out that way,” he said at and see all those 'orrible frights,” he said last, "and perhaps when you're standing out in jestingly. the air on the iron balcony you'll feel better. “Mrs. Bunting, may I trouble you to come But then, you know, sir, you'll have to come over here for a moment?” The words were round to the front if you want to come in hissed rather than spoken by Mr. Sleuth's lips. again, for those emergency doors only open His landlady took a doubtful step forward. outward.” “A last word with you, Mrs. Bunting.” The “Yes, yes," said Mr. Sleuth hurriedly; "I lodger's face was still distorted with fear and quite understand! If I feel better I'll come in passion. “Do not think to escape the conse- by the front way, and pay another shilling - quences of your hideous treachery. I trusted that's only fair.” you, Mrs. Bunting, and you betrayed me! But "You needn't do that if you'll just explain I am protected by a higher power, for I still have what happened here.” work to do. Your end will be bitter as worm The man went and pulled the curtain aside, wood and sharp as a two-edged sword. Your and put his shoulder against the door. It burst feet shall go down to death, and your steps take open, and the light for a moment blinded Mr. hold on hell.” Even while Mr. Sleuth was utter- Sleuth. He passed his hand over his eyes. ing these strange, dreadful words, he was looking "Thank you," he said; "thank you. I shall around, his eyes glancing this way and that, get all right here.” seeking a way of escape. At last his eyes became fixed on a small Five days later Bunting identified the body of placard placed above a curtain. “Emergency a man found drowned in the Regent's Canal as Exit” was written there. Leaving his land- that of his late lodger; and, the morning follow- lady's side, he walked over to the turnstile. ing, a gardener working in the Regent's Park He fumbled in his pocket for a moment, and found a newspaper in which were wrapped, then touched the man on the arin. "I feel together with a half-worn pair of rubber-soled ill,” he said, speaking very rapidly; "very shoes, two surgical knives. This fact was not ill indeed! It's the atmosphere of this place. chronicled in any newspaper; but a very pretty I want you to let me out by the quickest way. and picturesque paragraph went the round of It would be a pity for me to faint here - the press, about the same time, concerning a especially with ladies about.” His left hand small box filled with sovereigns which had been shot out and placed what he had been fumbling forwarded anonymously to the Governor of the for in his pocket on the other's bare palm. "I Foundling Hospital. see there's an emergency exit over there. Would Mr. and Mrs. Bunting are now in the service it be possible for me to get out that way?” of an old lady, by whom they are feared as well "Well , yes, sir; I think so.” The man hesi- as respected, and whom they make very com- tated; he felt a slight, a very slight, feeling of fortable. The ROVED By Katharine Baker Hanson Both Illustrations-by sistant as applied to the A lightsome eye, a soldier's mien, A feather of the blue, A doublet of the Lincoln green No more of me you knew, My love! No more of me you knew. HE engineer had picked up an assistant in the city. There was a certain incon- gruity about that word as- man. Seldom did he assist. He bossed more often than not the chief himself. Still, the chief held a diploma, and un- derstood stress and parabola and a lot of similar things; so, in spite of his youth and unimpressive personality, he did not daily invested by the sea, which it neither re- fear for his job. pelled nor admitted. The water broke over the No such technical information troubled the boulders, trickled helplessly away through the assistant, who had been chosen mainly because crevices, slunk back baffled. The assistant in his wide wanderings he had seen and observed engineer was sure of his hundred a month until the dykes of Holland, which the engineer and the miles of wall should be finished. his employer had not, and because he professed He stood, one day, among the Italian laborers, calm confidence in his ability to reproduce them humming to himself – a melancholy sound: on the Jersey coast. The event bore out his claim. The sea-wall “The sun rises bright in France, And fair sets he; rose, unique among sea-walls, a heap of rough But he has lost the look he had boulders resting on a mat of oak fascines, twice In my ain countree." - 278 KATHARINE BAKER 279 As a matter of fact, this was an unfair criti- bulb swinging on a cord behind him, and reads cism of the sun, which could not possibly have Hume's philosophy, and drinks – especially looked brighter in anybody's country than it drinks." actually did above him. The chief had only recently learned to despise Oak bundles glowing with red leaves, tall varnished oak, and had all the ardor of the heaps of them like gay festival decorations, lay proselyte. Nor, indeed, were shaded lights along the wall. Between them, picking her way among the memories of his childhood. He over loose stones, hydraulic pipes, and litter, cultivated fastidiousness. came the owner's daughter, . to see what was The lady was interested and mildly shocked. new. The chief escorted her with pride. The He continued the animating topic. Drink? Italians flashed white teeth. The assistant Well, rather. No, he didn't think the fellow was stared gravely from his pale-blue eyes; the a gentleman. a gentleman. How could anybody be, with pipe that he had just begun to fill dropped such clothes? Certainly, twelve hundred a year from his hands and shivered on the stones wouldn't allow much latitude in clothes; but below. the assistant never lived on his twelve hundred "What rotten luck!” said the chief sympa- a year. Why, his whiskey must cost him about thetically. He had admired that even-tinted all of that. meerschaum. He touched lightly upon an ancient flask of But the assistant paid no heed to his loss. chased and battered silver that was always in With undeniable ease, he ignored also the dis- McPherson's pocket. To the girl this sounded reputable state of his working-clothes. While like an heirloom of romance, and she suggested the chief introduced him to the girl he gazed that McPherson was probably a personage at her steadily, as if trying to commit her to fallen on evil times — a suggestion that dis- memory. In that moment life opened very pleased her escort, who refuted it warmly. . To desirable prospects before the assistant. be sure, somebody sent money, for he got The interview was short. The girl did not regular letters with drafts, reinclosed through care for draggled tweeds and corduroys. She Morgan & Co., but evidently not much, for was disappointed. It was to meet the assistant look at those clothes! And his people were that she had come. Of course, the chief did not very plain. know that. Only the stupidest of young women “He spoke of his cousin once," volunteered would have been so transparent. He thought the chief, in support of this. “I asked him what she wanted his company, and came because he was his cousin's business. He stared a minute had orders to give his subordinate. The chief in that fishy way of his, and then said he hadn't was not strikingly clever. heard lately; he believed his present occupa- However, he now gave the instructions tion was slaughtering cattle, if his luck was with enjoyment; he liked to display authority good. Think of calling it good luck to be a before her. successful butcher! They must have been “Look after the pile-driver, too, McPherson,” feeling the pinch.” he ended. “There are some posts to be reset Well, obviously, that didn't sound as ro- over there. I'll hardly get back this afternoon.” mantic as the antique flask. But the owner's McPherson nodded. The chief was off after daughter was not convinced. She suspended the girl, who was already picking her way out judgment, meaning to investigate this prob- of sight around a heap of brush. He rejoined lematic assistant more fully. her, and they disappeared together. McPher Far behind, the debatable Scot had resumed son stood watching the vanishing-point for a his job with his usual single-hearted energy. moment, though the work slackened around him. For the rest of the afternoon he realigned ill- “A frowsy Scotchman," was her verdict. sunk posts and saw the last of the day's oak The chief could not feel displeased to hear it. bundles well anchored under their rock ballast. "He's right on the job, just the same,” he The laborers quit at the whistle-blast. The conceded to the absent, fearing no rivalry. assistant strode off along the deserted beach to “Pity foreigners don't shave. That red- study a weak place where the ocean threatened bearded style isn't ornamental.” to outwit his fortifications. At a bend of the “I should think he'd die of loneliness,” she wall he came upon the girl and the chief. speculated. The girl had just decided that the chief was But it seemed there was no occasion. a bore. She had given up conversation as "Not while he has himself to associate with. requiring too great an effort, and was trying to He spends his evenings in his room at the count the mewing gulls that swooped over the boarding-house. There he sits with his feet on waves or sat rocking on them. At sight of the a varnished golden-oak wash-stand, with a bare assistant her face lighted flatteringly. 280 THE ROVER It was a long time since he had talked with sively his friend. There sat the assistant, with a pretty, well-bred woman. When, after a uncommonly smooth hair, and from some place while, she held out a hand to him and he helped or other he had exhumed correct clothes. The her to rise from her stony seat, there was a warm chief suddenly remembered having heard in an glow about his heart. The chief was conspicu- inattentive moment that a black cravat was not ously sullen. He was learning by experience the right with evening dress. He could hardly painful truth that it is only among the blind resist clutching spasmodically at his own. that the one-eyed man is king. And that drunken adventurer had happened “I was forgetting to tell you,” said McPher- on the proper combination. He hadn't been son to him, at parting. “A chap on the pile- drinking lately, either — not in public. Of driver told me that much of the piling under course, private drinkers are the worst. Even the north pier is rotted to the breadth of a here he was letting his wine stand untouched. child's wrist. I looked for myself, and it's so. The chief wondered why. He raised his glass Those posts would snap like match-sticks in a toward McPherson. storm. It should be seen to.” "Miss Evelyn!" he said. "I have my eye on the work,” said the chief The assistant drank the toast unhesitat- shortly. He was not fond of suggestions. ingly. But he did not take up the glass again Now, however, the assistant swung away until Evelyn asked doubtfully, “Isn't the wine down the beach on his errand, while the chief right?” Then he drank it all, with a friendly and the girl walked homeward. McPherson look at her. went whistling a gay melody: The owner himself, who seldom regarded any- body except in a business way, showed an unex- “ The collier had a daughter, and she was wonder pected human liking for McPherson, and listened bonny; A laird he was that sought her to his opinions. It was most annoying to the chief, who was swelling with news that he felt At"rich baith in land and money" he broke entitled him to the center of the stage. He tried off with a grim laugh. to force his host's attention with talk about The sun was setting gorgeously over the wide the work. As soon as he was fairly involved, marshes. When he had frowned at the flaws Evelyn rose and left them. McPherson followed. in the construction, he turned to survey the In the shadowy drawing-room, she sat down meadows and the shore. Far away, a flutter- at her piano. The assistant came and leaned ing flag marked the owner's dwelling. The beside her. assistant's rugged face began to clear. “I'll play Scotch songs, if you'll sing them,” "I'd do the decent thing by her, if I got her,” she offered. he announced to the wheeling gulls. He pulled “I am not a singer,” he demurred. The light out a battered silver flask, opened it, and de- glimmered on her soft hair. “Do you know liberately turned it upside down. A pale stream ‘Love Will Venture In'?” he asked boldly. She descended to the heap of stones. “Good whis- did not know it. He began singing just above her too,” he murmured thoughtfully; watching his breath in a very pleasant voice: it drip awar. “But there's still cauld kail in Aberdeen.” After which apparently senseless “Oh, Love will venture in where he daurna weel be seen; Oh, Love will venture in where Wisdom ance has remarh he looked again toward the fluttering been." flag. Probably the lady wouldn't have cared for the metaphor, and no doubt the chief would She loohed up. could not meet his intense have likened her more euphemistically to a rose gaze, lovhed away again. or some such matter; but, on the other hand, “And you say Lou can't sing. Mr. McPher- he Wevuldn't have given up his cigarettes for her. son!” she protested. The owner's daughter had decided to enlarge “ McPherson is not my name," he confessed her urcle, which included only the chief and frankly. "Tis a nichname I had when I was herseif and was correspondingly dull. This a lad, because I was such an outlaw." decision was sad for the chie, accustomed as “Is that an outlaw's name?” she asked. he was to an undivided reign; but he had no “Why, don't you know McPherson?" he choice, and the assistant made intimate progress. exclaimed, surprised. “Sae rantingly, sae They even dined together, one evening, at the wantonly, sae dauntingly gaed he! And I went owner's house, where there wus more mahogany rather rantingly, I fear." and candlelight than the chief was used to, The girl was playing pianissimo; the candles though not more than he intended to have some glowed in the g!owm. dar, when this girt - The chict began to feel “What is your name, then?" she ashed. sume uneasiness about this girl, once su exclu The assistant drew a long breath. 7 * EVELYN, CURIOUS AS USUAL, HAD COME TO SEE THE HOW" 282 THE ROVER “Too good a name for a reckless rover. I'll a man than anybody else I ever saw," retorted tell you, if you care at all to know,” he began. Evelyn, and the tribute rankled in the chief's “Indeed I do,” she replied, keen to elicit his memory all that week. He was surly with confidence; and at that moment the jealous McPherson, who only smiled tolerantly at his voice of the chief hailed them from the door- rudeness. way. He had broken through the net of his “It's coming on for a northeaster,” the assist- own devising and come to interrupt this ant spoke one day. "You remember, I men- objectionable tête-à-tête. tioned last week the piling under that upper All the rest of the evening he tried to arrange pier is rotten. You'd be wise to put in auxiliary one for himself; but a better engineer frustrated piles, if you don't want it to go out in the first his plans. There was evidently a new confi- high tide." dential relation between the assistant and the "That's my province," growled the chief. girl. At last the chief gave up hope of privacy, “I understand my business; and I don't get all and launched his news. my information out of Hume or a whiskey- "I shall hardly be here more than a month or bottle, either." He had forgotten the earlier so longer, if your father will accept my resig- warning, and now the lowering day made him nation," he said. “The Corpus Christi Con- uneasy. struction Company want me to come to Texas “What ails you, man?” inquired McPherson to take charge of some work there. They offer serenely. “You are quite safe, of course, for ten thousand a year, so I can't afford to refuse one can't fight under his size. Besides, I realize them.” that you're not yourself.” “Oh,” said Evelyn innocently, with new “At least, my name's my own,” returned the respect; "they've heard about your sea-wall." chief. A smile flickered across McPherson's face. So Evelyn had discussed that! But the The chief colored. Well he knew whose assistant instantly excused her to his soul. wall it was he was getting the credit for. Women always told things. But after that Evelyn was very nice to him. “There are moments,” said McPherson If the assistant did not, in turn, experience blandly, "when Kant would be more soothing her neglect, it was perhaps because his words, than Hume. According to Kant, for instance, “Too good a name for a reckless rover," you are merely a kind of shadow cast by my were not forgotten. Between this new afflu- mentality. When you impinge upon my sun- ence of the chief and the mystery attaching light, what a comfort to reflect that by simply to his subordinate, Evelyn began to find life removing myself I do away with you. Are you interesting interested?" Two determined men went home that night "No!” snapped the chief. - the chief to bed, the assistant to sit "Then I'll just proceed to your obliteration," down in his varnished, red-carpeted room and replied McPherson, and walked away. write to his uncle, for the first time in many In spite of Kant, the chief materialized at years. the railway station that evening. McPherson “No doubt it's more civil to tell you directly was there, too, ostensibly to buy a news- than through lawyers,” the letter ran. “Hence- paper, though he was regularly served at the forth you can keep your remittances. I'll have house. no more pauperizing outdoor relief. Do not It was the night Evelyn was expected home, hastily conclude that I am reforming. I had a nasty night with a high wind. The northeaster sworn off, but to-night I deliberately drank a had come much more quickly than anybody had glass of their confounded Californian imitation expected. Rain drove slantingly across the Johannisberger, that hasn't even the excuse of roofed platform. The roaring surf drowned the temptation about it. So rejoice that Lochin- roar of the approaching train. nan's the consolation to you I'll never be, and The chief went to the edge of the platform, keep the remittances to buy him a wedding and waited, all eyes to meet Evelyn. McPher- gift. I'll do for myself hereafter." son stood with the unfolded paper in his hand, All the next week Evelyn was away, and the staring into the storm. chief's disposition suffered. He had gone to the “The poor lad!” he muttered. “The poor station to say good-by, and had found her lad!" inclined to coquet. The chief, who was rather The train clanged in, unheeded by him. handsome, spoke contemptuously of McPher- The owner and his daughter descended, the son's appearance. But the time for that had chief fell upon them, they climbed into a gone by. closed carriage. The train drew out, grum- "Somehow, he manages to look more like bling. McPherson shook himself as one KATHARINE BAKER 283 awakening from a dream, and went out into at the driving sea. It had loosened many piles, the deluge. and was battering them like rams against the supports that still stood upright. LOSS OF THE “PTARMIGAN' "Nothing doing?" questioned the chief. SOLE SURVIVOR TELLS STORY “Tide's on the turn,” deliberated McPherson. "Send for Nelson's Swedes. They're fishermen were the headlines that had caught his eye. in summer and carpenters in winter; they can McPherson was not one to trade upon disaster. handle this business. Get a boat-winch and He had not foreseen in fancy the tale under cable and some pulleys. We'll anchor those those leaded lines. Of all on board the Ptar- ramming timbers and shore up the floor. Then migan, one man alone had reached an Eskimo I think it may weather the storm.” settlement some weeks before. The Ptarmigan The chief was no longer averse to taking ad- had been chartered by a small party of sports- vice. Nelson came with his Swedes, cold-eyed, men to hunt musk-oxen in the Arctic circle. silent men, used to make shift in emergency. The ship had been crushed by a submerged ice- The chief was ill at ease with them. They ig- berg. Those who escaped to land had perished, nored him utterly; McPherson took command. one by one, in an attempt to reach the settle- Under his orders, the staggering piles were las- ment. The Master of Lochinnan, only son of soed to their steadier mates in the racing water. Lord Inverury, had been the first to succumb. A loop of cable was flung over the head of each, The report was a bare outline without detail. the complaining winch dragged them upright, The rain beat the paper that held it to a bold men risked lives to fasten them in place. pulp as McPherson plowed homeward through “What smashed it? Why didn't the whole screaming blasts. He thought with generous thing go?" asked Nelson, at the winch, of the pity of the daring boy exposed to those fiercer assistant. The chief was standing by. He had elements that had destroyed the Ptarmigan's just handed the cable to Olsen, having tried to survivors. But when he came into his warm, loop a pile and missed. Hearing the question, ugly room, with its stuffy varnish smell, he had he flushed darkly. McPherson did not answer. a vision of Evelyn with him in a different world, “Big section of the north pier floated down and his heart quickened. whole and banged it off," volunteered a youth All night the storm raged. At dawn a fist who had slipped in and stood watching. pounding upon his door awakened him. The The chief turned on him angrily. chief's voice called, "The tide's raising hell on “We don't want any loafers here," he the front." shouted. “Clear out!" McPherson was up and at the door in an The puzzled youth shrank away. Behind instant, his dreams thrust aside. him stood another intruder. Evelyn, curious “Wall gone?” he asked. as usual, had come to see the show. "No," said the chief, hesitating; "it stood. The chief in his embarrassment could not But the north pier went, and the end of the look at her. He called a meaningless order to theater on the south pier, and there's a mile of the men, who misunderstood. McPherson's wreckage piled along the wall – planks and two arm went out suddenly and swept Evelyn to by-tens splintered into toothpicks.” one side, as the coil of rope at her feet leaped McPherson was dressing rapidly. Being past her after the flying loop. a man, he did not mention the decayed sup “This is dangerous," he warned her. ports of the north pier. “You think I've no business here interfering, They made their way to the front, climbed don't you?" she asked. over far-strewn wreckage, and, while flying balls · He smiled at her in silence. He did think of foam struck and stung their faces, entered so, but would not say it. the shuddering pier. At the farthest end the But now the chief had recovered his wits, chief opened the theater door. and approached them. “By George!” he muttered. The stage was “Just look after the men, McPherson,” he gone, with the wall behind it. The side walls, directed unnecessarily. gaping, framed a strange, new picture. The “He has to. It's more than you can do," proscenium-boxes sagged toward a green, tum- muttered Nelson. bling sea that swept in from the horizon. Gray Evelyn moved apart with the chief. McPher- clouds, ready to pour rain again, scudded in a son turned his back, but his heart told him how forbidding sky. The building reverberated to the wind was blowing the hair about her face, the every plunging breaker. skirts about her feet in their solid little storm- McPherson walked to the slippery edge of boots. What was she saying to the chief? the sinking floor, and leaned out to look under It was nothing especially agreeable. 9) PENYQI ARMS AROUND YOU, THAT fer un "SAY, NOW, MCPHERSON, IF YOU HAD COME TO WITH A DAY, WOULDN'T YOU CONSIDER IT MORE OR LESS SETTLED?'" “Was that true what the boy said?" she “By heaven, you pall on me sumeiimes!” lie asked. “When Mr. McPherson spoke of it last avowed candidly. week, you told him you were looking after it. The chief opened his mouth. As no words heard somebody say that father would lose came, he left it open and moved away a step. forty thousand dollars by this. Why wasn't "Look out!” called McPherson. “You're the north pier fixed?” too close.” She was measuring him with grave eyes. The chief's back was toward the water. Evelyn liked the chief, but she detested failure. He started forward. The floor was wet, In his tongue-tied confusion the chief had an and had a fatal slant. The chief's foot slipped, appealingly boyish look. She softened. he staggered, and with a horror-struck face "If you'd simply told Mr. McPherson to go of death slid backward and dropped out of ahead and fix it, he'd have attended to it," she sight. added regretfully. In the same instant McPherson snatched the "I did," muttered the chief, and straightway ready loop from Olsen's hand and slung it was dyed an agonizing purple. Evelyn thought around his own shoulders. it was reluctance to incriminate another. But he “Look sharp, Nelson!” he commanded the whirled about abruptly on his heel and hurried man at the winch, and was over the edge and to the farthest corner of the sagging platform, into the boiling sea below. where a stooping man was screwing up a pulley. The noise of running feet, of shouting, rose Thus cavalierly abandoned, Evelyn felt that above the uproar of wind and water. Some she lagged superfluous on the scene, and left the sounds convey disaster. Evelyn heard, and theater. Busy men were very disagreeable. hurried back. The winch was creaking. Men, “That's no place for your pulley; you'll not crowded together on the dangerous verge, were get the right angle on the haul," objected the easing away a burden. As she ran down the chief. He had to quarrel with somebody. aisle, they disentangled two bodies and stretched The man rose, contemptuously smiling. It them on the floor. was McPherson. One lay limp; the other immediately tried to 284 KATHARINE BAKER 285 ways do.” sit up. Evelyn ran to the unconscious chief. well, it was not so much the days, now that the Those other, surer judges of manhood all gath- throbbing had gone down a little, but the long ered around McPherson. nights, which dragged sleeplessly. “He'll come out 0.K.," said Nelson, with a There he lay and thought of those exceedingly scornful glance at the chief. “Them kind al- unpleasant things — of the look on her face as she lifted that handsome, helpless head. Sure, The chief, whose breath had been completely we cannot all be young, but we lose a grace knocked out of him, recovered it comfortably in thereby. And the fellow would have money Evelyn's arms. McPherson, struggling to rise enough, of which, indeed, McPherson had hith- on a broken leg, saw the affectionate tableau erto thought nothing. A dead branch tapped through the rough group around him, and his against the window-pane with imbecile itera- face faded to an ugly blue. tion, such a branch as the one that dictated “Get back on the job, Nelson,” he com- Beethoven's symphony of Fate tapping at the manded, after an instant. “Send for some kind of door. Old words began to run in McPherson's conveyance. I'm laid off. You can take charge.” mind to its mysterious rhythm: Both strong men tacitly disregarded the ex- istence of the chief. The soldier frae the war returns, The merchant frae the main; But I hae parted wi' my love, When a man is done up in a plaster cast, with And ne'er to meet again, a weight hanging from a very sensitive leg, he My dear, has time to think about all the unpleasant And ne'er to meet again. things in the world, of which there are a great many. When the doctor had called the nurse McPherson's jaw settled heavily. Careful off the case out of consideration for his too not to disturb the leg, he reached under the slender purse, and the landlady's first humane bed, found and drew forth a heavy box. The interest was weakening, so that McPherson bottles were very dusty; they had long been had his days pretty thoroughly to himself -- undisturbed. VERS HUVUSED Artsen Boullo " MCPHERSON SAT THROUGH THE LONG HOURS IN DEEP CONTENT" 286 THE ROVER There was a letter for McPherson, and the “Does she blame me for it?” chief made up his mind to take it over. One "I don't think she thinks anything about must thank one's rescuer, and none is so poor it,” the chief hastened to explain. “But, natu- as not at least to feel a lively sense of favors to rally, a fellow likes to stand well with the girl come. The chief needed help. he expects to marry; and I'm hoping to take McPherson offered civil greetings. On the her to Texas with me.” table beside him stood an empty whiskey-bottle “Has she accepted you?” asked McPherson. and one half full. With a gesture he invited his The chief uttered a satisfied laugh. guest to drink. The chief declined with another. “Well, say, now, McPherson, if you had “Hang it all, McPherson, I thought you'd come to with her arms round you, that day on cut whiskey out,” he remonstrated virtuously. the pier, wouldn't you consider it more or less “Why can't you let it alone?” settled?” “I wonder, now,” reflected McPherson, with McPherson flinched a little at that. gentle sarcasm. "I sha'n't see her again,” he concluded. “If There was a pause. The chief laid the letter you'll go now, I'll be obliged." on the bed. McPherson poured himself a drink He did not take the chief's outstretched and looked at it inquiringly. hand, and the chief knew why, but pretended “Why do I drink this?” he demanded. to himself that it was a defeated lover's spite. "Why, because it's Dewar's best, of course. Down the stair he ran with the activity of You'd not have guessed it, would you? You're youth. The bell on the front door jangled be- not that expert in reading motives.” hind him, jangled for a long time, repeating He drank, and set down the empty glass. monotonously, “I sha'n't see her again,” then With a steady hand he tore open an envelop, melting into then another inside it. The chief caught a glimpse of some elaborate formula of address And ne'er to meet again, My dear, on that inclosed envelop as it fell face down- And ne'er to meet again. ward. McPherson read; his hard mouth drew together, his teeth caught in his lip. But McPherson, in the room upstairs, bent “Come back and settle down,” he read. stern brows over the old man's letter, and swore “Leave the sons of Belial and the daughters of to himself that he would not fail his house. Heth. Fear no reproaches from me. I am a broken man. We have had many differences, It was a raw, gray afternoon when McPher- but now you are all my house. Lochinnan son left the island. Scattering flakes of snow died childless in the North." drifted to the shoulders of his rough Irish frieze He folded the letter, and leveled his eyes at overcoat as he climbed painfully out of the the window with its tapping branch. station bus. He crossed the platform, leaning “If the whiskey annoys you,” he remarked on a cane, one foot dragging - a most unpictur- presently, “throw it out.” esque figure. The chief rose, took the bottle, and went to There were but two cars in the train. The the window. As he raised it, a withered branch owner was turning away from the rear steps as flew back and scratched his hand. He broke McPherson got down. He came over and the twig off petulantly. Then he threw the measured his departing employee with a keen bottle as far as he could, and came back to eye. the bed. "What's this about your wrecking the front, “I'm in a mean position, McPherson,” he McPherson?” he asked. admitted. “It's hard to explain about that “A lie,” returned McPherson promptly. north pier. You know, I intended to fix it, but “I judged so," returned the owner, and held the northeaster came on so suddenly. Con- out his hand. “No use to urge you to stay, found it, it looks as if it might ruin my pros- I suppose?” pects.” He hesitated. “Some people seem to "I'm afraid not,” said McPherson. have got an impression, somehow, that it was “No; you're too big a man for us,” avowed your oversight. Of course 1 shall correct that, the owner. even if it costs me my Corpus Christi job.” McPherson shook hands with a warm rush of “Oh, let it go,” said McPherson. “What's liking. Not until he was settled in the smoker the difference? I'm leaving here as soon as the did he ask himself why the owner had been leg will bear me. Let it go.” there. Certainly not to say good-by to him, “By George!" exclaimed the chief. “That's for he had crawled off silently like a lame dog. square in you. I hope you won't mention the And Evelyn was perhaps in Texas by this time. matter to Evelyn.” The snow was falling more thickly now. It KATHARINE BAKER 287 blotted out the monotonous flats, the wastes of "There's no fire in the waiting-room." inland water, the distant line of the ocean. “I guess the coal's all out," answered the The train crept slowly over impeded rails into indifferent official, with a yawn. “'Twas to be a forest of scrub pine. Untimely night came sent down to-day.” down. McPherson approached the agent's stove. The train reached the junction in a mournful Beside it stood a full scuttle, which he appro- twilight. McPherson, hobbling to the door, priated without further words. lame and cramped with cold, saw a solitary "You can't run things around here to suit woman descending from the car behind, and yourself,” cried the agent angrily. knew her by the fierce constriction of his heart. McPherson straightened his bulk. “If nec- He drew back. She hurried across the platform essary, I will dispose of you also,” he remarked, into the dim little station. Then McPherson and went unmolested through the door. His got to the ground somehow, and the empty voice was low, but in the unearthly calm of the train, after a brief delay, started on its return. thick-falling snow Evelyn heard, and thrilled He made up his mind not to enter the station. a little. The express would soon be along. He could The fire was too far gone for coal. McPher- manage to endure walking on that weary leg son searched for lighter fuel. Finding none, he until it came. went into the baggage-room. There were some Why was she here? Where was the chief? milk-cans and a few empty return crates. He Had there been some delay about the marriage? smashed a crate, poured oil on it from one of the Or perhaps it was only the going to Texas that lamps, and repaired the fire. Evelyn sat and was delayed. No doubt she was on her way to watched. the city now to meet her husband. He set his “You're very kind, Mr. McPherson,” she teeth and limped slowly to and fro in the gath- acknowledged. “Are you going up to a hos- ering darkness. He dared pass the dusty win- pital? Or to see a surgeon?” dows soon, for even the smoky lamps within “No," he answered briefly, and put on coal. were bright against the gloom outdoors. “You won't always be lame, will you?" She was alone in there. No sign of the ex “I hope not.” press. He would be frozen to death before long. . She was nonplussed by his repellent answers. It looked warmer inside. But presently she He, on his part, realized, to his amazement, that approached the little iron stove, fumbled with the expression with which she was now regard- it in helpless investigation, then sat down for- ing him was undoubtedly the same that she had lornly on the bench close behind it. bent upon the chief, that day. McPherson did If she was cold, why didn't she ask the sta- not pretend to understand women, but this was tion-master to fire up? Women are so incom- surely sorrow and pity. Certainly sorrow and petent. McPherson could not think of any pity only, for him. Why, then, more for the pleasanter occupation than watching over her chief? incompetence. She ought to get warm now. “You're not going away - to stay?" she After a while he saw her shiver and draw her suggested abruptly. furs closer. There are things that no resolution "I am." can face. For him, Evelyn's distress was the “Mr. McPherson! Without saying good- only one. He could not bear that she should by!" she reproached him. even feel embarrassed over the quality of her “I could not think it mattered. You had not father's wine, that she should have to doubt sent to ask about me.” her lover's ability; and now she was cold, and “No," she admitted. “I was angry about the he did not care what he had promised himself. front - because they said it was all your fault.” He opened the door and went in. “Who said so?” Evelyn saw a grotesque person approaching, With some hesitation, she named the chief. clumsy and unprepossessing in a huge over- McPherson flamed savagely for an instant, but coat; but she saw the shocking lameness also, was mute. How could he indict her accepted and was touched even before she knew him. lover, perhaps even her husband? “You are cold,” he said simply, removing his “The other day," she continued sweetly, cap. He looked into the empty coal-scuttle, “Nelson told me what you did. I hadn't heard opened the door upon a dying fire, then dragged before. You're a brave man, Mr. McPherson." himself to the ticket-office, and, with a perfunc- McPherson blushed and looked annoyed. “He tory knock, entered. The agent, a dry little might have told me himself, when you risked countryman, bristled at this impertinence. your life for him," she reflected; then, with a “How late is the express?” asked McPherson. sudden sharp doubt in her voice, “Tell me, "Four or five hours." was it your fault about the front?” 288 THE ROVER Alas for these clay-footed idols of women! McPherson's breath came hard. How shall a heavily tempted man resist expos “One of us had to go,” he said. ing them to their outraged worshipers? McPher “Yes,” she agreed. “And he's in Texas son retreated across the room without replying, now." and sat down in the farthest corner. The fire "I saw you lift his head, that day on the was doing well enough now. pier," said McPherson stubbornly. After a moment's surprised consideration of “Oh!” she murmured in a grieved voice. "I this move, Evelyn went to the ticket-window thought he was dead, and I had been scolding and rapped. The agent, sour but restrained, him.” She looked at McPherson straightfor- opened it. Evelyn dictated a telegram of ex- wardly. “He's only a handsome, stupid boy. planation to a dinner hostess. “Heartbroken Men don't ask for anything more than good to miss 'Griseldis,'” she ended, and gave her looks, but women like — other things: courage maiden name. It sounded beautiful in McPher- and honor son's ears. Not married! Not on her way to There was a pause. meet the chief! But all that was only post “Then what are you going to say to me, my poned, of course. dearest?” he asked, and took her hand. Evelyn returned to her seat; she stretched “Perhaps your overcoat might keep us both her hands to the stove. warm,” she hazarded irrelevantly, "if you sat "You're still cold," he said at once. quite close to me.” She did not deny it. McPherson drew her into his arms. “The agent must be freezing to death in The overcoat proved adequate. Within its there,” she remarked. shelter, Evelyn turned her face against his “That's immaterial,” said McPherson unfeel- shoulder, and went to sleep there in peaceful ingly. He rose and made his painful way back unconcern. His arm aching under the welcome to her. He stopped beside her, and drew off burden, his leg aching from cold and weariness, his overcoat. His lined, solicitous face bent McPherson sat through the long hours in deep over her. “You must have this around you,” content. he declared. “I don't need it at all.” The agent flung his wicket open. Evelyn contemplated him thoughtfully for “Train here in twenty minutes,” he snarled a moment, and there was a light in her eyes through the aperture, and slammed it shut that the chief would never see in any woman's. again. Evelyn woke. “Do you think I'd let you?" she asked gently; “Before twenty minutes I shall be dead of then added with malice: “If you want to worry starvation,” she predicted sadly. about somebody, why don't you worry about “There's nothing in the place but those the agent?" crates and some milk-cans,” said McPherson, “You're a woman,” said McPherson, search- considering. ing uneasily for a safe reason. He rose and went into the baggage-room. "Thanks for the fine impersonality of that,” Returning, he offered her the battered silver she mocked. “And why are you so considerate flask, which he had filled with milk. of the chief?” “There's nothing else you could drink it out “For your sake,” said McPherson steadily. of,” he apologized humbly. “You know it well." Evelyn took the flask. She saw a half-effaced He was far from expecting her answer. crest engraved upon it. “I liked to think so," she said. “But you “Oh,” she cried with startled recollection, are going away.” "you never told me your real name!" THE WORKING-GIRLS SERIES The fourth instalment of “Working-Girls' Budgets," by Sue Ainslie Clark and Edith Wyatt, will appear in the February number of McClure's, and will deal with the Cloak-Makers' Strike. - SOME IDEAS ON STAGE DECORATION By Ellen Cerry FXceland av et 7 KNOW this is a vexed ques, accessories. But the fact was that, while he tion, but I am not going took infinite pains to ascertain what was archaeo- to approach it in a con- logically correct, he always refused what was troversial spirit. If my likely to spoil his scenes from the point of view fifty years' experience of dramatic significance, and selected what was of the production of calculated to help them. plays has taught me anything, it is that Comfort on the Stage there is no rigid rule to be followed. Some “No matter what the period is, the chair I sit people pit archaeologi- in must be comfortable,” was one of his axioms. cal accuracy against He always said that if one were uncomfortable fancy, and realism against one could not act. Fortunately, there are stage conventions, but it isn't by these means chairs and chairs in every period, and it was that the best results are achieved. Selec- generally possible to get what he wanted with- tion is everything. If you aim at producing out violating historic truth. a historical play, so that the period in which Selection is everything. One cannot insist on it is placed is realised in every detail of scenery this too strongly; but if you should ask me how and costume, you mustn't forget that there are Henry Irving selected and compared his stage many ways of doing this, and that the right pictures, I could not answer. The familiar way is that which assists the action of the play. story of the painter Opie fits the case. "What Henry Irving was often accused, by those who do you mix your colours with?” “Brains," did not really know anything about his work, of the artist replied. It was with brains that overloading his productions with sumptuous Henry Irving mixed his colours. 289 290 SOME IDEAS ON STAGE DECORATION I have always been in theatres where the before everything? Certainly, when we are archaeological side of play-producing was con- able to discern his aim - generally, in a great sidered. The Shakespearian productions at the dramatist like Shakespeare, a double aim, the Princess' under Charles Kean's management illusion of truth and the illusion of beauty. were the real beginning of a serious attempt to There is a time for aiding one and a time for aid- clear the air of anachronisms. Charles Kean ing the other. There are moments in a play had had a classical education, and he could not when the drama is the thing, when nothing is so share the complacency of most actors at the important as to see the protagonists, to have sight of antique Romans in knee-breeches, and them placed in a scene that is appropriate to the other inaccuracies in dress and architecture. clash of emotion and of will. There are other, Planché, to this day considered the best general quieter moments, when all the forces of the authority on historical dress, was his right-hand stage-director can be concentrated on producing man. I made my first appearance as Mamilius an effect of beauty. Shakespeare seldom intro- in the middle of an outburst of care and erudi- duces his most beautiful lyrical passages into tic., of which it would be absurd to deny the a highly dramatic scene. It is when nothing importance, because the actresses of the time much is happening that he gives us of his best still loved their crinolines so much that they poetry. Think of the economy of words, the ex- would not discard them when they put on their cessive simplicity of the language, in the Sleep- Greek dresses. Walking Scene in "Macbeth"! In the Trial Scene in “The Merchant of Venice” every Oscar Wilde's Theory of Stage Costume word contributes to the dramatic effect. Even the famous “Mercy" speech is a model of con- Of course, there are people who ask why they ciseness. Nothing of the “purple patch” here. should have put on Greek dresses at all, since But when the dramatic tension has slackened, Shakespeare's plays, in whatever country or and Shakespeare transports us from Venice to period he placed them, are Elizabethan and Belmont, from the moonlit avenue to Portia's English, and since he was content to see “The house, we may stop and dream with Lorenzo Winter's Tale” and “Troilus and Cressida” and and Jessica: “Julius Caesar" acted in trunk-hose and far- thingales. With neither convention, by the How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank! way, do I agree. The question is discussed in Here will we sit and let the sounds of music detail in Oscar Wilde's “The Truth of Masks,” Creep in our ears; soft stillness and the night and a very brilliant and convincing argument Become the touches of sweet harmony. Sit, Jessica. Look how the floor of heaven is advanced to prove that in mounting a Shake Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold; speare play in the accurate costume of the time There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st according to the best authorities, we are But in his motion like an angel sings, Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubins. carrying out Shakespeare's own wishes and Such harmony is in immortal souls; methods. But whilst this muddy vesture of decay Mr. William Poel, the founder of the Eliza Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it. bethan Stage Society, who, in his productions of Shakespeare's plays, will have nothing to do In Shakespeare's use of such passages there with changeable scenery or historical accuracy is a fine lesson for the play - producer who is in dress, stops at having Juliet played by a boy. tempted to sacrifice everything to what is beau- But why should he, if the idea is to reproduce tiful to the eye. the limits of Shakespeare's resources? I am not at all desirous of saying anything against Mr. Godwin's Great Production of “The Mr. Poel's admirable work. I saw his produc- Merchant of Venice" tion of “Two Gentlemen of Verona,” and it de- lighted me; but I should not like to see “Romeo To go back to my individual experiences of and Juliet” in that Elizabethan setting, much decoration. After doing the Princess' I went to less "Julius Caesar." Bristol for a stock season. There was nothing I don't think we ought to be too sure that very beautiful or remarkable about the produc- Shakespeare knew nothing about chitons and tion of the plays there, but at Bristol I met Mr. togas. At any rate, there is not a line in Godwin, who was already dreaming of using his "Julius Caesar” which cannot be spoken in a unequalled knowledge of the manners and cus- toga. We have to consider whether we should toms, dress, dwellings, and furniture of other not be wronging the dramatist by denying the times — all that is included in the term “ar- play a classic setting. chaeology,” in fact – in the service of the thea- The dramatist, then, should be considered tre. I was still a mere child, ignorant and un- ELLEN TERRY 291 tutored. From that time at Bristol I date my room, to make it look as a room looks in real interest in colour, texture, effects of light on life; but we are never going to attain this by colour, the meaning of dress, and a certain taste merely taking any real room we know and repro- for beauty which I have never lost. ducing it on the stage. Such a room, however The production of “The Merchant of Venice” “real,” may be quite unsuitable for our purpose, at the old Prince of Wales', under the Bancroft and therefore "unreal.” management, in which I made my first appear- ance as Portia, was in the hands of Mr. Godwin, Look, what will serve, is fit. and was, from many points of view, the most beautiful production with which I have ever The Advantage of the Theatrical Over the been connected. It was all very stiff and stately, Natural on the Stage very Italian, and it necessitated what I may call a Renaissance interpretation of the play. It When I speak of realism in this connection, delighted poets and artists, but did not please as in any other, I always mean what looks like the general public. In 1875 the public were realism; for I know that what is real, raw and certainly less able to appreciate such a produc- untreated, may give an impression of artificial- tion than they are in 1910. Custom is every- ity to the audience. I remember that, in “The thing. It is an English characteristic to laugh Corsican Brothers," Henry Irving as Louis dei at the unaccustomed, and some of the Italian Franchi had a very natural death scene, but it dresses at the Prince of Wales', though they didn't look natural. He fell in such a way that ought to have been familiar enough through the from the audience he was foreshortened, and his pictures of Paolo Veronese, provoked laughter head looked a disproportionate size. I told him from the pit and the gallery. about it, and he said it came naturally to him to I may here interrupt myself to say that pic- fall like that. This is one of the many, many tures as authorities are not always to be trusted. instances that have made me reflect: “What is Again it is a case of mixing your study of them really natural should not, in nine cases out of with brains. In illuminated manuscripts, for ten, be done on the stage.” Think of the scorn example, you may see cardinals depicted wear- attaching to the word “theatrical,” though, and ing their hats, because otherwise, the monk the honour to the word “natural,” in stage illustrator knew, it would be impossible to recog- affairs! Theatrical, if the air of the theatre nise their rank. But in real life cardinals have were rightly understood, ought to have an never been known to wear their hats, which are honourable sense. It is by theatrical means, always carried before them as insignia. A great not natural means, paradoxical as it may sound, many people, ignorant of this technical point, that a play is made to hold the mirror up to instinctively felt, the other day, that there was nature. something wrong in the Trial Scene in Sir Now, though I loved that parlour in "Olivia," Herbert Tree's magnificent and scrupulously and in later years delighted in the cottage interior exact production of "Henry VIII.,” when that my daughter “composed” for “The Good Cardinals Wolsey and Campeius wore their Hope," as a general rule I hate acting within hats! It's a strange thing, but what is in- four walls. I like an out-of-door scene, or a correct is usually bad from a decorative point palace scene with wings — yes, with wings! I of view. can hear the modern school sniff loudly, for do Coming now to scenes at the Lyceum which I not the modern dramatists assert that a room is greatly liked, I must first mention one which, the only place for drama? — the only place for because it was so extremely simple and had such the present style of play, perhaps it would be perfect verisimilitude, attracted less attention truer to say. For there are emotions, and these than some of our more imposing scenes. The by no means the easiest emotions to depict, Vicar of Wakefield's parlour in “Olivia” was, I that cannot be realised in a room at all. In think, a model of what an indoor scene should my case, I think my early training and a broad be. There was nothing in it that could not have method have much to do with my liking for out- been in an eighteenth-century room belonging to of-door scenes. I used to find, too, that they people of moderate means, and it was perfect helped to develop my imagination. I could to act in. As a rule I am in favour of everything look through the wings and imagine all sorts of possible being painted, but, I confess, in these things, though sometimes it was hard to have intimate interior scenes it is better to have your those beautiful, endless ways spoiled by the details real. Within four walls let us have as appearance of a stage-hand emptying a beer- much realism as we can get --- never forgetting can-a thing that would not be possible now- (impossible to emphasise this too much) to adays! select from reality. We have to compose the I think I have already said that there can't be 292 SOME IDEAS ON STAGE DECORATION too much verisimilitude in an interior. What The Artistic Use of Crowds on the Stage about an out-of-door scene? Of necessity, it must be rather differently treated; but Mr. So far I have mentioned only scenery but Godwin's principle that if you don't have every one element in stage decoration. You may have thing right it is better to have nothing right - toiled to get your scene right, but, if you have to have either realism in every detail, or pure a crowd in the play, be sure its pictorial aspect fancy — applies to the garden, the heath, and will make or mar that scene. Every moment the wood, as well as to the room. A little gar- you must be considering its colour, its form, its den scene we had in “Eugene Aram” at the movement, its human significance. Very little Lyceum was one of the best I have ever known, was attempted with crowds on the English stage but its effect was greatly due to the perfect after Charles Kean, who had admirable stage lighting - a mellow evening light, which I think crowds, until the Saxe-Meiningen Company one might try in vain to get in these days visited London. From that moment there was of electric lighting. I am speaking of the days of reform amounting to revolution. But I don't gas. A day will come, perhaps, when electric honestly think that of late years we have light will yield more to the theatre. Great maintained the standard the Saxe-Meiningen improvements have been made since its in- people imposed on us. Crowds are not enough troduction, but it still remains obdurate on rehearsed. Mr. Benson is most successful in many points. It has none of the 'pliant quali- this department. He has had some splendid ties that gas had. It does not seem to crowds in his Shakespearian productions, espe- matter much how your scenery is painted if cially in "Julius Caesar" — where his arrange- your lights are right, but how seldom theyment and management of the Forum Scene were are right! admirable, excellent. In "Iolanthe" we had another beautiful gar The swinging to and fro of the crowd, the den scene of a different kind great stone pines involuntary single exclamations jerked out by far back, and flowers that really seemed to be some one or other during Antony's speech, the a-growing and a-blowing. I remember one individual behaviour of different types of persons night, after the play, seeing Sarah Bernhardt in the crowd — this and all else in the scene was flitting around this scene, sniffing these flowers, most carefully edited by Mr. Benson, and well herself like some wonderful butterfly. I had carried out by the young people (and old people) never known how real it all was until then, who formed the groups. All this in no way although from the first things on the stage were detracted from the effect made by the body of very real to me. At the Princess' I thought the the dead Caesar aloft, and Antony,“ shrouded Columbine went home and lived like a Colum- in solemn purple and black, standing at the head bine, although I knew she was only Miss Adams, of the bier all was most impressive. The face and an actress like the rest of us! The dreadful of Mr. Benson, with its fine lines and play of tribute I paid to human frailty by being sick expression, put the finishing touch to a picture from the heat of the gas, as the “top angel” in I shall never forget. "Henry VIII.," did not prevent my imagining that the other angels in the vision were really Clothes celestial beings, belonging to some starry sphere. I believe that the more we on the stage hypno Now we come to clothes, and again we can tise ourselves into perfect illusion, the more the apply Mr. Godwin's principle – "entirely ac- audience in front are hypnotised. And it is curate, or entirely fanciful.” But when we take very difficult for us to practise such hypnotism the first line we have to consider other things without some beauty to help us. The scene besides accuracy, things that artists who come representing the Temple of Artemis, in Henry into a theatre to design costumes have been Irving's production of Tennyson's play "The known to forget. It is no use putting the right Cup,” helped me mightily. In that scene, dress on the wrong actor or actress. The physi- beauty and mystery of no common kind were cal appearance of the person who is going to achieved. The indistinguishable, gigantic fig- wear the dress must be borne in mind; so must gure of Artemis, the many-hearted mother, the the dramatic situation in which it is to be worn. rows of kneeling worshippers, used nightly to Besides realising the character of the period to fill me with a kind of ecstasy of holiness. " which they belong, the dresses must be appro- That scene, and the Banquet Scene which priate to the emotions of the play, and must my son, Gordon Craig, designed for “The have a beauty relative to each other, as well as an Vikings," are the two scenes that are trans- individual excellence. No doubt Ophelia as an fixed in my memory as pictures of absolute individual figure should be in black (for pictorial loveliness. effect) in the Mad Scene; but, relatively to ELLEN TERRY 293 Hamlet, she is very wisely dressed in white. one around her head into a fine turban. With *There are hundreds of similar instances. To these and her own clever skill, she presented an sum up, both the form and the colour of all stage Arab boy of immaculate appearance and all for dresses must be governed by the individual sixpence. actor's appearance, by the general scheme of Again, the other day, we hastily arranged colour in each scene (this again being governed to do the Sleep-Walking Scene from “Mac- by the dramatic situation), and by the relative beth” at an entertainment in our village town importance of colours; and then the lime-light hall. I had my dress for Lady Macbeth; the man may make the best-laid scheme “gang aft doctor's was hired from London; but Edy, as agley." the gentlewoman, appeared to the greatest To carry out such a scheme it is not always advantage. She looked splendid. necessary to spend a great deal of money. I “What a fine dress, Edy!" I said, when I first think I may say, without boasting, that I have saw her in it on the little platform, where she always been well dressed on the stage, but I was busy arranging the lights before the curtain doubt if there has ever been a more cheaply went up. “Where did you get it?” I knew dressed actress. Off the stage, tout au con- she had none of her stage dresses in the coun- traire! After trying garments of every size and try, and that she had not had time to write shape in private life, I have ended by adopting the to London for one. Japanese style one day and the Greek the next. "I made it this afternoon,” said Edy, and A cupboard full of unworn corsets bears witness there was laughter in her eyes. “The under- to the number of presentations and representa- neath part is an old dressing-gown of yours tions I have received (and disregarded) from turned back to front; the overdress is a tartan stay-makers and stay-recommenders, begging rug belonging to the dog; the head-dress is a me to improve my figure. But on the stage I motor-veil; and the ornaments are bunches of have submitted even to the iron body-casings of buttons!” the Tudor period. As Queen Catharine I paid my tribute to archaeology in those awful stays, Hermione's Dress in the Trial Scene and added thick brocade dresses with fur sleeves of tremendous weight. But my preference is for The designer of costumes for a play, even if he a loose, diaphanous dress; I am always happy be an artist and an archaeologist, may go wrong in it. if he does not realise the relation of form, colour, and texture to certain dramatic situations. For Dressing for a Masquerade Ball the Trial Scene in “The Winter's Tale" at His on Sixpence Majesty's Theatre, the artist designed a dress of heavy purple cloth for Hermione, which, If you “mix your colours with brains," it is, as whatever it may have been as a dress, was quite I have indicated, quite possible to be cheap, and unexpressive of the situation. Hermione was not nasty, in stage costume. My daughter Edy, to be carried to the court from a sick-bed. She who has designed and made so many beautiful is a martyr to a foul accusation. Her pleading dresses for the stage, has always understood is beautiful, well-balanced, and saintly pleading. this. I remember that years ago, when she was She has a moment when, like a prophetess of old, at school, she wrote to me and asked me to send she calls upon the gods to judge between herself her some money, as she wanted to go to a fancy- and her accusers. How play the scene in a dress ball. Times were improving with me matronly, respectable, prosperous, amethyst- then, but I still had to be very careful, and I coloured dress? Finally, I wore draperies of answered that I was sorry, but luxuries were not white tableau-net which I think well conveyed for the likes of us! That this was one of the on the one side Hermione's physical weakness, things she could do without, must do without. on the other her stainless purity. But I enclosed a postal order for two shillings sixpence, telling her that if she could make a Red and Yellow the Colours for Comedy "fancy dress” for that, she might go to the dance! She spent sixpence on the dress, and squandered Another time I was asked to play Mrs. Page the rest of that large sum on chocolate! My in “Merry Wives of Windsor” in black panne young lady went to the ball, and her dress was .velvet! Rollicking, farcical comedy would be the success of the evening. With burnt cork on impossible in such a dress. I know better than her face, neck, arms, and ankles, brass curtain- any one how much the flame-coloured dress I rings in her ears, and old red slippers on her toes, eventually wore helped me in Mrs. Page. Reds she took the Turkish towels from her bath-room and yellows for comedy! I remember the value and draped her little body with them, twisting of Ada Rehan's red dress in "The Taming of 204 SOME IDEAS ON STAGE DECORATION the Shrew." It was fiery and generous, like woman mustn't go out in a plain material! It. the part. would mean she wasn't respectable. Mrs. Lighting, of course, affects dresses as well Nettleship embroidered the chiffon, and all as scenery: One has heart-breaking disap- was well. pointments in colours, such as I had with All this care about dresses and scenery seems, I my hyacinth-coloured dress in “Becket,” believe, merely much ado about nothing to some which the lights turned an uninteresting drab people. But “while you are doing a thing, mean grey. it,"' is a counsel of perfection in all arts and trades, Another danger - even if you faithfully copy as in life itself. A beautiful result cannot be a dress from a picture, the modern dressmaker produced without trouble. Some of us are all can make it look modern and wrong. A dress for “simple” scenery. But simple scenes don't has a soul. Yet artistic dressmakers, who under- "happen”! They mean, perhaps, more care stand the soul better, so often cut the body vil- and more thought than the complicated ones, lainously! more elaborate preparations, even. As for the A modern garment may often be transformed object in view — well, I think few people have to ancient uses! At Mrs. Nettleship’s, when we expressed what that is better than Oscar Wilde were preparing my dresses for Volumnia, I in.“The Truth of Masks": picked up the skirt of a grey chiffon ball-dress “Beautiful costume creates an artistic tem- and draped it round my head and shoulders. It perament in the audience, and produces that joy was exactly what I wanted to wear in the street in beauty for beauty's sake without which the (for the Romans did not go out bare-headed, as great masterpieces of art can never be under- they are so often made to do in plays). At the stood. ... Archaeology is not a pedantic dress rehearsal, Sir Laurence Alma-Tadema, method, but a method of artistic illusion. Cos- who had designed the clothes for the Lyceum tume is a means of displaying character without “Coriolanus,” much approved of the chiffon description, and of producing dramatic situa- skirt, but pointed out that a Roman married tions and dramatic effects.” IN FEBRUARY MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE WILL PUBLISH A THIRD ARTICLE DEALING WITH MISS TERRY'S FURTHER REMINISCENCES res M Cielund re From the mural decoration by Fohn Duncan in the Hull-House Theater A VISIT TO TOLSTOY BY JANE ADDAMS HE administration of charity in Chi- the proprietor had no notion that she had not cago during the winter following the been driven there by need; two others worked World's Fair had been of necessity in a shoe factory. And all this happened before most difficult; for, although large such adventures were undertaken for literary sums had been given to the tem- material, for it was in the following winter that porary relief organization that endeavored to the pioneer effort in this direction, Walter care for the thousands of destitute strangers Wyckoff's account of his vain attempt to find stranded in the city, we all worked under a work in Chicago, was published, which com- sense of desperate need and of a paralyzing pelled even the sternest business man to drop consciousness that our best efforts were most his assertion that “any man can find work if inadequate to the situation. During the many he wants it." relief visits I paid, that winter, in tenement- houses and miserable lodgings, I was constantly Tolstoy's Effort to Put Himself into Right shadowed by a certain sense of shame that I Relations with the Poor should be comfortable in the midst of such distress. This resulted at times in a curious Under these circumstances it was perhaps reaction against all the educational and philan- inevitable that I should have turned for coun- thropic activities in which I had been engaged; sel to Tolstoy's book, "What to Do Then,” in in the face of such desperate hunger and need which he records his efforts to relieve the they could not but seem futile and superficial. unspeakable distress and want in the Moscow Evidently the experiences of this hard winter winter of 1881, and his definite conviction at the of 1893 and '94 threw other people into a similar end of that time that only he who literally shares state of mind. A young friend of mine who his shelter and food with the needy can claim came daily to Hull-House gravely consulted me to have served them, and that anything else is in regard to going into the paper warehouse a mere travesty and pretense. belonging to her father, that she might sort rags Doubtless it is much easier to see "what to there with the Polish women; another young do” in rural Russia, where all the conditions girl took a place in a sweat-shop for a month, tend to make the contrast between peasant labor doing her work so simply and thoroughly that and noble idleness as broad as possible, than Copyright, 101, by the Macmillan Company 295 296 A VISIT TO TOLSTOY it is to see what to do in the interdependencies Mrs. Aylmer Maude, of Moscow, since well of the modern industrial city. But, for that known as the translators of "Resurrection” very reason, perhaps, Tolstoy's clear state- and other of Tolstoy's later works, who at that ment is valuable to us who live in the midst of moment were on the eve of leaving Russia in involved industrial complications, where it is order to form an agricultural colony in the so hard not only to walk in the path of right- south of England, where they might support eousness, but also to discover just where that themselves by the labor of their hands. Mr. path lies. Maude was giving up a lucrative partnership I had read the books of Tolstoy steadily all in one of the oldest English firms in Moscow, the years since “My Religion” had come into and he and his wife, who, happily, shared his my hands immediately after I left college, and views, were deciding upon the disposition of the reading of that book had once for all made their property, which they felt they could no clear to me that the Right will not accomplish longer conscientiously retain. itself spectacularly, but must be the sum of all We gladly accepted Mr. Maude's offer to take men's poor little efforts to do right, accom us to Yasnaya Polyana and to introduce us to plished, for the most part, in the chill of self- Count Tolstoy, and never did a disciple journey distrust. But I was most eager to know whether toward his master with more enthusiasm than Tolstoy's undertaking to do his daily share of did our guide. When, however, Mr. Maude the physical labor of the world – that labor actually presented my friend and me to Count which is “so disproportionate to the unnour- Tolstoy, mindful of his master's attitude toward ished strength" of those by whom it is ordina- philanthropy, he endeavored to make Hull- rily performed -- had brought him peace. House appear much more noble and unique, Therefore, when the very next year a friend much more a “back to the people" effort, than invited me to go to Russia with her, the pros- I should have ventured to do. pect of seeing Tolstoy filled me, as nothing else could possibly have done, with the hope of Tolstoy Objects to Miss Addams' Sleeves finding a moral clue to the tangled affairs of city poverty. I was but one of thousands who Tolstoy, standing by clad in peasant garb, were turning toward this Russian, not as to a listened gravely, but, glancing distrustfully at seer,-- his message is much too confused and the sleeves of my traveling gown, which, un- contradictory for that,— but as to a man who fortunately, at that season were monstrous in has had the ability to lift his life to the level of size, took hold of an edge and, pulling out one his conscience. sleeve to an interminable breadth, said that there was enough stuff on one arm to make Miss Addams' Meeting with Tolstoy a frock for a little girl, and asked me directly if I did not find "such a dress a barrier to the Our first view of Russia confirmed the im- people.” pression that social affairs there were still un I was too disconcerted to make a very clear complicated, and that life was written in letters explanation, although I tried to say that, mon- of black and white, with little shading. The strous as my sleeves were, they did not com- fair of Nijni Novgorod seemed to take us to the pare in size with those of the working-girls in very edge of barbarism, or rather to a civiliza- Chicago, and that nothing would more effect- tion so remote and Eastern that the merchants ively separate me from “the people” than a brought their strange goods on the backs of cotton blouse following the simple lines of the camels or on curious craft riding at anchor on human form; that even if I had wished to imi- the broad Volga. But, even here, a letter to tate him and “dress as a peasant," it would have Korolenko, the novelist, brought us to a realiza- been hard to choose which peasant among the tion of that strange mingling of a remote past thirty-six nationalities we had recently counted and a self-conscious present which Russia pre- in the Hull-House neighborhood. Fortunately, sents on every hand. Countess Tolstoy came to my rescue with a This same contrast was also shown by the recital of her former attempt to clothe hypo- pilgrims trudging on pious errands to monas- thetical little girls in yards of material cut teries, to tombs, and to the Holy Land itself, from a train and other superfluous parts of with their bleeding feet bound in rags and thrust her best gown, until she had been driven to a into bast sandals, and, on the other hand, by firm stand, which she advised me to take atonce. the revolutionists, even then advocating a re But neither the Countess nor any other friend public that should obtain not only in political was at hand to help me out of my predicament but also in industrial affairs. later, when I was sternly asked who “fed” me We had letters of introduction to Mr. and and how did I obtain “shelter"? From photograph by E. D. Waters, Chicago MISS JANE ADDAMS 298 A VISIT TO TOLSTOY Upon my reply that a farm a hundred miles and of acting as if we did not believe it; and from Chicago supplied me with the necessities this man, who years before had tried “to get off of life, I fairly anticipated the next scathing of the backs of the peasants," who had at least question: simplified his life and worked with his hands, “So you are an absentee landlord? Do you had come to be a prototype to many of his think you will help the people more by adding generation. yourself to the crowded city than you would by tilling your own soil?” "Brend Labor" and the Personal Effort Tolstoy's Daughter Works in the Fields Doubtless all the visitors sitting in the Tolstoy with the Prasants garden that evening had excused themselves from laboring with their hands, as most people This new sense of discomfort over a failure to do, upon the theory that they are doing some- till my own soil was added to when Tolstoy's thing more valuable for society in other ways. second daughter appeared at the five-o'clock No one among our contemporaries has dissented tea-table, set under the trees, coming straight from this point of view so violently as Tolstoy from the harvest field, where she had been work- himself; and yet, no man might so easily have ing with a group of peasants since five o'clock excused himself from hard and rough work on in the morning – not pretending to work, but the basis of his genius and of his intellectual really taking the place of a peasant woman contributions to the world. So far, however, who had hurt her foot. She was plainly much from considering his time too valuable to be exhausted, but neither expected nor received spent in labor in the field or in the making of sympathy from the members of a family who shoes, our great host felt himself too much a were accustomed to see one another carry out part of his fellows, too eager to know life, to be convictions in spite of discomfort and fatigue. willing to give up the companionship of mutual The martyrdom of discomfort, however, was labor. obviously much easier to bear than that martyr One instinctively found reasons why it was dom to which Count Tolstoy daily subjected easier for a Russian than for the rest of us to himself; for his shabby study in the basement reach this conclusion. The Russian peasants of the conventional dwelling, with its short shelf have a proverb that says: “Labor is the house of battered books, with its scythe and spade that love lives in ”; by which they mean that leaning against the wall, had many times lent no two people, or group of people, can come itself to that ridicule which is perhaps the most into affectionate relations with each other difficult form of martyrdom. unless they carry on together a mutual task. That summer evening, as we sat in the garden And when the Russian peasant talks of labor with a group of visitors from Germany, Eng- he means labor on the soil, or, to use the land, and America, who had traveled to the phrase of the great peasant Bondereff, “bread remote Russian village that they might learn labor.” Those monastic orders founded upon of this man, one could not forbear the constant agricultural labor, those philosophical experi- inquiry to one's self as to why he was so univer- ments like Brook Farm, have attempted to sally regarded as sage and saint that this party put into action this same truth. Tolstoy him- of people should be repeated every day of the self had written many times of his own efforts year. It seemed to me then that we were all in this direction, perhaps never more tellingly attracted by this sermon of the Deed because than in the description of Lavin's morning spent Tolstoy had made the supreme personal effort in the harvest field, when he lost his sense of one might almost say the frantic personal grievance and isolation, and felt a strange new effort to put himself into right relations brotherhood for the peasants, as the rhyth- with the humblest people, with the men who mic motion of his scythe became one with tilled his soil, blacked his boots, and cleaned theirs. his stables. Doubtless the heaviest burden of our con Dinner with the Tolstoy Family temporaries is a consciousness of a divergence between our democratic theory that working At the long dinner-table, laid in the garden, people have a right to the intellectual resources were the various traveling guests, the grown-up of society, and the actual fact that thousands daughters, and the younger children with their of them are so overburdened with toil that there governess. The Countess presided over the is no leisure or energy left for the cultivation usual European dinner, served by men; but of the mind. We constantly suffer from the the Count and the daughter who had worked all strain and indecision of believing this theory day in the fields ate only porridge and black duyuana COUNT AND COUNTESS TOLSTOY bread, and drank only kvass, the fare of the Tolstoy, the spy had gone away with a copy of hay-making peasants. Of course, we are all the forbidden manuscript; but, unfortunately for accustomed to the fact that those who perform himself, having become converted to Tolstoy's the heaviest labor eat the coarsest and simplest views, he had later made a full confession to the fare at the end of the day; but it is not often authorities, and had been sent to Siberia.' that we sit at the same table with them, while Tolstoy, holding that it was most unjust to we ourselves eat the more elaborate food pre-exile the disciple, while he, the author of the pared by some one else's labor. Tolstoy ate book, remained at large, had pointed out his simple meal without remark or comment this inconsistency in an open letter to one of upon the food his family and guests preferred the Moscow newspapers. The discussion of to eat, assuming that they, as well as he, had this incident, of course, opened up the en- settled the matter with their own consciences. tire subject of non-resistance, and, curiously The Tolstoy household, that evening, was enough, I was disappointed in Tolstoy's po- much interested in the fate of a young Russian sition in the matter. It seemed to me that he spy, who had recently come to Tolstoy in the made too great a distinction between the use guise of a country schoolmaster, in order to of physical force and that moral ruthlessness obtain a copy of “Life," a book of Tolstoy's which can override another's differences and that had been interdicted by the censor of the scruples with equal relentlessness. press. After spending the night in talk with Is it not the spirit of antagonism that thrusts 299 men apart into isola- of South Russia, tion and brutality, as it is good will that binds them in human interdependence? The conversation at dinner and afterward, although conducted with great animation and sincerity, for the moment stirred vague misgivings within me. Was Tolstoy more logical than life war- rants? Could the wrongs of life be re- duced to the terms of unrequited labor, and all made right if each person performed the amount necessary to satisfy his own wants? Was it not always easy to put up a strong case if one took the naturalistic view of life? But what about the his- toric view, the in- evitable shadings and modifications which life itself brings to its own interpre- tation? My friend and I took a night train back to Moscow in that tumult of feeling which is always pro- duced by contact with a conscience making one more of those determined efforts to probe to the very foundations of the mysterious world in which we find our- selves. A horde of perplexing questions concerning those prob- lems of existence of which in happier mo- ments we catch but fleeting glimpses, and at which we even then stand aghast, pursued us relentlessly on the long journey through the great wheat plains through the crowded Ghetto of Warsaw, and, finally, into the smiling fields of Ger- many, where the peasant men and women were harvest- ing the grain. I remember that, at the sight of those toil- ing peasants, I made a curious connection be- tween the bread labor advocated by Tolstoy and the comfort the harvest fields are said to have brought to Luther when, upon one of his journeys from Leipsic, much perturbed by many theological difficulties, he suddenly forgot them all in a gush of gratitude for mere bread, exclaim- ing: “How it stands, that golden - yellow corn, on its fine, tapered stem! The meek earth, at God's kind bidding, has produced it once again." At least, the toiling poor had this comfort of bread labor, and it did not matter that they gained it unknow- ingly and painfully, if they only walked in the path of labor. By that curious fac- ulty of the theorist to inhibit all experi- ences which do not enhance his doctrines, my mind did not ad- mit that exigent and unremitting labor grants the poor no leisure even in the supreme moments of human suffering, nor that “all griefs are lighter with bread." Lent by Aliss dddams TOLSTOY IN PEASANT COSTUME This portrait is not allowed to be circulated in Russia 300 JANE ADDAMS 301 Miss Addams' Project of Baking Bread difficulty is not to state truth, but to make at Hull-House moral conviction operative upon actual life, and they announced it as their intention “to obey the I may have wished to secure this solace for teachings of Jesus in all matters of labor and myself, at the cost of the least possible expend- the use of property.” They would thus trans- iture of time and energy; for, during the next fer the vindicati of creed from the church to month in Germany, when I read everything of the open field -- from dogma to experience. Tolstoy's that had been translated into Eng- lish, German, or French, there grew up in my Visit to a Tolstoy: Colony mind a conviction that what I ought to do, upon my return to Hull-House, was to spend at least The day my friend and I visited the Common- two hours every morning in the little bakery wealth colony of threescore souls, they were that we had recently added to the equipment erecting a house for the family of a one-legged of our coffee-house. Two hours' work would be man, consisting of a wife and nine children, who but a wretched compromise, but it was hard to had come the week before in a forlorn prairie- see how I could take more time out of each day. schooner from Arkansas. As this was the I had been taught to bake bread in my child- largest family the little colony contained, their hood — not only as a household accomplish- house was to be the largest yet erected. We ex- ment, but because my father, true to his miller's pressed our surprise at this literal giving “to tradition, had insisted that each one of his him that asketh,” and inquired whether the daughters on her twelfth birthday must present policy of extending food and shelter to all who him with a satisfactory wheat loaf of her own applied, without test of creed or ability, might baking; and he was most exigent as to the not result in the migration of all the neighbor- quality of this test loaf. What could be more ing poorhouse population into the colony. We in keeping with my training and tradition than were told that this actually had happened during baking bread? I did not quite see how my the winter, until the colony fare of corn meal activity would fit in with that of the German and cow-peas had proved so unattractive that union baker who presided over the Hull-House most of the paupers had gone back; for even bakery, but all such matters were secondary and the poorest of the Southern poorhouses occa- could, of course, be arranged. sionally supplied bacon with the pone, if only It may be that I had thus to pacify my to prevent scurvy — from which the colonists aroused conscience before I could settle down to themselves had suffered. hear Wagner's “Ring" at Bayreuth; it may be The difficulty of the poorhouse people had that I had falle: a victim to the phrase “bread thus settled itself by the sheer poverty of the labor : but, at any rate, I held to the belief situation, a poverty so biting that the only ones that I should do this, through the entire journey willing to face it were those who were sustained homeward, on land and sea, until I actually by a conviction of the righteousness of the ex- arrived in Chicago, when, suddenly, the whole periment. The fields and gardens were being scheme seemed to me utterly preposterous, as worked by an editor, a professor, and a clergy- it doubtless was; the half dozen people in- man, as well as by artisans and laborers, the variably waiting to see me after breakfast, the fruit thereof to be eaten by themselves and their piles of letters to be opened and answered, the families, or by any other families that might demand of actual and pressing human needs arrive from Arkansas. The colonists were very were these all to be pushed aside and asked to conventional in matters of family relationship, wait while I saved my soul by two hours' work and had broken with society only in regard to at baking bread? conventions pertaining to labor and property. Although my resolution was abandoned, it We had a curious experience at the end of the may be well to record the efforts of more day, when we were driven into the nearest town. doughty souls to carry out Tolstoy's conclu- We had taken with us as a guest the wife of the sions. It was perhaps inevitable that Tolstoy president of the colony, wishing to give her a colonies should be founded, although Tolstoy dinner at the hotel, because she had girlishly himself always insists that each man should live exclaimed, during a conversation, that she had his life as nearly as possible in the place in which at times during the winter become so eager to he was born. The visit I made a year or two hear good music that it had seemed to her as if later to a colony in one of the Southern States she were actually hungry for it, almost as she illustrated most vividly both the weakness and was for a beefsteak. Yet, as we drove away, the strange, august dignity of the Tolstoy posi- we had the curious sensation that, while the tion. The colonists at Commonwealth held but experiment was obviously coming to an end, -it a short creed. They claimed, in fact, that the did, in fact, terminate in six months from that 302 A VISIT TO TOLSTOY time,- in the midst of its privations it yet em- earnest endeavor to put to the test the things bodied the peace of mind that comes to him of the spirit. who insists upon the logic of life, whether it is I knew little about the colony started by Mr. reasonable or not the fanatic's joy in seeing Maude at Purleigh, containing several of Tol- his own clear formula translated into action. stoy's followers who were not permitted to live At any rate, as we reached the commonplace in Russia, and we did not see Mr. Maude again Southern town of workaday men and women, until he came to Chicago on his way from Mani- for one moment its substantial buildings, its toba, whither he had transported the second solid brick churches, its ordered streets, divided group of Doukhobors, a religious sect who had into those of the rich and those of the poor, interested all of Tolstoy's followers because of seemed much more unreal to us than the poor their literal acceptance of non-resistance and little struggling colony we had left behind. We other Christian doctrines which are so strenu- repeated to each other that, in all the practical ously advocated by Tolstoy. It was for their judgments and decisions of life, we must part benefit that Tolstoy had finished and published company with logical demonstration: that, if "Resurrection,” breaking through his long-kept we stop for it in each case, we can never go on resolution against novel-writing. After the at all; and yet, in spite of this, when conscience Doukhobors were considered settled in Canada, does become the dictator of the daily life of a of the five hundred dollars left from the “Resur- group of people, it forces our admiration as rection” fund, one half was given to Hull-House. no other modern spectacle has power to do, and It seemed possible to spend it only for the relief it seems but a mere incident that the group of those most primitive wants of food and shel- should have lost sight of the facts of life in their ter on the part of the neediest families. KILLAIDEN AN IRISH IRISH BALLAD BY JAMES B. DOLLARD IT'S [T’S here in ould Killaiden that I'd joyful live forever Though I've been here eighty summers, I'm not wairy of it yet; An' the little whitewashed cabin I'll be laivin' of it never, For its like the world over you might seek an' never get. The people do be sayin' foreign lands are grand to see The busy streets o' London an’ the bridges of New York. What a fool they think ould Shemus! Sure the fairies come to me An’ show me sights an’ wondhers that make nothin' o' their talk! Up here in ould Killaiden sure it's me that has the view! The five broad counties I can see on any day at all Kilkinny, Carlow, Watherford, Tipp'rary's mountains blue, An' Wexford, where in ninety-eight the Sassenach got a fall! Now, whisper till I tell ye — where in all the world over Would ye see the fields so pleasant or the heather bloom so sweet? And where could ye be baitin' the grand smell o' gorse an' clover, Or the singin' o'the lark that laives the shamrocks at your feet? ܪ ܝܢ Och, the silly folks that wandher an' go off beyant the wather, Sure to hear 'em comin' home you'd think 'em millionaires or jooks! But I tell them, “I'm no omadhaun to heed your impty blather, And Killaiden's beauty bothers all was ever put in books!” The PRINCES COMPLIMENTS alls By FREEMAN PUTNEY, JR. ware Illustrations by JOSEPH CUMMINGS CHASE T HE Prince's big scarlet automobile erty, without so much as a by-your-leave? stopped before Matthew Blake's I don't." door-yard. Matthew Blake was “But, I told you, Mr. Blake, that it was mending a lobster-pot at the side with the intention of recompensing you in of the house near the barn. full. By using the short cut to the big house Mr. Strafford, who was already known in we save half a mile - town as the Prince's adviser and secretary, sat “Five eighths," amended Matthew. in the car, apparently waiting. The chauffeur "And in England sounded his horn. Matthew Blake glanced up, “Yes," broke in Matthew; "you said the looked with apparent interest at the car and other day that in England the country folks’d its occupants, and then continued to hammer be tickled ter death ter have a real live prince at the lobster-pot. traipsin' over their land. Mebbe in England Mr. Strafford's rosy English complexion you can use a man's property first an' then ask shaded to a deeper red. With dignity he rose him about it afterwards. I ain't sayin' you in the car, with dignity he descended from it, can't. But you can't in this country least- and with dignity he walked across the yard to wise, not in this section. So, if you made a mis- the over-busy fisherman. take on account o' your bringin' up, I'm sorry, "Er – 1 wish you good afternoon, Mr. but you'll have to go the long way round Blake," he began, still with dignity. this summer - you an' the Prince. By the way, “Up-huh-noon,” responded Matthew, the I ain't seen His Royal Highmightiness yet. first syllables being tangled in a mouthful of Didn't know but he'd come round himself to nails. talk gate.” Mr. Strafford drew back his shoulders, and Mr. Strafford drew himself up. with a full breath began: "I am in charge — sole charge of His “ His Royal Highness presents his compli- Royal Highness' business affairs here,” he said ments and " stiffly. Matthew's mouthful of nails cascaded to the "Oh, I ain't kickin'!” Matthew cheerfully grass. assured him. “Guess I can stand it, if the “Mr. Strafford, I told you the day before Prince can. Now, ef you don't mind, l'll go yesterday I don't want no more o' your Prince's on with my work. This here trap —” compliments! He's been sendin' 'em for two Mr. Strafford first bit his lips and then set weeks now, an' if he keeps up sendin' 'em all them firmly. summer, he won't get that gate open!” “My good man ” he began; Matthew cut Matthew picked up a fresh lath and selected him short: a nail from the grass. "Don't you call me 'good man'! That's “But, Mr. Blake, if you would be reason- wuss'n His Royal Highmightiness's compli- able - pliments." Reasonable! I been jest as reasonable as Mr. Strafford swallowed the rest of his sen- His Royal Highmightiness! D’ye call it rea tence and began again: sonable to take advantage of a man when “We have been very patient, Mr. Blake, he's out fishin', by openin' a gate in his fence but I am sorry to see you force us to harsher an' makin' a thoroughfare acrost his prop- measures. I have been in consultation with (6 303 304 THE PRINCE'S COMPLIMENTS solicitors over in your town, and I find that will cost you thousands of dollars, and, I fancy, your little property here was once a portion of will consume your place even if you win your the great estate we have just bought for the case. You'll lose either way, Mr. Blake, and Prince." the alternative is so simple!” "Sartain," agreed Matthew. “My grand “You mean, this is all a threat unless I open father bought it before the summer visitors was the gate?” dreamed of. He wouldn't take the pastures, "If you put it that way.” 'cause they wouldn't even graze sheep in them “Mr. Strafford, I ought to lam you over the days." head with this hammer, an' then git a belayin- "Exactly. And now we find, Mr. Blake, pin an' go up an' call on the Prince. But I got that there is a flaw in your title.” a wife in the house, an' – Mr. Strafford, did Matthew's uplifted hammer came down upon you ever hear o' the battle o' Bunker Hill?” its nail with a gentle tap. Then it slipped “I fancy so. Here in America, was it not?” slowly from his hand to the grass. “It was. I guess our folks like ter remem- “A flaw in my title!” ber it better'n yourn. My ancestors fought at .Mr. Strafford permitted himself a grim smile. Bunker Hill. Now, the British won Bunker “A flaw, Mr. Blake. A slight one, I admit, Hill, Mr. Strafford, but by the time they cap- but, our solicitors assure us, amply sufficient to tured it they was an awful mess o' British afford grounds for a lawsuit.” killed an’ wounded. You go ahead with your “A lawsuit! I don't jest follow lawsuit, Mr. Strafford!” Mr. Strafford's countenance became stern. But, as the scarlet car whirred away, Mat- "We shall begin suit to eject you at once.” thew's defiant head drooped, and he walked "Eject me! Out o' this place that my toward the barn with dragging steps, his lob- father an' grandfather —” Matthew laughed. ster-pot in one hand and his hammer swinging “Mr. Strafford, they ain't a jury — they ain't listlessly in the other. Dropping the lobster- twelve men in this country that you could get pot on the barn floor, he stepped into his shed together to give you a verdict.” workshop to put away the hammer. There, “Maybe not, Mr. seated upon an upturned trawl-tub, was a Blake. But, once strange small boy in a blue sailor-suit. started, we shall ex In Matthew's heart was a tender spot for a haust every measure small boy — a tender spot that even now some- - carry it to the times quivered for the "little feller” he and his highest courts. It wife had laid away a good many years before. This small boy's black hair was brushed straight and close to his round head; his black, almond-shaped eyes seemed somehow a trifle cross-fixed; his nose was broad and flat; his skin was yellow; and, as he turned to the fisherman, his thick lips parted in a friendly but some- what sober smile. "Hello, Bub!" greeted Mat- thew. “You look like a brother to the youngster that used to pester me last summer. “His pa was cook up ter the big place. I s'pose your pa cooks for His Royal Highmightiness up yonder. That so?” The child turned a grave, uncomprehending stare. "I am Chuen Hock," he said in curiously precise English. “Who are you, and what is this little thing of wood with the string around it?” “I'm Mr. Blake-most folks call me Matthew. An' that contraption is a seine-needle.” AND NOW WE FIND THAT THERE IS A FLAW IN YOUR TITLE" FREEMAN PUTNEY 305 “I will call you Matthew. And for what use The boy nodded. "I will go with you to- is the contraption seine-needle?" asked the boy. morrow and help you make the fish-catch,” "Just seine-needle. It's to mend nets. See?” he announced. He picked up a bit of seine Matthew laughed. from the floor and deftly added “Why, Bub, I'm up an' away to a couple of meshes to it, Chuen work long before you get them eyes watching gravely and intently. o' yourn open. Four o'clock I start “Why is the blue ship on to-morrow. Your folks wouldn't hear your arm, and what is the little to it. You see, I go out in a boat --- blue worm with horns?” that sloop tied up at the wharf there “Blue worm?" echoed Mat- the Emma J. Miles outside the thew, looking at his forearm P’int I go, an' sometimes the sea's with new interest. “Oh, that's so rough ye wouldn't know whether an anchor with chain and cable. you was wearin' your boots on your No, it didn't grow; it was feet or on your elbows. No, you stay painted there. An anchor? home an' help your pa cook, an' Why, that's a big hook to hold mebbe some day, when you're older, a vessel fast to bottom. No, a I'll take you out with me." vessel is a ship - a big boat. The youngster's grave eyes were No, all American people don't fixed on the fisherman's face, have them on their but he gave no sign that he arms. Say, don't understood the postpone- you think you'd ment of his proffered as- better run home and sistance. play?” “For what,” he “I like better this demanded suddenly, place," returned the "is your first ear of child. “There is different color than much here that I co your second ear?” not know. See! I Matthew rubbed have made to bleed the “first” ear. my finger with the doc.c “It was frost- little sharp pin, and "I AM CHUEN HOCK," HE SAID " bit," he explained it will not come out." patiently. “Is there He had picked up a fish-hook from the bench, anything else about me ye want to know?" and the sharp point had penetrated his thumb "I wish to know many things,” returned the to the barb. Matthew deftly extracted it. boy gravely, “but I cannot think of all now. “Put it in your mouth till it stops bleedin',” For what do you put red on your shoes, and why he advised. “An' next time ye'll know bet- do you wear that shirt, instead of shining white ter'n to mess with other folks' tackle. It don't shirt like Mr. Strafford?” pay to monkey with a sharp cod-hook.” “Them shoes? Oh, salt water turns 'em that The boy, his thumb in his mouth, was staring color. An' i'd look nice fishin’in a biled shirt, gravely. wouldn't I?" "Why," he demanded abruptly, "do you wash "I do not know,” replied Chuen. “How can I only the low part of your face? And for what tell when I have not seen you? And what is a is the cod-hook?" bile shirt?” Matthew, with an almost guilty expression, “Bub,” returned Matthew, "it's gettin' ‘most swept his hand over his chin. Then he grinned. supper-time, an' I guess you better lay your “I wear a beard in winter-time, Bub. Jest course home'ard, or your pa’ll be lookin' for ve shaved it off a few days ago. That's why my with the rollin'-pin. You can come again some jaw ain't tanned like the rest. The hook? Oh, day when ye think o' suthin' else ye'd like to that's to catch fish with." know. Good-by!" “The fish-catch!" echoed the boy, enlight He watched the blue-clad figure trotting ened. “I have once seen the fish-catch in my sturdily over the fields up toward the big house, country. But there it is with a net. When do and then turned again to his work. you make fish-catch?” The next morning's sun was well risen over the "Every day, if it ain't too foul. But I catch Emma J., anchored far outside Sunrise Point, 'em with hooks — hooks like this, on a long line. and a dozen good-sized cod and pollack were See?” already flapping about Matthew's feet, when some breakfast. But I am now hungry also, and I desire to make the fish-catch.” “Well!” ejaculated Matthew. “Talk o' kids with nerve! They's older ones than you wouldn't have took that walk at three in the mornin'. An' you expect me ter feed ye, too!” He picked up a rock-cod from the planks, rapped it quiet with the butt of a gaff, cleaned it, and then plunged into the cuddy. In a few minutes Chuen Hock was stuffing himself with fish fried in corn-meal. Mat- thew himself took a few bites. "Not that I'm hungry, but jest to be socia- ble,” he ex- plained. “Your chase folks'll be wor- ried about you, "FOR WHAT'' DEMANDED A SMALL VOICE, IS THE SQUARE BLUE PART ON THE BACK OF YOUR TROUSERS?'' an' I ought to take ye right a sound in the door of the little cuddy caused home; but I've got my day's livin' to make, so him to turn quickly from his work. we'll get our trip fust. Yes, you can have a "For what,” demanded a small voice, “is the line an' catch fish, now you're here." square blue part on the back of your trousers A little later they were fishing, for a wonder in which are black?” silence, Matthew busy with his work and Chuen Matthew stared, wide-eyed; then closed his Hock intent on his new amusement. Several mouth under the effort of trying to obtain a view times the boy's bait was taken, but he did not of his own hips. succeed in bringing aboard a fish. "Oh,” he exclaimed, "I didn't jest get your "You'll learn,” Matthew told him. "Jest drift. That's a patch, an' ma she made it out o' keep on till ye git the knack.” what was handy. Say, how in breathin' Peter He looked at the youngster a little uneasily. did you get here?” The day was calm, but there was the motion "I have come to help you make the fish- of the open sea, and the little sloop described catch.” a considerable arc as each broad roller raised “Did your folks know it?” and then shook her off. "I have not said it to them. When three "Youngster ain't scairt o' nothin',” he mur- o'clock, I rise from the bed and make escape mured. “Fust thing I know, the Emma J. from window. It was dark under the trees, but she'll pitch sudden an' he'll go overboard." there was moon's light by the wharf. I have He disappeared into the little house, and came hidden in the hole beyond, when you were eating back with a string of doughnut-shaped corks, Un ediata 306 FREEMAN PUTNEY 307 the floats used for seines, and which many a "I ginerally git in earlier'n this," said Hardyport boy uses for a life-preserver while Matthew. “But what with runnin' a floatin' learning to swim. rest'rant an' you tumblin' overboard, they's “Goin' ter tie these corks on to ye, Bub,” he some excuse to-day for bein' late.” He chuckled remarked from the door. “Hello! Got one? as he looked at the grave youngster curled up in Hang on! I'll help ye! No-let go of him! the stern. “I guess we'll git ashore, ez 'tis, be- Let - go! Let — hell! he's over!” fore ye outgrow them pants. All I hope is, ye Clinging like a desperate little monkey to the ain't caught cold so ye'll be sick.” line, which had hooked some big fish, Chuen “I am now warm from the sun, thank you,” Hock had gone over the side. After him, like a returned Chuen. “When I was in the water I flash, Matthew flung the string of corks; and was cold from the wetness; but the bottle medi- the next instant, his coat and vest thrown off, cine was very good, thank you. Will you get he had plunged after the youngster. much money from the fish-catch? Why do you It was not easy, facing the sweep of those let the little cloth sail down in front, and for heavy waves, and Matthew's arms were not as what reason did the hairs wear off the little strong as they had been once. After what place on the back of your head?” seemed like long minutes, but was probably But Matthew, engaged in bringing the sloop less than one, he grasped a fold of blue blouse, up to her mooring-place, was too busy to and the next instant clutched the string of explain. corks. After that, getting back to the Emma As soon as they were tied up, he gathered J. was a comparatively sure task, though a Chuen's small clothes into a still damp bundle. slow one. "I guess, Bub, you'll have ter keep on them Chuen did not lose consciousness. In the water Matthew had discovered that the boy knew something about swimming; and the knowledge, while it was not sufficient to keep him up in such a sea, did prevent his strug- gling or filling his lungs with water. "Well!” exclaimed Matthew. “You're a pretty fisherman, you are! Look like drowned rat! Why did ye fall overboard?” "I am sorry," returned the boy. “I think I had a big fish-catch. But it pulled the line away and I am now wet! Why did you wear a hat in the water?" He was shivering in his dripping clothes. "Lucky I got some old duds aboard!” grumbled Matthew. “Bein's they were built for me, I guess they won't jest fit you, but they'll keep ye warm. An’ here's some liquor in a bottle, an' the galley stove's still hot. Good enough! Now, off with them clothes, quick! An' take a swaller o' this. It's bad stuff when ye don't need it, but I guess you need a little now.” a It was nearly noon when the Emma J. reached the little wharf in front of Matthew Blake's cottage. ""| GUESS WE'LL GIT ASHORE BEFORE YE OUTGROW THEM PANTS'" 308 THE PRINCE'S COMPLIMENTS pants till ye git home. Yer shoes are too shrunk he's in it,” he said. "I dunno whether it's ter wear, so I'll tie the whole kit up, an' you can against the rules o' the house for the cook's lug 'em along with ye. 'Twon't hurt ye ter run young one to ride in His Highmightiness's across the fields barefoot for once, an' I guess automobile, but if he'll take ye in it'll save you've been off so long your folks'll be so glad ter you walkin' home. Hi, there! Hold hard!” see you, mebbe you won't git much of a lacin' They reached the road just as the speeding after all.” car swerved to a stop. Mr. Strafford, his The boy took the damp bundle and gravely face less ruddy than usual, was instantly on followed Matthew from the wharf across the his feet and out, wonder and relief pictured wooden planking to the shore. The tiny on his features. body was ridiculously lost in the folds of Mat "I have been making the fish-catch with thew's great shirt and baggy trousers; but the Matthew,” explained the boy gravely. He short figure moved with so much dignity, in dropped his bundle of clothes and shoes where spite of the tenderness of the bare feet, that he stood, and put out a small hand. “Good-by, Matthew's smile of amusement turned into Matthew. I will come other day and help a chuckle of admiration. you make another fish-catch. And I will not Toward them, along the fall — fall over the board." shore road, dashed a patch “Good day,” returned Matthew gravely. of scarlet, blurred in a whirl “An' say, Mr. Strafford, you tell his pa not to of dust. larrup him. He's a plucky young one, that kid “Here comes the Prince's - hid in the boat in the night, an' didn't automobile,” exclaimed come out till I was fishin'. Fell Matthew, and shouted, overboard an’ never whimpered. waving his arms. Look out, Bub, you've dropped "Ther feller Strafford your dunnage.” But the boy, unheeding, had stepped into the automobile, and it was the dignified Mr. Strafford who, painfully stooping, gathered up the armful of wet clothes. Then he, too, took his seat, and, with a wave of the boy's hand, the machine was off toward the big house. But Matthew had not trudged a dozen steps in the opposite direction when a shout halted him. The motor- car had stopped and waiting, and Mr. Strafford, again on the ground, was hurrying after the fisher- man as fast as his bulk and dignity would permit. "His Roval Highness pre- sents his compliments —" he began. Matthew interrupted: “Didn't I tell you I didn't want no more of His Royal Highmighti- ness's compliments?” Mr. Strafford looked bewildered. “But, sir, he has taken quite a fancy to you — quite, sir.” Then he added, as if to mollify the fisher- "IT WAS MR. STRAFFORD WHO GATHERED UP THE ARMFUL man: "I think there will be no OF WET CLOTHES" more legal measures, Mr. Blake. was A WINTER'S NIGHT 309 We could never sanction them, since the boy Chinese, although an Asiatic, Mr. Blake, and says you saved him from drowning.” he will one day rule over a country that is larger “What?" exclaimed Matthew. "I didn't than your New England. His fuller name is suppose a Prince would care what happened to Prince Lalor Chuen Hock Chalalumagoncorn." a Chinese cook's young one. Your Prince is “Cracky!” exclaimed Matthew. "Is that all!” more of a man than I thought.” "No, sir, not all, but all we generally use. Mr. Strafford was evidently puzzled. And, as I was saying, sir, His Royal High- “Cook's young one'!” he exclaimed. “Our ness cook is French — he is unmarried. Is it possible “Go ahead!” resigned Matthew. that you did not know”— he nodded toward "His Royal Highness presents his compli- the automobile —"the Prince?” ments, and wishes to know why your suspenders “Prince? I thought your Prince was Eng- behind are attached with strings instead of lish! The boy? He said his name was Chuen buttons?” Hock!” "You tell him," returned Matthew, "that the “He is the Prince. He is to be educated in buttons busted and I used a bit of marline. America, in charge of the Legation of his country You're welcome, sir. I knew something was on at Washington; and I am his English tutor and his mind. An' you tell His Royal -- you tell immediate guardian. We took this seashore Bub that I'll have that gate open again inside place for his health this summer. He is not o' fifteen minutes." C. Chase A WINTER'S NIGHT BY W. A. P. THE HE wind has reverenced the splendor of the night. Westward upon the green and saffron light Of dusk it passed, with vasty wings and voice not low, Fleeing with awe the splendor of the night. Were I the wind to-night, the tangled stars and snow My aweless wings' unfettered might would know. O joy, the trancèd splendor of the air to shake And starward hurl like spray the errant snow! Ah, for the tyranny of furious wings, to wake, Superb, this ecstasy of calm; to slake My passion-winnowed heart with tempests' windy woe! I would to-night the storms were all awake! THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL A Serial Novel by Mrs Humphry Ward 66 (6 III “As if life were long enough to spend in one county, and one house and park! I have AM in love with the house - I adore shaken all my duties from me like old rags. the Chase – I like heretics — and 1 No more school-treats, no more bean-feasts, no don't think I'm ever going home again!” more hospital committees, for two whole years! Mrs. Flaxman as she spoke handed a Think of it! Hugh, poor wretch, is still chair- cup of tea to a tall gentleman, Louis man of the County Council. That's why we Manvers by name, the possessor of a long, tanned took this place - it is within fifty miles. He countenance, of thin iron-grey hair descending has to motor over occasionally. But I shall towards the shoulders, of a drooping moustache, make him resign that, next year. Then we are and of eves that mostly studied the carpet or going for six months to Berlin, that's for music the knees of their owner: a shy, laconic person, my show! Then we take a friend's house at first sight, with the manner of one to whom in British East Africa, where you can see a conversation of the drawing-room kind was little lion kill from the front windows, and zebras more than a series of doubtful experiments that stub up your kitchen-garden. That's Hugh's seldom or never came off. show. Then of course there'll be Japan - and Mrs. Flaxman, on the other hand, was a by that time there'll be air-ships to the North pretty woman of forty, still young and slender, Pole, and we can take one on our way home!” in spite of two boys at Eton, one of them seven 'Souvent femme variée!” Mr. Manvers raised teen and in the eleven; and her talk was as a pair of surprisingly shrewd eyes from the car- rash and rapid as that of her companion was pet. “I remember the years when I used to try the reverse. Which perhaps might be one of the to dig you and Hugh out of Bagley and drive reasons why they were excellent friends, and you abroad - without the smallest success." always happy in each other's society. “Those were the years when one was moral Mr. Manvers overlooked a certain challenge and well-behaved! But everybody who is worth that Mrs. Flaxman had thrown out, took the anything goes a little mad at forty. I was forty tea provided, and merely enquired how long the last week”. - Rose Flaxman gave an involuntary rebuilding of the Flaxmans' own house would sigh -“I can't get over it." take. For it appeared that they were only “Ah, .well, it's quite time you were a little tenants of Maudeley House, furnished, for a nipped by the years,” said Manvers dryly. year. “Why should you be so much younger than Mrs. Flaxman replied that only the British anybody else in the world? When you grow workman knew"; but she looked upon herself old there'll be no more youth!” as homeless for two years, and found the Mrs. Flaxman's eyes, of a bright greenish prospect as pleasant as her husband found grey, shone gaily into his; then their owner it annoying made a displeased mouth. “You may pay me 310 MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 311 a compliments as much as you like. They will in this diocese and outside it. And they are not prevent me from telling you that you are all convinced that they must fight — fight to one of the most slow-minded people I have the death, and not give in. That, you see, is ever met!” what makes the difference! My brother-in-law" "H’m?” said Mr. Manvers, with mild in the voice speaking changed and softened - terrogation. “died twenty years ago. I remember how sad Rose Flaxman repeated her remark, empha- it was. He seemed to be walking alone in a sising it with a little tattoo of her teaspoon on world that hardly troubled to consider him the Chippendale tea-tray before her. Manvers so far as the Church was concerned, I mean. studied her, smiling. There seemed to be nothing else to do but to “I am entirely ignorant of the ground of this give up his living. But the strain of doing it attack." killed him.” “Oh, what hypocrisy!” cried his companion “The strain of giving up your living may be hotly. “I throw out the most tempting of all severe, but, I assure you, your man will find the possible flies, and you absolutely refuse to rise strain of keeping it a good deal worse.” to it.” "It all depends upon his backing. How do Manvers considered. you know there isn't a world behind him?” “You expected me to rise to the word Mrs. Flaxman persisted, as the man beside her 'heretic'?” slowly shook his head. “Well, now, listen! “Of course I did! On the same principle as Hugh and I went to church here last Sunday. 'sweets to the sweet.' Who - I should like to I never was so bewildered. First, it was crowded know! — should be interested in heretics if not from end to end, and there were scores of you?" people from other villages and towns kind “It entirely depends on the species,” said her of demonstration. Then, as to the service, companion cautiously. neither of us could find our way about. In- “There couldn't be a more exciting species,” stead of saying the Lord's Prayer four times, we declared Mrs. Flaxman. “Here you have a said it once; and we left out half the psalms for rector of a parish simply setting up another the day, the Rector explaining from the chancel Church of England — services, doctrines, and steps that they were not fit to be read in a all — off his own bat, so to speak, without a Christian church; we altered this prayer and ‘with your leave or by your leave’; his parishion- that prayer; we listened to an extempore prayer ers backing him up; his bishop in a frightful for the widows and orphans of some poor fellows taking and not the least knowing what to do; who had been killed in a mine ten miles from the faggots all gathering to make a bonfire of here, which made me cry like a baby; and, most him, and a great black six-foot-two Inquisitor amazing of all, when it came to the Creeds ready to apply the match; and yet - I can't Manvers suddenly threw back his head, his get you to take the smallest interest in it! | face for the first time sharpening into attention. assure you, Hugh is thrilled.” “Ah! Well, what about the Creeds?” Manvers laid the finger-tips of two long, Mrs. Flaxman bent forward, triumphing in brown hands lightly against each other. the capture of her companion. “Very sorry, but it leaves me quite cold. “We had both the Creeds. The Rector read Heresy in the Church of England comes to them, turning to the congregation, and with nothing. Our heretics are never violent enough. just a word of preface: 'Here follows the They forget the excellent text about the king- Creed commonly called the Apostles' Creed,' or dom of heaven! Now, the heretics in the Church 'Here follows the Nicene Creed.' And we all of Rome are violent. That is what makes them stood and listened — and nobody said a word. so far more interesting.” It was the strangest moment! You know, I'm “This man seems to be drastic enough!” not a serious person, but I just held my breath." “Oh, no!” said the other, gently but firmly “As though you heard behind the veil the incredulous. “Believe me, he will resign, or awful voices, 'Let us depart bence'?" said Man- apologise; they always do." vers, after a pause. His expression had gradu- "Believe me! you don't excuse me! — know ally changed. Those who knew him best might anything about it. In the first place, Mr. have seen in it a slight and passing trace of con- Meynell has got his parishioners, all except a flicts long since silenced and resolutely forgotten. handful, behind him “If you mean by that that the church was "So had Voysey," interjected Manvers softly. irreverent, or disrespectful, or hostile — well, Mrs. Flaxman took no notice. you are quite wrong!” cried Mrs. Flaxman im- "— And he has hundreds of other supporters, petuously. “It was like a moment of new birth thousands perhaps — and some of them parsons - I can't describe it – as if a spirit entered in. 312 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL And when the Rector finished, there was a kind haven't got over it yet; and as for Hugh, I have of breath through the church — like the rustling never seen him so moved since — since Robert of new leaves — and I thought of the wind died.” blowing where it listed.... And then the Manvers was aware of Mrs. Flaxman's affec- Rector preached on the Creeds how they tion for her brother-in-law's memory, and it grew up, and why. Fascinating! Why aren't seemed to him natural and womanly that the clergy always telling us such things? And she should be touched — artist and worldling he brought it all round to impressing upon us though she was — by this fresh effort in a simi- that some day we might be worthy of another lar direction. For himself, he was touched in Christian creed - by being faithful; that it another way: with pity, or a kindly scorn. He would flower again out of our lives and souls — did not believe in patching up the Christian like the aloe. .. I wonder what it all tradition. Either accept it or put it aside. New- meant!” she said abruptly, her light voice man had disposed of "neo-Christianity” once dropping for all. Manvers smiled. His emotion had quite "Well, of course all this means a row,” he passed away. said at length, with a smile. "What is the "Ah! but I forgot," she resumed hurriedly. Bishop doing? “We left out several of the Commandments, “Oh, the Bishop will have to prosecute, Hugh and we chanted the Beatitudes, and then I found Savs; of course he must! And, if he didn't, Mr. there was a little service paper in the seat, and Barron would do it for him.” everybody in the church but Hugh and me “The gentleman who lives in the White knew all about it beforehand!” House?” "A queer performance!" said Manvers, "and, “Precisely. Ah!” cried Mrs. Flaxman sud- of course, childishly illegal. Your man will be denly, rising to her feet and looking through the soon got rid of. You remind me of the Bishop open window beside her. "What do you think of Cork on the Dean of Cork: ‘Excellent ser- we've done? We have evoked him! Parlez du mon! – eloquent, clever, argumentative! - and diable, etc. How stupid of us! But there's his not enough gospel in it to save a tom-tit!”” carriage trotting up the drive — I know the Mrs. Flaxman looked at him oddly. horses. And that's his deaf daughter - poor, "Well, but the extraordinary thing was down-trodden thing! - sitting beside him. that Hugh made me stay for the second service, Now, then, shall we be at home? Quick!” and it was as ritualistic as you like!” Mrs. Flaxman flew to the bell, but retreated Manvers fell back in his chair, the vivacity on with a little grimace. his face relaxing “We must! It's inevitable. But Hugh says “Ah! - is that all?” I can't be rude to new people. Why can't I? “Oh! but you don't understand,” said his It's so simple.” companion eagerly. “Of course, ritualistic is She sat down, however, though rebellion and the wrong word. Should I have said 'sacra- a little malice quickened the colour in her fair mental'? I only meant that it was full of sym- skin. Manvers looked longingly at the door bolism. There were lights, and flowers, and leading to the garden. music; but there was nothing priestly — or “Shall I disappear, or must I support you?” superstitious —” She frowned in her effort to “It all depends on what value you set on my explain. "It was all poetic and mystical, and good opinion,” said Mrs. Flaxman, laughing. yet practical. There were a good many things Manvers re-settled himself in his chair. changed in the service, but I hardly noticed, "I stay — but, first, a little information. The I was so absorbed in watching the people. Algentleman owns land here?” most every one stayed for the second service. “Acres and acres. But he only came into it It was quite short so was the first service. about three years ago. He is on the same rail- And a great many communicated. But the way board of which Hugh is chairman. He spirit of it was the wonderful thing. It had all doesn't like Hugh, and he certainly won't like that – that magic, that mystery, that one gets me. But, you see, he's bound to be civil to us. out of Catholicism, even simple Catholicism in Hugh says he's always making quarrels on the a village church — say at benediction; and yet, board — in a kind of magnificent, superior way. one had a sense of having come out into fresh He never loses his temper — whereas the others air; of saying things that were true true at would often like to flay him alive. Now, then,” least to you, and to the people that were saying Mrs. Flaxman laid a finger on her mouth, them; things that you did believe, or could be- papa, potatoes, prunes, and prism’!” lieve, instead of things that you only pretended Steps were heard in the hall, and the butler to believe or couldn't possibly believe! I announced, “Mr. and Miss Barron." MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 313 A tall man with an iron-grey moustache Hugh does. His mother was a very old friend and a determined carriage entered the room, of Hugh's family.” followed by a timid and stooping lady of un Mr. Barron was silent. certain age. “Is he such a scamp?” said Mrs. Flaxman, Mrs. Flaxman, transformed at once into the raising her fine eyes, with a laugh in them. “You courteous hostess, greeted the newcomers with make me quite anxious to see him!” her sweetest smiles, set the deaf daughter Mr. Barron echoed the laugh stiffy. down on the hearing side of Mr. Manvers, “I doubt whether your husband will wish to ordered tea, and herself took charge of Mr. bring him here. He gathers some strange com- Barron. pany at the Abbey. He is there now for the The task was not, apparently, a heavy one. fishing." Mrs. Flaxman saw beside her a portly man of Manvers enquired who this gentleman might fifty, with a penetrating look and a composed be, and Mrs. Flaxman gave him a lightly manner, well dressed, yet with no undue dis- touched account. A young man of wealth and play. Louis Manvers, struggling with an habit-family, it seemed, but spoilt from his earliest ual plague of shyness, and all but silenced by days, and left fatherless at nineteen, with only the discovery that his neighbour was even deafer a passionate and extravagant mother to take than himself, watched the "six-foot-two Inquisi- account of. Some notorious love affairs at home tor" with curiosity, but could find nothing lurid and abroad, a wild practical joke or two, played or torturous in his aspect. There was, indeed, in one instance on no less a person than the something about him which displeased a ration- Prime Minister, an audacious novel and a cen- alist scholar and ascetic; but his apparent ade- sored play — he had achieved all these things by quacy to any company was immediately evident. the age of thirty, and was now almost penniless,. It seemed to Manvers that he had very quickly and still unmarried. disarmed Mrs. Flaxman's vague prejudice against "Hugh says that the Abbey is falling into him. At any rate, she was soon picking his ruin, and that the young man has about a hun- brains diligently on the subject of the neigh- dred a year left out of his fortune. On this he bourhood and the neighbours, and apparently keeps apparently an army of servants and a enjoying the result, to judge from her smiles and couple of hunters!" her questions. She turned interrogatively to Mr. Barron, as Mr. Barron, indeed, had everything that could though inviting him, as a native of the district, be expected of him to say on the subject of the to contribute to the tale. But Mr. Barron sat district and its population. He descanted on the silent. beauty of the three or four famous parks which "Is he really too bad to talk about?” cried in the eighteenth century had been carved out Mrs. Flaxman. of the wild heath-lands; he showed an intimate “I think I had rather not discuss him," said knowledge of the persons who owned the parks, her visitor, with decision; and she, protesting and of their families, “though I myself am only that Philip Meryon was now endowed with all a newcomer here, being by rights a Devonshire the charms both of villainy and of mystery, let man”; he talked on the local superstitions with the subject drop. indulgence and a proper sense of the pictur Mr. Barron returned, as with relief, to archi- esque, and of the colliers who believed the su- tecture - talked agreeably of the glories of a perstitions he spoke in a tone of general good famous Tudor house on the west side and an humour, tempered by regret that “agitators” equally famous Queen Anne house on the east should so often lead them into folly. The archi- side of the Chase. But the churches of the dis- tecture of the district came in, of course, fortrict, according to him, were, on the whole, dis- proper notice. There were certain fine old appointing - inferior to those of other districts houses near that Mrs. Flaxman ought to visit; within reach. Here, indeed, he showed himself everything, or course, would be open to her an expert, and a far too minute discourse on the and her husband. relative merits of the church architecture of two “Oh, tell me,” said Mrs. Flaxman, suddenly or three of the Midland Counties flowed on and interrupting him, “how far is Sandford Abbey on through Mrs. Flaxman's tea-making; while from here?” the deaf daughter became entirely speechless, Her visitor paused a moment before replying: and Manvers, disillusioned, gradually assumed “Sandford Abbey is about five miles from an aspect of profound melancholy, which merely you, across the park. The two estates meet. meant that his wits were wool-gathering. Do you know — Sir Philip Meryon?” "Well, I thought Upcote Minor Church a Rose Flaxman shrugged her shoulders. very pretty church,” said Rose Flaxman at last, “We know something of him — at least, with a touch of revolt. “The old screen is 314 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL beautiful; and who on earth has done all that to close quarters. “I am told it was he who carving of the pulpit - and the reredos?” brought the water-supply here; and that he has Mr. Barron's expression changed. He bent forced the owners to rebuild some of the worst towards his hostess, striking one hand sharply cottages.” and deliberately with the glove he held in the Mr. Barron looked attentively at his hostess. other. It was as if he were for the first time really oc- "You were at church last Sunday?” cupied with her - endeavouring to place her, “I was.” Mrs. Flaxman's eyes, as she turned and himself with regard to her. His face them upon him, had recovered their animation. stiffened. "You were present, then,” said Mr. Barron, “That's all very well — excellent, of course. with passionate energy, “at a scandalous per- Only, let me remind you, he was not asked to formance! I feel that I ought to apologise to take vows about the water-supply! But he did vou and Mr. Flaxman, in the name of our promise and vow at his ordination to hold the village and parish." faith — to 'banish and drive away strange The speaker's aspect glowed with what was doctrines '!” clearly a genuine fire. The slight po. posity of "What are “strange doctrines' nowadays?” look and manner had disappeared. said a mild, falsetto voice in the distance. Mrs. Flaxman hesitated. Then she said Barron turned to the speaker — the long- gravely, “It was certainly very astonishing; I haired, dishevelled person whose name he had never saw anything like it. But my husband not caught distinctly as Mrs. Flaxman intro- and I liked Mr. Meynell. We thought he was duced him. His manner unconsciously assumed absolutely sincere.” a note of patronage. "He may be. But so long as he remains “No need to define them, I think — for a clergyman of this parish it is impossible for him Christian. The Church has her Creeds.” to be honest!” “Of course. But, while this gentleman Mrs. Flaxman slowly poured out another cup shelves them,- no doubt a revolutionary pro- of tea for Mr. Manvers, who was standing before ceeding, - are there not excesses on the other her in a drooping attitude, like some long, crum- side? May there not be too much — as well pled fly, apparently deaf and blind to what as too little?” was going on, his hair falling forward over his And, with an astonishing command of ec- eyes. At last she said evasively: clesiastical detail, Manvers gave an account “There are a good many people in the parish gently ironic here and there -- of some neo- who seem to agree with him. Except yourself Catholic functions of which he had lately been and a lady in black who was pointed out to a witness. me — everybody in the church appeared to us Barron fidgetted. to be enjoying what the Rector was doing — to “Deplorable, I admit - quite deplorable! I be entering into it heart and soul.” would put that kind of thing down just as Mr. Barron flushed. firmly as the other." "We do not deny that he has got a hold upon Manvers smiled. the people. That makes it all the worse. When “But who are you?- if I may ask it philo- I came here three years ago, he had not yet done sophically and without offence? The man here any of these things publicly; these perfectly does not agree with you — the people I have monstrous things. Up to last Sunday, indeed, been describing would scout you. Where's your he kept within certain bounds as to the services. authority? What is the authority in the Eng- Though frequent complaints of his teaching had lish Church?” been made to the Bishop, and proceedings, in "Well, of course we have our answer to that deed, had been begun, it might have been question,” said Barron, after a moment. difficult to touch him. But last Sunday!” He Manvers gave a pleasant little laugh. “Have stopped with a little sad gesture of the hand, as you?” if the recollection were too painful to pursue. Barron hesitated again, then evidently found "I saw, however, within six months of my the controversial temptation too strong. He coming here,- he and I were great friends at plunged headlong into a great gulf of cloudy first,— what his teaching was and whither it argument, with the big word "authority” for was tending. He has taught the people sys- theme. But he could find no foothold in the tematic infidelity for years. Now we have the maze. Manvers drove him delicately from point results!” to point, involving him in his own contradic- “He also seems to have looked after their tions, rolling him in his own ambiguities, till bodies," said Mrs. Flaxman, in a skirmishing suddenly – vague recollections began to stir in tone that simply meant she was not to be brought the victim's mind. Manvers? – was that the MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 315 name? It began to recall to him certain articles He has a bed-ridden wife — daughters all away, in the reviews, the Church papers. Was there married. Nobody to nurse him, as usual. not a well-known writer - a Dublin man a say!”— he bent forward, looking into his man who had once been a clergyman and had hostess' face with his small, vivacious eyes, resigned his orders "how long are you going to be here — at He drew himself together with dignity, and Maudeley?” retreated in as good order as he could. Turning “We have taken the house for a year,” said to Mrs. Flaxman, who was endeavouring to Rose, surprised. make a few commonplaces audible to Miss “Will you give me a parish nurse for that Barron while throwing occasional sly glances time? It won't cost much, and it will do a towards the field of battle, he somewhat curtly lot of good,” said the Rector earnestly. “The asked for his carriage. people here are awfully good to each other Mrs. Flaxman's hand was on the bell when the but they don't know anything, poor souls, and drawing-room door opened to admit a gentleman. I can't get the sick folk properly looked after. "Mr. Meynell!” said the butler. Will you?” And, at the same moment, a young girl Mrs. Flaxman's manner showed embarrass- slipped in through the open French window, and, ment. Within a few feet of her sat the squire of with a smiling nod to Mrs. Flaxman and Mr. the parish, silent and impassive. Common re- Manvers, went up to the tea-table and began to port made Henry Barron a wealthy man. He replenish the teapot and re-light the kettle. could, no doubt, have provided half a dozen Mr. Barron made an involuntary movement nurses for Upcote Minor if he had so chosen. of annoyance as the Rector entered. But a few Yet here was she, the newcomer of a few weeks, minutes of waiting before the appearance of his appealed to instead! It seemed to her that the carriage was inevitable. He stood motionless, Rector was not exactly showing tact. therefore, in his place, a handsome, impressive "Won't Mr. Barron help?” She threw a figure, while Meynell paid his respects to Mrs. Smiling appeal towards him. Flaxman, whose quick colour betrayed a mo Barron, conscious of an irritation and dis- ment's nervousness. comfort he had some difficulty in controlling, en- “How are you, Barron?" said the Rector, deavoured nevertheless to strike the same easy from a distance, with a friendly bow. Then, as note as the rest. He gave his reasons for think- he turned to Manvers, his face lit up. ing that a parish nurse was not really required “I am glad to make your acquaintance!” he in Upcote — the women in the village being, in said cordially. his opinion, quite capable of nursing their hus- Manvers took the outstretched hand with a bands and sons. few mumbled words, but an evident look of But all the time that he was speaking he was pleasure. chafing for his carriage. His conversation with “I have just read your Bishop Butler article Mrs. Flaxman was still hot in his ears. It was in the Quarterly," said Meynell eagerly. "Splen- all very well for Meynell to show this levity, this did! Have you seen it?" He turned to his callous indifference to the situation. But he, hostess with one of the rapid movements that Barron, could not forget it. That very week expressed the constant energy of the man. the first steps had been taken which were to Mrs. Flaxman shook her head. drive this heretical and audacious priest from “I am an ignoramus except about music. the office and benefice he had no right to hold I make Mr. Manvers talk to me.” and had so criminally misused. If he sub- “Oh, but you must read it! — I hope you mitted and went quietly, well and good. But of won't mind my quoting a long bit from it?" (the course he would do nothing of the kind. There speaker turned to Manvers again). “There is was a lamentable amount of disloyalty and in- a clerical conference at Markborough next week, fidelity in the diocese, and he would be sup- at which I am reading a paper. I want to make ported. An ugly struggle was inevitable 'em all read you! What, tea? I should think struggle for the honour of Christ and his Church. so!” Then, to his hostess: “Will you mind if I It would go down to the roots of things, and was drink half a dozen cups? I have just been down not to be settled or smoothed over by a false a pit — and the dust was pretty bad.” and superficial courtesy. The days of friend- “Not an accident, I hope?” said Mrs. Flax- ship, of ordinary social intercourse, were over. man, as she handed him his cup. Barron did not intend to receive the Rector "No; but a man had a stroke in the pit again within his own doors, intimate as they had while he was at work. They thought he was been at one time; and it was awkward and un- going to die. He was a great friend of mine, and desirable that they should be meeting in other they sent for me. We got him up with difficulty. people's drawing-rooms. a 316 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL All these feelings were running through his evident relief that he rose to his feet when his mind while aloud he was laboriously giving carriage was announced. Mrs. Flaxman his reasons for thinking a parish nurse unnecessary in Upcote Minor. When he “How pretty Mrs. Flaxman is!” said his came to the end of them, Meynell looked at daughter, as they drove away. “Yet I'm sure him with amused exasperation. she's forty, papa.” "Well, all I know is that, in the last case of Her face still reflected the innocent pleasure typhoid we had here, - a poor lad on Rey- that Rose Flaxman's kindness had given her. nolds' farm, - his mother got him up every day It was not often that the world troubled itself while she made his bed, and fed him — what- much about her. Her father, however, took no ever we could say on suet dumpling and notice. He sat absent and pondering, and soon cheese. He died, of course — what could he do? he stretched out a peremptory hand and lowered And as for the pneumonia patients, I believe the window which his daughter had raised against they mostly eat their poultices - I can't make an east wind, to protect a delicate ear and throat out what else they do with them — unless I which had been the torment of her life. It was stay and see them put on. Ah, well, never done with no conscious unkindness; far from it. mind. I shall have to get Mrs. Flaxman alone He was merely absorbed in the planning of his and see what can be done. Now, tell me,”– campaign. The next all-important point was the he turned again with alacrity to Manvers, selection of the Commission of Enquiry. No “what's that new German book you quote effort must be spared by the Church party to about Butler? Some uncommonly fine things obtain the right men. in it! That bit about the Sermons - ad- mirable!” Meanwhile, in the drawing-room that he had He bent forward, his hand on his knees, star- left there was silence for a moment after his ing at Manvers. Yet the eyes, for all their in- departure. Then Meynell said abruptly: tensity, looked out from a face furrowed and "I am afraid I frightened him away. I beg pale — overshadowed by physical and mental your pardon, Mrs. Flaxman." strain. The girl sitting at the tea-table could Rose laughed, and glanced at the girl sitting scarcely take her eyes from it. It appealed at hidden behind the tea-table. once to her heart and to her intelligence. And “Oh, I had had quite enough of Mr. Barron. yet, there were other feelings in her which re- Mr. Meynell, have I ever introduced you to sisted the appeal. Once or twice she looked my niece?” wistfully at Barron. She would gladly have “Oh, but we know each other!" said Meynell found in him a more winning champion of a eagerly. “We met first at Miss Puttenham's, a majestic cause. week ago; and, since then, Miss Elsmere has “What can my coachman be about?” said been visiting a woman I know.” Barron impatiently. “Might I trouble you, "Indeed?" Mrs. Flaxman, to ring again? I really ought to “A woman who lost her husband some days go home.” Mrs. Flaxman rang obediently. The since – a terrible case. We are all so grateful butler appeared. Mr. Barron's servants, it to Miss Elsmere.” seemed, were having tea. He looked towards her with a smile and “Send them round, please, at once,” said a sigh; then, as he saw the shy discomfort their master, frowning. “At once!” in the girl's face, he changed the subject But the minutes passed on, and, while trying at once. to keep up a desultory conversation with his The conversation became general. Some feel- hostess, and with the young lady at the tea- ing that she could not explain to herself led table, to whom he was not introduced, Mr. Mrs. Flaxman into a closer observation of her Barron was all the while angrily conscious of niece Mary than usual. There was much affec- the conversation going on between the Rector tion between the aunt and the niece, but, on and Manvers. There seemed to be something Mrs. Flaxman's side at least, not much under- personally offensive and humiliating to himself standing. She thought of Mary as an interest- in the knowledge displayed by these two men ing creature with some striking gifts — amongst men who had deserted or were now betraying them her mother's gift for goodness. But it the Church — of the literature of Anglican seemed to the aunt that she was far too grave apologetics and of the thought of the great and reserved for her age; that she had been too Anglican Bishop. Why this parade of useless strenuously brought up, and in a too narrow learning and hypocritical enthusiasm? What world. Rose Flaxman had often impatiently was Bishop Butler to them? He could hardly tried to enliven the girl's existence, to give her sit patiently through it, and it was with most nice clothes, to take her to balls and to the MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 317 tell you opera. But Mary's adoration for her mother IV stood in the way. “And, really, if she would only take a hand MEYNELL and his companion had taken a for herself,” thought Mrs. Flaxman, “she might footpath winding gently downhill and in a north- be quite pretty! She is pretty!" west direction across one of the most beautiful And she looked again at the girl beside her, parks in England. It lay on the fringe of the wondering a little, as if a veil were lifted from Chase, and contained within its slopes and something familiar. Mary was talking — softly glades, now tracts of primitive woodland whence and with a delicate and rather old-fashioned the charcoal-burners seemed to have but just choice of words, but certainly with no lack of departed, now purple wastes of heather, wild as animation. And it was quite evident to an the Chase itself, or, again, dense thickets of inquisitive aunt with a notorious gift for bracken and fir, hiding primeval and impene- match-making that the tired heretic with the trable glooms. Maudeley House, behind them, patches of coal-dust on his coat found her very a seemly Georgian pile with a columnar front, attractive. had the good fortune to belong to a man not Meynell drank his half dozen cups. But as rich enough to live in or rebuild it, but suffi- the clock struck six he sprang up. ciently attached to it to spend upon its decent "I must go. Miss Elsmere has promised to maintenance the money he got by letting it. take me on to see your sister at the cottage; So the delicately faded beauty of the house had and after to-day – 1 may not have another survived unspoilt, while there had never been opportunity.” He looked hesitatingly at his any money to spend upon the park, where the hostess, then burst out: “You were at church woods and fences looked after themselves year last Sunday, I know — I saw you. I want to by year, and colliers from the neighbouring that you have a church quite as near villages poached freely. to you as the parish church, where everything is The two people walking through the ferny quite orthodox the church at Haddon End. paths leading to the cottage of Forkèd Pond I wish I could have warned you; I I did ask were not, however, paying much attention to Miss Elsmere to warn her mother." the landscape around them. Meynell showed Rose looked at the carpet. himself at first preoccupied and silent. A load “You needn't pity us,” she said demurely, of anxiety depressed his vitality; and from time “Hugh wants to talk to you dreadfully. But to time he threw a hesitating glance at Elsmere's I am afraid I am a Gallio." daughter, as though she were in some way spe- “Of course,— you don't need to be told, - it cially concerned in the thoughts that weighed was all a deliberate defiance of the law - in upon him. Yet the girl's voice and manner, and order to raise vital questions. We have never the fragments of talk that passed between them, done anything half so bad before. We de- seemed gradually to create a soothing and liber- termined on it at a public meeting last ating atmosphere in which it was possible to week, and we gave Barron and his friends speak with frankness, yet without effort or full warning." excitement. "In short, it is revolution,” said Manvers, The Rector, indeed, had as yet very little rubbing his hands gently, “and you don't pre- precise knowledge of what his companion's feel- tend that it isn't." ing might be towards his own critical plight. "It is revolution!” said Meynell, nodding. He would have liked to get at it; for there was "Or a forlorn hope! The laymen in the Church something in this winning, reserved girl that want a real franchise --- a citizenship they can made him desire her good opinion. And yet he exercise — and a law of their own making!” shrank from any discussion with her. There was silence a moment. Mary Elsmere He knew, of course, that the outlines of what took up her hat, and kissed her aunt; Meynell had happened must be known to her. During made his farewells, and followed the girl's lead the ten days since their first meeting, both the into the garden. local and London newspapers had given much Mrs. Flaxman and Manvers watched them space to the affairs of Upcote Minor. An open the gate of the park and disappear behind important public meeting, in which certain de- a rising ground. Then the two spectators turned cisions had been taken with only three dissent- to each other by a common impulse, smiling at ients, had led up to the startling proceedings the same thought. Mrs. Flaxman's smile, how- in the village church which Mrs. Flaxman had ever, was almost immediately drowned in a real described to Louis Manvers. The Bishop had concern. She clasped her hands excitedly. written another letter, this time of a more “Oh, my poor Catherine! What would she hurried and peremptory kind. An account of -- what would she say?" the service had appeared in the Times, and col- 318 RICHARD MEYNELL THE CASE OF this year umns had been devoted to it in various West "I don't think so. It is”-- she faltered— "the Cumbrian newspapers. After years of silence, change itself. It is all so terrible to her.” during which his heart had burned within him, “Any break with the old things? But doesn't after a shorter period of growing propaganda it ever present itself to her force itself upon and expanding utterance, Meynell realised fully her as the upwelling of a new life?” he asked that he had now let loose the flood-gates. All sadly. round him was rising that wide response from “Ah! if it didn't in my father's case human minds and hearts — whether in sym- The girl's eyes filled with tears. pathy or in hostility — which tests and sifts the “She was never really influenced by him?” man who aspires to be a leader of men - in "Not in opinion. But she is conscious of him religion or economics. Every trade-union leader every moment." lifted on the wave of a great strike, representing “She feels him beside her?" the urgent physical need of his fellows, knows “Yes.” Then she turned suddenly upon her what the concentration of human passion can companion with a passionate gesture that be — in matters concerned with the daily bread astonished him. “Mr. Meynell, till you have and the homes of men. Religion can gather and taken away the terror of religion you have done bring to bear forces as strong. Meynell knew nothing!” it well; and he was like a man stepping down into “The terror?” he repeated gravely. a rushing stream from which there is no escape. She controlled herself with some difficulty. It must be crossed — that is all the wayfarer "It is so strange that the noblest and the best knows; but as he feels the water on his body he should be overshadowed — tormented! But I realises that the moment is perhaps for life or ought not to say these things. I will not.” She death. drew herself up, colouring deeply. “My dear Such crises in life bring with them, in the case mother is very tired, Mr. Meynell. She has of the nobler personalities, a great sensitive- worked herself to death amongst ness; and Meynell seemed to be living in a world the poor. The doctors say she is not quite her- where not only his own inner feelings and mo- self. But tives, but those of others, were magnified and Then again she restrained herself, and they writ large. As he walked beside Mary Elsmere moved on in silence. Meynell, with his pastoral his mind played round what he knew of her instinct and training, longed to probe and soothe history and position; and it troubled him to the trouble he divined in her. A great natural think that, both for her and her mother, con- dignity in the girl – delicacy of feeling in the tact with him at this particular moment might man — prevented it. be the reviving of old sorrows. But none the less her betrayal of emotion had As they paused on the top of a rising ground altered their relation - or, rather, had carried looking westward, he looked at her with sudden it further. For he had already seen her in con- and kindly decision. tact with tragic and touching things. A day or “Miss Elsmere, are you sure your mother two after that early morning when he had told would like to see me? It was very good of you the outlines of the Batesons' story to the two to request that I should accompany you to-night ladies who had entertained him at breakfast, he — but are you sure?” had found her in Bateson's cottage with his wife. Mary coloured deeply and hesitated a mo- Bateson was dead, and his wife in that dumb, ment. automaton state of grief when the human spirit “Don't you think I'd better turn back?” he grows poisonous to itself. The young girl who asked her gently. “Your path is clear before came and went with so few words and such you.” He pointed to it winding through the friendly, timid ways, had stirred as it were the fern. “And you know, I hope, that anything dark air of the house with a breath of tender- I could do for you and your mother during your ness. She would sit beside the widow, sewing stay here I should be only too enchanted to do. at a black dress, or helping her to choose the The one thing I shrink from doing is to interfere text to be printed on the funeral card; or she in any way with her rest here. And I am afraid would come, with her hands full of wild flowers, just now I might be a disturbing element.” and coax Mrs. Bateson to go in the dusk to the “No, no! please come!” said Mary earnestly. churchyard with them. She had shown, indeed, Then, as she turned her head away, she added: wonderful inventiveness in filling the first week “Of there is nothing new to of loss and anguish with such small incident as her might satisfy feeling, and yet take a woman out “Except that my fight is waged from inside of herself. the Church - and your father's from outside. The level sun shone full upon her as she But that might make all the difference to her.” walked beside him, and her face, her simple course MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 319 - dress, her attitude stole gradually like a spell on her mother and to soften a misery she only the mind of her companion. It was a remark- dimly understood. able face — the lower lip a little prominent, and So that, silent as she mostly was, Meynell the chin firmly rounded. But the smile, though could in truth have found no more patient rare, was youth and sweetness itself, and the listener to those adventures and perils of thought dark eyes beneath the full mass of richly col- that were all his story. He had never yet told oured hair were finely conscious and attentive - them as a connected whole to human ear. But disinterested also; so that they won the spec- the sweet, half-critical gravity of the face be- tator instead of embarrassing him. She was side him led him on. It seemed to represent very lightly and slenderly made, yet so as to another conscience judging his own, and, as he convey an impression of strength and physical dimly felt also, a great hidden compassion. It health. Meynell said to himself that there was was as though she knew better than he the something cloistered in her look, like one brought bitterness and struggle to come. up in a grave atmosphere -- an atmosphere of He spoke of the mood of unquestioning faith "recollection.” At the same time, nothing could in which he had taken orders — himself the son be merrier more childish, even than her of an Evangelical soldier of the old school, and laugh. And now her sudden remark about her imbued from his childhood with the Puritan and mother — with its suggestion of a possible Evangelical ideals. He drew for his listening sympathy with his own religious struggle, a companion the gradual growth of mind after his sympathy on which he had not dared to count - ordination, and the uprising, one by one, of the had loosened his tongue. typical modern problems - historical, critical, He found himself, to his surprise, all in a mo- scientific. He described the ardour with which ment talking to her of the history of the move- he had learnt German, and the effect on him of ment in which he was now a leader — of the German historical culture, that "unexhausted history, too, of his own life. hearth” from which in the last hundred years And to both of them there was something at the mind of Europe has been rekindled; of once congruous and pathetic in their conversa- certain forms, also, of modern philosophy. He tion. She was thinking of her father -- dying tried to make her understand the slow struggle for the same vast conceptions of change and with old loves, the slow death of old ideas. Then freedom as thrilled her young feeling in the talk kindling, as he talked, into a freer eloquence, he of this man, his junior, who had never known dwelt on the efforts he had made to take coun- him. And he all the while was trying almost sel within the Church; with the Bishop whom eagerly to make her understand how it was that he loved and reverenced; with his old teachers the lie of the field had altered since her father's at Oxford; with the new lights at Cambridge. day, and how the fight itself must change with And the card-houses, the frail resting-places thus it; apologising to her, as it were, for a course of built along the route, had lasted long; till at action that seemed to question the need or the last a couple of small French books by a French wisdom of what her father had done with priest, and the sudden uprush of new life in the such cost and sacrifice. Roman Church, had brought to the remote Eng- And his apologia, which to most girls of Marylish clergyman at once the crystallisation of Elsmere's age would have been hardly intelli- doubt and the passion of a freed faith. “Mod- gible, awoke in her the subtlest and deepest feel- ernism”— the attempt of the modern spirit, ings. For it appealed to all that was tender acting religiously, to refashion Christianity, not in her own memory to her recollection of a outside but inside the warm limits of the ancient dving face to which her own had been lifted as churches was born; and Richard Meynell a tiny child; of the hall of the New Brotherhood, became one of the first converts in England. where she sat sometimes beside her veiled “There has been much suffering!” he said at mother; of that sombre aspect, also, which an last, with a long breath. “But I should be in- exacting and austere faith had taken beside her, sincere if I were not to recognise that at every in these more recent days of her youth; of small, step in the long process there has been hardly heart-piercing things, that brought the sob to less joy than pain. It has been the lifting of her throat. Of silent revolts of her own, too, innumberable weights, the freeing of every - silent, vet passionate; the longing for an mental power." "ampler ether," for the great, tumultuous The girl beside him shook her head, and again clash of thought and doubt, of faith and he saw the tears in her eyes. denial, in the living and daring world; and, "Ah, but remember," he said eagerly, "your again, of those times of remorse in which father died his noble death twenty years ago. the movements of revolt had died away, when Then the Broad Church movement was at an her only wish had been to smooth the path of end. All that seemed so hopeful, so full of new 320 RICHARD MEYNELL THE CASE OF life in the seventies, had apparently died down. “You have heard of our meeting last week?" Stanley, John Richard Green, Hugh Pearson “Of course!" were dead, Jowett was an old man of seventy; “There were men there from all parts of liberalism within the Church hardly seemed to the diocese — and some from other counties. breathe; the judgment in the Voysey case, - as It made me think of what a French Catho- much a defiance of modern knowledge as any lic Modernist said to me two years ago: ‘Pius Papal Encyclical! — though people had nearly X. may write encyclicals as he pleases - I could forgotten it, had yet in truth brought the whole show him whole dioceses in France that are movement to a stand. All within the gates practically Modernist, where the seminaries are seemed lost. Your father went out into the wil. Modernist, and two thirds of the clergy. The derness, and there, amid everything that was Bishop knows it quite well, and is helpless. Over poor and mean and new, he laid down his life. the border perhaps you get an Ultramontane But we! - we are no longer alone, or helpless. diocese and an Ultramontane bishop. But the The tide has come up to the stranded ship – process goes on. Life and time are for us!'" the launching of it depends now only on the He paused and laughed. “Ah, of course I don't faithfulness of those within it." pretend things are so here. Our reforms in Mary was moved and silenced. The man's England -- in Church and State — broaden power, his transparent purity of heart, affected slowly down. In France, reform tends to be her as they had already affected thousands; but catastrophic. But we have won over perhaps a there were deep instincts in her that reacted, third of the diocese. And the rapidity of the that protested. Girl as she was, she felt herself movement in the last few months has been for the moment older than he — less of an opti- astonishing!” mist, more conscious of the dead weight of the “And what are you hoping for? Not only world, fighting the tug of those who would fain oh! not only — to destroy!” said Mary, with move it from its ancient bases. the same soft intensity that she had thrown into He seemed to guess at her thought, for he her question about the “terror” of religion. passed on to describe the events by which, amid He smiled, and there was a silence for a min- his own dumb or hidden struggle, he had become ute, as they wandered downward through a aware of the same forces working all round him purple stretch of heather to a little stream, sun- - among the more intelligent and quick-witted smitten, that lay across their path. Once or miners, hungry for history and science, reading twice she looked at him timidly, afraid lest she voraciously a Socialist and anti-Christian liter- might have wounded him. ature, yet all the while cherishing deep at heart But at last he said: certain primitive superstitions, and falling peri “Shall I answer you in the words of a beloved odically into hot abysses of revivalism, under poet? the influence of Welsh preachers; or among the young men of the small middle class, in “What though there still need effort, strife ? Though much be still unwon ? whom a better education was beginning to Yet warm it mounts, the hour of life! awaken a number of new intellectual and re- Death's frozen hour is done! ligious wants; among women, too, sensitive, intelligent women “ The world's great order dawns in sheen “Ah! but,” said Mary, quickly interrupting After long darkness rude, Divinelier imaged, clearer seen, him, “don't imagine there are many women like With happier zeal pursued. Miss Puttenham! There are very, very few!” He turned upon her with surprise. What still of strength is left, employ, This end to help attain : "I was not thinking of Miss Puttenham, I One common wave of thought and joy assure you. She has taken very little part in Lifting mankind again! this particular movement. I never know wheth- er she is really with us. She stands outside the “There, his voice was low and rapid, - old things, but I can never make myself happy “there is the goal! Men have lost joy — be- by the hope that I have been able to win her cause they have lost faith — even when they to the new!” thought they were defending and fighting for it. Mary looked puzzled -- interrogative; but we want to say to them, 'Cease from groping she checked her question, and drew him back among ruins from making life and faith de- instead to his narrative to the small incidents pend upon whether Christ was born at Bethle- and signs that had gradually revealed to him hem or at Nazareth, whether he rose or did not among even his brother clergy the working of rise, whether Luke or some one else wrote the ideas and thoughts like his own. Third Gospel, whether the Fourth Gospel is In the middle of it he broke off abruptly. history or poetry. The life-giving force is here, MRS. HUMPHRY 321 WARD not there! It is burning in your life and mine – anxiously, "if anything I have said had given as it burnt in the life of Christ. Give all you you pain.” have to the flame of it - let it consume the Mary shook her head. dross and purify the gold. Take the cup of cold “No — not to me. 1-I have my own water to the thirsty, heal the sick, tend the thoughts. But one must think — of others.” dying, and feel it thrill within you — the in- Her voice trembled. effable, the immortal life! Let the false miracle The words seemed to suggest everything that go the true has grown out of it, up from it, in her own personal history had stamped her as the flower from the sheath.' Ah! but then” with this sweet, shrinking look. Meynell was he drew himself up unconsciously; his tone deeply touched. But he did not answer her, or hardened — "we turn to the sons of tradition, pursue the conversation any further. He gath- and we say, "We too must have our rights in ered a great bunch of harebells for her from the what the past has built up, the past has be- sun-warmed dells in the heather, and was soon queathed, as well as you! Not for you alone making her laugh by his stories of colliery life the institutions, the buildings, the arts, the tra- and speech, apropos of the colliery villages ditions, that the Christ-life has so far fashioned fringing the plain at their feet. for itself. They who made them are our fathers no less than yours. Give us our share in them The stream, as they neared it, proved to be we claim it! Give us our share in the cathe- the boundary between the heath-land and the drals and churches of our country our share pastures of the lower ground. It ran fresh and in the beauty and majesty of our ancestral brimming between its rushy banks, shadowed Christianity. The men who led the rebellion here and there by a few light ashes and alders, against Rome in the sixteenth century claimed but in general open to the sky, of which it was the plant of English Catholicism. “We are our the mirror. It shone now golden and blue under fathers' sons, and these things are ours!” they the deepening light of the afternoon; and, two said, as they looked at Salisbury and Win- or three hundred yards away, Mary Elsmere chester. We say the same — with a difference. distinguished two figures walking beside it - a Give us the rights and the citizenship that be- young man, apparently, and a girl. Meynell long to us! But do not imagine that we want to looked at them absently. attack yours. In God's name, follow your own “That's one of the most famous trout streams forms of faith; but allow us ours also within in the Midlands. There should be a capital the common shelter of the common Church. rise to-night. If that man has the sense to put We are children of the same God followers of on a sedge-fly, he'll get a creel-full." the same Master. Who made you judges and “And what is that house among the trees?” dividers among us? You shall not drive us into asked his companion presently, pointing to a the desert any more. A new movement of revolt gray pile of building about a quarter of a mile has come an hour of upheaval — and the men away, on the other side of the stream. "What with it!"" a wonderful old place!” Both stood motionless, gazing over the wide For the house that revealed itself stood with stretch of country, wood beyond wood, distance an impressive dignity among its stern and black- beyond distance, that lay between them and the ish woods. The long, plain front suggested a Welsh border. Suddenly, as a shaft of light monastic origin, and there was, indeed, what from the descending sun fled ghostlike across the looked like a ruined chapel at one end. Its plain, touching trees and fields and farms in its whole aspect was dilapidated and forlorn; and path, two noble towers emerged among the yet it seemed to have grown into the landscape, shadows — characters, as it were, that gave a and to be so deeply rooted in it that one could meaning to the scroll of nature. They were the not imagine it away. towers of Markborough Cathedral. Meynell Meynell glanced at it. pointed to them as he turned to his companion, “That is Sandford Abbey. It belongs, I re- his face still quivering under the strain of feeling. gret to say, to a ne'er-do-weel cousin of mine “Take the omen! It is for them, in a sense who has spent all his time, since he came into a spiritual sense - we are fighting. They be- it, in neglecting his duties to it. Provided the long not to any body of men that may chance owner of it is safely away, I should advise you to-day to call itself the English Church. They and Mrs. Elsmere to walk over and see it one belong to England -- in her aspect of faith day. Otherwise it is better viewed at a distance. and to the English people!” At least, those are my own sentiments!" There was a silence. His look came back to Mary followed the house with her eyes as they her face, and the prophetic glow died from his walked along the bank of the stream towards "I should be very, very sorry,” he said the two figures on the opposite bank. Own. 322 MEYNELL THE CASE OF RICHARD A sudden exclamation from her companion cloud about her head and face, from which her caught her ear -- and a light, musical laugh. eyes and smile shone out triumphantly. Ex- Startled by something familar in it, Mary looked ceptionally tall, with clear-cut, aquiline features, across the stream. She saw on the farther bank with the movements and the grace of a wood- a few yards ahead a young man fishing, and a nymph, the girl carried her beautiful head and young girl in white sitting beside him. her full throat with a provocative and self- “Hester! — Miss Fox-Wilson!”- the tone conscious arrogance. One might have guessed showed her surprise. “And who is that with that fear was unknown to her, perhaps tender- her?” ness also. She looked much older than sev- Meynell, without replying, walked rapidly enteen, until she moved or spoke; then the along the stream to a point immediately oppo- spectator soon realised that, in spite of her height site the pair. and her precocious beauty, she was a child, “Good afternoon, Philip. I did not know you capable still of a child's mischief. were here. Hester, I am going round by Forked And on mischief she was apparently bent this Pond, and then home. I shall be glad to escort afternoon. Mary Elsmere, shyly amused, held you." aloof, while Meynell and Miss Fox-Wilson “Oh! thank you thank you so much. But talked across the stream. Meynell's peremp- it's very nice here; you can't think what a rise tory voice reached her now and then, and she there is. I have caught two myself. Sir Philip could not help hearing a sharp final demand has been teaching me." that the truant should transfer herself at once “She frames magnificently!" said the young to his escort. man. “How d’ye do, Meynell? A long time The girl threw him an odd look; she sprang to since we've met.” her feet, flushed, laughed, and refused. “A long time," said Meynell briefly. “Hester, “Very well!” said Meynell. “Then perhaps, will you meet Miss Elsmere and me at the as you won't join us, you will allow me to join bridge? We sha'n't take you much out of your you. Miss Elsmere, I am very sorry, but I am way.” afraid I must put off my visit to your mother. He pointed to a tiny wooden bridge across Will you give her my regrets?” the stream, a hundred yards farther down. The fury in Hester's look deepened. She lost A look of mischievous defiance was flung at her smile. Meynell across the stream. "I'm all right, I “I won't be watched and coerced! Why assure you. Don't bother about me. How do shouldn't I amuse myself as I please?" you do, Mary? We don't ‘Miss' each other, do Meanwhile Sir Philip Meryon had laid we? Isn't it a lovely evening? Such good luck aside his rod and was apparently enjoying I wouldn't go with mother to dine at the White the encounter between his companion and the House! Don't you hate dinner-parties? I told Rector. Mr. Barron that spiders were so much more re “Perhaps you have forgotten — this is my fined than humans they did at least eat their side of the river, Meynell!” he shouted flies by themselves! He was quite angry — and across it. I am afraid Stephen was, too!” "I am quite aware of it,” said the Rector, as She laughed again, and so did the man beside he shook hands with the embarrassed Mary. her. He was a dark, slim fellow, finely made, She was just moving away with a shy good-bye dressed in white flannels and a broad Panama to the angry young goddess on the farther bank, hat. From a little distance he produced an im- when the goddess said: pression of Apollo-like strength and good looks. “Don't go, Mary! Here, Sir Philip – take As the spectator came closer, this impression the fly-book!” She flung it towards him. was a good deal modified by certain loose and “Good night.” common lines in the face. But from Mary Els And, turning her back upon him without any mere's position only Sir Philip Meryon's good further ceremony, she walked quickly along the points were visible, and he appeared to her a stream towards the little bridge that Meynell dazzling creature. had pointed out. And in point of looks his companion was more “Congratulations!” said Meryon, with a than his match. They made, indeed, a brilliant mocking wave of the hand to the Rector, who pair, framed amid the light green of the river- made no reply. He ran to catch up Mary, and bank. Hester Fox-Wilson was sitting on a log, the two joined the girl in white at the bridge. with her straw hat on her lap. In pushing along the owner of Sandford Abbey stood, meanwhile, the overgrown stream, the coils of her hair had with his hand on his hip, watching the receding been disarranged and its combs loosened. The figures. There was a smile on his handsome hair was of a warm brown shade, and it made a mouth, but it was a bitter one; and his mut- CE Brock Drawn by C. E. Brock "SHE SAW ON THE FARTHER BANK A YOUNG MAN FISHING, AND A YOUNG GIRL BESIDE HIM" 324 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL tered remark as he turned away belied the un "I don't agree with you at all about my hat," concern he had affected. said Mary, with spirit. “I trimmed it myself, and I'm extremely proud of it.” “That comes, you see, of not letting me be Hester laughed out - a laugh that rang engaged to Stephen!” said Hester, in a white through the trees. heat, as the three walked on together. “How foolish you are! isn't she, Rector? Mary looked at her in astonishment. No! I suppose that's just what you like. I “I see no connection,” was the Rector's quiet wonder what you have been talking to her reply. "You know very well that your mother about! I shall make her tell me. Where are does not approve of Sir Philip Meryon, and does you going to?" not wish you to be in his company.” She paused as Mary and the Rector, at a “Precisely. But, as I am not to be allowed to point where two paths converged, turned away marry Stephen, I must, of course, amuse my- from the path that led back to Upcote Minor. self with some one else. If I can't be engaged to Mary explained again that Mr. Meynell and she Stephen, I won't be anything at all to him. But were on the way to the Forkèd Pond cottage, then, I don't admit that I'm bound.” where the Rector wished to call upon her mother. “At present all you're asked," said Meynell Hester looked at her gravely. dryly, “is not to disobey your mother. But “All right! — but your mother won't want to don't you think it's rather rude to Miss see me. No! Really, it's no good your saying Elsmere to be discussing private affairs she she will. I saw her in the village yesterday. doesn't understand?” I'm not her sort. Let me go home by myself.” “Why shouldn't she understand them? Mary half laughed, half coaxed her into com- Mary! — my guardian, here, and my mother ing with them. But she went very unwillingly, say that I mustn't be engaged to Stephen Barron fell completely silent, and seemed to be in a that I'm too young, or some nonsense of that dream all the way to the cottage. Meynell kind. And Stephen – oh, well, Stephen's too took no notice of her, though once or twice good for this world! If he really loved me, he'd she stole a furtive look towards him. do something desperate, wouldn't he? — instead of giving in. I don't mind much, myself -- I The tiny house in which Catherine Elsmere don't really care so much about marrying Ste- and her daughter had settled themselves for the phen; only, if I'm not to marry him, and some- summer stood on a narrow isthmus of land be- body else wants to please me, why shouldn't longing to the Maudeley estate, between the I let him?" Sandford trout-stream and a large rushy pond of The speaker turned her beautiful, wild eyes two or three acres. It was a very lonely and a upon Mary Elsmere; and as she did so Mary very beautiful place, though the neighbourhood was suddenly seized with a strong sense of like- generally pronounced it damp and rheumatic. ness in the young girl — her gesture, her atti- The cottage, sheltered under a grove of firs, tude - to something already familiar. She looked straight out on the water and over a bed could not identify the something, but her gaze of water-lilies. All around was a summer mur- fastened itself on the face before her. mur of woods, the call of water-fowl, and the Meynell meanwhile answered Hester's tirade. hum of bees; for, at the edges of the water, “I'm quite ready to talk this over with you, flowers and grasses pushed thickly out into the Hester, on our way home; but don't you see that sunlight from the shadow of the woods. you are making Miss Elsmere uncomfortable?" By the waterside, with a book on her knee, "Oh, no, I'm not,” said Hester coolly. sat a lady, who rose as they came in sight. “You've been talking to her of all sorts of grave, Meynell approached her, hat in hand, his tupid things, and she wants amusing — waking strong, irregular face, which had always in it a up. I know the look of her. Don't you?” She touch of naïveté, of the child, expressing both slipped her arm inside Mary's. “You know, if timidity and pleasure. The memory of her you'd only do your hair a little differently - husband was enshrined deep in the minds of all fluff it out more you'd be so pretty! Let me religious liberals; and it was known to many do it for you. And you shouldn't wear that hat that, while the husband and wife had differed — no, you really shouldn't. It's a brute! I widely in opinion and the wife had suffered pro- could trim you another in half an hour. Shall foundly from the husband's action, yet the love I? You know I really like you. He sha’n’t between them had been, from first to last, a make us quarrel!" perfect and a sacred thing. She looked with a young malice at Meynell; He saw a tall woman, very thin, in a black but her brow had smoothed, and it was evident dress. Her brown hair, very lightly touched that her temper was passing away. with grey and arranged with the utmost sim- MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 325 - these per- plicity, framed a face in which the passage of on their walk still thrilled in his memory. Would years had emphasised and sharpened all the she report their conversation to her mother?- main features, replacing also the delicatesmooth- and with what result? He foresaw that she ness of youth by a subtle network of small lines would be cut off from him just as he might and shadows which had turned the original begin to know her. whiteness of the skin into a brownish ivory, full He walked home with a new anxiety on his of charm. The eyes looked steadily out from mind to add to the many that oppressed him their deep hollows; the mouth, austere and an anxiety that depended, in truth, on the birth finely cut, the characteristic hands, and the of a new and wholly unexpected emotion. unconscious dignity of movement But, all the same, he retained sufficient sonal traits made of Elsmere's wife, even in command of himself to give Hester, during the late middle age, a striking and impressive figure. walk, one of the scoldings that in his guardian's Yet Meynell realised at once, as she just capacity he found himself obliged to inflict peri- touched his offered hand, that the sympathy odically. This time it was rather sharper than and the homage he would so gladly have brought usual. Hester took it extremely ill, and ran her would be unwelcome, and that it was a trial away from him, as they reached the gate of the to her to see him. Fox-Wilsons' house, without saying good night Pe sat down beside her, while Mary and Hes- to him. ter who, on her introduction to Mrs. Elsmere, He knew that at the Rectory letters must be had dropped a little curtsey learnt at a German awaiting him that would take half the night. school, and full of grace wandered off a little Nevertheless, after a momentary hesitation at way along the water. Meynell, struggling with Miss Puttenham's gate, he opened the latch depression, tried to make conversation - on and went straight into the twilight garden, anything and everything that was not Upcote where he imagined that he should find its Minor, its parish, or its church. Mrs. Elsmere's mistress. gentle courtesy never failed; yet behind it he He found her, in a far corner, among close- was conscious of steely withdrawal of her real growing trees, and with her usual occupations, self from any contact with his. He talked of fier books and her embroidery, beside her. But Oxford, of the great college where he had learnt she was neither reading nor sewing. She sprang from the same men who had been Elsmere's up to greet him, and for an hour of summer twi- teachers; of current books; of the wild flowers light they held a rapid, low-voiced conversation. and birds of the Chase. He did his best; but When he pressed her hand at parting, they never once was there any living response in her looked at each other, still overshadowed by the quiet replies, even when she smiled. doubt and perplexity that had marked the He said to himself that she had judged him, opening of their interview. But he tried to and that the judgments of such a personality, reassure her. once formed, were probably irrevocable. Would “Put from you all idea of immediate diffi- she discourage any acquaintance with her culty,” he said earnestly. “There really is none daughter? It startled him to feel how much - none at all. Stephen is perfectly reasonable; the unspoken question hurt. and as for the escapade to-day Meanwhile the eyes of his hostess pursued the The woman before him shook her head. two girls, and she presently called to them, “She means to marry at the earliest possible greeting their reappearance with an evident moment — simply to escape from Edith and change and relaxation of manner. She made that house. We sha'n't delay it long. And who Hester sit near her, and presently the child, knows what may happen if we thwart her too throwing off her momentary awe, was chat- much?” tering to her fast and freely, yet, as Mary “We must delay it a year or two, if we possi- perceived, with a tact, conscious or uncon- bly can, for her sake — and for yours," said scious, that kept the chatter within bounds. Meynell firmly. “Good night, my dear friend. Mrs. Elsmere watched the girl's beauty with Try and sleep — put the anxiety away. When evident delight, and when Meynell rose to go, the moment comes,— and of course I admit it and Hester with him, she timidly drew the must come, - you will reap the harvest of the radiant creature to her and kissed her. Hes- love you have sown. She does love you! - 1 ter opened her big eyes with surprise. am certain of that." It seemed to Meynell's strained nerves that He heard a low sound — was it a sobbing Mary's farewell to him was cold, like her breath? — as Alice Puttenham disappeared in mother's. Yet the sympathy she had shown him the darkness that had overtaken the garden. TO BE CONTINUED ANGELS AND PIGS BY M. GAUSS AUTHOR OF *.THE POWER OF THE DOG," ETC. ILLUSTRATIONS BY F. C. YOHN T was autumn weather, the sunshine man's hand. ‘Dandy, Mr. Hilton!” he said, tinged with yellow, and over the afternoon setting his young white teeth into it. a purple bloom like that on ripe grapes. “Bring a basket over this evening, Art,” said Weeds stood high in the old Missouri Hilton; “I'll send Soph all she can preserve.” roads; the goldenrod bent earthward “Thanks,” said Arthur Haly. with its weight of yellow plumes; and the air But Hilton knew that he would have to carry had a perfume compounded of drying leaves, Sophy's peaches to her himself, and he rather stubble-fields, vineyards and orchards, and liked his son-in-law's pride. Art was just persimmons hanging high in the woods. On twenty-slim, dark-eyed, and rather hand- Hilton's place there was also the aroma of ripen- some in his way. His shaking hands and ex- ing muskmelons. His melons were late that citable temper were a heritage from old “Whis- year, but especially fine. Hilton was too old key” Haly, his father, but the boy himself for heavy farm-work, and his garden was his joy didn't drink. and pride. When the melons reached perfec Old Mrs. Hilton had been ready from the tion, the finest of them would go to the Tribune first to take Sophy’s “man” to her heart. She office, just to strengthen a conviction, current hurried out to the fence. “No, Art,” she said; in the county, that old Mr. Hilton was directly “you tell Sophy to come over to Mama's to- in league with the angels who cause the earth morrow, and do up her peaches here.” Her to yield fruit. voice broke suspiciously. "It won't be the In the middle distance stood the house he first time Soph and I have set peeling peaches had built for his married son, Edwin; and a together,” she finished. “And you come here to trifle farther away was a tiny cabin occupied by your dinner, Art.” his daughter Sophy and her husband. Sophy His eyes shone as before, and he was even was just then feeding the pigs in the rear of her more embarrassed. “Thank you just as much,” little house, her blue dress flashing in and out of he said, “but I ordinarily carry my lunch to the the barnyard. Hilton watched her awhile, then woods where I'm workin'. I know Soph'll come.” his eyes returned to rest complacently on his gar “I wouldn't wonder if Art had the makin' of den. In the heart of his melon-patch, screened a fine man in him,” remarked Hilton, when the from view by the yellowing vines and by a driftwood-wagon had creaked on its way. “There of red maple leaves, were three fine-looking ain't anything low about him; and if he'd just young shoats — but Hilton didn't know that. learn to govern his temper I'd feel well satisfied “Howdy, Mr. Hilton?” his new son-in-law, about Soph.” Sophy's husband, called to him from the road. Peeling a peach switch to examine the condi- His voice was rather gruff — for it was only tion of the wood, he strolled toward the garden. within the last few days that Arthur Haly had One of the shoats there saw him, and elevated been on speaking terms with his wife's parents, his snout, with a little snort; but Hilton did not and he did not yet feel sure of their friendship. see him. “Stop a minute, Art,” called Hilton. “Won't “I reckon I'll have to go over and take a look you try my white heath peaches?” at his pigs,” he continued. “Soph says he Art's eyes. glistened gratefully, but he means to fat po'k for the Kansas City market. flushed in some embarrassment, and his hand Well, there's money in po'k, but I don't know shook a little as he took the peach from the old as Art knows how to get it out.” His dim eyes - 326 F. You “HIS WIFE WAS TRYING TO HEAD OFF THE PIGS WITHOUT TELLING HILTON ANYTHING ABOUT IT" 328 ANGELS AND PIGS up, hey?" dwelt with pride on his own farm. It had re- they know is to sponge off other people. He see cently been taken into the city limits, and he where he could turn his hawgs into your garden might have got a good price for it. “But” and fat 'em off your melons, and he thought you he spoke his thought aloud -“I reckon I'll wouldn't call in the law because he married keep my land while I live. When the Lord Soph. calls me up yonder, the children can sell if “Why, sure he done it a-purpose. Why not they care to." feed 'em on melons? — ain't his melons! You The children! He had forgotten, then, about ought to heard him makin' his brags over in disinheriting Sophy. His wife smiled radiantly, town — how much profit he could make fat. but she did not remind him. tenin' a hawg. 'Law-see!' I said to him. “Howdy, Father?” This time it was Ed “Father don't aim to take no such amount, and Hilton, striding across the orchard as a short I reckon you can't beat him in the farmin' line.' cut to his house. His pockets bulged with And I just thought, maybe if some of the rest peaches, and he had one in each hand. He was of us had free melons and roastin' ears and stuff a thick-limbed, soft-fleshed man, with pink to feed hawgs on, we'd make a profit, too." cheeks like Sophy's, but very small eyes; and “I wouldn't do nothing to hurt Art,” said he ate his peach with a juicy noise. “Whose Hilton, “but I might teach him a lesson - | team was that?” he inquired. “Art's? Oh!” might, if he turned his hogs in again. Because he laughed meaningly. “Art'd like to make that ain't no way to do, and the sooner he learns it the better for him and for Soph.” Hilton smiled rather sheepishly; for he had “For Soph, is it? Well, I don't know as said so much to Ed about Art that he couldn't Soph'll stay with him very long." very well defend him. He looked across his Mrs. Hilton came hurrying from the house. garden to the slopes, over which were clouds, "Here's the little horsies; and here's a bucket intensely white in the blue wash of air, as one of cream that I ain't no use for – and you might imagines the wings and breasts of angels. as well carry some of the dahlias to Minnie.” Then his eyes returned to the garden, again "I can't tote the flowers, Ma. Hang the failing to perceive the shoats. bucket on my arm. Well, I guess I must be “Art's pigs been in any more?” asked Ed. hurrying. So long." "No; I spoke to him, and he said he'd keep Hilton went into the sitting-room to take his 'em shut up. Soph says he's made the pen pig- afternoon nap; but, before he was settled, Ed's tight.” head was thrust in at the window. "When did you see Soph?” demanded Ed "Father," he called, "your melon-patch is win, and his jaw dropped. “Oh, you was over full of shoats now! I'd like to stop and help there? I thought you wasn't going over; | you, but I ain't got time.” thought you said Soph could come home when When the old man reached his garden, his she wanted to see you!” wife was trying to head off the pigs — she "You mustn't misjudge Art, now, Ed,” said wanted to get them out without telling Hilton his mother. “He's got the makin' of a fine anything about it. They snorted and squealed, man.” and dashed in a circle around the garden, smash- "I think it's mighty funny you'd say that, ing the dahlias. But, as often as they reached Ma; he's been in jail.” the plank that spanned the ditch, they became “So he has; but it wa’n’t for anything low alarmed and rushed past her back to the melons. or mean.” They had all crossed this plank to get into the “It was for drawin' a gun on a man that garden, but seemed to be afraid to cross it to never done nothin' to him I don't know what get out. you call mean!” “Ma, you go back into the house!” roared “Say, Ed,” broke in Hilton, “I'm going to Hilton. “You don't know no more about send you over some of the finest mushmelons drivin' a pig than a pig does about Sunday.” ever growed in Missouri." He hurled a pitchfork, which tore off part of “And, Ed,” said his mother, whose heart knew a pig's ear, and a terrible squealing ensued. no difference between her children, “I baked “Oh, Pa!" wailed Mrs. Hilton. “Them are a poke-full of horse cookies for the little boys.” Art and Sophy's pigs." “Fetch 'em out,” said Edwin; “but I'm in a “I don't care if they're the angel Gabriel's danged hurry.” He threw away his last pit. pigs!” "Well, Father, if Art's pigs do bother you again, Slam! went a rock on a flat back, and more I'd just call in the marshal. Jail is all that ap- squeals followed. A board hit another in the peals to Art. That's the kind of a tribe he cor act of taking a bite. And, as if convinced of; they ain't got nothing of their own, and all that the old man meant what he said, the comes FYAHAT . “BROKEN OPEN, HUGE BITES TAKEN OUT OF THEM, LAY ALL HIS FINEST MELONS" • YAMA " IS THIS THE MARSHAL'S OFFICE?' HE ROARED three shoats headed for the plank bridge and “Did they do much damage, Pa?" quavered rushed squealing across it. the old lady. If anything were wanting to Hilton paused to look at his melons. His enrage, it was such a remark in such a tone. face, already red from running, grew purple, Without deigning to answer her, Hilton stalked and he choked audibly. There were a few into the house and went to the telephone. poor nubbins of melons ripe on the vines, but “Is this the marshal's office?” he roared. Art's pigs had disdained these. Broken open, His tone was such that the men in the office at huge bites taken out of them, prints of filthy the other end of the wire tittered — which did feet deep in their luscious hearts, lay all his not tend to mollify him. finest melons, the pride of his soul, the fruit of “Is this the city marshal?” he asked, raising days of labor and a lifetime of experience. He his voice still more. “Well, ain't there a law began to pick up smashed melons and throw that calls it a misdemeanor to leave stock run? them into a pile in his tidy garden; and the Arthur Haly, over here, has been turning his aroma that had been so sweet to him was like hogs into my place this fall, to get fat off the smell of fresh blood to a bull. melons — and I'm about tired of it. I want 330 M. GAUSS 331 you to 'tend to it right off — right off, do you Sophy's- over against each other; and the hear?” season, in the vision, was a week or two farther He slammed the receiver into place, went into advanced. He perceived, as in a dream, all the the sitting-room, and lay down on the lounge, things that had been happening between the two muttering to himself. since the ruin wrought by the pigs. So, when Mrs. Hilton left off watching the pigg long he saw that Art came out of his cabin and the enough to steal into the house. When she old man came out of his house, and that they reached it, the muttering had ceased and Hil- were about to meet midway, the dreaming angel ton's anger was cooling. He had, instead of a felt very nervous as to the issue. He saw that purple face and swollen veins, a crafty and stub- Sophy followed Art a little way, and he heard born smile, as he lay with the breeze playing the boy say to her, “You go back in the house, over his face. Soph” — whereupon she sat down on the cis- “Pa," Mrs. Hilton murmured meekly, "you tern porch and began to cry. Old Mrs. Hilton ain't going to do anything rash, now, are you?” likewise tried to be present at the meeting; but, "No, I ain't going to do anything rash; I'm in the angel's vision, the old man turned and just going to teach Art a lesson. You leave said to her, “You go back, Ma; I don't need Art to me, Mother; I won't do no harm — it's you. I'll settle this thing with Art." all for his good.” The vision increased in vividness; the fields "Oh — Pa!” The old lady wanted to go and houses were clearer before the angel's eyes. into her bedroom and shut the door and pray He could see Ed Hilton looking on from the but she couldn't, on account of the pigs. So doorway of his nice house; and also, rooting in she returned to the garden, just in time to head Art's lot, three plump and prosperous shoats. the three away from the board bridge. Then, in his dream, he began to hear voices By and by the pleasant breeze and the warm, that greatly troubled his soul. He heard Art fruity smells made the old man drowsy. His cry out: “You white-headed old hypocrite!" hands, worn by a lifetime of farm-work, and And he heard the old man rejoin: “That calloused freshly with that summer's labor ain't no way for you to speak to me, Art. in his garden, crept up and clasped themselves What I done wasn't in anger; it was to teach on his breast as if in prayer. He was asleep. you a needed lesson.” Accordingly, an angel took his station beside At the exceeding unwisdom of this, the angel him, one wing overshadowing him, the other groaned. pointing toward the open window. Never was In the vision, Art became white and strange a sweeter landscape. Sophy's white cabin, in appearance, and the angel perceived that his catching the light, looked as if it were made of common sense had left him, though he retained some marble finer than any quarried on this the use of his tongue. He whipped out a gun earth. The sunlight drifted over the hills, and the one that had previously caused his arrest. there were scarlet and yellow leaves fluttering "You pretended to be my friend," the angel, in the air; while overhead, scarcely distin- in his vision, heard him say. “Yes; and you guishable from the white clouds, were the wings sneaked over in my place --- didn't you? - of legions of angels. and turned my pigs loose. — didn't you? And The angel in Hilton's room remained at his then you had me arrested didn't you? Yes, post by the sleeper, turning his eyes to the win- you old hypocrite; you thought you could git me dow. He had no knowledge of the future that in trouble, and then poison Sophy against me!” is withheld from men; but he was able to see, The angel perceived a change taking place in to the most minute detail, the consequences the old man, similar to the change in Art. that must inevitably result from a course of “You shut up your mouth!” he commanded. human action. So he was a seer. Not be “You shut up that hole in your face!” re- cause things to come were revealed to him, — plied Art. for the future is with God alone, — but by a finer As Hilton was used to being treated with re- insight. It was as if a man like a pig - spect, the angel was not surprised, in his vision, should knock loose a pebble over the edge of a to see him lift the peach switch he was hold- cliff, and the angel, hovering free in the air ing, and strike his son-in-law across the face. above, be able to predict the course of its fall. Then Art's gun, in the vision, asserted So the angel who stood by Hilton's side while itself. It went off, in a rage. The angel per- he slept saw a vision. He could not help ceived that everything was tainted with a vile seeing it, for he knew what the stubborn old smoke, and there was confusion. Sophy sprang man had resolved to do — had in fact, already up, crying out. Edwin Hilton came running set going. from his place. He saw the two houses — the old place and Out of the confusion came a voice. 332 ANGELS AND PIGS "Look out, Art, you've hit me,” old Mr. she helped herself by the stair-rail. She was Hilton was saying. about to know. The figures became distinct again. The The angel then perceived what the fear was angel saw Art, as white as a ghost, and Sophy. in the house — and the truth came to him, in “Don't take on that way, Sophy,” Hilton his vision, before it was spoken over the wire. was saying. “I ain't hurt, to speak of.” He knew what had happened at the courthouse Next, the old man had fallen into Art's arms. in town a few blocks away, and he knew that Ed Hilton came, and pushed the boy roughly the poor old woman knew also - for it was aside. There was blood coming through Hil- bound to be this way. ton's shirt. And, all at once, the angel realized But she had to be told. He heard her voice that the old man would die. asking; and he heard the lawyer's come faintly It was enough to make an angel weep; and across the wire: he did weep, so that his vision dissolved. He “Condemned - just now Yes - to looked again on the same peaceful landscape death. But, as I told his mother and sister, the old man had closed his eyes upon an hour No doubt there were some empty words of before, when he lay down to rest. In the room, hope to follow, but Sophy's mother, in the Hilton lay on the lounge, taking his usual after- vision, let the receiver fall. It hung swaying at noon nap. In his sleep, he smiled stubbornly. the end of its cord, and the old woman went and The angel sighed with relief; but it was not sat down on the lowest step in the hall, looking such relief as a man might feel in waking from straight before her. There she sat till Sophy a bad dream — for to him the vision was true wanted her; and the angel went after her, more and was yet to be. dumb and helpless than before with the horror “There is yet time!” he cried. “Ah, Lord of his vision up the stairs to Sophy's room. God, let me alter what must be. Let me!” Sophy, he saw, was conscious; she wanted But this was an especially foolish prayer on her mother to come to the bed. The angel the angel's part — for he knew perfectly that felt that she would certainly see the truth in her when a pig-headed old man has resolved to do mother's face. Immediately she began to beg a thing, and has set it going, the Almighty him- to be told. The nurse thrust herself in the way self is not going to deflect the consequences. and lied to her plausibly; but Sophy put out So, turning from the sleeper, the angel stood her hands to her mother, begging for the truth, helpless and with drooping wings. “If I could and beginning to cry and sob. only speak a warning into his soul!” he thought. The angel saw that she would have to know. But the souls of pig-headed men are closed to He could look and listen no more, but covered angels. So he remained quite helpless -- and his face with his wing, so that the vision faded. presently he began to see another vision. Again he stood in the Hilton sitting-room, and It began with a swift change that took place the old man was asleep on the lounge. Look- in the landscape visible to him through the ing out into the pleasant afternoon, he saw that window. Everything, to the angel's eyes, be- the shadows were somewhat oblique and the came frosted and wintry. The Hilton place purple haze had thickened. But he took no had an untidy look, and some of the crop was pleasure in this peace, for his heart was full of left out in the weather, as if nobody cared about the ruin and misery to come. He stooped it. As for Art's little place, it had gone en- to look into Hilton's face and when he re- tirely to rack; and the only visible property of alized that the old man was still stubbornly his consisted of three well-grown young hogs, smiling, still bent on having his way, the angel ranging over the two farms, and fattening on trembled so that his charge suddenly awoke. the abundant waste. The angel perceived that Old Mr. Hilton sat up on the couch and the old man was dead and in his grave; for an looked out of the window — as oblivious to the atmosphere heavy with a certain kind of sorrow presence of an angel in the room as he had been, overhung the house in which he found himself. two hours before, to the pigs in his melon-patch. There was another kind of sorrow there. He “Chiminee, it's late!” he said, consulting his felt that there was a dread in the air, and a wait- watch. “Mother!” ing for evil tidings. And there was still another She did not reply. He walked into the sorrow. Some one was sick in the house. All kitchen, and from its window he saw her in the this trouble hung like a mist in the air, so that garden, waving her apron to keep Sophy's hus- the angel could see little of his vision clearly; but band's pigs from trespassing. presently he knew that old Mother Hilton had “I reckon,” said Hilton to himself, “Ma'd been called away from Sophy's bedside to the like it if I'd call off the marshal.” telephone in the hall. He saw that she had be Mrs. Hilton turned, in the act of "shooing” come aged and infirm; her face was gray, and the pigs with her kindly apron. The sunbon- M. GAUSS 333 19 ( net fell away from her white hair; the after- with apples and cookies Mother had sent and noon sún made her eyes look dim and faded. I'll say I ain't got no memory, at least, of shut- “I know I hadn't ought to give in,” muttered ting that gate.” Hilton. Then he turned and went into the hall Art looked rather embarrassed. “Oh, well,” where the telephone was. The eager angel fol- he said, “it'd be only natural if you'd forget the lowed close at his elbow. latch - used to spring locks as you are.' Hilton laid his hand on the receiver, but drew “How are you coming on with your po'k, it back. “No,” he decided; ""Art needs a Art?" lesson." "Get on the wagon and come over and see,” The angel folded his wings in despair, and the suggested his son-in-law. old man returned to the sitting-room. Side by side, they rode through a miniature From the garden came a voice. “Shoo, valley and across a tiny creek. As the soft, piggy, shoo!" it said, very gently. Hilton got miasmic perfume reached him, Hilton felt a up and walked into the hall once more still sense of peace that came as mysteriously as if followed by the angel. whispered into his heart by an angel. The sun "Hello is this the marshal? Have you at- was close to the horizon; there was a pink flush tended to that complaint of mine yet, marshal?” along the earth, but, higher up, still the lumi- Over the wire came an apologetic voice: nous white, like pigeons' wings and breasts. He "Why, no, Mr. Hilton; I'm terribly busy laid a hand on Art's shoulder, and the boy's to-day, and I forgot about it — but I'll 'tend features worked in response. to it right off.” "Art,” said Hilton, “you and me are going “I thought maybe I'd call it off,” said Hilton. to be friends; and I've got something in my “My wife'd ruther I didn't complain -- and heart to say to you." well, you needn't do anything in the matter, Arthur listened gravely. marshal, till you hear from me again.” "You know I didn't favor Sophy marrying It was then past five o'clock, and Hilton went you — but you mustn't misunderstand my feel- out into his front yard. Along the road came ing. There's only one objection to you, that I a team with a load of wood. It was a weak team can see; and that's your ungoverned temper. for such heavy work. The boy on the wagon I wish’t you'd get control of it.” was pale-faced' from the afternoon's toil, and “The Lord only knows how hard I try!” ex- his shirt dripped with moisture. claimed Art. "Oh, Art!” called Hilton. “Come here; I "Well, boy, I wish you'd get rid of that gun of want to speak to you." yours. I can't help the feeling that a man that Sophy's husband leaped, smiling, from his has once drawn a gun may let it go off some day place on the wood. and that'd break up Sophy's home and break “Those hogs of yours broke in again, Arthur," her heart. Now you see how I feel.” said Hilton. “They e't every good melon I The wagon creaked up the hill. “I tell you had. I thought you was going to put them up." what I'll do, then,” said Arthur. “When Soph "Well, I did, Mr. Hilton." comes over to your house to-morrow, I'll let her “Don't look much like it." take my gun along, and you can keep it for me. “I'll tell you how it was. I worked till past When I need it I'll ask for it.” He laughed, ten o'clock, last night, making a pen - Soph with the indulgence of youth for elderly and held the lantern. But this morning I turned timid persons. three young shoats into a lot that I know is pig "Send it," said Hilton. "I take you up on tight. And somebody went through my place it. And, Art, you'll come to dinner?” - it's a fact, Mr. Hilton — and left the gate of Art blushed. “If you think Mrs. Hilton the lot unlatched. So of course the shoats nosed won't object to me coming in my working- it open. I'm awful sorry about the melons!” clothes." He switched a large horsefly away Hilton's face had reddened. “Oh, don't you with his whip. “I must say I appreciate your fret about the melons," he said. kindness to me," he began — but choked. "I have my guess who done me that trick,” “Say, Mr. Hilton," he resumed in a more proceeded Art. His pale face underwent a natural tone, “I wish't you'd look at that pen peculiar change and his eyes narrowed. "Of of mine, and give me your opinion whether it's course I can't say for certain, but I know a man really pig-tight or not. You have to look out that would, all right." for pigs. They ain't angels, anyway you fix "See here, now, Art; don't you go getting it.” He smiled thoughtfully. brash, now — because I reckon I'm the man "Well,” he added, “I reckon it's just as well that left your gate open. I was over to your they ain't; it would be mighty awkward if they house this morning; and I had my hands full had wings — wouldn't it?" MASTERS CAPITAL AMERICA DOMINION OF IN CANADA MONTANA COREOON Dente (WYORING Nas OWA UTAH colo KANSKS hom MEXICO TEXAS UNITED STATES Carro BY JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER THE INEVITABLE RAILROAD MONOPOLY IN 1898 J. P. Morgan, his Great Northern graphical reasons. Running north and south, allies, and the Pennsylvania Railroad con- it caught the west-bound flood of immigration trolled the main east-and-west railway broadside instead of having it creep out along systems across the map of the United its line; its government grant of rich Mississippi States — except in one section, the ter- Valley land was sold early at good prices; the ritory that lies west of the Mississippi and Civil War, soon after its building, gave it a southwest of the Missouri rivers. Morgan had big business; and it escaped the ruinous com- considered reorganizing the chief road in this, petition which so long devastated the east- and but had decided not to do so. This is believed west-bound trunk lines. For nearly fifty years to be the chief tactical mistake of his life. it has paid cash dividends without a break,- a The great current of traffic runs east and record almost unparalleled among American west across the world along the north temperate railroads,- and it always had a large reserve zone; the chief railroads of North America of money or credit at its command. follow it. There is one notable exception — the road that runs down the main central river basin Illinois Central, the New York of the United States, that is, the Illinois Central. Society Railroad Out of this road came a man and a method of railway finance which in ten years' time divided A group of old New York merchants built the railroad map of the United States with Mr. this road. They sold five sixths of it in Morgan - and gave him the smaller portion. England and Holland; but it remained a fa- The Illinois Central was wonderfully success- vorite solid investment among the old families ful almost from its start-chiefly because of geo- of New York. The Astors and the Goelets and 334 JOHN MOODY AND 335 GEORGE KIBBE TURNER years later. the Cuttings were large holders in the '70's and together periodically a small company of some '80's. Winois Central was quite the “society of the best known young men in New York. railroad” in New York. The Tenth Company of the Seventh Regi- In 1883 two young New Yorkers took ment was then the "society” organization of charge of the development of the Illinois Central. the New York militia, corresponding somewhat The first was Stuyvesant Fish, a member of a to Squadron A of the present time. Harriman rich old New York family, and son of Grant's was a private the Seventh for a number of ex-Secretary of State. Young Fish had been a years following 1875. A fellow member in his neighbor, at his summer home in the little town company was young August Belmont. of Garrison, New York, of William Henry The set into which young Harriman fell was Osborne, the old Manila merchant who returned athletic and rather "sporting" in its tastes. from the Philippines in the '50's with a for- Harriman was a good shot, an excellent billiard- tune, and who, from 1857 to 1883, operated the player, always drove a good trotting horse, and Illinois Central as he would have operated his was an unusually quick and clever boxer. He own warehouse. In 1871–2 Fish had been had taken lessons from “Larry” Edwards, and Osborne's secretary; in 1875 Osborne's son had the distinction of occasionally boxing with died, and he made Fish a director and his Edwards' great brother, “ Billy” Edwards, ex- understudy; in 1883 he practically bequeathed lightweight champion and later peacemaker at the railroad management to Fish -- although the Hoffman House. "Ned” Harriman, by virtue the latter was not made president until four of his mind and temperament, early became a leading spirit among the younger aristocrats of New York, whose families or friends were Harriman and the Young Society Set interested in the secure investment of Illinois Central. The second man was Edward H. Harriman, Harriman had known Fish from the time, in an individual of very different history and the late '60's, when Fish, a friend of the Liv- circumstances. Harriman was the son of a ingstons', used to come into the Hays' office. poor and unsuccessful Episcopal clergyman of They had attended the Saturday night dinners Jersey City, who spent the latter part of his of the Travelers' Club together. In 1880 both life as a bookkeeper in the old Bank of Com- Harriman and Fish were directors of the Og- merce in New York. The family was an old one, densburg & Lake Champlain Railroad in upper and an uncle, Oliver Harriman, was one of New York - a property which Harriman had New York's leading merchants. planned to acquire. Failing in this, he had In 1863 young Harriman, a short, sharp- become a director. He had also married the eyed, bow-legged boy of fourteen, began work daughter of its president, William J. Averell, in Wall Street as office boy for Dewitt C. Hays, of Ogdensburg. broker -- a conservative and highly reputable house. While there he met Lewis Livingston, A Start on Borrowed Money a member of one of the oldest New York families, and became very intimate with him. Harriman had been markedly successful as a In 1870, while cashier of the Hays business, at broker. He had started with nothing. The $2,000 a year, young Harriman bought a Stock money for his seat was apparently borrowed; Exchange seat, costing about $3,000 at that the capital for his business certainly was. An time, and went into business with James Liv- old friend of Harriman's still recalls his taking ingston, Lewis' son, who was about the same a hundred-dollar bill out of his pocket, just age as Harriman, then twenty-two years old. after he had gone into business for himself, and Young Harriman had great ability, and, even showing it to him, with the remark: then, that peculiar gift, his extraordinary "nose "Well, I can't lose much, anyhow; that's for money,” which placed him throughout his all I've got.” life in close relations with the men in control But success came to him immediately. The of the greatest bodies of capital in America. money he had borrowed was paid back in a He dressed carefully, was lively, and, when he comparatively few months; he soon dissolved desired to be, of very ingratiating manners. partnership with young Livingston, and became The old Travelers' Club on Fifth Avenue, in the independent, forming with his brother William former Cunard mansion, near Nineteenth Street, the firm of E. H. Harriman & Co. was at that time counted the most sociable Harriman's gift for making and keeping an club in New York. Young Harriman became influential acquaintance had not only secured a director, and one of the active attendants of him money for his start, but it brought him the Saturday evening dinners, which brought immediately a remarkable clientèle. He had THE LATE E, H. HARRIMAN AND HIS DAUGHTER From a photograph taken in 1908 - he was not been long in his first office, on the third "It isn't even a real good streak of rust," floor of 30 Broad Street, when “Dick” Schell, said a man who looked over it for him. one of the most noted speculators of the day, Harriman pulled out his map who was fat and hated to climb stairs, offered studying railroad maps even then. to give him enough business to pay his rent if “It's got the best harbor on the lake," he he would locate on the ground floor below. said. “The Pennsylvania road has got to buy it." Harriman did this, and at once received the He started to build a big grain-elevator trade of Schell, and that of his brothers, two and to improve the track. A few months of whom were bank presidents, and the third, later he disappeared from his office for several Augustus Schell, the New York Central official days, and returned with a check for $200,000. and personal friend of Commodore Vanderbilt. He had sold his road to the Pennsylvania Through successful business and by several Railroad. fortunate operations of his own notably “They had to have it,” he said. “They saw one in the slump in the coal roads just after it as soon as I showed it to them. the panic of 1873 — young Harriman had “But I saw it first,” he added. acquired several hundred thousand dollars before he was thirty-five. He was beginning Harriman Decides to Be an Illinois to turn away from the brokerage business, Central Director however, and toward railroads. Harriman was now a good deal of a man in Harriman Gets His First Railway the New York financial district, and was in the confidence of important interests. He had a One morning in the early '80's, Harriman restless, inventive mind, and he ingratiated walked into his office, and, without any pre- himself with rich men by allowing them to vious warning, announced the purchase of his participate in his many schemes. He was first railroad. aggressive, fearless, and secretive. No order "Where'd you get the money for it?" asked was too great for him to undertake, and no his partners. one ever knew what he intended to do. If he “Never mind; I got it," said Harriman. wanted to buy five thousand shares of stock, The road was the Sodus Bay & Southern, he was apt to begin by selling a couple of thou- running from Lake Ontario to Stanley, New sand shares. “He is the best broker in Wall York. It was thirty-four miles long, and owned Street,” said C. J. Osborne, one of the big two crippled locomotives, two passenger-cars, speculators of the day. Old August Belmont and seven freight-cars. said, a little later, that Harriman was good to 336 JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 337 draw on his credit up to a million dollars. Valley below Cairo. These roads failed after the Already he was close to the big Equitable Life panic, and the Illinois Central took them over. Assurance Society, and when, in the course in the late '70's Osborne formed the Chicago, of its business, the company wished to buy St. Louis & New Orleans out of these roads, or sell its securities, was employed as its rebuilt them, and turned them over to the broker. Harriman had become particularly Illinois Central. In 1881 Stuyvesant Fish was expert in railway investments. His friends placing their bonds, and Harriman took a great said he could tell the contents of most of the block of them. Then Garfield was shot, there railroad reports before they were issued. By was a general slump in the market, and Har- this time he had definitely made up his mind riman had hard work pulling through. He to become part of the management of the secured the assistance of rich friends, however, Illinois Central, and he set out to accom- plish this with char- acteristic directness. Soon after the Civil War, misfor- tune threatened the Central and caused it to adopt an en- tirely new policy. Up to that time it had been strictly an Illinois road, with its southern terminus at Cairo, at the junc- tion of the Missis- sippi and Ohio rivers. Its chief traffic had been in carrying grain to Chicago, for shipment east on lake steamers. Then the extensions of the Eastern roads came through Illinois, at right angles to the Central. Any point along its line was about as near the seacoast as Chicago; consequently the new railroads could give almost as good rates from where they crossed as from Chicago, and the grain was moving directly eastward. William Henry Os- borne decided to strike out south for the Gulf of Mexico. Before the panic of 1873, Osborne had advanced the Illinois Central's money to roads building south J. PIERPONT MORGAN down the Mississippi From a pbotograph taken in London in 1907 338 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA 2 sold the bonds, and made a large profit. His Louis & Pacific after its failure in 1884; they placing of these bonds added another tie bought the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, between him and Stuyvesant Fish. across Iowa, when its lease to the Central expired in 1887; in the early '90's they bought How the "Shorts" Carried Harri much against the will of the old fighting man's Stock railroad pioneer, Collis P. Huntington -- the chain of roads with which he had planned to Conservative New Yorkers looked askance hitch his Southern Pacific to the Eastern sea- at the Ilinois' new policy of extension. Its board; they bought the St. Louis, Alton & Terre stock was selling very low, and many wise men Haute, to bring them into St. Louis; and they were “selling it short." Harriman had made a filled in with a great number of scraps of road, thorough study of it. "It's the best road in until, from the 2,000 miles that they had in the country,” he told his customers. He 1883, they came, by 1898, to own and control himself bought it in such quantities that his a system of 5,000 miles. partners were frightened. "It won't cost us a cent to carry," he said; The Cheapest Railroad Money "the ‘shorts' will carry it for us.” on the Continent He was right. He bought steadily; but, just as steadily, the “shorts” appeared to borrow They did not break the Illinois Central — far and carry it. The stock went up, and he made from it. They expanded according to a definite a large profit in it. system, made possible by the peculiar strength Harriman retained a good-sized interest in of their corporation. This railroad's credit Mlinois Central. He was carrying out his plan was the best in the country. Railroad bonds to become a part of the management of the road. in the United States carried seven and eight There was at that time a large Dutch stock- per cent in the '60's and '70's; they sold at holding in the railroad, whose votes - accord- prices that often made them cost the railroads ing to the Dutch custom were cast by the ten per cent a year. The Illinois Central was firm that had placed the stock in Holland, the the exception. It had sold the first six, and Boissevain Brothers. One of the firm came on five, and four and one half, and four per cent a visit to America. Harriman met him, and in railroad bonds sold in America; and in the a short time gained his confidence, and arranged early '80's Stuyvesant Fish engineered the to hold his proxies in the Illinois Central meet- extraordinary feat of selling for it a three and ings. Soon afterward he accomplished his pur- one half per cent bond at a fraction above par. pose: in 1882 he was elected a director in the If you buy a small railroad capable of earning Illinois Central, and became the close associate of six per cent by the proceeds of a sale of three Stuyvesant Fish in the operation of the road. and one half per cent bonds, you make a profit of two and one half per cent a year, and when Fish and Harriman Buy Railroads transactions run into the tens of millions of dollars, profits of this kind mount up. This No two men could have been more widely process of buying railroads by cheap bond dissimilar than were these two. Harriman was issues developed into a formula with Fish and small, dark, restless, and secretive. Fish was a Harriman, and the latter's unfailing "nose for big, open, easy-mannered young man, whose money” made him invaluable as a buyer. In blond hair and great stature had earned him, a short time he had charge of this process of in the financial district, the good-humored extension; and in the middle 'go's he was buying nickname of the “White Elephant.” They railroads with three per cent bonds; that is, worked together steadily, however, especially he was paying about one third the price for in promoting the new policy of the Minois his capital that many a large railroad had been Central, the movement of expansion. Their paying only twenty years before. actions were regarded with apprehension by the conservative men of the financial district Harriman's Two Formulas of New York. "I don't like that Harriman,” said Sam This formula of development with cheap Sloan, the old railroad man, who was a summer money became one of the foundation principles neighbor of Osborne and Fish at Garrison. of Harriman's career. “I have known him," “He and 'Stuyv’ Fish are going to get Osborne said one of his closest associates, “to wait nine in trouble with the Illinois Central, if he don't months, in negotiations for placing bonds, to look out." save a charge of one eighth of one per cent a They bought part of the old Wabash, St. year. As his operations rose into the hundreds JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 33) was an- EDWARD H. HARRIMAN of millions, this for- sand dollars of sub- mula of Harriman's sidiary Erie bonds, became a matter of which he had bought great consequence. for a stock-market His second formula “turn.” J.P. Morgan was never to borrow announced his plan of from the substance of reorganization. Har- a road.” He believed riman objected to that every dollar the proposed treat- gained by letting a ment of his securities road run down cost and started an open two dollars to replace. fight. He had learned this, “Whom do you in following out his represent?" he purpose to understand asked. the business of a great “Myself," he railroad thoroughly, swered. by actual operation of Suit was brought, his road. In the last and so much trouble of the '80's, while made, that the plans Fish, then president, of reorganization was traveling in Eu- were changed. rope, Harriman took This was the first charge of the Illinois appearance of Harri- Central. He arrived man in the period of at the conclusion that railroad reorganiza- E. T. Jeffrey, the op- tion in which he was erating head of the to play such a revo- road, was letting the lutionary part. He railroad run down. He From a photograph taken about 1880 was not known then accepted Jeffrey's res- outside of Wall ignation, moved to Chicago, and operated the Street; in the Illinois Central he was eclipsed road himself. From that time on, his second by the figure of Fish. principle in dealing with railroad capital was firmly set in his mind. He believed that, 'to Morgan, the Union Pacific, and the make a railroad a perfect machine, every dol- Jewish Bankers lar possible should be raised, because this was the most profitable expenditure of railroad In 1895, after working on the Union Pacific capital. Railroad for more than a year and a half, J. P. Morgan gave up the idea of reorganizing it. The Harriman First Crosses Morgan's Path road was a frightful wreck, a tangled mass of subsidiary companies, and the government ag- Harriman was as cold and unswerving as the gressively insisted on the payment of the huge moral law. He turned aside for nobody. He left debt, with the interest that had accumulated a straight line of bitter enemies behind him. since its building, thirty years before. It had Harriman had very soon grown large enough never been exactly in Morgan's province; in his to cross the path of J. P. Morgan. In 1887 the earlier days its section had figured in the geogra- Illinois Central wished to buy the Dubuque & phy vaguely as “The Great American Desert”; Sioux City Railroad in lowa, which it had pre- and the English capital that he represented had viously leased. Stockholders in the smaller been placed principally east of the Mississippi. road wished to separate from the larger, and This region west of the Mississippi and south- gave their stock into the hands of J. P. Morgan west of the Missouri had been, roughly speak- to bring this about. In New York it was ing, the domain of the Jewish bankers; its regarded as settled that the roads would sepa- foreign capital was drawn chiefly from Germany. rate. Harriman took a lawyer, went out to The old and powerful house of Speyer had placed the meeting, and defeated Morgan. It was a the bonds of the Central and Southern Pacific in ten days' wonder in Wall Street. From that Germany when the Germans were giving up time on Morgan hated Harriman. their American government bonds for refund- In 1894 Harriman had a few hundred thou- ing, just after the Civil War. The big house of 340 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA no Kuhn, Loeb & "Yes," said Co., which came Harriman. into banking from “What are you the clothing busi- doing it for?" ness in 1867, had "I want it my- been very active self,” said Harri- in the district man. as bankers for St. The two men Paul, the North- sat down and ar- western, and the gued it out, face Great Northern. to face. Jacob H. Schiff, “You can't the senior member compete with of the firm, began me,” said Harri- to undertake the man. “You've reorganization of got an old broken- the Union Pacific down road to re- when Morgan organize. It'll gave it up. cost you five and six per cent to "I Want It raise money on it. Myself" I can hitch it to the Minois Cen- Schiff had tral and get money sooner begun for three or four than he encoun- per cent." tered a silent, in- Schiff said this tangible opposi- might be so, but tion. There were the reorganization inexplicable de of the Union Pa- lays in Congress. cific belonged to Foreign bond- Kuhn, Loeb & Co. holders kept re- “What's your fusing to close price?" he said agreements defi- finally. nitely; certain “The chairman- sections of the ship of the execu- press kept argu- tive committee," ing that a better said Harriman. plan of reorgan- "I can't give ization could be it to you," said offered. Schiff. “I haven't Mr. Schiff the only say in sounded Mr. Mor- this matter; and gan. No, he was you know how through; he didn't many enemies want to reorgan- you've got here in ize it. the Street." The silent op- "All right, position con- said Harriman, tinued. Finally and left. Mr. Schiff re- JOHN W. GATES The silent op- ceived word that WHO CAPTURED THE LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE position contin- it was Harriman. RAILROAD IN 1902 ued, in Congress, He knew Harri- abroad, and in the man scarcely at all at that time; but he sent newspapers. The Union Pacific reorganization for him, and Harriman came in. would not move. Weeks later Schiff again sent "Is it you that's blocking our reorganizing for Harriman. of the Union Pacific?” said Schiff. "I'll tell you what I'll do,” he said. "We'll - CHARLES STEELE, JAMES J. HILL, AND GEORGE F. BAKER A SNAPSHOT OF THE MEMBER OF THE J. P. MORGAN FIRM, THE PRESIDENT OF THE GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY, AND THE PRESIDENT OF THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF NEW YORK From a photograph taken at the opening of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in 1909 make you a member of the executive committee. zation of the Union Pacific, had no affiliations If you're the man for chairman, you can get whatever with the so-called Standard Cil yourself elected afterwards." interests, nor with the City Bank; Jacob Schifi "All right,” said Harriman. was not made a director of the City Bank until From that time on, the reorganization of the the reorganization was almost finished; and Union Pacific moved forward. In eight or nine neither William Rockefeller nor Henry Rogers months it was completed. In a few months more joined the Union Pacific group until several Harriman was chairman of the executive com- years later. The City Bank was taken into the mittee; a few more months, and he was presi- operation for a clear, simple business reason. dent. There was no more doubt about his .The reorganization of the Union Pacific was in clection in the minds of the other directors a class by itself; it involved, primarily, not the than in his own. exchange of securities with old security-holders, but the payment of an immense sum, $45,000,- The National City Bank's Cash 000, to the United States Government. It was a cash transaction, and its promoters needed, not A third man of great consequence in this the usual reorganizing syndicate of bond-sellers, reorganization was James Stillman, president but the greatest possible source of cash in of the National City, just then beginning to be America. This was the City Bank; and the generally known as the Standard Oil bank. City Bank was James Stillman. Contrary to the present-day impression, Kuhn, Harriman had touched most of the great Loeb & Co., when they undertook the reorgani- American sources of credit in his life, but never 341 342 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA SENIOR PARTNER IN THE GREAT before had he touched one like this. The control needed for reorganization than the stock- City Bank, the chief center of American capital; holders, too weak or too ignorant to pay their Kuhn, Loeb & Co., with their great connections assessments made on them, literally threw into in Germany, France, and England; and Harri- their hands a working control of the stocks man, with the Goulds and the of the reorganized railways. Vanderbilts as subsidiary in- Having control of these terests, formed a combination stocks, the bankers had only probably never before equaled one move, which their in- in America. terests and the interests of their clients demanded. Cap- A Tremendous Financial ital always and everywhere Achievement seeks a monopoly. The bankers had control of these Few realize the size and railroad systems in their tremendous consequences of hands; they could make them the reorganization of the most valuable by eliminating American railways 'accom- competition for all time; they plished by the three or four could do this in one way only, great private banking houses by tying them to their rich of New York in the '90's. and strong railway competi- “The reorganization of tors, which had outlived American railways," wrote them. And so, with the in- the well-known student of evitability of a law of physics, railroads, Professor Edward the railroads of the United Sherwood Meade, of the Uni- JACOB H. SCHIFF States were successively tied versity of Pennsylvania, in into a monopoly and thrown 1901, “is a more noteworthy BANKING HOUSE OF KUHN, into control of the financial financial achievement than LOEB & CO. interests that were powerful the payment of the French enough to handle them. indemnity or the refunding of the United States These financially powerful — both individuals debt. It is noteworthy not merely because of and corporations — drew in and absorbed the the amount of securities involved, but on account financially weak by a continuous and cumula- of the excellence of the principles that have tive process. guided the managers in their action. Its result Compared to the operations of reorganiza- has made railway bankruptcy a practical im- tion, this process was a transaction demanding possibility. Railway indebtedness is now well small financial resources. A working control within the limit of railroad earnings. The of such a huge $200,000,000 property as the greatest of all financial interests has been placed Union Pacific could be had just after its reorga- on a firm and enduring foundation." nization for some $5,000,000 at current prices; the practical control of the still larger North- The Centripetal Movement of Railway ern Pacific was actually transferred for a little Control over $4,000,000 in 1897. For great railroads, or for groups of individual millionaires, acquisi- The consequences of this great achievement tions of such properties were simple — espe- were even greater than the achievement itself. cially with the large blocks of stock in the Railroad bankruptcy was now impossible in hands of bankers, much of which they had the United States. Because of the operation received as a bonus for their work, and which, that has made it so, railroad monopoly was therefore, had required no cash payment at all. inevitable. The reorganization of American railroads Sewing Together the Eastern Monopoly was the clearest possible example of the general movement of capital which Harriman had been Mr. Morgan was, naturally, the chief figure studying in the Illinois Central - a tendency in this movement: it was the logical fulfilment to aggregate by what might be called the cen- of his career. In the East, he and the Penn- tripetal force of modern capital. These re- sylvania Railroad interests had control. In the organizations had fallen into half a dozen hands, years 1899 and 1900 they were occupied in because only those hands could mass the mil- sewing together a monopoly of the anthracite lions of resources necessary to handle them. coal roads and the trunk lines from the Eastern The bankers no sooner had the temporary seaboard to Chicago. The law prevented any JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 343 railroad's buying a parallel and competing line; United States had been trying to collect for it did not prevent — so it was believed — an thirty years. They put the bonds and preferred ownership of stock making less than an actual stock of the road on a straight four-per-cent fifty per cent. Long experience had shown basis. And finally, when Harriman came into that only about two thirds of the stockholders full control, he began — according to his pol- of great corporations vote at the annual meeting, icy — to spend money by the tens and hun- so the two strong Eastern railroads bought a dreds of millions upon a ramshackle property third, more or less, of the weaker roads, kept across the “Great American Desert." technically within the law, and controlled them Fortune played in their favor. For the first as absolutely as if they owned them outright. time in years, the arid farming section they The Pennsylvania bought more than a third crossed had copious rains and good crops. The of its old rival, the Baltimore & Ohio; it did the Spanish War sprang up, with the occupation of same with the Norfolk & Western and the the Philippines; and the Union Pacific got a Chesapeake & Ohio. The Baltimore & Ohio and great business from this source. Harriman the Lake Shore, controlled by Morgan's road, had not only spent money — he had spent it the New York Central, together bought more quickly while he was at it, accomplishing in two than a third of the Reading; the Reading owned years work that had been estimated to take five. more than half of the New Jersey Central; and And he was reaping the fruit of his enterprise. Morgan, by a voting trust, held the Erie. By. In the meanwhile, in three years the system 1901 Morgan and A. J. Cassatt, president of expanded, under his direction, from 1,800 to the Pennsylvania, had largely pieced together 15,000 miles. The old branches were almost the strong railroad monopoly that now controls all taken back. After the death of Collis P. the Eastern United States. These two men Huntington in August, 1900, forty-five per were supreme in its operations. cent of the Southern Pacific stock was bought, In the South, Morgan was dominant with his principally from his estate. The branch lines voting trust in the Southern Railway. In the were taken by an exchange of securities, the Northwest, he had sold the control of the North-Southern Pacific by the sale of $40,000,000 four- ern Pacific to the Great Northern group, and per-cent bonds. As the credit of the company had formed the fast alliance with them which was not yet established, Harriman could not get still exists. The country west of the Mississippi the four-per-cent money he had been accustomed and southwest of the Missouri he had left to use in railroad extension, except by offering a alone — an arid country bond that was convert- of doubtful value, re- ible into stock at the cently suffering with pe- stockholders' option--a culiar violence from the desirable privilege if the drought, which cursed stock rose above par. it in the imagination of The total capitaliza- the country. Into this tion controlled by Har- great section — fully riman's new system had half of the area of the increased from $211,- United States — came 000,000 in 1898 to over Harriman. $1,000,000,000 in 1901 — five times; the stock Harriman Captures which had control of the the West system had only in- creased from $136,000,- Too much credit can- 000 to $200,000,000 – not be given to the acu- about fifty per cent. The men and daring of the process of concentration group of men who reor- of power, inevitable ganized the Union Pa- under Harriman methods cific. In the first place, of railroad expansion, they paid to the Federal was well under way. Government $45,000,000 in net cash on a bankrupt $80,000,000 Cash for road-all the principal, the Stock-Market and full interest at six WHO, IN MR. MORGAN'S ABSENCE, HAD per cent, on the Union And now, through Pacific debt, which the IN THE PANIC OF MAY 9, 1906 the inevitable movement ROBERT BACON CHARGE OF THE MORGAN BUSINESS 344 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA of railroad aggregation, the railroad monopoly The Still Hunt for Northern Pacific of the Northwest came into violent collision with the new railroad monopoly of the South Harriman and Schiff had gone far on their west. Hill bought the Burlington Railroad, way toward controlling Northern Pacific before which gave him the entrance into Chicago the fact was known to J. P. Morgan & Co. On that he needed. But, at the same time, it the first of April Morgan and the Great North- made him a competitor of Harriman a third of ern group held between $35,000,000 and $40,- the way to the Pacific. The Union Pacific bar- 000,000 of Northern Pacific common stock. gained with the Great Northern and the North- Seeing it rise beyond par, when they had paid ern Pacific to give them a part interest in the 16 for most of it, they were tempted to sell Burlington and tie up the Western systems into out. On the first of May they held only a common monopoly, as the Pennsylvania $26,000,000. Then Harriman and Schiff an- and New York Central had done with the nounced to the Morgan-Hill party that they had roads in the East. Hill refused. Without bought an actual majority of the Northern the slightest hesitation Harriman started out Pacific. to do a new thing in the world -- to buy They had; but there was one loophole that the control of $155,000,000 of stock in the Harriman had overlooked. The preferred open stock market. If he could not have stock could be retired at the will of the directors, an ownership in the Burlington, he would leaving the control to the common stock; and buy the Northern Pacific, which owned half the directors were their enemies. Harriman of it. and Schiff, to control permanently, must have This was no undertaking to raise $5,000,000 a majority of the common stock, and this they or $10,000,000 to take peaceable possession of had not yet quite got. The “old guard” of the the cheap stock of a bankrupt road. It was an Great Northern — Hill and the Canadians, attempt to buy the control of a great, heavily Morgan and his conservative old New York capitalized railroad, whose stock was now financial allies, Kennedy and James — rallied selling well up toward par, in the face of the at this point. The house of Morgan sent hitherto strongest railroad interest in the coun- James Keene, the famous stock manipulator, try, which had actual possession of a quarter into the market with orders to buy control of of it. It was necessary to get, not a third, but Northern Pacific common for their account. an actual majority; and it would cost $80,000,- In five days, from May 3 to May 7, he bought 000 cash to do it. That is, a half dozen men over $15,000,000 worth for them; gave the who could keep their mouths shut must have control of the stock again into the hands of $80,000,000 in their own hands to spend in a Morgan; and brought out of a clear sky the few weeks in a still hunt in the stock market. suddenest and one of the worst financial par- It is doubtful if any set of men ever had so oxysms this country has ever seen. much actual cash to spend in so short a time. Mr. Morgan has explained his attitude in But Harriman had it within reach. There this transaction and toward all similar were $60,000,000 worth of bonds left in the "moral responsibilities” of his house, as he calls Union Pacific treasury, which he had the right them – most interestingly in his testimony in to issue; behind him were the huge cash re- the Peter Power suit against the Northern sources of the City Bank and the powerful Pacific Railway. alliances of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Morgan was away on his usual spring and Confidence that Touched Mr. Morgan early summer trip to Europe, stopping at Aix- les-Bains. Coster, his chief lieutenant, had "When I heard of it, I felt in this position: died about a year before. The Morgan firm We had organized the Northern Pacific; we had was now in command of Robert Bacon, a mem- placed all the securities of the Northern Pacific, ber of President Roosevelt's class at Harvard, and I knew, as I had always supposed, that long pointed out at commencement time as the there were people, friends of ours and other “Mode! Harvard Man.” A fine, upstanding people, who practically held enough Northern young man, handsome as a curly-headed Greek Pacific — we had always supposed we had with god, fortune had followed him all his life, from us people upon whom we could depend to pro- the time he was the star athlete and class tect our moral control of the property. And marshal at Harvard to the time when he was consequently, when that news came to me, I called from a brokerage house in Boston to hadn't any doubt about the fact of the matter. become a partner of Morgan. But he was not And at the same time this news came so strong a good substitute for J. Pierpont Morgan in a — whoever had acquired it - I felt something continental financial crisis. must have happened. Somebody must have sold. JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 345 "I knew where certain stocks were, and 1 up out of sight. The Great Northern men figured it up. I feel bound in honor when I stood, without hitching. It has always been be- reorganize a property and am morally responsi- lieved that only one "insider,” a comparatively ble for its management to protect it, and I small holder, sold. Millions of dollars' profit generally do protect it. could have been made by any of these men in “So I made up my mind that it would be fifteen minutes' time; but they stayed put. desirable to buy 150,000 shares of stock But the situation could not last. The stock ($15,000,000 worth), and with that I knew we soared to $1,000 a share. Wall Street had sold had a majority of the common stock; and I millions of dollars' worth that it did not own, knew that actually gave us control, and they and it could not get the millions needed to couldn't take the minority and have it sacri- settle for it. At eleven o'clock that day ninety ficed to Union Pacific interests. The stock per cent of the brokerage houses of Wall Street was bought absolutely for my house. · would be bankrupt, unless that corner could be “Mr. J. S. Kennedy has been a friend broken. The two interests in the savage fight of mine for forty years. He and I were in for the corporation had to come together to save Aix together. He came down to see what in the financial world they lived in. the mischief all this meant. I said I didn't The attempt to buy a $155,000,000 corpora- know, and he said, Whatever you want done tion in the open market had failed. The I want done with my Northern Pacific.' And Morgan party had won by a bare margin of that is the way people treated me in the North- control of the common stock. Mr. Morgan ern Pacific. Whatever I was willing to do returned home in July. In November, Mr. they wanted, and they wanted to put the stock Bacon retired. Coster had stood the strain just where I said it would be safe. That was of the position of master of detail in the Morgan what they wanted. Well, I appreciated that; house for fifteen years before it killed him; I cannot help being touched by a thing of that Bacon had had it a year and a half, and was kind.” broken by it. By the doctor's urgent advice, The confidence Mr. Morgan appreciated was he retired, went to England, and for five months well earned. For three generations his house rode to hounds fifty miles a day and five days has made and held the leadership in the financial in the week in the strenuous endeavor to bring world, largely because its word was absolutely his shattered nervous system back to normal. good; because it was not merely perfunctorily Morgan took control himself, and another but aggressively honest. J. P. Morgan him- great step toward railroad monopoly was started self is as straight as a die. No one with a under his direction, by the formation of the primary knowledge of Wall Street can doubt Northern Securities Company. this. It is an essential of his business; in under- writing syndicates alone he has disbursed A Corporation Too Large to be bought hundreds of millions of dollars' profit in the past twenty years. Not one figure of ac The idea from which the Northern Securities counting is ever given to the underwriters in Company grew started in 1897, in the proposal these transactions — merely a check for profits of the aged holders of the Great Northern to from the syndicate manager, or a demand for pool their controlling quarter interest in its money. No man whose word is not absolute stock in a holding company, in order to keep it can permanently hold the leadership in such together and to assure the control of the corpo- work. ration after their death. After the Harriman attack brought about the Northern Pacific panic Hill's Friends Stand Without Hitching on May 9, 1901, Mr. Morgan prepared and engi- neered the plan of putting all stock of both The old men who owned the Great Northern companies, whose holders desired to come Hill and Kennedy, Lord Strathcona and Lord in, into one holding company. This company Mountstephen, and the rest — made exactly would then control the Northern Pacific, the the same kind of fight as Morgan. They had Great Northern, and the Burlington roads. sold stock before they knew; as soon as they. The builders of the structure strenuously denied did know, they held. the popular belief that they formed it to make “I and my friends will stand without hitch- a common control of their parallel railroads, the ing,” said Hill to the Morgan firm. Great Northern and Northern Pacific. Indeed, They did exactly that. No sooner had why should they, when they already had the con- "Jim" Keene put his hand on the market than trol of both roads in their own hands? The com- he saw there was a corner in Northern Pacific; bination was formed, testified Mr. Morgan, for nothing loath, he bought till he sent the stock a very different purpose — to get "a company 346 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA ur with a capital large enough so that nobody $5,000,000 worth of new stock. This was sold, could ever buy it.” His description of the and a great quantity besides — on the natural genesis of the Northern Securities Company assumption that because the issue was enlarged was this: it would sell lower. Two syndicates, led by John “When we found ourselves in this position, W. Gates, steel company promoter and gen- having escaped, as I thought at that time, from eral "plunger,” and Edwin Hawley, bought what was a great danger, - that is to say, a majority control of the property. Another property being absorbed by a competing line corner and panic was threatened because of without our knowledge or consent,- it occurred contracts of "shorts” to sell stock they couldn't to me something ought to be done, and I thought get. And J. P. Morgan & Co. were called in to the best plan was to go to some trust company. straighten out the trouble. They had good My idea was first to go to some trust company reason of their own to interfere. Gates in to take the Northern Pacific stock and control control of the Louisville & Nashville, competing it. Just to surrender it to them, and take the with the Southern Railway, was a situation receipt. J. P. Morgan did not propose to allow. “Mr. Hill was a large stockholder in the North “I do not wish to impugn any man's ability,” ern Pacific, and I said, I think that has got he said, when the matter was brought before to be done; I will not take the responsibility of the Interstate Commerce Commission; “but going through anything of this kind again.' The I do not consider that Mr. Gates was a proper result was that we decided that the Northern person to manage the Louisville & Nashville Pacific — so far as I was concerned as a stock- Railroad." holder in the Northern Pacific, I would put “He was a dangerous element in the railway my stock in, provided he would take every- world,” he explained, in answer to a question. body else's into this thing he had proposed to "He represented a stock exchange pool. arrange for the Great Northern. They were not looking after the transportation “I wanted to put it in a company with a interests of the South in any way, shape, or capital large enough so that nobody could ever manner. They were looking after the profit buy it, and that is the only one I know of.” of the transaction itself." The Northern Securities Company was finally dissolved, in the spring of 1904, by the Completing the Southern Monopoly United States Supreme Court. Controlling two parallel railroads, it was pronounced to So J. P. Morgan & Co. obtained an option be in restraint of trade, under the Sherman on Gates' and Hawley's control of Louisville anti-trust law. If it had been allowed to & Nashville, and proceeded to mass the rail- exist, it would have tied together the two chief roads of the South in a concentrated control groups of railroad capitalists in the country, which would manage them conservatively and created one practical railroad monopoly west prevent competition. They spent six months of the Missouri River, and gone far toward of the year 1902 in doing this; and they did it creating a single control of the railroads of the thoroughly. country at large. As it was, each went its own It was impossible to tie the Louisville & way, perfecting and enlarging its control over Nashville to the Southern system, as it was American railroads by some method the law clearly a parallel and competing line, and the would allow sentiment of the South was very insistent, at the time, upon the enforcement of laws against The Louisville & Nashville Raid railroad monopoly. Mr. Morgan for a while entertained the idea of a Southern Securities Mr. Morgan kept to his path, tying up small Company, like the Northern Securities Com- railroads to great ones in the eastern part of pany, to hold the stock of both roads; but this the country — approaching in the Pennsylvania idea was given up. There were left only two and the New York Central his ideal corporation railroads to take the option of the Morgan house · with "a capital large enough so that nobody upon the Louisville & Nashville — the Seaboard could ever buy it.” The control of the Penn- Air Line and the Atlantic Coast Line Company. sylvania and the New York Central in the East John Skelton Williams, president of the was rounded out in 1901 and 1902. In April, Seaboard Air Line, went to see George W. Per- 1902, a little less than a year after the Northern kins, the partner of the Morgan house who had Pacific panic, another raid in the New York charge of the matter in Mr. Morgan's absence stock market inaugurated a general massing abroad, and tried to buy the Louisville & Nash- together of the railroads of the South. ville. Mr. Perkins would not sell it to his road. The Louisville & Nashville had issued “He told me,” said Mr. Williams, at the JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 347 Interstate Commerce hearing on the subject, trol the great whole, a capital ninety times "that he did not think they would be willing to its own size. sell the Louisville & Nashville to anybody they The man established at the head of this great could not control. I said, 'You mean by that, aggregation, by his own efforts and those of then, that you would no sooner sell the Louis- Mr. Morgan, was Henry Walters, of Baltimore. ville & Nashville to the Atlantic Coast Line He had held, with two intimate associates, than you would to the Seaboard Air Line, practically all of the $10,500,000 stock of the if you could not control it?' He said, 'I do holding company, when Mr. Morgan's alliance mean it."" increased its railroad mileage more than five A few months after this interview the Louis- times in one year. What personal agreements ville & Nashville was sold by J. P. Morgan & exist between him and the Morgan house con- Co. to the Atlantic Coast Line. The Atlantic cerning the control of his system are not, of Coast Line bought the big Plant system of course, known. It is very clear, however, that railroads. The Louisville & Nashville and he stands in at least as close an alliance with the Southern bought together the “Monon” Morgan as does the Hill group controlling the route into Chicago a transaction almost Great Northern in the Northwest. exactly similar to the purchase of the Burlington route into Chicago from the Great Northern The Situation in 1902 and Northern Pacific roads the year before. The Atlantic Coast Line had 2,100 miles at the So, by the end of 1902 Mr. Morgan had beginning of 1902; at the end of the year it greatly extended and solidified his control over owned and controlled 11,000 miles. The American railroads. He and his Hill alliance operations that brought them together were held the railroads of the Northwest in one onducted by the Morgan house. At the end dominating system, now increased to 20,000 of 1902, the Southern Railway, under a Morgan miles. In the South, with the Walters alliance, voting trust, with its 7,000 miles; the Central he had control of 20,000 miles more. The of Georgia, also absolutely controlled by Mor- alliance of the Pennsylvania and the New York gan, with its 2,000 miles; and the Atlantic Coast Central -- the latter really controlled by him, Line had, altogether, 20,000 miles of railroad though still known as a Vanderbilt road - held in the South. the dominance of the greatest railroad sec- tion of the country, that between the Eastern How to Hold a $500,000,000 Road with seaboard and Chicago. In regard to rates, $5,000,000 Stock extensions, and all practical matters of railroad development, four men had control of these This sudden building up was done by the great sections — A. J. Cassatt, James J. Hill, now very general practice of taking stocks from Henry Walters, and J. P. Morgan. Morgan, the hands of the public and replacing them with the common factor among them all, was bonds; that is, by buying stocks for the corpo- naturally the dominating figure. ration with money raised by selling its bonds. Harriman, in the meanwhile, was working The result was an astonishing step in the central- out his own peculiar method of concentration. izing of railroad control. The Atlantic Coast He was not forming alliances; he was fighting Line Company was one of those extraordinary for himself and his own immediate following legal structures, the holding companies, which of half a dozen men. In the six years after were being devised at that period to concentrate the reorganization of the Union Pacific, three the control of railroad properties in a few powerful financial figures joined the original hands. When the aggregation made by Morgan three, Schiff, Stillman, and Harriman, at the under it was complete, this corporation, w th center of the Union Pacific management. $10,500,000 of stock and $13,000,000 of debt William Rockefeller came in for the first time in certificates, controlled a majority of the 1902, Henry H. Rogers a year or two later, and $50,000,000 stock of the Atlantic Coast Line Henry C. Frick in 1904. The two Standard road; this, in turn, had its big issues of bonds, Oil men were interested by Stillman; the steel and also owned a majority of the Louisville & man by Schiff. The group now certainly Nashville stock. This also had great bond surpassed in financial resources any set of men issues. By this continuous splitting of stock in the history of the financial world. Before into fractions and the issue of bonds, the control it was fully formed, Harriman had made of $470,000,000 of stocks and onds in public certain his absolute control of the situation hands was placed in the $10,500,000 worth of he was building up. Loose alliances were not stock of the Atlantic Coast Line Company. One enough for him: he desired something more share over half of this, $5,250,100, would con- certain. 348 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA A Fright for Railroad Managements stocket market boom of 1906 he sold the Union Pacific's holdings. He had now $145,000,000 The Northern Pacific battle had given a jar in cash to spend; there was no doubt as to to one of the fundamental theories of this how he would spend it. period of railroad concentration. It had been His first logical move was to bring the Union accepted as fixed that the ownership of as low Pacific from the Missouri River into Chicago. as twenty per cent of a corporation with $100,- By the fall of 1906 Harriman and his associates 000,000 of stock was ample to control it, together had secured the control of the Illinois Central with the proxies that always come to the man- by buying a little less than a third of its stock. agement. The twenty-three per cent that the In 1907 Harriman quarreled with his old friend controlling group held in the Northern Pacific Stuyvesant Fish, and, after a bitter fight, threw was thought very liberal, especially when Mr. him out of the Illinois Central presidency. The Morgan's wide general affiliations were con- Union Pacific could now send traffic on its own . sidered. The idea of any one going into the controlled line from Omaha to Chicago; and stock market and buying control of $100,000,- it had the best route down the Mississippi to 000 of stock seemed impossible. All at once a the Gulf of Mexico. single interest, within a few weeks, had bought The next move was to reach New York. For out an actual majority of $155,000,000 of stock some time Harriman had been telling his asso- from under the former management of the road. ciates of his intention to secure an “ocean- It gave a shock to railroad managements across to-ocean" railroad. In the fall of 1906 Presi- the country; and it even scared the people who dent Cassatt of the Pennsylvania, who had were responsible for it. been alarmed by the Northern Securities deci- Soon after the Northern Pacific raid, Harri- sion, wanted to sell half of his road's forty per- man went to his group and took the matter up. cent holding of Baltimore & Ohio stock. He “If we can do that to somebody else, some- placed it in the hands of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., body else can do that to us,” he said. now the Pennsylvania's chief bankers, to sell. The group already had a very great interest Mr. Schiff went to Harriman and said: “I in the common stock. At Harriman's insist- can't give you your 'ocean-to-ocean' road, but ence they and their financial connections made I can sell you twenty per cent of a road that up, in 1902, a pool which bought $50,000,000 will bring you to the Atlantic." of preferred stock - nearly twenty-five per cent After some consideration, Harriman bought of the stock then outstanding. This, together twenty per cent of the Baltimore & Ohio. The with blocks of common held by them as in- Union Pacific could now come into New York dividuals, constituted the largest percentage from Omaha over the Illinois Central, which of control ever held by a small group in any of it controlled, and the Baltimore & Ohio, which the great modern railroad aggregations --ex- it owned jointly with the Pennsylvania. From cepting, of course, the specially constructed its Kansas City terminus it had a similar holding companies. The pool has since been dis- through route, with the exception of solved, but the big concentrated holdings of the between Kansas City and St. Louis. Union Pacific still remain in individual hands. Harriman had not entirely perfected and sealed up his monopoly of his own territory. “An Ocean-to-Ocean" Railroad The through business to and from the Pacific coast was his chief concern. The big Rock Having laid a sure foundation, Harriman Island system had been put together in the was now in a position to carry out to the limit past few years, but it ended in the air, so far the policy of railroad expansion for which he had as the Pacific Coast was concerned. George been preparing and studying ever since he en- Gould, with the backing of the Rockefellers, tered the Illinois Central management in 1883. got through as far as Salt Lake City by buying Behind him was a great and rapidly growing two Western roads; and Senator Clark, of railroad, whose credit was unsurpassed in the Montana, proposed to connect these lines with country, and the richest group of capitalists the Pacific by the San Pedro to Los Angeles. in the United States. On March 6, 1905, he Harriman fought him until he agreed to divide was finally defeated in his suit to secure, in the the stock evenly with the Union Pacific. distribution of the Northern Securities assets, The Atchison railroad was the only through- the Northern Pacific stock that he demanded. line competitor into Californian territory. With no use for a stockholding in the Great Harriman and other Union Pacific directors Northern and Northern Pacific, which was bought enough of this stock to elect two direc- subject to the majority interest of Hill and tors - under the Atchison system of cumulative Morgan, he decided to sell out. In the great voting. With a powerful voice in the manage- JOHN 349 MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER THE GREAT RAILROAD GROUPS OF 1906 SHOWING HOW A FEW INTERRELATED GROUPS HELD CONTROL OF ROADS HAVING 88 PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY'S RAILROAD CAPITALIZATION IN PUBLIC HANDS, 86 PER CENT OF THE GROSS RECEIPTS, AND 78.6 PER CENT OF THE MILEAGE, TO DO THIS THEY NEEDED TO SECURE ONLY A FRACTIONAL PART OF THE “CONTROLLING STOCK OF A FEW MAIN COMPANIES, WHICH ITSELF WAS ONLY 18 PER CENT OF THE CAPITALIZATION OWNED BY THE PUBLIC IN THE ROADS CONTROLLED. Mileage Controlling stock Total capitalization Stocks and bonds in hands of public Gross earnings 26,347 1 Morgan Group ... $38,941,100 $2,096,741,117 $1,678,675,505 $245,998,356 (and voting trusts) ? Hill-Morgan Group. 21,870 305,000,000 1,159,713,286 1,011,291,254 189,538,100 3 Harriman Group... 23,609 295,029,080 1,579,269,986 1,470,212,225 233,553,398 Pennsylvania Group.. 15,037 305,951,350 1,902,114,298 1,499,813,752 348,788,919 5 N. Y. Central Group 11,772 178,172,800 1,214,858,082 1,030,353,219 225,591,500 6 Harriman-Penna.-N.Y. Cent. Joint Group .... 7,118 921,575,346 842,899,877 189,363,183 ? Joint & Miscellaneous Groups .. 32,689 596,787,058 2,114,443,561 1,625,773,643 360,742,455 & Gould Group 17,101 222,212,830 1,377,704,572 1,112,440,068 126,066,806 9 Rock Island Group 14,816 54,000,000 895,692,613 841,692,613 106,962,853 Totals ... 170,359 $1,996,094,218 $13,262, 112,861 $11,113,152,156 $2,026,605,570 COMPARISON OF SAME SYSTEMS FOR 1893 112,862 $2,527,986,229 $6,460,223,724 Totals. $905,952,476 CAPITALIZATION OF ALL RAILROADS IN UNITED STATES, 1906 216,804 $18,227,196,401 $12,671,983,902 $2,346,640,28 Totals Morgan Group-Atlantic Coast Line system (including Louisville & Nashville); Southern Railway system; Erie system; Lehigh Valley system. 1 he Harriman interests were also identified with the Erie. 2 Hill-Morgan Group-Great Northern system; Northern Pacific system; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. * Harriman Group-Union Pacific system; Southern Pacific system; Illinois Central system. • Pennsylvania Group-Pennsylvania Railroad system; Chesapeake & Chio; Norfolk & Western. • New York Central Group-New York Central; Lake Shore & Michigan Southern; Michigan Central; C. C. C. & St. Louis; New York, Chicago & St. Louis; Pittsburg & Lake Erie, and other properties. The Harriman interests were also strongly identified with the New York Central. Harriman-Pennsylvania-New York Central Joint Group-Baltimore & Ohio system; Reading system, including Central Railroad of New Jersey. The New York Central interests also had heavy holdings in the Reading system, ? Joint and Miscellaneous-Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé system, with both Harriman and Morgan interests; Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul, with Harriman and Rockefeller interests; Chicago & Northwestern, with Vanderbilt interests; Delaware & Hudson; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western; New York, New Haven & Hartford; the latter with Morgan, Rockefeller, and Pennsylvania interests. Also Hocking Valley system, with general joint " interests. Gould Group-Missouri Pacific; Denver & Rio Grande; Wabash; Texas & Pacific; St. Louis Southwestern; Western Maryland; Wheeling & Lake Erie, etc. • Rock Island Group-Chicago, Rock Island & Paciſic; St. Louis & San Francisco; Chicago & Eastern Illinois; Evansville & Terre Haute. ment of his only considerable competitor, Morgan, with his English proxies, held. Harri- Harriman took the fruits of his monopoly in man and his party were now the principal higher rates, slower and more cheaply operated interest in the New York Central. It was the freight trains, and greater dividends. Having bitterest affront given to J. P. Morgan through- still more money to spend, he came driving out his career in railroads. east into Morgan's territory between the Henry C. Frick, of the Union Pacific board, Eastern seaboard and Chicago — the principal was a director and the largest individual stock- railroad field in the United States. holder in the Pennsylvania Railroad; Kuhn, The Union Pacific in the fall of 1906 bought Loeb & Co. were its bankers, and voted — eight per cent of the stock of the New York according to the rules of German stock ex- Central Railroad. Harriman's party of Stan- changes — all the stock held in Germany. dard Oil capitalists and their partners or rel- This gave them the third largest holding in the atives held about as much more. Sixteen stock. The Union Pacific was partner of the per cent would not control the road absolutely, Pennsylvania in owning the Baltimore & Ohio; but it was more than either the Vanderbilts or and the Baltimore & Ohio and the New York 350 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA Central owned a great part of the coal-carrying "If the parties interested in these two rail- Harriman's party did not control the road companies," he said, “can, through the Pennsylvania; its management did that. But instrumentality of a holding corporation, place they were becoming a part of the management, both under one control, then in like manner, as and its closest affiliation. The Harriman party was conceded in the argument by one of the was now clearly the leader in the small central counsel for the appellants, could the control group of monopolists who controlled the rail- of all the railroad companies in the country be roads of the United States. placed in a single corporation. Nor need this arrangement for control stop with what has The Situation and Judge Brewer's already been done. Warning “The holders of $201,000,000 of stock in the Northern Securities Company might organize There was now about twelve and a half another corporation to hold their stock in that billion dollars* of actual net railroad capital in company, and the new corporation, holding the the United States - capital, that is, actually in majority of the stock in the Northern Securi- the hands of the public. Of this, seven and a ties Company, and acting in obedience to the half billions, or sixty per cent, was under the wishes of a majority of its stockholders, would direct control of the Harriman group, Morgan control the action of the Securities Company, and his allies, and the Pennsylvania Railroad and through it the action of the two railroad A billion and a half more was in the control companies. And this process might be ex- of six systems in which they and their close tended until a single corporation whose stock alliances exercised a powerful influence — the was owned by three or four parties would be in Atchison, St. Paul, Northwestern, Delaware & practical control of both roads; or, having before Hudson, Lackawanna, and New Haven roads. us the possibility of continuation, the control The Gould systems, in the hands of the Gould of the whole transportation system of the and Rockefeller families, controlled a billion of country." capital, and the Rock Island group of capital- ists $850,000,000 more. •In all, these systems Control by a Fraction of One Per Cent tno: her controlled eleven of the twelve and a nait billion dollars of railroad capital in America, Justice Brewer described an unthinkable or 88 per cent. condition of affairs that was to be prevented Almost exactly the same percentage of con- by the Northern Securities decision. As a trol was shown by the figures of the gross matter of fact, this process of gathering control earnings of American railroads in 1906. In was substantially what had already taken place mileage the percentage was a smaller one, as among American railways — plus a still more would be expected. For the combinations, by rapid process, the operation of bankruptcy. a natural evolution, had practically all of the The actual process was, roughly, this; bank- profitable railroad mileage of the country. rupt railroad corporations, owning a third of Nine tenths of all the railroad capital of the railroads of the country, fell into the only the United States had now come into these few hands strong enough to receive them the great combinations; and these few combina- hands of a few New York bankers. By a tions, driven by the same inevitable tendency splendid piece of work, these men put the rail- that created them, were again moving toward roads' finances upon a sound basis, and made the formation of one central group - a move- the properties more valuable than they had ment shown particularly in the inter-control ever been before. of the Pennsylvania, New York Central, and Great blocks of stocks in the roads were Union Pacific, and their interownership of given to the bankers as fees; much greater smaller roads. In the meanwhile, the country blocks came to them from the refusal of stock- at large was growing alarmed at the rolling up holders to pay reorganization assessments. A of corporation power in the United States. control of the stock was literally forced upon This feeling was centered for some months them. upon the outcome of the Northern Securities These bankers were masters of great bodies case, and Justice Brewer, of the United States of capital. They knew, better than any one Supreme Court, expressed it very clearly in else, the value of the roads they reorganized; his concurring opinion in the decision which the control, having once fallen into their hands, killed that company. would scarcely be released. At that time a reorganized railroad could be Commerce Commission on Intercorporate Relations of Railroads of the face value of its capitalization — in this * The figure, as given in the special report of the Interstate held by an investment of not over one fiftieth une JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 351 way: One fourth of its stock was enough to ization; the $50,000,000 pool of preferred stock control it. The stock of an average American in 1902 required no more than the ordinary railway makes about two fifths of its stock and twenty-per-cent margin to hold with financial bonds in the hands of the public, and the cost institutions — that is, $10,000,000. And by of these stocks to the bankers and their friends that time, as in all these properties, the profits was not over a fifth of its par value. One fourth already made far more than paid for the cost of two fifths of a fifth makes a fiftieth. of control. In this way, the Harriman group So, five men with a million dollars apiece, in held, in the Union and Southern Pacific and the money or credit, could in this way get control Illinois Central, 23,500 miles of road and a of a $250,000,000 corporation. Such a trans- capital of a billion and a half in public hands. action was a very small and simple one, com In the East, the control of the Erie, with paratively speaking. $450,000,000 capital in public hands, was held The other process of multiplying control was by Morgan through a voting trust. The Penn- that through corporations, described by Justice sylvania Railroad and the New York Central Brewer. Strong railroads bought stock control controlled, between them (together with the of the weak ones — which they wanted for exten- Union Pacific joint ownership of the Baltimore & sions or to stop competition. Sometimes they Ohio), 32,500 miles of road and one and a half bought all the stock; more generally they bought billion dollars of capital. The Union Pacific, a half or a third, or two strong roads would Rockefeller, and Morgan interests together split up a third of a competitor between them. had a dominating if not absolutely controlling Then, by a step further, the corporation con- voice in this, which had been acquired partly trolled by another would hold control of a third by individual ownership, partly by the invest- company. In this way the fraction of a fiftieth, ments of the Union Pacific, and partly by the which had given control of the stock-buying rail- long-established representation of English stock road, was divided again by two or three or six by Morgan. until the five million dollars capital of the origi- nal group controlled from half a billion to a The Concentration of Profits billion and a half of actual railroad capital in the hands of the public. In the meanwhile, it was not control alone that was centering; it was profits also. This The Small Cost of Railroad Control was absolutely inherent in the process that was going on. The strong railroads were buying In the South, J. Pierpont Morgan had control stocks by selling their own bonds. It was good of the Southern Railway by a voting trust, and business to sell a four-per-cent security to buy of the Central of Georgia by stock ownership; one that could be made to pay six, and buy and his ally, Henry Walters, held the Atlantic it at a cost that would make it yield eight Coast Line system through the stock of its and ten per cent on the investment. One $10,500,000 holding company, half of which thing was continually happening: the amount had been given to its holders by a stock divi- of stocks in the hands of the public was grow- dend in 1897. An actual investment of not ing relatively smaller all the time, and the mare than $6,000,000 controlled in this section amount of bonds always larger. 20,000 miles of railroad and over a billion dol From 1893 to 1906 the amount of stocks in lars of capitalization in the hands of the public. the hands of the public increased only one In the Northwest, the Morgan-Hill alliance eighth. The stocks in the hands of railroads held the Great Northern by a stock control were almost five times as great in 1906 as in that had iginally cost nothing, the Northern 1893. In 1906 the railroads held almost half Pacific by a stock control that was acquired of the stocks of the country; they had been for less than $5,000,000, and the old Burlington replaced in the hands of the public principally road through the issue of the bonds of the other by bonds. And even when stocks of strong roads. So, in all, the original cost of acquiring companies were issued to buy other stocks, the the control had been less than $5,000,000. The amount of stocks in public hands was still re- mileage controlled was 22,000, the capital in the duced. For one share of a strong company sold hands of the public a billion dollars. at par or more would pay for and withdraw The control of the Union Pacific's monopoly from public ownership two shares, more or less, in the Southwest was not acquired out of in the weaker roads. hand by single transactions, like the others. It A stockholder is an owner in a property; a started with a $6,000,000 fee of preferred stock bondholder is a creditor. So the general public to the reorganizing syndicate; other great blocks was steadily losing its ownership in American of stock were acquired at the time of reorgan- railroads and becoming simply a creditor. 352 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA THE OWNERSHIP OF RAILROAD SECURITIES SHOWING HOW THE STOCK IN THE HANDS OF THE PUBLIC WAS REPLACED BY BONDS BETWEEN 1893 AND 1906 TOTALS FOR UNITED STATES OWNERSHIP OF STOCKS OWNERSHIP OF BONDS Mileage Total stocks Total bonds and Stocks in public Stocks in hands Bonds in public Bonds owned other debts hands of railroads hands by railroads 1893 175,442 $5,080,032,904 $5,980,654, 116 $4,226,429,910 $853,602,994 $4,994,512,353 $986,141,763 1906 216,804 8,884,234,925 9,342,961,476 4,769,382,935 4,114,851,990 7,902,600,969. 1,440,360,507 Increase 23.6 per cent 74.9 per cent 56.2 per cent 12.8 per cent 382.7 per cent 58.2 per cent 46 per cent The country, in the meanwhile, was growing Competition had ruined American railroads. in both size and prosperity, and the value of The government held to the theory that there railroads was increasing accordingly. must be competition; and it certainly was not Now, by this process, the profits of ownership ready to take the railroads over, as the Prus- were concentrated into a comparatively smaller sian government had done. So they were body of stock; but they were still more con- taken over by the few hands that were strong centrated into the stocks of the dominant enough to control them, and gradually built companies, which held the controlling interest into a safe, conservative monopoly. As mo- in the smaller ones. For example, the hundred- nopoly is the perfectly logical development of per-cent profit from $90,000,000 of Southern the railroad business, the men who are strong Pacific stock, bought at about fifty, and the enough to build it up have naturally kept con- fifty-per-cent profit from $80,000,000 of North- trol, and taken the enormous profits monopoly ern Pacific, bought at about par, all centered has created. in the $300,000,000 stock of the Union Pacific. But the wonder of the movement, the thing And, last of all, the profits focussed again that flashed danger to the imagination of the upon the group of men who controlled the main public, was that this process was cumulative. property. It was not only that they held great It was not that ten or twenty or fifty men could blocks of dominant stocks through a rising get together in a room and devise an artificial market; but the information they received, as holding company like that described by Judge managers, kept them advised as to when it was Brewer. No body of men could do that. The wise to buy and to sell. fear came from the fact that here was an irre- Fortunes like Harriman's* of $75,000,000 and sistible natural movement of railroad capital $100,000,000 made in a decade – growths such into one central mass; and that that mass as came to the allies of Morgan in the North- was controlled as inevitably by a group of west from the Great Northern, which gave a men whose number would continually grow group of men each scores of millions - seem smaller. by themselves almost miracles. To many These men who controlled the railroads were they seem so abnormal as to be credited only firmly fixed in their places by this very process to criminal methods. As a matter of fact, they of accumulation. The control of great roads are simply products of an inevitable logical that had cost five or ten millions in the middle process of concentration that has taken place 'go's would now cost sums running into the in American railroads for the past half century. hundreds of millions. Who, in 1906, could buy control of $200,000,000 of Union Pacific The Centripetal Force of Capital common at $175 a share and $100,000,000 pre- ferred at above par, when the strongest central- The American railway business had started ized financial power in America already had out on a policy of utterly wasteful, unregulated a third of it? No one. The great railroads competition: building two roads where there of the country had already reached the position should have been one, cutting rates below a liv- of the corporation desired by Mr. Morgan, ing scale, paying the huge bonuses and interest "with a capital large enough so that nobody charges that uncertain enterprises must pay could ever buy it." for capital. One after another, the roads went But the railroads were not the only enterprise bankrupt - with very rare exceptions. In in which this great centripetal movement of 1893, a period of especially mad competition capital was taking place in America. It was ended in widespread bankruptcy. going on rapidly in all the greatest industries of the continent. And the same groups of men * The Harriman estate paid a merely preliminary tax on $71,- 000,000 to the State of New York on October 20, 1916. were at the focus of it. THE NEXT ARTICLE IN THIS SERIES WILL CONSIDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITAL IN THE GREAT INDUSTRIAL FIELD The Lemon in the Tariff оор by Do Samuel Hopkins Adams O N Saturday, May 29, 1909, the pends largely upon their extracts in preparing Hon. Frank P. Flint, Senator citrates. Excluding lemon products, which are from the State of California, rose not manufactured to any extent in this country, to plead for a tottering industry. some thirteen thousand car-loads of lemons are His theme was the lemon. consumed annually in the United States. This Lemon culture on the coast, he said, was fac- consumption is balanced about evenly between ing ruin. There was instant need of more the foreign and the native product. protection, otherwise “the lemon-growers of Up to the time when the tariff bill was passed, California will have to go out of business.” the importations (which are all from Italy) were Consequences dire to the public would follow. as seven to five. Inferentially, it would appear Importations from Italy would overwhelm the that the Italian trade had an advantage under market, drive out the native producer, and es- the old tariff of one cent a pound. This was not tablish an advance in the price of lemons, of one the fact. The imported lemon could meet the to four dollars, and possibly as much as five to California lemon on anything like equal terms six dollars, a box. He besought the Senate to only on the Atlantic coast, and even there it was raise the duty fifty per cent — from one cent at a slight disadvantage. to a cent and a half per pound. In the sacred name of protection he pleaded. America for The Conspiracy to Establish a Lemon the Americans! Support for a bravely strug- Monopoly gling but overmatched industry! With figures (such as they were) and facts (alleged), to Why, then, did not the California fruit cap- support the oratory. ture the market? For one reason only. The Now, the lemon tariff is not highly important entire crop of native lemons could supply less as a source of income. It brings in only about than half the demand; and practically the two million dollars in duty. But, in another entire American production is limited to a direction, the duty on lemons, as it affects their very small area in the southern half of Cali- price, is of the highest interest to the whole fornia. Therefore, what the fruit-growers country. Above all other fruits, lemons are a were really seeking when, through their sen- necessity. Besides their utility in cookery and atorial mouthpiece, they begged an advance, as a flavoring, they are an essential in the sick- was to drive out their foreign competitors room, in institutions (as an anti-scorbutic), and and to establish a monopoly in an article in in medical practice; while materia medica de- which there would be a constant shortage — 353 354 THE LEMON IN THE TARIFF thereby enabling them to regulate prices at Undeniably, these are four excellent and suffi- their pleasure. cient reasons, from a protectionist point of view; The House Committee gave the growers an and Senator Flint was, naturally and rightly, advance of twenty-five per cent. The Senate, presenting his case, as a protectionist, to a ma- against the earnest protests of such diverse jority committed to the cause of protection. Senators as Root and Bristow, increased it to An argument based upon these reasons would the full fifty per cent demanded, and this on have been sound, provided the reasons were the basis of arguments that were too bald to true. be even specious. Beginning with the first claim, we find Senator Flint expressing himself in regard to it with Why Aldrich Needed the Votes of the frequency and fervor: “The lemon industry in California Senators California is in a precarious condition.” “The industry is at a standstill.” “We must give Why, then, was so ridiculous a schedule al- further protection to the lemon-growers, if we lowed? For a very simple reason. Senator are to save this industry from destruction.” Aldrich needed the votes. He needed them for “If this were not a serious proposition to the his scandalous wool tariff (Schedule K). He people of my State, if it did not mean the entire needed them for his monstrous trust-written destruction of the lemon business in California, sugar schedule. He needed them for cotton. I would not be here appealing for this half-cent He needed them for steel. No tariff schedule additional duty.” sins unto itself alone; it invokes and involves in its unrighteousness many allied and inter The “Perishing Lemon Industry" Quad- related wrongs. Because the great tariff issues ruples Its Product in Ten Years were a target for the shafts of insurgents and Democrats, because already public opinion was Yet, under the then existing duty of one cent a becoming aroused to their enormity, Aldrich pound, the product of the California groves had had to muster every possible vote, and at any quadrupled in ten years. When the Dingley price. The little lemon benefice was part of tariff bill was passed, California produced about the price. 30,000,000 pounds of lemons a year. In 1907 The California Senators, Flint and Perkins, this had increased to 90,000,000, and in 1908 to were in a position to dicker to advantage. If 133,000,000. Pretty good, for a perishing enter- Aldrich would allow them the lemon graft, they prise! In the years when, according to Sena- would help him out on the greater tariff enter- tor Flint's plaint, the industry was slumping into prises. That being the case, it would have been bankruptcy and the growers were “re-budding wiser, perhaps, to put the lemon tariff through their lemon trees to oranges” because there was in a fitting silence. But some ill-advised person no money in lemons, the business, in the view of decided that a showing must be made. Flint was the Department of Agriculture's expert, was selected to make it. And thus there appears, in several steps from ruin. Professor Powell states naked outline, the whole machinery of tariff- that the seasons since 1904 have “proved unusu- making. What follows is important not so ally profitable. Demand is greater than supply, much in itself as because it furnishes one of the and the area of groves is extending consid- most striking instances -- and perhaps the most erably, though more slowly than the growers simple one — of the machine at work turning desire, as the nurserymen have not been able out a schedule. to supply the demand for trees.” No wonder Senator Flint based his appeal for a fifty-per- that Senator Root, who presented an unanswer- cent increase in the duty on lemons upon four able but wholly ineffective argument against major claims: the tariff increase, disgustedly demanded of 1. That lemon culture in California was the Senate, referring to these figures: "What facing ruin. is the use of talking about a dying industry?” 2. That four per cent or less was all that a But why should an industry paying a negligi- grower could expect to make on his investment, ble return show so tremendous a growth? In under the one-cent tariff. discussing this vital matter of profits, Senator 3. That Italian competiton was ruining the Flint hovers about the figure 4 like a moth trade. about a candle. “The entire return for ten 4. That if the Sicilian-imported lemon were years has been a little over four per cent per shut out of the American market, California annum.” “The average profit which lemon- could and would extend its lemon groves until , growers have received is about four per cent on in a few years, it would be supplying the whole their investment.” “As a matter of fact, the country with lemons at a reasonable price. lemon-growers of California have not made four SAMUEL HOPKINS ADAMS 355 per cent on their investment since they have The Actual Dividends of Some Lemon been in the lemon business." Companies Now this recurrent“four" is, in reality, a Mo- hammed's coffin, floating between heaven and But, although the defender of the American earth. It has no basis. It can show no con- lemon produced no figures that throw light on nection with any figures produced by Senator the real condition of the lemon industry in Flint or his supporters in the debate. But the California, figures, and highly interesting ones, Senator sedulously labored to foster the impres- existed. One of the threatened enterprises sion that it was based upon a table of statistics that sent a far cry for help to Washington that was inserted, not once, but twice, in the was the great Limoneira grove. The total record, and to which he referred as indicating the estimated - investment in the grove is about profit on lemons. As a matter of fact, the table $300,000; the capitalization is $1,000,000. The indicates nothing of the slightest importance to smallest dividend that the company has paid the case under discussion. It does not shed one in several years is ten per cent. Last year, ray of light upon the financial basis of the lemon according to the private figures of the company business. Nor was there produced by Mr. (which were not sent to Washington with the far Flint, at any stage of the proceedings, one single cry for help), the profits were something more set of figures from which any information as to than fifty per cent on the investment. True, the investment return on lemons could be de- natural conditions are somewhat better at the rived. The table is printed below. I shall have Limoneira property than in the average lemon occasion to refer to it later. For the present, it grove. This is not so at the great Leffing- is necessary only to note that all of the figures well ranch. On this ranch the soil is difficult relate to oranges and lemons in combination, and and water expensive. Notwithstanding these that there is not one iota of financial information disadvantages, the Leffingwell concern admits as to lemons alone. One is amazed equally at paying a handsome return on a valuation of the impudence of the trick and at its success. $500,000. What it actually pays is about CITRUS INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA FOR ELEVEN YEARS – AVERAGE PRODUCTION, SELLING PRICE, COST OF PRODUCTION, AND PROFIT OF AN AVERAGE GROVE PER ACRE Year Average price Boxes produced Acres Total boxes Gross average per acre Producing Selling cost per cost acre with per out interest acre per box Profit per acre f. o. b. 5,734,800 $1.25 $191.00 $172.00 $9.00 $10.00 3,909,800 1.72 154.00 101.00 5.00 48.00 6,734,500 1.70 228.00 151.00 8.00 69.00 43,162 9,371,800 1.22 203.00 190.00 10.00 3.00 8,378,500 1.68 223. X 153.00 8.00 64.00 Oranges.... 1898 30,193 5,371,000 Lemons. ... 1898 6,518 363,800 Oranges.. 1899 34,996 3,628,000 Lemons. 1899 8,672 281,800 Oranges. 1900 39,146 6,283,000 Lemons.. 1900 10,827 451,500 Oranges. 1901 8,459,500 Lemons.. 1901 12,979 912,300 Oranges. 1902 47,245 7,499,900 Lemons. . 1902 15,119 878,600 Oranges. 1903 48,036 8,438,800 Lemons.. 1903 14,412 Oranges.. 1904 52,251 10,306,200 Lemons.. 1904 9,226 868,000 Oranges.... 1905 59,828 10,538,200 Lemons.. 1905 10,399 1,333,500 Oranges.. 1906 67,405 9,170,700 Lemons.. 1906 11,572 1,182,200 Oranges. 1907 85,738 9,908,000 Lemons. 1907 13,478 1,097,300 Oranges.. 1908 104,073 10,486,000 Lemons. . . . 1908 16,718 1,585,000) 9,265,300 826,500 1.29 168.00 191.00 9.00 14.00* 11,174,200 1.09 198.00 205.00 11.00 18.00 11,871,700 1.37 231.00 193.00 10.00 28.00 10,352,900 2. Il 276.00 149.00 8.00 119.00 11,005,300 2.00 22 100 126.00 7.00 88.00 12,071,000 1.75 170.00 114.00 6.00 50.00 Total Oranges. Total Lemons. Average. 90,089,300 9,780,500) 99,869,800 $1.56 $208.00 $156.54 $8.27 $43.19 Total profit on investment, $43.19 per acre. Average cost of i acre, $1,000. Average interest on amount, 4.3 per cent. * Loss 356 THE LEMON IN THE TARIFF AGER AND SECRETARY TO THE DIRECTORS 66 $40,000 on a total investment of some $90,000. This bears very little resemblance to Senator EXCERPTS FROM ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MAN. Flint's four per cent. AND STOCKHOLDERS OF THE LIMONEIRA I have spoken of the private figures of the COMPANY, SANTA PAULA, CALIFOR- Limoneira Company. In the diagram opposite NIA, JANUARY 1, 1910. they are published for the first time. In Div’ds paid to stockholders during 1909. $100,000 fact, these are the first published figures show- 1908. 100,000 ing, from the inside, the real condition of the 1907. 140,000 mendicant lemon industry. The information The average price received for all fruit shipped is derived from the company's privately circu- during the year was about $2.77 per box f. o b. Santa Paula. lated report. There is sound reason for keeping Statement of Company's net profits for the past this information confined to the officers and eight years: stockholders. An official of the Limoneira con Total net profit for the year 1902.. $ 24,756.81 cern, in declining to give out the statement 1903. 31,673.41 of earnings and profits, based his refusal on 1904 43,995.53 1905 135,545.40 the ground that the figures would contra- 1906. 200,757.49 vene the case made out by the lemon-growers at 1907 240,1 10.30 Washington. The Leffingwell figures are also 1908. 123,904.43 1909. 167,486.76 jealously guarded, and the Leffingwell people Respectfully submitted by excused their reticence on the plea of their N. W. BLANCHARD, Jr., "desire to protect the lemon industry.” Many Secretary. other citations of earnings might be given; but, This is the company that sent its manager, C. C. lest it might appear that these were selected Teague, to plead the desperate straits of the lemon cases, the figures of Professor Powell, the Agri- industry. cultural Department's pomologist, are given as coming from an unbiased source. Professor Powell deals in averages. In his report of 1907 who accepted $2.16 a box with gratitude was he estimates the net profits per acre on lemons presenting to the consumer 61 cents on every from 1903 on (dealing with years, be it noted, box — a status of commerce to which the con- when the “ruinous” lower tariff was in force) to sumer is little habituated. Furthermore, Mr. be $325. Taking the extreme investment valu- Teague's actual profits, as compared to his con- ation of $1,000 an acre, this would give about gressional profits, were about $1.50 a box instead eight times the return so insistently asserted of 95 cents a further improvement upon Sen- by Senator Flint. ator Flint's "fifty or sixty cents." As a calculator of productiveness the gentle- Senator Flint's Elastic Calculations man from California exhibits a similar idiosyn- crasy. “Lemons average about half a car-load Here is further light on the Senator's system an acre,” is his estimate. Mr. Fremline, of of mathematics. “We would be perfectly sat- the California Citrus Union, says that one full isfied with fifty or sixty cents a box profit,” says car-load an acre is a fair average. The Limoneira Senator Flint. And again, “The California grove averaged about a car and a half per acre (lemon) grower would be glad to contract his for 300 acres (this is the private report; Mr. fruit at three dollars a box, delivered” (that is, Teague's congressional estimate is only a little $2.16 on board the car in California). “Fifty over a car-load), and the Leffingwell ranch or sixty cents a box profit." Our appealing ships, from go acres of bearing trees, between friend, Mr. Teague, of the Limoneira Company, 100 and 150 car-loads a year. One year this admitted on the stand that the normal profit ranch shipped 165 car-loads. on lemons was 95 cents a box, reckoning on the Whence, then, are the low figures derived? average of several years. The average price Senator Root's keen mind went to the heart of he gave was $2.55 a box, free on board — just the matter, and he pointed out the bad faith 39 cents better than the price that Senator of the growers in these words: Flint believed his mythical grower would be “Now, Mr. President, one word as to the glad to get. But these, remember, are figures way in which the lemon-growers of California for public consumption. The private state- make up the figures they present here. This ment of Mr. Teague's Limoneira Company has been a growing industry. The profits have shows that in the year of ruin 1909, when Sena- been increasing as they have learned the busi- tor Flint was putting forth his argument, the ness. It is the last ten years of perfected work average price of lemons, free on board, was $2.77 in the lemon groves that have shown the profits. a box. So that the Senator's gladsome grower So the government report says. in giving the SAMUEL HOPKINS 357 ADAMS average profits for a period of ten years past, life in the Middle West, and enjoying a free they include the period of education, of learn- field only in the western part of the country. ing how to conduct the business. Those early “If the duty is not increased, the lemon- years, which in every industry are apt to be growers of California will not be able to market unprofitable, are grouped with these later years their fruit any farther east than the Missouri of great profit, in order to give a low average. River.” But there is no conflict in the statement of facts that is before us now, that this growing and The Mythical Freight Charge that the prosperous industry is, with the present law, Middle Westerner Pays making great profits and meeting a demand greater than they can supply, and that they And this prophecy is based on the statement need no additional duty." that the New York auction price (most lemons are sold at auction) fixes the rate for the Middle The Case of the Sicilian Importer Western States, and that the fruit is sold in these States "at prices prevailing in the New Nevertheless, from the protectionist point of York market on that day.” This is striking, but view, the demand for an increased tariff would not true. The fact is that the rate to the Mid- still be just and reasonable, provided the dle West is the New York market price plus Sicilian importers were able to wrest the market the freight from New York to the city where the from the American grower. On this point lemons are sold. The addition to the price is Senator Flint falls back upon expert testimony, purely fictitious. The lemon-grower doesn't pay that of John Triolo, the manager of a California the additional freight. · He pays no additional grove, and for many years an exporter of lemons freight. There is no additional freight. The in Italy. Mr. Triolo qualified amply as an car to St. Louis or Minneapolis or Kansas City expert. He gave many figures (mostly wrong) is cut out of the train, on its way from California as to the cost of labor in Italy, transportation to the East, without extra charge, and the charges, etc., the purpose of his testimony being added freight charge that the Middle Westerner to establish the theory that lemons from Sicily pays for lemons is a clever form of bunco. It can be laid down in New York cheaper than is put on because, as one large grower candidly lemons from California. The gist of his whole explains: “Those fellows in that part of the argument may be summed up in the following country are easy." quotation from his letter, produced before the But freight charges to the importer are by no Ways and Means Committee of the House: means imaginary. Should he attempt to com- "The cost of growing lemons in Sicily is pete in the Middle West, he must pay, in addi- small compared with California." tion to the duty, the regular freight rates from Sworn statements appended to detailed the port of New York, where his consignments tabulations were produced by New York fruit- are landed. Hence, as Senator Burkett pointed dealers refuting Mr. Triolo's figures. But there out, the duty on lemons represents the mini- is no need to reproduce these. It is more mum protection to the American producer, and enlightening to compare Mr. Triolo's congres- is confined to the Eastern coast localities. sional statements with Mr. Triolo's extra- Elsewhere he is protected by the duty plus the congressional assertions. After the tariff bill freight rate. Under pressure, Senator Flint was passed and the lemon-growers had won forsook his position on this point, and admitted their fight, this man, their expert witness, the facts. As the entire California crop can stated definitely that under normal conditions supply but half of the demand in this country, the Italian importer could not hope to compete it is difficult to understand why more protec- with the Californian in the open market. He tion is needed on this score. wrote, over his own signature: Finally, Senator Flint is quite reassuring as Although labor is cheaper in Italy, ... to the ability of California to furnish all the so many more men are needed in the Sicilian lemons needed by the entire United States. orchards that the production costs the importer "Throughout the State oranges and lemons can as much per box as it does to produce California be produced,” he says. Here his geography is lemons." on a par with his arithmetic. He is about fifty So much for expert testimony and tariff- per cent wrong. North of Sacramento, very making! little of the country is more suited to lemon cul- Further to uphold his contention, Senator ture than Maine or Michigan. It is in scat- Flint drew a distressful picture of the California tered spots in the southern half--and mainly industry shut out of the New York and Eastern the southern fifth-of the State that these market by Italian competition, fighting for its tender trees flourish. In all probability, the 358 THE LEMON IN THE TARIFF Mr. Triolo's testimony as submitted to Congress by Senator Flint TARIFF HEARINGS: BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SIXTIETH CONGRESS Exbibit C CORONA, CAL., November 5, 1908. Mr. A. F. Call, City. Dear Sir: Referring to our conversation in which you asked me to give you some information regarding the cost of growing and marketing lemons in Sicily, will state that I was in the Sicily fruit business as a grower, packer and shipper, for eight years, from 1891 to 1899, and during that time shipped approximately 1,000,000 boxes of Messina and Palermo lemons. The cost of growing lemons in Sicily is small compared with California. The writer does not know the present state of the Sicily labor markets but he knows that labor conditions have not improved in Sicily to the benefit of the laborer during the past ten years, so that he thinks the cost of labor to-day and ten years ago could not be any more, and may be less. Very truly yours, J. P. Triolo. Mr. Triolo's testimony as given in a letter from which the following extract is reproduced JOHN P. TRIOLO CORONA, CALIFORNIA Sept. 7, 10 CORONA, OAIIF The United States government protects the industry by a customs duty of one and one half (1 1/2) cento per pound and it has put the importers at such a disadvantage that they cannot compete with the California frvit except when prices are high enough to permit then to do 8o. A large part of the labor on the ranches in California is done by machinery while in Italy it is done by hand lahor and while a great deal cheaper rates are paid for labor the number of lahorers is so increased as to cost the importer as much per box as a box of California lemons. Yours truly godreolo A SAMPLE OF THE “EXPERT TESTIMONY” BY WHICH SENATOR FLINT JUSTIFIED HIS LEGISLATION THE SECOND LETTER, WRITTEN AFTER THE TARIFF BILL HAD BEEN PASSED, DIRECTLY CONTRADICTS THE POINT THAT SENATOR FLINT URGED AS AN ARGUMENT FOR FURTHER PROTECTING THE CALIFORNIA LEMON-GROWERS Western coast groves will eventually be able At the corresponding time in 1910, under the to satisfy the demand; but that will not be for one and one half cent duty in full force and with several years. In the meantime, we must have the Sicilian output diverted to other markets, lemons. And it must be remembered that, as the cost of imported lemons was from $6.25 to American groves can at present supply only $8.1212 cents a box. This on the unimpeach- half the country, any curtailing of the foreign able authority of the New York Journal of Com- influx means an artificial stimulus to prices - merce, which states that only eight hundred a tax on all of us for the benefit of a little section boxes entered the port of New York in that week. of one State. It was this for which Senator Observe, now, the effect upon California Flint strove so successfully. How successfully, lemon prices and upon the consumer. Cali- the following list of prices, the latest attainable fornia lemons, at the close of October, 1910, (the last week in October), will indicate. sold for $6 to $9 a box, one car-load selling as On Oct. 31, 1907, the highest grade of Sicilian high as $10.50, $10.85, $11.8772, and up to lemons brought from $4.25 to $4.50 a box. $12 a box. Senator Flint predicted a price of On the same date in 1908 they brought from $9 a box, if the Sicilians gained control of the $4.75 to $5 a box. On the same date in 1909 market. Well, his Californians now are get- the price varied between $5 and $5.75 a box. ting control, thanks to the tariff, and they have SAMUEL HOPKINS ADAMS 359 lifted prices thirty-three and one third per cent When Senator Tillman heckled Senator above his utmost fears. “These are said to Flint on his statement that the lemon-growers have been the highest prices ever paid here for made only four per cent on their money, and California lemons," says the Journal of Com- asked for figures, the Californian rushed again merce. The public pays! to his tabulation. The main difficulty in the lemon situation is “It shows,” he said, "that $1.56 free on that the United States has not been Sicily's board is the average price of oranges and lemons best market for several years past. England, in California.” Germany, France, and Russia absorb great Technically correct. Had Senator Flint used quantities of the Sicilian lemons, and the mar- the phrase "of oranges and of lemons" instead kets of Australia and South America are being of “of oranges and lemons,” his statement opened up to them. The prices quoted above would have been as false in form as it was in are high because October is the end of the lemon substance and purpose. season, but they indicate what may be normally Between the two kinds of citrus fruits Senator expected if, by reason of tariff and other trade Flint proved a lively dodger. A questioner discouragements, the growers of Sicily further would try to fix him on lemon statistics, only diminish shipments to this country. That to find him grinning from behind the trunk of their shipments are steadily declining is indi- an orange tree. cated by our custom-house figures. June and July are the months of greatest business in Mr. Dolliter. I have been told by persons claiming lemons. Before the new tariff went into effect, to be more or less familiar with the fruit business that about 750,000 boxes of lemons came through the lemons of California get ripe in the winter-time- (and so on, with no mention of oranges anywhere in the port of New York during these two months the question). of 1908; during the same period of 1907, about Mr. Flint. So far as the citrus fruit industry in 775,000 boxes. In 1910, during June and July, Florida is concerned, the Florida orange comes in about 585,000 boxes were received. During ber, and January. The California crop of oranges is October and lasts during October, November, Decem- June, 1910, no California lemons reached the of two kinds. New York market, “the West absorbing all Mr. Dolliter. I am speaking of lemons now. shipments at good prices" (New York Journal of Commerce). In July, 1910, a record price One more instance of the California states- of $7.75 per box was made on the Sicilian man's strategy. I have somewhat abridged this lemons. The public pays. from the Congressional Record report, without in Inevitably there has entered into this outline any respect modifying its meaning. Senator of a tariff some suggestion of the kind of Senator Bristow had suggested the scarcity of land avail- Mr. Frank P. Flint is. Let me sketch in that able for lemons. portrait with a few instances of his methods in debate. I have referred, heretofore, to the Valley, almost as large as the State of Kansas, where Senator Flint. There is one valley, the Imperial citrus fruit table reproduced on page 355, the it is generally admitted lemons can be grown. table that gives no item of financial information Senator Bristow. Abundantly watered? about lemons, but only about oranges and lem- Senator Flint. It has all the Colorado River. ons in combination. "The conditions affecting Senator Bristow. How much of the river gets into the Imperial Valley? oranges and lemons are different,” said Mr. Senator Flint. Enough to irrigate from five hun- Flint, in a careless moment. Yet he harks back dred thousand to one million acres of land. to his precious table as a barometer of condi Senator Bristow. Are ditches constructed or being tions in the lemon trade. For example: constructed? Senator Flint. It is not all under ditch now. Senator Bristow. How many acres are under ditch? Senator Flint Dodges Lemon Statistics from Senator Flint. Over three hundred thousand. Senator Bristow. Three hundred thousand not Behind an Orange Tree being cultivated? Mr. Burkett. I cannot understand the Senator's Senator Flint. Oh, it is under cultivation of some kind. statement which he has just made — that the lemon planters are in a very serious condition, and that they cannot sustain themselves under the present duty. Thus, in the course of a brief cross-examina- Mr. Flint. The Senator did not read the entire tion, the area "almost as big as Kansas,” and statement (referring to the table]. I wish he had watered by “all the Colorado River,” dwindles done so. I will ask to have it inserted in the record down to about three hundred thousand acres as a part of my remarks. It shows the average profits and all of it under cultivation. Neither Senator per acre during the ten years to be $43.19 an acre. Flint nor any other man knows, as yet, how As I have stated, this table proves absolutely much of the Imperial Valley, if any, is available nothing for lemon culture. As for the "general admis- 360 THE LEMON IN THE TARIFF sion” that the fruit can be grown there, I am servient to the Southern Pacific, had been assured by the Agricultural Department that no ordered to put the tariff through, in consequence opinion upon the point is of value until con- of an agreement between the railroads on the firmed by actual experimentation. one hand and lemon-shippers on the other. It Such was the case and such were the methods was generally believed that the agreement was of presentation on which Senator Flint went to as follows: The railroads were to help the ship- the Senate. By the time the debate was done pers get the ance tariff, and let them take the there was practically nothing left of his argu- entire “rake-off” for one year. After that year, ment. Root had riddled it. Bristow and Burk- the freight rates were to be advanced fifteen ett had knocked the props from under the flimsy cents® a hundredweight, thus giving the rail- structure. Few, if any, members of the Senate roads their “bit.” So rife was this report that failed to realize the true nature of the measure it entered into the Senate debate when Senator that they were asked to support. Yet it Bristow quizzed Senator Flint on it. passed. And it passed because of a clinching "I should like to ask the Senator from Cali- argument advanced by Senator Aldrich. I re- fornia if he has any evidence that the railroads produce it in full. will not advance the rate if the duty is in- “Mr. President, I am very anxious to have a creased.” vote taken upon this proposition." “There need not be any fear of raising the Crack! goes the whip. The traders fall into rate,” Senator Flint answered him. line. The schedule passed, 44 to 28. · By such Again the Senator was wrong. No sooner was men and such measures are we, the people of the tariff passed than both the Southern Pacific the United States, taxed, one and all of us! and the Santa Fé, with their tributary lines, But there is honor among traders. The two tacked on the extra fifteen cents. The lemon- California Senators lived up to their bargain. growers raged. Senator Flint, who had been Here is their record of votes on the various hailed as the benefactor of his region, found his schedules of Senator Aldrich's tariff. Senator popularity waning. But the incensed orchard- Flint voted with Aldrich u times, against ists did more than fume. They appealed to the Aldrich not once; Senator Perkins voted with Interstate Commerce Commission for justice. Aldrich 112 times, and voted against him twice. The Commission decided that the old rate should be restored. It was now the railroads' turn to The Sequel to the Lemon Tariff appeal. They sought the United States courts, and the courts declared for the new rate of $1.15. There is a sequel to the lemon tariff which However the rate case may terminate, the does not lack grim and sardonic humor. During tariff remains. The entire United States is being the discussion there was a widespread belief taxed, for the benefit — the super-benefit--of that the railroads were “in on the deal”; that a little corner of California, on a necessity of Senators Flint and Perkins, notoriously sub- life, which the beneficiaries can only half supply. MORMON THEOLOGICAL DOCTRINE A S supplementary to the article on the of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day “Mormon Revival of Polygamy,” Saints. It comprises twenty-six volumes, was published elsewhere in this issue, published in Liverpool from 1854 to 1885, a number of quotations from Mor- and contains the sermons preached in the Salt mon theological works are herewith Lake Tabernacle. printed. All the books quoted are orthodox Mormon writings, are freely circulated at the Plurality of Gods present time, and — with the exception of the Q. Are there more Gods than one? Journal of Discourses - can be purchased at the A. Yes, many.-Mormon Catechism for Children, official church book-stores in Salt Lake City. page 13. The Journal of Discourses, from which many We believe in the plurality of Gods.— Mormon Doc- quotations are taken, is an official publication trine of Deity (1903), page 11. MORMON THEOLOGICAL DOCTRINE 361 Many Worlds, Many Gods know it sooner or later. When the Virgin Mary con- ceived the child Jesus, the Father had begotten him in Let duration, as to the past, be without beginning his own likeness. He was not begotten by the Holy - yet Joseph Smith has revealed the great truth, an Ghost. And who is the Father? He is the first of the endless succession of exalted men, called Gods. Let human family; and when he took a tabernacle, it was duration, as to the future, be without end,- let the end begotten by his father in heaven, after the same man- of time be as remote as the beginning of time, which ner as the tabernacles of Cain, Abel, and the rest of it is, for neither exists, - yet Joseph Smith has revealed the sons and daughters of Adam and Eve; from the the great truth that in that endless future, new worlds, fruits of the earth, the first earthly tabernacles were systems of worlds and universes will be created from originated by the Father, and so on in succession. the exhaustless store of eternal matter, and made the I could tell you much more about this; but were I to habitation of the ever-increasing posterity of the Gods. tell you the whole truth, blasphemy would be nothing Let no one fear — there is room for all this multiply- to it, in the estimation of the superstitious and over- ing and increasing in limitless space. Let no one righteous of mankind. However, I have told you the fear – there is material for all these worlds and sys- truth as far as I have gone.-BRIGHAM YOUNG, Jour- tems of worlds in the exhaustless store of eternal mat- nal of Discourses, vol. I, page 50. ter distributed throughout limitless space. Let no one fear — there is time enough in endless duration to I have given you a few leading items upon this accomplish all that God has decreed through his subject, but a great deal more remains to be told. prophet pertaining to the perfecting and exalting of Now, remember from this time forth, and forever, our race.- A New Witness for God (1895), page 474. that Jesus Christ was not begotten by the Holy Ghost. I will repeat a little anecdote. I was in conversation God a Being of Flesh and Bones with a certain learned professor upon this subject, when I replied, to this idea: “If the Son was begotten What think ye of Christ? Is he God? Yes. Is he by the Holy Ghost, it would be very dangerous to man? Yes. Will that resurrected, immortal, glorified baptize and confirm females, and give the Holy Ghost man ever be distilled into some bodiless, formless to them, lest he should beget children, to be palmed essence, to be diffused as the perfume of a rose is upon the Elders by the people, bringing the Elders diffused throughout the circumambient air? Will he into great difficulties."--BRIGHAM YOUNG, Journal of become an impersonal, incorporeal, immaterial God, Discourses, vol. 1, page 51. without body, without parts, without passions? Will it be? Can it be? What think ye of Christ? Is he Some of the sectarian ministers are saying that we God? Yes. Is he an exalted man? Yes; in the name Mormons are ashamed of the doctrine announced by of all the Gods, he is. Then why do sectarian ministers President Brigham Young, to the effect that Adam arraign the faith of the members of the Church of will thus be the God of this world. No, friends, it is Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints because they be- not that we are ashamed of that doctrine. If you see lieve and affirm that God is an exalted man, and that any change coming over the countenance when this he has a body, tangible, immortal, indestructible, and doctrine is named, it is surprise, astonishment, that will so remain embodied throughout the countless any one at all capable of grasping the largeness and ages of eternity? And since the Son is in the form and extent of the universe, the grandeur of existence, and likeness of the Father, being, as Paul tells, “in the the possibilities in man for growth, for progress, should express image of his (the Father's) person"- so, too, be so lean of intellect, should have such a paucity of the Father God is a man of immortal tabernacle, understanding, as to call it in question at all.---The glorified and exalted: for as the Son is, so also is the Mormon Doctrine of Deity (1903), pages 42, 43. Father, a personage of tabernacle, of flesh and of bone as tangible as man's, as tangible as Christ's most God a Polygamist glorious, resurrected body.-Mormon Doctrine of Deity (1903), page 25. Here let me say that the family order which God established with Abraham and the Patriarchs was Adam the God of This World the order observed among celestial beings in the celestial world. And this family order is not the only The question has been and is often asked, who it one at which God sits as the Head and first pattern was that begat the Son of the Virgin Mary. The in the series of matrimonial examples; but it is of infidel world have concluded that if what the Apostles perpetual duration, both in and beyond this world. wrote about his father and mother be true, and the it is utterly absurd to suppose the anomaly of such present marriage discipline acknowledged by Christen- an existence as a father without a mother. •Every- dom be correct, then Christians must believe that thing in the analogy of nature forbids such an idea. God is the father of an illegitimate son, in the person The analogy of birds, fish, quadrupeds, creeping of Jesus Christ! I will tell you how it is. Our Father things, and vegetables forbids it. Have not we ali in Heaven begat all the spirits that ever were, or ever. one Father? We are all his offspring. A large will be, upon this earth; and they were born spirits in family to be ascribed to one father! But where is the eternal world. Then the Lord by His power and the Scripture that ascribes the origin of all diverse wisdom organized the mortal tabernacle of man. We sons to one and the same mother? When God sets were made first spiritual, and afterwards temporal. up any portion of his kngdom upon the earth, it is Now hear it, O inhabitants of the earth, Jew and patterned after his own order in the heavens. When Gentile, saint and sinner! When our father Adam he gives to men a pattern of family organization on came into the garden of Eden, he came into it with a the earth, that pattern will be just like his own family celestial body, and brought Eve, one of his wives, with organization in the heavens. The family of Abraham him. He helped to make and organize this world. He was a transcript of a celestial pattern. The likeness is Michael, the Archangel, the Ancient of Days, about was drawn by a master artist who was perfectly whom holy men have written and spoken. He is our familiar with the celestial pattern. Abraham's family Father and our God, and the only God with whom was a fresh organization, designed to effect the per- we have to do. Every man upon the earth, professing petuity and increase of God in an endless succession Christians or non-professing, must hear it, and will of families. And every family which God institutes 362 MORMON THEOLOGICAL DOCTRINE upon the earth is fashioned like his own original master. When Mary of old came to the sepulchre family in the heavens.--Orson Spencer's Letters on the first day of the week, instead of finding Jesus (edition 1891),, page 192. she saw two angels in white. “And they say unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? She said unto them, Christ a Product of Polygamy Because they have taken away my Lord (or husband), and I know not where they have laid him. And when I will next call your attention to the marriage she had thus said, she turned herself back, and saw practice of Jacob, one of the most illustrious prophets, Jesus standing, and knew not that it was Jesus. Jesus and a grandson of Abraham. Jacob had several saith unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? Whom wives, and by them were born unto him the Twelve seekest thou? She, supposing him to be the gardener, Patriarchs, after whom all the Tribes of Israel were saith unto him, Sir, If thou have borne him hence, named. Now, sir, one of these wives was honored with tell me where thou hast laid him, and I will take him being the lineal mother of Jesus Christ, according away. Jesus saith unto her, Mary. She turned to the flesh. What! Jesus Christ descended from a herself, and saith unto him, Rabboni; which is to man who advocated the doctrine of a plurality of say, Master.” Is there not here manifested the wives, and actually had many wives! Why, he was affection of a wife? These words speak the kindred as bad as Mahomet! "I wonder," says one, “that ties and sympathies that are common to that relation God ever kept a record of such a lineage, seeing it of husband and wife. Where will you find a family favors the doctrine of a plurality of wives.” Why, so nearly allied by the ties of common religion? sir, this was one object of keeping the record of "Well," you say, “that appears rather plausible, but Christ's lineage, that it might sustain this very doc- I want a little more evidence. I want you to find trine.- Orson Spencer's Letters (edition 1891), page 197. where it says the Savior was actually married." Gentlemen, that is as plain as the translators, or Christ a Polygamist different councils over this Scripture, dare allow it to go to the world, but the thing is there; it is told; Jesus “Then you really mean to hold to the doctrine was the bridegroom at the marriage of Cana of that the Savior of the world was married; do you Galilee, and he told them what to do. mean to be understood so? And, if so, do you mean Now there was actually a marriage; and if Jesus to be understood that he had more than one wife?” was not the bridegroom on that occasion, please tell Now, suppose I should set out myself, and who was. If any man can show this, and prove that it travel through the cities of the nation as a celebrated was not the Savior of the world, then I will acknow- reformer, preaching revelations and sentiments as ledge I am in error. We say it was Jesus Christ who lofty as the skies, and rolling out ideas strange and was married, to be brought into the relation whereby new, to which the multitude were entirely unaccus- he could see his seed before he was crucified. “Has tomed; and wherever I went, suppose I had with me he indeed passed by the nature of angels, and taken three or four women — one combing my head, an upon himself the seat of Abraham, to die without other washing my feet, and another shedding tears leaving a seed to bear his name on the earth?” No. upon them, and wiping them with the hair of her But when the secret is fully out, the seed of the blessed head. Suppose I should lean upon them, and they shall be gathered in, in the last days; and he who has upon me, would it not appear monstrous in the eyes not the blood of Abraham flowing in his veins, who of the world? Would they ride me into Jerusalem has not one particle of the Savior's in him, I am afraid upon an ass's colt, and cast branches of the palm tree is a stereotyped Gentile, who will be left out and not be beneath my feet, shouting, “Hosannah: blessed is gathered in the last days; for I tell you it is the chosen he that cometh in the name of the Lord; hosannah of God, the seed of the blessed, that shall be gathered. in the highest”? I guess they would give me a coat I do not despise to be called a son of Abraham, if he of tar and feathers, and ride me on a rail; and it is had a dozen wives; or to be called a brother, a son, a my opinion they would serve the Savior the same, did child of the Savior, if he had Mary, and Martha, and he go about now as he did eighteen hundred years several others, as wives; and though he did cast seven ago. devils out of one of them, it is all the same to me.- There is an old prophecy of Isaiah, which I cannot Orson Hyde, Journal of Discourses, vol. 2, pages 81,82. stop to read, but you will find it in the 53rd chapter of his prophecies; read the whole of the chapter. Polygamy Essential to Salvation This particular prophecy speaks of Christ all the way through. It is there said, "When thou shalt make his If plural marriage be unlawful, then is the whole soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed." plan of salvation through the house of Israel a failure, If he has no seed, how could he see them? and the entire fabric of Christianity without founda- By and by, the Prophet goes on to say, “And who tion.-A Compendium of the Doctrine of the Gospel, shall declare his generation?" for his life is taken published for missionaries, 1898. from the earth. If he had no generation, who could declare it? Who shall declare it? He could He has done so. And as he has here stated, as hav- not, for he was cut off from the earth. ing come from the mouth of the Prophet, this doctrine How was it with Mary and Martha, and other of eternal union of husband and wife, and of plural women that followed him? In old times, and it is marriage, is one of the most important doctrines ever common in this day, the women, even as Sarah, revealed to man in any age of the world. Without it called their husbands Lord; the word Lord is tanta man would come to a full stop; without it we never mount to husband in some languages; master, lord, could be exalted to associate with and become gods, husband, are about synonymous. In England we neither could we attain to the power of eternal in- frequently hear the wife say, “Where is my master?” crease, or the blessings pronounced upon Abraham, She does not mean a tyrant, but as Sarah called her Isaac, and Jacob, the fathers of the faithful.---JOSEPH husband Lord, she designates hers by the word F. SMITH, Journal of Discourses, vol. 21, page 10. Dra.xun by liliam Hatharell “HE HELD THE LANTERN SHOULDER-!11GH TO LOOK AT HER See " The Adventures of Miss Gregory.” page 415 364 McCLURE'S MAGAZINE VOL. XXXVI FEBRUARY, 1911 No. 4 CAPTAIN INNOCENCIO BY REX BEACH ILLUSTRATIONS BY FRANK E SCHOONOVER HE moon was not yet two hours touch of a woman's lips; it was on such an- high when Captain Innocencio pre- other night that he had first felt a man's warm pared to let himself over the side blood upon his hands. That had been long of the schooner. Outside, the ago, to be sure, in far Hayti, and since that Caribbean was all agleam, save time both of those sensations had lost much of where the coral reef teeth gnashed it into foam; their novelty, for he had lived fast and hard inside, a sand beach, yellow in the moonlight, and his exile had plunged him into many evils. curved east and west like a causeway until the It was on such a moonlight night, also, that he distance swallowed it. Back of that lay the had begun his wanderings, fleeing southward groves of cocoanut trees, their plumes waving between moonrise and moonset, southward, in the undying undulations that had never whither all the scum of the Indies floated. But, ceased since first the trade- winds breathed even to this day, when it came to the full of a upon them. Beneath the palms themselves February moon, with the fragrant salt trades the jungle was ink-black, patched here and blowing and the sound of a throbbing surf be- there with silver. The air was heavy with the neath it, the sated, stagnant blood of Captain slow rumble of an ever restless surf, and, all Innocencio went hot, his thin mulatto face about, the sea was whispering, whispering, as grew hard, and a certain strange exultance if minded to tell its mysteries. blazed within him. It was the sort of night that had ever wakened His crew had long since come to recognize wild impulses in Captain Innocencio's breast. It this frenzy, and had they now beheld him, was on such a night that he had first felt the poised half nude at the rail, his fierce eyes bent Copyright, 1911, by The S.S. McClure Co. All rights reserved 365 366 CAPTAIN INNOCENCIO Saw upon the forbidden shore, they would have de Dios to Tiburon, and even though it was ventured no remark. As it happened, however, recognized that the Señor “Beel Weelliams” they were all asleep, all three of them, and the paid proper price for cocoa- and ivory-nuts, his Captain's lips curled scornfully. What could head trader had never beaten down the peo- black men know about such subtleties as the ple's distrust. On the contrary, their vigilance call of moonlight? What odds to them if had increased, if anything, and now, after four yonder palm fronds beckoned? They had no years of scrupulous fair dealing, he, Captain Inno- curiosity, no resentfulness; otherwise they, too, cencio, was still compelled to sleep off-shore and might have dared to break the San Blas law. under guard, like any common stranger. It was four years now since he had first be It had made the Haytian laugh, at first; for gun to sail this coast, and even though he who would wish to harm a San Blas woman, was known on every cay and bay from Nombre with the streets of Colon but a hundred miles to the west? Then, as the months crept into years, and for voyage after voyage he never a San Blas woman's face, he became furious. Next he grew angry, then sullen, and a sense of injury burned into him. He set his wits against theirs; but invariably the sight of his schooner's sails was a signal for the women to melt away — invariably, when night came, and he and his blacks had been herded back aboard their craft, the women returned, and the sound of their voices served to fan the flame within his breast. Night after night, in sheltered coves or open river-mouths, the Captain of the Espirita had lain, belly down, upon the little roof of the deckhouse, his head raised serpent-wise, his gloomy eyes fixed upon the cook-fires in the distance. And when some woman's figure suddenly stood out against the fire-lit walls, or when some maiden's song came floating sea- ward, he had breathed curses in his bastard French, and directed a message of hate at the sentinel he knew was posted in the jungle shadows. At times he had railed at his crew of spiritless Jamaican "niggers," and lusted for a following of his own kind — men with the French blood of his island in their veins, men who would follow where the moonlight flick- ered. He had even gone so far, at one time, as to search the water-fronts from Port Limon to Santa Marta in quest of such fellows; he had winnowed the offscourings of the four seas gathered there, but without success. They were villainous chaps, for the main part, crossed with many creeds and colors, and ready for any desperate venture; but he could not find three helpers of sufficient hardihood to tam- per with the San Blas virgins. Instead, they had retold him the tales he already knew by heart: tales of swift and sudden retribu- tion overtaking blacks and whites; retribution that did not halt even at the French or the hated Americanos. They told him that, of all the motley races gathered here since earliest Spanish days, the San Blas blood alone re- tained its purity. It was his boss, the Señor AND SWAM ASHORE" Williams, who had gone back farthest into his- ONE NIGHT HE SLIPPED OVER SIDE “HE LAY UPON THE ROOF OF THE DECKHOUSE, HIS GLOOMY EYES FIXED UPON THE COOK-FIRES IN THE DISTANCE" tory, and it was he likewise who had threatened ceasing breeze, drowned all signal of his pres- him with prompt discharge if he presumed ence. Once he had defied the tribal law, to trespass. The Señor Williams was not one he knew no further peace. It was like the to permit profitable trade relations to be jeop- first taste of blood to an animal. Thereafter ardized by the whim of a Haytian mulatto. Innocencio the outlaw, whose name was a sym- Innocencio had listened passively, then, when bol of daring, became a jackal prowling through alone, smiled. He owed no loyalty. He had no the midnight glades, casting the scent of the law. Even the name he went by was a fiction. villages, and staring with hungry eyes from He continued to make his trips, and when he just beyond the shadow's edge. Rather, he came driving in ahead of the humming trade- became a panther, for in his caution was no winds, his schooner laden with the treasures cowardice, only a feline patience. Village after of the islands, the back streets of Colon awoke village he hunted until he had marked his prey. to his presence and prepared to greet him. Then he waited to spring. But, however loud the music in the cantinas, To be sure, he had never spoken with the however fierce the exultation of the liquor in girl, nor even seen her clearly; but the sound him, however wild the orgy into which he of her voice made him tremble. plunged, he could never quite drown the mem To accomplish even this much had taken ory of those sleepless vigils far to the east- many trips of the Espirita, had meant many ward; and ever in his quiet moments he heard sleepless nights and some few tense moments the faint song of San Blas women wafted by when only the shadows saved him from be- the breath of the sea, ever in his dreams he trayal. There had been times, for instance, saw the slim outlines of girlish figures, black when the quick simulation of a wild pig's grunt against a flaring camp-fire. or the purr of el tigre had served to explain the Four years this thing had grown upon him, sound of his retreat; other times when he had during which he haunted the San Blas coast. stood motionless in the shadows, the evil, And then, one night, he slipped over side and rust-red blade of his machete matching the swam ashore. It was not so dangerous as it hue of his half-nude body. seemed, for, once he had gained the shelter of To-night he crouched behind the deckhouse the jungle, no less than a pack of hounds could and ran his eye over the schooner in one final have followed him, inasmuch as the thickets glance of caution. It was well that all should were laced by a network of trails that gave be in readiness, for the moment of his spring forth no sound to naked soles, and the rustling might come within the hour, or, if not to-night, branches overhead, played upon by the never- then to-morrow night, or a week, a month, a 367 368 CAPTAIN INNOCENCIO year from to-night, and then a tackle fouled or resumed its slumber beside the fire. From a block jammed might spell destruction. the houses beyond came the sound of voices, He thrust his head through a loop of the of a child crying querulously, and of a woman leathern scabbard, and swung the huge knife quieting it. People came and went. An old back until it lay along the crease between his hag began pounding grain in a mortar, croon- shoulders; then he seized the port stay and ing in a broken voice. The girl's father came let himself softly downward over side. The rolling into view, and, after a word to her, water rose to his chin. Without a ripple, he struggled heavily up the ladder to his bed. glided into the moonlight astern, and a mo- He was snoring almost before the structure ment later his round black head was no more had ceased to creak beneath him. In the than a piece of bobbing drift borne landward thicket a multitude of nocturnal sounds arose, by the current. the insect chorus of the night. Down past the village he swam, noting the And then, before Innocencio realized what rows of dugouts on the beach. He saw a blot she was up to, the girl had stolen swiftly out in the big mahogany cayuca, a great canoe and past him, so close that he could hear the hewn from one priceless trunk, and recognized scuff of her sandals on the beaten path. The it for the sentinel. On he floated, then worked next instant he had glided from cover and his way ashore behind the little point. Once fallen in behind, his pulses leaping, his long, he felt the hard, smooth sand beneath his lithe muscles rippling; but he moved as si- soles, he waited until a cloud obscured the lently as a shadow. moon, and, when the light broke through again, Had he been a less accomplished bushman he was dripping underneath a wide-leaved he might have lost her, for she plunged into the breadfruit tree at the jungle's edge. Removing jungle unhesitatingly. However, he had long the machete from his neck, he wrung the water ago learned these trails by daylight, and knew from his cotton trousers. Over his head a them better than the lines of his own palm; night-bird croaked hoarsely. hence every moonlit turn, every flash of her The girl was at her father's house, tending white slip, found him close upon her track. a fire on the dirt floor. It was a large house, It puzzled him at first to discover her reason for the old man was rich in daughters, and, by for this unexpected sally, but soon he decided the San Blas rule, their husbands had come to she must be bent upon some mission. Then, live with him. He had waxed fat long ago on when he saw that she purposely avoided the their labors, and now only this youngest one village and was bending toward the open palm remained unmarried. But the ceremony was grove abreast of his anchorage, he knew she set. Innocencio had heard the news upon his must be going to a tryst. So Markeeña was arrival three days before, and had grudgingly the sentinel! That fellow in the mahogany bought a big store of tortoise-shell from the cayuca was her lover! Innocencio, the dis- groom-to-be, knowing full well that the money solute, felt a flame of rage suffuse him; and was intended for the wedding celebration. when, at last, his quarry emerged into the Markeeña was the fellow's name, a straight, mysterious half-light under the high roof of upstanding youth who more than once had palms, and paused, he strode after her. She excited the Haytian's admiration for his skill gave the melancholy call of the night-bird with a canoe. But since that day the latter that had sounded in the breadfruit tree over had regarded him with smoldering eyes. his head earlier in the evening; then, seeing The big thatched roof with its bark-floored him close beside her, uttered a little cry of loft stood on posts blackened by the smoke of pleasure. Not until he was too near for flight many feasts; there were no walls. The jungle did she discover her mistake, and then she crept close to it from the rear, and hence the seemed to freeze. Her utter silence was more watcher could witness every movement of the menacing than a scream. girl as she passed between the hammocks or It was the instant for which he had schooled stooped to her task. He could see, for in- himself, so he spoke to her in her own tongue: stance, the play of her dark round shoulders “Make no outcry! I will not harm you." above the neck of her shift. He ground his She drew back, at which he laid his great, yellow teeth and gripped the moist earth with bony hand upon her, his eyes blazing. She was the soles of his naked feet, as a tiger bares its deathly frightened, being little more than a claws before the leap. child. It was very hard to wait. “I have waited for you many nights," he For an hour he stood there. Once a dog explained. “I feared you would never come.” came to him and sniffed, then, recognizing Then, as she continued to stare up at him a frequent visitor, returned to the house and uncomprehendingly, he ran on: “I am Inno- "HE STRETCHED HIMSELF IN THE SHADE AND EYED HER COMPLACENTLY UNTIL HE FELL ASLEEP" cencio, the trader. Every night I have watched the lapping water as if she were no more than you at your work. I want you for my woman.” some weak, wild thing that he had trapped. Her voice had forsaken her utterly, but she Of course she knew him, for, while the San struggled weakly, so he tightened his grip Blas law may banish women, it can not blind until his fingers sank into her flesh. She began them, and she too had studied him from con- to gasp as if from a swift run; the open neck of cealment. Although his words had made no im- her garment slipped down over one shoulder; pression whatever upon her, his grasp and the her eyes were distended until he saw them direction he was drawing her in at last trans- ringed about with white. The terror of this lated what was in his mind. Then she burst tall yellow man with the hungry eyes robbed into life. But she made no outcry, for it takes her of power, and she let him drag her toward strength to scream, and every atom of her 369 370 CAPTAIN INNOCENCIO moan. force was directed against his. She began to shore. Innocencio cautioned the girl to hold Her every muscle writhed. With her her tongue, and she obeyed him, thoroughly free hand she tore at his entwining fingers, cowed by his roughness. She turned upon her but they were like jungle creepers that no hu- side and swam with her face close to his, her man strength could serve to loosen. And all eyes fixed upon him curiously, wonderingly. the time he drew her with him, speaking softly. Her easy progress through the water showed Then she felt him pause, and her distracted that her fright had largely vanished, and vision beheld another figure entering the showed likewise that had the Haytian been no shadows from the shore. She called to her uncommon swimmer himself she might have lover hoarsely, and saw him halt at the strange distanced him. All the way out to the boat she note, peering inward for a sight of her. She stared at him with that same fixed look, main- voiced words now for the first time, crying: taining her position at his side. The moon and “The stranger! The stranger!” the salt brine in his eyes played him tricks, else Then, hearing the scrape of her captor's he might have fancied her to be half smiling, machete as he drew it from its scabbard, she as if in some strange exaltation akin to his own. renewed her struggle more fiercely. Not until he finally dragged her, panting, to Captain Innocencio held the girl at his left the deck of the Espirita, and her white-clad side until the last moment, balancing the great figure stood out clearly from the shore, did knife-blade as if to try his arm; then, when her tribesmen realize the nature of the alarm. the Indian was close upon him, coming straight Then the vibrant turmoil suddenly stilled for the as a dart, he freed himself. A slanting moon- space of a full minute, while the enormity of the beam showed Markeena's ferocious visage and outrage made itself felt. They drew together his upraised weapon, but the Haytian met the at the edge of the sea, staring open-mouthed, falling blow with a fierce upward stroke that amazed, before they raised their blood-cry. once before had done him service. It was the The man and woman rested a moment, their stroke that had made him an exile years before. eyes upon the shore, and where they stood Innocencio's physical strength had ever twin pools of water blackened the deck. Then been his pride, if also his undoing; above all Innocencio turned to look upon his prey. The things, he prided himself upon the dexterity girl's flimsy cotton shift was molded to her and vigor of his wrist. His early training on figure, and he saw that she was even fairer than that blood-red Caribbean isle, and a later life he had pictured; so, in spite of his need for in thicket and swamp, had served to transform haste, he paused to gloat upon the favor the the cumbrous weapon into a thing of life at moon and the salt sea had rendered him. As his hands. More than once, for instance, he for her, she flung his glance back bravely had harried a serpent until it struck, for the until he wrenched open the cabin hatch and mere satisfaction of severing its head in mid- pointed to the dark interior. Then she weak- course; and now he felt the wide blade enter ened. But she had a will of her own, it seemed, flesh. Before his antagonist could cry out twice for she refused to be locked inside. He strode he had slashed again, this time downward as toward her, and she clutched the rigging des- if to split a green cocoanut. The next instant he perately, turning her glance to one of appeal. had seized the girl as she fled into the jungle. “You may come up in a moment,” he trans- But she had found her voice at last, and he lated, but still she clung to the stay. “If you was forced to muffle her with his palm. When try to escape He scowled upon her ter- they were out into the moonlight, however, ribly, at which she shook her head. Having with the dry sand up to their ankles, he let already tasted her strength, he knew there was her breathe; then, pointing with his machete no time to force her, so he leaped at his crew. to the Espirita lying white and ghostlike in the The three blacks were snoring forward of offing, he drove her down into the warm sea the deckhouse, so he seized a bucket of water until it reached her waist. at the rail and sluiced them into wakefulness, “Swim!” he ordered, and, when she would keeping his eye upon the girl meanwhile. have renewed the alarm, he raised his blade, When he saw that in truth she made no move, grimly threatening to call the sharks with her he let his caution slip, and raged over the blood. ship like a tiger, beating his half-clad crew “Swim!” he repeated, and she struck out, ahead of him with the flat of his machete; but with him at her shoulder. by the time they had gained their wits the But the village was roused. A confused tribesmen were massing at the canoes. As the clamor betrayed its bewilderment, and, before mainsail rose creaking he broke out the jib the swimmers had won more than half way to with his own hand, then with one stroke of his the schooner, figures came running along the knife severed the manila mooring-rope, and REX BEACH 371 the Espirita fell off slowly ahead of the breeze. the reef and out into the leaping Caribbean. Innocencio ran back to spur his befuddled Not until the San Blas coast was a mere char- “niggers” to further activity, only to find the coal line upon the port quarter and the salt girl still motionless, her eyes following his every spray was driving high did he deliver over the movement. Under his curses, the schooner helm; but at last he gave his crew instructions slowly raised her wings and the night wind for the night, and went below, closing and began to strain at the cordage. bolting the hatch behind him. When the But at last, when the Jamaicans were fully smoky lamp that swung between the bunks awake to the state of affairs, they threatened was lit and its yellow gleam had illumined the mutiny, whereat the mulatto flung himself interior, he saw the girl's eyes fast upon him. upon them so savagely that they scattered to He went toward her across the tilting floor, arm themselves with whatever weapons lay and she arose to meet him, smiling. at hand. Then they huddled amidship, rolling their eyes and praying; for out from the shore 11 came a long mahogany cayuca, and it was full of straight-haired men. Señor Bill Williams was in a fine rage. It takes a sailing-craft some time to gain Didn't you like your job?” he questioned its momentum, and as yet the full strength of Innocencio shrugged languidly. the trades had not struck the Espirita; hence “Oh, yes! The job was good." the canoe overtook her rapidly. Innocencio “You knew I'd fire you!" called to one of his men and gave him the tiller, “Si!” then took stand beside the girl, the naked The American tempered his indignant glare blade of his weapon once more beneath his arm. with a hint of curiosity. “You must love that The schooner's helmsman gave himself to San Blas girl.” God, while the cordage overhead began to “What do you say?” whine as the deck rose. It was upon the “You must love her better than your Haytian's lips to warn his pursuers off, when job, at least?” one of them called to the girl, bidding her “Si, señor! I suppose so.”. leap. Innocencio heard the breath catch in “What is she like, Innocencio?" her throat, but she made no move, and the “Well, she is just like other women. All command was repeated. women are alike – only some are fat. One This time she answered by some exclamation time I had a female from Martinique, and she that he did not understand, whereat the canoe- acted just the same as this one." men ceased paddling, as if her word had par “Humph! If she is like all the others, what alyzed them. They hurled their voices at her the devil made you do it?” savagely, but she remained motionless, the “Señor, you have plenty of money, and yet while the waters beneath her began to foam one night I saw you bet two thousand pesos and bubble. The Espirita's crew ceased their on the rouge. Why did you do that, eh?" prayers, and in the silence that ensued the sea “That is altogether different.” whispered at the bow as the craft listed more The Haytian smiled. “I am tired of these heavily under the full force of the wind. females at Colon. They are common people — Innocencio could not fathom the meaning of very common. Then, too, those San Blas the subdued colloquy among the San Blas people, they are so scared that somebody is men, so he shouted a warning, but, strangely going to steal a woman! Maybe if they had enough, they made no They only left me sleep on shore I would never have crouched, with paddles motionless, staring at noticed no woman at all. But they don't the dimming figures facing them, until the trust me, so, sure enough -- 1 steal one." Espirita, “wing and wing” ahead of the trades, “And you say she came willingly?” queried was no larger than a sea-gull. As yet they Williams incredulously. had not learned of the other tragedy hidden "Oh, yes! When her people commanded in the shadow of the palms; had they sus- her to jump from my schooner, she refused pected what lay weltering at the edge of a them. I did not understand at the time, but trampled moonlit glade behind them, no threat by an' by she told me." He swelled his chest of Innocencio's, no plea of his new-found with pride. "I guess she never seen so brave woman, could have held them back. a man as me before. Eh, señor?" Once the schooner was under way, the Hay “Humph! I guess I never will sabe you nig- tian led the girl to the deckhouse and thrust gers," acknowledged the American. her roughly inside, closing the hatch. Then Innocencio corrected his recent employer, with his own hands he took his craft through but without show of the slightest heat: answer. 372 CAPTAIN INNOCENCIO “I am no nigger, señor; I am Haytian. children at play in the mire beside the sewer- She is San Blas Indian. My father was not ditches. even so dark as me. Black men have thick The place was filled with everything un- heads and you have to beat them, but nobody healthy, and had long been known as the ever beat me, not even a white man. When earth's great festering sore. Neither the Ori- those niggers sleep I lie awake and study; ent nor the farthest tropics boasted another I make schemes. That is why I left Hayti.” spot like Colon, or Aspinwall, as it had been “Do you understand that you've got me called, with its steaming, hip-deep streets and its into a hell of a fix? I've got to take a trip brilliant flowering grave-yards. So hateful had down there myself to square things.” it proved, in fact, that when seamen signed Innocencio lighted a black cigarette and articles binding themselves to work their ships blew the smoke through his nose. Evidently into any corner of the globe, they inserted a other people's troubles did not concern him. clause exempting them from entering Aspinwall. Recognizing the futility of reproach or indig Now, however, the town was lively, for this nation, the former speaker continued: was the dry season, when the fever was at its “But see here, now! This girl? You can't lowest, and the resorts were filled with the keep her.” flotsam and jetsam of a tropic world. It was “Eh? Who's going to take her away?” a polyglot town, moreover, set upon a fever- interrogated the Haytian quickly. Bah! ridden mangrove isle serving as one terminus One man tried that, and — I killed him with of the world's short cut, and in it had collected my machete.” His thin lips drew back at the all the parasites that live upon the moving herd. memory, and for an instant his yellow face The French work of digging had but served showed a hint of what had made his reputation. to augment the natural population by a no “She won't stay with you." less desperate set from overseas, and now from “Oh, yes, she will. She was wild, very wild the open doors of their cubby-holes women at first, but — she will stay.” of every color greeted the passer-by. "And how about her people? They're bad Innocencio, whose last exploit was already bombres. Even the government lets them a thing of gossip, received unusual attention, alone -- fortunately for you." there being no color line in Colon town. White, "They won't make no trouble about that yellow, and black women fawned upon him and Markeeña. He is quite dead, I think.” bade him tarry; but he merely paused to lis- ““By Jove! You're a cold-blooded brute." ten or to fan their admiration by a word, then “Señor! You told me once that nobody idled onward, pleased at the notice he evoked. had ever married a San Blas female, eh?” Once fairly out of the pest-hole, he threaded “Yes. Even the old Spaniards tried it, but his way through the swamp toward the other the blood is clean, so far; something unusual, shore of the island. Blue land-crabs scuttled too, in this country.” among the mangrove roots at his approach; Innocencio began to laugh silently, as if at the place was noisy with the hum of insects; a joke. on every hand the heated mud gave forth “Some day, maybe, you will see a San Blas a sound like the smack of huge moist lips. But half-breed playing in the streets of Colon,” on the other side he came into a different do- said he. main. Here the sea breeze banished the hover- "I don't believe it." ing miasma, the shore was of powdered coral “I'll bet you my wages two hundred sand, a litter of huts drowsed beneath a grove pesos. Come! I'll show you." of cocoa palms, while a fleet of cayucas lay “You get out of here," said the American moored to stakes inside the breakers or bleach- roughly. “That's something I don't allow any- ing in the sun. body to joke about." And, when the mulatto Captain Innocencio was a person of some had gone, he continued aloud: “By Heaven, importance here, for, besides his occupation this is sure a tough country for a white man!" as a trader, he exacted toll from a score or Innocencio strode through the streets toward more of lazy blacks. They were a lawless the swamp that lies behind the town, obliv- crew, gathered from the remotest corners of ious to the grilling midday heat that smote the Indies, and composed of Jamaicans, “Ba- him from above, from the concrete walks be- jans,” and Saint Lucians, all reared to easy neath, and from the naked walls on every side. life and ripe for such an occasional crafty It was before the days of the American occu- pilgrimage as Innocencio might devise. They pation, and the streets were nothing more than had gathered around him naturally, paying open cesspools, the stench from which offended him scant revenue, to be sure, yet offering a sorely. Buzzards flapped among the naked certain loyalty that had its uses. Although REX BEACH 373 the village was but a mile from the town itself, Straight to the Colon water-front he went, Innocencio's word was law; and when the and there flaunted himself before the men from Colombian soldiers were called upon to visit down the coast. Here and there he strolled, the spot, they came in numbers, never singly. casting back their looks of hatred with a bra- The girl was seated on the rickety porch of vado that attracted all the idlers in the neigh- his cabin, her feet drawn under her, her chin borhood. Wenches nudged each other and upon her knees. The other women were gos- tittered nervously, pointing him out and tell- siping loudly, staring at her from a distance; ing anew the story of his daring. Men watched but her black eyes only smoldered sullenly. him with wondering admiration, and he heard He swore at the curious negro wenches, and them murmuring: sent the girl about her household duties, then “Ah, that Innocencio!" stretched himself in the shade and eyed her “El diablo!” complacently until he fell asleep. “And so brave! He would fight an army." It was a week later that one of his men “See the great arms of him, and the eye came to him breathlessly to announce that the like a tiger." San Blas Indians were in the town. It was the keenest pleasure he had ever "How many?" queried Innocencio. tasted. “Four boat-loads." But as for his enemies, they kept their “Did they come to trade?" silence. They bartered their stock, and, having “Oh, yes, boss." made their purchases, raised sail and scudded This was no unusual thing, for they often away down the coast whence they had come. displayed their little cargoes of nuts and fruits Innocencio got drunk that night — for who and vegetables upon the water-front. Inno- could withstand the lavish flattery that poured cencio rose lazily and stretched, then, calling from every cantina up and down the length the woman, explained the tidings to her. "I will go see them,” he announced finally. "Oh, boss," cried the black man, “they will kill you!” He shrugged his brawny shoulders, and, thrusting the machete beneath his arm, took the trail out through the mangrove swamp. "OUT FROM THE SHORE CAME A LONG MAHOGANY CAYUCA, AND IT WAS FULL OF STRAIGHT-HAIRED MEN" 374 CAPTAIN INNOCENCIO of Bottle Alley? Who could resist the smiles her own people were near she concealed her- of the chalk-faced females of Cash Street, all self and did not appear again until they were eager to laud his bravery? Sometime before gone. Bred into her deepest conscience was morning he reeled into his shack beneath the the certainty that her tribe would make a des- palms, to find the woman waiting fearfully. perate attempt to preserve its most sacred He cursed at her for staring at him so, and fell tradition, and hence, as the days dragged on upon his bed. and her condition became more pronounced, In the months that followed he seldom lost her fears increased likewise. She began to an opportunity of showing himself to the San look forward to the birth of the child as the Blas men when they came to town; but in crisis upon which her own life hinged. Inno- time this pleasure palled as all others had, for cencio did his best to dissipate her fears, ex- his woman's kindred seemed incapable of plaining boastfully that the mere mention of resentment. Gradually, also, he became accus- his name was ample protection for her, and, tomed to her presence, and spent much of his did he wish it, not even the army of the Re- time among the women of the Cash Street public could take her from him. But still she dives. On one occasion he returned from an would not be convinced. orgy of this sort to find her talking to one of And then, in the dark of the December his men, a young Barbadian with a giant's moon, the expected came. It was the season frame. It was only by accident, due to the when the rains were at their heaviest, when liquor in him, that his hand went wild and he rust and rot might be felt by the fingers. A missed killing the fellow; then he beat the gray mold had crept over all things indoors; woman unmercifully. a myriad of insect pests burdened the air. Chancing to meet the Señor Williams on the In the rare intervals between showers every street some time later, he said: fain test draft deluged the huts from the drip- “Buenas dias, señor! You see, Captain In- ping palm leaves overhead. From the swamp nocencio is still alive and the woman has not arose a noxious vapor whenever the sun ex- run away.” posed itself; the tree-toads shrilled incessantly. His former employer grunted, as if neither Outside, the surf maintained its sullen murmur, phenomenon were worthy of comment. and through the gloom of starless nights its "I've heard how you rubit into those San Blas phosphorescent outlines rushed across the reef fellows,” Williams remarked. "I can't under- like phantom serpents in parade. stand why they never avenged Markeeña." In the dead of a night like this the visitors “Bah! They have heard of me," said the arrived. Haytian boastfully; then, with a grin, “You Even the heavy animal slumber of the remember our bet, señor?” blacks was broken by the scream that issued "I never made you a bet,” the American de- from the hut of Captain Innocencio. And nied hotly. “But I've a mind to. I've been then the sound of such fighting! The negroes here ten years, and I think I know those people.” might have rushed to the assistance of their “Two hundred pesos!”. leader had it not been for the echo of that "You'll never have a child by her. They awful woman-cry hovering over the village like won't allow it. They'll get her, and you too, a shadow. It filled the air and hung there, in ample time. I tell you, their blood is clean." saturating the breathless night with such un- "Two hundred pesos that she brings me nameable terror that the wakened children began a San Blas half-breed within two months,” to whimper and the women buried their heads smiled the mulatto insolently. in the ragged bedding to keep it out. Death was And Williams exclaimed: "I'll do it. It's among them, and the bravest cowered, while worth two hundred 'silver' to see a miracle.” through the quivering silence came the sounds of “Bueno! I'll bring him to you when he a mighty combat, lasting for such an intermin- comes." able time that the listeners became hysterical. Thereafter Innocencio gave over beating the At length they discovered that the night was woman. dead again, save for the sudden patter of rain- Back at the little settlement beyond the drops on the thatches when the palm fronds swamp the coming event did not pass without stirred. One of them called shrilly, and an- comment, and although the black women were other answered, but they did not venture kind to their straight-haired neighbor, she forth. Afterward they fancied they had heard never made friends with them, nor did she the thrust of paddles in the lagoon and strange ever accompany Innocencio to town. On the voices dwindling away to seaward, but they contrary, she seemed obsessed by an ever- were not sure. Eventually, however, the still- present dread, and whenever she heard that ness got upon them more fearfully than the REX BEACH 375 former noises had, and they stirred. Then, bed, m'sieu' will find a little boy baby rolled in time, they heard the voice of Innocencio up in a blanket. The woman heard them at himself cursing faintly, as if from a great dis the door, and she was just in time. Oh, she tance. A light showed through the cracks of knew they would be coming." a hut, and Nicholas, the least timid, emerged The French doctor nodded his compre- with a lantern held on high. He summoned hension. the rest around him, then went toward the “But — your wife herself?” said he. “Per- black shadow of Innocencio's dwelling with a haps when you are well again you can have score of white-eyed, dusky faces at his shoulder. your vengeance. The soldiers will — The door was down, and from the thresh “Bah! What is the use?” interrupted Inno- old they could see what the front room con- cencio. “The world is full of women.” Then, tained. It was Nicholas who, with chattering strangely enough, he bared his yellow teeth teeth and nerveless fingers, dragged a blanket in a smile of rarest tenderness. “But this boy from the bed and covered the woman's figure. of mine! They came to kill him, m'sieu', and It was he who traced the feeble voice to the to show that the San Blas blood can not be wreck of a room behind, and strove to lift crossed; but the woman was too quick of wit. Innocencio out of the welter in which he lay. They did not find him, praise God! Le docteur But the Haytian blasted him with curses for has seen many children, perhaps, but never opening his wounds; so they propped him a child like this.” He ran on with a father's against the wall by his direction, and bound tender boastfulness. “M'sieu' will note the him about with strips torn from the mattress. back and the legs of him. And, see, he did Then he called for a cigarette, and its ashes not even cry, the little man! Oh! he is like were upon his breast when the French doctor his father for bravery. He will be my venge- arrived from the hospital on the Point. ance, for he has the San Blas blood in him; When the white man's work was done, the and he will be a man like me, too. Bring him mulatto addressed him weakly: to me quickly; I must see him again.” He was "Will m'sieu' do me a great favor?” still babbling fondly to the negroes about him "Certainly." when the doctor reappeared, empty-handed. "M'sieu' is acquainted with the American, “The child is dead," said the white man Señor Williams?” simply, and in the silence Innocencio rose to “Oui." a sitting posture. His fierce eyes grew wild “Will m'sieu' le docteur please to tell him with a fright that had never been there until that Captain Innocencio has won his wager.” this moment; and then, before they could "I don't understand.” prevent him, he had gained his feet. He waved “Listen! In the room yonder, under the them aside and went into the room of death, walking like a strong man. A candle guttering beside the open window betrayed the utter nakedness of the place. With one movement of his great, bony hands he ripped the planks of the bed asunder and stared downward. Then he turned to the east and, raising his arms above his head, gave a terrible cry. He began to sway, and even as the doctor leaped to save him he fell with a crash. It was Nicholas who told the priest that the French doctor would not let them move him; for he lay upon his face at the feet of the San Blas woman, his arms flung outward like the arms of a cross. THE POOR MINSTREL BY WILLA SIBERT CATHER DOES DOES the darkness cradle thee Than mine arms more tenderly? Do the angels God hath put There to guard thy lonely sleep, One at head and one at foot, Watch more fond and constant keep? When the blackbird sings in May, And the Spring is in the wood, Would you never trudge the way Over hilltops, if you could? Was my harp so hard a load, Even on the sunny morns, When the plumèd huntsmen rode To the music of their horns? Hath the love that lit the stars, Fills the sea, and moulds the flowers, Whose completeness nothing mars, Made forgot what once was ours?. Christ hath perfect rest to give, Stillness, and perpetual peace; You who found it hard to live, Sleep and sleep, without surcease. Christ hath stars to light thy porch, Silence after fevered song. I had but a minstrel's torch, And the way was wet and long. Sleep. No more on winter nights, Harping at some castle gate, Thou must see the revel lights Stream upon our cold estate. Bitter was the bread of song While you tarried in my tent, And the jeering of the throng Hurt you as it came and went. When you slept upon my breast. Crief had wed me long ago; Christ hath his perpetual rest For thy weariness. But, oh! When I sleep beside the road, Thanking God thou liest not so, Brother to the owl and toad, Couldst thou, Dear, but let me know, Does the darkness cradle thee Than mine arms more tenderly? 376 An extremely dangerous lion act, in which the lion is made to walk backward along a narrow plank. Be- ing at an elevation above his trainer, he has an ex- cellent opportunity to spring down upon her CRITICAL MOMENTS WITH WILD ANIMALS BY ELLEN VELVIN, F.Z.S. AUTHOR OF AND "BEHIND THE SCENES WITH WILD ANIMALS' "WILD-ANIMAL CELEBRITIES' T is no longer necessary to tell the public the arena, or so wild and savage that it would be that any performance with wild animals dangerous, if not impossible, to handle. is always attended by very great danger. To pull the teeth of any of the large carnivora The old assumption that the animals were would not only be a task of great difficulty, re- "doped” or drugged, or that their teeth quiring tremendous strength, but would lessen had been pulled and their claws drawn, or that the value of the animal, not to speak of prob- they were "nothing but a lot of tame cats any- ably ruining its digestion. The teeth and claws way,” has more than once been disproved. of a carnivorous animal are an essential part of Wild animals are not drugged before a per- its body, and to draw out the claws would not formance. People who know anything at all only be a scandalous piece of cruelty, but might about them know that to drug an animal as a also cause the animal's death by setting up preparation to exhibiting it in public would be inflammation, suppuration, etc. practically to ruin the whole performance, and As for the old-fashioned theory that wild ani- certainly to run some very serious risks. Drugs mals become “tame," it is very seldom now that would either make the animal so sleepy, languid, one even hears the word used in connection with and stupid that it would be virtually helpless in wild animals. But the public does not and can 377 THE MOST CRITICAL MOMENT IN MISS CLAIRE HELIOT'S PERFORMANCE WITH TWELVE LIONS. THE GREATEST DANGER IN THIS ACT IS FROM THE LIONS AT THE BACK OF THE ARENA. ALTHOUGH THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN AT THE INSTANT MISS HELIOT LAY DOWN, TWO OF THE LIONS HAVE ALREADY BEGUN TO CREEP DOWN FROM THEIR PEDESTALS. SHOULD ONE OF THEM REACH HER BEFORE SHE GETS UP, NOTHING COULD SAVE HER not realize the moments of extreme danger ally one of the lions at the back would get down that occur at every performance with wild from its pedestal. animals. These critical moments, as a mat From this time on I watched carefully, and ter of fact, are scarcely ever perceptible to the at every performance I saw that this particular onlookers. lion crept with apparent indifference off his ped- A snarling lion that stands and defies its estal, and was ordered sharply to return to it trainer calls forth thrills of suspense and ner- by his trainer. While the animals remain on vousness from the audience; a tiger that reaches their pedestals she is safe, but a lion prowling forth its paw and tries to claw at its trainer is about has nothing to think about but mischief. stared at with awe and dismay; and yet, more Many a time Miss Heliot turned round only often than not, this is mere child's play com- just in time, and there is always the fear that pared with some of the things that take place one of these days she will not turn quickly in the very parts of the performance that the enough. public thinks are harmless. Keepers and train- ers of wild animals take their lives in their Lying Across Four Lions Miss Heliot's hands many times a day; and in every per- Most Dangerous Act formance the supreme moments of danger pass unnoticed by the general public. Another dangerous moment is when Miss Any one who has seen Miss Claire Heliot per- Heliot, after making the four biggest lions lie form with her twelve lions will remember that, down in a row, herself lies down on top of them. after making them do various acts together, she This is the most critical moment in the whole sends all but two back to their pedestals; the performance, for while she is prostrate a thou- two she singles out do special tricks by them- sand things might happen. Should one of the selves. This looks very easy, but there is always lions get up suddenly she would be at a terrible one great danger in this performance. One of disadvantage, for one of the first necessities of her most treacherous lions is behind her. Until a trainer is to keep on his feet. No wild animal this was called to my attention I had not no- has the slightest respect for man or woman ticed anything unusual, except that occasion- once down. But the chief danger lies with the 378 ELLEN VELVIN 379 - lions at the back of the arena. It will be the daughter of a Leipzig professor. Her father noticed in the photograph on the opposite page died when she was very young, and she found it that, although this picture was taken at the necessary to earn her living. After one or two ven- very instant at which Miss Heliot lay down, two tures at teaching, it was suggested to her that, as of the lions at the back have already moved she was so fond of wild animals, she should train from their positions, and one is half way one or two young lions in the Leipzig Zoological down from his pedestal. Should one of them Gardens and give exhibitions with them. reach her before she gets up, nothing could save her. Miss Heliot Attacked and Nearly Killed Speaking of Miss Heliot calls to mind the by Her Favorite Lion interesting history of this beautiful and cour- ageous woman, and her marvelous escape from After a little consideration, Miss Heliot de- being killed by one of her favorite lions. She is termined to try, and began with two little lion MISS CLAIRE HELIOT AND HER FAVORITE LION THIS LION CAME VERY NEAR KILLING MISS HELIOT. HE WAS BEING DRIVEN INTO HIS CAGE, WHEN THE KEEPER PUT DOWN THE SLIDE TOO SOON, CATCHING HIS TAIL. AS MISS HELIOT TRIED TO PUSH THE TAIL IN THE LION, WILD WITH PAIN, CAUGHT HER BREAST, TEARING HER SO FEARFULLY THAT SHE ALMOST BLED TO DEATH ALTHOUGH THIS ACT IS APPARENTLY RATHER TAME COMPARED WITH OTHER PARTS OF THE PERFORMANCE, IT IS IN REALITY THE TRAINER'S MOST DANGEROUS MOMENT. TWICE HE HAS BEEN BADLY CLAWED BY THE LIONESS, THROUGH FAILING TO PUT HIS ARMS QUICKLY ENOUGH ABOUT HER NECK cubs. She was so successful that before long half turning round in his narrow cage, and wild she was performing in the Zoological Gardens with pain, caught her left breast, and, before he with nine lions and two dogs. This was in 1899, let go, tore her so fearfully that she almost bled and it was considered at that time an almost to death before a doctor could be got to staunch unheard-of feat for a woman. the flow of blood. When Miss Heliot was in New York, I went, “But he did not know! He was suffering so at her invitation, to have afternoon tea with her much, the poor dear!” she explained to me. at her hotel. We had a delightful time, chat- And it is this very same lion with whom she was ting about lions, lions, lions. She loved every photographed afterward, her head resting on one of hers; but one, “he was so dear, so dear! him and his head partly resting on her breast. And he so — so fond of me! So always what you call affectionate! He ever scratch or bite? Eating with a Lioness from the Same Why, yes; but all ze lions do that, even the Strip of Meat little cubs. Cut he is always so very what you call affectionate.” In Mundy's animal show at Luna Parh, And then followed a recital of how her favor- Coney Island, a trainer in one act put his arms ite lion once nearly killed her. The perform- round the neck of a lioness and rested his head ance was over. The tail of the last lion was calmly on hers. It was not much to look at almost in the cage, when the helper put down rather tame, in fact, after some of the other the slide from the top too soon, catching the acts; but it was the most dangerous moment in lion's tail, and no doubt causing the animal the whole of that trainer's performance. He frightful agony. Miss Heliot, realizing what had had twice had serious accidents at this part of happened, told the man to lift up the slide a his performance. He told me that, as the lion- little, and tried to push the tail in. But the lion, ess came forward at his signal, unless he put his 380 - - V THIS TRICK, WHERE THE LIONESS SEIZES THE END OF A PIECE OF MEAT WHICH THE TRAINER HOLDS IN HIS MOUTH, IS ONE OF TERRIBLE DANGER. ON ONE OCCASION THE LIONESS, FAILING TO CATCH HER END OF THE MEAT, SPRANG AT THE TRAINER, TORE HIS THROAT, AND NEARLY KILLED HIM arms around her neck almost instantly, she would was the act ended and both the trainer and the strike out at him sharply with her paw. His face lioness out of the arena. But I was told after- still bore deep scars from previous accidents. ward that the trainer refused to do the act again. Another trick with this lioness was one in Another very dangerous moment in a lion per- which the trainer took a long strip of meat, put formance is when the animal is made to walk the one end of it in his mouth, and let the lioness tight rope. The instance shown in the photo- take the other in hers. Hardly any one in the graph on page 377 is particularly dangerous, be- audience realized the terrible danger of this act. cause the trainer is driving the lion back on the To allow any wild animal to put its face in such rope that he has already walked, a distance of close proximity to the face of a person is in itself forty-six feet. The lion, being at an elevation dangerous; but to give it also the opportunity above the trainer, has an excellent opportunity of snapping or biting at such close quarters is, in of springing down upon her; and if he should my own opinion, foolhardy. do this her chances would be practically nil. This act generally passed off very quietly, and it was not particularly popular with the audi Captain Bonavita's Most Dangerous ence; but one evening, when the lioness was Moment in a bad humor, she missed catching the other end of the meat, and instantly sprang for the | asked Captain Bonavita once what he con- trainer. The table between them probably sidered his most dangerous moment when he saved his life, and he had the presence of mind performed with his twenty-seven lions. He to throw the piece of meat away from him; but said that he thought it was when he first entered even then she tore his throat and nearly killed the arena. The moment before, when he had him. Few people in the audience realized that to drive this great herd of lions in, was almost as there had been any accident at all, so quickly bad; but the first few minutes when the crowd 381 382 CRITICAL MOMENTS WITH WILD ANIMALS of lions entered were terribly uncertain and un the amputation of his right arm. The accident doubtedly the most dangerous. happened quite suddenly and unexpectedly, as In the first place, with such a crowd, there such accidents do. The perilous moments of was the danger of being pushed or knocked waiting were over — for waiting in the runway down. Then, there was the danger of tripping with twenty-seven lions in readiness to enter the among them, or of stepping on their tails; for arena is truly perilous time, and one that many of them would lie down and roll over and the audience never thinks of. The twenty-seven over as a preliminary to the performance, and, lions had walked, ambled, or rushed, as the case if he were not struck by their feet, he was just may be, into the arena, followed by Captain as likely to be struck across the face or body Bonavita. The two doors at the back, with their by their strong, ropelike tails. little eyelet-holes, through which the helpers In getting them into their places there was watch for danger, had been closed and locked. also considerable danger, for in such a crowd it The band had struck its opening chord with is difficult to treat each animal according to its which the trainer always makes his prelimi- peculiar idiosyncrasies, and a flick of the whip nary bow to the audience, and, one by one, the intended for one lion who would be fairly indif- lions got up on their pedestals, while Captain Bon- ferent to it, is likely to be caught by another to avita, quiet, calm, but always keenly alert and whom it will mean instant revolt. In any sort watchful, walked about, here and there pointing of revolt the whole number will always side with to a pedestal, flicking his whip lightly at those the one that caused it. lions that appeared to forget what they had come for. The performance seemed well on its Captain Bonavita's Fight for Life with way, when, in a sudden turn of his lithe, well- an Enraged Lion built body, Captain Bonavita became aware of a huge brown mass facing him, and two enormous And yet, it was not at this time that Captain paws striking savagely at his head and shoulders. Bonavita received from the notorious lion, Bal The trainer knew in a moment what it meant. timore, the terrible injuries that necessitated The brown mass was Baltimore, and the next CAPTAIN BONAVITA, WHO, IN A PERFORMANCE WITH TWENTY-SEVEN LIONS, WAS ATTACKED BY THE MOST SAVAGE OF THEM, BALTIMORE, AND RECEIVED INJURIES THAT NECESSITATED THE AMPU. TATION OF HIS RIGHT ARM, BONAVITA CONSIDERED THE MOST HAZARDOUS PART OF HIS PERFORMANCE THE ACT OF DRIVING THE GREAT HERD OF LIONS INTO THE ARENA A VERY DIFFICULT AND DANGEROUS ACT, REQUIRING AN EXTREMELY WELL-TRAINED HORSE. THE MOST CRITICAL MOMENT IS WHEN THE HORSE IS MADE TO STAND STILL (AS IN THE PHOTO. GRAPH). THE CHANCES ARE THEN TEN TO ONE THAT THE LION WILL SPRING AT HIS TRAINER moment he was fighting for his life. The story formance with a tiger, where the audience sits has been told many times, with many varia- in fearful silence, watching the snarling beast tions; but the terrible truth is always the get nearer and nearer to his trainer, until, with a same. Before the helpers at the back could wild growl of fury, he launches himself full at rescue the trainer, his right arm had been so ter- him. The trainer always vaults lightly to one ribly mutilated that it had to be amputated. side, and the tiger vents his rage on an innocent And this was before a Coney Island audience wooden chair, which he deliberately crunches that had come down to “enjoy” themselves! to pieces. There is undoubtedly danger in And yet, Captain Bonavita, after nearly a this,- for instance, if the trainer miscalculated year of nerve-racking agony (following three or his distance or slipped to the floor,- but it is part four frightful operations), actually went back to of the performance, and there is little danger in the show business, and performed with the very it compared to that incurred when the time same lion, who was noted for his surliness and comes to send the tiger back to his cage. ill humor. I once saw him being photographed Getting him out of the arena is bad enough, with that lion; and as I watched him with the but it is when he is in the narrow runway, alone brute that had so nearly ended his life, while with his trainer, that the supreme danger comes. they were being posed for the photograph, I was He then has his trainer completely in his power, unable to detect in the man one little motion of and it is only the tiger's animal ignorance that fear, even a flicker of the eyelids! enables the trainer, by sheer will power, to drive Driving a Sullen Tiger Out of the Arena him, step by step, into his cage. The audience watch this tiger being sent out There is one well-known wild-animal per- of the arena with indifference. There is nothing 383 384 CRITICAL MOMENTS WITH WILD ANIMALS exciting about it, nothing thrilling. All they is supposed to have been killed by the discharge see is a morose, sulky tiger, who no longer snarls, of the cannon, cover him with it, and then pick but who sullenly and almost silently moves him up with their trunks and carry him off. round the arena, dodging the door at the back The moment when the elephants come for- until he is forced to enter it, and a trainer who ward is the most critical moment in the whole quietly insists upon the animal's obeying him. performance. There is the terrible danger that The tiger is finally sent through the door, the either of the huge creatures may put down one band sends forth its final chord at the exit, the of his feet in the wrong place, on top of the trainer bows repeatedly, — all the while keeping trainer; and there is also the danger that one or a keen lookout lest the tiger should return and both of them may make a mistake, and, instead take him unawares, - the doors are closed, and of lifting the trainer up carefully, as each has the audience straightway forgets all about both been taught to do, throw him to the ground man and tiger, while the trainer has once more again. to go through the most dangerous moments of A trainer in the Barnum and Bailey show the whole performance. once told me that he had two tricks coming close together — the battle trick that I have Teaching a Lion' to Ride Horseback just described, and another in which an elephant is taught to pick up a greyhound and throw him At Mr. Frank Bostock's animal show there over his back as a punishment for being saucy. is a lion who rides with a dog on the back of Now, few people realize how difficult it is for the a horse. It looks very simple and easy, but, trainer to make a wild animal understand which should the lion jump off, the trainer would have trick he wants it to perform, until it has be- great difficulties to face. The horse, of course, come thoroughly accustomed to its cues. Even has been most carefully trained for this per- then the animal makes mistakes and some- formance, which is unique in many ways; and times begins the wrong trick. a great deal of training is necessary, for horses This, as a rule, does not matter much; but have a strong objection to lions, and for a horse when it comes to the elephant tossing the trainer to go so far as to permit a lion to ride on his instead of the dog over its back, it becomes a back means a great deal. serious matter, and this particular trainer, after The saddle has to be specially made, and is of having been once thrown and bruised in this the very toughest leather, well padded, to pre- manner, decided to cut the trick out of his pro- vent the lion's claws from injuring the horse. gram altogether. It will be noticed in the photograph on page 383 Mr. Harry Mooney, one of Barnum and that this saddle extends over the hind quarters Bailey's elephant trainers, told me that in teach- of the horse nearly to the root of the tail; also, ing an elephant to throw up his hind legs there that the horse's neck, right up to his ears, is is always a critical moment. The elephant covered with a neckpiece of large spangles, under might suddenly veer round with his legs in the which is tough leather. Both are for the pro- air, and, ten chances to one, he would either tection of the horse, for one can never tell when knock the trainer senseless or kill him out- the lion might like to sharpen his claws, cat- right. fashion, on the horse's neck. The well-known elephant act where five Once let the horse be injured, or even scared, young women get on the backs of five elephants, and wild confusion would follow; and wherever each elephant politely holding out his foot for there is confusion among wild animals there his fair rider to mount, contains many dangers is double danger. The most critical moment, that the public does not even think of. The huge however, in this performance is when the horse foot is likely to be put down suddenly at any mo- is made to stand still (as in the photograph). ment,— for there is never any knowing what an The little dog has been well trained to stay where elephant will do,— which would mean an ugly it is, but the lion is quite likely, when the horse fall, with the possibility of being stepped on by stops, to jump down, and he is just as likely to the elephant; or the huge beast might calmly jump at his trainer as anywhere else. put up his trunk and lift his rider off. This is a pretty, graceful act, but most uncomfortable in Critical Moments with Trained Elephants many ways for the girl performers. The rough hair of the elephants cuts their hands and an- There is one well-known elephant act in kles; they come in contact with the dirt and which, after firing off a cannon, the elephant grease of the animal's skin; and the few mo- holds up one foot as if he were wounded, while ments that they stand on the elephant's back two other elephants pick up the American flag while they give their little salute are very in their trunks, walk over to the trainer, who insecure. THE STAR 385 Madame Morelli's Narrow Escapes with meat, and, not noticing what he was doing, Trained Leopards opened the wrong door and deliberately walked into the cage of one of the biggest and fiercest Among the many well-known wild animal tigers ever kept in captivity. The moment the trainers, perhaps Madame Morelli, who is noted poor boy realized what he had done he probably for her wonderful control over the most treach- knew there was no hope for him. The snarling, erous of all wild animals, the leopards and jaguars, savage beast at once pulled him down; and has had some of the most critical moments. At although, a few minutes afterward, he was, with one time, when turning round, her foot caught in the greatest difficulty, dragged out of the cage, the lace of her skirt, and she only just saved her- while the tiger was beaten back with irons, he self from falling to the floor by clutching at the was dying, and breathed his last a few seconds iron rails of the arena. Another time, a leopard, later. Truly, entering that cage was a critical in throwing out his paw, caught her hair, and for moment for him! a second it looked as if terrible things would An extremely critical moment occurred to happen; but a sharp word, a snap of the blank Madame Pianka at Buffalo. Receiving a huge cartridge, and the audience scarcely realized bunch of red roses just before her performance what an extremely terrible accident might have with her lions, she carelessly took them into the happened but for this trainer's nerve. arena with her, thinking that they would give But Madame Morelli has plenty of nerve. a pretty touch to her costume. The lions, pos- She dislikes even to speak of her accidents, and sibly thinking that the red mass was meat, always makes light of them, even after she has instantly sprang at her, and only her presence been in the hospital for weeks. of mind in throwing the roses away from her saved her. As it was, her arms and shoulders Fatal Accidents in Wild-Animal were badly torn. Training Not only among trained wild animals, but among any wild animals in captivity, dan- In performing with wild animals, the most gerous accidents are likely to occur. In Co- terrible accidents often happen without any penhagen, after chloroforming a lion with a warning whatever. In 1880 Ellen Bright, a sore paw, in order to doctor it, the attend- young English trainer, was killed by her trained ant surgeon and his helper were badly mauled tiger because she missed giving him his cue. In by the lion, who suddenly recovered conscious- 1890 a powerful negro trainer lost his life; he ness. stepped on some slippery substance and fell I have related only a few of the critical to the floor, and his trained bear and hyena moments with wild animals. There are many sprang upon him. With both of them upon others. In fact, it would be extremely difficult him, he was powerless to get to his feet again. to say what moment is not critical, whenever In Mr. Frank Bostock's show, at one time, a a man permits himself to be at the mercy of the young helper, being told to go and feed three beasts of the forest. Wild animals are always young lion cubs, went whistling behind the wild animals, no matter how long or how well cages, carrying a basket of bones and scraps of they may have been trained. THE STAR (A Fragment from Plato) BY CHARLES F. LUMMIS STAR TAR of me, watching the mother skies Where thine elder sisters be, Would I were heaven, with all its eyes - All of its eyes on thee! GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS BY DANA GATLIN T ILLUSTRATED BY JAY HAMBIDGE HOW ABE RUEF and he is apt to seize the CONFESSED dramatic opportunity — as he talks of his cases his stories reveal instance after instance of artfully stage- managed climax. HE Oregon It is the excitement of exer- Washington, cising his resourcefulness and and California ingenuity that makes Mr. land-fraud cases Burns' difficult and arduous and the San career worth while to him. Francisco graft prosecution have made William But he has had a keen appreciation of a character, J. Burns the most famous detective we have ever too; he has always felt admiration for the courage had in this country. He had a brilliant record and good qualities of the man who happened to of twenty-two years in the Secret Service of the be his opponent in the game. Every one of his United States Government when he left to stories, of course, turns upon some powerful trait undertake the investigations with which the in human nature; sometimes upon elements of following story deals. He was known as the character rarely brought to light. Burns' under- "star of the service.” Chief Wilkie said of standing of the greed or ambition or weakness him: "He is the best man we have.” After he which is the compelling motive in his opponent had successfully concluded the San Francisco is not the least important element in his success- graft case, he decided to establish a detective ful handling of criminals. agency of his own. In December, 1909, he was The first story of this series, for instance, selected by the American Bankers' Association presents the strongest and subtlest portrait of to protect the 11,000-odd banks in this organiza- the San Francisco Boss, Abe Ruef, that has ever tion, the largest single client in the world, and been given to the public. One feels, as one he is, in addition, now engaged in some of the hears Burns tell the story, that the detective most important investigations in this country. studied Ruef until he knew the man as if he had Mr. Burns has the reputation of never having made him with his own hands, and that it was failed in any case he has undertaken. Burns' knowledge of Ruef's mental processes His experiences furnish material for wonderful that enabled him finally to master the Boss. stories, and Burns is a capital story-teller. His A French criminologist said: stories are dramatic because his cases are dra "It is the tendency of every criminal to play matic. Burns loves the dramatic for its own sake. into the hands of the man who knows him He recognizes its value and consciously utilizes through and through. The clever criminal can- its tremendous power to work upon human na- not resist trying to find out how well his shadow ture. His methods of work are always elastic, understands him. He may try to keep a hand 386 DANA GATLIN 387 on himself, but little by little he will reveal me, and I seemed to hear him thinking. But all himself to that understanding that he feels all he said was: the time about him, and that attracts him so "You think you can do it?' powerfully, even though he knows his danger." “Yes, I think so.' “In a few weeks we got the letter-writer, Burns is the son of an Ohio merchant tailor, and subsequently he was indicted in connec- and was himself trained to be a cutter. He is tion with the land frauds. stout and florid, curly-haired and strong; he “Now let's see how this particular mystery looks most, perhaps, like a genial and prosperous pans out.” (Burns leaned forward, his hand business man. A good diplomat must not look uplifted, preoccupied again with the pleasure like a diplomat, and even Burns' eyes do not sug- of the chase.) gest the story-book detective. They are mildly “The letter was from San Francisco. You gray, not large or piercing; yet, after all, there can get an anonymous letter mailed anywhere, is something hard and steely-pointed far within, but this letter came from some one who, when the which unexpectedly bores its way out at times land frauds were committed, was close in with and transforms the whole man. Benson and Hyde of San Francisco, the princi- Burns insists that the practice of his profes- pal defendants. He was delivering goods that not sion, like the practice of law or medicine, is the more than twelve people could have handed out. practice of common sense; that the detective's “Taking up the case by the process of elimi- success is the result of straight thinking, good nation, I decided that the letter was from some judgment, hard work -- and an aptitude for the person who had actually participated in the business. The old Fireside Companion detec- work. He told things he could not otherwise tive, with his many disguises, “dauntless cour- have known; his information was accurate. age," and rich oratorical style, has become a The letter went on to say that Burns was on pathetic back number; the practical modern the right track, but that he should keep up his detective, with his curt speech, perfected tech- work. The writer thought I had quit. nical methods, and high efficiency, has put “When I made my secret investigation in San him out of business. Francisco, nobody knew anything about it. Later I had to come out into the open in order to Tracking an Anonymous Letter-Writer interview the people who had taken up State lands through the manipulation of the land “The public,” Burns says, “sees only outside thieves. When I began to do that, Hyde real- facts and results, and the missing links make theized for the first time that he was up against it. results look mysterious. Now, I'll illustrate: But, even then, he had such a strong hold on the “One morning in 1905, while I was investi- powers at Washington who controlled the Land gating the Oregon land frauds, I walked into Office that he felt they'd be able to squelch the the office of the Secretary of the Interior report when it was finally made. (Hitchcock]. He seemed excited, and as he "I was so persistent that these people who was usually very placid, I asked him what were acquiring the lands, that is, who were let- was the matter. He pointed to a letter he had ting themselves be used as dummies, fled to just read. Hyde for refuge; he communicated with his “Mr. Burns,' he said, 'it makes me very Washington powers, but found that this time angry to think we have intelligent people in this they were not responsive. They told him Burns world who are in possession of valuable infor- reported directly to the Secretary, and no one mation that would greatly facilitate the prose- below the Secretary could call him off. cution of big thieves, and who lack the moral “It began to look serious to Hyde. He ad- courage to come to the front and furnish us with dressed a thousand word telegram to the Secre- this information. There is a letter' — he fairly tary, calling attention to the fact that he (Hyde) brandished it - 'with valuable information - had been investigated, time and again, because and from such a coward!' of idle rumors that had been noised about, but “I read the letter. that each special agent who undertook an in- "Mr. Secretary,' I said, 'there'll be no vestigation had found nothing against him; and trouble in getting this man.' that this man Burns was making things very “But he doesn't sign his name! How are unpleasant for every one and making a general you going to find him?'” (Here Burns dropped nuisance of himself; that he (Hyde) knew the into the voice and manner of the second speaker Secretary's very high regard for what was right, without prefatory comment.) and was sure that he would not permit this “We have a way sometimes.' I spoke with ungentlemanly Burns to carry this investigation purposeful mystery. The secretary looked at any further. 388 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS “The Secretary sent a copy of the thousand- "I can't! Lord deliver me from working against word composition to me. You seem to be a a fool, very, very bad man,' he wrote across the top. “Sometimes," he goes on," he may be fool "Well, as I was saying, I was able to deter- enough to help you out a lot; still, there's not mine that whoever wrote the anonymous letter much fun in it then. There was that saloon keeper was in possession of certain facts that he could who showed me all about counterfeit money — not have had unless he had been in the confi- his counterfeit money, too. We had good rea- dence of the land thieves. By the process of son to believe a lot of bad dollars were coming elimination” – it is a favorite phrase, and the from his place. I went there and gave him two detective never fails to linger over it lovingly- dollars for a drink, and got a pocketful of his "' I was able to narrow the possible list of twelve junk in change. Then I went out around the down to five or six people. This included the block and came in again for another drink, and defendants themselves, though it wasn't likely gave him one of his own dollars. they were giving out information on themselves. “He said it was queer. I was astonished, "I inserted a personal in the San Francisco naturally, and interested. I worked that man papers to the effect that the letter had been re- into showing me all about what was the matter. ceived and the information it contained was If he'd known his business he'd have taken as valuable; that certain further information many of these dollars as flowed back to him, was desired, and would the writer communi- even if it was painful. cate with the Secretary and tell where he might "No, sir," he continued; "give me a shrewd be reached by letter. antagonist — the shrewder the better. Abe “The personal got the right man, but he was Ruef was about as shrewd as they make 'em, discreet. He advertised that he could com- and at the same time he could keep you guessing municate only through personals in the news- with his weaknesses as well as his shrewdnesses. papers. I'm not asking any harder game than the one I "I took a chance on the biggest of the men I played against Ruef. I never expect to enjoy had in my eye. I formulated some questions any one more than I did Ruef. that could be answered only by Hyde, Benson, "I won't admit that the cleverest scoundrel or an attorney who had acted for them. The can plot up an underground tangle that can't be reply came with the correct answers. My the- untangled by a man taking the mental attitude ory had worked. The anonymous letter-writer of the plotter and following his processes." proved to be Hyde's former attorney, who was This was advanced as a simple and easy for- trying in this way to collect ten thousand dol- mula; but in the next breath Burns admitted lars from Hyde, which he claimed was due him that in one case, at least, there was some diffi- He was a most surprised gentleman when he was culty in following it. later called to the witness-stand at the pre “Yes,” he repeated, “Ruef was a keen one. liminary hearing of Hyde and Benson and con- There were lots of keen ones out there; but their fronted with his anonymous letters by Francis mental attitude — Lord! how they could keep J. Heney." it up is beyond me. They lost six million dol- Burns takes no particular account of the obvi- lars and their reputation trying to defend men ous fact that if he had not known his case from that everybody knew were crooks! And the out- end to end like his own pockets, if he had not had come of it all for Patrick Calhoun was to make a fund of information acquired through many him a mainstay of as hard-working a bunch of preceding months of hard sleuthing, all this fine blackmailers as ever bled the life out of a man. logic would have been as inoperative as a gun without lock, stock, or barrel. The First Move toward Getting Ruef s Confession Burns' Pet Criminal Abe Ruef "I never devised in my life,” he went on Burns' best stories are often of small cases, or abruptly, “as I did to get a confession out of cases little known to the public, or cases long Ruef. When we caught him, we put him in the forgotten by it; but there's no doubt about it St. Francis Hotel under the guard of the elisor. that his pet criminal is notorious enough. Abe We were afraid to put him in jail, as the sheriff Ruef was a foe worthy of his steel, and Burns and all the jail officers were his creatures. This appreciates him almost tenderly. His name was on the 8th of March. My first move was came up after Burns had been emphasizing the to make a formal appointment with him. necessity of putting yourself in the criminal's “When you feel you can give me the privi- place and reasoning as he would reason. lege,' said I,‘I want to sit down and have a long "But who can reason like a fool?” he cries. confidential talk with you.' Stw lamin ar tamsiowy % “| SAT DOWN TO MY FIRST TALK WITH RUE" "Now, this was extremely important as a “Ruef,' said I, I suppose you know the first step," Burns explained, "for my purpose prosecution proposes to get down to the root of was to set his mind working on the idea that this corruption. We are here to stay until this I was about to ask him for a confession. I is done, and there isn't any power you can wanted him to begin figuring in his mind some- handle that can stop us. Rudolf Spreckels thing like this: is ready, if necessary, to spend his fortune in “What is best for me to do? How can I the prosecution.'”. Burns brought his fist down avoid telling what I know? How can I work up heavily and leaned forward, the relentless in- a confession that'll take in this man, save me, quisitor; the gimlet-points in his eyes appeared. and maybe not hurt some of the other fel “No matter what men's reputations have lows ?" Burns cogitated as the sly, crafty Jew- been, men are going to be held accountable if ish Boss. they are guilty. Everything has become so “There is no rule for making a man confess. rotten that your machine is going to pieces. You must study your case beforehand, and then You are being blamed. You got the money, be ready to drop all your carefully formulated and people are saying so. We caught you red- plans at a moment's notice and follow any new handed; and we now have sufficient evidence tack. Seize the psychological second and press to send you to prison for life. We'll convict you your point. in the French restaurant cases; there isn't any "I sat down to my first talk with Ruef in the finessing by which you can crawl out. We'll St. Francis Hotel. I had my talk ready — good convict you in the prize-fight case; we'll con- and strong. vict you in the gas case; in the Pacific States 389 390 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS telephone case; the United Railways case; the sages of assurance to him and begging him to Parkside Realty case; and we'll convict you stand pat. They were all in a precious muddle. with the bribery of other officials besides the “The legislature adjourned without passing supervisors.' the hoped-for measure. Keane hurried back “You'll never be able to convict me in all from Sacramento to be Ruef's go-between to those affairs,' interrupted Ruef. Schmitz and Tirey L. Ford, counsel for the “We'll prove that you received the money. United Railways. I knew what was in their We'll prove that you handed it to Gallagher.' heads. Between them, they hoped to frame up “Now,” interpolated the detective, returning a confession that was not a confession — some to the present, "although the supervisors had cock-and-bull story that would call us off and been trapped, none of them had as yet confessed. still shield Ruef, the Mayor, and the United But I knew from the shadows' reports that Gal- Railways officials. They needed to get busy, lagher was always connected with Ruef; I knew for Ruef's chances were daily becoming blacker. that a bribe-giver places himself in the hands of We had got all the supervisors, and when I as few men as possible; so it was easy for me to granted Ruef's request to let him see Gallagher make a guess that Gallagher was the go-between. and Andy Wilson, two of the ablest men on the I hazarded it. Board, they turned deaf ears as he begged them to take back their admissions. They told him Burns Makes a Good Guess in the they'd stand with the prosecution; every man Supervisors' Case was scrambling for himself. “This interview left Ruef in almost a physical “We'll prove that you handed the money to collapse, but he revived; he was the biggest Gallagher,' I repeated, with conviction; "and coward I ever saw, but rubber-fibered. You that Gallagher passed it to the supervisors.' never knew what tack he'd take next. "I was playing on a guilty mind. Ruef was “I don't like Heney,'he flattered, when I next following everything I said, watching me like approached him; 'but I'd do anything for you, a hawk, trying to find out how much I knew and Burns. I wish you'd been on my side from the whether or not I was guessing. But from that beginning. Those other fellows in the prosecu- moment, although he did not admit it, I knew tion wouldn't have been anywhere without you; that there was no doubt in his mind that some of let them shine in the newspapers.' Oh, Ruef the supervisors had confessed. He interrupted loved me hard — just as hard as he does now! no more. “Keep right on talking, Ruef,' I said, 'if you ““It wastes lots of time for you to contradict get any pleasure out of that kind of dope; I can me, Ruef,' I went on, ‘so listen. You needn't stand it, if you can. But, just understand, I know commit yourself in any way. Just listen.' you're for Abe Ruef first, last, and all the time. He seemed satisfied with this, and I went a step You'd throw your own mother to save yourself.' further. “He reddened up, but we got on better. “I'm not authorized by the prosecution to I think Ruef almost respected me every time he make you any offers of immunity,' I said; ‘you failed to make me fall to his talk. After his must take your punishment in the French touching love-gag failed he tried appealing to restaurant case; but it now depends on your- my sympathy. Tremendously moved, he told self whether you'll be pushed to the limit of his losses in the earthquake and fire. The people are not in the mood to stand “Think of it, Burns,' he wept – I never saw any trifling.' any one, even on the stage, the equal of Ruef "With this much to meditate on, I left him. in the tear-producing act. “Think of it - I found it enough to start the ball rolling. Ruef three hundred thousand dollars; loss after loss! sent for Henry Ach, his attorney, and began Then, besides, all my other income is cut off,' he playing for time. When I saw him again he added piteously. The pathos of it was lost on seemed more receptive; he was a wily one. me; I knew that this income had come from “Meanwhile his friend, State Senator George brothels, dives, and the corporations. Keane, was trying to get a bill through the legis “I think it was his greed that was his undo- lature by which Ruef's case could be transferred ing,” said the detective, turning aside for a mo- from Judges Lawlor and Dunne to courts that ment. “The Boss was the greediest man I've the corporations could manipulate. The cor- ever known; he knew no friends when it came porations were in a fix: the Boss was hanging to dollars. His downfall came principally from confession over their heads if the change of the turning of men who had worked for him venue bill was not passed, but they did not dare politically and whom he had betrayed. He admit connection with him by openly aiding him. held out money on Schmitz. Myrtle Cerf, who All the interests, however, were sending mes- was like a slave to Ruef, ruined himself through DANA GATLIN 391 loyalty to the Boss; but when, at the end, he and intensely interested in the suppression of asked Ruef to lend him two hundred dollars, the graft in San Francisco. old hold-tight refused. Even the attorneys “I was his Greek professor for four years,' for the defendant had to sue for their fees.” he said. “I believe I could appeal to his better nature, and recall to him the days of his boy- Ruef Employs Detectives to Investigate hood when he read Plato.' Burns' Career “By all means see him, if you can do him any good,' I answered. I had strong doubts, how- “Ruef's greed was unequaled, and he had not ever, about the influence Plato would have on one atom of honesty in his composition. At the Ruef. But the professor was enthusiastic. very time he was flattering me, telling me how "I'll point out to him the duty he owes to much he loved me, he was buncoed out of two the city that educated him; and that he can thousand dollars, trying to get hold of something make atonement by confessing everything.' shady in my record. He told me about it after “When I saw Ruef after the interview, he wards. G. Ray Bagg of New York, formerly laughed. 'The old Greek professor came to connected with the Secret Service, pretended that he had some such information which he'd sell for two thou- sand. The Boss promptly sent on the money, and the poor fellow was grieved to death when he found out he was buncoed. He didn't call for my sympathy this time, though. Later he had me investigated from my boy- hood up. "He finally began to weaken. We moved him to Mayor Schmitz's former residence in Fillmore Street. I was with him night and day, urging him to confess. He said now that he wanted to confess, but that he was afraid the men he had taken money from would kill him. “His cowardice was the limit. Once, at midnight, he got me out of my bed to come to him. Some of the boulders in the street pave- ment in front of the house were loose, and his panicky fears had conjured up a pos- sible riot in which those boulders would be used to kill him. Ruef didn't have any virtue - unless persistency is one. He was a moral leper. Ruef's Old Greek Professor Comes to See Him "I FOUND HIDDEN IN THE FLOOR OF SCHMITZ'S BEDROOM A PLUSH-LINED BOX" One day Mr. Bunnell, formerly professor of Greek at the University See me,' he laughed. 'He wanted me to confess.' of California, asked to see Ruef. Mr. Bunnell “What did you say?' I asked. was one of the leading citizens of California, “Ruef burlesqued his answer: 'Oh, I told आपापा "HE'S BEEN JUST LIKE A BROTHER TO ME'". him how deeply touched I was by his interest. covered as an insignificant, harmless orchestra in me. And how contrite I was. I handed fiddler, would never have made a big crook him the same sort of bull he gave me.' under less skilful instruction, yet we got plenty “After a second interview the professor gave it of proof that the Mayor was an apt pupil; ex- up; he told me that his former pupil was hope- commissioners under Schmitz declared that he less. He was shrewder than Ruef suspected. often suggested and devised graft to the Boss. “The Boss was prepared to throw even “Each time I saw Ruef there was some new Schmitz to the wolves; many things indicated quibble. He was a continuous vaudeville per- this to me. I found hidden in the floor of one of formance, always coming up with an entirely the bedrooms in the Schmitz house a plush- new and unexpected turn. Now it would be lined box, undoubtedly a cache for the Schmitz haggling about Schmitz. He laid before us a plunder. The Mayor rose to the ingenious proposition that Schmitz be allowed to make a explanation that this was where he kept his confession, resign his office, and leave the State fiddle. I experimented, and found that a violin with a promise never to return. Of course, we wouldn't go into that box. This circumstance turned deaf ears to these overtures. In fact, the tickled Ruef almost to death; he wanted the Mayor had sent emissaries of his own, unknown newspapers to know the joke. to Ruef, to the District Attorney's office, to say “I'm getting more than my share of blame that Schmitz would like to make some arrange- out of this,' he whined. ment with the prosecution. But we were not "And, in fact," said the detective, "although making deals with the Mayor; he was a high I'm inclined to think Schnitz, whom Ruef dis- official and must take his medicine. 392 DANA GATLIN 393 “Well, what do you want me to tell?' asked the little things, too. I had a fair idea that Ruef, one day, unexpectedly — though nothing by 'little things' he meant the Municipal Crib should have been unexpected coming from that at 620 Jackson Street, the most horrible house eel. It was while we were drawing the grand of prostitution ever devised, — and under muni- jury for his trial in the French restaurant cases. cipal management,- the income that poured in “All,' I answered; ‘and every word must be to him from various other brothels, from the corroborated.' slot-machines, from the innumerable grafts of "He rubbed his head; he screwed up his face. the public works and the grafting sale of goods I knew some scheme worth while was going on to the city. in his head. "You'll tell the little things, too,' I repeated. “Wouldn't you be satisfied with only the big “With tears in his eyes, he pleaded: 'I don't things?' he insinuated finally. have to involve Tirey L. Ford, do I, Burns?' “No; we must have all.' “You involve every person who had any- “What is the use of going into the little thing to do with the bribery of the supervisors.' things, Burns?' he wheedled. “This was too much for Ruef. He wept "You can't come in with us,' I answered brokenly. I hate like hell to betray Ford !'he firmly, 'unless you come in fully. You'll tell sobbed. 'He's been just like a brother to me.' "THEY WERE URGING RUEF TO PLEAD GUILTY" 394 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS And because of this brotherly love he refrained Frank Schmitz charged these to the city and from confession that day. Ruef had a big then collected for them. The Mayor's brother, heart; it held both Ford and me. said Ruef, was also a partner in the concern that graded the Parkside district, and, through The Plot to Kidnap Ruef him, the horses cast off by the city Fire and Police Departments were got for the com- “It was about this time that a very inter- pany to use, and the workmen were fed at the esting development in the situation took place. almshouse. A plot was formed by a number of his former “Though he went on slyly incriminating friends to kidnap Ruef. The plan was to take Schmitz, the day was approaching when he him to the mountains in the interior of Califor- himself must stand trial on the charge of extor- nia, where a place had been selected. Detectives tion, or confess and plead guilty. He begged to of the United Railways secured quarters from be spared the humiliation. We went right on which they commanded a view of Ruef's tempo- drawing the jury, and the box was nearly filled. rary jail. We immediately became aware of He must act, and act quickly; he was right the situation, and subsequently were informed up against it. I was now calling on him regu- by one of the men engaged to participate in larly; I did not know what moment his story the kidnapping - a man who never intended would come. carrying out his part, as he was a conscientious "He finessed to the end; he always had some citizen, and who had been selected because he new complication to be straightened out. We was known as a fearless official when he had the had conference after conference with the Dis- position of deputy sheriff in one of the interior trict Attorney, William H. Langdon, and with counties. Later we secured a confession from the Special Assistant, Mr. Francis J. Heney, one of the men who was to take a leading part who had exclusive charge of the cases. These in the kidnapping, and, through him, learned conferences were held at Mr. Heney's office, that Ruef was to be in on the plan, but at the and Henry Ach, the lawyer, and Rabbis Nieto last moment got cold feet. Ruef feared they and Kaplan represented the Boss. They were would actually do away with him. urging Ruef to plead guilty to the extortion charge. Should he take what punishment the Ruef Tells Schmitz that Every Man court saw fit to inflict for this and become a Must Save Himself State's witness, he was promised immunity for the rest of his crimes. "I wasn't the only one interested in the Boss at this time. There were continual rumors Ruef Decides to Make a Clean about town that he was about to confess — that Breast of It he had confessed. It was following such a rumor that the first open rupture came between “One morning, when I called, I found Rabbi him and Schmitz. The Mayor, in great fear, Kaplan and Ruef's father and sister with him. came to see his partner in crime, who showed Mr. Kaplan opened ceremonies. a momentary and extraordinary gleam of hon "Mr. Ruef has decided confess,' esty. He said it was a time when each man said he. must save himself first. From that hour Schmitz “Yes,' chimed in Ruef; ‘I've decided to make was his enemy. Abe Rueſ, through some strange a clean breast of everything to you, Burns.' code of honor all his own, evidently felt himself “That's good,' said l. “But, remember, now justified in making every effort to expose it's all off unless you come through fully. Schmitz. He wanted the exposure apparently You're to tell the whole story, and keep back to emanate from some other source than himself. nothing.' Why, I'm not sure. I think that it was simply “Who's to be the judge of the truth?' because he couldn't do anything straight; he asked. It was a Ruef-like question. I scheming was as natural as breathing to him. laughed; the idea of Ruef serving as judge I don't think the odium of throwing down his was funny. partner cut much ice with him. " ‘Langdon, Heney, and I,' I answered. “Anyway, he started out by saying that the “Then we two were left alone. We sat down Mayor's brother Frank had systematically on opposite sides of the table and got down to robbed the city in purchasing goods when he business. I knew the moment had come. was superintendent of the almshouse. After “What was the first matter you bribed the the fire, according to Ruef, when the Relief supervisors in?' I began. He answered reluc- Corporation sent wagon-loads of provisions and tantly, but straight. The hardest thing on earth blankets for the inmates of the almshouse, for Ruef to do is to give a straight answer. to "I KNEW THE MOMENT HAD COME "'The fight trust. The supervisors were “What next?' said I, when the gas case was paid five hundred dollars each, and Schmitz finished. five thousand. I was promised twenty-five "The Home Telephone Company -- one thousand dollars.' hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Sixty "I wrote down his entire statement about the thousand went to the Board of Supervisors, fight trust matter. through Gallagher; the other sixty thousand “What next?' I questioned. was divided between Schmitz and me.' (“Thirty thousand apiece for them," said Ruef Tells What He Got Out of the Burns, interrupting his story, "while each of Gas and Telephone Companies the eighteen supervisors, poor devils, who were necessary to grant the franchise and who served ““The gas company. After I became politi- as a cloak, were glad to get away with their cal boss, Frank Drum placed me on their pay- little three thousand apiece.) roll for twelve hundred a month. One day “There were absolutely no bounds to Ruef's Drum came to me. “We want to have the greed. He is the only boss I've ever heard of gas rate raised to eighty-five cents," he said. who never showed an atom of loyalty or grati- “That's too much,” I answered. “I can't fix it tude to those who served him. He admitted -- on twelve hundred a month.” “How much?” that, although for years he had received from asked Drum. I speculated on the expenditure the Pacific States Telephone Company one of my time, trouble, and money. “Twenty thousand dollars a month, when Detweiler of thousand'll be about right." "Very well," Toledo, president of the Home Telephone Com- agreed Drum; “go ahead.” I went ahead, and pany, outbid the Pacific States, he went over got the pay,' added Ruef, and he considered it straightway. And in connection with the trans- virtuous compensation. action Ruef told this story. “Ruef then went on to explain to me how “The Pacific States corporation, said he, the gas company covered up this transaction ‘attempted to do some individual bribing of the in their books. The board of directors voted supervisors on their own account. They thought themselves an extra · salary amounting to they could beat me' – and Ruef swelled out twenty thousand dollars. As soon as the sum his chest. 'Their local agent, Theodore V. was paid once, they rescinded the resolution Halsey, had made an arrangement with Boxton and removed the bonus from the pay-roll. of the Board, who had promised to procure the 395 396 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS pledges of ten of the supervisors to favor the sand dollars in this way,' grinned Ruef. 'Then, old corporation,- a majority of the eighteen, when the Home people got their franchise, he you see, — when I was informed by some of the went wild. He came to me and wept and Board of what was going on. They came to begged me to make the supervisors give him ask me what to do. “Sure, take the money back his money; he said he'd lose his job from the Pacific States people,” | advised. if he didn't get it back. “It serves you “All you can get. And then give them the right, Halsey,” said I, "for trying to steal double cross.” So Halsey started his little my supervisors from me.” (Burns imitated game,' said Ruef. 'Oh, he thought he was lay- Ruef's virtuous indignation.) “But I'll see ing me out. He engaged a room in the Mills what can be done." I then told the super- Building; Krause, his secretary, who has since visors to return to Halsey one half of the Pacific committed suicide in Europe, ushered the su- States Telephone bribe; I knew they wouldn't; pervisors into the inner office, where Halsey only two of them did.' handed each a package containing from twenty “But I was going to tell you the Ruef- five hundred to five thousand dollars. Halsey esque wind-up of this telephone affair,” Burns told them that the balance making ten thousand resumed. “For in this the Boss surely did for each would be given them at the expiration shine as a dyed-in-the-wool grasp-all. He of their terms of office, provided they refused forced the supervisors to credit their Halsey the franchise to the Home Telephone Company. money to the Home Company's account. “Halsey paid out about seventy-five thou- The Pacific States actually paid their rival's bribes to the supervisors, and Ruef pocketed all the Home people gave. "Now tell me about the United Railways trolley franchise trans- action,' I said. “Ruef balked — not because of President Patrick Calhoun, he pro- tested, but because of his beloved friend, Tirey L. Ford, general counsel for the com- pany. “Don't ask me to tell on Ford,' he pleaded. I can't, Burns. I think too much of him.' “Now, I know you're a loving fellow, Ruef,' I an- swered; ‘and I also know that you've already been prepar- ing Ford. I know that you've sent him word kindly warn- ing him that some one must have squealed, that the prose- cution seemed to know all. You're covered yourself, my friend, so come across.' "Ruef knows when he has to stop fooling, so he settled down to business once more. He just had to shillyshally a while; he does it as natur- ally as eating. "Well,' he admitted, 'I had been on the pay-roll of the company since 1902 at TAX XMobi five hundred dollars a month, but when the new Board of "I FILLED THE SHIRT-BOX, THEN WRAPPED THE OVERFLOW IN A NEWSPAPER”" Supervisors was elected my Mom DANA GATLIN 397 salary was raised to twelve hundred. had to work extra hard breaking 'em in, you know. Carrying a Hundred Thousand Dollar Bribe in a Shirt-Box “'Some time before the fire, Ford told me that the United Railways wanted a permit to operate an overhead trolley on the cable lines. The matter was arranged and the price fixed; but the fire came along, and then there was a rearrangement whereby I was to receive two hun- dred thousand dollars. It went through the Board of Supervisors in June, after the fire, and I was paid one hundred thousand dollars in two fifty-thousand instalments by Ford. In August he told me that the other hundred thousand was waiting for me at the car- barns at Oak and Broderick streets, and that I'd better bring along something to carry it in, as it was such a bundle. I drove to my cousins' store, Hirsch Brothers, haberdashers, in Fillmore Street, and got a shirt-box. My chauffeur, Alec Latham, will testify that he drove me to the car-barn, where Ford's office was located.' (“I didn't need any chauffeur's corrobora- tion on these points," smiled the detective. ***HALF THE REMAINDER I DIVIDED WITH "I knew all this from the reports of my 'shadow,' who was following Ruef all the time the investigation was being secretly con- they were peering through the light-well in ducted. The Boss was telling the truth.) Ford's office?' “I was nervous on this trip,' Ruef went on, "I cut him short. I saw he could concoct loop- 'because the money was so bulky. I filled the holes to squeeze himself through all day long. shirt-box, then wrapped the overflow in a news “'Those are very lovely plans, Ruef,' I said, paper, and took it all out to my automobile. ‘only I don't ask my men to commit perjury.' After going to my office, I hurried to the West- He saw he couldn't pass the buck to some one ern National Bank and placed the money in else. safe-deposit boxes.' “All right,' he submitted; “I'll testify “Ruef got this far, and then he had to shy straight. Of the two hundred thousand dol- and balk again. lars received by me, I turned over eighty-five thousand to Gallagher for the supervisors; this Ruef Suggests that Burns' Men Commit meant four thousand apiece for fifteen mem- Perjury bers of the board, ten thousand for Andy Wil- son, and fifteen thousand for Gallagher. Half “Can't I avoid testifying that I received of the remainder I divided with Schmitz, at this money from Ford?' he asked. 'Can't you his residence in Vallejo Street. We were alone, use the evidence without my giving it?' and as I went there often, the fact that I was “How would you suggest?' I asked, in turn. in the house at the time of the payment would I was curious to hear his ideas. not be corroborating evidence. You see, I got “Why not,' said he, ‘have some of your only $57,500 out of that deal, after all, Burns,' men say they were looking with glasses he whined, in conclusion. through the windows opposite and saw me “Now, what about the Tevis Bay Cities get the money? Or why not have them say Water Company?' I questioned. SCHMITZ'' 398 BURNS GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE deyser “Ruef heaved a miles. It was the sigh — it was al- logical source of most a groan. A water supply, and million dollars to the Board of En- be divided between gineers made the himself, Schmitz, stand for it. To and the super- ease the conscience visors had been of the Board, the promised, but this Mayor then offered biggest deal of all the solution of had been spoiled withdrawing all by the graft prose- the companies cution. The Water from competition Company could and leaving only well afford to pay the Bay Cities Ruef a million Water Company dollars; for it was in the field. But afterward proved the engineers re- in the prosecution signed. Schmitz of Fremont Older, had mistaken his who was tried for men. The city en- criminal libel, that gineer was still this was only an working on the audacious scheme matter when the for selling to the graft prosecution city, for ten million put a quietus on five hundred thou- it,' sighed Ruef. sand dollars, op- He sighed again tions that cost two TAMBID when I mentioned hundred thou- the Parkside Re- sand. After con- alty franchise quering his grief, "ONE MIRROR WAS NOT ENOUGH; HE REQUIRED TWO". matter. Ruef went on to “T didn't get tell about the frustrated deal of such promise. to do a thing with that, Burns. I got fifteen “'Colonel Wheeler, Tevis' right-hand man, thousand dollars down, and the assurance of first came to me and arranged for me to twenty-five thousand more if I got a fran- meet his employer at Tevis' office in the Mills chise for a railway through Nineteenth Avenue Building, in January, 1906. After that we met to the Parkside district. But the investiga- several times, and Tevis always urged me to tion came on, and I did not dare risk trying put the Bay Cities scheme through the Board to deliver bribes to the supervisors.' of Supervisors; I was to get one third of the "Ruef would have been unhappier still," profits. “If this goes through,” said Tevis smiled Burns, “if he had known that I knew politely, "you need never work again, Mr. from the first just how he was trapped, and that Ruef. There ought to be a million dollars in I used the circumstances to play the super- it for you.” I told Schmitz we would be able visors against the Boss. I'd have had a much to divide a million dollars, and he asked me if harder task trapping the supervisors without I thought Tevis could deliver the water to go the knowledge of these facts. He never knew ahead. So I sent for Gallagher and told him how much I knew. that the Bay Cities deal meant seventy-five “After I'd taken down exactly what he had thousand for him and twenty-five thousand said, it was difficult to arrange the facts to suit apiece for the other supervisors. Schmitz im- him. He sent for his sister, a stenographer. mediately appointed three engineers, who sug- I read over his statements about the United gested that a number of water schemes be Railways bribery, and was not satisfied with it. submitted; but these men refused to accept the “You're lying about some of these features, Bay Cities' proposition while Hetch Hetchy Ruef,' I said, and you know it. I don't propose was competing against it. The water supply to stand for any of that. Unless you make up from Hetch Hetchy was not only closer and your mind to be honest and sincere, I'll have easier of access to the city, but also there was nothing more to do with you.' not any purer water within a radius of many “I was aware that Ruef's sister was nudging 1 DANA GATLIN 399 him, but some telepathic sense seemed to tell cluded that the District Attorney's office was him when he could not whine. inexorable, he went off in a rage. “Now quit your kicking me,' he ordered her. “All right; I'll go into court and plead guilty,' Then, turning to me with all the ingenuousness he threatened. “But it'll be in my own way.' in the world, he said: 'She's kicking me under “What do you mean by that?" I asked. the table; but I'm going to tell you the truth.' “When I confess in court, I'll state my "After this interview the Boss really col- reasons for pleading guilty.' lapsed. Telling the truth had been too much “Just as you please. Only tell the truth.' for him, and we had to send for a physician. "He quibbled to the very day of his trial, When he was revived, we drew up an immunity which had many postponements. Ruef was not contract on condition that he plead guilty in downcast-not he; he was preparing to appear the French restaurant extortion case -- which before a few hundred people, and I believe meant five years in the penitentiary for him Ruef would be satisfied to serve a term of years and that he take the witness-stand for the in prison if he were assured that he would have prosecution. an audience of ten thousand people to listen to “I never want to be known in this agree- him when he came out. ment,' said Ach, Ruef's attorney. “People will “Ruef's vanity was even better illustrated say I'm the worst in town; and I am.' during Schmitz's trial, a month later. Early in the morning he sent for a barber, and had his How Ruef Went to the Witness-Stand face shaved and his hair trimmed; one mirror was not enough — he required two. He walked up “Because Ruef had signed his contract he did and down before the large looking-glass, turned not cease to be an eel. He at once tried to worm round, surveyed himself approvingly from side his way out. As I've said, he weeps easily. and back, giving suggestions to the barber. He "I don't want to go into the court-room went through the entire form of giving his and plead guilty,' he whined and sobbed. testimony. Henry Ach and other friends of Ruef's “I go on the witness-stand to-day,' he haunted Mr. Heney's office. They seemed to explained to the amazed barber. “There will come up through the floor, and armed with be a big crowd.' every imaginable argument. Ruef's own fertility of imagination was not impaired, “Guilty!' the ex-Boss entered his plea at his either. One formidable argument against own trial, and I gave a sigh of relief such as I pleading guilty was particularly touching. never sighed before. Schmitz and the Mayor's "‘The testimony of a self-confessed felon will attorneys were beside themselves with rage. be sure to injure the prosecution, Burns,' he said. Ruef's last musical adherent dropped away “Now, don't you be wasting your time that day. worrying about our side,' I answered. “We “And Henry Ach, who had advised and appreciate it, but realize you have troubles arranged the immunity contract, rose like a of your own.' righteous, astonished advocate. He took up “Then he tried the sympathy gag: 'If I his hat and with picturesque indignation ad- confess, it will kill my parents and sister.' dressed the court: "Yet, singularly enough, when he found ““Your Honor, I beg leave to withdraw that he could not squirm out of taking the first from this case. I knew nothing of my client's step in the contract, he said: intention.' And out he went. “Understand, I'm not going to confess for “Don't you think I did that well?' asked myself, but for the sake of my parents and Ach, when I saw him next. sister. They don't want me to go to San “This ended my connection with the San Quentin for life.' Francisco graft investigation, but along with "It has been said that Ruef had real devotion the story I want to say this: to his family,” says Burns. Maybe he had. “The time will come when the people of Cali- It would be hard for an ordinary man to fornia will honor the memory of Rudolf Spreck- know what form devotion might take in a els, Francis J. Heney, Fremont Older, James D. composition like Ruef. At any rate, he did Phelan, Bartley P. Oliver, and William H. Lang- do a lot for them — in his way. He made don for the work they have done. Mr. Spreck- his father his bookkeeper, and his sister his els was the man who supplied the money cashier. necessary to conduct the investigation. It has "From the beginning it had been evident been said, by those who are in a position to that he'd give trouble to the end. No prom- know, that the amount expended came to ises or contract bound him. When he con as much as $250,000. William H. Langdon 400 ALFRED NOYES showed the kind of man he was when the political idea of the sacrifices these men made and of Boss sought to deliver his office to the gamblers the personal dangers they went through. The and crooks. Langdon took the bit in his teeth world already knows the story of how Francis and, single-handed, raided the crooked gam- J. Heney was shot during the trial, but little bling games and drove the gamblers from the is known of the plots that were made against city. Later, when the graft prosecution was the lives of many of the men actively engaged begun, he appointed Heney Special Assistant in the investigation." District Attorney to carry on the work. Mr. Heney's wonderful activity in the matter is so In this first story I got, indeed, very little familar to the public that it is unnecessary to idea of Burns' "technique” — of his methods go into details. Mr. Older started the graft of setting to work upon a case. His interest prosecution, and came to Washington and in Ruef made his first story more a character arranged to secure the services of Heney and sketch than a narrative. The second story, myself. He had been fighting grafters in San however, which will appear in the March num- Francisco for nine years. He still continues to ber of McClure's Magazine, takes up one of fight them. Burns' most celebrated cases, and gives one an "I must also say a word for Hiram Johnson, excellent idea of the more technical side of the now Governor of California, and for Mr. Matt detective's work: the patient shadowing of Sullivan. They jumped in when Heney was criminals, the nursing of clues, and the careful shot, and carried on his work and convicted interpretation of evidence so slight that it would Ruef. Even the citizens of California had no mean nothing at all to the unprofessional mind. GHOSTS BY ALFRED NOYES O, to creep in by candle-light, When all the world is fast asleep, Out of the cold winds, out of the night, Where the nettles wave and the rains weep! O, to creep in, lifting the latch So quietly that no soul could hear; And, at those embers in the gloom, Quietly light one careful match You should not hear it, have no fear And light the candle and look round The old familiar room; To see the old books upon the wall And lovingly take one down again, And hear — 0, strange to those that lay So patiently underground - The ticking of the clock, the sound Of clicking embers Watch the play Of shadows till the implacable call Of morning turn our faces gray; And, or ever we go, we lift and kiss Some idle thing that your hands may touch, Some paper or book that your hands let fall, And we never when living had cared so much As to glance upon twice But now, O bliss To kiss and to cherish it, moaning our pain, Ere we creep to the silence again. x WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK BY SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT HAT do self-supporting wo- present New York legislation, as well as of men away from home in almost all of the State legislation concerning New York give in their the hours of work of adult women in this coun- work, and what do they try, had been virtually determined by the de- get from it, when their cision of the Federal Supreme Court in regard industry involves a considerable outlay of to the ten-hour law for women laundry workers muscular strength? For a reply to this ques- in Oregon. The opinion of the National Su- tion the National Consumers' League turned preme Court, which practically confirmed the to the reports of women's work as machine passed New York laundry laws and made ironers and hand ironers, workers at mangles, future laws for fair regulation for the women folders and shakers of sheets and napkins from workers seem practicable, will be given after wringers in the steam laundries of New York. the account of women's work in laundries in For, although the labor at the machines in New York. the laundry wash-rooms is done by men, and all Miss Carola Woerishofer conducted the in- work in laundries consists largely of machine- quiry, which was confined to steam laundries, tending, still women's part in the industry can as hand laundries were more favorably de- be performed only by unusually strong women.* scribed by many reliable authorities. Among In the winter of 1907-8 the National Con- these, the large laundries were commercial sumers' League had received from different laundries, such as we all patronize, and hotel parts of New York a series of letters filled with and hospital laundries. The features chiefly various complaints against specified laundries observed in all these establishments were sani- in this city- complaints stating that hours were tation, the danger of injury, and wages and long and irregular, wages unfair, the laundries hours of labor. For the account of the hospital dirty, and the girls seldom allowed to sit down; and hotel laundries the Consumers' League of and containing urgent pleas to the women of the City of New York obtained the services the Consumers' League to help the women of Miss Elizabeth Howard Westwood of Smith Jaundry workers. College and Miss Mary Alden Hopkins of After consulting some of the laundrywomen, Wellesley College. As a means of investigating the League determined to secure through a commercial laundries, Miss Woerishofer, an- special inquiry a well-ascertained statement of swering advertisements as they came, worked conditions as a basis for State factory legis- in laundries in trade, employed in nearly every lation for uniform improvements. A few branch of the industry in which women are en- months_before, the constitutionality of the gaged throughout the borough of Manhattan. *Its severity may be indicated by an account of the work a machine ironer' in Illinois regularly performed before the passage of the Illinois ten-hour law, when conditions in that State were as they now are in the hotel and hospital laundries of New York, Miss Radway used to iron five hundred shirt bosoms a day. Hold- ing the loose part of the shirt up above her head to prevent the Naturally, the first question which faced me muslin from being caught in the iron, she pressed the bosom in a machine manipulated by three heavy treads -- by bearing all of her was that of finding a job. For this I turned to weight on her right foot, stamping down on a pedal to the right: the laundry want “ads” in the newspapers. pump. To iron five hundred shirt bosoms required three thousand in the summer, which is, curiously enough, by pedal to the left: then by pressing down both pedals with a To my surprise, as my investigation was made treads a day. 401 402 WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK far the slackest season in New York commercial towels between two revolving cylinders. Here laundries, I was never without work for more I found there was danger of slipping my fingers than a day at a time, although I changed con- too far under the cylinder in the process of tinually, for the sake of experience, averaging feeding. The mangle had a guard, to be sure — about a week in a place. a flexible metal bar about three quarters of an The first establishment to which I went was inch above the feeding-apron in front of the known as a model laundry. It was large and cylinder. But I learned that this acted as a well ventilated, and had a dry floor. These warning rather than a protection. "Once you sanitary conditions may be said to be fairly get your fingers in, you never get them out,” typical. In only one laundry did I find a girl Jenny, the Italian girl beside me, said repeat- who was compelled to stand in a wet place, edly. The Italian girls Anglicized their names, though water overflowed sometimes into the and Jenny had probably been Giovanna at girls' quarters from the wash-rooms where the home. men worked. In some of these wash-rooms At the collar machine, at which I was sta- the water is at times ankle-deep, a condition tioned after lunch, there was an adequate due only to bad drainage, as other wash-rooms guard where the collars were slipped in. Where are absolutely dry. Whatever the condition of they came out, however, they had to be the work-rooms, the women's dressing-rooms pushed in rapid succession under the farther frequently had insanitary plumbing, and were side of a burning hot cylinder with no guard verminous and unhealthful. In one laundry at all. To avoid touching the cylinder with the water supply was contaminated, smelling my arm in this process, I was obliged and tasting offensive when it came from the either to raise it unnaturally high, or to faucet, and worse after it had passed through stand on tiptoe. "You didn't get burned the cooler. The women here at first kept to-day or yesterday,” said Jenny, “but you bottles of soda water. Some old women had sure will sometime. Everybody does on that beer. But on a series of hot days, with hours machine." from half past seven to twelve, and from one In the ironing of collars and cuffs by machin- till any time up to ten at night, 10 cents' ery, there is continual risk of burns on hands worth of beer or soda water a day did not go and arms. At a sleeve-ironing machine, in an- far to alleviate thirst, and soon drank a big other place, I received some slight burn every hole in a wage of $5 a week. A complaint was day. And when I asked the girls if this were sent to the Board of Health. After nearly because I was “green,” they replied that every three weeks the Board of Health replied that one got burned at that machine all the the complaint must be sent to the Water De- time. Each burn is due to "carelessness," partment. From the Water Department no but if the girls were to be careful, they reply could possibly come for several weeks would have to focus their minds on self- more. And, in the meantime, all the women protection instead of the proper accomplish- workers in the laundry, impelled by intolerablement of their task, and would also have to thirst, drank the contaminated water. work at a lower rate of speed than the out- put the laundries usually demand. A graver Laundry Workers Risk Mutilation from danger than that from hot surfaces and from Unguarded Mangles slightly protected gas flames is from unguarded belts and gears. The work-room where I was employed had, At mangles, too, the danger is grave. What on the whole, plenty of windows. These were the girls call “millionaire work” – work that left open. But when a room is large and full has to come out straight - in contrast with of machinery, artificial light is needed all day, "boarding house work," must be shoved up to and the outside air does not come in very far within a quarter of an inch of the cylinder. to drive away the heat and the dampness. On Fingers once caught in such mangles are going out at noon from a laundry where I had crushed. Consider, in connection with these dipped shirts in hot starch all the morning at two facts, the high rate of speed at which the a breakneck pace, I was struck by the coolness girls feed the work into the machine, and the of the day. That night I discovered that the precarious character of their task will be real- thermometer had been registering 96° in the ized. However, in many laundries, good shade. A few fans should be put in each laun- mangles for table and bed linen are in use, dry. They could be run by the power that which either have a stationary bar in front of runs the machines. the first cylinder, or else have the first roll, In the "model laundry," I worked at first whether connected or not with the power, at- at a mangle, running spreads and sheets and tached to a lever, and so constructed as to lift SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 403 the pressure immediately from the finger, both hands under the roll — happened over should it be slipped underneath.* two months ago. Fingers cut off one hand, and all twisted and useless on the other.” Dangerous Machinery in Manhattan Instead of having the machine guarded, after Laundries this mutilation, the owner had employed a man to take chances here, instead of a girl. For the purpose of inspecting the machin This and all the illegal defects discovered ery I visited with different factory inspectors, were ordered remedied by the factory in- through the courtesy extended by the Depart- spectors. But New York labor legislation, no ment of Labor, all, so far as I was able to deter- matter how excellent, cannot be enforced, with mine, of the commercial steam laundries in the the present number of inspectors. An in- Borough of Manhattan. Out of sixty laundries spector will arrive on one day; will discover inspected, I found that twenty-six had either that rules are violated; will impose a fine; unguarded or inadequately guarded mangles, will return in the next week and discover that collar-pressers, and collar-dampeners, or else rules are not violated; will, perforce, return unguarded or inadequately guarded gears and to another part of the field; and after that the belts. In a laundry visited when the boss was violation will continue as if he had never ob- out, we conferred with the engineer about one served it. particularly bad mangle. Further, it is difficult for the inspector to "What's this machine for? To cut girls' discover, through employees, violations of the hands off?” asked the inspector. State laws enacted in their interest, as they "Well," said the engineer, "it came pretty risk being discharged for complaints. In addi- near finishing up the last girl we had here tion, moreover, to this danger, bringing a caught her arm in an apron-string and got charge means that the complainant must go to * State Labor Law, paragraph 81.- Protection of Employees Op. court, thus losing both time and money. A may be prohibited by the Commissioner of Labor, and a notice to ble means of settling the matter. Made up dangerous condition or is not properly guarded, the use thereof union organization would be the only possi- removed until the machine is made safe and the required safeguards of the workers themselves, it is always pres- are provided, and in the meantime such unsafe or dangerous ma- chinery shall not be used ent to observe violations; and it offers to - Photograpn oy Hне LAUNDRY WORKERS SORTING OUT PIECES AN ILL-PAID · AND PARTICULARLY EXHAUSTING FORM OF LAUNDRY WORK. THE GIRLS HAVE TO BE CONSTANTLY ON THEIR FEET, BENDING, AND STOOPING OVER THE PILES OF CLOTHES Photograph by Hine LAUNDRY WORKER FEEDING PIECES INTO THE MANGLE THE MANGLE SHOWN IN THE PHOTOGRAPH IS GUARDED; IN NEARLY FIFTY PER CENT, HOWEVER, OF THE COMMERCIAL STEAM LAUNDRIES INSPECTED, THE MACHINERY WAS EITHER UNGUARDED OR INADEQUATELY GUARDED, IN ONE LAUNDRY A GIRL GOT BOTH HANDS UNDER THE ROLL, THE FINGERS OF ONE HAND WERE CUT OFF, AND THE OTHER HAND WAS SO MUTILATED AS TO BE PERMANENTLY USELESS the workers the advantage of reporting to the In one place a woman with a baby to sup- State, not as individuals, but as a body. The port - a shaker earning $4.50 a week, and coöperative spirit present among almost all of heavily in debt - used to borrow weekly a few the laundry workers should make organization pennies apiece from all the girls around her to entirely feasible.* pay her rent. And the pennies were always On entering a new situation I found, as a rule, forthcoming, although the girls had hardly more cordiality and friendly interest. On several than she had, and knew quite well that they occasions it was expressed by this social form: were seldom returned. There was a great dea] “Say, you got a feller?” of swearing among the women in almost all “Sure. Ain't you got one?” of the laundries, but it was of an entirely good- "Sure.” natured character. The girls are really very kind to one another, While there was a natural division of labor, helping one another in their work, and by loans there was also an artificial one, created during of lunch and money. lunch hours. A deep-rooted feeling of antagon- Union League, stating the results of organization in the West in the the Italians, each race clubbing together from * Here is a letter from the Secretary of the Woman's Trade ism and suspicion exists between the Irish and laundry trade : "The laundry workers in San Franeisco eight years ago were competing with the Chinese laundries. The girls the different departments in separate bands. working in the laundries there received about $10 a month, with the privilege of living in. Three days in the week they began Aside from this distinction, there is another work at 6 4. m. and worked until 2 a. m. the next morning. The social cleavage — the high-wage earners sitting ization they have established the nine-hour day and the minimum apart from the low-wage earners, through nat- wage of $;. They have extended their organization almost the entire length of the Pacific Coast," ural snobbishness. In one laundry, the high-wage 404 Photograph by Hine LAUNDRY WORKERS DRAWING PIECES OUT OF A MANGLE MANGLE WORK GENERALLY BRINGS FROM $5 TO $6 A WEEK IN COMMERCIAL LAUNDRIES. THE WOMEN STAND ON THEIR FEET TEN AND TWELVE HOURS AT A STRETCH, WITH ONLY ONE BREAK OF HALF AN HOUR OR AN HOUR FOR LUNCH. THE WORK HAS TO BE DONE AT EXTREME SPEED, AND, WHERE THE MACHINERY IS UNGUARDED, IS EXTREMELY PRECARIOUS earners, though they often treated the $5 girls Working from Seven in the Morning until to stray sardines, cake, etc., were in the habit Midnight Without Overtime Pay of sending young girls to the delicatessen shop to get their lunches, and also to the saloon for Nearly all laundry work is performed stand- beer. Then the girl had to hurry out on the ing, and on heavy days, when the work is street in her petticoat and little light dressing- steady, except at lunch-time, very few women sack that she wore for work, for they gave her get a chance to sit down during any part of the no time to change. For this service the girl day. The chief difference between laundry would get 10 cents a week from each of the work and that of other factories is in the ir- women she did errands for. They did not regularity of the hours. A manufacturer knows the boss starcher explained to me with quiet more or less at the beginning of the week how elegance — think of such a thing as drinking much work his factory will have to do, and can beer behind the boss's back, but they "just usually distribute overtime, or engage or lay didn't want him to know." off extra girls, according to his knowledge. The same difficulties in enforcing the law The laundryman can never estimate the amount about protected machinery in laundries exist of work to be done until the laundry bundles in the enforcing of the law requiring that adult are actually on the premises. He can never women in laundries shall not work more than tell when the hotels, restaurants, steamboats, sixty hours in a week. Just as in the case of and all the small "hand" laundries, whose protected machinery, these difficulties might family laundries he rough-dries, and whose be partly removed through trade organization. collars and table and bed linen he finishes, 405 406 WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK will want their washing back. Hard as this is stant standing, and is most apt to occur in for the employer, it is still harder for the work- laundries where only mangle work is done. ers. The small hand laundry can seldom keep These laundries do not tend to work late at customers waiting longer than from Monday night, but they more frequently violate the till Saturday. On this account, the steam sixty-hour law than the others do. Work is laundry will be obliged to rush all of is work almost absolutely steady. The women stand for the “hand” laundry through in one or two on their feet ten and twelve hours, with just days. I found some steam laundries in which half an hour or an hour for lunch, and work no work at all is done on Monday or Saturday, with extreme speed. but in the busy season the place keeps running If your job is shaking the wrinkles out of regularly on the other four days from seven in towels and sheets, this in itself is violent exer- the morning till half past eleven and twelve at cise. The air is hot and damp because you night. Very seldom is there any compensation stand near the washers. You are hurricd at a for these long hours. Few of the laundries pay furious rate. When you finish one lot you overtime. Of these, some dock the girls pro- have to roll heavy baskets, and dump them portionately for every hour less than sixty a upon your table, and then go on shaking and week they work. No laundries in which I shaking again, only to do more heavy loading worked, except one, give supper money. A and dumping. One girl always had a headache piece worker at least gets some advantage to late in the afternoon. After standing ten or counterbalance long hours. But the week twelve hours, there are few whose feet or backs worker not only lacks recompense for actual do not ache. The effect on the feet is perhaps labor, but is often put to greater expense. the chief ground of complaint. Some merely She does not know when her long day is wear rags about their feet, others put on old coming, so she must buy her supper, when shoes or slippers which they slit up in front and supper is waiting for her at home. She is often at the sides. The girls who press skirts by so tired that she must spend 5 cents for carfare, machine and those who do the body ironing instead of walking. Seven cents is a fair aver- have to press down on pedals in order to accom- age spent upon supper - 2 cents for bread and plish their tasks, and find this, as a rule, harder 5 cents for sausage, cheese, or meat. If over- than standing still. An occasional worker, how- time is worked three nights a week, the girl ever, pronounces it a relief. But several I met is out of pocket 36 cents not a small item in had serious internal trouble which they claimed wages of $4.50 and $5 a week, where every began after they had started laundry work. penny counts. Often, also, she either has not Few laundries give holidays with pay. Some extra money or she forgets to bring it. Then give half a day on the legal holidays. In the she has to share some one's else lunch. The others, “shaking” and “body ironing" and all girls are always willing to divide, however the hard, heavy processes of laundry work con- slight their own provisions. I once saw a one- tinue straight through Christmas day, straight cent piece of cake shared by four girls. through New Year's day, straight through the Fourth of July, just as at other times. *Long Hours of Standing the Laundress' In recompense for these long hours of stand- Greatest Hardship ing, the piece worker often has fairly high pay- ment financially. But the opposite is true of There are two kinds of long hours: those due the week worker. In the downtown laundries, to bad systematizing of laundry work, creating where the wage scale runs lower, the amount long waits between lots; and those due to very is usually inadequate for the barest need. heavy work. In regard to the first kind, it must be said that the shirt-starchers, who are Wages in Laundries Range from $3 to the main sufferers from waiting for work, are $25 a Week the best paid, and hence are not as indignant at frequent overtime as the week workers are. The payment in laundries is extremely va- Besides, though obliged to stay in the work- ried. The wages of the majority of women room, they are frequently seated throughout I talked to in laundries amounted to between their waiting time, which sometimes lasts for $8 and $4.50 a week. But wages ranged from four or five hours. I saw one woman about the highest exceptional instances in piece work, to be confined who sometimes starched shirts in hand starching and in hand ironing, at $25 until two in the morning, after arriving at the a week, for a few weeks in the year, down to laundry at half past seven on the morning $3 a week. before. High wages generally involved long hours. The other kind of long hours involves con For instance, in one laundry, voung American Photograph oy hine "FOLDERS" AT WORK THE STANDARD WAGE FOR THIS WORK is $6 A WEEK. THE FINER PROCESSES OF FOLDING REQUIRE GREAT ACCU'RACY AND CARE women between twenty and thirty were em- Irish receive the higher prices, the Italians the ployed as hand starchers at piece work. They lower prices. The best paid work, the hand made $10 a week, when times were slack, by starching of shirts and collars and the hand working once or twice a week, from seven in the ironing, is done by Irishwomen, by colored morning until eleven at night. In busy times women, and by Italian and Jewish men. The they sometimes made $22 a week by working actual process of hand starching may be learned occasionally from seven o'clock one morning in less than one hour. Speed in the work may till two o'clock the following morning.* be acquired in about ten days. On the other Althoigh Italians, Russians, Irish, Polish, hand, to learn the nicer processes of the ill- German, Americans, and Swedes are em- paid work of feeding and folding at the mangle — ployed in New York laundries, the greater part the passing of towels and napkins through the of the work is done by Irish and Italians. The machine without turning in or wrinkling the between * Perhaps a better survey of the standard of wages for all de- edges, the passing of table-covers partments of laundry work in which women are employed can be cylinders in such a way that the work will given by the table below. By the word "standard" I mean the usual wage of a worker of average skill who has been at work in a never come out in a shape other than square laundry for a period of at least one year. to learn these nicer processes requires from thir- Hand starching (shirts). $12.00 Hand ironing teen to fifteen days. The reason for the low Hand starching Icollars), wages listed for mangle work seems to lie only Hand washing Machine ironing. in nationality. Mangle work, as a rule, is done by Italians. In two laundries I found, working side by side with American and Irish girls, Machine storching shirts) Collar iroring. Italians who were doing exactly the same work, Machine strching (collars and were paid less solely because they were 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 Feeders Folders Catchers. 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 Shakers... 4 50 407 408 WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK Italians. The employer said he never paid the laundries have insanitary toilet- and cloak- Italians more than $4 a week. rooms. With respect to danger of injury, in a In the next best paid work after hand starch- large proportion of places there is unguarded ing, the work of hand ironing, paying roughly or inadequately guarded machinery. In re- from $8 to $18 a week, Italian women are prac- spect to hours of labor, these often extend over tically never employed. the sixty-hour limit in rush seasons. The hours The worst part of mangle work, the shaking, are not only long, but are irregular. A twelve- is done by young girls and by incapable older to fourteen-hour working day is not infrequent. women of many nationalities. One of the ill- In a few places closing on Mondays and Satur- paid girls who had $4.50 a week gave $3.50 a days, or open for short hours on Mondays, the week board to an aunt who never let her delay working day runs up on occasions to seventeen payment a day. She had only $1 a week left hours. Almost all the laundry work is done for every other expense. This girl was “keep- standing. Wages for the majority of the work- ing company” with a longshoreman who had ers are low. as much as $25 in good weeks. She had been The League's conclusions in regard to legis- engaged to him, and had broken her engage- lation will be placed at the close of the follow- ment because he drank — “he got so terribly ing accounts of the laundries of the large New drunk.” But when I saw her she was in such York hospitals and hotels, the first report being despair with her low wage, her hard hours of written by Miss Elizabeth Howard Westwood, standing, and only $5 a week ahead of her, the second report by Miss Mary Alden Hopkins. that she was considering whether she should not swallow her well-founded terror of the 11 misery his dissipation might bring upon them, and marry him, after all. By a decision of the District Attorney, hotel and hospital laundries, provided they do no The Shakers -- the Worst Paid and outside work, do not come under the jurisdic- Hardest Worked Employees tion of the Department of Labor. Women may work far beyond the sixty-hour limit on seven The shakers are the worst paid and the days of the week without any interference on hardest worked employees. The young girls the part of the government. Nor is there any expect to become folders and feeders. The authority that can force hospitals and hotel- older women are widows with children, or keepers to guard their machinery. women with husbands sick or out of work or While the hospitals did not, as a rule, exceed in some way incapacitated. Indeed, many of legal hours, were excellent as a rule in point of all these laundry workers, probably a larger sanitation, and paid better wages than the com- proportion than in any other trade, are widows mercial laundries to all but the more skilled with children to support. "The laundry is workers, the machinery was adequately guarded the place,” said one of the women, “for women in only one of the eight hospital laundries where with bum husbands, sick, drunk, or lazy." I worked. The lower the pay and the damper and darker In some, the belt that transfers the power was the laundry, the older and worse off these left unscreened, to the danger of passing workers. women seem to be. In others the mangle guard was insufficient. In The low wages and long hours of the great all the hospitals I heard of casualties. Fingers majority of the women workers, the gradual had been mashed. A hand had been mashed. breaking and loss of the normal health of many An arm had been dragged out. Unguarded ma- lives through under-nourishment and physical chinery was, of course, a striking inconsistency, strain, are, in my judgment, the most serious more inexcusable in the hospitals than in hotels danger in the laundries. The loss of a finger, or in commercial laundries. For hospitals are the maiming of a hand, even the mutilation of not engaged in a gainful pursuit, regardless the poor girl who lost the use of both of her of all humanitarian considerations. On the hands the occasional casualties for a few contrary, they are not only avowedly philan- girls in the laundries — are, though so much thropic in aim, but are carried on solely in the more salient, far less grave than the exhaustion cause of health. and under-payment of the many. This, then, is the situation in general for The Living-in System women workers in the commercial laundries. With respect to sanitation, the heat is excessive The living-in system prevails in the hospitals, wherever ironing is done by machinery. Many and wages are paid partly in board and lodging of the rooms are full of steam. Some of the The laundry workers share the dormitories and SUE AINSLIE 409 CLARK AND EDITH WYATT dining-rooms of the other hospital employees. of the laundries which should be sharply em- The dormitories were in every case furnished phasized. with comfortable beds, and chiffonniers or There was little variation in wages between bureaus and adequate closet space were pro- the different grades of workers. As a rule, only vided. Miss Hop- two prices ob- kins and I did not tained one for sleep in, but had all the manglers our beds assigned and plain ironers, us, and used our another for the dormitory rights starchers and merely for a cloak- shirt and fancy room. Here we ironers. In one lingered after laundry the wage hours to gossip, fell as low as $10 and here we often a month. In the retired at noon to others it was $14 stretch out for a and $15 for the few minutes' re- lower grade of laxation of our work, and $16 aching muscles. and $20 for the The dormitories higher. One of varied in size. the laundries gave Each hospital had board, but no several large and room, and here several small the universal ones. In most price was $20 a cases these dor- month. mitories were on As to hours, upper floors. In three of the hos- one they occupied pitals had an the basement. eight-hour day; Here, however, a four had a nine- wide sunken alley and-a-half-hour skirted the house day. In one of wall and gave these there was no the windows a work on Saturday fairly good ac- afternoon, so that MISS JOSEPHINE GOLDMARK cess to the air. the weekly hours WHO COLLECTED THE FACTS ON WHICH MR. LOUIS In all but two BRANDEIS BASED · HIS DEFENSE OF THE OREGON were forty-four. hospitals the food TEN-HOUR LAW FOR WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS. Another hospital was excellent and THE CASE WAS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE IN ES. worked seventy- TABLISHING A PRECEDENT FOR THE LEGAL the meals de- two hours a week, REGULATION OF WOMEN'S WORK cently served. with no recom- There were eggs pense in the form and milk in abundance. The soups were deli- of overtime pay. Generally the catchers at the cious, the meats of fair quality and well cooked. mangles sat at their work. In one hospital the There were plenty of vegetables, and the des- feeders also sat, using high stools. We wondered serts were appetizing. We sat, as a rule, at why this was not more often the custom. The long tables accommodating from ten to twenty. difference in vigor in our own cases when we Sometimes we had table-cloths and napkins; worked sitting was marked. Sitting, we escaped sometimes a white oil-cloth sufficed. We were unwearied; standing all day left us numb with waited on by maids. fatigue. In only one hospital was artificial light In most of the hospitals there is a fifteen- or necessary in the work-room. The rooms, as a twenty-minute rest in the morning and in the rule, were well ventilated and the air fresh when afternoon, when milk, tea, and bread and butter one came into them. are served. These oases of rest and nourishment were of extraordinary value to us in resisting Discontent Among Hospital Laundresses fatigue. Their efficiency in keeping workers in We often noticed that the workers in the condition is a humane and practical feature hospital laundries were far less contented than 410 WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK those in the other classes of laundries. It was is the custom in most hotels, when an article not surprising that they lacked enthusiasm for winds around the cylinder of the mangle, to their work, for laundering is not an interesting pluck it off while the mangle is in motion. The task; but, with conditions far beyond any other women sometimes climb up on the mangle and type of laundry, it was strange that the hospital reach over, in imminent danger of becoming en- workers should be the most shifting, fault-find- tangled either by their dresses catching or by ing, and dispirited laundresses we encoun- pitching forward. The machinery of hotel laun- tered. Part of this we attributed to the depress- dries is even less carefully guarded than is that ing effect of an atmosphere of sickness, part to of a commercial laundry, and in some establish- the fact that workers living out are doubtless ments is, besides, dangerously crowded. This stimulated by the diversion of having a change was the case in one laundry in a hotel cellar. of scene — of seeing at least two sets of people, I worked here at the ironing-table on a con- and, above all, generally by some special sym- signment of suits from the navy-yard. As work pathy and concern for their individual fortunes. came in from outside the hotel, the establish- In the last hospital laundry where we worked, ment should have been under the State inspec- one conducted by the Sisters of Charity, though tion. The rooms were narrow. There was a ven- the hours were long and the wages only $10 a tilating-fan, placed very low, near where the girls month, there was an exceptional air of cheerful- hung their wraps, and as soon as I came in, they ness and interest among the workers. This was warned me that it caught up in its blades and de- due to no special privileges of theirs, but to the stroyed anything that came near it. The belting contagious spirit of personal interest and kind- of the machines was unboxed. A blue flame ness inherent in all the Sisters in charge. used sometimes to blow out four inches beyond - The bitterness that characterized workers the body-ironer, directly into the narrow space living in the hospitals was observed by Miss where the girls had to pass before it. In con- Hopkins among the laundry workers living in nection with the danger from machinery, danger the hotels. from employees' elevators should be noted. In one hotel I rode forty-four times on an elevator III where the guard door was closed only once, though the car was often crowded, and twice The twenty-one hotels where we conducted I saw girls narrowly escape injury from catching our inquiry were extremely varied, ranging from their skirts on the landing doors and the latches. a yellow brick house near the Haymarket, with In another hotel, inexperienced elevator-boy's red and blue ingrain carpets and old-fashioned were broken in on dangerous cars containing bells that rang a gong when one twisted a knob, signs that read: “This elevator shall not carry to the mosaic floors and the pale, shaded elec- more than fifteen persons.” The cars were tric lights of the most costly establishments in used not only for people, but for trunks and New York. heavy trucks of soiled linen. On one trip a car As to the sanitation of the twenty hotels carried one of these enormous trucks, two trunks, visited, only six had their laundries above- and twelve girls : on another trip there were ground. All the others were in basements or twenty-two people. in cellars. In most of these the ventilation At eight of the hotels wages were paid partly was faulty and the air at times intolerably in board and lodging. The money wages are hot. It is a striking fact — showing what given below: intelligent modern regulation can accomplish WORKERS LIVING IN — that one laundry two stories underground in New York was so high-ceiled and the sum Ironers on flannels, stockings, and plain work. . $22 mer cold-air apparatus so complete that it Ironers — skilled workers on family wash. 25-30 was comfortable even in the hot months. In Shakers. All beginners most of the hotel laundries there were seats for the takers-off. Only three of the laundries had wet floors; only three were dirty; only one Ironers. $7 and upward had an insanitary lavatory and toilet-room. Shakers, Feeders Some Dangers of the Uninspectat Hotel Folders Starchers (shirt), piece-work wages, Laundry average. Starchers (collars and cuffs). 15 and upward In regard to the danger of injury, of the nineteen mangles that I inspected for dangerous The eight hotels varied widely in living con- conditions, six were insufficiently protected. It ditions. The food was reasonably well cooked, PER MONTH 14-16 14-16 WORKERS LIVING OUT PER WEEK 6 6 6 66 8 SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 411 but, like most hotel fare, monotonous, and desti Most Laundrywomen Tired All tute of fresh vegetables and of sweets. One of the Time" the results of this is that the women spend a large part of their wages for fruit and other food However, in most of the hotel laundries the to supplement their unsatisfactory meals. Only women were tired all the time. They dragged two hotels planned meals intelligently. themselves out of bed at the last possible min- The dining-rooms were usually below the ute. They lay in their beds at noon; they street-level, and varied in ventilation, crowding, crawled into them again as soon as the work was and disorder. In one the waiters were Greek immi- over in the evening. Some did not go out into grants, who were in their shirt-sleeves, wore tick- the air for days at a time. The greatest suffer- ing aprons and no collars, and were frequently ing from any one physical cause came from feet. dirty and unshaved. In the fourteen meals I had “Feet” was the constant subject of conversa- there, I sat down only once to a clean table. tion. But the women had no idea what was the The coffee-boilers along the side of the room trouble with their feet, and, in many cases, ac- would be boiling over and sending streams of cepted as inevitable discomfort that could have water over the charwomen. The dirty dishes been alleviated by foot-baths, care, plates, and would be piled into large tin tubs with a clatter, proper shoes. Colds hung on endlessly. Sore and pulled out rasping over the floor. The throats were common. A girl who fed doilies into charwomen would beg the waiters to clear the a mangle complained that constantly watching tables, which looked as if garbage-cans had been a moving apron made her eyes “sore,” so that emptied upon them. The steward could not she could not see distinctly and sometimes fed enforce his authority. There was constant in several doilies at a time without noticing it. noise and disorder in the room. In another The lack of air undoubtedly had a profound dining-room, that of a pleasant, ramshackle influence on the women's vigor. In the old old hotel near the river, where a breeze came hotel near the river, where the laundry had six- into our laundry through sixteen windows, teen windows, the women were in capital health. the employees were seated in one of the res In general, the older hotels, in spite of their. taurant dining-rooms after the noon rush hour more insanitary dressing-rooms and less well was over, served by the regular waiters, and guarded machines, were more considerate of their given attractive and varied fare and meat workers. But in one of the newer, more expen- from the same cuts as the guests. “They have sive hotels a sick girl is attended by the hotel respect for the help here,” said one of the physician, and is provided with soup, milk, etc. women. Her pay is not docked. She is treated with The dormitories were, with one exception, on genuine sympathy. Here I once overheard a upper stories. One room in an expensive mod woman telling the boss that she was ill and ern hotel, where there were twenty-seven beds, asking permission to go to the dormitory. He in tiers, was aired only by three windows on an gave the permission without question. None inner court. The room looked fresh and pleas- of the women ever abused his kindness. The ant because of its white paint and blue bed- women here were in fairly good shape, except, spreads; but it was badly ventilated, both by it must be admitted, for the extreme fatigue condition and because the girls would keep the which seems to sweep over almost all the windows closed for warmth. This was a fre- laundrywomen, and which arises from their quent cause of poor ventilation in other dormi- hours of standing. tories and in work-rooms. I used to notice one girl who was as light on The hours of work were irregular, and varied her feet as a kitten, and who seemed tireless; but in different places. In one large laundry | every noon, as soon as she had finished her lunch, worked over ten hours for seven days in the she would wrap herself up in a blanket and lie week — more than seventy-two hours. About motionless for the whole period. One evening nine and a half hours seemed to be the usual day. a woman stumbled into a dormitory, sat down Four hotels gave fifteen-minute rest pauses for on a trunk, pulled off her shoes and stockings, tea, morning and afternoon; two gave them and, as she rubbed her swollen foot, cursed once a day. These rests are of incalculable long and methodically all her circumstances relief. One hotel gave twenty-minute pauses, cursed the other workers who had held back so that the hours were: 7.30 to 9; 9.20 to 11.25; work by their slowness; cursed the manager, 12.30 to 2; 2.20 to closing time. This ar- who had asked of her extra work; cursed the rangement gave very short work periods, but dormitory and the laundry; cursed the whole during them the women were able to work vig- world. At the first word of sympathy I offered orously; and they accomplished an astounding her, she paused, and said with quiet truth, amourt. “Dear heart, we're all tired." 412 WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK IV A Day in a Hotel Laundry progressive intent,- but simply by the unreg- ulated conditions of the laundries. Here are my notes for one day: When I went into the dormitory a little before half past seven, several of the girls were dragging themselves out of bed to dress. These went to work Such, then, is the account of what women without breakfast , needing an extra half hour of rest workers give and what they receive in their more than they craved food. Two stayed in bed. One had an ulcerated tooth industry in the commercial, hotel, and hospital extracted the night before. | asked the other if laundries of New York. she were sick. She groaned. “I'll get up just as soon as the pains are gone out of my stomach.” tures of the laundry conditions are due to the It cannot be said that the unfortunate fea- Within an hour she was in the laundry, carrying arm- fuls of men's working-suits to the drying-closet. She greed of employers. These features seem to worked until half past eight that night. be due rather to lack of system and regula- All the morning I stood beside On Sallie, who kept tion. Financial failures in the New York laun- asking, "What time is it now, dear?” because she dry business are frequent. Even in the short could not see the clock. At noon, as we sat or lay on the beds in the dormi- time elapsing between the Department of tory, one of the girls said, “My God! I wish I could Labor's inspection of laundry machinery, early stay in bed this afternoon." in the afternoon I stood beside Theresa, who kept six establishments that had improperly guarded in February, and a reinspection of the twenty- repeating: “It is so long to work until half past five! If I could only go to bed at half past five!” machinery, made in August by Miss Westwood. I walked out to supper with a girl named Kate, who two out of these twenty-six firms had collapsed. had sprained her ankle a week ago. I said, “ Hasn't Miss Westwood found some of the same un- when do I get time to see a doctor?" She has a bad fortunate features that characterized commer- humor on her face, which is scarlet, and sometimes, in cial and hotel laundries in existence in hospital the morning, covered with fine white scale. She laundries, which are quite outside trade. obtains relief by wiping her cheeks with the damp napkins she shakes. After supper I went up to the dormitory for a min- What New York Laundry Workers Need ute. Here I found a cousin of Theresa's giving her in the Way of Legislation some tea in bed, where I urged her to stay. The cousin shook her head. "Ah, na," she said, “she After the New York City Consumers' League must na’ give up; she's new yet at the job -- they had received the inquirers' report, it deter- wou' na like her to be sick.” Theresa arose and crawled back to the shaking-table, to work until seven mined that the wisest and most effective course o'clock. it could take for securing fairer terms for the Throughout the evening I stood beside a girl whose laundry workers would be an effort for the pas- her head.” She said, “I've been on it ever since half sage of the following legislation:* past seven.” On my way back to the dormitory at half past eight, tional factory inspectors. First: That an appropriation be made for addi- one of the girls told me how her arms ached and hru legs ached. In the dormitory, the girl who had been chanical establishment, or factory, or laundry in this Second: That no woman be employed in any me- in bed all day was sobbing and feverish. She had a State for more than ten hours during any one day. sore throat, and was spitting blood. She had been Third: That the laundries of hotels and hospitals lying there all day, with no care, except to have tea be placed under the jurisdiction of the Department and toast brought to her by a maid. of Labor. In looking back on this past week, it seems impossi- ble it could have been true. Watching these women A New York State law now exists providing has been like seeing animals tortured. for proper sanitation and plumbing and clean Such a day of long hours as this generally drinking water for employees in factories and follows some large festivity. The Hudson- laundries. A law exists requiring that work- Fulton celebration, or the Automobile Show, rooms where steam is generated be so ventilated or a great charity ball, or the dinner of an as to render the steam harmless, so far as is excellent sociological society, are the occasions practicable. I of increased hotel entertainment and a lavish A law exists requiring the provision of suitable use of beautiful table linen, to be dried and * One of the suggestions the inquirers had made, in regard to mangled and folded next day by the laundry Sanger of injury, was the recommendation of the passage of the State Compensation Act, drafted by the joint conference of the girls underground. Central Labor Bodies of the City of New York. This act became a law in September, 1910. All this pressure of extra work in the hotels + Laws of New York, Chapter 229, Section 1, paragraph 88. here is produced, not by ill-willed persons (Became a law May 6, 1910.) who are consciously oppressive,- indeed, as #Laws of New York, Chapter 31 of the Consolidated Laws, as amended to July 1, 1909, paragraph 86. Inquirers' suggestion: This will be seen, much of it was produced by law would be simpler to enforce iſ an amending clause required that, in laundries, washing be done in a separate room from the rest of sheer social good will and persons of most the work. SUE AINSLIE CLARK AND EDITH WYATT 413 seats for the use of female employees in factories Oregon ten-hour law was unconstitutional: and laundries; and this law should cover the in- First, because the statute attempted to pre- stallation of seats for great numbers of workers vent persons from making their own contracts, now standing.* and thus violated the provisions of the Four- The establishment of juster wages, as well as teenth Amendment.* Next, because the stat- the observance of all these laws, and of the sixty- ute did not apply equally to all persons similarly hour-a-week law, might be most practically fur- situated and was class legislation. And, finally, thered by the existence of a trade union in the because the statute was not a valid exercise of laundries, backed by stronger governmental the police power; that is to say, there was no provision for inspection. necessary or reasonable connection between the The vital question of juster wages for women limitations described by the act and the public in laundry work is inseparably. connected with health and welfare. the question of hours of labor. The constitu Mr. Brandeis' brief replied that, first, the tionality of the present New York law con- guaranty of freedom of contract was legally cerning the hours of labor of adult women in subject to such reasonable restraint of action factories, laundries, and mechanical establish- as the State may impose in the exercise of the ments was virtually determined by the Federal police power for the protection of the general decision in regard to the Oregon ten-hour day health and welfare. It submitted that certain law for workingwomen. facts of common knowledge established conclu- About three years ago the State of Oregon sively that there was reasonable ground for enacted a law of practically the same bearing as holding that to permit women in Oregon to the New York law on the same subject, though work in a mechanical establishment or factory superior in that it limited the hours of labor of or laundry more than ten hours in one day was adult women in mechanical establishments, fac- dangerous to public welfare. tories, and laundries to ten hours during the These facts of common knowledge, collected twenty-four hours of any one day, where the by Miss Josephine Goldmark, the Publication New York law of the same provision, in other Secretary of the National Consumers' League, respects, lin its the hours of labor of adult were considered under two heads — first, that women to sixty in a week. of American and foreign legislation restricting The laundries and the State of Oregon agreed the hours of labor for women; and, second, the to carry a test case to the Federal Supreme Court world's experience upon which the legislation to determine the new law's constitutionality. limiting the hours of labor for women is based. Mr. Curt Muller of Oregon employed a work These facts comprised the Governmental Re- ingwoman in his laundry for more than ten strictions of the number of hours employers hours. Information was filed against him by may require women to labor, from twenty States an inspector. Mr. Muller's trial resulted in a of the United States, and from Great Britain, verdict against him, and a sentence of a ten- France, Switzerland, Austria, Holland, Italy, dollar fine. He appealed the case to the State and Germany. The laws were followed by Supreme Court of Oregon, which affirmed his authoritative statements from over ninety re- conviction. Mr. Muller then appealed the case ports of committees, bureaus of statistics, com- to the Federal Supreme Court. missioners of hygiene, and government inspec- tors, both in this country and in all the civilized Mr. Louis Brandeis Gives His Services in countries of Europe, asseverating that long Defense of the Oregon Ten-Hour Law hours of labor are dangerous for women, primar- ily because of their special physical organization. In the defense of the law before the Federal In reply to the second allegation -- that the Supreme Court, the National Consumers' act in question was class legislation, as it did not League had the good fortune to obtain, in co- apply equally to all persons similarly situated, operation with the State of Oregon, the services the plaintiff answered that the specific pro- of Louis D. Brandeis, the most distinguished hibition of more than ten hours' work in a laun- services that could have been received, gener- dry was not an arbitrary discrimination against ously rendered as a gift. This fact alone may that trade: because the present character of the serve to indicate the vital character of the case, business and its special dangers of long hours and the importance, for industrial justice in the afford strong reasons for providing a legal lim- future, of securing a favorable verdict for the itation of the hours of work in that industry as laundry workers. The argument of Mr. Muller was that the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States: nor shall *** No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without Laws of New York, Chapter 3 of the Consolidated Laws, as due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction amended to July 1, 1909, paragraph 86. the equal protection of the laws.” 414 WOMEN LAUNDRY WORKERS IN NEW YORK well as in manufacturing and mechanical estab- that law was made for law's sake, and not as lishments. Statements from industrial and a means of deliverance from injustice. “The medical authorities described conclusively the end of litigation is justice. We believe that present character of the laundry business. truth and justice are more sacred than any Mr. Brandeis finally submitted that, in view of personal consideration.” Such was the concep- all these facts, the present Oregon statute was tion of the office of the law expressed by Justice within Oregon's police power, as its public health Brewer twenty years before, on his appointment and welfare did require a legal limitation of the to the Supreme Bench. It was this conception hours of women's work in manufacturing and of law that made the determination of the Ore- mechanical establishments and in laundries. gon case a great decision in our country's history. From time immemorial, women as well as Justice Brewer on the Legal Regulation men have been workers of the world. The vital of Women's Work feature of the statement that six million women are now gainfully employed in this country is Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the not the "entrance" of multitudinous women Supreme Court of the United States. The case into industry, but the fact that their industry, was won. Here are, in part, the words of the being now carried on in public instead of pri- decision: vate, has been acknowledged and paid. This It may not be amiss in the present case, before acknowledgment has led to the establishment examining the constitutional question, to notice the of juster terms for women’s labor by the Federal course of legislation as well as expressions of opinion Supreme Court. Such an establishment, as the from other than judicial sources. In the brief filed by opinion of the court affirmed, is surely a distinct Mr. Brandeis is a copious collection of all gain, not only for women, but for children, for these matters. The legislation and opinions referred to are significant of a widespread men, for the race. belief that woman's physical structure, and the special When the preparation of food and clothing, functions she performs in consequence thereof, justify the traditional household labor of women, special legislation restricting or qualifying the condi- passed in large measure from household fires and Constitutional questions, it is true, are not settled spinning-wheels into the canning-factories and by even a consensus of present public opinion. garment trades with the invention of machinery, At the same time, when a question of fact is debated women simply continued their traditional labor and debatable, and the extent to which a special con- outside their houses instead of inside them.* The stitutional limitation goes is affected by the truth in respect to that fact, a widespread and long-continued accounts of the laundry, the shirtwaist and the belief concerning it is worthy of consideration. We cloak-making trades in New York seem to show take judicial cognizance of all matters of general that, where men and women engage in the same knowledge. field of activity, their work is, by a natural divi- That woman's physical structure and the perform- ance of maternal functions place her at a disadvantage sion, not competitive or antagonistic, but com- in the struggle for subsistence is obvious. This is plementary. Indeed, so little is it antagonistic especially true when the burdens of motherhood are that the very first spark that lit the fire of the upon her. Even when they are not, by abundant tes largest strike of women that ever occurred in timony of the medical fraternity, continuance for a long time on her feet at work, repeating this from day this country, the shirtwaist-makers' strike, was to day, tends to injurious effects upon her body, and kindled by an offensive injustice to a man. as healthy mothers are essential to vigorous offspring, The chronicles of what self-supporting women the physical well-being of woman becomes an object have given and received in their work in wage of public interest and care in order to preserve the strength and vigor of the race. and in vitality, these working-girls' budgets obtained by the Consumers' League, will not Nobody knowing the actual strain upon have told their story truly unless they have women laundry workers, no one who had seen evoked with their narrative the presence of that them lying motionless and numb with fatigue at impersonal sense of right instinctive in the fac- the end of a long day, or forgoing food itself for the tory girls who go year after year to Albany to sake of rest, could listen unmoved to these thrill- fight against the long Christmas-season hours ing words of the greatest court of our country. for the shop-girls, in the cloak-makers in their The most eloquent characteristic of the effort to stop sweated home work, in the respon- Supreme Court's affirmation was the fact that sible common sense of countless workingwomen. it was essentially founded simply upon clear, So that the fact that six million women are human truth, firmly and widely ascertained, now gainfully employed in this country may founded on a respect not only for the past finally tend to secure wiser adjustments and but for the future of the whole nation. fairer returns for the labor, not only of women, Too often does one hear that “law has no- but of all the workers of the world. thing to do with equity" till one might believe * Jane Addams, “ Democracy and Social Ethics." THE ADVENTURES OF: MISS. GREGORY by. PERCEVAL · GIBBON THE:ADVENTURE · IN THE · STRICKEN -CITY- Mustrations by William Hathereil. T THE lean black man upon the angareb, was an unaerhue of pallor, a note of strain; the the narrow native bed which con touch of arrogance that characterized her level stituted almost the whole furniture gaze was softened to something more steadfast of the room, sighed quietly, with and tolerant. One would have said she was closed eyes, and began to roll his head already older, a little riper – perhaps the least from side to side. Miss Gregory, seated near thing more human. She had followed death in him on a camp-stool, leaned forward watchfully. and out of the houses, subduing something of A lamp of pierced brass hung from the ceiling his awfulness by the mere force of her ordered by a chain, and made a complicated tracery of demeanor. She had sat to the last by bedsides light and shade over the whitewashed austerity where no other would venture; eyes that dark- of the little chamber. Under it, in high relief ened in a moment took their last view of life in against the white cloth on which he lay, the the grave composure of her face. The nightly man's face was thin and drawn, with something entries in her diary had grown brief. “So many rapt and intense in the stillness of it. He looked died to-day," was a frequent record. And in like a man on the verge of a discovery; the one place there was a piece of observation: aptness of it struck Miss Gregory with a thrill. “They die just like white people.” The watch that she wore in a strap upon her The man on the angareb was still again; his wrist showed her that the hour was three in time was very near at hand, when the door be- the morning; it was close upon the time when hind Miss Gregory opened. She turned and the man on the angareb would catch his breath nodded to the man who stood looking in, and he with a little astonished gasp, as though the dis- entered. He was a young man, clad in soiled covery were made, and thereafter would cease and crumpled white linen, with a fez on his head. to breathe at all. The plague, in the last of its He had the swarthy skin and delicate features stages, keeps time like a clock. that belong to the Levant; a black mustache A friendly eye might have noted certain stood stiff across his upper lip. In him, too, changes in Miss Gregory, as she sat bunched there were signs of wear. The pair of them had upon her camp-stool, waiting for that final mo- sustained the fight against the plague together. ment. A month of grim labor among the sick He crossed at once to the bed, and looked briefly and the fearful in the stricken quarter of a little at the sick man. Red Sea town had set an edge upon her. She "Nearly gone,” he said. His voice had the flat preserved yet her fine pink freshness of com- tones of utter weariness. “You will wait, eh?” plexion; she was trim and forceful still, a very “Yes,” said Miss Gregory. “I won't leave tower of strength in that place of hushed houses him now. He might - he might open his eyes and slinking terrors. But below the pink there just at the last.” 415 * HE DROPPED HIMSELF INTO A SEAT WITH A SIGH OF WEARINESS" !! The other nodded shortly. "He might,” he short, clear sentence. He did not open his said; "but I don't think so." eyes; he did not address himself to either of They spoke to each other curtly, with that those who stood beside him. absence of ceremony which people use who “What did he say?" asked Miss Gregory, for understand one another without many words. the words had been in Arabic. The young Turk's face had the cast of restraint “It was the — how do you say? — the con- that goes with good breeding; he spoke Eng- fession of faith," answered the young man, lean- Tish fluently; but nothing in him went to Missing over the bed. "'There is only one God,' Gregory's heart as directly as his habit of con- you know. "There is only one God,' he said cise speech. There were times, in those dark - like that. Strange — eh?” days, when she felt the need of reinforcement, He looked round at her for a moment as he of something to hold her together. Her days drew the cloth over the man's face. Miss were a nightmare, her nights a delirium. Through Gregory shuddered. them — a sane figure, a link with the reason "Is he — ?” she hesitated. able world went this quiet, sufficient young “Yes; he's gone," answered the young man. man with the manners and the tongue of her He surveyed Miss Gregory thoughtfully. “I own people. She owed him a debt for his mere could get you some coffee now," he suggested. existence. She shook her head dully. She was weak with Suddenly, even while they stood looking want of sleep, and death was never stale to her. down upon him, the man on the bed spoke one Though she saw it almost hourly, it was always 416 HATA "THERE WAS A STIR AMONG THE SOLDIERS, AND THEN, SHARP AND SUDDEN, ONE OF THEM FIRED AT THE SOLITARY MAN" 417 **HER STURDY, SERENE PRESENCE WAS FOLLOWED BY DUMB STARES AND WONDERING GAPES” portentous, tragic, heartbreaking. Under its Miss Gregory, making her gradual way back to coverings, the thin body on the angareb was sud- Europe, had landed at Andjerrah. She had denly awful and solemn; the dead have their come in a dhow from Aden, its sole passenger, pomp. allured by a map that showed the Red Sea coast "No," she said. “I will get some sleep, too.” of Arabia as a yellow blank, sparsely sprinkled It was now a month and some odd days since with the names of unknown waterside towns. 418 PERCEVAL GIBBON 419 At dawn on the day of her arrival she had seen where now the water lay barely ankle-deep. the sun come up, red and smoky, over the Upon this path, squatted in the sun, were more crowded flat roofs and the two or three minarets nondescript soldiery. As she looked at them, a of Andjerrah, squatting like a mushroom in the strange thing happened. emptiness of the landscape. At the stern of There was a gate to that part of the town the dhow, muffled against the morning chill, which lay on the farther side of the water; Miss Gregory sat and let her eyes range in con- its arch was black against the wall in which tented appreciation of the scene. It was her it was pierced. From this arch there came business in life to see and remember; she was a suddenly forth a man in the long, shroud- professional spectator. Forward in the bows, like robes of the country. He stepped into the crew were grouped as if in some expectancy. the sunlight with the abruptness of a harle- Their talk was brief and low-toned, and they quin coming through a trap-door. But he did would break it off in the middle of a sentence to not walk fast. He strode down toward the gaze landward at the town. Miss Gregory was water with a quality of deliberation, almost of wondering without much curiosity what they solemnity, in his gait. It was this that took might have in hand, when there traveled to her, Miss Gregory's eye. He made a figure almost of across the sti water, a long, insistent call, a drama against the pale background as he went, voice crying from the huddle of squat white solitary and erect, down the gradual slope of walls which constituted Andjerrah. Again it sand. She watched him with a feeling that he came, the only thing vocal in the world-wide was about to do something. His face — a mere hush that lay on sea and land. At the sound spot of black at that distance — seemed turned of it the men forward ceased their talk; each, directly toward her. She noted unconsciously as though drilled to it, spread his mat upon the that the soldiers on the path were interested, short deck and fell to prayer, facing the east too; there was a stir among them, and then, and bowing toward the rising sun and Mecca. sharp and sudden, one of them fired at the soli- It was the muezzin calling to worship. tary man. It was the most unexpected thing Miss Gregory drew her breath. “Capital!” in the world; a thunderbolt striking him down she murmured. from the sky would have seemed more in order; Thus she came to Andjerrah, seeing it first the thing tasted pungently of wanton, wasteful in the only aspect that does it credit. By noon murder. On the far bank of the tideway, the she had tested its charm and found it lacking. white-robed man took one step more, and fal- It was a commonplace little shore town, split in tered. He did not fall; rather, he sank, seem- halves by a broad tideway which was dry at low ing to float to the ground, his face upturned to tide and a communal sewer at high. In her the last. Then he was prone against the sand, costume of travel - - the slack flannel coat which with weak, purposeless movements of limbs and gave room for her shoulders, the businesslike body, but no outcry. The backs of the soldiers tweed skirt, and the felt hat with a silk pug- were toward Miss Gregory; they were staring gery — she explored the seaward side of the across at the body. town with her usual energy, and made a deep She gasped. The event had taken her with- impression upon the inhabitants. In the nar- out warning, and tragedy had entered at the row streets she came round corners upon them gallop. The soldiers seemed to be waiting, and with the effect of an apparition; her sturdy, she marked almost idly that the gun of one of serene presence, drifting under her sun-umbrella them smoked, breathing thin threads of vapor through the thronged bazaar, was followed by into the still air. Then from the archway came dumb stares and wondering gapes. Women another figure, a man in European clothes this like Miss Gregory are not common anywhere - time, - clothes of soiled white linen, - with a among her acquaintances in various lands were red fez upon his head. He made some gesture some few who professed to find in this fact con to the soldiers with his hand, and went down to solation for her existence; but Andjerrah saw the body. Miss Gregory gathered herself to- for the first time a woman walking abroad gether, holding her nerves to see the tragedy unveiled, taking the middle of the way, daunt- repeated. But no shot was fired. The men ing grown men with looks of criticism and stood watching in silence while the man with appraisement. the fez half carried, half dragged the limp She saw the great house of the Governor at white bundle back to the obscurity of the arch. the end of a little square, flanked by a mosque. He labored in the sand as he went, paused a A couple of ruffianly soldiers, one in uniform, breathing-space on the threshold of the entry, the other nearly naked, lounged at its gate. The and was gone. The shabby soldiers sat down other side of the square was open; a trodden again and their lazy talk resumed. The thing path led from it to the edge of the tideway, was finished. Miss Gregory moistened her dry 420 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY lips mechanically and turned away. Obviously, words carefully, that she might be understood, there was nothing more to stay for. she told him of what she had seen. He heard In Andjerrah that night she was the one her intently, with a shapeless forefinger check- topic of conversation. ing off her phrases, and, to her astonishment, “She strides boldly like a camel,” said those his face cleared as she came to the end of her who had seen her in the forenoon. "She is pink recital. He laughed obesely, the thick, throaty as if she had been skinned, and looks before her laugh of the fat. smiling." "Oh, that," he said. “Yes; they shoot 'im “No, no,” corrected those who had viewed because he come out. It is forbid. You see, her after the spectacle by the banks of the tide- there is sickness." way. “She halts as she goes like a horse that "Sickness?" queried Miss Gregory. "What sees a snake, and she looks at men without see- sickness do you mean?” ing them. And she speaks to herself as though “Sickness,” repeated the fat man. “People she were drunk, saying continually, 'W'y, w'y!”” die. People go walking like you an' me — well, There is a narrow way in Andjerrah which is comfortable. Then they tumble down — sick. known in the native tongue as the Street of By an' by they die. And so the Governor put Merchants. Miss Gregory, passing here, still soldiers by the water. Nobody mus' come out, full of wonder and not yet healed of horror, or else — shoot. Bang! Dead quicker than started suddenly at the sound of a voice calling sickness. By order.” to her in English. “Lady, lady," it said. She "I see," said Miss Gregory. "The place is looked around sharply, to encounter the in- quarantined.” sinuating smile of a man squatted upon the The fat man seized upon the word eagerly. board of a shop “Yes, yes!” he cried. “Quarantined - all the "English lady,” he said, “I speak English. same as a steamer. Yes; quarantined. Yes." | bin Malta, Gibraltar - everywhar. You Miss Gregory pondered. Matters were want-a buy something?” clearer, but the affair still had an ugly look. The He was grossly fat, a jelly of a man, smooth quarantine itself signified a certain measure of and rounded like a prize beast. His little eyes, enlightenment not to be expected in Andjerrah, alert and joyful, danced about her. Miss Greg- but there was still the shooting. That seemed ory saw a chance of information. inconsistent. What epidemic made it necessary “I will come in,” she said. to enforce isolation so drastically? Inside, the shop was almost dark. Seated “What do you call this sickness?” she asked. soberly on the little divan, she let the fat man The fat man uttered an Arabic word. "I for- sell her several things of which she had not the get 'im in English,” he said regretfully. least need, at prices that betrayed an imagi “Cholera?” suggested Miss Gregory. He nation hidden somewhere in his bulk. A shook his head, watching her face expectantly thin, shrinking negro woman with slavish eyes for the word. “Typhoid? Some kind of fever? brought her coffee. Smallpox?” She named the most virulent of "No," she said at last; “I have enough. I those scourges which belong to hot countries, will not buy anything more. But I should like and at each of them he shook his head. She to talk to you.” frowned in perplexity; a fact out of reach made “Talk.” The fat man came to anchor will- her restless. ingly; he beamed up at her from a mat on the "Not plague?” she said at last. floor. “I talk English same as soldier-man. “Ah!” The fat man sat up joyfully. “Plague Malta, Gibraltar — bin everywhar.” tha's 'im. I forget 'im. Plague - yes. “I see there are soldiers here,” suggested First you turn a leetle sick, like belly-ache; then Miss Gregory. you ulge here," — his fat finger stroked his "Soldiers? Turk soldier, Arab soldier flank under the armpit,—"an' then you die. tha's all.” The fat man flapped a languid hand Plague; tha's 'im.” to dispose of them. “Dam' rascal, those soldier. “I see.” Miss Gregory sat up with a return Belong to the Governor.” of her usual briskness. At home, in the Kent- “Rascals, eh?" repeated Miss Gregory. “Yes; ish village that lay under the windows of the I saw them shoot a man just now.” Hall, she was accustomed to take a short way The fat man on the floor started. News of with sickness. “Plague, eh?” killing by soldiers may be a matter of every “Tha's 'im,” repeated the fat man. body's business in Andjerrah. When once kill “Tell me about the Governor," demanded ing begins, it may easily spread. Miss Gregory. “Who is he?” “Shoot?” he asked. “Shoot?” But here the fat man could not help her. “Yes,” said Miss Gregory. Choosing her The Governor was an effendi from Constan- PERCEVAL GIBBON 421 tinople; he knew no more. He showed himself empty of all help. His very politeness had a to his people only as a remote majesty passing faded quality. He spoke of the Governor with by at the gallop in the midst of an escort. He a note of uneasiness; Miss Gregory somehow had not long held his post, and there was much gained an impression that His Excellency had that was mysterious about him. He had, for habits that were trying to his subordinates. As example, no wives — not even a wife. He made to the plague he really knew very little. The little of matters of ceremony, and had small orders to prevent escape from the infected area regard for his own dignity. The fat man spoke were peremptory; they were not to be evaded in of him none the less in hoarse whispers, with an any circumstances. The man in the red fez - anxious eye on the shop door. In his time, he yes, he had heard of him; a Turk, he believed, had seen men killed by slow stages in public for with some medical knowledge. He was doing 'no greater offense. what he could. No, there were no other doctors "Thank you,” said Miss Gregory at last, in the place. People might enter the infected rising. “Thank you. You speak English very quarter if they chose,- some had done so, to well. Good afternoon." join friends or relations -- but they might not The captain of the dhow had found her a return. Once in, they must remain. lodging in the house of a Jew, and from this “Could I go in?” asked Miss Gregory. lodging she went forth in the cool of the early He looked up at her vaguely. She repeate evening to pay a visit to the Governor. It was her question. He broke into a smile. very clear to Miss Gregory that there were "Oh, certainly, certainly," he replied, with things to be done. The methods of civilization a kind of wan effusiveness. “Madame may must be invoked in aid of the stricken town certainly go in. Only”— his flat voice dropped beyond the waterway. She felt authoritative, again — "there is the rule, you know — the and in some measure official, as she approached rule about not coming out." the great gate where the shabby soldiers still “I should be shot, eh?” sat and killed time. To do honor to the occa A faint light of resolution showed for one sion, she was clad in white drill, stiff and spot- moment in his dull eyes. “It would be most less from her neck to her ankles. The soldiers regrettable,” he murmured. would have stopped her from entering; one of In the square outside the Governor's resi- them, a hooded Arab, even lowered his lance. dence there was the stillness of evening. The But she held on in face of them. By sheer soldiery beside the water were squatted about a momentum she arrived, at last, in a large, cool couple of little fires that winked cheerfully. The room, where a languid elderly official gave her town beyond showed no lights; Miss Gregory audience in bad French.' stood awhile to look at it. It was not that she “I wish to see the Governor,” Miss Gregory had to make up her mind, for, according to the stated flatly, and offered her card. plain standards of her life, her way was clear. The official was gray and weary, and had a She looked across the water in the tideway at slow, bored manner. He took the card and the silent houses, bunched together about a glanced at it perfunctorily. single minaret, speculatively. Soon she would "His Excellency is away,” he said. “He will know all about them. What they held for her not be back for many days. What is your she would find out in due course. She began to business?" check off upon her fingers the things she would He stood looking at her neatly booted feet as take with her. she told him. She had learned with grief that "And writing materials," she concluded. the plague was in Andjerrah. Having some ex- “This might make a book in itself.” perience with epidemics, she hoped to be of use. The tide between the towns was at its lowest She spoke colorlessly, with patient politeness. at three in the morning. A dozing sentry beside Nothing could be so discouraging as the weary the fire lifted his head and stared sleepily as abstraction of the gray-mustached Turk who Miss Gregory came down toward him. She heard her. was alone; there was no one who would come “Ah!” he sighed as she finished. “Madame with her, even to carry her luggage to the is very gracious. I cannot suggest anything waterside. At the house of the Jew, where that Madame could do. And His Excellency she had lodged, they had protested stridently is away." against her departure, wondering and awed at “There are many deaths?” asked Miss the serenity with which she resisted and over- Gregory. bore them. Some letters that she had written “Yes,” he answered, assenting absently. were intrusted to the captain of the dhow, to The big room was very quiet; it was a little be mailed at Aden; and then her preparations like talking to a ghost. He was so tired, so were complete. 422 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY The sentry saw her first as a short and “Of course," agreed Miss Gregory airily. sturdy figure bowed under a huge bundle; “Well," he said, and hesitated. then she came into the light of the fire, and “My dear man," said Miss Gregory, with he rose with a grunt of amazement. She set good-natured impatience, “do let's recognize her bundle down with a sigh of relief, and facts and save time. Here I am, and here I produced money, smiling at him and inviting stay. I'm not going to be shot for going out, so him with signs to carry the bundle across the you needn't expect it. So it comes to this: can water for her. He reached out his foot and woke I help you or must I get to work for myself? one of his companions to share the situation That's the only question.” with him, and others sat up and stared with “I see.” The young man smiled as he low- eyes that glinted white in the firelight. ered the lantern. Its moving light swung along They were a choice collection of ruffians, the pale walls around them, making peep-holes tattered brigands of half a dozen races joined in of pale radiance in the haunted solitude. “Well, the service of the Governor; but they showed we'll try,” he added. “If you'll take the light an almost genial civility to Miss Gregory. I'll carry your things.” They seemed even to persuade her to go “I suppose you can find me a room?” sug- back. When they saw she was firm, they gested Miss Gregory. took her money willingly, and two of them "A houseful,” he answered, stooping over picked up her bundles and walked before her her bundles. “There are more empty houses through the wet sand. She waved her hand to every day.” the rest of them, standing at gaze in the fire In this manner Miss Gregory entered upon light, strange and wild in their robes and arms, the task she had chosen. Her companion - he and crossed over. The soldiers carried her gave his name as Hamid — established her in a things to within a few yards of the gate, and set chill little house on the town wall, overlooking them down in the sand. They grinned at her the bare beach and the still sea, and set her to amiably, gave salutation, and trudged back. work forthwith. Miss Gregory saw the arch in the wall tall and "It's not nursing they want,” he told her; black before her, a witless mouth, wide open "it's discipline. Panic's what we've got to and dumb. She stooped and burdened herself fear. It's lucky they're Mohammedans and again with her belongings, and, bending beneath don't drink, or we'd have a little working model them, with slow steps went in at the gate. of hell in this place." It led her to a narrow street, dark as a sewer. "Where did you learn English?" asked Miss On either hand the houses were silent, and their Gregory irrelevantly. few windows, set high in the walls, were blank “Oxford,” he replied shortly, and returned and lightless. She plodded the length of it to the matter in hand. before a sound came to her ears, and then it When she crossed the water from Andjerrah, was the voice of a man humming a tune as he Miss Gregory had entertained visions of war She caught a fragment of the melody, upon the plague after the methods approved and found herself puzzling to identify it. Before by sanitary science. Boiled water, disinfection, she could do so, the man came round a crook in isolation these were to be among the weap- the way, swinging a lantern in his hand, and ons of the campaign; they were familiar to her stopped short at the sight of her. By the light hand. But she had not been at work a day which he carried, Miss Gregory knew him at before she realized the mere impotence of her once as the young man who had carried in the designs. Here were some two thousand people body. She set her bundles down gladly. cooped within a guarded wall, each family "I do hope you speak English,” she said. jealous of its privacy, after the manner of the He held the lantern shoulder-high to look at East, and altogether proof against her teachings her. Miss Gregory liked the strong, whimsical and arguments. The difficulty was to find the manner of his countenance and the hard direct- plague-stricken. For fear of being abandoned, ness of his eyes. She recognized caste when she the sick concealed their condition until it could saw it, for she wore its badge herself. no longer be hidden, and went abroad sowing "I speak English,” he answered. He had contagion. The stricken were deserted in their hardly a trace of foreign accent. "I suppose beds, and sometimes, desperate and terrified, they you know where you are?” would rise and reel forth, to go naked and raving “I came on purpose,” said Miss Gregory. into the streets and die there. Men died every- “I'm used to nursing, and I like work. I want where, and none lifted a finger to aid them. to help.” They were carried away at night by a gang of He still scrutinized her. "English, of negroes which Hamid had organized. From her course?" place by some bedside, Miss Gregory heard that PERCEVAL GIBBON 423 gruesome traffic — the pad of the black men's meaning, and stood over him. This was a thing bare feet, their call as they went, the doors that she had never thought of. It had grown to be opened to them, and the clumsy carrying forth a convention in her mind that they were im- of the dead. Then the bare feet would recede, mune. She was overcome with a vast sense of a little more slowly for their burden, and all ill-usage, of wrong. This was not fair. would be silent again. Seldom was there a "Hamid," she gasped, quavering, "it's im- noise of weeping; it was as if the town were possible. You can't be sure.” numbed by its affliction. “You tell me, then," he said, and leaned for- Hamid did the doctoring, with infinite per- ward to slip his arm from the sleeve of his coat. sistence and no hope; for all the stricken died. The ensign of the plague is as clear as the He worked, Miss Gregory thought, with a sort black flag. Miss Gregory bit her lip to steady of contempt for his patients, but not the less herself, and groped with her fingers for the gallantly for that. He was industrious, cour- swollen gland that means death. There was no ageous, indefatigable; he drove himself without mistaking it in the light of her experience — the mercy; but the woe about him seemed not to little hard nodule like a marble under the skin; touch him. She put it down to a racial trait, it shifted under her finger-tips as they lighted the callousness of the well-bred Turk. He on it. For a moment the room darkened. headed off all references to himself with a “You see?” she heard Hamid saying, in his dexterity that she deferred to; their intimacy tired voice, as he drew his coat on again. stopped short of an understanding. He was by “You must go to bed,” said Miss Gregory. no means the only man she knew whose past “Now, at once. Hamid, you must get well. was a sore subject with him, so after a while she Go home now and go to bed; I'll come in ten let the matter rest. Their duties divided them- minutes." selves naturally. It was his to doctor and or He nodded, and rose from his chair with an ganize, always with a rather scornful manner of effort. “Glad to go to bed at last,” he said, peremptoriness and a certain evident condescen- smiling a little awry. “But you mustn't desert sion; it was hers to soften the bitterness of plague the others." and death for the abandoned and doomed. “The others be blowed," retorted Miss Greg- Usually they met for an hour in the late after- ory violently. “Oh, Hamid, do go!" noon in a room in Miss Gregory's quarters, to “I'm going,” he said, and went. Behind drink quaintly flavored coffee and consult re- him, Miss Gregory stared vacantly at the door, garding their work. It had come to be an in- her hands knit nervously before her. stitution, and for both of them it was relief from “There is no help,” she said aloud; "no the daily press of horror. It was on the day after help!” the lean black man, speaking with closed eyes on Hamid's quarters were also upon the wall, his angareb, had announced his crucial discov- but from his room the view was over the tide- ery, that Hamid came late to the meeting-place. way to Andjerrah. As she came to his bedside, He dropped himself into a seat with a sigh of Miss Gregory could see through his windows weariness. the fires on the farther bank, where the soldiers “Hoped you'd come,” said Miss Gregory, watched; they shone in the growing night like handing him the little cup of coffee. twinkling eyes of menace. Behind them was He stared at the floor between his feet. the low bulk of the Governor's palace, with “I have been sick,” he said abruptly. its two squat towers. She wondered with an Miss Gregory could see from her chair the access of anger why the man did not return to early sunset of the sea, tinging the waters with his city and come to the succor of his people. crimson. She did not look round. From his pillow Hamid looked up at her "I don't wonder," she said absently. "Twelve listlessly. As yet the plague had not put its deaths to-day. It's always twelve, somehow.” seal upon his face, but this new languor was There was a pause before he answered. Then scarcely less significant. He seemed already so he set the little cup down on the floor with a far removed from the man she knew. The harsh rattle, and looked at her with a touch of con- lines of his face, which weariness had graven sternation. deeper, were softened. “The day after to-morrow," he said, very "It's something to be able to lie down," he deliberately, "there will be thirteen." said. “And yet, if a call came "Eh?" Miss Gregory turned her head. “You couldn't go," said Miss Gregory. "What d'you mean?” He sighed. “No,” he said; “I suppose I He nodded to ‘Yes,” he said; “] couldn't. don't think I ever failed them be- fore, but I'm dangerous now. Queer, isn't it?” She sprang to her feet in the sheer shock of his His room was small and square, a mere got it.” 424 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY er - cell, sparsely accoutred with necessary furniture. I was a fool. She had a great, fat father with Miss Gregory made her dispositions with silent a complexion like a girl, so juicy and tender. swiftness, and settled herself to pass the night ‘You are a Mohammedan,' he said to me. with him. There was not much that she could No, it is not possible. And if you cease to be do, but at least she could be on hand. Her a Mohammedan you will be a pauper — pas strong, pink face, a little thinner and less fresh vrai?' He patted me on the shoulder. 'No, than of old, was grave; there was a darkness in no,' he said. “You must be good. Return to her gray eyes; but she held up her good gray your country and establish a harem. It should head gallantly and faced what fortune should console you.' He really seemed to think so. bring. She knew only too well the common And then, when I returned to Constantinople, course of Hamid's malady. In three hours they sent me here.” the fever would be upon him to endure until “You were in government service?” in- the dawn; then would come the gross pains, the quired Miss Gregory. agony that breaks the patient's fiber and leaves “Yes,” he answered, with all his old curtness. him defenseless against the plague's last en- But a moment later he smiled at her, as if to croachments; after them there would be the fatal apologize for it. "It was intended as a punish- weakness, passing into unconsciousness; and, ment. But – I don't know.” last, that final shudder or little start — perhaps. "A punishment for what?" asked Miss an exclamation or a brief look — and the end. Gregory. “We'll do what we can,” she told him, as she “For Elise,” he replied. "For that incident. gave him the medicine that they were accus It offended the — well, it offended everybody. tomed to use. But it doesn't matter now. They used to say “Of course,” he answered weakly, and smiled. at Oxford that you might as well be hanged for "I don't seem to want to sleep, though.” a sheep as a lamb; so I may as well “Need you talk?" she asked. suffer for the poor beasts here as for that.” "Why not?” he said. “Better than tor "At any rate," said Miss Gregory, "they're menting a sore mind, don't you think? And grateful. You should see how they look at we've hardly ever had a real talk, you know.” you when you pass by.” “All right,” agreed Miss Gregory, and drew “Grateful,” he repeated. “This scum?" a rug over her knees. "If you thought that,” said Miss Gregory, The lamp burned with a faint hissing noise. "you wouldn't have stood by them as you did.” The slow sound of the sea on the shallow "Wouldn't l?” he said. “Oh, yes; I think so. beach was an undertone to their consciousness; Dogs or men, infidels or — or anything else - for the rest, the room seemed set apart from there's no such great difference." the world. Once, as they talked, they heard The fever was near to him now. He moist- the slow, melodious summons of the gatherersened his lips from time to time and lay still, only of the dead at their work; those toilers in the repeating in a whisper, “No — such -great- darkness did their grim business musically. difference.” “I wonder," said Hamid, “if we've done any The sickness wrought on him with all its good?” dreadful punctuality. Miss Gregory, laboring “How can one tell?” replied Miss Gregory. expertly to stay it, found herself helpless. She “Anyhow — does it really matter?” brought to bear all her craft, all the arts and He cocked his tired eye at her with a momen- expedients he had taught, and those others tary shrewdness. that were born of her own wisdom; she made a "No," he agreed; "it doesn't matter. One barrier of precautions about his life; and the had to do what one could — that's what you plague never stayed its stride. Soon after day- mean, eh?" light had come his senses returned to him; he She nodded. “Yes,” she said. looked up at her under brows knotted like a "It's funny," said Hamid. “Eighteen cord. He was wrung and limp like a wet cloth; months ago I was in Paris, and sore sore. only his face was clenched hard. There was a lady — but it doesn't matter. “This — hurts," he said. I thought there was nothing left for me in the It was the season of agony, well on time. whole world. And yet, when this plague came, Miss Gregory stepped back from the bedside, and all these poor cattle here needed me, appalled. For her, the night had passed in anx- I felt — well, repaid. It was very curious.” ious toil; she had come to think that her care and He dreamed upon it for a while, smiling up industry were gaining ground. But here was at the ceiling, his lips moving soundlessly. the plague unabated. Hamid, holding himself “Elise,” he said at last. “That was her rigidly against his throes, saw her stand aghast. name. I thought she was everything for me "I can-bear it," he said. “You sit down.” PERCEVAL GIBBON .425 The cold light of early morning shone in upon Miss Gregory's shoulders heaved, but she did them, the color of woe and disaster. Miss Gregory not look up. She had found the point at which turned her eyes from Hamid's suffering, and breeding gives way and trained demeanor crum- stared through the window. The soldiers across ples into mere humanity. For more than an the water were huddled about their dull fires, hour she held her posture, till it seemed to her and in the square behind them there was a small that the sound of Hamid's breathing had grown crowd about the door of the palace. It rose in her quieter and more regular. mind that this was not usual; she wondered if it She lifted her head and looked at him. His could be that the Governor had returned at last. eyes were closed and he seemed to sleep. Very But she could not spare much thought upon it. cautiously she rose to her feet and bent over Behind her, Hamid gasped and shivered on his him. He was very white and unfamiliar, the bed, and each sound that he made was magnified mere shell of what he had been only twenty- to her ears. She dreaded that he would scream, four hours before, but hope flamed violently in as some of the others had screamed, drained of Miss Gregory. Here at last — a signal triumph force and manhood by that crucial anguish. was a divergence from the plain course of the He was speaking. “The opium,” he said, in plague. He should have been wide-eyed and queer, hurried tones, as if he feared a cry might powerless, conscious only that his strength was escape with the words. gone; instead, his sleep seemed like a reprieve. Miss Gregory rose, and hesitated. It was a She moved away, and went back to her chair thing on which they differed - the value of by the window. opium to the stricken. She held that it had a It was broad day now, but the room still held part in the weakness that succeeded the pain the chill of the night. She drew a shawl about and was the prelude to death. Hamid always her, a gaudy native thing with a fringe of tinsel, overruled her. "If they are spared the pain, it and let it drop about her head like the hood of is something to the good," was his decision. some tawdry sultana. The sun was shining on He stared up at her now out of a face that the square of Andjerrah, and people in great was damp and shining with strange sweat. She number were going to and fro. returned his look desperately. "It must be the Governor,” she told herself. "Opium," he repeated, "opium! For the love “The brute has thought it safe to come back of — ah!” A throe twisted him as he lay, and at last." he bit off the word with a harsh rasp of indrawn She was full of hope, and watched the scene breath. with interest. She regretted that she had not Miss Gregory still hesitated, and then flung her field-glasses with her, for something note- herself on her knees beside him. She put both worthy was plainly going forward. The folk hands before her face to shut out the sight of his were thickest about the gate of the palace, and, struggle, and spoke in a muffled voice of trouble. as she watched, there came forth from the throng “Hamid," she cried, “Hamid! Don't ask me of them a little string of men who made across don't ask me! I can't bear it. Scream, if you the square. like; but "Now, that's curious," said Miss Gregory. He interrupted her. “For the love —" he The foremost of them could be seen, even at began, and again his speech was cut off. Her that distance, to be wearing European dress, forehead was bowed on the edge of his bed, and and he was coming toward the water. A few she could feel it shake as he writhed and quiv- minutes later she made him out plainly the ered in his torment. elderly official with whom she had talked. There "It's a chance," she wailed. “It's a chance. was no mistaking his ambling gait, his general I daren't. Don't ask me, Hamid! You know droop, as of a wet fowl. Soon she could see his it's a chance." gray mustache and the feeble, indeterminate There was silence then, broken only by gasps face. But what was strange was that he came from the sick man. Miss Gregory, huddled at past the soldiers and, without a halt, paddled the bedside, had strange thoughts. In that through the shallow water, and started up the moment of stress she remembered, of all things, slope of sand toward the plague-stricken quarter. the book she was to write — the great, ripe Those who followed him came likewise; behind book that should manifest her to the world; them, the square was full of watching people. and she knew the flavor of emptiness that “The Governor has come back," Miss Greg-, comes to the writer who has tasted life and ory told herself, with conviction. “He's sent knows it is not to be put into printed pages. these people to see what can be done." Hamid spoke again, at last. She glanced at Hamid, who still slept, and "All right,” he said. "All right." then leaned forth from the window to watch. His words were still blurred and hurried. The gate in the wall was some fifty paces to 426 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY her right. On his way to it, the elderly official other boot to his bosom, and bowed over it happened to glance up and see. He halted profoundly. On the bed, Hamid smiled. forthwith and made her a slack little bow. "The plague is out, then?” he questioned. "Madame!” he called. "It has got into the town, eh?” Miss Gregory carried her finger to her lips. The gray Turk answered in his own language, “Hush,” she said, and looked to see that Hamid bowing again. Miss Gregory stood by impa- still slept. tiently, comprehending nothing. Hamid's eye Her caution seemed somewhat to perplex the met hers with faint amusement. elderly official; he came slowly forward till he "The quarantine has failed,” he told her, "so stood directly below her, his followers, immacu- it is raised. There is plague in Andjerrah. late in their robes, standing about him. You can go out now.” He wafted a whisper up to her. “Where is “I'm not in any hurry," she answered stoutly. he?” he breathed. "But what does this man want with you?” “Who?" demanded Miss Gregory. “Hamid?” He was still smiling, with a suggestion of She noted with astonishment that her ques- humorous malice. Miss Gregory realized sud- tion seemed to shock him. He ruffled himself denly that he was doing well. like a very mild cock, and replied with uncer “Ask him yourself,” he said. tain dignity. She put the question in French to the gray "The monsieur of whom I inquire,” he said, official: “What do you want with Monsieur?” “is named Hamid, among many other names." He seemed to consult Hamid with his eyes; “He's here,” said Miss Gregory. “III, so Hamid nodded. don't make a noise." “I am His Excellency's secretary,” he said. “Ill?” said the Turk. He showed her the Miss Gregory started. “Whose secretary?” whites of his eyes. "Not - not the plague?” she demanded. Miss Gregory nodded. “The secretary of His Excellency the Gov- The elderly official gasped, and, turning, ernor of Andjèrrah,” answered the wan man, seemed to interpret her words to those with and bowed toward the bed. him. At once there was a murmur of voices. Miss Gregory stared dumbly. Hamid was “Hush!” bade Miss Gregory again, sharply. still smiling. As she drew breath, he spoke. "He's asleep." “The Governor is grateful to you,” he said. "We will come in,” said the elderly man de- “But — Governor or slave, there is no — such spondently, and led the way toward the gate. great difference." Miss Gregory wentout into the corridor to wait Miss Gregory nodded. She did not allow for her visitor. She was determined there should the situation to bewilder her. be no noise. He arrived almost immediately. “Quite so," she said briskly. “And now it "I must see him," he said. is time for Your Excellency's most excellent "He's asleep," whispered Miss Gregory medicine." fiercely. “Don't you dare wake him.” The gray man eyed her with dislike, and put It was six weeks later that Miss Gregory, a constraint upon himself. The forms of po- from her cushions at the stern of a dhow, liteness were the vehicle of his mind. watched Andjerrah slide back against the sky “Mais — il le faut,” he insisted. “I must see and become again a city of mystery. The him.” He hesitated. “I will take my boots off.” crew, as they worked the boat seaward, cast on "Well, be careful,” said Miss Gregory grudg- her glances of awe. They had been privately ingly. informed by a person of authority that if they He leaned against the wall and drew off the should fail in any detail of their duty of landing elastic-sided boots that he wore. He had no their passenger safely and comfortably in quar- socks on. He gave Miss Gregory a sidelong antine at Suez, His Excellency the Governor look of sheer hatred. Then, carrying the boots would, on their return, give his personal atten- in his hand, he followed her into the room and tion to their execution. They believed him stood looking down at Hamid. implicitly, and Miss Gregory had for them the “Will he die?” he asked. delicate distinction of an infernal machine. Miss Gregory turned on him in breathless As they passed the last of the keys of sand, the fury. Unforgettable things were on her tongue, flag on the palace dipped three times. Miss when the luckless creature dropped one of the Gregory waved her hand. boots. It rang on the bare floor like a hammer. "He was wonderful,” she said, half aloud, as Hamid stirred and opened his eyes. the flat roofs fell back from them,-"wonder- “Ah," he said weakly. “Vous voilà.” ful, yes. But very wearing for a close acquain- The elderly official put the hand that held the tance.” Che RUG OF HER FATHERS by LUCILLE BALDWIN VAN SLYKE Illustrations by WLADYSLAW T..BENDA T HE matter of names was very puz- birth that Nazileh could not remember him, zling to Nazileh Sewaya. In this and could scarcely recall his shining bazaar strange land of Brooklyn one could with its coppers and brasses,Nazileh would not tell anything about relation- have been horrified to refer to him as either ships from names. There was J. “Ibraheem" or the “ol man,” for much rever- O'Brien, who kept the grocery store. His ence was due him as Abu Asaad, father of eldest son was Tommy — red-haired Tommy, Asaad. The little girl knew that no one had who sometimes cast languorous glances at heard from Abu Asaad since the day he had Nazileh's dusky eyelashes. Why should left Syria; she knew that poor Abu Asaad did Tommy's father be named J. O'Brien? Why not know that Abu Antar, his son, was dead, or was he not properly called father-of-Tommy? that wee Antar lived; nor could he know that And fat Mrs. O'Brien, why was she called Umn Antar had brought her children to this “herself" instead of mother-of-Tommy? More country in the vain hope of finding him. Nazi- puzzling still, for some mysterious reason, Mr. leh used to ask all the children, very patiently, O'Brien bore the name of Tommy's little if they knew where Abu Asaad dwelt; but brother John. This was indeed a strange land, none of them had ever been able to tell her. where fathers were called after their second Privately, the little girl was afraid that he sons. And Grandfather O'Brien, why did his had died of the sickness-of-boat on the jour- family call him “th'oľ man" or "Meeke”? ney; surely she herself must have done so For whom, pray, was he named? A thing so without the protection of her blue mashallab disrespectful as "Meeke" Nazileh could not beads -- she felt she had nearly done so in comprehend. spite of them! In Syria, her native land, things of that sort She was thinking of all these curious things arranged themselves much more clearly. Nazi- while she counted over the laces for her mother leh's father, until the day of wee Antar's birth, in the October twilight. Her slender fingers had been called by his own birth name, Asaad; tucked the pretty medallions into deft little for the mere incident of being the father of a bundles of five, and tied them with a twist of woman child could not add luster to his name. gay binding; then she put them in neat rows Leila, his wife, had fairly hung her head with in a case labeled shame that in all the years of her married life she had had no man child; but with the com- NIKOLA HADDAD, IMPORTER ing of Antar the end of living was achieved. SYRIAN, ARMENIAN, AND TURKISH LACES Asaad and Leila happily discarded their own names, and rejoiced that they were at last When the case was filled, Umn Antar got Abu Antar and Umn Antar. As for Nazi- four cents each for those medallions. If she leh's grandfather, Ibraheem Sewaya, — who had worked very fast and very late, some days she come to America so many years before Antar's made almost twenty of them. Nikola got 427 428 THE RUG OF HER FATHERS TT things in a world of asphalt and brick. The days the second-hander displayed them, she would press her broad little nose longingly against the window. There was one particular square that she adored. "Genuine Axminster -- all wool — four-ply - $7.89 to-day only," the sign announced; and Nazileh lived in constant dread lest "to- day” should in truth sometime be the "only” day, and she never ceased to sigh with relief whenever the rug and its placard reappeared. It was a rug, that one!-a rug with a violently green background and a blue-and- yellow border, and in the center were five enormous pink roses. “Thad Oxmeens," she told her mother breathlessly, “thad Oxmeens ees the mos' bes' nice rug you evaire see! I leeke thad thad rug was righd een thees 'ouse!” To have put such a beautiful affair on the floor would never have occurred to her; in her dreams it always hung proudly on the wall, or in particularly daring dreams she imagined herself putting it over Antar while he slept never while he was awake and might put sticky fingers on its wonderful roses. And so, as she tucked the rug of her fathers about the sleeping baby, she sighed. She thought it so ugly! It was all dull blues and dusky reds and faded yellows. Its edges were dingy gray, and the fringe at one end was quite tattered. Yet, sometimes, when the lamp was lighted, the colors shimmered softly, just the way the lingering sunlight used to gleam dully over the waters when they watched the sun set from the housetop in Beirut. It was not like other rugs in one thing: it did not have an 2. Tent. Benda under side. Nazileh could not really tell which side was the top of it; each was as soft as An- INGLY AGAINST THE WINDOW" tar's cheek. It was not very large, yet it would wrap twice around Antar or once around very good prices indeed, however, for the laces both of them; and when Nazileh had finished that he imported from Umn Antar. tying the laces, she, too, cuddled in its warm The night fog drifted in from the bay, and folds and drowsily watched her mother's Antar sneezed in his sleep. Nazileh put down the swiftly moving fingers. ball of red binding, and stood before her mother. When it was almost dark, Umn Antar rose "I put thad rug on Antar?” she asked anx- slowly, stretched out her arms, and yawned iously. childishly. Umn Antar nodded, and went on making “Me-1 am 'ungree as the 'omeward medallions. Nazileh dragged the rug from the camel!" she drawled plaintively. chest. It was dingy and old, but it was warm; Nazileh sat up, her dark eyes shining. When it was, moreover, the rug of her fathers. Nazi- mother talked of homeward camels the little leh had an uncomfortable feeling of awe and girl was very happy. veneration for it, but she did not care for it “Me - I ees leeke a leetle 'omeward camel!” as a rug. The Jew"second-hander" had much she mimicked, “an' Antar he ees leeke a leetle, nicer ones, she thought. leetle babee camel!” The Jew second-hander's rugs were deli Umn Antar smiled After all, she was not Sometimes it seemed to the so very old herself, this little woman of many color-loving child that they were the only pretty burdens. DDDDD "SHE WOULD PRESS HER LITTLE NOSE LONG. ciously gay. LUCILLE BALDWIN VAN SLYKE 429 - whad you “Do nod be a camel," she answered sedately. thad rug ees nod. An' all the time thad he "Thad camel — he too proud. Eef thad he feex the wheel of the pe-rahm-boo-late of the evaire see hees hump, he would fall an' break brothaire of Tommee-oo-breen, he ees tell ver' hees neck. You geet up an' cut the bread, nice story of hees rug." you leetle camel!” Umn Antar took the smoking pot from the Nazileh tumbled out of the rug, and left stove and put it on the floor. Nazileh dragged Antar blinking at the flare of the match as their up the sleeping-mats, and seated herself cross- mother lighted the lamp. The bread was in legged beside her mother. the same chest that had held the rug. When "Ah!" she sighed, when Leila had dipped the there is only one chest, housekeeping is beauti- first sop in the delectable stew and passed it fully simple. But the bread-knife was on the to her daughter. “Ah! Me, I ees love pilau —" shelf, where Antar could not creep to it; Nazi- And in the delights of eating she quite forgot leh must push the stool over to reach it. the story of the man and his rug. After they "Thees knife," she remarked fretfully, as had finished, the little girl dipped Antar's she struggled with the stale loaf, “eet ees nod bowl in the gravy, and held it patiently while sharp, my mothaire; I can nod cut thees he sputtered like a noisy puppy, with his little bread.” face half hidden in the dish. Umn Antar ran her thumb over the edge “Thad Dootch ladee's babee thoughtfully. theenk?” asked Nażileh scornfully. “He eats “Thad ees so," she answered regretfully; of a medicine-bottle by chewin' meelk of the "thad ees a ver' dull knife. To-morrow go end. Ees thad nod fooleesch?” weeth eet to Atlanteeck Ave' - Umn Salim Umn Antar settled herself at her laces. She say thad a man een thad street haf a wheel een was as greedy as a child for stories, this little hees shop.” Oriental woman. “Thad man ees go away,” replied her “Whad you say thad man say of his rug?” daughter; "he ees sell hees shop. A new man she asked plaintively. turns the wheel a ver' funnee man," — her Nazileh wiped Antar's mouth with his sleeve voice rippled out in inconsequent mirth, - and tucked him back on the sleeping-mat. “thad new man. He one day ees smokin'a nargileh-jus' the same leeke thad my fathaire has een Syree-ah. All the Ameer-can shildrens laugh an' laugh. Tommee-oo-breen, he say, 'Pipe de gas-lamp!'” "Thad nod nice,"scolded Umn Antar reprovingly. She was cooking pilau, a stew of bits of lamb and green onions. “Thad nod nice thad the boy laugh at the nargileh. Me - | theenk thad Ameer- can cheegar ees mor' funnee than a nargileh - I theenk thad eef man got sense to smoke so good, he can make a knife Light Banda nice an' sharp, better than Ameer-can man can do. Where thad man haf hees shop?" "Righd by thad Jew secon'- hander,” said Nazileh. “One day I go weeth Tommee-oo-breen, when thad he take the wheel of the perahm- boo-late of hees brothaire for thad man to feex. “SHE TUCKED THE RUG OF HER FATHERS All thad time I ees watchin' thad Oxmeens ABOUT THE SLEEPING BABY" een thad Jew window. Thad man he say: “'You leeke rug, leetle ge-url?' "He tell many theengs,” she answered “Me, I say, “Thad mos' nice rug evaire was!' slowly, her dark eyes dramatic with thought. "Thad man, he shake hees head so — he say "He ees tell ’ow hees fathaire an' hees mothaire 430 THE RUG OF HER FATHERS was once een the desert, when thad he was a ful. “He say thad eet got wall of Eden all leetle boy — an' hees mothaire she ees sleep round thad sides, an'a beeg cyprus tree ees een a tent, a black goat-hair tent — an’ een een the eenside, an' all those branch on thad time a ver' bad sand-storm come, an'hees tree, they hafleetle bird lookin' ad each fathaire, he ees put thad rug een thad tentothaire, so.” She doubled her little fists, with door, an' then thad sand can nod geet een thad the slender thumbs almost touching tips. “He tent. He say he yet hear 'ow thad sand blow say thad was tree of leefe, an' thad birds guard on thad tent — he yet can hear!” spirit of hees family — an' whad you theenk? For once the lace-hooks faltered; Umn An- Een thad fringe hees mothaire ees hide a leetle tar's great eyes filled with ready tears. She mashallah bead! She ees tie eet weeth her hair no longer heard the sound of her little daugh- for a good charm!” ter's voice. She was thinking - thinking of Antar was asleep once more. Nazileh crept the sound of sand blowing on a desert tent. over and cuddled beside him in the rug. Her She shut her eyes and sighed. Long, long voice grew very drowsy. ago, she too had been on a journey in the “When thad man make thad knife sharp desert; she too had heard the sound of sand I theenk p'haps he tell me of hees rug - eh?” blowing on a goat-hair tent. She yawned mightily. "I leeke thad I hear “An' whad you theenk?" chattered Nazileh, 'ow hees mothaire -- ees sew thad rug — she quite unheeded. “He say thad they haf a ver' ees sew eet so nice — mos' nevaire weel you nice goat een thad tent, the leetle pet goat of see 'ow she ees mend eet, onlee thad - onlee hees mothaire; bud thad goat he was so scare thad, thad spot – mor’, mor’ red! I theenk —" when thad sand-storm blow, he put hees horn The drowsy voice stopped. Umn Antar righd through thad rug! Me, I theenk he smiled. She got up presently and covered both mus' look ver' funnee weeth thad rug on hees her sleeping children. Her lips moved mechan- horn!” ically as she murmured the pretty Arabic Nazileh rolled about in great glee at this benediction: whimsical thought, her little guttural giggles 'Thine eyes are sleeping, growing louder and louder until they roused But God's eyes never sleep.” her mother from her reverie. The shining hooks began to move again very swiftly. And then back swiftly she went to her laces. “Whad you laugh so much?” asked Umn Very early in the morning, Nazileh, at- Antar pettishly. tended by Tommy O'Brien, Johnny O'Brien, “I laugh ad Tommee-oo-breen,” responded and the three Cassettly children, carried the Nazileh impishly. “Thad man he was tell us knife, with much responsibility of manner, to ’ow hees mothaire was mend thad rug so nice the man in Atlantic Avenue whose shop was thad you mos' nod nevaire know eet was a next door to the Jew second-hander's. They hole; Tommee-oo-breen, he yell out, ‘Ladees were all intent upon watching the fascinating nod can make carpets!' Bud thad man - oh, operation of sharpening, and their faces grew ho! He ees tell Tommee-oo-breen thad ladees doleful when they found the wheel standing make all carpets een hees land. Thad man, dismantled in the corner. The owner was he say thad hees mothaire make thad rug pottering with the broken shaft. herself. When thad she was a leetle ge-url "My mothaire," said Nazileh, with shy im- she start to make thad rug, an' when thad she portance, “she leeke, please, thad you make was beeg she ees geeve thad rug to hees fa- sharp thees knife." thaire for a marriage geeft; thad ees fun She was really a little afraid of the knife- nee eh?” sharpener; he was so big that he awed her. In “Thad nod funnee," answered Leila dream- the metallic clutter of the little shop he sat ily. “Thad ees whad they call shilim rug like a splendid piece of bronze; his grizzled hair een thad ol' time all woman make shilim rug and beard, his massive old head, his piercing for the bridegrooms. Not weeth the knot tied black eyes, all had the dignity of the Orient. leeke othaire rug, bud weeth a shuttle — hand “My wheel ees broke,” he answered in She gestured with her brown guttural tones. “When thad 1 haf feex thees wrists in the pretty twisting motion of the wheel I weel feex thad knife." His slender weaving shuttle. “Me - 1 ees nod make such fingers waved expressively. “I can nod feex a rug. My family nod do eet — we leeve een weeth all shildrens een Atlanteeck Ave' een Beirut. Bud those ge-url thad leeve een thees shop.” The little group fell away, Kaisarieh they all do so, I haf hear.” Nazileh almost falling over Johnny O'Brien. "Thad a nice rug, all righd,” continued “Eef evaire thees wheel ees feex, then weel Nazileh, her soft voice monotonously mourn- I gladly make sharp the knife of your mothaire.” go S0—" E «... ... ... .. “MY MOTHAIRE, SHE LEEKE, PLEASE, THAD YOU MAKE SHARP THEES KNIFE'" 431 432 THE RUG OF HER FATHERS "And send it around?” demanded Tommy On the door-step of the junk-shop Nazileh shrewdly. paused, her heart big with curiosity. Nazileh regarded her playmate with horror. “I leeke thad I see thad rug you haf,” she Was it thus that one addressed the old in said shyly, peering back around the corner of America? the doorway. "La tawakhizna!” she murmured the Arabic “Oh, ho!” laughed the knife man, very much apology, blushing when Tommy laughed. pleased. “Thad ees nod posseeble; eet ees The knife-sharpener regarded her gravely. een the 'ouse of my son een Syree-ah!” “Where dost thou live?” he asked in Outside, the little girl stopped to cast a long- Arabic. ing look at the “Oxmeens” in the window of But Nazileh suddenly lost her native tongue. the second-hander. "I leeve een Deex Street," she answered “I theenk thad ees the mos' nice rug," she timorously, "een thad 'ouse forty-neen - up- sighed. stairs an' back door.” “'S nothin',” decided Tommy. “We got a "I take thad knife when thad I go home peach in our parly. Say, Nuzly, get your bro- for sooper," consented the knife man good- ther out an’ show us the dago game huh?” umoredly. "I leeve near thad 'ouse, me." “Thees afternoon,” promised Nazileh. “To- uity Was ilaw T Benda "'WHOSE OL' CARPET?' HE WHINED" LUCILLE BALDWIN VAN SLYKE 433 "SHE CAUGHT UP THE RUG AND FLED" day ees Sat'day, Tom- Ol' clo'! P'y cash mee-oo-breen. Thad's clo?!” thad day my mothaire He eyed the rug ees go weeth the ferry- shiftily. boat ad Washin'ton “Whose ol' car- Street ad Nikola Had- pet?" he whined. dad weeth her laces.” The game stopped. And all through the “Thad mine," an- day the little girl swered Nazileh toiled faithfully, mak- shamefacedly. ing the house clean "I give you fifty for the Sunday. She cents,” announced the hung the sleeping- Jew, a queer light in mats and the rugs his shifting eyes. over the ever-useful The children crowd- fire-escape; she cut ed about excitedly. crookedly pinked Nazileh stared at him papers for shelves, as in amazement. the settlement lady "Inod can sell had shown her; and, thad," she explained after her mother had patiently; "thad ees taken Antar and the the rug of my fath- laces away, Nazileh aires." sloppily washed the Wasilia, Bonda "Your papa maybe floor. The water likes that you get fifty stood in little puddles cents for that rag,” in the uneven places, suggested the second- it ran along the gap- hander. ing cracks in dirty “My fathaire — he streams — it can not be said that the floor ees nod leeve any more,” said Nazileh simply; that Nazileh washed was the cleaner for her "thad ees now the rug of my brothaire." efforts. At the end of her labors it was far too "Go on, Nuzly," whispered Tommy excit- wet to bring in the mats, so she leaned idly edly; "give it to him - aw, go on!" across the sill and listened to the polyglot "No," said Nazileh staunchly. babble in the court below. "Seventy-five," coaxed the Jew. And then Tommy O'Brien, squinting upward, spied they fought it out, the trader and the little Nazileh's shining eyes. Syrian girl — the man imperturbably offering “Nuzly!” he shrieked, "come on down an' more and more, the child still murmuring her show us th' dago game!” Nazileh beamed. frightened “no." "Thad khubby mukbiqnab?" she shrilled, At length he shrugged his shoulders and leaning perilously over the railing; and, as turned away. "I makes it that I gives you she leaned, the rug of her fathers slipped a new rug," he whined, "a new rug for that over the railing and fell dustily to the court dirty ol carpets, a green rug mit red roses below. mit it, huh?” The children laughed uproariously at the Nazileh drew a long, sighing breath. little girl's dismay. Tommy picked up the rug “Nice Axminister-four-ply," wheedled Levi. impatiently and flung it over the fence. The "Oxmeens"! Nazileh's eyes glistened. "Come on!” he ordered masterfully, and She nodded her head. Then she put out her Nazileh came. hand uncertainly. Her fingers touched the bit And so, while this polyglot throng played the of carpet, and she shivered. All the old su- khubby-kbubby pebble game of the far-away Old perstitious feeling swept back into her heart. World, the rug of her fathers hung in the court- She gave a great sob, and caught up the rug yard, with the autumn sunlight gleaming softly and fled. The children stared, round-eyed, on its faded colors. One queer little spot, as she ran. redder than the rest, snatched the sunlight At the doorway she turned, panting. and held it. Ruby and gold it shone, ruddy “Oxcuse, Meester Secon’-hander,” she cried with life; and it was that spot that caught the breathlessly. “Me - I nod can sell. Ox- eye of the Jew second-hander who was making cuse!” his rounds with his raucous cry of “Cash clo'! Upstairs, with the shabby old thing flung 434 THE RUG OF HER FATHERS firmly. “Thees I know - here, then, ees the spot thad my mothaire haf mend — the spot thad was made by the horn of the leetle pet goat." “Eet ees nod!” sobbed Nazileh. “Eet ees nod!” She faced him bravely. "Thad ees the rug of my fath- aires — eethaf nod a bird - eet haf nod a tree – eet ees nod thy rug!" " HE PUT HIS HAND UPON THE GLEAMING SPOT OF RED And so Umn Antar came upon them, her son in her arms. And when she saw the man's face she fell hi Bonda upon her knees with a great cry. For now was her search AND STARED AT IT LIKE ONE BEWILDERED” ended-she had found Ibraheem Sew- over the stool, she stared at it piteously. In aya, Abu Asaad, the father of her husband. its place she seemed to see the gay colors of “Abu Asaad! Abu Asaad!” she whispered. the “Oxmeens." “I have found thee!” His eyes questioned her “Thad Oxmeens!” she whimpered, "thad tragically, but she shook her head. mos' bes' nice rug -- I leeke thad Oxmeens!” “He does nod longer live —" she murmured Suddenly she heard heavy footfalls coming brokenly; "bud this”- she held out the baby up the stairway. Her heart was quaking with – “this, then, is Antar - Antar, the son of terror. Was the second-hander coming to Asaad!" tempt her again? She was so frightened that It was very late when Nazileh cuddled in the she could not even put out her hand to shut sleeping-mat beside Antar. She was still the door. quivering with excitement, her eyes still shin- A great figure loomed in the doorway; she ing with the wonder of the miracle. The mur- eyed it stealthily. Then her breath came back mur of Abu Asaad's and Umn Antar's voices blessedly. It was only the knife-sharpener. flowed on steadily; the laces were quite for- In his hand he held the knife, neatly tied in a gotten, for once. bit of blue paper. But he, too, was staring at Across the stool the rug gleamed softly in He strode across the little room the flickering lamplight. It was very old, but swiftly, his eyes gleaming strangely. the colors shimmered bravely, the lovely dusky “Why hast thou this rug?” he demanded reds, the sapphire blues and faded yellows. in throaty Arabic. The straggling border wall of Eden was almost Nazileh drew a long, sobbing breath. She lost; the stiff cyprus tree and its crude pairs leaned across the little stool and stretched out of little birds could scarcely guard the spirit her thin arms protectingly. of the family, they had grown so faint. But, "I nod sell thees rug!" she wailed. “I - hidden in the tattered fringe, still clung the nod! Thees ees the rug of my fathaires!" mashallah bead that Zarifeh, Umn Ibraheem, The old man pushed her carelessly aside and so long ago in Kaisarieh, had sewed for a caught up the rug. His lips moved uncer- charm. And who of us shall say that it had tainly – he, too, was breathing deeply. He not served? put his hand upon the gleaming spot of red; Nazileh smiled across the room at the little he held it closer to the light and stared at it crumpled heap of color. like one bewildered. "Rug of my fathaires!" she whispered ear- “Thees ees the rug of my fathaire!” he cried nestly. “Mos' bes' nice rug I know!" the rug. Che Case of the Reporter by Hugo Münsterberg Home UR HE glory of our land has always been that its high- est power is public opinion. on the whole, no secret. The American, who likes Public opinion has made to be independent, has tried to protect himself war and peace, has made against such unfair side-influences by disregard- laws and institutions, has ing the editorials more and more and by putting shaped the whole national the whole emphasis on the reports of the facts civilization. It is, there- themselves. It seems to be the general opinion fore, the chief endeavor of the nation to bring that in the last three decades the editorial page everybody into contact with the sources of in- has declined in its influence and the news parts formation, in order that public opinion may be have become the essential feature. The indi- well instructed. Progress in this direction has viduality of great editorial writers has lost its been wonderful. The amount of reading of news- hold on the imagination of the public, and the papers which discuss public affairs surpasses vivid, living report of actual experiences has that in any other country. The social reformer, taken a firm grasp on the popular interest. This however, can hardly overlook the other aspect: focuses the interest of the social student on do those papers give to the masses sufficiently the reporter who supplies the news. Does the correct information for a well organized public American reporter fulfill his task in a spirit that opinion to draw from it the naked facts? Of is helpful to the community? course, we are proud to have the newspapers As a laboratory psychologist, I like to ap- illuminate every corner of the national work- proach such questions, not by relying on general shop and throw their searchlight into the re- impressions or by developing theories that may motest fields; but, while the papers speak about be based on preconceived ideas: I am accustomed everything else, we forget that they have no rather to study the objects that come under reason to speak about themselves. Yet, if the my own actual observation. I am, therefore, country is governed by public opinion, and pub- obliged to refer to my own insignificant expe- lic opinion is largely governed by the news- riences with reporters, because they alone are papers, is it not most essential to understand exactly known to me. In order not to allow who governs the newspapers? any mistakes of memory, I shall confine my- To be sure, everybody knows something of self to experiences of the last few weeks. I the economic influence of the owners and the am, on the whole, in a favorable situation still greater economic influence of the adver- to report on such observations. If the news- tisers; everybody knows something as to the papers were to drag my name or my remarks dependence of editorial writers upon national into practical politics or into commercial ques- or State or municipal parties: the political tions, it would be extremely difficult to dem- and commercial influences on the papers that onstrate the right or wrong; any distortions we read and on the coloring of their truths are, might be made in the interest of a particu- 435 436 THE CASE OF THE REPORTER lar party or of particular persons or of par- said a word of all that nonsense. Of course, I ticular stock quotations. But all my con- do not want to suggest that the so-called inter- cerns move in entirely neutral fields. Hence ! views with me never have contained anything can report about my reporters with the same for which I am responsible. For instance, there scientific indifference with which I should watch was a beautiful case in the Sunday edition of one the subjects of my psychological experiments. of the best New York papers. The editor had sent a reporter to Boston in order to hear my An Imaginary Interview on “Why Rich views on a number of psychological, neuro- People Smuggle” logical, and sociological questions. I told the young man that I could not give him anything, I may begin with the most harmless type. That I absolutely refused to be interviewed. The A few days ago I was in New York, and had the next Sunday there appeared a long interview, pleasure of receiving at my hotel during the day filling a third of a page, embellished by my por- the calls of reporters from nine different news- trait, and expressing my views in a conversation papers. They all came in order to get more that seemed thoroughly intelligent. The prom- information about that most interesting inter- ising young man had simply taken some of view with me which had been wired that morn- my books and copied half pages from various ing from Boston to three of the leading New York places, and dramatized them by breaking in papers. It dealt with the inspiring problem of with leading questions. For instance, “Doctor, why rich people like to smuggle when they come what is your view on hypnotism?” was answered from Europe and pass through the custom- by a page from my book on “Psychotherapy." house. The interview, which appeared in the I remember one case in which I really said newspapers as a telegram dated the preceding with my own lips what the newspaper printed. night,- in spite of the fact that I had been in the conditions were these. A Boston newspaper New York for some time, interested megreatly, sent a nice young fellow with the request that since I had not said a word of it, and felt sure I accept a box at the first performance of a new that I should have said it a little differently if I psychologizing drama, expecting that I might had ever been inclined to gossip about a question say something about the play afterward. As a that is no concern of mine. However, I remem- matter of course, I refused absolutely to think bered that, while I was in the midst of work in of that possibility. But, after this invitation my Harvard laboratory several days before, a had been delivered and rejected, the amiable young man had come to ask me what I thought, messenger began in a melodious voice to ask from a psychological point of view, about the whether I would allow him a few words that had recent reports of smuggling. I told him — nothing to do with his newspaper work. He what I have said a thousand times to reporters said that he had read a book of mine which had - that I absolutely do not give any newspaper suggested to him a psychological question, and interviews, and that I was not in the least in- asked whether I could not, for his personal in- terested in his question. Then he asked me formation and education, answer this question. whether I did not believe that the psychological I told him that, if he could assure me that this reason was this or that – 1 no longer remember was in no way an interview, I had no objection what. I told him that I had no time to listen, to explaining what he had not understood. He and that he might as well ask the elevator boy in sat down and talked, with an intelligent face, his newspaper office as me. He left me, and I and I answered him as I would have answered think nothing appeared in the Boston paper that the questions of any earnest student. The next had sent him. Nevertheless, several hundred day this whole conversation, with two very thousand newspaper readers of New York got witty caricatures, appeared in the newspaper, this interview, in which his own psychological filling two columns. It ended by poking fun at interpretation was neatly put into my mouth. the psychologist who was such a bad psycholo- gist that he did not know when he was being How One Resourceful Reporter Faked interviewed, and saying that nothing was neces- an Interview sary to deceive him but to “speak the charmed words, 'This is not an interview.?” Of course, A very deep-searching interview on the prob- this rascal's product also moved slowly toward lem of the psychology of shoplifting had pre- the Pacific Coast. ceded this by only a few weeks, and was reprinted from Boston to San Francisco. It Manufacturing a Newspaper Controversy brought me an abundance of correspondence from friends who agreed and enemies who dis To be sure, the case is not always so simple. agreed, and the only pity was that I had not Often the prettiest effects are reached when vari- HUGO MÜNSTERBERG 437 ous reporters unintentionally help one another. way gained a knowledge of it. Several papers A few days ago, for instance, in my psychological wired that they wanted a description of my lecture course at Radcliffe College, I made a experiments from me. In accordance with my trivial little experiment that referred to the habit, I absolutely refused this. But, as the re- measurement of association times, an experi- porters continued to whet the appetites of the ment like hundreds of others made in the same readers, the papers had to bring out some- experimental course, and probably made in a thing. Accordingly, one of the largest New York similar way by a dozen colleagues in different papers asked some anonymous colleague of mine colleges. There was absolutely nothing new in to write an essay on what a psychologist in such the experiment, and nothing important, being a case might possibly do in order to examine the merely a simple little illustration of certain criminal. That unknown author wrote a very psychological facts. Probably one of the young fair article, in which he happened not to de- women students talked about it, distorting and scribe one of those methods which I had used, exaggerating the details, and finally it reached but gave a full account of a number of instru- some of the college reporters, who made a won ments that might be used by an experimentalist derful sensational story out of it as to how I was in the study of hidden emotions. He showed reading the deepest secrets in a woman's mind. pretty illustrations of the sphygmograph and This was the first act. Naturally, this impor- pneumograph for measuring the pulse and the tant event had to be wired all over the country, breathing, such as appear in any physiological and the wittiest cartoonists drew me piercing text-book. This New York report was wired to into the brains of innocent women. But the other places, with a slight change which made it second act followed quickly. A woman re- appear that, instead of being the hypothesis of porter in New York, deeply interested in the an anonymous writer, it was a fact that I had science of psychology, went to a well-known used those instruments. The next set of re- physician and asked his opinion about this non- porters transformed it into the statement that I sense that was reported concerning my experi- had invented the instruments. At this stage ments. The result was that the next day the the story went to London. The yellow press of interview of the physician with the New York England announced in big headlines that I had reporter appeared, which was also at once wired invented marvelous instruments by which the all over the land. This interview as it stood most secret ideas could be read. From there it was a criminal libel, which would have been spread throughout Europe in the form of an ac- utterly unjustified and absurd even if the criti- count of my "lying-machine.” France especially cized story had been true. As a matter of took it up enthusiastically. Lyric poems on the course, this insulting interview was not only subject abounded. Scores of French humorists hopelessly distorted, but, as the physician gave variations on the theme of the lover sup- wrote to me, “unqualifiedly false.” Yet hun- plied with a lying-machine, while the serious dreds of thousands read — and there are always papers described with great earnestness my rev- readers who enjoy hearing one scholar call olutionizing invention of instruments which for another a fool all the falsehoods connected three or four decades have been household ap- with my name. As was to be expected, another paratus in every physiological laboratory! onrush of reporters was at my house, and, while I declined every personal interview, all kinds of Misrepresenting Public Speeches threatening remarks on my part were neatly served to the New York readers at their next Can I really be blamed, after experiences of breakfast. And these are only a few sample this kind in my own humble sphere, if I cannot cases of the last three weeks in my personal read any interview or report except with the experience; I could give half a dozen more that underlying feeling that it is probably exagger- occurred in this short time. It has gone on in ated, confused, or altogether invented? It has this way for years. become like a puzzle-picture for me to seek the probable truth hidden in the confusing distor- The "Lying-Machine"-a Newspaper tions. Yet this imaginative play of my friends, Myth the reporters, represents only one side of their gay sport. As long as they seek interviews, you My pleasant experiences have not been con can decline the honor, and, at any rate, you feel fined to this country, for the European papers free from responsibility when the fake inter- have delightfully seconded the wit of the Ameri- views appear. But they also report public can sheets. Once, when I made some psycho- affairs, speeches, and discussions, and in these logical tests on a notorious criminal behind the you cannot escape them. Here also I confine walls of a penitentiary, the reporters in some myself simply to my personal observations. 438 REPORTER THE CASE OF THE The report is a naphazard reproduction in which "Roosevelt Moved to Wrath by a News- the most important point is often left out, the paper Misquotation of Münsterberg most insignificant pushed to the foreground. Last winter I spoke at a New York banquet at Once President Roosevelt was still in the which the list of official speakers contained four- White House — I spoke in the Middle West at a teen well-known names. The next day my large banquet at a gentlemen's club, to which speech was given in full, however much dis- I had been invited to discuss certain features of torted, while all the other speakers were merely American public life. I spoke for nearly two mentioned by name. Their speeches were much hours; some prominent men of the city added a more interesting, at least to mė; but I happened few friendly remarks; and it was late at night to speak before ten o'clock, and at ten the re- when the leading members, in a most jovial porters left the hall. On another occasion 1 mood, accompanied me to my hotel. We all was one of three speakers. The other two had the feeling that the banquet had been a speakers found their orations printed in full; my most successful, harmonious affair. The next speech, which was the longest, was not even morning I was still fast asleep when citizens of mentioned. I heard afterward that the other the East read the startling news of my criminal two had prepared their addresses in writing, while misdemeanor, and the President of the United I had no manuscript. The other day I gave a Phi States sat down to write a letter of indignation. Beta Kappa address, and one of the papers My Boston friends found a life-size portrait of asked me beforehand for a written synopsis of it. me on the first page of their paper, with a chain I had the feeling that I really had a little mess around my neck on which the Declaration of sage, and took the trouble to prepare a serious Independence was hanging. When I came account of my sermon. But it was evidently down to breakfast, telegrams had already not "newsy” enough, for the paper only re- poured in from the Pacific Coast. This is what printed the first meaningless introductory para- had happened: At one point in my address 1 graph and left out the whole point. Yet the said that it was interesting to note that Presi- same paper had room enough in the same num- dent Roosevelt had never quoted the Declaration ber to give a full account of ideas attributed to of Independence; at another point I said that me as to the trapping of bank defaulters by President Roosevelt once made to me a certain psychological methods, a silly story which some observation, referring to an entirely trivial mat- crank devised. ter. The reporters had simply connected these However, as long as the reporters only omit or two facts and put a little ginger into it. They report carelessly, the harm is not great. But had wired over the land that I said in my speech those who have gone through the high school of that President Roosevelt himself told me that reporterdom have acquired a new instinct by the Declaration of Independence was ridiculous. which they see and hear only that which can It was this news with which even the night rest create a sensation, and accordingly their report of the President was interrupted. I never in becomes not only a careless one, but hopelessly my life had to send so many telegrams in one distorted. At a public gathering recently I spoke day as I did in order to correct that mischiev- more than half an hour, and was frequently in- ous report. terrupted by loud expressions of approval. At I might go on with these experiences page the close of my address the president of the or- after page. But my purpose was not to write ganization expressed to me publicly his special reminiscences. I intended only to characterize thanks, and there was long-continued applause. different types of reporting, and these few sam- In the course of my discussion I had made an ples, for which I might substitute scores of insignificant remark about the theory of a well- others from my short American career, may be known man, expressing my disagreement. The sufficient to sketch the psychological situation. next day in the newspapers this least important I have no reason to believe that my experiences feature was presented as the real content of my are exceptional. I have never been on espe- address. In inch-deep headlines the local papers cially bad terms with the reporters, so there brought out, “Professor M. Attacks Mr. X.” has been no reason to hunt me; and I have But that was only the beginning. Those who never been on especially good terms with them, sympathized with Mr. X., and who heard no so there was no reason to keep me in the thing but that I had "attacked” him, reported newspaper limelight. It is true, psychology to their home papers the improved version that appeals to the curiosity of the masses perhaps my speech had been frequently interrupted by a little more than Sanskrit, and because I have hissing, and that at the end the public had written on many subjects the newspapers con- given strong evidence of their disapproval by sider me as "good copy.” But, on the whole, icy silence. my case is probably a typical one. Most of HUGO MUNSTERBERG 439 what is reported about me is distorted, if not not, if he finds daily that the events of to-day untrue. How can I expect that my fellow vic- prove that the reports of yesterday must have tims enjoy a better fate? been incorrect and confused, his whole mental life loses the instinct for exact distinctions. If The Reckless Reporter and the we always moved in the illumination of late Careless Public twilight, the lenses of our eyes would lose their power of accommodation to sharp outlines. Is any one to blame? Certainly not the re- There can be no doubt that lack of accuracy porters. They are doing what the newspapers is one of the most serious faults of our social want. And certainly the newspapers are not to mind. Our entire educational system suffers blame. They are doing what the public wants. from its looseness. Children leave school with- And certainly the public is not to blame, for it out ability to be careful in their spelling and does not take the matter seriously, but simply mental arithmetic. Instead of thoroughness, laughs about this heap of absurdities and gossip, we have only dash, and all practical life is of scandal and misinformation. And yet, is harmed by this carelessness. Can there be any- it really a tolerable situation? Where does it thing more dangerous than this systematic lead us? The newspapers themselves, and their education for inaccuracy by the reading of reporters, must be constantly pushed forward misreporting newspapers? on this downward path. The more the public And, finally, there must result an indifference finds out that most of the news is only half true to accusation which undermines public morality. or quarter true, the stronger must be the sensa If the reader becomes accustomed to see the tions created in order to hold the attention of the sharpest accusations hurled against respectable incredulous reader. The accents must become persons, without any one feeling discomfited louder, the colors more glaring. The language because no one takes it seriously, an ethical of truth is not loud enough: it must be drowned indifference must follow which is a most fertile by the noise of vulgar inventions. The imme- soil for corruption and actual immorality. The diate result is that the individual reporter must work of the social reformer demands sincere become more and more reckless; his boldness criticism, but the important inquiries of the carries the day. He no longer reports events: leading magazines have demonstrated that care- he influences their course by turning the polite ful painstaking work is necessary to make such and moderate speech of a man into insulting criticism valuable and helpful. The haphazard attacks and violent statements, which naturally onslaught of hasty reporters, the sensational dis- provoke heated replies. Instead of being the tortions and grotesque exaggerations of every- chronicler of his time, the reporter becomes, by thing that may serve to stir up the reader, cre- the mere tricks of his trade, a demagogue who ates an atmosphere in which just accusation pushes public opinion in every matter to ex- becomes ineffective. It becomes almost use- tremes. The public which has insisted on dis- less for serious investigators to study seriously regarding the editorials because it wanted to actual social conditions, since the people have form its own opinion on the basis of facts must lost the power to discriminate between serious now see that it is faring much worse: the facts criticism and defamatory gossip. The time has themselves become distorted in a way that come when a reaction must set in, when the makes the reader's own judgment a plaything public must insist on serious, accurate, signifi- of the reporter. cant information, and when the newspapers How does it work on the public? Le roi must stop the reckless reporter. If a complete s'amuse; the public laughs. No one takes the overturning of our newspaper methods should trouble to correct any misstatement: no one take place, the better part of the population defends himself, because every one instinctively would be sincerely happy at getting rid of all feels that his neighbor does not take it seriously. this flimsy fabrication and cheap mass of trivial It is amusing to hear the gossip, and to see news, But the very first necessity is to recog- even one's friends abused, and there can be no nize how badly we are served, and how that harm, as nobody believes any of it. But what for which we are really striving is entirely is the social outcome? The necessary conse- taken out of our reach. A public opinion that quence is a universal state of indifference. The laughingly allows itself to be constantly mis- public becomes indifferent to the really impor- informed cannot be independent. It makes no tant issues. difference whether it is misguided by a few And with this goes an indifference to accuracy great bosses or by ten thousand little reporter and correctness. If the average man is con- bosses. The case of the reporter has not yet stantly reading pages and pages with the feeling found that attention which it deserves in the that the writer does not care whether it was so or fabric of our public life. TRIXIE by Frances A Ludwig Illustrations by W.L Jacobs H IS name was Tom Keeler. Swagger- a frightened quail, Nell, quietly attending to her ing, blatant-mouthed, and hideous own affairs, or Laurene and Marie Elizabeth, of visage, he stood six feet or more. with elevated skirts and tossing heads, it was His thick and powerful neck, ris- all the same: he never lost an opportunity to ing like a rounded column from be- hasten their footsteps by some striking apo- tween his shoulders, told of his great strength, thegm, couched in language vivid or murky, and when he turned his head, the muscles as the humor seized him. As for the men, while rippled over his chest, showing beneath they inwardly ached to pommel him, none of his open-necked blue shirt. It was plain that them cared or dared to run the risk of a hospital his nose had been broken on more than one bed, even in so righteous a cause. occasion, and his left eye was permanently He was retained in the service of the firm closed. His powerful forearms, bared by his despite the complaints of his fellow employees, rolled-up shirt-sleeves, were tattooed in divers probably because the fact that he did the work strange devices. His mouth was a blue-rimmed of three men on one man's pay bore more weight gash, and his speech was a lurid testimony of the than any trifling defect in the morality of his scant respect in which he held both God and speech. He was running the freight elevator, man. His years might have been any between juggling trucks and heavy packing-cases with twenty and thirty; and, so far as being included Sandow-like ease, when Trixie Schwartz came in the free-and-easy fellowship of the shipping- to work with her sister Nell. room went, he was a pariah and an outcast. When Nell entered the shipping-room, one This was not by any means on account of his spring morning, with what appeared at first disfigured face — the shipping-room loved a glance to be a miniature replica of herself in tow, man, and his magnificent physique would easily she excited considerable surprise and interest. have atoned for his lack of beauty. Nor was it Nell had never been communicative about her because of his gruff and surly violence of speech. affairs, and no one could have dreamed from a Girls who spend most of their waking hours glance at her prosaic self that she held in close working side by side with men and boys relationship anything so near a human flower learn not to confuse brusqueness with inso- as Trixie. lence, or comradeship with presumption; and, Nell's manner as she said, with a queer mix- if they are wise, they remain oblivious to many ture of pride and anxiety, “This is my sister small matters that do not greatly count, or Trixie,” made it at once apparent that Trixie concern them. Their reward, if they can do was something exceedingly precious, and was this and still remain womanly, will be a tacit not to be a candidate for the ordeals of initia- acknowledgment of equality and a wholesome tion that awaited each newcomer before he or respect and friendship. But both sides know she could be recognized as a member of “the that there is an undeviating line at which tolera- bunch.” tion will stop the line of decency; and it was Because Nell had been one of “the bunch" across this line that Tom Keeler delighted to for many years, and was greatly loved for her thrust himself. cheerful disposition and wholesome common Whether it was Isabel, scurrying past him like sense, the shipping-room accepted Trixie as 440 *.THIS IS MY SISTER TRIXIE'' something belonging to them, but never once as the eyes, and her skin was a clear white, a healthy being of them, to be subjected to the give-and- pallor. She wore her hair parted, and it rippled take wit and horseplay that prevailed among silkenly down each side of her head until it met themselves. her little ears. Her eyes were the same purplish As for the girl herself, she was a silent person, gray as her sister's; but, while Nell's sparkled observing everything about her with a peculiarly and glowed with every passing emotion, incurious placidity. In stature she was tiny, Trixie's were like April pools, mirrorlike in their shorter than Nell, but without Nell's stocki- placid reflection; and her face was a pearly ness. Her face had the same broadness below sheet of vellum, unwritten upon and unlined. 441 442 TRIXIE now. She sat beside her sister and learned to make Trixie looked her over sympathetically. "I out bills from penciled checks that were stuck would if I could,” she said. “I can't eat any on a spindle before her, accomplishing, silently, place but Gleason's; that's all." enough to enable her to hold her position, and With a comic grimace, Nell gave up — and so contributing, in a small way, to the wage- was docked the half-hour's extra time that it earning force of the Schwartz family. took to pay the bill. As Nell lamented to Isabel, “I held out as Laurene walked away with Isabel. “It's long as I could, but she would have it.” (Isabel good she isn't my sister,” she said, snapping the knew that “she” was Nell's mother.) “They've last catch of her glove. “I'd see myself further raised our rent again, and everything's so dear before I'd give in to her the way Nell does.” Ma needs Emma, and she ain't quick “Maybe you wouldn't,” returned Isabel, “if like, anyhow; and Tina's got to go to school a you was Nell.” couple of years yet; so there was only Trixie left, and she had to come.” She sighed. "T As far as Nell knew, Tom Keeler had never hope it don't killl her down here,” she mut- seen her sister. The freight elevator was some tered, with a sidelong glance at her sister's distance behind the shipping-room, and there little figure. “She ain't strong like me." had been no occasion for their meeting. There- But Trixie made no complaint. She ac- fore, when there was placed on Trixie's desk, one cepted the new life with neutral placidity. She morning, carefully weighted for identification answered when she was addressed, smiled occa- with her paper-weight and her ink-well, a pure sionally at some antics of the bundle boys, her white rose, half-blown, Nell had no possible manner neither inviting nor repelling. She be- reason for connecting Tom Keeler with the of- came to them, after a time, as impersonal as a fering. Trixie's face was as unconscious as beautiful decoration might have been some- usual as she pinned the flower on the bosom thing to look at that excited exquisite but en- of her dress; but, had she chosen to relate an tirely dispassionate pleasure. incident of the day before, Nell might have But beneath this fair exterior lay the stub- guessed the donor. bornness of a narrow, undeveloped nature that But Nell never knew the beginning of the had never been crossed. Isabel and Laurene strange attraction between her sister and Tom came upon the sisters one noon. Nell was ar- Keeler, for Trixie never told. guing in a pleading tone of voice. Laurene It came in this wise. The day before the rose paused, ostensibly to draw on her gloves, but was given to her, Trixie had gone to another really to listen. Nell glanced toward her, and part of the store to look up an incorrectly fig- a twinkle of amusement came into her eyes. ured check -- her initial move alone. The "See, Trixie,” Nell coaxed. “What's good clerk who made the error was in a part of the enough for them ought to be good enough for us, store separated from the shipping-room by an this once. They're going to Sippler's" (men- alley. In her ignorance of location, Trixie had tioning the nearest lunch-room). “Gleason's is attempted to cross behind the shipping-room so far, and if I don't pay the gas bill this noon instead of going through the store. It had it'll be shut off. Come like a good girl.” rained heavily the night before, and down the Trixie shook her head. “You can smell the middle of the alley swirled a stream of muddy cookin' at Sippler's; I ain't goin' there.” water. As she stood, a hesitating little figure, “Don't be silly,” expostulated Nell. “You Tom Keeler, lounging near the entrance, saw can stand it this once. I got to pay that bill to- her. Actuated by some impulse of deviltry,- day." expecting, probably, to frighten her, or at least Trixie wrinkled up her little nose fastidiously. to have her struggle and protest,- he swooped “I don't like the smells at Sippler's. I don't down upon her, picked her up roughly in his like the waiters, neither.” arms, and carried her across the wet. “Then you'll have to go alone,” declared It surely was not deviltry that actuated Nell. “I won't have time to go to Gleason's Trixie. Not being given to introspection, she and then pay that bill.” never tried to fathom her impulse; but, as he A faint smile dawned on Trixie's face; she stooped to let her down, she laid her lips, soft seemed to be listening to far-away music. “All and cool as the pink of a Killarney rose, against right,” she acquiesced. She knew that nothing his cheek. would have induced Nell to let her go unaccom The man clapped his hand to his cheek, and panied to a lunch-room. stood looking after her in a dazed fashion, a flush “You're the limit,” cried her sister, exasper- slowly rising to his face. Several youngsters ated. “Why can't you do as I want, this who had witnessed the incident began to snicker once?” audibly. He swung round and covered them FRANCES A. LUDWIG 443 with his glance; and they remembered, suddenly, her idol without choking. Trixie and Tom that they were not paid for being idle. Keeler! — a man who was a breathing portrayal The morning after the gift of the rose, there of everything bad. It was monstrous, horrible! came a waxen gardenia with its glossy leaves; “Trixie,” Nell would plead, “it ain't right for and each day brought its offering. Sometimes a little girl like you to talk to a man like him. it was fruit — a choice orange or a pear; some- It ain't safe; he might hurt you.” times a flower: and always the flower was white, "How?” Trixie would demand, raising her and as perfect in form as could be found in the pellucid eyes to her sister's face. shops. Whoever would have suspected Tom “He'll — he'll say things that you hadn't Keeler of estheticism? ought to hear," Nell would declare lamely. As the days went on and Trixie continued to "l've heard him talk — awful.” take the gifts as a matter of course, Nell became "I never did," Trixie would answer. curious regarding their source. She observed, “What do you see in him?” cried Nell, one also, that Trixie took more interest in her duties. afternoon, after Trixie had stolen away, and re- She often went to the stationery supply room in turned contentedly munching a pear. "His face the morning, sometimes she would try pen after is enough to scare you; how can you look at him?" pen complainingly, and would be obliged to go “He's so strong," answered Trixie. “He can upstairs for more during the day. Nell was lift me with one hand.” pleased to see her less apathetic, but was slightly "Has he ever touched you?” moaned Nell. apprehensive. It was not like Trixie to want “Oh, how can you to do things for herself. The solution came Trixie went on unheeding, answering Nell's with overpowering suddenness. One day a criticism of Keeler's looks. “And he's going to wagon-boy stopped by her desk and inquired: have his eye fixed — the one that's out - and "What 'r' y' lettin' Trixie ride in th' freight maybe his nose, too,” she added pensively. elevator with Tom Keeler fer?" Each day brought the offerings, and each day "Wha-a-t!" gasped Nell. Trixie found some pretext on which to speak to "Sure she does,” declared the boy. “I seen Tom Keeler, Nell could only silently endure, and her in the mornin's w'en she goes up after the the strain of it told. She became irritable, and bill-heads. It's bim gives her them flowers.” her smiling good nature was a thing of the past. Nell dropped her pen and hurried out in the The months passed, and it came time for aisle back of the shipping-room. She was just Nell's vacation. Trixie was not entitled to one. in time to see the ponderous corrugated-iron Nell offered to let her sister have the benefit of door of the freight elevator glide slowly up, and the week's rest; but Trixie refused. Frantic Trixie trip out, a smile on her face, and under at the thought of leaving Trixie unguarded for a her arm the day's supply of stationery. week, Nell stayed at work during the long, sti- "Trixie Schwartz!” said Nell in an awful fling summer, without a day's rest. voice. The confinement in the dirt-floored room Trixie turned her innocent gaze upon her. began to tell. The frail body of the younger "What's the matter?" she inquired. girl became frailer still; and during the autumn, “Are — are you crazy?” demanded Nell. when the place, half heated in the morning, be- "Ridin' in the freight elevator! Do you know came stifling at mid-afternoon, blue veins began what kind of a man he is?” to show at her temples and smeary shadows “You hurt my arm,” complained Trixie. came beneath her purple eyes. It was about Nell shook her in exasperation. “Don't you this time that she announced to Nell that there- know he's a bad man a regular tough! How after she proposed to bring her luncheon and eat long have you been doin' this? Do you want it at the store. people here to — to talk about you?” "I'm afraid you can't stand cold lunches,” Trixie surveyed her calmly. “He's good to said Nell doubtfully. me and I like him. Let go my arm.” Her demur was of no avail, and then she dis- Nell choked. “Don't you ever dare go near covered that Trixie's object was to spend the him again. Never! He's a bad man, I tell you time left of her luncheon hour in the company of an awful bad man." Tom Keeler, sitting on a packing-box in one “Shall if I want," said Trixie, unmoved. corner of the elevator while he carried the Days of torture followed for Nell, for Trixie freight up and down. would not promise not to see Tom Keeler. Nell voiced her protests to him, this time, in "He's good to me and I like him," she would unflattering language. say with parrotlike reiteration. And good to He leaned his great frame against the iron- her Tom Keeler was, indeed. Nevertheless, work of the elevator as she talked, her face Nell could not think of him in connection with flushed and her eyes sparkling with anger — 444 TRIXIE come. something unusual for Nell. When she pavsed, "You're just selfish that's what you are. he spoke, slowly bringing one fist down into Just as selfish as you can be; so there!". the palm of his other hand. Nell opened her lips to answer, stared at her "Look here; I ain't holdin' Trixie. I want sister for a minute; then went to work, very you t know that. She comes of her own free thoughtfully. It had struck her that there will. It's up to her, not me." might be a modicum of truth in Trixie's words. “Trixie!” cried Nell, in despair. "I can't do All that afternoon, as she watched the flush nothin' with Trixie. No one can.” slowly rising in her sister's cheeks, the words With a half-malicious grin, he stepped inside haunted her. Was she selfish? She smelled the elevator, gave the doors a push, jerked the the fragrance of the violets in the stuffy room; rope, and Nell was left facing empty space. She they were pinned upon Trixie's breast, and rose returned to her desk, and, bowing her head upon and fell with her breathing -- all too quickly, it, wept, openly and without shame. Nell noticed, with a pang. Was she selfish? Midwinter came. Trixie contracted a heavy The thought came to her again that night as cold, and was obliged to stay at home for several she lay beside her sister — and sleep would not weeks. When she came back to work she was Trixie had gone to bed in offended si- more warmly clad; but Nell, who had been lence, without her accustomed “Good night." waiting for the after-Christmas drop in prices Demonstrations of affection were rare in the to buy herself a heavy coat, went without. Schwartz family. Nell could not remember that Now the younger girl's pallor began to take she had kissed her sister since the years of her on an unhealthy waxen tint in the morning, babyhood — but she might have said good night. which changed during the long afternoon to a Nell lay for a long time, thinking. Trixie flush, flaming scarlet between the rush hours tossed out her little hands and muttered in her of five and six o'clock. It was not the pink sleep. Nell touched one of them, and felt that of health a flush upon the face of Trixie it was hot. After a while she rose and lit the Schwartz was an incongruity; it was like a gas, turning it low. smear of dye upon an Easter lily. She rummaged in a drawer of her dresser, and One morning she found upon her desk a little brought out a small photograph. It was of bunch of snow-white violets, and beside them Trixie, taken when she was five years old. How stood — oh, loathsome contrast! a bottle of well Nell remembered the day! She laid the cod-liver oil. She sniffed the nauseous stuff picture down beside the face on the pillow and and made a wry little face. compared the two. Trixie's curls, in the pic- “He says I must take it,” she said, in answer ture, were little fluffy spirals of black, jutting to Nell's look of inquiry. "He says it'll be good from her head in irregular profusion; they were He says” — she hesitated a little - no softer than Trixie's hair to-day. The eyes " he says I mustn't go out there any more. He were the same, crystal clear, yet fathomless; and says it's too drafty for me.” though the face in the picture was round and full Jealous anger, keen as a knife-blade, struck and the one on the pillow was thin and pointed, at Nell's heart. She had known that Trixie was over both was drawn the mystic veil of some- not well; she had urged upon her various nos- thing unawakened, something dormant. trums; she had warned her against the drafty Nell put out the gas and climbed back into elevator. Her voice trembled as she answered: bed, hugging the picture to her breast. Her “Let your own people do for you — let me do mind went back to the day when her mother, for you. You don't have to take such things harassed, overburdened, and weary, had placed from strangers.” the baby in her eager arms, with the solemn as- "He's no stranger," muttered Trixie. “I surance that the little one was hers — to keep. ought to know him well enough by this time.” From that hour the child had been the sole Nell turned on her, losing control of herself. passion of Nell's hard and colorless life. She “You know a man like him a little innocent had learned to sew, that Trixie's clothes might girl like you!” be of good material and well fitting; she had “What do you know about him?” cried taken scrupulous care of her person; and, as the Trixie, goaded to retort. girls grew older, Nell, who was ten years Trixie's “I know all I want to, from his face,” de- senior, had guarded her jealously from all that clared Nell. was unlovely in their lives. She wondered if "I guess you didn't see his face very lately,” she had been wise, for Trixie was prodigiously cried Trixie, with unusual agitation. "He's ignorant of things the knowledge of which had had his eye fixed -- you wouldn't know him." come to Nell as a matter of course. For the Nell smiled scornfully. Trixie saw it, and first time she realized that Trixie, as a woman, added, on the verge of tears: might need what she could not give her. for me. ---... - HL Jacobs NELL LAID THE PICTURE DOWN BESIDE THE FACE ON THE PILLOW AND COMPARED THE TWO" Had it been any one but Tom Keeler, Nell “Oh, about things he's seen ships and thought, she could have become reconciled. fishes — and queer things.” She threshed about on her bed, coming to no Nell laughed. “You — baby!” she said, and decision. Nothing was to be gained by oppos- fell asleep, half comforted, her arms around her ing Trixie; neither could she be persuaded sister. that was clear. Nell chilled at the thought of a serious quarrel with her sister; that must be Nell tried faithfully to hold to her resolution, avoided at all events. So she determined to and succeeded, as far as any outward manifesta- make no further objection to Keeler's atten- tions were concerned. But her whole mind was tions, so long as they were not shown outside of occupied with her intense resentment against the the store. influence of the man and her dislike of his per- She smoothed back her sister's hair from sonality, so that any hint of appeal in Trixie's the wide forehead, then shook her gently. voice, when she spoke of him, was lost upon her. “Trixie,” she breathed; then, louder, “Trixie, The younger girl came tripping in, one day, Trixie!” her eyes shining like stars. She was restless for The younger girl's eyes opened and she smiled some time, glancing at Nell a little dubiously, as sleepily. if estimating what would be her supreme effort "I didn't mean to be selfish,” said Nell, with at combativeness. Finally she said, with the a break in her voice. “Say good night — and I veriest trifle of apprehension: won't say anything mean again. Just one "Nell, he's going to take me to a show to- thing — tell me one thing. Has he ever – did night!” he ever tell you he loved you?” Nell swallowed convulsively and her face Trixie smiled amusedly. “Oh, no,” she an- grew gray. "No, Trixie,” she said constrain- swered, without the slightest trace of embar- edly. “No; you mustn't go.” rassment. Trixie burst out: “You've gone to the theater “What does he talk about?” asked Nell dozens to my once. I want to go. He's always deprecatingly. been good to me; why shouldn't I go?” "He tells me stories,” yawned Trixie. All her fear and dislike rose in Nell, and she “What kind of stories!" – sharply. forgot everything else. 445 446 TRIXIE up after “You know why; I've told you often. You this time, but a shining pink. Then he stood can't go with him — never!” regarding her firmly. Trixie started to speak, then slipped from Up through the tainted air about them the her chair and scudded out of the shipping-room. blossoms sent their fragrant appeal. For a With a set face, Nell followed her. minute Nell saw them lying in her sister's lap — She faced Tom Keeler. “You can't take saw her listless eyes brighten and her delicate Trixie to any theater,” she said, controlling her nostrils widen rapturously to inhale their per- voice with difficulty. “You ought-a know fume. Only for a minute; then, with a quick that.” He loomed before her, huge and, to her, revulsion of feeling, the hateful personality of menacing. “I wouldn't let her go with you Tom Keeler was all dominant. She picked up not — not to save her life!” the flowers and flung them into the waste- He flushed slowly. “Do you think I'd hurt basket at her side. her?” he asked, half curiously,– "hurt Trixie?” His face darkened and he laid his clenched “No,” flashed Nell. “You'll never get the fist down on her desk ponderously; but he chance." spoke with great restraint: He spoke tensely: "I'll come “Aw, what's eatin' you? Can't you let her Trixie, and if she wants to go with me, you not have the flowers? Will they hurt her?” all hell sha'n't stop her." He regarded her Nell gazed stonily ahead of her, wiped and sternly. “Don't you know I could've took her put away her pen, picked up her gloves and and you not know it? Don't you suppose she'd pocket-book, and quitted the room in silence. have slipped out an' met me - if I'd 'a' told Tom Keeler watched her angrily, glanced her to?" around defiantly, then strode away. The certainty with which he spoke added As Isabel was leaving a few minutes later, he fuel to Nell's anger. It utterly overbalanced stepped out of the shadows by the employees' the evidence of his straightforward method. door, and greeted her. “We'll see,” she said furiously. “Come, “Miss Cartwright,” he said awkwardly, “I Trixie." wanted to ask you something. D’you know if she's got it — for sure?” Next morning the bill clerk's desk was empty. There was no need of greater explicitness; A day later Nell came to work, worn and miser- Isabel understood. able. Bit by bit, her trouble overcame her “I -- 1 think -- yes, I'm afraid it is,” she natural reticence, and Isabel learned the story. faltered. “He came for her,” Nell said, “and I wouldn't They stopped in the shadow of the building. let her go. I told Ma about it; I told her lies "And they can't do nothin' for her? They anything — till she was scared to let Trixie go. can't send her away?” Trixie fought to go, and finally - I said I'd tele Isabel silently shook her head. phone the police station. It was only a bluff, “But she might have what I could give her," I didn't know as I could do anything, but he muttered. “Can't you fix it up some way, Trixie she had a sort of a spell, a spasm, and — Miss Cartwright - you and Miss - the other what do you call it when they bleed at the one some way so she can have the flowers mouth?” and things she needs? Some way so Nell won't "A hemorrhage?" prompted Isabel, horrified. know they come from me?" “Yes; she had that. Then I carried her and Isabel surveyed him silently. It came to put her to bed I wouldn't let him touch her her that Tom Keeler's expenditures on Trixie or send for a doctor or anything — and so he must have meant denying himself consider- went away then.” ably. She had a sudden feeling of sympathy "He never said nothin' all the time; only for him. stood waitin' for her to come.” "I'll try," she promised. "I'll see Laurene." "He'll wait a long time now.” There was vin "I wish you would, Miss Cartwright. She'd dictive misery in Nell's voice. “The doctor says ought t' have 'em, you know. I'm much she can't come to work again this winter." obliged. Good night." Tom Keeler paced glumly up and down, when Isabel drew a long breath. And this was he was not busy, but no one vouchsafed him any Tom Keeler! news of Trixie. The sympathy of her desk Laurene's fertile brain had no difficulty in mates was with Nell. After some weeks of creating an admirer of benevolent tendencies waiting lonesome weeks they must have who kept a florist's shop, while the fruits and been for him he walked into the shipping- other little luxuries were mentioned as acci- room one day, near closing time, and placed dental bargains: chance gifts in a friendly spirit upon Nell's desk a sheaf of rosebuds, not white from various members of the shipping-room. - lacobe " THAT NIGHT HE PACED THE FLOOR FOR HOURS WITH TRIXIE IN HIS ARMS" Nell was in such a state of agitation and worry for bringin' her here — I never ought 'a' done that it was not hard to deceive her. it. Then she'd 'a' never seen him.” The winter passed, and spring came again; “Don't she ever mention him?" asked Isabel. but Trixie was no better. "No." Nell's face worked, and she said “She gets weaker every day,” breathed Nell, tensely: “But she wants him. I know she in quiet agony, to Isabel. “And it's my fault wants him -- and she knows I know it; that's 447 448 TRIXIE “Y' see why she won't say anything. She's waitin' for He looked down at it. “Thanks, Miss Cart- me to give in and ask her. And I've got to do wright,” he said. it – I've got to do it - it ain't for long, now. “She looked beautiful — Trixie,” said Isabel And she told me once I was selfish,” she added softly. “And Nell said to thank you for those miserably. "Maybe I am." flowers. They were the prettiest ones there." The next day she went to Keeler. Looking “Poor Nell!” commented the man. “When past him, she said, as if repeating a lesson: she comes back I won't be here, so there'll be "I asked Trixie if she wanted to see you, and nothing to make her — think about it. I'm she said she did. She — can't walk any more; going away." it's hard for her to breathe; and she wants you “You are?” — to carry her.” “Yes." He stood, still looking at the flower. Tom Keeler understood. There was no ani- - I never thought it made any differ- mosity in the glance he gave her — rather pity, ence to anybody but myself — what I was. had she cared to read it. "I'll come,” he promised. didn't have to be a tough, Miss Cartwright. That night he paced the floor for hours, I wanted to be; I didn't care." Trixie in his arms, until she slept; then he laid He smiled a little, and slowly raised one bared her gently down, and turned to go. "When- arm. The muscles swelled into a solid bunch, ever she wants me, let me know," he said. sliding back into place as he lowered it again. And so a truce was cried. After that Keeler “You don't know — bein' a girl, Miss. Cart- spent the greater part of his spare hours with wright - what it is to feel your strength: Trixie, walking up and down with her in his t' know that you can always lick the other fellow; arms when she could not sleep. He told her t' feel that you can talk and act as you please – stories, pages from his own experience, care- that there ain't nobody big enough to make you fully expurgated, and hazy as to detail — his eat your words; that, so long as you've got your vocabulary a queer struggle between refined strength t' earn you a livin', you can shake your diction and the speech common to the life he fist under any man's nose and tell him to go had lived. Nell listened, glad when she saw the to blazes if he don't like what you do." peace in Trixie's face; and gradually, very grad "No," said Isabel, fascinated; “I don't ually, he became no longer hateful in her eyes. know.” Then, one night, when he had carried Trixie He sighed. “That's it; it goes to a man's a long time before she seemed to sleep, he laid head. I come from good people. I had a her down, looked up, and something in his face chance. I didn't care; I could live as I wanted startled Nell. In a second she was at his side; - it made no difference to any one but me.” then she knelt down beside the bed, threw her His face clouded. “But, y' see,” he went on arms across the foot of it, and bowed her head laboriously, “y' see, Miss Cartwright, it did without a sound. He drew back and started to make a difference. If I hadn't been a bum and leave the room. She lifted her head and threw had to work for a hustler's pay, I could 'a' took out her hands to him in a gesture of appeal. her away some place and she'd 'a' got well. She It was the cry of a strong nature, crushed liked me because I was so big and strong, and and bleeding; its instinct to grope blindly for I liked her — because she liked me just as I was. strength somewhere, somehow, when shorn of Maybe it was because she was such a kid - she its own. Again Tom Keeler understood. He didn't know the difference; but” — his voice came and knelt beside her, and took her two softened and he spoke half to himself -- "she'd helpless, fluttering hands tight in his own. 'a' been a woman some day — and I could 'a' waited.” The next morning he was at his work, quiet He held the rose in his hand, slowly weighing and impassive. He stopped Isabel as she was it up and down. leaving the store. “And so I'm going away and make a fresh "You're going out there, Miss Cartwright? start. I'm only twenty-four, and maybe — I thought so. I'm not going. I want you to maybe it'll come my way to — to help some take this —” He put in her hand the envelop other girl.” He smiled whimsically. "And if containing his week's wages. “Get some flow- that time ever comes I'm goin' to be different ers. Get white roses, little white roses - get from what I am now; I'm goin' t' do that much 'em loose in a big bunch; that's all." for the sake of Trixie." When everything was over, Isabel sought him. Again he weighed the rose gently in his hand. He stood, in his dirt-stained overalls and blue “It's like her, ain't it, Miss Cartwright?” he shirt, a gigantic figure against the blackness of said huskily. “It's just like Trixie.” the freight elevator. Silently she laid a perfect And as she turned away Isabel saw him brush white rosebud in one of his grimy hands. his hand across his eyes. A MORMON HOME IN SOUTHERN UTAH THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY BY BURTON J. HENDRICK AUTHOR OF "GOVERNOR HUGHES AND THE ALBANY GANG,'' ETC. N EARLY all visitors to Salt Lake the pin drop in the Tabernacle, listening to the City are impressed and gratified story of the forty years' building of the Temple by the attention shown them by and the explanations why Gentiles could never the Mormon people. Special mid- enter it,- he turned abruptly upon his guide day recitals on the justly famed and asked the inevitable question — Whether Tabernacle organ are given for their benefit, and the Mormon Church had really abandoned intelligent guides are provided to escort them polygamy? over the Temple grounds. The guide in this case was an especially well- A few years ago, two men, one a well-known bred and attractive young woman. She spoke resident of Salt Lake City, the other a clergyman excellent English, displayed the most intimate from the East, were making this tour of inspec- knowledge of Mormon history and doctrine, and tion. The Easterner was extremely interested in explained the whole subject clearly, simply, and the Mormon question, and especially in polyg- with an almost convincing enthusiasm. Nor amy. Like most people outside of Utah, he had was she at all embarrassed when the clergy man believed that this peculiar institution was a thing abruptly asked about polygamy. of the past; that it could not possibly endure in She gave the usual explanation: that God, the face of modern education and encroaching through Joseph Smith, had commanded the civilization. After enjoying the usual diver- saints to practise plural marriage: and that sions provided for Gentile visitors, --hearing God, through Wilford Woodruff, in 1890, had 449 450 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY commanded them to give it up. All devout belief in the principle to which she owed her Mormons, she continued, still believed in own existence. She represented well that type of polygamy as a divine principle, but the church Mormon woman — a type that the non-Mormon no longer tolerated its practice. Perhaps there mind has never understood — which readily were a few old people still living in plural mar- accepts polygamy as the ultimate testimony of riage, who had entered that relation prior to faith. As the average Christian sees it, this 1890, but no plural marriages had taken place order of marriage means, for the polygamous since the manifesto. wife, the destruction of all happiness upon this The Eastern clergyman was much impressed. earth; it calls for the fullest measure of self- "You needn't tell me,” he said to his friend, sacrifice. That is precisely the reason why after this guide had left them, “that your situa- polygamy appeals so strongly to certain fanati- tion here is so hopeless. Look at that beautiful cal natures among the Mormon women. It young woman! If she is a product of Mormon- represents the “giving of all” the abandon- ism, then Mormonism can't be so very bad. ment, at the command of God, of earthly pleas- Polygamy certainly can't live long with such ures and satisfactions to advance the kingdom splendid girls as that growing up in the Mormon of heaven. These women believe unquestion- Church.” ingly that Joseph Smith was a prophet of God; The Salt Lake Gentile looked at him quiz- that God, through him, commanded the practice zically. “I heard you ask her name,” he replied of plural marriage--and who are they, that they quietly. “What name did she give you?" should question the wisdom of the Almighty? “Clarice Thatcher.” In the latter part of 1902 the fact became “I thought so. I suppose you would be sur- public property that Clarice Thatcher had en- prised if I told you that Clarice Thatcher is tered the celestial order. People obtained the herself a plural wife earliest intimations of it when a white hearse, “What?” containing the dead body of the first baby of "Oh, yes; everybody in Salt Lake knows it; Miss Thatcher and Henry S. Tanner, her polyg- the papers have been full of it. In the year amous husband, passed through the streets of 1901 she married Henry S. Tanner, a Mormon Salt Lake City. Like his plural wife, Tanner home missionary, who already had at least one belonged to the higher social classes. At the wife living and undivorced. This was eleven time of his polygamous marriage he was thirty- years after President Woodruff had issued the two years of age, a graduate of the Brigham manifesto.” Young University at Provo, and of the law school Indeed, this Thatcher episode is an excellent (class of 1899) of the University of Michigan. illustration of modern polygamy in the Mormon Neither Tanner nor his plural wife has suffered Church. It brings out clearly the social and the slightest social or ecclesiastical penalties for ecclesiastical status of those who are now enter- their act. Clarice Thatcher now lives quietly ing into the relation, and the extremes to which in the Cannon ward of Salt Lake City, has at they will go to conceal the facts, especially from least one child, -- who calls her “auntie,” — and, Easterners. Clarice Thatcher was a member of with her husband, enjoys the privileges of the one of the richest and most prominent families church and is closely identified with its work. in Utah. Her father, Moses Thatcher, was an Tanner himself has prospered temporally, and especially fine product of Mormonism - one has become identified, unquestionably through of the few intelligent, cultured, broad-minded ecclesiastical influence, with church land schemes. men in the church. Although a devout Mor- mon,- a polygamist with three wives,— Moses The Younger Generation and Polygamy Thatcher had won national distinction for him- self in 1896 by openly making a fight against the This interesting couple are representative of domination of the Mormon Church in politics; the "younger generation”; they have experi- had stood for the United States senatorship in enced the influence of that modern education defiance of his own quorum; and, for this act, which, it is generally believed, has sounded the had been deposed from the apostleship. This death-knell of Mormon polygamy. In fact, independent spirit, as well as his personal charm, there are many influences that make the alle- had endeared Moses Thatcher to the non- giance of the younger generation stronger than Mormon population of Utah. His favorite that of the old. His favorite that of the old. Their mothers and grand- child, Clarice, inherited his qualities of mind and mothers had many early prejudices to overcome; character, as well as his unquestioning devotion polygamy ran counter to their whole religious to the Mormon faith. She was a polygamous and moral training; it was something new, child, the daughter of Thatcher's third wife, and, strange, and essentially abhorrent. With the like most polygamous children, had a fanatical present generation, however, this institution BURTON J. HENDRICK 451 appears quite in the normal order of things. Apostles Opposed to the Manifesto They have been familiar with it from their earliest days. As small children, in the Sun When the Mormon Church, in 1890, officially day school, they have been taught the divin- abandoned polygamy, the impression was con- ity of plural marriage; God himself, and Jesus veyed that the leading authorities were unani- Christ, have been constantly pictured to them mously in favor of this action. This, however, as polygamists. Even though the church has was not the case. In the inner circles of the ostensibly given up the practice, it has never, apostolate there was a faction bitterly opposed even ostensibly, abandoned its belief in the to the revelation. The president of the church principle. It constantly upholds as models to who preceded Wilford Woodruff was John Tay- its growing children men who, almost without lor, a man who had consistently refused to yield exception, are, or have been, polygamists. As on this important point. In Taylor's mind late as 1905 the Mormons used the public the mere suggestion of giving up this cardinal schools of Utah, supported by public taxation, tenet of the Mormon faith could come only from for teaching the principles of Mormonism. one source — the devil himself. The men who Here, under Mormon public-school teachers, the were advocating it, in his eyes, were merely the children studied the lives of such men as emissaries of Satan. It was not until Taylor's Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, John Tay- death, in 1887, that the possibility of changing lor, Lorenzo Snow, Joseph F. Smith, John W. the official attitude on this point gained any Taylor, George Teasdale — all polygamists. headway. In 1890, though Taylor was dead, The church still openly teaches polygamy as his influence was still felt in the apostles' orthodox Mormon doctrine. It derives its au- quorum, the ecclesiastical body that rules the thority for the principle from the revelation given church. Among the older members who still to Joseph Smith in 1843. This is the longest rev- upheld Taylor's attitude were Joseph F. Smith, elation in the “Doctrine and Covenants,” the Marriner W. Merrill, Brigham Young, Jr., and book which is the canonical theological work of George Teasdale. Merrill was probably the the Mormon Church. In spite of the fact that most influential Mormon in the northern part of the church has officially given up polygamy, it Utah. He deserves a special niche in the Mor- has never taken the revelation out of this vol- mon calendar of saints for his devotion to the ume. On the other hand, it has never included new and everlasting covenant. With him po- in this work the Woodruff manifesto.* There are lygamy was a lifelong conviction. He always many books of Mormon theology still circulated, asserted that, when he was a boy of nine, - and still purchasable at authorized Mormon years before he had ever heard of Joseph Smith book-shops, which uphold in the strongest pos- or the Mormons,— God had revealed to him in sible terms the doctrine of polygamy. a vision the principle of plural marriage. Mer- A factor that is even more powerful in per- rill clearly acted upon this belief, for at the time petuating the practice is that so large a propor- of his death, in .1907, he had seven wives, forty- tion of these younger Mormons are themselves five children, and one hundred and twenty- polygamous children. They cannot dishonor seven grandchildren. From the first he did not the institution without dishonoring their own pay the slightest attention to the manifesto; fathers and mothers, and placing a bar sin- indeed, he evidently regarded it as his highest ister upon their own birth. “Not to admit the duty to ignore it. In March, 1891 — about six purity of polygamy,” one prominent Mormon months after President Woodruff's declaration said to the writer, “is to pin the scarlet letter - Apostle Merrill himself performed the mar- on my own mother's breast, and I will never riage which united his son, Charles E. Merrill, do that.” The polygamous wives of the older in polygamous marriage, to Chloe Hendricks.† generation have the same personal interest in Afterward Apostle Merrill further showed his upholding the principle. Many of these women contempt of the manifesto by taking a new have encouraged their daughters to become plural wife himself. I plural wives because only in this way can they Brigham Young evidently felt a personal re- justify their own lives. “Polygamy was good sponsibility as the son of the great Brigham, enough for me; is it not good enough for my whose whole life had been spent in battling for the daughter?" — this just about represents the cause of polygamy. The Woodruff declaration, attitude of many of these women. + Charles E. Merrill admitted this himself, in his testimony before The fact that this revelation had not been published in the the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections in 1904; “Doctrine and Covenants" was made much of by those opposing Q. Who married you in 1891 (to Chloe Hendricks] ? Reed Smoot's election to the Senate. To meet these criticisms it is Merrill. My father. now printed in the last two pages of the volume that contains the Q. Was your father then an apostle ? “Doctrine and Covenants." It is not included among the revela. Merrill. Yes, sir. tions, however, but is printed as an "official declaration," after the I"To these cases (of new polvgamists]," said the Senate Com- Appendix, Index, and Concordance. It is hardly necessary to insist mittee report in the Smoot case in 1906, must be added that of that this does not make the manifesto part of the revelations. Marriner W. Merrill, another apostle." 452 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY in the eyes of the younger Brigham, was nothing greatness. When he grew older, he developed less than treason to his father's memory. Ex- marked power as a preacher in the mission field. ternally he suggested little of the religious bigot. "Many times, when standing before a congrega- He was a heavy man, fat, sensual, good-natured; tion," writes an admirer, “his countenance was among Gentiles he was not unpopular. On resplendent with the light and inspiration of the only one subject did Young have any enthu- Holy Ghost." With his thin, ascetic face and siastic convictions, and that was polygamy. dark, deep-sunken eyes, - eyes in which there How many times he himself had married no one appears almost an insane gleam of fanaticism,- now pretends to know. During the late eighties Taylor certainly seems to have been set apart” he spent most of his time running away from to lead the fight in this new crusade. He carries United States marshals; on one occasion, while his belief in the Old Testament order to ex- the officers of the law were close on his trail over tremes. He eventually became the husband the hills of Arizona, he paused long enough to of five wives, but he has a Mosaic horror of marry a new polygamous wife. Brigham's as- eating pork. sociate in the apostles' quorum, George Teasdale, Taylor could hardly have found a more sym- likewise tenaciously held to plural marriage. pathetic companion and fellow apostle than Teasdale, a little wrinkled figure in ill-fitting, Matthias F. Cowley. No character is better slovenly clothes, crabbedly bending over the known in all the Stakes of Zion. For years account-books in the tithing office at Nephi, in Cowley was called the "traveling apostle"; he his spare moments everlastingly scribbling away went tirelessly from place to place, preaching, at a mysterious diary — this is the indelible pic- exhorting, converting, blessing, marrying ture that Utah retains of this eccentric charac- working night and day for the advancement of ter. Teasdale was an Englishman; in his early 'the Mormon cause. Cowley has always re- life he had practised the trade of an uphol- fused to accept the manifesto as the word of sterer, and, in the early fifties, while working at God; had the saints only persisted, God, he his bench, he first heard of Mormonism from believes, would long since have brought them an itinerant missionary and became a convert. victory. At a meeting in the Logan Taber- For several years he remained in England, an nacle, in January, 1901, Cowley voiced these indefatigable distributor of Mormon tracts, and opinions: even a writer of them — his “Glad Tidings of Great Joy” is still largely circulated in the None of the revelations of the prophets, either past mission field. In 1882, God, by direct revelation or present, have been repealed. ::. If you have a teacher in the Sunday schools who would encourage to President John Taylor, called Teasdale to be the young to disregard or disrespect a single doctrine an apostle of the church. of the church — plural marriage and all — turn them out; they have no right in the priesthood. Parents, Apostles Taylor and Cowley Youthful you must teach the whole doctrine to your children, or they will apostatize and be damned. . These Fanatics on Plural Marriage revelations received by our prophets and seers are all of God, and we cannot repeal or disannul them with- These older zealots found loyal support in out making God out a liar, and God cannot lie. several younger members of the apostolate, I wish to remind you of a certain revelation given particularly John W. Taylor, Matthias F. Cow you through President Taylor. The command was particularly John W. Taylor, Matthias F. Cow- given to set our quorums and houses in order, and ley, and Abraham Owen Woodruff. Taylor and the promise was that if we should obey the command Cowley, inseparable friends from boyhood, were God would fight our battles for us; but we did not firebrands in the cause of polygamy. They obey the command, so God did not fight our battles for us. If we had obeyed that command were little more than thirty years old when the given through President Taylor there would have Mormon Church issued the Woodruff mani- been no manifesto. festo. The act was a terrible blow to their youthful missionary zeal. Taylor was a son of Mormons Have Dreams and Visions on President John Taylor, and proved worthy of the Resumption of Polygamy his father's teachings. As a child he gave such evidences of spirituality that a Mormon sister, These irreconcilables now joined forces with one speaking "in tongues,' ,'* prophesied that he purpose in view — to defeat the Woodruff revela- would some day become an apostle. While tion, to restore plural marriage, and to bring back working at his trade in his father's sawmill, the pristine greatness of Zion. They could accom- young Taylor had visions that foretold a similar plish this end in only one way. In 1890, when the manifesto was issued, many of the fathers * The Mormons still practise this peculiar custom. A saint, and mothers in Israel were getting old, and, if especially " full of the spirit," gives utterance to meaningless sounds. This is called having the gift of tongues.". Another saint, stand there were no new plural marriages, in a few ing by, translates the gibberish, and is said to have the gift of translating tongues." years polygamy would be extinct. At all haz- BURTON J. HENDRICK 453 ards, therefore, young people must be per- Germany. David had been engaged for some suaded to keep the sacred ordinance alive. time to an attractive and dashing young woman According to Mormon ideas, all Latter-Day of Salt Lake City, a Miss Lillian Hamlin, a girl Saints may have immediate personal communi- in her early twenties, a graduate of the Brigham tion with heaven. They have the "spirit of the Young University. In ancient Israel there was Lord,” they are “impressed,” or they “feel” to a custom according to which a man could some- do certain things — there is a mysterious in- times take unto himself the wife or the be- flowing of divine intelligence, unmistakably trothed of his deceased brother. "If brethren pointing the way of righteousness. Many of dwell together, and one of them die, and have no the apostles now professed to have had “per- child, the wife of the dead shall not marry with- sonal testimonies” that, in spite of the Wood- out unto a stranger. ... And it shall be, ruff manifesto, God really intended that polyg- that the firstborn which she beareth shall suc- amy should still go on. The Deity himself had ceed in the name of his brother which is dead, personally informed these men that the mani- that his name be not put out of Israel” (Deu- festo was merely a trick —"an attempt to beat teronomy, 25. 5, 6). the devil at his own game,” as one apostle is It soon became apparent that Abraham H. said to have described it; its only purpose was Cannon and Lillian Hamlin intended to shape to gain statehood, which meant the control of their lives in accordance with this scripture. In secular power by the hierarchy and the practice the early part of June, 1896, Abraham flatly in- of the sacred institution under State protec- formed his third wife, Wilhelmina, that he in- tion. Everywhere Mormons, under the leader- tended to marry Lillian Hamlin. “But you ship of these men, now began to fast and pray; cannot do it," she replied. “God has forbidden they had dreams and visions, in which, in many it”; and she recalled the manifesto. Abraham cases, they were commanded to take new plural said that if he married the girl outside the United wives. Some of them even pretended that God States he would not violate the law. A few had shown them, in vision, the identical women nights later, Abraham came again and asked whom they were to marry. Many high ecclesi- Wilhelmina to help him pack his grip — he was asts went about quietly persuading men and going, with President Joseph F. Smith, to Los women to marry plurally; these reactionary Angeles. Any one else going with them? Yes apostles — Brigham Young, Jr., Owen Wood- — Lillian Hamlin; they were going to be mar- ruff, Matthias F. Cowley, and John W. Taylor ried. Lillian, Abraham said, would be his wife - made a specialty of performing the marriage for time, and David's wife for eternity. Wil- rites. It was their particular aim to make “new helmina told him that if he married Lillian he polygamists" of the leading churchmen. Many would be violating God's command, and that of these same churchmen have described to the her conscience would not permit her to have writer the attempts of these zealots to persuade anything further to do with him. Abraham them into new plural marriage. left the house without another word. About a month later he returned to Wilhelmina, haggard, Abraham H. Cannon, an Apostle, Takes helpless, ill, suffering apparently the deepest a New Plural Wife mental and physical anguish. He acknowl- edged that he had married Lillian Hamlin; Abraham H. Cannon, a son of the great Mor- that the ceremony had taken place in the state- mon leader, George Q. Cannon, was one of the room of a steamboat on the high seas; some- best beloved of the younger apostles. In the where between Los Angeles and Catalina early eighties Abraham H. Cannon had married Island. This was evidently what Abraham had three wives, and had served a term in the Utah meant by saying that he could legally marry penitentiary for his crimes. Soon after the the girl outside the United States. In about publication of the manifesto, however, he be- three weeks after his appearance at Wilhelmina's came outspoken in insisting upon its honorable house Abraham Cannon died. Both women observance. Deceit and trickery seemed alien his third wife and Lillian Hamlin — nursed him to Abraham Cannon's character; he was the to the end. In Washington, in 1904, before the one apostle of the Mormon Church in whom the Senate Committee, Mrs. Willhemina Cannon Gentile population had implicit faith; in their told of this death-bed scene. eyes, he had precisely the qualities needed in the Q. What did Mr. Cannon say to you shortly before leader of the new and younger Mormonism. his death about his having married Miss Hamlin? It was a tremendous shock, therefore, when Mrs. Cannon. He told me that he had married her, Abraham Cannon himself became one of the and he asked my forgiveness. Q. What else did he say about it? earliest violators of the manifesto. In 1896, Mrs. Cannon. He said he had never had a well day his brother, David, died while on a mission in since he married her. I think it killed him. 454 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY According to statements made by Mrs. Wil- daughter, Marion Scoles. The daughter was helmina Cannon to well-known people in Salt only thirty-one years old, and Teasdale, at this Lake City, Abraham made another confession. time, was sixty-seven. A year or two after He said that the marriage ceremony by which taking up her residence in the house of Apostle Lillian Hamlin became his plural wife had been Teasdale, Marion Scoles died in childbed. Six performed by Joseph F. Smith - the same of the apostles of the Mormon Church expressed Joseph F. Smith who is now president of the their sympathy with Teasdale by attending the Mormon Church. Though President Smith has funeral. If one wishes definite proof that always denied this, the circumstantial evidence Marion Scoles was Teasdale's wife, he needs only against him is strong. By his own admission,* to visit the burial-yard at Nephi, Utah. There there were only four people in this California stands a grave with a headstone bearing the fol- party — himself, one of his wives, Abraham H. lowing inscription: “Sacred to the memory of Cannon, and Lillian Hamlin. In Mormon Marion E. Scoles, wife of Apostle George Teas- phraseology, President Smith was the only man dale. Born in London, England, April 6, 1865; present “who held the keys of the sacred ordi- died Dec. 17, 1898.” nance” — the only one, in other words, who had If, on the other hand, one wishes the other any authority to perform a Mormon marriage. essential link in the evidence,- proving that Unless Abraham officiated at his own wed- Teasdale, in 1898, had another wife living,- ding, therefore, President Smith must have the records of the Utah divorce courts furnish it. married him. Before the Senate Committee, In 1900 Teasdale, then in his seventieth year, in 1904, John Henry Hamlin, the brother chose another wife, one Melissa Thomas, a of Lillian, testified that the family “under- school-teacher, aged twenty-eight. This time standing was that Joseph F. Smith had mar- he took the precaution of obtaining a civil ried her.” divorce from Lilias Hook, whom, the rec- No penalty, social or ecclesiastical, has ever ords show, he had married in 1876. The tes- been visited on Miss Hamlin. A child was sub- timony was unprintably disgusting — though sequently born to her, to whom she gave the there was nothing reflecting upon the moral name of Marba Abram reversed. The Can- character of the wife. The fact that the court non family has always recognized Lillian Ham- granted Teasdale this divorce, in 1900, from lin as Abraham's widow, and has permitted her a woman married to him in 1876, is con- child to share in the father's estate. The church clusive evidence that in 1896, when he mar- has rewarded rather than punished her. Soon ried Marion Scoles, he already had at least one after Abraham's death, she was made a teacher · living wife. at the Brigham Young University — a church institution. A few years ago Miss Hamlin Apostle Taylor Marries Two became the plural wife of another Cannon, “Hired Girls Lewis M. In other words, this lady has mar- ried polygamously twice since God, through Both Apostles Cowley and Taylor, who so Wilford Woodruff, put an end to plural mar- industriously preached polygamy to other riage. She has been the wife of two Cannons Mormons, violated the manifesto themselves. for time, and will be the wife of another Can- Cowley married, as new plural wives, Luella non for eternity. Parkinson, of Preston, Idaho, and Hattie Harker, of Salt Lake City. At the time of the Apostle Teasdale Marries Polygamously manifesto, Apostle Taylor had three wives. Two Marion Scoles of them, Nellie Todd and Nettie Woolley, came, in 1898, to live in separate houses in Farming- Along with Abraham H. Cannon, several ton, a small town about fourteen miles north other apostles have taken new plural wives. of Salt Lake City. In this town there The case of Marriner W. Merrill has already were two sisters, Rhoda and Roxie Welling, been cited. His associate, George Teasdale, not who, when Apostle Taylor arrived, were six- only married a new plural wife, but made no teen and eighteen years old. attempt to keep the matter secret. Up to 1896, women went to live as “hired girls” in the Apostle Teasdale, so far as is generally known, houses of Taylor's plural wives. About the had had four wives. In that year he employed, year 1902 it became generally known that as his housekeeper at Nephi, Utah, an English- Taylor had become the husband of both these woman whom he had converted several years girls. Clearly, this was a violation of the man- before in England. With this woman came her ifesto, since, when that document was issued, the Welling sisters were only eight and ten See Report of the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections, These young Volume 1, page 11. years old. BURTON J. HENDRICK 455 Apostle Woodruff Marries Plurally watched over them both until the end. The Avery Clark poor girl was thus left alone in the world, with no legal standing as a wife — with nothing but a Still another prince of the church who disre- baby. garded God's command was Apostle Abraham Thus six apostles have violated the Woodruff Owen Woodruff. There was little in Woodruff manifesto by taking plural wives since 1890. that suggested a One of these, lion of the Lord. Owen Woodruff, He was a con- was the son of the sumptive-looking man who issued stripling, who, that document, when only twen- and another, Ab- ty-five, had been raham H. Can- made an apostle non, was the son through the in- of the man who fluence of his was chiefly re- father, President sponsible for it. Wilford Wood- There is a well- ruff. Even as a grounded belief boy, however, that another young Woodruff apostle, Brigham had done zealous Young, Jr., also service in the married plurally missionary field since 1890. He had worked for several years President Cluff, in Germany, of the Brigham preaching Mor- monism along the Young Univer- Elbe from Dres- sity, Takes a New den to Bohemia, Plural Wife even going so far, in circumventing Other conspicu- the German gov- ous members of ernment, which the Mormon does not tolerate Church have fol- Mormon mission- lowed the apos- aries, as to don tolic example. farmer clothes One of the most PRESIDENT JOSEPH F. SMITH and work with interesting cases CIRCUMSTANCES STRONGLY INDICATE THAT HE HIMSELF, the peasants in IN 1896, PERFORMED THE POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGE is that of Ben- the fields, steal- jamin Cluff, Jr., ing a few sur- H. CANNON AND LILLIAN HAMLIN who for several reptitious mo- years was presi- ments to preach the gospel of Joseph Smith. dent of the most prominent Mormon educa- When he became an apostle, Woodruff went tional institution — the Brigham Young Uni- to "labor” in the Big Horn Valley, in Wy-versity at Provo. There are in the Mormon oming. Here, at Auburn, he met Avery Church a considerable number of educated Clark, the twenty-four-year-old daughter of a young men — men who have received their uni- Mormon bishop and a graduate of the Agricul- versity degrees in the East, who make a specialty tural College at Logan. Suddenly the girl left of science and literature, who read Herbert home, and eventually turned up in one of the Spencer and keep more or less in touch with Mormon colonies in Mexico. To this same modern philosophic thought, and yet who, in town Apostle Woodruff himself fled in 1904 to spite of all this training, apparently remain avoid the service of a subpoena issued by the faithful and conscientious Mormons. Benja- Smoot Committee. While hiding there, both min Cluff belonged to this class. Like all Woodruff and his legal wife were stricken with Latter-Day Saints of this peculiar type, Cluff smallpox and died. Avery Clark, Woodruff's regarded the Book of Mormon as authentic new polygamous wife, nursed and tenderly history and science a kind of precursor of CEREMONY IN THE CASE OF ABRAHAM 456 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY Darwin; and, in his opinion, polygamy repre- of the leading men in the Mormon Church sented the only possible social system under a girl who, only two or three years previously, which men and women could live happily. had been President Cluff's pupil at the Brigham In 1898 President Cluff conceived a splendid Young University. While his followers were project — a scientifically organized expedition living miserably in tents on the hot sands of the which should explore the inaccessible regions of desert, Cluff had been spending his honeymoon, North and South America, and, in their archaeo- with his third living wife, in Colonia Juarez and logical and other remains, find actual evidences the other Mormon settlements in Mexico. that the Book of Mormon is true. The Book of Many of the Mormon students, disgusted Mormon, it may be explained, pretends to be at this proceeding, immediately returned to a history of North and South America two and Utah, and the expedition practically disbanded. three thousand years ago. According to its It discovered no scientific evidence confirming teachings, the American continents were then the divine authenticity of the Book of Mormon; thickly populated by highly cultivated peoples; its one practical outcome was to secure for its great empires rose and fell; and all the graces leader a new polygamous wife. and material wonders of civilization flourished. The incident illustrates another feature of the Naturally, scientists and historians make light new polygamy -- the secrecy that surrounds of these pretensions; and Cluff now decided to the marriages. George Reynolds, the father of show, by authentic evidences, that the “account, Cluff's third wife, appeared as a witness before written by the hand of Mormon, from plates the Senate Committee in 1904. Concerning the taken from the plates of Nephi,” represented above episode he testified as follows: actual history. Q. Have you any daughters married in polygamy? The church officially indorsed this expedition Mr. Reynolds. I believe I have one. and largely financed it. It made the enterprise Q. To whom is she married? an ecclesiastical mission; it regularly “called” as Mr. Reynolds. If married, she is married to Ben- missionaries all young men who had been se- jamin Cluff, Jr. He was in charge of an lected to participate in it, and required these exploring expedition. It was a few years ago, but I don't remember when. I had no particular interest students, as an essential preliminary, to “go in it. through the Temple” and “take their endow Q. Did she go to Mexico about the time that Mr. Cluff went? ments.” In the spring and summer of 1898 . President Cluff's expedition was the one subject children, 1 believe. Mr. Reynolds. I think so. She has two of discussion throughout Zion; prayer meetings Q. Did she tell you anything about when she was were everywhere held in its behalf, "donation married? parties” and church dances were given to in- Mr. Reynolds. No, sir; not a word. Q. Did you ask her anything about it? crease its funds. In June, 1898, the solemn Mr. Reynolds. No, sir. cavalcade slowly moved through Southern Q. Why did you not? Utah. Its members, as they went along on Mr. Reynolds. Because I was satisfied in my mind foot, chanted Mormon hymns; every morning that she had been married, and she never wrote to me or told me anything about it, and I made no inquiries. and evening prolonged prayer meetings were held; President Cluff asserted that he guided Apostle Brigham Young, Jr., Performs a the whole expedition under direct revelation, Polygamous Marriage and would permit no loud talking or jesting. All went well until the early part of June, when The marriage of Mabel Barber Kennedy fur- the expedition reached the Mexican boundary. nishes another illustration of this same secrecy. Then President Cluff suddenly and quietly Mabel Barber belonged to a different social class disappeared. On a pretext of making the neces- from that of Florence Reynolds and Clarice sary arrangements with the custom-house, he Thatcher; she appeared before the Senate Com- crossed into Mexico. Nothing was heard of him mittee in Washington in 1904, a hesitating, un- for nearly two months. During this entire educated, poorly dressed miner's wife, and told period his twenty students camped upon the how her Mormon mother had forced her, when burning desert of New Mexico, chafing at the she was a girl of seventeen, into polygamous strange absence of their leader. When Cluff marriage with one James Francis Johnson. The ultimately reappeared, however, the mystery case is made especially important by the fact was explained. With him came a young that Brigham Young, Jr., a Mormon apostle, per- woman, about twenty-six years old, whom he formed the ceremony. Mrs. Kennedy's story introduced to his intimates as "Sister Cluff.” is as follows: Several young men immediately recognized her I live in Sevier County, Utah. I was born at Al- as a former fellow student. She was Florence bany, New York, and came to Utah at ten years old. Reynolds, the daughter of George Reynolds, one My father and mother are both Mormons. I am - Seven members of the apos- tles' quorum—the ecclesiasti- cal body of twelve that governs the Mormon Church. All of them violated the Woodruff manifesto by marrying plural wives after October 6, 1890. These examples in high places led to the re- sumplion of polygamy throughout the church. Nearly all these men also violated the manifesto by performing the ceremony in plural marriages. They were the leaders in the movement which started, almost immediately after the manifesto, to restore polygamy in the Mormon Church. They fasted and prayed and had visions in which God told them that the manifesto must be ignored, and commanded them to take plural wives. They regarded it as their mission to per- suade young men and women to enter into this relation and thus help in the restoration of Zion. It is significant that four of these apostles were the youngest members of the quorum. The church has not excommunicated one of them for violating the revelation given to Wilford Woodruff in 1890. GEORGE TEASDALE JOHN W, TAYLOR BRIGHAM YOUNG, JR. MATTHIAS F. COWLEY ABRAHAM HI. CANNON MARRINER W. MERRILL ABRAHAM OWEN WOODRUFF 457 458 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY ers. twenty-six years old this coming June (1904). I was City, discussed the Tribune's list with several married, when seventeen years old, to James Francis of the leading Mormon ecclesiasts. In all cases Johnson, who lived at Mesa, Maricopa County, Arizona. Our marriage was talked over between his they bitterly denounced the Tribune for its at- wife and her husband, and I had a slight interview tacks upon the Mormon Church, and attributed with his wife; not very lengthy: I think she con- its activities to the revengeful spirit of its own- sented to it. We were to go to Juarez, Mexico. We Not one of the dignitaries interviewed, went by wagon -- about seventy-five miles. In the party was Mr. Johnson, his wife, myself, and one however, questioned the substantial correctness baby – Mr. Johnson's baby. We stopped at his half of its list of polygamists. Indeed, on all hands, brother's, Benjamin Johnson, or Benjy, as he was by Gentiles and Mormons, the opinion was called. In about two weeks we were married — on the freely expressed that, whatever the motives that years old. Brother Young married me-- Brother prompted the publication of these names, there Brigham Young, at the house of A. F. Macdonald, could be no doubt that the names themselves president or councilor of the Stake. About five years represented real offenders. from the time that I was married to Mr. Johnson, I came back home -- I just couldn't stand the pressure any longer. I left him in Marysvale, Utah. I lived Enough New Marriages to Keep Polygamy with him — with her (the other Mrs. Johnson) part Alive for at Least Fifty Years of the time, and the other part I lived alone, away from the family. Johnson's first wife didn't treat me It may safely be assumed, therefore, that the very good. I had two children by Johnson.* facts are definitely known concerning at least two About Two Hundred and Twenty-four Cases hundred and twenty-four cases of polygamous of New Polygamy Definitely Known marriage since the manifesto. If so many cases can be reasonably proved, how many must there These are only a few of the new polygamous be of which nothing is known? Plural marriages marriages which have taken place since the issue have always been performed with the greatest of the manifesto. A large number of specific secrecy, and only those that are most open and instances could be added to those already cited. notorious ever come to public notice. The About two years ago the Salt Lake Tribune -- a Mormon people, for the most part, are farmers; newspaper which, for twenty-five years, under they live in compact villages, generally remote the editorship of Judge C. C. Goodwin and from railroads, and practically inaccessible to William Nelson, has rendered signal service the outside world. All natural conditions, to the cause of Anglo-Saxon civilization in therefore, favor concealment. It is probably no Utah- began industriously to collect and pub- . exaggeration to assume that ten plural marriages lish the names of new polygamists. It has have taken place for every one that has become done this as part of a non-partizan movement, known. Reckoning on this basis, we should organized in 1904 by the most influential non- have anywhere from fifteen hundred to two Mormons of Salt Lake City, to take the control thousand such marriages since 1890. If these of municipal affairs out of the hands of the Mor- figures represent the real state of affairs, it means mon hierarchy. The Tribune became the jour- that polygamy is almost as prevalent now as it nalistic leader in this campaign — which, by the was before 1890. The only essential difference way, succeeded. In the course of this political in the situation is that it is more secret. It warfare the Mormon Church was accused of must be remembered that, even in the palmiest encouraging polygamy, and the Tribune's man- days of Mormonism, only a comparatively small agement felt called upon to substantiate this number of Mormons were polygamists. Plural charge. Up to date, it has published detailed marriage, under the Mormon system, was in- records of two hundred and twenty-four polyga- tended only for the elect -- for those who had mous marriages. The Mormon Church has made advanced to a certain stage of grace. If there no attempt to deny the substantial accuracy of have been from fifteen hundred to two thousand the Tribune's list. The Mormon Church organ, new polygamous marriages since 1890, there the Deseret News, has remained silent in face seems no immediate likelihood that the practice of this accumulating evidence. The men and will die out. Indeed, if polygamy should sud- women whose names the Tribune has boldly denly stop and there should not be another printed, though publicly and repeatedly ac- plural marriage, enough young people have en- cused by a responsible journal of committing tered the relation recently to keep the institu- criminal acts, have not attempted to secure tion alive in Utah for at least another fifty years. legal redress — in only one or two cases have even taken the trouble to make denials. New Polygamists Hold High Church The writer of this article, when in Salt Lake Positions * This statement is condensed from Mrs. Kennedy's lengthy tes. More significant than mere numbers, how- timony before the Smoot Committee in 1904. With the exreption of one or two phrases, her own words are used throughout ever, is the fact that SO many of these BURTON J. HENDRICK 459 over offenders hold exalted positions in the church. Utah Gentiles objected to his remaining as the Six, and probably seven, apostles, as already head of an educational institution supported detailed, have violated the law; and other high by public taxation. Under this pressure, Tan- church dignitaries have followed their example. ner resigned. The Mormon Church recom- In the Mormon administrative system, the pensed him by making him superintendent of highest ecclesiasts, next to the apostles, are the Latter-Day Saints' Sunday schools through- the presidents of Stakes. In the relative im- out the world. Another notable case in which portance and dignity of their office, these the Mormon Church advanced a new polyg- authorities might be compared with arch- amist is that of Haskell S. Jolley, Bishop of bishops in the Roman Catholic system. Sev- the Lovell ward in Wyoming. For several eral of these Stake presidents have married years Jolley occupied a bishopric in a much polygamously since 1890. In Salt Lake City less important Stake in southern Utah. In there are four Stake presidents; and two of 1900 he polygamously married Ellen E. Harri- them — Hugh J. Cannon, a brother of ex- son, at that time twenty-five years old, of Senator Frank J. Cannon, and Frank Y. Tay- Pinto, Utah. Five children have been born of lor - are unquestionably new pluralists. Not this union, of whom two are living. Since this far from Salt Lake City is the Davis Stake, marriage Jolley has steadily advanced, ecclesi- presided over by J. H. Grant, a brother of astically and financially. He has been placed Heber J. Grant, a Mormon apostle. J. H. in charge of many church irrigation schemes Grant is a new polygamist. So is Walter C. in Wyoming, and is rapidly accumulating a Lyman,* president of the San Juan Stake- fortune.* a brother of Francis M. Lyman, who, if he survives Joseph F. Smith, will be the next Polygamous Cities of Refuge president of the church. Indeed, all Utah and other Mormon communities, one can The desire for self-protection and secrecy find Stake presidents, councilors, bishops, and has led to the establishment of several po- other dignitaries who have been celestialized lygamous settlements. There are two within since the manifesto. One especially interesting trolley-car distance of Salt Lake City — Forest- case is that of Thomas Chamberlain, first dale and Bountiful. The polygamists some- councilor to the president of the Kanab Stake times maintain their "legal families” in Salt of Zion. Chamberlain is perhaps the most in- Lake, and stow away their celestial households fluential Mormon in southern Utah; among in one of these places. Here, likewise, they his other distinctions must be recorded the fact send their wives for their confinements; the that, at the present time, according to the Mormons themselves commonly refer to such most trustworthy estimates, he possesses eight penetralia as "lambing-grounds.” Forestdale wives. It is a tradition in his locality, that, on is the suburb of the polygamous élite. Some- his fiftieth birthday, a few years ago, Chamber- what further down in the social scale is Boun- lain's fiftieth child was born. He has married tiful. This place houses one thousand people, at least one plural wife since 1890; this is nearly all Mormons. Its history is redolent of Mamie Woolley, the daughter of E. D. Wool- polygamy; one of the sights pointed out to ley, president of the Kanab Stake. visitors is an old cellar in which polygamists used to secrete themselves in the days of the The Church Honors and Promotes New anti-polygamy raids. Even the children now Polygamists talk these things over. “My papa's been in the pen,” a little girl was recently heard to say. The church has promoted many of these “He's got two wives, you know.” The frequent new polygamists since they have manifested complication of names betrays the existence of this allegiance to their faith. It made Josiah polygamous households. There is a Mrs. Jones, Hickman principal of the Murdock (church) for example, whose little girl is entered in the Academy at Beaver, although his polygamous public school as Helen Cannon. In fact, “Mrs. history was an open book. Perhaps the most Jones” is the “new” polygamous wife of significant case was that of Joseph M. Tanner, George M. Cannon, of Salt Lake City. This of Salt Lake City. Mr. Tanner, who spent same Cannon has still another plural wife in three years studying law at Harvard Univer- Bountiful. There is a Mrs. Pierce whose child sity, was for several years president of the State is entered under the name of Duffin. Agricultural College. As Tanner has six wives, But the largest cities of refuge are found in three of whom he has married since the mani- the northern part of the Republic of Mexico. festo, and is thus a criminal before the law, the Here, in the last twenty-five years, the Mor- * Since the above was written, Mr. Lyman and Mr. Jolley have been removed from their ecclesiastical positions. 460 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY mons have built several cities, purely for the terms with the Mexican government. Presi- purpose of perpetuating their institution. In dent Diaz proved more yielding than Sir John Colonia Juarez, Colonia Diaz, Dublan, Pache- Macdonald; the polygamous Mormons, he cho, Morelos, and other Mexican settlements, agreed, could bring their polygamous wives the Latter-Day Saint "lives his religion" un- and families into Mexico, on the understanding disturbed. It was in the middle or late eighties, that they should marry no new wives. The when the American government was filling the Mormon Church, together with wealthy in- Utah penitentiary with polygamists, that the dividual Mormons, systematically purchased Mormon Church began to look about for more about 300,000 acres in Chihuahua and Sonora, hospitable places of settlement. With this idea, and began selling it on easy terms to refugee it sent emissaries into Alberta, Canada, and Mormons. Apostles and others went through Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico. Apostle John Utah, advising the harassed polygamists to W. Taylor — whose matrimonial history has settle in this new country. Many thousands been recorded above — traveled over a good acted on this suggestion; they built several part of the Canadian Northwest. Before towns, and, although the land is not especially starting the Mormon settlements, Apostle productive, they now eke out a more or less Taylor discussed the outlook with Sir John satisfactory living from sheep-farming and Macdonald, then Premier of Canada. If the grazing. When one considers that most of the Mormons settled in Canada, asked Taylor, immigrants were polygamists, it does not seem what would they be permitted to do? strange that this institution should flourish in “We welcome all good colonists," replied the younger generation. Sir John. "We need settlers. You Mormons can come and do anything in Canada you Apostle Ivins Performed the Polygamous Cere- please so long as you don't violate the law.” mony in the Case of His Own Daughter The subject of polygamy was mentioned. “Of course we will have no polygamy,” re And here, as in Utah, the new polygamists plied the Premier, with convincing finality. are found chiefly among the high ecclesiasts and Apostle Taylor then promised that the Mor- the socially important. Bishops, Stake coun- mons would not practise it. cilors, educators — these are the dignitaries who "If we do," said Taylor, "you can cut our have assumed the responsibility of perpetuating heads off.” this institution. One of the most open offenders "If you do,” replied the Premier, smiling, is Guy C. Wilson, who is the head of the Mor- "you can be quite sure that we shall cut your mon educational system in Mexico, besides be- heads off.” ing president of the church-supported academy The Mormons have wonderfully prospered in at Juarez. Across the street from President Canada, and have organized two Stakes of Wilson's academy, there are two adjoining Zion there. The facts as to the existence of brick houses. In one lives Melissa Stevens and polygamy are not quite clear. Unquestionably in the other lives Anna Ivins. Both are Wil- there are polygamists in Canada. Apostle son's plural wives — and both have been mar- Taylor, for example, who made this promise to ried to him since the manifesto, one in 1902, Sir John Macdonald, and who spends the larger the other in 1903. There is a third wife, the part of his time across the border, has many legal one; but she lives at Provo, Utah, about wives. The writer is inclined to believe, how- thirty miles south of Salt Lake City. The case ever, that these polygamists do not maintain of Anna Ivins is especially significant, as she their plural wives in the Dominion. The is the daughter of Anthony W. Ivins, at present prevailing custom is to live with the legal wife one of the apostles of the church. Mr. Ivins in Canada, and to keep the plural wife or wives himself, when president of the Juarez Stake, in Utah or Mexico. This is the case with Ed- and thus the ecclesiastical head of all the Mor- ward J. Wood, president of the Alberta Stake, mons in Mexico, performed the ceremony that who has wives at both Cardston, Canada, and made his own daughter, a girl about twenty Salt Lake City. years old, the plural wife of Wilson. He has But in Mexico polygamy is absolutely uncon- performed other similar ceremonies notably cealed. In the days when the federal marshals that of Annie Burrell, in 1903, to James Carroll, chased the polygamists through southern Utah councilor to the Bishop of Pacheco. and Arizona, many fled with their families over the border into Mexico. In this way they be- Mexican Marriages Violate the Manifesto came acquainted with the opportunities for permanent settlement. About 1888 the Mor It would be possible to cite scores of other mon Church sent representatives to arrange cases; but the fact is generally admitted, even BURTON J. HENDRICK 461 by the Mormons themselves, that polygamy and his associates, are not performed in the exists on a large scale in Mexico. These Mormon temples, nor by any regularly author- marriages, of course, violate the manifesto as ized Mormon elders. Some Mormons go so far directly as do those performed in the United as to assert that these marriages are not mar- States. When Wilford Woodruff, in his exam- riages at all, in the eyes of the church, but ination before the Master in Chancery in 1891, merely illicit unions. This latter explanation explained the meaning and scope of this revela- does not seem greatly to improve the situation, tion, he went specifically into this point: since it amounts to saying that the lives of a Q. Was the manifesto intended to apply to the large number of the greatest Mormon leaders church everywhere? are open scandals. President Woodruff. Yes, sir. Q In places outside of the United States as well Mormon Church a Great Secret Society as in the United States? President Woodruff. Yes, sir; we are given no liber- ties for entering into that principle anywhere. The anti-Mormon view is that this public repudiation of polygamy is simply a part of the The Mexican marriages are of vital concern Mormon game. Its purpose is to blind the out- to the American people, although they do take side world. The Mormon policy is secretly place outside of American jurisdiction. The to promote and encourage polygamy, and men entering them are American citizens, and, outwardly to repudiate it. The critic most in many cases, after marrying plurally in Mex- friendly to the Mormons must admit that, out- ico, they bring their new wives back to Utah. wardly, many circumstances lend color to this The Mexican Mormon colonies, in other words, view. The one preëminent fact is that the merely furnish part of the machinery by which Mormon Church is a great secret society. Non- polygamy is perpetuated in the United States. Mormons are never permitted to enter its temples; the rites and instruction that take What is the official attitude of the Mormon place in them are never officially made public; Church toward these evidences that new polyg- all members of the church are oath-bound, amy exists — that, in hundreds of cases, the under the most frightful penalties, not to reveal Woodruff revelation has been ignored? these mysteries. Mormons who have "gone In the last ten years the Mormon Church through” these temples wear, day and night, has several times modified its attitude on this an undergarment, inscribed with mystic sym- question. When the first few cases of new bols, as a perpetual reminder of these oaths. plural marriage came to public notice, the policy The church has its marriage records, but never was simply to deny the facts. For years the permits the non-Mormon public to see them. organization would not admit the truth, even The publication of these records would go a in so obvious an instance as that of Abraham long way toward proving, or disproving, the H. Cannon. The time finally came, however, charge that the church encourages polygamy; about six years ago, when Joseph F. Smith, in but they are held inviolate in the temples. In an address to the world," did acknowledge 1904 the United States Senate attempted, un- that there were a few “sporadic cases,” but he successfully, to subpoena them. If these records declared that the number was utterly insig- are entirely innocent, and if the statement of nificant. His word “sporadic” had acquired a the church is true, that the entries concern only meaning of its own in Utah, as it is the term marriages that are valid in the eyes of the civil now regularly used to designate each newly law, why should they not be produced? discovered pluralist. The number of polyg- amists in Utah, said the Mormon apologists, Not “Meat,” but “ Milk,” Given to would about correspond to the number of the Public bigamists in any community. But, as the number of these “sporadics” reached into the The basic idea on which the Mormon Church hundreds, and included many of the higher is organized is, briefly, this: that it alone is the dignitaries in the church, these excuses no treasury of God's truth, and that, in propagat- longer sufficed. The church officials now admit ing this truth until all nations accept it, the that polygamous marriages have taken place, church has a divine mission and responsibility. but they deny that such marriages have eccle. Its preëminent duty is to bring salvation to siastical sanction. In other words, the Mormon mankind, and it acknowledges responsibility Church is no longer able to control its people. for its acts to God alone. If, by deceiving the Polygamy is so thoroughly inbred that even world for a few brief years, it succeeds in keep- a revelation from God can not extirpate it. ing alive so divinely ordained an institution as These new marriages, declare President Smith polygamy, are not a few misrepresentations 462 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY justified? The leaders have always claimed was taught is shown by the following passage to be the custodians of truth so revolutionary, from a biography of Lorenzo Snow, by his sister, so shocking to the present perverted moral and Eliza R. Snow, one of the celestial wives of the religious sense of mankind, that it must be Prophet Joseph, and, after his death, one of the kept, for a time, locked within their own bo- temporal wives of Brigham Young: soms. The revelations of Joseph Smith abound with instances of this kind. “And I command mission to Europe (1840-1843), changes had taken While my brother was absent on this [his first] you,” reads one of these revelations (sec. 19, 21, place with me, one of eternal import, of which ! 22), “that you preach naught but repentance, supposed him to be entirely ignorant. The Prophet and show not these things in the world until it Joseph had taught me the principle of plural or celes- is wisdom in me. For they cannot have meat tial marriage, and I was married to him for time and now, but milk they must receive; wherefore, the Saints , as well as people of the world, on this sub- eternity. In consequence of the ignorance of most of they must not know these things, lest they ject, it was not mentioned, only privately between the perish.” That is precisely what all Mormon few whose minds were enlightened on the subject. missionaries do now. Their gatherings consist Not knowing how my brother (he returned on April merely of singing, praying, and preaching, and did not wish to assume the responsibility of in- 12, 1843) would receive it, I did not feel at liberty, much like an ordinary revival meeting; there structing him in the principle of plural marriage. is nothing in them offensive to the most ortho- I informed my husband (the prophet) of the dox Christian. Their more startling doctrines situation, and requested him to open the subject to my are held in reserve until the convert has reached and, seated together on the bank of the Mississippi brother. A favorable opportunity soon presented, a stage when he can stand “meat." River, they had a most interesting conversation. The prophet afterward told me he found that my brother's Polygamy, in Early Days, Practised Secretly mind had been previously enlightened on the subject "lead unto all truth" had penetrated his understand- The history of polygamy furnishes an excel- ing, and, while in England, had given him an intima- lent illustration of what the non-Mormon mind tion of what at that time was to many a secret. This must regard as ecclesiastical duplicity. From was the result of living near the Lord. the beginning the church has invariably taught that the Prophet Joseph unbosomed his heart, and It was at the private interview referred to above one thing in the matter of plural marriage, and described the trying ordeal he experienced in over- practised another. The revelation itself bears coming the repugnance of his feelings, the natural internal evidences of this state of mind. It result of the force of education and social custom, says, almost in so many words, that polygamy Yet the prophet hesitated and deferred from time to was being practised by Joseph Smith before time, until an angel of God stood by him with a drawn he had received any commandment from God. sword, and told him that, unless he moved forward “And let mine handmaid, Emma Smith, re- and established plural marriage, his priesthood would be taken from him and he should be destroyed. ceive all those that have been given unto my servant, Joseph, and who are virtuous and Early Mormons Publicly Repudiated pure before me," reads this revelation. Emma the Doctrine was the wife of the Prophet Joseph: this quotation pretty clearly implies that Joseph Not only did Joseph Smith and his intimates had already begun taking plural wives, and refrain from publicly teaching this doctrine, that the revelation was promulgated chiefly but they publicly denied it. From the year as a divine indorsement of his practices. Most 1839 to 1846 the headquarters of the Mormon Mormon historians now assert that the prophet community were in Nauvoo, Illinois. It was here received the first intimation concerning the that the prophet reached his greatest splendor. sacred ordinance in 1832, and began its ob- It was here, likewise, that the identification of servance about 1838. As a matter of fact, how- the Mormon religion with polygamy first be- ever, Joseph Smith himself never publicly ac came a public scandal. Everybody knew that knowledged that polygamy was an article of the the most irregular relations between men and Mormon religion. It was not until 1852, eight women prevailed in this sacred city; but no one years after the prophet's death, that Brigham quite knew the explanation. In 1842 one J. C. Young first published the fact to the world. But Bennett, a man of notoriously bad character, the evidence is abundant that Joseph Smith, who had been one of Joseph Smith's mainstays, Brigham Young, and other members of the inner but who afterward quarreled with the prophet, circle had been practising polygamy for years. published a book attacking viciously the whole Only the other day a woman died in Salt Lake Mormon organization. Bennett portrayed the City — Lucy Walker Smith — who was offi- moral conditions prevailing in Nauvoo in cially recognized as one of the plural wives of the shocking detail, and declared that the Mormon prophet. How secretly the new marriage system prophet was secretly teaching and practising BURTON J. HENDRICK 463 polygamy. In order to quiet these stories, sev the Latter-Day Saints from the charge of polyg- eral women of Nauvoo, on October 1, 1842, amy. He said: issued the following statement: We are accused here of polygamy, and actions the most indelicate, obscene, and disgusting, such as none We, the undersigned members of the Ladies' Relief Society, and married females, do certify and declare things are too outrageous to admit of belief. There- but a corrupt heart could have contrived. These that we know of no other system of marriage being fore I shall content myself by reading our views of practised in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints save the one contained in the Book of Doctrine chastity and marriage from a work published by us, and Covenants,* and we give this certificate to show containing some articles of our faithf that J. C. Bennett's “secret wife system” is a dis- closure of his own make. John Taylor made this statement seven EMMA SMITH, President years after the revelation on polygamy had Elizabeth ANN WHITNEY, Councilor been received. At the very moment when he Sarah M. CLEVELAND, Councilor Eliza R. SNOW, Secretary repudiated the doctrine, he himself had five (Fifteen other names) wives living in Salt Lake City. How frank this statement was intended to Church Does Not Excommunicate be is evident from the signature of the secre- the Offenders tary, Eliza R. Snow. This is the same Eliza R. Snow who, according to the extract from It would be possible to trace the history of her own book, quoted above, was herself the polygamy for several decades, and to show plural wife of the Prophet Joseph. The Lat- how, at nearly every stage, the official attitude ter-Day Saints Biographical Encyclopedia says has been one of deception. It is perhaps not that she was plurally married to the prophet strange, therefore, that, in Salt Lake City, few on June 29, 1842 — about three months before Gentiles believe in the sincerity of the present she signed this statement denying that plural declarations against this practice. The Mor- marriage was practised in Nauvoo. mon Church, they say, never changes, and history is simply repeating itself. If President A Mormon Elder Excommunicated for Smith wished to end polygamy, they declare, Teaching Polygamy he could very easily do so. His first logical move would be to cease living in polygamous While Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and relations himself — to stop “defying the laws their closest associates were stealthily teaching of God and man,” as he has publicly testified and practising this doctrine, they were excom- that he is doing. Again, if the church really municating elders for preaching it publicly as a disapproves of new polygamists, why does it tenet of the church. The revelation on polyg- not summarily punish them? No religious amy is dated July 12, 1843. Eight months after organization has such perfect machinery for this date, the prophet and his brother Hyrum keeping in immediate contact with its follow- issued this bull of excommunication:' Is it not, then, folly to pretend that the church does not officially know that these As we have been credibly informed that an elder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, by marriages are going on? In 1891, President the name of Hyrum Brown, has been preaching polyg- Woodruff , when asked what penalties would be amy and other false and corrupt doctrines in the visited upon Mormons who violated the mani- County of Lapeer and State of Michigan, this is to festo, replied: “They would be liable to be notify him and the church in general, that he has been turned from the church — excommunicated cut off from the church for his iniquity, and he is further notified to appear at the special conference on from the church.” In only three or four cases the sixth day of April next, to make answer to these has the church excommunicated any of its charges. JOSEPH SMITH. members for this offense. HYRUM SMITH, President of the Church. Case's of Cowly and Taylor John Taylor, Having Five Wives Himself, The only prominent men who have ever Denied that Polygamy Existed suffered ecclesiastical discipline are Apostles In the course of a debate on Mormonism in Cowley and Taylor. In 1906 these men resigned Boulogne, France, in July, 1850, John Taylor, from the apostles' quorum. They still retain who many years afterward succeeded Brigham their position as apostles, and, of course, as Young as president of the church, defended members of the church; they still travel * This refers to the first revelation on marriage given to Joseph through Utah, speaking publicly in Mormon Smith, which strictly limited a man to one wife. li was taken out pulpits. They are not now, however, as they of the Doctrine and Covenants by Brigham Young, and the revela- tion on polygamy substituted. + He then read the first revelation enjoining monogamy. ers. 464 THE MORMON REVIVAL OF POLYGAMY were formerly, members of the governing body of Salt Lake City, was excommunicated for of the church. The fact that the forced resig- marrying polygamously. The presiding officer nations of Cowley and Taylor came when of the high council that tried Higgs was Hugh these resignations were of great value to the J. Cannon, president of the Liberty Stake. church, in meeting a political crisis, largely Mr. Cannon, as a new polygamist, is guilty of destroys their value as evidences of the church's identically the same offense for which he ex- good faith. These cases of new polygamy had communicated Higgs, a man of no ecclesi- figured largely in the Smoot investigation. astical standing. The church was called upon to take some Certainly these proceedings strikingly recall decisive action that would substantiate its the days when Joseph Smith, himself many assertion that it was trying to uproot the evil. times a polygamist and the recipient of an It is probably true that, had Cowley and express revelation from Heaven commanding Taylor not been removed, Senator Smoot the practice, excommunicated members of his would not have been permitted to retain his church for preaching this doctrine. seat. The majority report of the Senate Com- mittee on Privileges and Elections disposes of Fear of a Constitutional Amendment this incident as follows: The dropping of Taylor and Cowley from the quor- The Mormons have the same reason for um of the twelve apostles was so evidently done for keeping the system under cover now that they popular effect that the act merits no consideration had then -- the fear of the law. The misfor- whatever, except as an admission by the first presi- tune of the Mormon Church has always been dency and twelve apostles that Apostles Taylor and Cowley have each taken one or more plural wives that the chief article of its faith is a crime under since the manifesto. the statutes of all Christian countries. It is simply a great secret society existing very Three or Four Inconspicuous Members largely for criminal purposes. That the great Cut Off majority of its members, especially the women, are entirely sincere and conscientious, does In addition, four or five men have been not alter this fundamental fact. And there is publicly excommunicated, ostensibly for new only one way in which the American people plural marriage. But they all have been in- can control the situation. In the old days, conspicuous members; the important people, when Utah was a Territory, Congress could whose violation is open and continuous, are pass anti-polygamy laws, and the federal gov- not disturbed. While the writer was in Salt ernment could send its officers into Utah to Lake City, an old man named Tolman was enforce them. It cannot do this now, because brought before the apostles' quorum on the Utah is a State, and the States, under our sys- charge of having performed plural marriages tem of government, have exclusive jurisdiction in recent years. He presented a pitiable sight. over the marriage relation. The only way in More than eighty years old, white-haired and which the American people can reach polyg- feeble, he trembled like a child, stammered, amy is for them to pass a constitutional and seemed unable to follow the proceedings. amendment giving Congress power to legislate He admitted that he had performed polygamous against it. With such an amendment, the marriage, and seemed dazed that any one federal government could again send its officers should imagine that he had no right to do so. into Utah and the other Mormon communities He was promptly excommunicated. and punish the offenders. If this amendment One of Elder Tolman's judges was Apostle is adopted, one of two things will happen: Anthony W. Ivins. Apostle Ivins was guilty either the Mormon Church will abandon polyg- of precisely the same offense as that charged amy, not only ostensibly, but actually, or it against Tolman that of having performed will migrate bodily into some other country plural marriages in violation of the manifesto. probably Mexico. Many observers believe As related above, among other similar cere- that the church has established its colonies in monies, he had performed the one that, in 1903, the latter country because it has foreseen that made his own daughter the plural wife of Guy C. the day will inevitably come when it will have Wilson, president of the Juarez Academy in to leave the United States. Mexico. Moreover, there is strong circum But the church is not prepared to make this stantial evidence to prove that President Joseph radical change yet. All its energies are, there- F. Smith had committed this same offense, in fore, devoted to the stifling of a constitutional 1896, in the case of Lillian Hamlin and Abra- amendment. That is why it is going to such ham H. Cannon. extremes to quiet public feeling on the subject Only a few months ago, one Alpha J. Higgs, of its present polygamous practices. THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL A Serial Novel by Mrs Humphry Ward V estate to whom she was allowed to minister, were very fond of “Miss Theresa.” But for REAKFAST at the White House, her, the owner of Upcote Minor Park would Upcote Minor, was an affair of have been even more unpopular than he was, somewhat minute regulation. About both indoors and out. The wounds made by a fortnight after Mr. Barron's call his brusque or haughty manner to his inferiors on the new tenants of Maudeley were to a certain extent healed by the gentleness Hall, his deaf daughter Theresa entered the and the good heart of his daughter. And a dining-room, as usual, on the stroke of half- kind of glory was reflected on him by her un- past eight. She glanced round her to see that reasoning devotion to him. She suffered under all was in order — the breakfast-table ready his hardness or his self-will, but she adored him and the chairs placed for prayers. Then she all the time; nor was her ingenuity ever at a went up to a side-table on which were placed loss for excuses for him. He always treated a large Bible and prayer-book and a pile of her carelessly, sometimes contemptuously; but hymn-books. She looked at the lessons and he would not have known how to get through psalms for the day and placed markers in the life without her, and she was aware of it. proper places. Then she chose a hymn, and On this August morning, having rung the laid six open hymn-books one upon another. bell for the butler, she placed the Bible and After which she stood for a moment looking prayer-book beside her father's chair, and, at the first verse of the psalm for the day: “I opening the door between the library and the will lift up mine eyes unto the hills — whence dining-room, she called, “Papa!” cometh my help.” The verse was one of her Through the farther door into the hall there favourites, and she smiled vaguely, like one appeared a long procession of servants, headed who recognises in the distance a familiar mu- by the butler majestically carrying the tea-urn. sical phrase. Something in this daily procession, and its urn- Theresa Barron was nearly thirty. She had bearer, had once sent Stephen Barron, the a long face with rather high cheek-bones, and eldest son, — then an Eton boy just home from timid grey eyes. Her complexion was sallow, school,- into an uncontrollable fit of laughter, her figure awkward. Her only beauty, indeed, which had cost him his father's good graces lay in a certain shy and fleeting charm of ex- for a week. But the procession had been in no pression, which very few people noticed. She way affected, and at this later date Stephen, passed generally for a dull and plain woman, on his visits home, took it as gravely as any- ill dressed, with a stoop that was almost a de- body else. formity, and a deafness that made her socially The tea-urn, pleasantly hissing, was deposited useless. But the young servants whom she on the white cloth; the servants settled them- trained, and the few poor people on her father's selves on their chairs, while Theresa distributed 465 466 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL the open hymn-books among them; and, when “Don't be sure of anything, my dear, with they were all seated, the master of the house, regard to Stephen! He has fallen more and like a chief actor for whom the stage waits, more under Meynell's influence of late, and I appeared from the library. more than suspect that, when the time comes, He read a whole chapter from the Bible. It he will take sides openly with him. It will be told the story of Gehazi, and he read it with an a bitter blow to me, but that he doesn't con- emphasis which the footman opposite to him sider. I don't expect consideration from him, secretly though vaguely resented; then Theresa, either as to that — or other things. Has he at the piano, played the hymn, in which the been hanging round the Fox-Wilsons' lately, as butler and the scullery-maid supported the usual?" deep bass of Mr. Barron and the uncertain Theresa looked troubled. treble of his daughter. The other servants "He told me something the other night, remained stolidly silent, the Scotch cook in father, I ought to have told you. Only - particular looking straight before her with "Only what? I am always kept in the dark dark-spectacled eyes and a sulky expression. between you." She was making up her mind that either she “Oh, no, father! but it seems to annoy you must be excused from prayers in future, or Mr. when - when I talk about Stephen, so I waited. Barron must be content with less cooking for But the Rector and Lady Fox-Wilson have quite breakfast. forbidden any engagement between Stephen After the hymn, the prayer lasted about ten and Hester. Stephen did propose, and they minutes. Stephen, of a fervently religious said — not for two years at least.” mind, had often fidgeted under the minute and “You mean to say that Stephen actually was detailed petitions of it, which seemed to lay such a fool!” said her father violently, staring down the Almighty's precise course of action at her. towards mankind in general for the ensuing day. Theresa nodded. But Theresa, who was no less spiritual, under “A girl of the most headstrong and frivolous other forms, took it all simply and devoutly, character! — a trouble to everybody about her. and would have been uncomfortable if any item. Lady Fox-Wilson has often complained to me in the long catalogue had been omitted. When that she is perfectly unmanageable, with her the Amen came, the footman, who never knew temper and her vanity! .Without a farthing what to do with his legs during the time of of money, too! The worst conceivable wife kneeling, sprang up with particular alacrity. for a clergyman! Really, Stephen As soon as the father and daughter were The master of the house pushed his plate seated at breakfast - close together, for the away from him in speechless disgust. benefit of Theresa's deafness — Mr. Barron “And both Lady Fox-Wilson and the Rector opened the post-bag and took out the letters. have always taken such trouble about her — They arrived half an hour before breakfast, but much more than about the other children!” were not accessible to any one till the master murmured Theresa helplessly. of the house had distributed them. "What sort of a bringing up do you think Theresa looked up from hers with an excla- Meynell can give anybody?” said her father, mation: turning upon her. "Stephen hopes to get over for dinner to Theresa only looked at him silently with her night!” large, mild eyes. She knew it was of no use to “Unfortunate – may very probably not argue. Besides, on the subject of the Rector see him," said her father sharply. "I am going she very much agreed with her father. Her to Markborough, and may have to stay the deafness and her isolation had entirely protected her from Meynell's personal influence. "You are going to see the Bishop?” asked his “A man with no religious principles -- mak- daughter timidly. Her father nodded — add- ing a god of his own intellect -- steeped in ing, after a minute, as he began upon his egg: pride and unbelief — what can he do to train a “However, I must have some conversation girl like Hester? What can he do to train him- with Stephen before long. He knows that I self?" thundered Barron, bringing his hand have not felt able to stay my hand to meet his down on the table-cloth. wishes; and perhaps now he will let me under “Every one says he is a good man,” said stand a little more plainly than I do what his Theresa timidly. own position is.” “In outward appearance. What's that? The speaker's tone betrayed bitterness of A man like Meynell who has thrown over the feeling. Theresa looked pained. Christian faith may fall into sin at any moment. "Father, I am sure His unbelief is the result of sin. He can neither as night.” MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 467 help himself nor other people — and you need cheque. I must say, Theresa, you are always never be surprised to find that his supposed rather inclined to a censorious temper towards goodness is a mere sham and delusion. I don't your brother.” say it is always so, of course,” he added. He looked at her with an unusual vivacity Theresa made no reply, and the subject in his hard, handsome face. Theresa hastily dropped. Barron returned to his letters, and excused herself, and the incident dropped. presently Theresa saw his brow darken afresh But, when breakfast was over and her father over one of them. had left the room, Theresa remained sitting “Anything wrong, father?” idly by the table, her eyes fixed on the envelope “There's always something wrong on this of Maurice's letter, which had fallen to the estate. Crawley” (Crawley was the head floor. Maurice's behaviour was simply dis- keeper) "has caught those boys of John Broad graceful! He had lost employment after again, trespassing and stealing wood in the west employment by lazy self-indulgence, trusting plantation! Perfectly abominable! It's the always to his father's boundless affection for second or third time. I shall give Broad notice him, and abusing it time after time. Theresa at once, and we must put somebody into that was vaguely certain that he was besmirched cottage who will behave decently.” by all sorts of dreadful things — drinking and "Poor Broad!” said Theresa, with her gentle, betting, if not worse. Her woman's instinct scared look. “You know, father, there isn't a told her much more than his father had ever cottage to be had in the village — and those discovered about him. Though, at the same boys have no mother and John works very time, she had the good sense to remind herself hard.” that her own small knowledge of the world “Let him find another cottage, all the same,” might lead her to exaggerate Maurice's mis- said Barron briefly. “I shall go round, if I doings. And for herself and Stephen, no less do get back from Markborough, and have a than for her father, Maurice was still the darling talk with him this evening.” and Benjamin of the family, commended to There was silence for a little. Theresa was them by a precious mother whose death had evidently sad. “Perhaps Lady Fox-Wilson left the whole moral structure of their common would find him something,” she said anxiously, life insecure. at last. “His mother was her maid long ago. She was still absorbed in uneasy thoughts First she was their school-room maid; then she about her brother, when the library door opened went back to them, when her husband died violently and her father came in with the West and John married, and was a kind of maid- Cumbrian Sentinel in his hand. housekeeper. Nobody knew why Lady Fox His face was discomposed; his hand shook. Wilson kept her so long. They tell you in the Theresa sprang up. village she had a shocking temper, and wasn't “What is the matter, father?” at all a good servant. Afterwards, I believe, she He pointed to the first page of the paper, and went to America, and I think she died. But to the heading: “Extraordinary meeting at she was with them a long while. I daresay Markborough. Proceedings against the Rector they'd do something for John." of Upcote. Other clergy and congregations Barron made no reply. He had not been rally to his support.” listening, and was already deep in other cor She read the account with stupefaction. It respondence. described a meeting summoned by the Reform- One letter still remained unopened. Theresa ers' Club of Markborough to consider the knew very well that it was from her brother announcement that a Commission of Enquiry Maurice, in London. And presently she pushed had been issued by the Bishop of Markborough it towards Barron. in the case of the Rector of Upcote, and that "Won't you open it? I do want to know if legal proceedings against him for heretical it's all right." teaching and unauthorised services would be Barron opened it, rather unwillingly. His immediately begun by certain promoters, as face cleared, however, as he read it. soon as the Bishop's formal consent had been “Not a bad report. He seems to like the given. work, and says they treat him kindly. He The meeting, it seemed, had been so crowded would like to come down for the Sunday — but and tumultuous that adjournment had been he wants some money." necessary from the rooms of the Reformers' “He oughtn't to!” cried Theresa, flushing. Club to the town hall. And there, in spite of "You gave him plenty." a strong orthodox opposition, a resolution in “He makes out an account,” said her father, support of the Rector of Upcote had been glancing at the letter; “I shall send him a small passed amid scenes of astonishing enthusiasm. 468 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL Three or four well-known local clergy had made ter's presence. She dared not rouse him; and, the most outspoken speeches, declaring that indeed, the magnitude of the scandal and dis- there must be room made within the Church tress left her speechless. She could only think for the Liberal wing as well as for the Ritualist of the Bishop — their frail, saintly Bishop, wing; that both had a right to the shelter of the whom every one loved. At last a clock struck. common and ancestral fold; and that the time She said gently: had come when the two forms of Christianity “Father, I think it is time to go." now prevailing in Christendom should be given Barron started, drew a long breath, gathered full and equal rights within the Church of the up the newspaper, and took a letter from his nation. pocket. Meynell himself had spoken, urging on the “That is for Maurice. Put in anything you meeting the profound responsibility resting on like, but don't miss the morning post." the Reformers - the need for gentleness no less “Do you see the Bishop this morning, than for courage; bidding them remember the father?" sacredness of the ground they were treading, "No — this afternoon. But there will be the tenacity and depth of the roots they might plenty to do this morning." He named two or be thought to be disturbing. three heads of the Church party in Markbor- “Yet, at the same time, we must fight!— and ough on whom he must call. He must also see we must fight with all our strength. For, over his solicitor, and find out whether the counsel whole classes of this nation, Christianity is whom the promoters of the writ against Meynell either dying or dead; and it is only we — and desired to secure had been already retained. the ideas we represent — that can save it." He kissed his daughter absently, and de- The speech had been received with deep parted, settling all his home business before he emotion rather than applause; and the meeting left the house in his usual peremptory manner, had there and then proceeded to the formation leaving behind him, indeed, in the minds of of a “Reformers' League,” to extend through- his butler and head gardener, who had business out the diocese. “It is already rumoured,” with him, a number of small but smarting said the Sentinel, “that at least sixteen or wraths which would ultimately have to be eighteen beneficed clergy, with their congrega- smoothed away by Theresa. tions, have either joined or are about to join the But, when Theresa explored the open envel- Reformers. The next move now lies with the ope he had given her for her brother, she found Bishop, and with the orthodox majority of in it a cheque for fifty pounds, and a letter that the diocese. If we are not mistaken, Mr. Mey- seemed to Maurice's sister – unselfish and nell and his companions in heresy will very soon tender though she was — deplorably lacking in find out that the Church has still power enough the scolding it ought to have contained. If to put down such scandalous rebellions against only her father had ever shown the same affec- her power and authority as that of the Rector tion for Stephen! of Upcote, and to purge her borders of disloyal and revolutionary priests." Meanwhile, as Barron journeyed to Mark- Theresa looked up. Her face had grown pale. borough under the shadow of the great Ca- “How terrible, father! Did you know they thedral, quite another voice than his was in were to hold the meeting?” possession of the episcopal ear. Precisely at "I heard something about a debate at this eleven o'clock, Richard Meynell appeared on precious club. What does that matter? Let the door-step of the palace, and was at once them blaspheme in private as they please - it admitted to the Bishop's study. hurts nobody but themselves. But a public As he entered the large, book-lined room, his meeting at the Bishop's very door — and name was announced in a tone that did not eighteen of his clergy!” catch the Bishop's attention, and Meynell, as He paced up and down the roorn, in an excite- he hesitatingly advanced, became the spectator ment that he could hardly control. of a scene not intended for his eyes. On the “The poor, poor Bishop!" said Theresa softly, Bishop's knee sat a little girl of seven or eight. the tears in her eyes. She was crying bitterly, and the Bishop had “He will have the triumph of his life!” his arms round her and was comforting her. exclaimed Barron, looking up. “If there are “There was bogeys, grandfather!- there dry bones on our side, this will put life into was! And Nannie said I told lies — and I them. Those fellows have given themselves didn't tell lies.” into our hands!” “Darling, there aren't bogeys anywhere - He paused in his walk, falling into a profound but I'm sure you didn't tell lies. What did reverie, in which he lost all sense of his daugh- you think they were like?” MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 469 -a “Grandfather, they was all black and it, never detracted in the smallest degree from they jumped -- and wiggled — and spitted — his dignity, or from the reverence inspired by 0-0-oh!” the innocence and unworldliness of his character. And the child went off in another wail, at A broad brow, overshadowing and overweight- which moment the Bishop perceived Meynell. ing the face, combined with extreme delicacy His delicate cheek flushed, but he held up his of feature, a touch of emaciation, and a pure hand in smiling entreaty; and Meynell dis- rose in the alabaster of the cheeks to produce appeared behind a revolving bookcase. the aspect of a most human ghost ghost The Bishop hastily returned to the charge, that had just tasted the black blood, and recov- endeavouring to persuade his little grand- ered for an hour all the vivacity of life. The daughter that the “bogey” had really been mouth, thin-lipped and mobile to excess, was cook's black cat, generally condemned to the as apt for laughter as for tenderness; the blue kitchen and black-beetles, but occasionally let eyes were frankness and eagerness itself. And loose to roam the upper floors in search of nobler when the glance of the spectator pursued the game. The child dried her eyes and listened, Bishop downwards, it was to find that his legs, gravely weighing his remarks. Her face grad- in the episcopal gaiters, were no less ethereal ually cleared, and when, at the end, he said than his face; while his silky white hair added skyly, “And even if there were bogeys, little girls the last touch of refinement to a personality shouldn't throw hair-brushes at their Nannies!” of spirit and fire. she nodded a judicial head, adding plaintively: Meynell was the first to speak: “But, then, Nannies mustn't talk all the "My lord, let me begin this conversation by time, grandfather! Little girls must talk a once more thanking you, from my heart, for all itty itty bit. If Nannies not let them, little the personal kindness that you have shown me girls must frow somefing at Nannies." in the last few months, and in the correspond- The Bishop laughed — a low, soft sound, from ence of the last fortnight.” which Meynell in the distance caught the in His voice wavered a little. The Bishop made fection of mirth. A few murmured words no sign. no doubt a scolding - and then: “And perhaps," Meynell resumed, “I felt “Are you good, Barbara?” it the kindest thing of all that, after the letters “Ye-s," said the child slowly -“not very." I have written you this week,- after the meet- "Good enough to say you're sorry to Nan- ing of yesterday,- you should have sent me nie?" that telegram, last night, saying that you wished The child smiled into his face. to see me to-day. That was like you — that “Go along, then, and say it!" said the Bishop; touched me indeed!” He spoke with visible "and mind you say it nicely." emotion. Barbara threw her arm round his neck and The Bishop looked up. hugged him passionately. Then he set her “There can be no question, Meynell, of any down, and she ran happily away, through a personal enmity between yourself and me," he door at the farther end of the room. said gravely. “I shall act in the matter entirely Meynell advanced, and the Bishop came to as the responsibilities of my office dictate - meet him. Over both faces, as they approached that you know. But I have owed you much in each other, there dropped a sudden shadow the past — much help, much affection. This a tremor as of men who knew themselves on the diocese owes you much. I felt I must make one brink of a tragical collision, decisive of many last appeal to you terrible as the situation things. And yet they smiled, the presence of has grown. You could not have foreseen that the child still enwrapping them. meeting of yesterday!” he added impetuously, “Excuse these domesticities!” said the Bishop raising his head. "but there was such woe and lamentation Meynell hesitated. just before you came. And childish griefs go "No; I had no idea we were so strong. But deep. Bogeys — of all kinds — have much to it might have been foreseen. The forces that answer for!” brought it about have been rising steadily for Then the Bishop's smile disappeared. He many years." beckoned Meynell to a chair, and sat down There was no answer for a moment. The himself. Bishop sat with clasped hands, his legs stretched Francis Craye, Bishop of Markborough, was out before him, his white head bent. At last, physically a person of great charm. He was without moving, he said: small, — not more than five feet seven, — but “There are grave times coming on this so slenderly and perfectly made, so graceful diocese, Meynell — there are grave times com- and erect in bearing, that his height, or lack of ing on the Church!" 470 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL “Does any living church escape them?” said church with you — and you cannot drive them Meynell, watching him with a heavy heart. out!” The Bishop shook his head. The Bishop made a sound of pain. "I am a man of peace. Where you see a "I wish to drive no one out,” he said, lifting hope of victory for what you think, no doubt, a diaphanous hand. “To his own master let a great cause, I see above the mêlée strife and each man stand or fall. But you ask us — us, confusion and fate - - ‘red with the blood of the appointed guardians of the faith, the ecclesia men.' What can you - and those who were docens, the historic episcopate – to deny and at that meeting yesterday — hope to gain by betray the faith! You ask us to assent formally these proceedings? If you could succeed you to the effacing of all difference between faith would break up the Church,— the strongest and unfaith! You bid us tell the world pub- weapon that exists in this country against licly that belief matters nothing — that a man sin and selfishness,- and who would be the may deny all the divine facts of redemption, better?" and still be as good a Christian as any one else. “Believe me we sha'n't break it up.” History alone might tell you — and I am speak- “Certainly you will! Do you imagine that ing, for the moment, as a student to a student - men who are the spiritual sons and heirs of that the thing is inconceivable!” Pusey and Liddon are going to sit down quietly "Unless -- solvitur vivendo!” said Meynell in the same church with you and the eighteen in a low voice. "What great change in the who started this League yesterday? They religious life of men has not seemed inconceiv- would sooner die." able — till it happened? Think of the great Meynell bore the onslaught quietly. change that brought this English Church into “It depends upon our strength,” he said being! Within a couple of generations men slowly -- "and the strength we develop as the had to learn to be baptised, and married, and fight goes on.” buried, with rites unknown to their fathers; “Not at all! a monstrous delusion!” The to stand alone and cut off from the great whole Bishop raised an indignant brow. “If you of Christendom, to which they had once be- overwhelmed us — if you got the State on your longed; to see the Mass, the cult of our Lady side, as in France at the Revolution -- you and the saints, disappear from their lives. would still have done nothing towards your What change that any Modernist proposes could end — nothing whatever! We refuse we equal that? But England lived through it! — shall always refuse — to be unequally yoked England emerged! She recovered her equilib- with those who deny the fundamental truths rium. Looking back upon it all now, we see of the faith!” you and I agree there! — that it was worth “My lord, you are so yoked at the present while — that the energising, revealing power moment,” said Meynell firmly — the colour behind the world was in the confusion and the had flashed back into his cheeks. “It is the dislocation; and that England gained more foundation of our case that half the educated than she lost when she made for herself an men and women we gather into our churches English and a national Church in these islands to-day are - in our belief — Modernists al- out of the shattered débris of the Roman ready. Question them! They are with us — system." not with you. That is to say, they have tacitly He bent forward and looked intently into shaken off the old forms — the Creeds and for- the Bishop's face. "What if another hour of mularies that bind the visible, the legal Church. travail be upon us? And is any birth possible They do not even think much about them. without pain?" Forgive me if I speak plainly! They are not “Don't let us argue the Reformation!” said grieving about the old. Their soul those of the Bishop, with a new sharpness of tone. “We them, I mean, that have the gift of religion should be here all night. But let me at least is travailing, dumbly travailing, with the new. point out to you that the Church kept her Creeds! Slowly, irresistibly, they are evolving for them- — the Succession! — the four great Councils! selves new forms, new creeds — whether they the unbroken unity of essential dogma. But know it or not. You, the traditional party, you" — he turned with renewed passion on you, the bishops and the orthodox majority, his companion "what have you done with can help them or hinder them. If you deny the Creeds? Every word in them steeped in the them organised expression and outlet, you heart's blood of generations! — and you put prolong the dull friction between them and the them aside as a kind of theological bric-à-brac current Christianity. You waste where you that concerns us no more. Meynell! — you might gather — you quench where you might have no conception of the forces that this kindle. But there they are — in the same movement of yours, if you persist in it, will MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 471 unchain against you! You are like children estant and Catholic equally. Each of the playing with the lightning!” new divisions has a philosophy and a criticism Denunciation and warning sat with a curious of its own; each of them has an immense hold majesty on the little Bishop, as he launched on human life, though Modernism is only now these words. It was with a visible effort that slowly realising and putting out its power. Meynell braced himself against them. Two camps! two systems of thought! – “Perhaps I estimate the forces for and against both of them Christian thought. Yet one of differently from yourself, Bishop. But, when them, one only, is in possession - of the you prophesy war, I agree. There will be churches, the forms, the institutions; the other war! And that makes the novelty of the is everywhere knocking at the gates. 'Give situation. Till now, there has never been us our portion!' we say, 'in Christ's name.' equality enough for war. The heretic has been But only our portion! We do not dream of an excrescence to be cut away. Now you will dispossessing the old - it is the last thing, even, have to make some terms with him! For the that we desire. But, for the sake of souls now ideas behind him have invaded your inmost wandering and desolate, we ask to live side by life. They are all about you and around you; side with the old — in brotherly peace, in equal and when you go out to fight him, you will right - sharing what the past has bequeathed! discover that you are half on his side!” Yes, even the loaves and fishes! — they ought “If that means," said the Bishop impatiently, to be justly divided out, like the rest. But, "that the Church is accessible to new ideas above all, the powers, the opportunities, the that she is now, as she has always been, a trials, the labours of the Christian Church!” learned Church, the Church of Westcott and “In other words, so far as the English Church Lightfoot, of a host of younger scholars who is concerned, you propose to reduce us within are as well acquainted with the ideas and con our own borders to a peddling confusion of sects, tentions of Modernism as you call it — as held together by the mere physical link of our any Modernist in Europe -- and are still the buildings and our endowments!” said the Bishop, faithful servants and guardians of Christian as he straightened himself in his chair. dogma — why, then, you say what is true! He spoke with a stern and contemptuous force We perfectly understand your positions! – that transformed the small body and sensitive and we reject them.” face. In the old room, the library of the pal- Through Meynell's expression there passed a ace, with its rows of calf-bound folios and its gleam, slight and gentle, of something like vaulted fifteenth-century roof, he sat as the triumph. embodiment of ancient, inherited things, his “Forgive me! but I think you have gentleness lost in that collective, that corpor- given me my point. Let me recall to you the ate pride which has been at once the noblest French sayings-Comprendre, c'est pardonner, and the deadliest force in history. Comprendre, c'est aimer.' It is because for the Meynell's expression changed, in response. first time you do understand them that, for it, too, grew harder, more challenging. the first time, the same arguments play upon “My lord, is there no loss already to be faced, you as play upon us it is for that very reason of another kind? Is all well with the Church? that we regard the field as half won before the How often have I found you here,- forgive me! battle is even joined.” - grieving for the loss of souls, the decline of The Bishop gazed upon him with a thin, faith, the empty churches, the dwindling com- drooping lip — an expression of suffering in the municants, the spread of secularist literature, clear blue eyes. the hostility of the workmen! And yet, what “That Christians,” he said under his breath, devotion, what zeal, there is in this diocese, “should divide the forces of Christ — with the beginning with our Bishop! Have we not ofte sin and misery of this world devouring and asked ourselves what such facts could possibly defiling our brethren day by day!” mean? — why God seemed to have forsaken "What if it be, not 'dividing,' but doubling us?” the forces of Christ!” said Meynell, with pale “They mean luxury and selfishness the resolution. “All that we ask is that the Church loss of discipline at home and abroad,” said the should recognise existing facts — that organi- Bishop, with bitter emphasis. "It is hard sation should shape itself to reality. In our indeed to turn the denial of Christ into an eyes, Christendom is divided to-day or is argument against his gospel!” rapidly dividing itself - into two wholly new Meynell was silent. His heart was burning camps. The division between Catholic and within him, with a passionate sense at once of Protestant is no longer the supreme division; the vast need and hungry unrest so sharply for the force that is rising affects both Prot- dismissed by the Bishop, and of the efficacy of 472 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL that “new teaching” for which he stood. But was at that moment involved in a struggle with he ceased to try to convey it by argument. an incumbent in Markborough itself, who, under After a few moments he began, in his ordinary the very shadow of the Cathedral, had been cele- voice, to report various developments of the brating the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, movement in the diocese, of which he believed in flat disobedience to his diocesan. His mind the Bishop to be still ignorant. wandered for a minute or two to this case. “We wish to conceal nothing from you,” he Then, rousing himself, he said abruptly, with said at last, with emotion; "and, consistently a keen look at Meynell: with the trial of strength that must come, we “I know, of course, that in your case there desire to lighten the burden on our Bishop as can be no question of clinging to the money of much as we possibly can. This will be a solemn the Church.” testing of great issues -we, on our side, are Meynell flushed. determined to do nothing to embitter or dis “I had not meant to speak of it - but your grace it!” lordship knows that all I receive from my living The Bishop, now grown very white, looked is given back to Church purposes. I support at him intently. myself by what I write. There are others of "I make one last appeal, Meynell to your us who risk much more than 1- who risk, obedience! — and to the promises of your indeed, their all!" ordination." “You have done a noble work for your peo- “I was a boy then,” said Meynell slowly; ple, Meynell.” The Bishop's voice was not “I am a man now. I took those vows sincerely, unlike a groan. in absolute good faith; and all the changes in “I have done nothing but what was my me have come about, as it seems to me, by the bounden duty to do.” inbreathing of a spirit not my own - partly And practically your parish is with you in from new knowledge, partly in trying to help this terrible business?” my people to live — or to die. They represent “The church people in it, by an immense to me things lawfully, divinely learnt. So majority — and some of the dissenters. Mr. that, in the change itself, I cannot acknowledge Barron, as you know, is the chief complainant, or feel wrong-doing. But you remind me — as and there are, of course, some others with you have every right to do — that I accepted him.” certain rules and conditions. Now that I break "I expect to see Mr. Barron this afternoon," them, must I not resign the position dependent remarked the Bishop, frowning. on them? Clearly, if it were a question of any Meynell said nothing. ordinary society. But the Christian Church The Bishop rose. is not an ordinary society. It is the sum of “I understand, from your letter this morning, Christian life!" that you have no intention of repeating the The Bishop raised a hand of protest, but service of last Sunday?” without speaking. Meynell resumed: “Not at present. But the League will go “And that life makes the Church moulds to work at once on a revised service-book.” it afresh, from age to age. There are times, "Which you propose to introduce on a given we hold, when the Church very nearly expresses Sunday — in all the Reformers' churches?” the life; there are others when there are great "That is our plan.” discordances between the life and its expression “You are quite aware that this whole scheme in the Church. We believe that there are such may lead to tumults — breaches of the peace?” discordances now; because — once more — of "It may," said Meynell reluctantly. a new learning. And we believe that to with “But you risk it?” draw from the struggle to make the Church "We must,” said Meynell, after a pause. more fully represent the life would be sheer “And you refuse — 1 ask you once more disloyalty and cowardice. We must stay it to resign your living, at my request?" out, and do our best. We are not dishonest; "I do — for the reasons I have given.” for, unlike many Liberals of the past and the The Bishop's eyes sparkled. present, we speak out. We are inconsistent, “As to my course,” he said drily, “letters indeed, with a past pledge; but are we any of request will be sent at once to the Court of more inconsistent than the High-Churchman Arches, preferring charges of heretical teach- who repudiates the 'blasphemous fables' of the ing and unauthorised services against yourself Mass when he signs the Articles, and then and two other clergy. I shall be represented encourages adoration of the Reserved Sacra- by —" and he named the lawyers. ment in his church?” They stood exchanging a few technical infor- The Bishop made no immediate reply. He mations of this kind for a few minutes. Then MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 473 Meynell took up his hat. The Bishop hesitated laborious life. Meynell loved and admired a moment, then held out his hand. him. At a small clerical meeting the two men Meynell grasped it, and suddenly stooped had once held an argument that had been long and kissed the episcopal ring. remembered — Fenton maintaining hotly the "I am an old man,” said the Bishop brokenly, doctrine of an intermediate and purgatorial “- and a weary one. I pray God that he will state after death, basing it entirely on a vision give me strength to bear this burden that is of St. Perpetua recorded in the Acta of that laid upon me.” saint. Impossible, said the fair-haired, frank- Meynell went away with bowed head. The eyed priest, — who had been one of the best Bishop was left alone. He moved to the win- wicket-keeps of his day at Winchester,— that dow and stood looking out. Across the green so solemn a vision, granted to a martyr at the of the quadrangle rose the noble mass of the moment almost of death, could be misleading. Cathedral. His lips moved in prayer; but all Purgatory, therefore, must be accepted and be- the time it was as if he saw beside the visible lieved, even though it might not be expedient structure — its ordered beauty, its proud and to proclaim it publicly from an Anglican pulpit. cherished antiquity — a ruined phantom of the “Since the evening when I first read the Acta great church, roofless and fissured, its sacred of SS. Perpetua and Felicitas," said the speaker, places open to the winds and rains, its pave- with an awed sincerity, “I have never doubted ments broken and desolate. for myself, nor have I dared to hide from my The imagination grew upon him, and it was penitents what is my own opinion.” only with a great effort that he escaped from it. In reply, Meynell, instead of any general “My bogeys are as foolish as Barbara's!” he argument, had gently taken the very proof said to himself, with a smile, as he went back offered him, namely, the vision -- dissecting to the daily toil of his letters. it, the time in which it arose, and the mind in which it occurred, with a historical knowledge VI and a quick and tender penetration that had presently absorbed the little company of lis- MEYNELL left the palace, shaken and ex teners. Till Fenton said abruptly, with a hausted. He carried in his mind the image of frown of perplexity: his Bishop, and he walked in bitterness of soul. "In that way one might explain anything – The quick, optimistic imagination that had alone the Transfiguration, for instance - or Pente- made the action of these last weeks possible cost.” had for the moment deserted him, and he was Meynell looked up quickly. paying the penalty of his temperament. “Except — the mind that dies for an idea!” He turned into the Cathedral, and knelt Yet the encounter had left them friends; there for some time, conscious less of articulate and the two men had been associated not long prayer than of the vague influences of the place: afterwards in a heroic attempt to stop some the warm grey of its shadows, the relief of its dangerous rioting arising out of a strike in one mere space and silence; the beauty of the of the larger collieries. creeping sunlight - gules, or, and purple - on Meynell watched the young figure of Fenton the spreading pavements. And vaguely -- while approaching through the bands of light and the Bishop's grief still, as it were, smarted with- shadow in the great nave. As it came nearer, in his own heart there arose the sense that some instinct made him stand still, as if he he was the mere instrument of a cause; that became the mere spectator of what was about personal shrinking and compunction were not to happen. Fenton lifted his head; his eyes allowed him; that he was the guardian of nas- met Meynell's, and without the smallest recog- cent rights and claims far beyond anything nition, his gaze fixed on the pavement, he passed affecting his own life. Some such conviction on towards the east end of the Cathedral. is essential to the religious leader — to the Meynell straightened himself for a minute's enthusiast, indeed, of any kind; and it was not “recollection,” and went his way. On the withheld from Richard Meynell. pavement outside the western portal he ran into When he rose and went out, he saw coming another acquaintance — a canon of the Cathe- towards him a man he knew well Fenton, the dral, hurrying home to luncheon after a morn- vicar of a church on the outskirts of Mark- ing's work in the Cathedral library. Canon borough, famous for its “high” doctrine and France looked up, saw who it was, and Meynell, services; a young, boyish fellow, curly-haired, every nerve strained to its keenest, perceived in whom the “gaiety" that Catholicism, Angli- the instant change of expression. But there can or Roman, prescribes to her most devout was no ignoring him — though the canon did children was as conspicuous as an ascetic and not offer to shake hands. 474 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL “Ah, Meynell, is that you? A fine day at the wall, he was admitted to an old rectory last!” house adjacent to the church, and in its low- “Yes; we may save the harvest yet!” said ceiled dining-room he found seven of the al- Meynell, pausing in his walk. ready famous "eighteen” assembled; among A kind of nervous curiosity bade him try to them the two other clergy who with himself detain the canon. But France --- a man of had been singled out for the first testing prose- sixty-five, with a large Buddha-like face and a cution. A joint letter was being drawn up for pair of remarkably shrewd and humorous black the press. eyes —— looked him quickly over from top to toe, Meynell was greeted with rejoicing - a quiet and hurried on, throwing a "good-bye" over his rejoicing, as of men occupied with grave matters shoulder. When he and Meynell had last met, that precluded any ebullience of talk. With it had been to talk for a friendly hour over Meynell's appearance the meeting became more Monseigneur Duchesne's last book and its bear- formal, and it was proposed to put the vicar ing on Ultramontane pretensions; and they had of the ancient church under whose shadow they parted with a cordial grip of the hand, prom- were gathered into the chair. The old man, ising soon to meet again. Treherne by name, had been a double-first in “Yet he knew me for a heretic then!” thought days when double-firsts were everything, and Meynell. “I never made any secret of my in a class-list not much more modern than Mr. opinions." Gladstone's. He was a gentle, scholarly person, All the same, as he walked on, he forced him- silent and timid in ordinary life, and his ad- self to acknowledge to the full the radical change hesion to the weighteen" had been an astonish- in the situation. Acts of war suspend the ment to friends and foes. But he was not to normal order; and no combatant has any right be inveigled into the “chair" on any occasion, to complain. least of all in his own dining-room. Then a moment's weariness seized him of the "I should keep you here all night and you whole train of thought to which his days and would get nothing done,” he said, with a smiling nights were now committed; and he turned with wave of the hand. “Besides — excludat jurgia eagerness to look at the streets of Markborough, finis! - let there be an age limit in all things! full of a market-day crowd and of "the great Put Meynell in. It is he that has brought us mundane movement." Farmers and labourers all into this business.” were moving up and down; oxen and sheep in So, for some hours or more, Meynell and the the temporary pens of the market-place were seven grappled with the letter that was to con- waiting for purchasers; there was a Socialist vey the challenge of the revolted congregations lecturer in one corner, and a Suffragist lady on a to the general public through the Times. It was wagon in another. The late August sun shone not an easy matter, and some small jealousies upon the ruddy faces and broad backs of men and frictions lifted their heads that had been to whom certainly it did not seem to be of great wholly lost sight of in the white-hot feeling of importance whether the Athanasian Creed were the inauguration meeting. omitted from the devotions of Christian people Yet, on the whole, the eight men gathered or not. There was a great deal of chaffering in this room were not unworthy to lead the going on, a little courting, and some cheating. “forlorn hope" they had long determined on. Meynell recognised some of his parishioners, Besides Treherne, there were Darwen — young, spoke to a farmer or two, exchanged greeting handsome, spiritual, a Third Classic, and a with a sub-agent of the miners' union, and gave Chancellor's medallist; Wilson, his Oxford some advice to a lad of his choir who had turned friend, a man of the same type, both repre- against the pits and come to "hire" himself at senting the recent flowing back of intellectual Markborough. forces into the Church which for nearly half It was plain to him, however, after a little, a century had abandoned her; Petitôt, Swiss that although he might wish to forget himself by origin, small, black-eyed, irrepressible, with among the crowd, the crowd was, on the con a great popularity among the hosiery opera- trary, rather sharply aware of the Rector of tives of whom his parish was mainly com- Upcote. He perceived, as he moved slowly up posed; Derrick, the Socialist, of humble origin the street, that he was, in fact, a marked man. and starved education, yet possessed of a Looks followed him; and the men he knew natural sway over men, given him by a pair of greeted him with a difference. marvellous blue eyes, a character of transparent A little beyond the market-place, he turned simplicity, a tragic honesty, and the bitter- down a narrow street leading to the mother sweet gift of the orator; Chesham, a man who church of the town an older foundation even had left the army for the Church, had been than the Cathedral. Knocking at the door in grappling for ten years with a large parish of MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 475 secularist artisans, and was now preaching lesser thoughts were sunk, and they parted in Modernism with a Francisan fervour and suc- quietness and courage. cess; and Rollin, who owned a slashing literary style, was a passionate Liberal in all fields, had Meynell left the outskirts of Markborough done excellent work in the clearing and clean- by the Maudeley road, meaning to walk to ing of slums, with much loud and unnecessary Upcote by Forkèd Pond and Maudeley Park. talk by the way, and wrote occasionally for the It was now nearly a fortnight since he had Daily Watchman. Chesham and Darwen were seen Mary Elsmere, and for the first time, Meynell's co-defendants in the suit brought almost, in these days of storm and stress, he was by the Bishop. able to give himself up to the soreness of the Rollin alone seemed out of place in this thought. He had dined at Maudeley, making gathering of men, drawing tense breath under time with infinite difficulty; Mrs. Elsmere and a new and almost unbearable responsibility. her daughter were not there. He had asked He was so in love with the sensational, noto- Mrs. Flaxman to tea at the Rectory, and had riety side of the business, so eager to pull wires suggested that she should bring her sister and and square editors, so frankly exultant in the her niece. Mr. and Mrs. Flaxman appeared – "big row" coming on, that Meynell, with the without companions. Once or twice he had Bishop's face still in his mind, could presently caught sight of Mary Elsmere's figure in the dis- hardly endure him. He felt as Renan towards tance of Miss Puttenham's garden; yet he had Gavroche. Was it worth while to go through not ventured to intrude upon the two friends. so much that Rollin might cut a figure and talk It had seemed to him it must be her will to at large about "modern thought"? avoid him, and he respected it. However, Darwen and Wilson, Derrick also, It was a day towards the end of August. As were just as determined as Meynell to keep Meynell entered the Maudeley lane, with the down the frothy, self-advertising element in the woods of Sandford Abbey on his left and the campaign to the minimum that human nature little trout-stream flashing and looping through seems unable to do without. So that Rollin the meadows on his right, his mind had passed found himself gradually brought into line, being altogether from public affairs. In the back- not a bad fellow, but only a common one; and ground hovered always the image of Mary he abandoned with much inward chagrin the Elsmere, vague influences flowing from it, now project of a flaming “interview” for the Daily of pleasure, now of pain; but the detail of Watchman on the following day. thought was made up of other things. And, indeed, as this handful of men settled Stephen Barron had been with him the night down to the consideration of the agenda for a before, and Meynell could not but think re- large Conference to be held in Markborough morsefully of their conversation. the following week, there might have been dis “And I can explain nothing to make it cerned in seven of them, at least, a temper that easier for the poor old fellow nothing! He glorified both them and their enterprise — a thinks if we had allowed the engagement it temper of seriousness, courage, unalterable would all have come right — he would have got conviction, with such delicacy of feeling as a hold upon her and been able to shape her. befits men whose own brethren and familiar Oh, my dear boy — my dear boy! Yet, when companions have become their foes. They were the time comes, Stephen shall have his chance! all pastors in the true sense; and every man of – unless, indeed, she has settled her destiny them knew that in a few months he would prob- for herself, by then, without any reference to us. ably have lost his benefice and his prospects. And Stephen shall know — what there is to Only Treherne was married, and only he and know!” Rollin had private means. As to Hester herself, she seemed to have been Meynell was clearly their leader. Where the keeping the Fox-Wilson household in perpetual hopefulness of the others was intermittent, his fear. She went about in her mocking, myste- was constant; his knowledge of the English rious way, denying that she knew anything about situation generally, as well as of the lie of forces Sir Philip Meryon or had any dealings with him. in the Markborough district, was greater than Yet it was shrewdly suspected that letters had theirs; and his ability as a writer made him passed between them, and Hester's proceedings their natural exponent. It was he who drew were so quicksilverish and incalculable that up the greater part of their "encyclical” for the it was impossible to keep a constant watch press; and by the time the meeting was over upon her. In the wilderness of Maudeley he had so heightened in them the sense of mission, Park, which lay directly between the two houses, so cheered them with the vision of a wide they might quite well have met — they prob- response from the mind of England, that all ably had met. Meynell noticed and rebuked 476 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL in himself a kind of settled pessimism as to Philip never stayed more than three weeks in Hester's conduct and future. “Do what you the old house; he would very soon be gone, and will,” it seemed to say — "do all you can Hester's fancy would turn to something else. but that life has in it the ferments of tragedy.” But that the passing shock should become Had they at least been doing all they could? anything more! There rose before Meynell's he asked himself anxiously, vowing that no imagination a vision of the two by the river, public campaign must or should distract him not in the actual brightness of the August after- from a private trust much older than it, and noon, but bathed, as it were, in angry storm- no less sacred. In the midst of the turmoil of light; behind them, darkness, covering "old these weeks, he had been corresponding, on unhappy far-off things." From that tragical Lady Fox-Wilson's behalf, with a lady in Paris gloom it seemed as if their young figures had to whom a girl of Hester's age and kind might but just emerged, unnaturally clear; and yet be safely committed for the perfecting of her the trailing clouds were already threatening French and music. It had been necessary to the wild beauty of the girl. warn the lady that in the case of such a pen He blamed himself for lack of foresight. It sionnaire as Hester the male sex might give should have been utterly impossible for those trouble; and Hester had not yet signified her two to meet! Meryon generally appeared at gracious consent to go. Sandford three times a year for the fishing, But she would go she must go and Alice the shooting, and the cub-hunting. Hester Puttenham would escort her. Good heavens might easily have been sent away during these - if one had only Edith Fox-Wilson to depend descents. But the fact was, she had grown up on in these troubles! so rapidly — yesterday a mischievous child, As for Philip Meryon, he was, of course, now to-day a woman in her first bloom that they and always, a man of vicious habits and no had all been taken by surprise. Besides, who scruples. He seemed to be staying at Sand- could have imagined any communication what- ford with the usual crew of flashy, disreputable ever between the Fox-Wilson household and the people, and to allow Hester to run any risks riotous party at Sandford Abbey? with regard to him would be simply criminal. As to the girl herself, Meynell was always Yet, with so inefficient a watch-dog as Lady conscious of being engaged in some long struggle Fox-Wilson, who could guarantee anything? to save and protect his ward against her will. Alice, of course, thought of nothing else than There were circumstances connected with Hes- Hester, night and day; but it was part of the ter that should have stirred in the few people pathos of the situation that she had so little who knew them a special softness of heart in influence on the child's thoughts and deeds. regard to her. But it was not easy to feel it. Poor, lonely woman! In Alice's sudden The Rector had helped two women to watch friendship for Mary Elsmere, her junior by some over her upbringing; he had brought her to her twelve years, the Rector, with an infinite pity, first communion, and tried hard, and quite in read the confession of a need that had become vain, to instil into her the wholesome mysti- at last intolerable. For these seventeen years cisms of the Christian faith; and the more he had never known her to make an intimate efforts he made, the more sharply was he aware friend, and to see her now with this charming, of the hard, egotistical core of the girl's nature, responsive girl was to realise what the long of Hester's fatal difference from other girls. hunger for affection must have been. Yet, even And yet, as he thought of her with sadness now, how impossible to satisfy it as other women and perplexity, there came across him the could satisfy it! What ghosts and shadows memory of Mrs. Elsmere's sudden movement about the path of friendship! towards Hester how she had drawn the child "A dim and perilous way,” his mind went to her and kissed her she, so unearthly and sounding back along the paths of Alice Putten- so spiritual, whose very aspect showed her the ham's story. The old problems arose in con- bondswoman of Christ. nection with it - problems now of ethics, now The remembrance rebuked him, and he fell of expediency; and, interfused with them, a into fresh plans about the child. She must be sense of dull amazement, and yet of intolerable sent away at once, and if there were really any repetition, in this difficulty that had risen with sign of entanglement he must himself go to regard to Hester. The owner of Sandford – Sandford and beard Philip in his den. There and Hester. When he had first seen them to was knowledge in his possession that might gether, it had seemed a thing so sinister that be used to frighten the fellow. He thought of his mind had refused to take it seriously. A his cousin with loathing and contempt. sharp word to her, a word of warning to her But - to do him justice — Meryon knew natural guardians, and surely all was mended. nothing of those facts that gave such an intol- MRS. HUMPHRY 477 WARD erable significance to any contact whatever that he had been conscious of any such feeling between his besmirched life and that of Hester as now possessed him. In his first manhood Fox-Wilson. it had been impossible for him to marry, because Meryon knew nothing — and Stephen knew he had his brothers to educate. And when they nothing — nor the child herself. Meynell were safely out in the world, the Rector, ab- shared his knowledge with only two other per- sorbed in the curing of sick bodies and the sons - no! — three. Was that woman, that saving of sick souls, could not dream of spend- odious, grasping woman whose knowledge had ing the money thus set free on a household for been for years the terror of three lives — was himself. she alive still? Ralph Fox-Wilson had made He had had his temptations of the flesh, his it abundantly worth her while to go to the gusts of inclination, like other men; but he States; all covenants with her had been strictly had fought them down victoriously, for the carried out; and for years, as Meynell be- soul's sake, and it was long now since anything lieved, she had not been heard of. But she of the sort had assailed him. had still a son and grandchildren living in For the soul's sake? Yet, surely, it was an Upcote village. impulse from the soul, from the deepest and tenderest sources of consciousness, that was Meynell opened the gate leading into the now seizing upon his will, fusing itself with the Forkèd Pond enclosure. The pond had been other strong currents of his life, and so trans- made by the damming of part of the trout- forming them. stream at the point where it entered the Maude He paused a moment among the trees, just ley estate, and the diversion of the rest to a new before the cottage passed out of sight. The channel. The narrow strip of land between the sun was sinking in a golden haze, the first pond and the new channel made a little water- prophecy of autumnal mists. Broad lights locked kingdom of its own for the cottage, which lay here and there upon the water, to be lost had originally been a fishing hut, built in an again in depths of shadow, wherein woods of Izaak Walton-ish mood by one of the owners of dream gave back the woods that stooped to Maudeley. But the public footpath through them from the shore. Everything was so still, the park ran along the farther side of the pond, he could hear the fish rising, the run of a squirrel and the doings of the inhabitants of the cottage, along a branch, the passage of a coot through thick though the leafage was, could sometimes the water. be observed from it. The very profundity of nature's peace sud- Involuntarily Meynell's footsteps lingered as denly showed him to himself. A man engaged the little thatched house became visible, its in a struggle beyond his power! - committed windows set wide to the sounds and scents of the to one of those tasks that rend and fever the August day. There was conveyed to him a human spirit, even while they ennoble it! He sense of its warm loneliness in the summer had talked boldly to Stephen and the Bishop nights, of the stars glimmering upon it through of “war” — “inevitable” and “necessary war.' the trees, of the owls crying round it. And At the same time, there was no one who would within — in one of those upper rooms — those suffer from war more than he. The mere daily. soft deep eyes, at rest in sleep?— or looking practice of Christianity as a man's life-work is out, perhaps, into the breathing glooms of the a daily training in sensitiveness, involves a wood the sweet face propped on the slender daily refining of the nerves. This sensitiveness hand? in Meynell was balanced by an iron strength He felt certain that the inner life of such a of will and a driving force of conviction. It personality as Mary Elsmere was rich and had never yet crippled his action. But it passionate. Sometimes, in these lonely hours, meant suffering; and it might involve sudden did she think of the man who had told her so collapse and deterioration. much of himself on that, to him, memorable If the memory of Fenton's cold, unrecognis- walk? Meynell looked back upon his confession ing eyes and rigid mouth, as they passed each with wonder and a hot cheek. It had been other in the silence of the Cathedral, had power made partly to Elsmere's daughter, on a hint to cause so deep a stab of pain, how was he to of sympathy — as to one entitled to it by inheri- brace himself in the future to what must come? tance, so to speak, should she desire it. But the alienation of friend after friend, the con- it had been made still more — he owned it-to demnation of the good, the tumult, the poisoned a delightful woman. And it was the first time feeling, the abuse, public and private? in Meynell's strenuous life, filled to the brim Only by the help of that Power behind the by intellectual and speculative effort on the one veil of things, perceived by the mind of faith! hand, and by the care of his parish on the other, “'Thou, Thou art being and breath!' Thine is 478 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL this truth which, like a living hand, bridles and And yet, between himself and Mary he knew commands me. Grind my life as corn in Thy that there was no gulf. Spiritually she was her mill! — but forsake me not! Nay, Thou wilt father's child and not her mother's. not, Thou canst not, forsake me!" But to suppose that she would consent to Without this ultimate and complete depen- bring back into her mother's life the same tragic dence of the Christian crusader on what he conflict, in new form, which had already rent knows as the “heart of God,” — crusaders of and seared it, was madness. He read his dis- other sorts give it other names, - no adventure missal in the timid coldness with which she in the spiritual fight has ever touched and fired had parted from him after his conversation the heart of man. Meynell was sternly and with Mrs. Elsmere. Had she perhaps hoped simply aware of it. kind, dear one! — that her new friend would But everywhere the divine ultimate Power win upon her mother, find a way through her mediates itself through the earthly elements and defences? — and had she been disappointed as forces, speaks through small, childish things, she watched? incarnates itself in lover, wife, or friend No! such a daughter would never inflict a flashing its mystic fire through the web of second anguish of the same kind on such a human relations. mother. Meynell bowed his head and went It seemed to Meynell, as he stood in the eve- slowly away. It was as if he left youth and ning stillness by the pond, hidden from sight all delightfulness behind him in the deepening by the light brushwood round him, that, ab- dusk of the woods. sorbed as he had been from his youth in the symbolism and passion of the religious life, as Meanwhile a very different scene, vitally other men are absorbed in art or science, he had connected with Meynell and his fortunes, was never really understood one of these great passing in a workman's cottage at Upcote words by which he imagined himself to live,- Minor. love, or endurance, or sacrifice, or joy,- be Barron had passed an agitated day. After cause he had never known the most sacred, his interview with the Bishop, in which he was the most intimate things of human life out of rather angrily conscious that his devotion and which they grow. his zeal were not rewarded with as much grati- And there uprose in him a sudden yearning - tude or as complete a confidence on the Dishop's a sudden flame of desire for the sustaining part as he might have claimed, he called on love of wife and child. As it thrilled through Canon France. him, he seemed to be looking down into the eyes To him he talked long and emphatically on — so frank, so human — of Mary Elsmere. the situation: on the excessive caution of the Then, while he watched, lost in feeling, yet Bishop, who had entirely refused to inhibit any instinctively listening for any movement in the one of the eighteen, at present, lest there should wood, there was a flicker of white among the be popular commotions; on the measures that trees opposite. A girl, book in hand, came he and his friends were taking; and on the strong down to the water's edge, and paused there a feeling that he believed to be rising against the little, watching the glow of sunset on the water. Modernists. It was evident that he was dis- Meynell retreated farther into the wood; but contented with the Bishop, and believed himself he was still able to see her. Presently she sat the only saviour of the situation. down, propping herself against a tree, and began Canon France watched him, sunk deep in his to read. arm-chair, the plump fingers of one hand playing Her presence, the grace of her bending neck, with certain charter rolls of the fourteenth informed the silence of the woods with life and century, with their seals attached, which lay charm. Meynell watched her a few moments; in a tray beside him. He had just brought then the hard truth of the situation like them over from the Cathedral library, and was "the storm-cloud that Zeus lets fly from the longing to be at work on them. Barron's con mountain-top" through the shining air --- versation did not interest him in the least, and descended on him, darkening and quenching. he even grudged him his second cup of tea. His life was not his own. It was doubly and But he did not show his impatience. He trebly pledged to a cause of the spirit with prophesied a speedy end to a ridiculous move- which no personal hunger must interfere. And, ment; wondered what on earth would happen if that were not in the way, what hope of win- to some of the men, who had nothing but their ning the daughter of that stern saint who at livings; and finally said, with a humorous eye their first meeting had shown him with such and no malicious intention: icy gentleness the gulf between himself and “The Romanists have always an easy way them? of settling these things. They find a scandal, MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 479 or invent one. But Meynell, I suppose, is im- bony face; the eyes, hollow and wavering, in- maculate." fected the spectator with their own distress; Barron shook his head. yet the distress was so angry that it rather “Meynell's life is absolutely correct, out- repelled than appealed. Her dress was quite wardly,” he said slowly. “Of course, the out of keeping with the labourer's cottage in Upcote people whom he has led away think which she stood. It was a shabby blue silk, him a saint.” fashionably cut, and set off by numerous lockets "Ah, well," said the Canon, smiling; "no and bangles. hope, then — that way. I rejoice, of course, She smiled scornfully at Barron's question. for Meynell's sake. But the goodness of the “A lodger? Well, I daresay I am. I'm unbeliever is becoming a great puzzle to man- John's mother.” kind.” “His mother?” said Barron, astonished. “I “Apparent goodness,” said Barron hotly. didn't know he had a mother alive." But, as The Canon smiled again. He wished and he spoke, some vague recollection of Theresa's this time more intensely that Barron would talk in the morning came back upon him. go, and let him get to his charters. The strange person in the doorway looked at And in a few minutes Barron did take his him oddly. departure. As he walked to the inn to find his “Well, I daresay you didn't. There's a many carriage, he pondered the problem of the vir- as would say the same. I've been away this tuous unbeliever. A certain Bampton lecture eighteen year, come October.” by a well-known and learned Bishop recurred to Barron, as she spoke, was struck with her him, which most frankly and drastically con- accent, and recalled her mention of “the cars.” nected “unbelief” with “sin.” Yet, somehow, “Why, you've been in the States,” he said. the view did not practically work out. “That's it - eighteen years.” Then, sud- After all, he reached Upcote in good time denly, pressing her hand to her forehead, she before dinner, and, remembering that he had said angrily: “I don't know what you mean. to inflict a well-deserved lecture on *'.e children What do you come bothering me for? I don't who had been caught injuring trees and stealing know who you are — and I don't know nothing wood in his plantations, he dismissed the car- about your trees. Come in and sit down. riage and made his way, before going home, to John'll be in directly.” the cottage which stood just outside the village, She held the door open, and Barron, impelled on the way from Maudeley to the Rectory and by a sudden curiosity, stepped in. He thought the Church, the woman was half-witted; but her silk dress He knocked peremptorily; but no one came. and her jewelry, above all, her sudden ap- He knocked again, chafing at the delay; but pearance on the scene as the mother of a man still no one came. After going round the cot- whom he had always supposed to be alone in tage, tapping at one of the windows, and getting the world, with three motherless, neglected chil- no response, he was just going away, in the belief dren, puzzled him. that the cottage was empty, when there was a So, as one accustomed to keep a sharp eye rattling sound at the front door. It opened, on the morals and affairs of his cottage tenants, and an old woman stood in the doorway. he began to question her about herself. She "You've made a pretty noise,” she said had thrown herself confusedly on a chair, and grimly, “but there's no one in but me.” sat with her head thrown back and her eyes "I am Mr. Barron,” said her visitor sharply, half closed, as if in pain. The replies he got “and I want to see John Broad. My keepers from her were short and grudging, but he made have been complaining to me about his chil- out from them that she had married a second dren's behaviour in the woods." time in the States, that she had only recently The woman before him shook her head irri- written to her son, who for some years had tably. supposed her dead, and had now come home to “What's the good of asking me? I only him, having no other relation left in the world. came off the cars here last night." He soon convinced himself that she was not “You're a lodger, I suppose?” said Barron, normally sane. That she had no idea as to his eyeing her suspiciously. (He did not allow own identity was not surprising, for she had left his tenants to take in lodgers.) Upcote for America years before his succession And the more he examined her the stranger to the White House estate; but her memory did her aspect seem. She was evidently a in all directions was confused, and her strange woman of seventy or upwards, and it struck talk made him suspect drugs. She had also, him that she looked haggard and ill. Her it seemed, the usual grievances of an unsound greyish-white hair hung untidily about a thin, mind, and believed herself to be injured and WILLIAM J. BURNS THE MAN FOR WHOM "THERE ARE NO MYSTERIES, WHO IS RELATING FOR MCCLURE'S THE BEST SERIES OF REAL DETECTIVE STORIES EVER TOLD ILLIAM J. BURNS was every criminal leaves a track behind him.” born in Baltimore in 1861. But it is his wonderful ability to see and follow In his early life his family traces so slight that others do not perceive them moved, first to Zanesville, that makes him so successful. and then to Columbus, Mr. Burns has a favorite expression which Ohio, where his father became a leading mer- he often uses in speaking of the criminals he chant tailor. Young Burns was trained to be has known: "He was overtrained” — by which a cutter, but the election of his father as Police he means that, in trying to avoid detection, the Commissioner of Columbus turned the young criminal becomes abnormally cautious. man's attention to the study of the detection of “That man was lying,” said Mr. Burns to his crime. He was twenty years old at this time. associates, in many cases connected with the It was not long before his skill in discovering land-fraud investigation, when by every appar- criminals and untangling “mysteries” became ent indication the statement was truthful. much talked about in the community where he “He overtrained himself he told a little too lived, and when, in 1885, Burns solved the cele- much”; and, the following day, Mr. Burns brated “tally-sheet forgeries" in a State election, would tell the perjurer just where he lied, and his fame spread to other parts of the country. the whole truth would come out. From that time on, William J. Burns has been In San Francisco, after it became known that one of the most efficient public servants that we William J. Burns was investigating the graft have ever had in this country. During his scandals, the Bulletin published a picture of twenty-two years in the Secret Service of the Burns, with the heading, “The Man Who Never United States he made a brilliant record, con- Failed”; and, for a time, the crooks laughed – ducting many of the most important discoveries but only for a time. He still has the remarkable of counterfeiters and forgers. record of never having failed in any case that he It was he who traced Charles Ulrich, the has undertaken. notorious German counterfeiter. A more clever Mr. Burns' success is due largely to the fact forger than Ulrich was never known in the crim- that in his work he recognizes no obstacles. "If inal history of the United States and Europe, you come to a stone wall, there must be a way up to the time that Taylor and Bredell of around,” he says. “Frame up a situation that Philadelphia made the Monroe head hundred- will get you around or over.” He keeps steadily dollar silver certificate, which was so perfect at his task until it is finished, and no one has yet that government experts declared it genuine. found a way to make him quit. When he is These men, and their entire gang, thirteen in asked how many times attempts have been all, were also run down by Burns. In 1895, made to bribe him, he gives the brief but signifi- by means of a piece of burlap wrapping, cant answer, “As many times as I have had Burns traced the exportation of green goods cases.” In the famous Philadelphia-Lancaster from New York to Costa Rica, where at the counterfeiting case, he was offered twenty-five time General Federica de Mora was starting thousand dollars, and afterward forty thousand a revolution, back to the prime conspirator, dollars, to stop. In the San Francisco graft Ricardo de Requesens, in New York. case, he was offered one hundred thousand These are a few of the cases that Mr. Burns dollars to leave the city. This failing, an- will relate to the readers of McClure's. other offer guaranteed him one hundred and Mr. Burns is modest about his achieve- twenty-five thousand dollars if he would take ments; he says, “There are no mysteries— up work elsewhere. 481 IV I was brought in our January MASTERS OF OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA MCCLURE'S STUDY OF THE INEVITABLE MOVE- MENT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH IN THIS COUNTRY ASTERS of Capital in America"- normal economic forces and usual human motives, John Moody's and George Kibbe into the hands of interrelated groups of capital- Turner's study of the concentra- ists in New York. Under the existing economic tion of wealth in this country conditions, it could not have done otherwise. When this movement had, in 1906, reached number to the end of its first section, the cul- its present general outlines ninety per cent of mination of the great monopoly movement in the capital in this greatest business of the con- railway capital in 1906. tinent, involving actual capital of eleven billion The next section, beginning next month, will dollars, lay in this central control. It is useless deal with the similar movement, that created, to try to imagine either the amount of money and brought into the same few hands that con- controlled, or the power that such a control trolled the railroads, the control of the great gave to those possessing it. industrial monopolies. But the centripetal movement of capital On one side,- in the story of the growth of described was not confined to the railroads individual fortunes,— these matter-of-fact arti- alone. In other great enterprises it was as cles have the quality of the treasure stories of the great, and much more rapid and startling. It “Arabian Nights"; indeed, the rolling up of was, in fact, all one movement - in railroads American fortunes in the past generation ex- and in industries. It was a movement of capi- ceeds imagination: for the ownership of hun- tal, not merely of particular industrial opera- dreds of millions and the control of billions of tions, and it is for that reason that the same capital is a thing no human mind can represent figures appear constantly as its center: the Mas- to itself. ters of Capital, who now control our industrial On the other side, the cold, inevitable move- life — the bread we eat, the houses we live in, ment of capital disclosed in the series is the and the daily “work for a living” which is the manifestation of a terrifying social fact; it is a first concern of every man. concrete statement of a great menace, that is The articles of Mr. Moody and Mr. Turner dimly before every individual of the population. began with a description of the movement of Ought so much power to come into so few English capital to this country; they have hands? The whole social and economic spirit treated also the movement from the other great of revolt of the present time results from a feel- European source of capital, Germany. The ing that it should not, and from a suspicion forthcoming articles will deal with the growth that the power is being wrongly used. of American capital, and especially its wonder- Whatever we may think about this, one thing ful concentration in that astonishing American is sure: this movement is not the result, as is creation — the Standard Oil Company. too often argued, of the malevolent action of The Standard Oil Company as an investor a few human minds and wills. It is far too and banker will form the subject matter of the great for this. The concentration of capital and next article in the series, and from this the arti- industry is a tremendous social readjustment cles will pass very soon to the central theme of world-wide, but nowhere so marked as in this the series — the concentration of control of the new country, the United States. fluid capital of this country in the hands of The inevitability of this movement has never great banking institutions in New York; the been shown more clearly than in the studies of causes of that centralization; and the forces that Mr. Moody and Mr. Turner. The control of operate and place their control and the control nine tenths of the American railroads, including of the country's capital in the hands of a con- all the best of these roads, drifted by reason of stantly decreasing number of men. 482 FROM A SKYSCRAPER BY ALLAN UPDEGRAFF A BOVE the city's somber face, The West's gay bubble burst to stars. Between the curved sky and the place . Of streets and avenues' bright bars, A newly made tenth sphere was ours, In that quite Ptolemaic space. We searched the city's gleaming lines, Translating them, with mutual aid, As they had been the ancient signs Of some old parchment-overlaid With rubrics on the inter-shade, Edged by the rivers' weird designs. We found diversion in the game Until the eldest of our four- Three having said they spelled out "Fame," And "Power," and even "Wealth"- forbore To speak in turn; then, rallied more Than was our wont, he murmured, "Shame!" While still we wondered at the word, He told, with silences between, How once the Holiest Man had heard That splendid offer: He had seen The world's great glory, and had been Strong to keep heart and brain unstirred. But he, our friend, whose face was white And lined, though still his hair was brown, Had not stood steadfast on the height. We knew not how we drifted down And through the clamor of the town. We have not seen him since that night. 483 SUPTOWN EXPRES NO SMO AILO BROADWAY EXPRESS 14 LIBRARY ANTON ONIOS RAUCHER Drawn by Anton Fischer A SUBWAY RUSH-HOUR CROWD) THIS IS THE KIND OF MANAGEMENT THAT NETS THE INTERBOROUGH COMPANY ANNUAL PROFITS OF EIGHTEEN PER CENT 484 McCLURE'S MAGAZINE VOL. XXXVI MARCH, 1911 No. 5 MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY BY BURTON J. HENDRICK J UST now the people of our largest Ameri-struction of new underground roads. Shall can city are attempting to decide upon these new systems be built by those who al- some program for the comprehensive de- ready monopolize rapid transit in New York, velopment of their local transportation or shall the city permit the construction of system. A rapidly increasing population competitive lines? has exhausted the capacity of the present New York is called upon to settle this ques- subway and is demanding the immediate con- tion of monopoly or competition, not only for Copyright, 1911, by The S. S. McClure Co. All rights reserved 485 THEODORE P. SHONTS PRESIDENT OF THE INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY – THE CORPORATION THAT, FOR SEVEN YEARS, HAS BLOCKED NEW SUBWAY CONSTRUCTION IN NEW YORK the present generation, but for practically all McAdoo — an Idealist and Man of time. If the Interborough Rapid Transit Com- Affairs pany, which now operates all the elevated and subway roads, obtains the present contracts, Mr. McAdoo is a Southerner, a native of it will dominate indefinitely the transit facili- Georgia, who came to New York, about eighteen ties of nearly five million people. years ago, to look for opportunities in the prac- The city, fortunately, has the choice not only tice of law. Though he had considerable suc- of two different transit systems but of two cess in his profession, his larger energies were different classes of men. The controlling per- soon absorbed in the local transit situation. sonalities in the Interborough Company are He is emphatically a corporation magnate of Thomas F. Ryan, August Belmont, Theodore the new school a strange mixture of the P. Shonts, and Edwin Hawley. The controlling practical and the visionary; a man with a factor in the company that aspires to operate a genius for planning what are apparently im- new and independent transit system is William possible enterprises and an energy and capacity Gibbs McAdoo. Both of these competitors to make them real. Mr. McAdoo's inheritance have had great experience in the manage- perhaps explains these contradictory traits. ment of transit systems in New York. The His ancestry, on his father's side, goes back to first syndicate controls the present subway that famous Scotch-Irish immigration which, in system; while Mr. McAdoo is widely known the latter years of the seventeenth and earlier of as the builder of the Hudson River tunnels. the eighteenth centuries, entered this country at 486 WILLIAM J. GAYNOR MAYOR OF NEW YORK, WHO PAVORS GIVING THE NEW SUBWAY CONTRACTS TO THE INTERBOROUGH. IN HIS ELECTION CAMPAIGN MR. GAYNOR WAS CLEARLY PLEDGED TO AN INDEPENDENT SYSTEM the port of Charleston and rapidly pushed for her, the fortunes of the McAdoo family, through North Carolina and Tennessee. By especially after General Sherman had swept Revolutionary days this stock had become a over the ancestral properties, would have part of the Southern aristocracy. Mr. Mc- reached an even lower ebb than they did. Adoo's ancestors rose with it from the log-cabin At its best, however, Mr. McAdoo's boy- stage, and early supplied the South with its hood was a hard one. His father's lively imag- fair quota of leading men. Mr. McAdoo's ination, his mother's will and perseverance father ably represented this type. He was a these were his only inheritance. The war left member of the Tennessee legislature, a soldier his people, as it did so many Southerners, with who saw service in both the Mexican and the no asset except family pride. McAdoo entered Civil wars, an attorney-general for the knox- the University of Tennessee, but necessity ville Circuit, a judge of the Superior Court, and, compelled him to leave in his junior year and in his last days, a professor of English literature hasten his preparation for the law. As a young and history in the University of Tennessee. man McAdoo had dreams and ambitions some- With his many talents, however, the elder Mc- what different from those that have material- Adoo conspicuously lacked one: he had little ized. He wished to become, like his forebears, capacity for p.actical things, and was especially a figure in public life. If he had been a North- unsuccessful as a money-getter. But his wife, ern boy we would have said that he aspired “one of the Floyds of Virginia," was energetic, to "enter politics"; in the South, however, ambitious, and aggressive. Had it not been the proper term is that he expected to be a 487 488 MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY 'statesman.” If any one had asked young hanging arms, and somewhat disjointed anat- McAdoo at this time what his life work was to omy. But he did not have Lincoln's powerful be, he would have unhesitatingly replied, “Law frame; he was so slender that, in spite of his and statesmanship.” And he had undeniable great height, he weighed less than one hundred qualifications for such a career. Besides a keen, and forty pounds. But the resemblance was comprehensive mind and a fine idealism, he had most accentuated in the face. For there were a great gift of expression; as a public speaker undeniably Lincoln's eyes, dark, dreamy, pen- his directness, his simplicity of manner, and his sive, deep sunken, half hidden in shadows formed sympathy always insured an attentive audience. by the craggy, overhanging brows. There also was Lincoln's corrugated face; the high cheek- Early Experiences in Railroading bones, with the deeply furrowed cheeks; the mouth, somewhat tightly drawn, with a humor- The scene of his early venture in public life ous curve at each end; the long, angular nose, was in Chattanocga, Tennessee, where he was the high forehead, and the smooth, silken, flatly admitted to the bar in 1885. Some mysterious lying dark brown hair. His deliberation in influence, however, seemed to impel Mr. Mc- talking, his fondness for reasoning a subject to Adoo toward railroads. He early became local its fundamental principles, his ability to lighten counsel to the Central Railroad & Banking Com- the discussion with an apt phrase or a con- pany of Georgia and the Richmond & Danville vincing anecdote – here, again, Mr. McAdoo Railroad. He was more than merely counsel, was Lincoln himself. In spite of all these prom- however. He took advantage of this situation ising qualities, New York did not immediately to educate himself thoroughly in the railroad make Mr. McAdoo its own. He arrived in Wall business, and he became so fascinated with the Street at almost the same time as the panic of new subject that he almost forgot his early in- 1893, and clients, for the first few years, were clination toward "statesmanship.” He studied not embarrassingly numerous. But he went railroading at first hand and in detail; he went on quietly making friends, getting together a deeply into accounting and finance, into opera- practice, establishing a reputation for personal tion and construction; he rode upon locomo- and professional decency, and waiting his tives, went with the engineers into the field, chance. It came in 1902. talked and associated with every one who could furnish a word of advice or information. The Problem of the Hudson Ferries It was not surprising, therefore, that, still sev- eral years this side of thirty, he found himself Mr. McAdoo's experience with surface rail- the active president and the controlling owner roads in Chattanooga naturally stimulated his in a railroad of his own. This was the Chat- interest in the metropolitan transit problem. tanooga Street Railway Company – an old- The first few years of the twentieth century fashioned transit system which Mr. McAdoo had witnessed many great developments in completely modernized. New York. The city had begun the building Long before this, Mr. McAdoo had made up of the subway, and the air was full of bridges, his mind to find wider opportunities than those tunnels, great railway terminals, moving plat- presented by eastern Tennessee. There was forms, and other modern methods of locomo- one place in particular toward which he cast tion. More propitious still, the transcontinen- longing eyes. The spell of New York City was tal railroads had entered into a new period of fairly upon him. prosperity; crops were abundant, stocks were It was in 1892 that Mr. McAdoo established booming, and money was plentiful. New York himself in a dingy law office in Wall Street; he City had started a new cycle in its devel- was then twenty-nine years old. He had no opment. Enormous office buildings, hotels, friends, no influential relatives, no “connec- department-stores, and apartment-houses were tions,” and no money. All that he had was a springing up on all hands; old residential definitely formed character, in which idealism streets were being transformed into business and enthusiasm were the predominating quali- thoroughfares; great outlying areas which, ties, and a most engaging exterior. Mr. Mc- when Mr. McAdoo first came to town, were Adoo's admirers are fond of comparing him with woodland or farming country, were being Lincoln; and in the raw-boned stripling who opened for residential purposes. In all these started out to conquer New York less than developments, one transit opportunity had twenty years ago there was an undeniable sug- been strangely neglected. New York was not gestion, physical at least, of his great fellow yet part of the North American continent; Southerner. Mr. McAdoo easily measured his all the great trunk railroads, with one exception, six feet one; he had Lincoln's long legs, loosely still landed their passengers on the New Jersey WILLIAM GIBBS MCADOO THE YOUNG MAN FROM TENNESSEE WHO HAS BUILT FOUR TUNNELS UNDER THE HUDSON RIVER, AND CONNECTED THEM, BY SUBWAY, WITH THE GREAT BUSINESS CENTERS OF NEW YORK, HE IS THE PEOPLE'S CHOICE AS THE BUILDER OF THE NEW SUBWAYS 489 490 MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY side of the Hudson. Enormous ferry-boats, eighteen hundred feet. Then, one day, the many of them thirty or forty years old, fur- roof collapsed, and the Hudson River poured nished the only means of access to Manhattan. in, drowning more than twenty men. The One day Mr. McAdoo was standing on the Hudson tunnel remained neglected for fifteen Jersey side, meditatively watching the animated years, when an English syndicate pumped out scene. There in the river were the lumbering the water and began again. These people added ferry-boats, bumping over the ice-blocks, crazily about fifteen hundred feet to Haskin's enter- picking their way through the fog, distract- prise, sank $4,000,000, and retired from the edly blowing their whistles to warn away en- field. Many Wall Street men had invested croaching craft. Near by, in the ferry-house, in the company, and consequently there was stood a black human mass, blowing their fingers no proposition quite so unpopular in financial to keep warm, and cursing audibly the laggard quarters. boats. Between this ill-tempered crowd and Mr. McAdoo knew all these things; he knew their offices and homes lay the barrier -- a sheet also of the enormous engineering difficulties of water about a mile wide. If one had particu- involved; and yet, the old Haskin enterprise larly good luck and “caught the boat," it took haunted him constantly. Haskin and his Eng- from fifteen to twenty minutes to cross; if one lish emulators were beckoning ghosts that had to wait fifteen minutes on the dock, as was would not down. He spent all his evenings the common fate, it might take half an hour poring over figures — figures that told him of or more. Was there not a better, quicker, and the enormous ferry traffic over the Hudson, more comfortable way of getting across the and what it would be in ten, twenty, thirty river than this? years to come. Here were 120,000,000 passen- The answer, of course, was obvious. Why gers yearly. Supposing he could get them at not build a tunnel? Mr. McAdoo turned the three cents a head, or even half of them — that proposition over and over in his mind; and would be an income of $3,000,000 or $2,000,000 one day the thing was again called to his atten a year. And he figured that the Haskin tunnel tion by a chance meeting with a fellow lawyer. could probably be finished for $4,000,000 or “Here's something for you to do, McAdoo,” he $5,000,000. His friends, however, simply said. This man was the counsel to a reorgani- smiled at him. He had left out of his calcula- zation committee of an old insolvent Hudson tion one important fact. The railroads carried River tunnel company. “Why don't you take nearly all of their passengers over the ferries it up and try to get it going again? Perhaps free; did Mr. McAdoo suppose the people would you might be able to get some of our money abandon this free ride for the privilege of using out of the damned thing.” his tunnel? Besides, the thing was a demon- strated failure; it could never be built, in the Mc Adoo Revives an Abandoned Enterprise first place, and, if built, would never "pay.” The words precisely expressed the general Getting Money Out of Millionaires estimation in which the proposition was then held. The idea of tunneling under the Hudson One day this slim young Southerner ap- was not original with Mr. McAdoo. Many had peared, with a letter of introduction, at the dreamed of doing it; two companies had made office of Frederic B. Jennings, the New York a serious attempt to put the operation through. corporation lawyer. Mr. Jennings was a mem- The enterprise was a tragical story; it had ber of the firm of Stetson, Jennings & Russell, bankrupted many men, and taken the lives of popularly known as “J. P. Morgan's law firm.” many more. As far back as 1873, one De Witt It may safely be assumed, therefore, that Mr. Clinton Haskin came to New York City om Jennings was not lacking in ordinary common the West, determined to build a railroad tunnel sense. Moreover, he knew all about the tunnel from Hoboken to Manhattan Island. Haskin scheme; he had personally invested in Haskin's had a few hundred thousand dollars of his own, company, and later in the English undertaking, which he optimistically staked upon this enter- and was several hundred thousand dollars prise. His idea was to run a single under-river poorer in consequence. So far as the Hudson road from Hoboken to Washington Square, tunnel was concerned, Mr. Jennings’ one ambi- where there was to be a large passenger station. tion was to forget it. It was hardly to be ex- He believed that, when it was finished, all the pected that he would listen patiently to transcontinental railroad lines would give up young man whom he had never seen before, and their ferries and run their trains through his who now unfolded a plan for reorganizing this tunnel into New York. He started his men to enterprise. And Mr. McAdoo was looking for work, and actually succeeded in building about other things than Mr. Jennings' advice and BURTON J. HENDRICK 49! coöperation. He wanted him to contribute placed in competent hands, and then retire to $100,000 of his own money to the fund required the practice of law. But his associates would for making a fresh start. have none of this. If they were going to invest Strange, certainly, that young McAdoo in McAdoo's crazy scheme, McAdoo himself should have thought of making so amazing a must take charge of the management. Thus proposition to a great, formidable lawyer like he found himself the president of the company Mr. Jennings. Still more strange, however, and the directing genius in all of its operations. that Mr. Jennings should have accepted it - which he ultimately did. Every Hand Raised Against Mc Adoo And Mr. McAdoo succeeded in inducing many other long-headed capitalists to put their Mr. McAdoo had not gone far, however, be- money into his new tunnel fund. He did not fore he saw that his original scheme would peddle his stock among the small fry; the never do. A mere shuttle service linking the scheme, at best, was a gamble, and McAdoo New Jersey and Manhattan shores by a single approached only men who had the means and tube would be utterly inadequate from both a inclination to enter into it upon that basis. Such financial and a transit standpoint. He then industrial and financial leaders as E. H. Gary, began those elaborations that transformed his chairman of the United States Steel Corpora- underground ferry into a comprehensive transit tion; E. C. Converse, intimately associated system uniting two States, covering a consider- with a large number of banks and corporations; able part of the New Jersey suburbs, and Walter G. Oakman, president of the Guaranty penetrating the densest business sections of Trust Company – Mr. McAdoo persuaded Manhattan Island. He started out to spend these, and many more, each to subscribe $4,000,000; he ended by spending nearly $100,000 cash. His plan was to raise about $70,000,000. He originally intended to build $4,000,000, to purchase all the rights of the two miles of tunnel; up to date he has con- defunct tunnel company, and to finish the structed eighteen miles. He added, first, to work. The old Haskin tunnel, though it had the completed old Haskin tube, another one lain neglected and filled with water for more paralleling it, and built two more from Jersey than ten years, was entirely practicable, as far City to the downtown section of Manhattan as it went; Mr. McAdoo proposed to finish it, at Cortlandt Street. He built a subway along lay a small track, and establish a shuttle train the river-front on the Jersey side, tapping all service from Hoboken to Christopher Street, the large railroad terminals, and another from New York. This tunnel, as proposed, was Jersey City to Newark. In New York, he has hardly a part of an extensive transit system; already built his tunnel up Sixth Avenue to it was merely a substitute for the ferries in Thirty-third Street, and is now extending it to certain circumscribed parts of the city. the new Grand Central terminal at Forty- That Mr. McAdoo was able to persuade second. When Mr. McAdoo began these addi- hard-headed business men that this was a possi- tions he hardly realized what he was doing ble undertaking is one of the modern miracles that he was starting a new transportation sys- of Wall Street. Any one who has met and tem in Manhattan Island and becoming a talked with Mr. McAdoo, however, is not sur-“factor” in the transit situation. Nor did he prised at it. He is persuasiveness itself. He realize to what an extent he was upsetting the has the essential qualities of the successful ad- established order of things,- how he was en- vocate, a gift of graphic exposition and a sim- croaching upon preëmpted ground. In fact, plicity of manner that convinces one of his he aroused the fiercest hostility in every direc- personal honesty and sincerity. Whatever the tion. He had to fight his way, foot by foot, subject of conversation,- his tunnels, the sub-against the most solidly intrenched gang of way, politics, general business, -- his person- transit monopolists in the United States. ality immediately rivets attention. All he has Every hand, in these early days, seemed to do is to look one in the face, wheel around raised against him. The real estate men pro- in his chair, throw one long leg over the other, tested because he was making it easier for New and begin, in his quiet Southern drawl, “Look York people to live and pay rent in the New heah, now," and the listener is lost. New light Jersey suburbs. All of the trunk railroads, ex- flows in; all doubts disappear; and Mr. Mc- cept the Pennsylvania, opposed him because Adoo's point of view becomes the only reason- he was encroaching upon their ferry traffic. able and possible one. This was Mr. McAdoo's They attempted to prevent him from building only asset in his early meetings with his new his line under their stations; in one case, he millionaire friends. His original idea was to had to fight in the courts to establish his legal organize his company, see that the work was right to do this. All opposition from these 492 MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY its power. sources, however, was trivial compared with did a few years afterward – leaving the stock- that which came from the transit interests of holders no property except a few creaky cars New York. When McAdoo began work, the and several miles of sadly overmortgaged rails. Whitney-Ryan syndicate absolutely controlled It still enjoyed a half-respectability, and still surface transit in Manhattan and the Bronx. proved a formidable antagonist to any one who It was then at the height of its arrogance and presumed to encroach upon its ground. In the eyes of Ryan and his associates, McAdoo was simply a foolish upstart a man who deserved Opposition from Ryan and the to be crushed. Metropolitan As usual, however, the Metropolitan tried gentle methods first. It would buy McAdoo As far back as 1886, William C. Whitney, off, precisely as it had bought off many of his Secretary of the Navy in President Cleveland's predecessors. So, one day, the tunnel man re- Cabinet, and Thomas F. Ryan, a Wall Street ceived an invitation to luncheon with Herbert broker and Tammany Hall politician, began H. Vreeland, the Metropolitan's president. A the accumulation of millions by the exploita- friend of Mr. McAdoo's has given the writer tion of the city's street-car service. From the the details of this occasion. beginning, the creation of a great and useful This was McAdoo's first meeting with the transit system had never entered into their “interests” with which he was afterward to calculations; their ambition was merely to capi- contend — with which, in a measure, he is still talize their political influence and their know- contending. There, on one side of the table, ledge of stock manipulation, and to wring mil- sat Vreeland - large, corpulent, typifying all lions from the pockets of unsuspecting investors. the ignorant arrogance of suddenly and irregu- The Tammany Hall with whose aid Whitney Tarly acquired wealth; and, on the other, Mr. and Ryan built up their personal fortunes was McAdoo, the slim and modest young unknown. that portrayed by the Lexow investigation; "Well, what are we here for?” said Vreeland, the one that debauched the polls, corrupted the coming to the point. political morals of the ignorant and the poor, "I am your guest, Mr. Vreeland, and I sup- organized endless schemes for plundering the posed you knew why you wished to meet me.” public treasury, and instituted a carefully regu Mr. Vreeland said bluntly that he wanted to lated plan of levying blackmail upon gamblers, know if the tunnel could be bought -and at thieves, and prostitutes. The Whitney-Ryan what price. The latter disposed of this matter program was extremely simple. The Tam- easily — the tunnel was not for sale, and never many politicians placed absolutely at their would be. free disposal the public thoroughfares. The A fine thing, of course, the tunnel would have transit ring then capitalized their franchises at been in the Metropolitan's hands. It would enormous values. In order to market the have furnished another basis for new Metro- stock obtained in this way, Whitney and Ryan politan securities, faked dividends, mergers, bull organized the Metropolitan Street Railway. movements in the Stock Exchange, and the rest Ostensibly, this was a transit company; in fact, of the familiar program. Had Mr. McAdoo it was simply a close corporation composed been acquiescent, he might even himself have of Whitney, Ryan, and their financial and had a small slice of the melon. political confederates, organized for the pur "Why, Mr. McAdoo," said Vreeland, pained pose of flooding the country with worthless and surprised, “you don't suppose, for a mo- securities. In order to make these securities ment, that we are going to let you build that marketable, the Metropolitan distributed mil- tunnel under Sixth Avenue, do you?” lions in seven-per-cent dividends - practically It was Mr. McAdoo's turn to be surprised. all obtained from borrowed money. In this “I didn't know you had anything to do with way, in eight years, these men took not far from it,” he said. “Perhaps I had better withdraw $100,000,000 out of the pockets of the public, all my application to the Rapid Transit Commis- of which represented practically no investment sion, and make it to the Metropolitan Street of their own. Railway." “Oh, I don't exactly mean that,” replied Mr. Attempts to Buy McAdoo Off Vreeland; "only, no one whom we have ever opposed has yet succeeded in building a rail- In 1902, when Mr. McAdoo began work, the road in this town." Metropolitan's story was not cly known; "Well, we shall have to prove your rule by outwardly it was still prosperous and powerful; being the exception to it,” replied Mr. McAdoo, it had not gone into a receiver's hands, as it cutting short the interview. “We don't want BURTON J. HENDRICK 493 unnecessary trouble with anybody, but we are Metropolitan money in "acceleration” schemes going to extend the Hudson tunnel to Thirty- of this kind; and that he had used part of this third Street, whether you like it or not." fund against Mr. McAdoo. In every possible way, Mr. Quigg tried to block the Hudson Com- Fighting Against the Metropolitan pany's proposed franchise. Whenever the propo- for a Franchise sition came up for hearing before the Rapid Transit Commission, various “property-owners' This was brave talk, but Mr. McAdoo's posi- associations” — financed, of course, by the Met- tion was a serious one. The particular crisis ropolitan's fund-appeared in opposition. And that brought about this situation was the appli- the opposition usually took the form of insisting cation, filed by the Hudson Tunnel Company, for upon certain changes that would injure Mr. a franchise to build up Sixth Avenue to Thirty- McAdoo in his tenderest part — his company's third Street. To McAdoo, this privilege was credit. They insisted that his franchise should indispensable if his enterprise was to succeed; contain a clause requiring his company to charge and the Metropolitan and their allies now only a five-cent fare on all its New Jersey and joined hands to defeat it. New York lines. Such a clause, as the Metro- Well, Mr. McAdoo succeeded in getting that politan well knew, would make it practically franchise. The Metropolitan opposed him on impossible for Mr. McAdoo to sell his bonds. every hand. It called to its assistance the Then they objected to his running his line up Public Service Corporation of New Jersey an- Sixth Avenue, and suggested an entirely different other sympathetic crowd of stock-waterers and and less profitable route. This, likewise, would political manipulators; but Mr. McAdoo got have materially reduced the value of the Hud- the best of both his antagonists. Their ultimate son securities. purpose was not so much to keep the tunnel out Against these influences Mr. McAdoo had of New York as to destroy the whole enterprise. only one method of fighting: he came out in the The most effectual way of doing this was by open, went personally before the Rapid Transit annihilating its credit. There were engineer- Commission, and pleaded his own cause. And ing difficulties enough in McAdoo's way, but his then, as always when he injects his personality fundamental problem was a financial one. Un- into an issue, he won. Once the Rapid Transit less his bankers could sell his securities, he could Commission voted him down; but Mr. McAdoo never finish his work. And unless his proposi- persistently kept the field. His persuasiveness, tion inspired general confidence, the stocks and his honesty, the fearful odds against which he bonds could not possibly find a market. And was contending, had by this time won him thou- the credit of a corporation is as easily destroyed sands of friends. And ultimately, in the face as is a woman's reputation. A whisper, passed of strong public opinion, the city authorities from mouth to mouth, may stop the sale of granted him his franchise. millions of securities. And Mr. McAdoo's scheme was certainly not invulnerable; its suc- More Great Schemes that“Wouldn't Pay'' cess, at best, was a matter of reasonable doubt. All this time Mr. McAdoo's engineers had Public Opinion "Accelerated" Against been gradually pushing their tunneling shield McAdoo through the mud and rock and sand under the Hudson River. Other great developments, un- This was the period in New York's political thought of when the original scheme was mapped history known as the era of “acceleration.” out, were also taking shape. One day Mr. A certain Lemuel Ely Quigg coined this descrip- McAdoo surprised his directors by suggesting tive word. For years, Mr. Quigg, once the Platt that the company build an underground termi- leader of the Republican party in New York nal covering two blocks in the lower part of Man- County, was secretly in the pay of the Metro- hattan Island, only a few hundred feet from politan Street Railway. With large money suf- Broadway. “But the thing will never pay," plies, furnished by the Metropolitan, Quigg's many skeptics protested. "We can make it duty was unostentatiously to manufacture public pay," replied their president; and then he further opinion in a way that would most promote the proposed that they build on the tunnel station a Metropolitan interests. Whenever Ryan needed twenty-two-story office building — a structure a little public opinion to help along the cause, which, when finished, would furnish office room Mr. Quigg would retain influential people to for ten thousand people and be the largest enter- organize “civic associations” in his interest. prise of its kind in the world. Against the re- Mr. Quigg once testified on the witness-stand sounding protests of everybody, this building that in five years he had spent $250,000 of the went up-and, when finished, rapidly filled with 494 MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY corporations paying big rents, government post- fore this celebration began, Mr. McAdoo disap- offices, and other desirable patrons. Mr. Mc- peared into the tunnel station, where, at his di- Adoo secured a valuable tenant for the whole rection, the road's employees had been lined up. of his top floor in characteristic fashion. This These men, who had little share in the jollifica- space presented an unsolved problem to real tion, were, after all, the people on whom ultimate estate men. “Just the place for a lunch club,” success largely depended. In a quiet talk to remarked Mr. McAdoo. “Yes,” said the pessi- the men, Mr. McAdoo now drove home these mists; "but where are you going to get your truths. This railroad was not, he said, built club?” “Why not organize one ourselves?" he primarily for its stockholders, for its officers, or replied. No, no - it wouldn't pay; there were for its employees: it was built for the public. too many lunch clubs in New York already. Its first consideration must always be the safety, But Mr. McAdoo went to work; the result is comfort, and convenience of its patrons. Once the Railroad Club, one of the most popular and the attitude of the railroad corporation had been, flourishing in town - with a membership of more “The public be damned": any employee who than eight hundred, a large waiting list, and a adopted that as his motto would get into trouble. good annual surplus. He instructed his men always to give civil re- In all branches of his tunnel-building Mr. plies when asked questions - even though the McAdoo was an inspiring figure. He spent questions might be foolish ones. For years the much time under the river, under high atmos- elevated lines and the street railroads had been pheric pressure. He personally supervised the enraging the traveling public by commanding purchase of $12,000,000 in real estate — sur- their patrons to "step lively”: any man on the prising experienced brokers by declining to par- Hudson tunnel using that phrase, or any other ticipate in their commissions. He maintained similarly descriptive, said Mr. McAdoo, would the closest personal supervision over construc- at once lose his job. tion work on his buildings. One day, he stepped The applause following these extempore re- upon a large girder that was about to be hoisted marks showed that Mr. McAdoo and his men by cable to the twenty-second story, and made had begun work cordially understanding one the dizzy trip to the top, carefully scrutinizing another. A little incident soon proved that his his skeleton structure all the way. Nor was sense of justice to the public did not involve he less attentive to traffic details. Soon after he injustice to his employees. When the passen- had started work on the downtown tunnels, he gers began buying tickets, they were surprised appeared in the office of Alexander J. Cassatt, to find that the ticket-sellers were neatly dressed president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. women. “What can I do for you, Mr. McAdoo?" said that affable gentleman. A Believer in Equal Pay for Men Mr. McAdoo had a plan by which the Penn- and Women sylvania could abandon its downtown ferry and run its trains through the McAdoo tube. One of Mr. McAdoo's associates had sug- “You are proposing,” replied Mr. Cassatt, gested this innovation. “Women ticket-sellers "to destroy the only profitable ferry the Penn- will be a great improvement over men,” he said. sylvania road has. But I believe your plans “They are neater in their appearance, they are will provide the best facilities, and we will nimbler with their fingers and their wits, than tie up with you." any men we can get for such jobs — they can Mr. Cassatt promptly called together his di- sell tickets faster and make change quicker. rectors and made the proffered contract. They won't make us so much trouble as men they are more industrious. Besides, they are Mc Adoo Declares War on the Public be cheaper." Damned" Policy “Why cheaper?” asked Mr. McAdoo. Why, they were women of course they Not until the Hudson tubes were opened, would work for smaller wages than men; they however, did the public obtain a perfect insight always did so everywhere. into McAdoo's character. The first establish "All right," replied the president. “If ment of dry-land communication between New women ticket-sellers are better than men, let us Jersey and New York was an occasion worthy have them, by all means. But I don't propose of celebration. President Roosevelt, in the to cut their pay. I don't believe in paying White House, touched the button that made them less simply because they are women.” the thing a reality; the governors of New York The tunnel system has both men and women and New Jersey participated; there were ban- ticket-sellers — women for the larger part of the quets, parades, and much speech-making. Be- work; men for those stations where women can- BURTON J. HENDRICK 495 not reasonably be asked to work, and for all- managers except Mr. McAdoo laughed; he him- night hours. Men and women receive the same self did not believe much in the scheme, but he pay, and this pay represents the prevailing rate agreed to give it a fair trial. He would put a of wages for such employment. car on each train for women, he said, as an ex- And the service in these underground roads periment; if the women showed, by using it, fairly dazzled a public accustomed to years of that they wanted the car, it would remain a per- jamming, crushing, and suffocation. The cars manent feature. As he suspected, the women were all steel, clean, white, and brilliantly really preferred to ride in the cars with men, lighted - in contrast to the wooden conveyances and the "old maids' retreat,” as the newspapers installed upon the newly finished subway. dubbed the innovation, was practically deserted. At this particular time the subway managers But the Hudson Company had demonstrated were filling the newspapers with columns of its readiness to act upon suggestions. explanations as to why side doors were imprac- ticable; and here all Mr. McAdoo's cars had Human Element in Transit Management beautifully working side doors. The terminals had been so constructed that the outgoing In other words, Mr. McAdoo has introduced passengers used one platform, the incoming the human element into the management of a another thus avoiding the football scrim- great transit system. Corporations, like most mages that had hitherto seemed essential in other things, he says, are simply the reflection of metropolitan transit. The stations were all the chief personality in control; emphatically, finely tiled and abundantly lighted; instead of they do have “souls.” “Go over the lines of the narrow stairs of the subway, there were any public service utility to-day,” he recently broad, spacious passageways; and everything said, in a lecture at Harvard, “and carefully was kept scrupulously clean. observe the general details of its service and Mr. McAdoo cordially invites complaints as equipment, the manners of its employees and to service, and investigates them himself; but their attitude to the public, and you will get a he receives very few. He now transports more fairly good reflection of the soul of its manage- than 50,000,000 passengers a year; in the same ment." time he receives less than a dozen “kicks.” As a result of practically enforcing these Mr. McAdoo, in his efforts to obtain decent ideas, Mr. McAdoo has become a personage treatment for his passengers, even goes so far as whom no one believed, a few years ago, could to spend a part of his time on his own lines. He ever exist – a popular street-railway man, a often goes from train to train, keeping watch corporation magnate whom the newspapers are upon his men, talking with them, admonishing constantly praising instead of abusing. them — impressing upon their minds the fact simple policy of not kicking and cuffing the that they must look out for the comfort of the pas- people who daily give up their nickels has sengers. With the Public Service Commission, made this young Tennessee lawyer probably the body which in New York controls public- the most popular citizen of New York. utility corporations, Mr. McAdoo has always been on the friendliest terms. He believes in There is another large transportation corpora- this form of governmental activity. To his tion in New York. Any one who wishes to ob- mind, the public and the transit corporation are tain a picture of its “soul" should visit one of necessarily partners; and in the management of the large subway stations any morning or even- his tunnels he has practically admitted the ing during the rush hours. The platforms are people of New York into partnership. He be- crowded with enormous, swaying, constantly lieves in a policy of publicity. In running a increasing human masses, eager, worried, almost great transit system, accidents and occasional hysterical, all too frequently full of the spirit of inconveniences are inevitable, and Mr. McAdoo's rowdyism and riot. Here and there a gigantic experience teaches him that the best way to get policeman in gray moves up and down, pushing along is simply to explain why these things part of the crowd in one direction, part in an- happen. For years railroads have maintained other. As the red and green lights of the ex- secrecy about accidents; if there is an accident press appear out of the darkness far down the in the Hudson tunnels, however, all the details track, there is an instinctive swaying toward reach the newspaper offices almost before the the platform edge. The strongest among the reporters get to the scene. men obtain the vantage-points; the women are A year or two ago, a leading woman's associa- sometimes crushed against the iron railings tion brought forth a new idea that the under- which alone prevent a wholesale deluge into ground and elevated roads install a special car the trackway. The express, filled with pas- on every train for women. All the railroad sengers clinging to straps, slowly rolls in, and 496 MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY the doors open. Scores in the cars attempt compensations for the stockholders in the Inter- to get out; a much larger number outside borough railroad. For this kind of manage- attempt to get in. As the two armies impinge, ment nets them annual profits of eighteen per there follows a fiercely contested battle, vic- cent. One would hardly believe that this splen- tory perching upon the men — and sometimes did subway, in which the people of New York the women possessing the most aggressive City are thus maltreated twice a day, was the elbows and shoulders with the largest driving property of these very people themselves. But power. Feet are stepped on, dresses some- it is, for the people have spent nearly $50,000,- times torn, hats knocked awry. Passengers 000 of their own money in building it. · The and trainmen frequently quarrel; there is an Interborough Company owns only the equip- abundance of insolence and profanity on both ment — the cars, the motors, the electric in- sides; the whole performance has developed a stallation, and has, in addition, a lease which new human species known as the “subway will permit it to operate the property for sixty- THE MAN ON THE EXTREME RIGHT IS FRANK HEDLEY, THE GENERAL MANAGER OF THE IN- TERBOROUGH. THE CENTER FIGURE IS EX-MAYOR MCCLELLAN, WHOSE ADMINISTRATION PURSUED AN OBSTRUCTIONIST POLICY IN THE MATTER OF RAPID TRANSIT hog.” After a few riotous seconds, each police- nine more years; all the rest — the road-bed, man, with widely outstretched arms, gathers the track, the stations, the entrances — the a segment of the crowd in his embrace, hauls it sovereign people themselves own. toward the car entrance, and, with one heroic The ultimate explanation of these daily push, shoves the inert mass inside. The doors crushes is perfectly clear; it is found in a finan- clang together and the train moves on. Mean- cial transaction that took place five years ago. time the crowd has been steadily increasing, so This was the celebrated “merger," engineered that, when the next train arrives, the scene is by Thomas F. Ryan and his associates, which reënacted. joined into one transit monopoly all the ele- vated, surface, and subway railroads in Man- A "Regulated Monopoly" hattan and the Bronx. The men who formed this new company the Interborough-Metro- This is the kind of transit known in New politan were precisely the same who had so York City as a “regulated monopoly.” Un- persistently opposed Mr. McAdoo's entrance pleasant as it is for the people, it has certain into New York. This corporation represented BURTON J. HENDRICK 497 Both men, Ryan's final effort to flood the market with new proving its service, therefore, all the energies of fictitious stock based upon the New York transit the new management must be directed toward lines. In 1906, when Ryan organized this new earning dividends upon this watered stock. corporation, his own Metropolitan system was This, then, was the financial program, and, bankrupt; it had a deficit of $20,000,000 and although the insolvency of the Metropolitan its financial condition found a fit outward ex- Company, which soon followed, changed the pression in its broken-down equipment and its situation somewhat, the Interborough Company miserable service. In seeking a way of extri- has managed the subway in accordance with cating himself, of giving his Metropolitan stock this theory. The new company chose as its some value, and manufacturing new issues for president Mr. Theodore P. Shonts, a Western further exploitation, Mr. Ryan boldly fastened railroad man, and first president of the Panama his hands upon the Interborough. This latter Canal Commission; and, as its general manager corporation, which operated all the elevated and in charge of operation, Mr. Frank Hedley, a subway lines, was enormously profitable; it was young man who had risen from the ranks. The paying nine-per-cent dividends upon a reason new management placed upon these men a able capitalization, and had accumulated a single responsibility - to operate the subway surplus of $4,000,000. and the elevated lines in the way that would Ryan's plan was simply to attach his badly bring the largest financial returns diseased corporation to this healthy one, and to by training and character, seemed well fitted take advantage of its great earning capacity to for this task. Mr. Shonts is absolutely lacking make valuable his worthless Metropolitan stock. in tact or consideration. He is a loud talker, is Incidentally, he proposed to issue new securities fond of emphasizing his remarks by waving his (in the neighborhood of $155,000,000) which hands, by pounding the desk, and by stalking up represented practically no new value whatever. and down the room. Whereas Mr. McAdoo Amazing as this proposition was, the fact that it brings to the management of a great city transit succeeded is more amazing still. Ryan forced system all the inherent courtesy, diplomacy, and himself into the Interborough railroad by using genuine kindliness of the Southern gentleman, the tactics that had been so successful in a num- Mr. Shonts' only stock in trade is a breeziness ber of other financial undertakings. He fright- and rough-and-ready arrogance that antagonize ened August Belmont, then the controlling everybody. Nor does his chief lieutenant, Mr. personality in the Interborough, into the belief Hedley, make up for his deficiencies of character that he himself had formed plans to construct and temperament. Mr. Hedley has no compre- an independent subway system. This system, if hension of that modern idea which teaches that ever built, would seriously disturb the Belmont the public, because it has given these railroad monopoly. Rather than face such formidable corporations great privileges, is necessarily a competition, Belmont consented to merge his partner in their management. Human beings, profitable concern with the demoralized Metro- in Mr. Hedley's eyes, are merely so many inar- politan. ticulate dummies, plentifully loaded with nickels, who are to be crowded or jammed together for A Plan to Stifle Competition the purpose of earning dividends on watered stock. Apparently, nothing grieves him so The inherent purpose of this remarkable much as an empty seat or an unused strap in amalgamation, in other words, was to stifle com a subway car. petition — to prevent the building of more sub And now these men, Shonts, Hedley, Ryan, ways, and to preserve for all time the existing Belmont, and their financial allies, joined hands transit monopoly. The people of New York with one single purpose — not to improve or had built their own subway for the purpose of extend the New York transit system, but to freeing themselves from just such a monopoly; wring the last possible nickel out of existing by using this very subway, Ryan and Belmont facilities. The last three years have been one were able to make this monopoly impregnable. perpetual quarrel between the Public Service For the “merger” made a decent system of Commission and the subway management. In rapid transit practically unattainable. It placed insisting on public convenience and comfort, upon the Interborough-Metropolitan Company the Public Service Commission has attempted about $155,000,000 of new securities. This new to secure important reforms; but the Inter- capitalization represented no new property borough Company has always opposed them. which had any earning capacity of its own; if The Commission demanded that it equip its made profitable, it must be made so out of the cars with side doors. “It can't be done,” re- increased earning capacity of the subway. In- plied Hedley and Shonts; “it will be dangerous; stead of financing new undertakings and im- it will delay operation the idea is absurd.” 498 MCADOO AND THE SUBWAY After a three years' struggle, the side doors have Interborough Blocks New Lines been put in, and a wonderful improvement in operation has resulted. The Commission sug Hardly had the new subway opened, when the gested a new signaling plan, so that expresses immediate necessity for extensions and entirely could run on closer. headway. There was the independent lines became clear. This necessity same opposition, and the same result: the Com- became more aggravated with each succeeding mission's idea was ultimately adopted, with year; the present underground road, which was marked improvement in the service. But the originally built to carry about 400,000 passen- bitterest warfare has waged over the attempt of gers a day, now carries nearly a million. Al- the Commission to secure longer and more fre- though the present subway was opened nearly quent trains. The Commission recognized that seven years ago, hardly a single mile of new in rush hours a certain amount of crowding was underground railroad has been built since. For inevitable; Mr. Hedley and Mr. Shonts, how- several years the Interborough group has been ever, were determined that their patrons should able to block the transit development of New stand in non-rush hour periods as well. All York. It evidently had sufficient influence MR. McADOO IS FOND OF SPENDING HIS VACATIONS ON THE SAGE-BRUSH PLAINS OF ARIZONA this meant great saving to the road, and larger with the McClellan administration to hold up all earnings; but it meant also that women going plans for transit improvement. Its policy has to shop or to the matinée in the non-rush hours been the favorite one of delay. It has made re- would have to stand up; that people going to peated propositions of its own to build new sub- church on Sunday, when the travel is always light, way lines — and then has finally declined to were almost as densely crowded as on week days. build them; it has attempted to forestall the Up to date, the attempts of the Public Service construction of modern transit systems by prop- Commission to change these conditions have ositions to build third tracks on the elevated not succeeded. The Public Service Commis- roads. To jam the present subway to suffoca- sion can line the subway with its inspectors; tion, to refuse to build new systems itself, but Mr. Hedley is too agile for them. When and to keep other people from doing so the Public Service Commission is not look- that has been the seven years' policy of this ing, he will sneak off a train here or there, monopoly. detach one or two cars, and in other ways But all this time public sentiment had been curtail the service. Mr. Hedley is like the bad crystallizing - the people had finally concluded boy at school, whom only constant watching that their transit salvation did not necessarily will induce to observe the rules even in part. lie in the hands of Belmont and Ryan. They BURTON J. HENDRICK 499 needed new underground roads, and needed wisdom of putting $125,000,000 into this sub- them quickly; there was clearly but one way to terranean hole. Again, where was the city to get obtain them, and that was by building them the money? From attacking the scheme as a themselves. Under existing law, the city of New whole, its enemies now began to attack it piece- York could issue bonds for the construction meal. After all, the subway business could be of a rapid transit route, and then, after it had overdone. New York was a big place, but been finished, equip and operate the road itself or there were limits to its growth; certain parts of lease the property to some responsible tenant. the Triborough plan surely never would pay, On this theory, the Public Service Commission, and, in all probability, the thing as a whole about two years ago, began to make plans for a never would. The Interborough people were a complete subway system in the three most bad lot, to be sure; they did treat the public densely populated boroughs — Manhattan, the abominably: but they were on the ground; they Bronx, and Brooklyn. It created an absolutely already had a monopoly, and nothing could new subway system-one that could be operated prevent them from perpetuating it. In early independently of the Interborough, and, to a July, even Mayor Gaynor began to talk in this considerable extent, in competition with it. The fashion; he said he was thinking over the sub- comprehensive character of these plans is evi- way problem — the situation was not clear -- dent from the fact that their preparation took his mind was not quite made up. Mr. Gaynor two years and cost nearly $600,000; that they had made an excellent beginning as the Mayor included more than one thousand separate of New York, and the change in his attitude on drawings, filling twenty separate volumes. The the subway position dismayed his friends and lithographing and printing of these drawings, well-wishers. It was in marked contrast to and their publication in book form, in itself the attitude of Mr. William A. Prendergast, represented an expense of $20,000. The plans Comptroller, and Mr. John Purroy Mitchel, provided for a forty-four-mile four-track sub- president of the Board of Aldermen, who way, large enough, if necessary, to admit trans- have remained consistent in their demands for continental trains. This subway would furnish an independent subway. transportation for 1,000,000 passengers a day, In September, 1910, the Public Service Com- and would cost about $125,000,000 to build. It mission advertised for bids for two new subway was known as the Triborough route. contracts. One of these was for construction with city money of the new Triborough line. Mayor Gaynor's Attacks on Naturally, there were plenty of bids for this the Interborough contract. It also advertised for bids for the construction, equipment, maintenance, and op- This great municipal enterprise figured largely eration of the same line with private capital. as an issue in the last local election in New Not a single bid for this contract was received. York. Both political parties practically in- The advocates of the Interborough were tri- dorsed it in their platforms; and William J. umphant. Private contractors were perfectly Gaynor, the Democratic nominee, in his cam- willing to build the thing for the profit there is paign speeches made many references to the sub- in it, they said; but no capitalist had enough way situation which practically amounted to an faith in the scheme to put in a dollar of his own indorsement of the Triborough plan. He flayed money. Did any one want better evidence that the Interborough and Metropolitan financiers the independent subway was a dream? That it never in all the history of New York had was unsound, foolish, and could never pay? these men had a more bitter critic. In a speech Why not drop the whole absurd program, and at the Academy of Music in Brooklyn, on accept such new transit as the Interborough October 20, 1909, Mr. Gaynor declared that he people would give? had himself had inserted in the platform the Indeed, the Belmont-Ryan-Shonts-Hawley subway plank. syndicate apparently had the situation in their Mr. Gaynor was elected and went into office own hands. They would operate further exten- clearly pledged against the Interborough Com- sions, they said,- if the city would build these pany and in favor of an independent subway. extensions itself. Beyond this, they "stood pat." In spite of this situation, the Interborough They were sure now to win, in any event: if the financiers had not abandoned hope. Seven years city accepted their mild proposal, they would of training had taught them the delicate art of have several miles of new subway, merely ex- directing public sentiment; and now from many tensions of their existing lines, without spend- quarters there came mysterious and hardly ing any money of their own; if the city declined, expressed opposition to this plan. Certain they could continue rolling up eighteen-per-cent newspapers began to have their doubts as to the dividends indefinitely. 500 McADOO AND THE SUBWAY Mr. McAdoo Gets Out of Bed New York tried a referendum at this time, they would have accepted the McAdoo offer almost But they left one factor out of their calcula- unanimously. But the city now had an elo- tions. This was their old friend Mr. McAdoo quent object lesson in competition; for, hardly - the same Mr. McAdoo who had fought his had Mr. McAdoo appeared upon the scene be- way into Manhattan Island against their un- fore signs of activity became manifest about the scrupulous opposition. When the subway situa- Interborough office. At last a formidable rival tion reached its highest excitement, and when to their monopoly had appeared. The city, in the Interborough was rejoicing most over de- its seven years' struggle for decent transit, was feating the people's program, Mr. McAdoo was no longer hobbled; it had an effective champion lying sick in a hospital, recovering from ap- in the master of the Hudson tunnels. In a few pendicitis. He amused himself during conval- days Mr. Shonts appeared before the Public escence by studying the subway situation. Service Commission, apparently prepared to Propped up in bed, he made endless calculations offer some inducements for new subways. This on his pad, and had many, talks with people company now offered to spend $75,000,000 of interested in transit matters. As a result, Mr. its own money in building additional lines, and McAdoo came to this conclusion: if the city to make many other concessions, which, if they would slightly modify its plan and build the Tri- did not fully meet the public requirements, at borough route, it would be worth somebody's least represented a marked advance over its while to invest $50,000,000 in equipping and earlier plans. Had it not been for Mr. Mc- operating it. Who better fitted to undertake Adoo's offer, the Interborough Company, of the job than Mr. McAdoo himself? He already course, would never have made this new had a subway system in New York running up proposal. Sixth Avenue to Forty-second Street and the Grand Central Station; he had strong financial Mc Adoo or the Interborough? connections; he knew something about manag- ing a railroad. It was a big thing worth doing In spite of this eleventh-hour repentance, the in itself; and there was money in it, too. situation remains essentially the same. As this Mr. McAdoo got out of bed, went down to the article goes to press, the overshadowing question office of the Public Service Commission, and is: Shall the old transit monopoly perpetuate made this proposition: if the city would build its hold by obtaining the contract for new sub- the Triborough route (slightly modified) with ways, or shall the city try a new deal with Mr. its own money, his company would spend $50,- McAdoo? Is it safer for New York to intrust 000,000 in equipment, and take a lease for its its transit future with men whose bad faith has operation. Under the terms of his proposed been clearly demonstrated, or with a man who contract, the city of New York, any time after represents new methods and new ideals in rail- ten years, could break this lease and purchase way management? The very day the Inter- from Mr. McAdoo his equipment. As an evi- borough proposition came up for consideration dence of good faith, Mr. McAdoo offered to put by the city authorities, that corporation issued up a bond of $1,000,000 insuring the perform- a defiance to the Public Service Commission, ance of his side of the contract. asserting that its orders for adequate service And so, after all, the thing could be done; here represented an invasion of the Interborough's was a man who believed that this proposed sub- rights, and formally refusing to obey them. The way system would pay. He was not a lunatic, acceptance of its latest offer clearly means fifty but an experienced transit man, and he was uninterrupted years of subway crushes and willing to stake his own reputation and $50,- eighteen-per-cent profits. The acceptance of 000,000 on the outcome. And, strangely enough, Mr. McAdoo's terms means adequate and effi- after Mr. McAdoo had entered the situation, cient service and a competitor who will have the the Interborough people also began to see some- most salutary effect upon the rival corporation. thing in new subway lines. Had the people of which will the city choose? The HONEYMOON by ARNOLD BENNETT AUTHOR OF "THE OLD WIVES' TALE” AND “THE CLAYHANGER' ILLUSTRATIONS BY FREDERIC DORR STEELE CHARACTERS age 56. Flora LLOYD, widow, age 28. Charles Haslam, their second son, Mrs. Reach Haslam, a novelist, age 22. THE BISHOP OF COLCHESTER, age 55. MR. Reach Haslam, her husband, GASTON, a German-Swiss waiter, age 23 CEDRIĆ Haslam, their eldest son, CUTHBERT, Mrs. Reach Haslam's age 32. maître d'hôtel. age 58. NOTES ON CHARACTERS IN Act I Flora Lloyd.—Beautiful. Elegant. Charming. All in the highest degree possible. The whole play turns on these qualities in her. Cedric Haslam.—Renowned aviator. The taciturn, inventive Englishman. Very self-controlled, but capable of passionate moments. Obstinate, with enormous force of character. His movements, gestures, and speech have a certain air of slow indolence, but are at the same time marked by that masculine harshness and brusqueness which would specially appeal to a woman like Flora. No one could guess from his demeanour that he is famous. Charles Haslam.—Boyish. Impulsive. Very self-centred. But very agreeable. Mrs. Reach Haslam.—Majestic. Richly dressed. The foremost woman novelist in England and America. Her name a household word. No sense of humour. But she is very, very far from being a fool, and the part is not a low-comedy part. This play shows the least sympathetic side of her. Mr. Reach Haslam.—The husband of a celebrity. Strong sense of sardonic humour, which has very little outlet. Always exceedingly polite and even deferential to his wife, yet preserving his own dignity. A prim, dry, precise man. Gaston. --There are scores of Gastons in the hotels and restaurants of the West End. He does not differ from the type. АСТІ A sitting-room in the only hotel at a small seaside resort in Essex. Old-fashioned Victorian furniture, producing a picturesque general effect. Some modern touch, such as a framed coloured advertisement of pneumatic tires. Through the window can be seen a view of the garden, and the sea in the distance. The fireplace is not seen. CEDRIC and FLORA are seated at either side of a tea-table. TIME: Afternoon in June. Sunshine. Flora. Another cup? (CEDRIC, looking at (Cedric gives a gesture to show that he doesn't know her, makes no reply.] Cedric! Another cup? wby.] . Instead of keeping us both wait- (with a touch of very good-humoured impatience. ing like that! (Reflective.) And yet, it's barely CEDRIC rises, goes round the table to her, takes three hours since you kissed me in the vestry! hold of her, and kisses her.] Cedric. Vestry be dashed! And here's an- CEDRIC (standing over her, she looking up at other thing I've been wanting to do. (He care- him]. I've been wanting to do that for about fully kisses her ear.) thirty solid minutes. Flora. My ear! Flora. Then why didn't you, my poor boy? Cedric. Precisely your ear! Strange! And 501 502 THE HONEYMOON I can tell you something even stranger. Shall tude as is good for you every twenty-four hours. 1? [She nods.) When I'm standing over you I Constant change and distraction — that's what feel as if I should like to kill you! Yes, really, wants arranging for! Solitude will arrange itself. Fluff! It takes me all of a sudden! You know Flora. I didn't expect this from you, dear. — when you lean out of a high balcony, and you CEDRIC (hastily a pologetic). Simply a theory! feel you must jump — well, it's that sort of a I've had no practical experience, and I'm per- feeling! fectly ready to sit at your feet in the matter. Flora. What particular kind of homicide? Honestly, I don't care a straw. I may be wrong, Cedric. Oh! (at a loss). A kind of a fierce and if you crushing. (She smiles.) You think it's justifi FLORA (solemnly). You aren't wrong! You're able? quite fearfully right! Flora. I don't mind, so long as I know my CEDRIC (after staring at her, with a convinced risks. air). We shall get on together -- that's a bed- CEDRIC (after staring at her with a con rock certainty! Now, this place ought to be vinced air). We shall get on together all right! excellent for a beginning, but I should im- Flora. Yes, I think we're doing rather well agine that about a couple of days of it would so far, considering — [turning the ring on his do us. finger). Flora. I never suspected — no, really, I CEDRIC. Considering what? never did suspect that any man could have as Flora. Considering how nervous we both are, much common sense, beforehand, as you have, naturally. (Drops his band.] Cedric. Not to speak of courage! Cedric (moving away half to bimselfl. Yes; CEDRIC. Cheek, you mean. But then, of and we shall keep on getting more nervous! course, I am supposed to have a bit of nerve. Flora (resuming exactly the same matter-of- Well, that's settled. We are to travel, then. fact tone as when she first put the question). Flora. The point is, where? Another cup? CEDRIC. Where would you like? CEDRIC (in a similar tone). How many have Flora (radiantly). Anywhere. I had? CEDRIC. What about Paris? Flora. I don't know, dear. Flora. Oh! Not Paris. CEDRIC. I've had enough, then. CEDRIC. Why not? Flora. Well, about our programme. Sup Flora. We should be simply mobbed. My pose we settle it a bit, now? dearest boy, have you ever heard speak of the CEDRIC. Yes, let's. [Sits down.] simplicity of genius? Flora. I do think it was a lovely idea to CEDRIC. I seem to have read about it some- start off without any programme at all! Heaven where, perhaps in the ladies' papers. itself couldn't say where we sha'n't be this time Flora. Well, you won't understand it, be- next week! cause you've got it - acutely. CEDRIC. Well, subject to your approval, 1 CEDRIC. And here all these years l've been don't mind informing heaven that, anyhow, we taking myself for rather a crafty person! sha'n't be here. Flora. Do you know how many times I've Flora. Tired of this place --- already? counted your portrait in the weeklies this year? CEDRIC. On the contrary! But it's too small One hundred and forty-six! And that's not to hold a couple that have just walked out of a reckoning the pictures where your aëroplane's vestry. One hotel, one flagstaff, one boat, one so high up that you only look like a fly in a sea. No pier, no tea-shop, no concert, and very mouse-trap. probably no moon. Cedric. In my simple mind, I'd always Flora. Extraordinary how even three hours thought that the surest way never to be recog- of married life will change a man! You always nised in the street was to have your portrait in used to be rather keen on quietness, solitude, the papers. old flannel suits, and so on. Flora. And then, there's your likeness to Cedric. Now, look here, Fluff! This honey- your mother! A hundred and fifty-one thou- moon programme is important. Er — [besi- sand copies of your dear mother's last novel tates). sold up to yesterday — so I saw in the Tele- Flora (nods). Let's talk as man to man. graph. And then, her new novel out to-day. CEDRIC. The fact is, l've always had a very Cedric. I'm not suggesting that we should distinct theory about honeymoons. Far from camp out in Piccadilly for our honeymoon, the ma ng crowd is a mistake on a honey- my dove and my love. I said Paris. moon. Solitude! Wherever you are, if you're Flora. All London will be in Paris. on a honeymoon, you'll get quite as much soli CEDRIC. What next week? ARNOLD BENNETT 503 Flora. Every week. Excuse me asking a your charm, your enormous slap-upness pointed question, dearest, but have you ever (Changing his tone.) Well, ecstasy is not my been to Paris? – I mean, since the flood. line. I only said Paris because the mater asked CEDRIC. Yes; my knowledge of the un me if I thought we should be going there, and wieldy goods department of the big railway I told her it was possible. stations is probably matchless. Flora. Will she be there? Flora. Well, if you'd stepped outside the sta CEDRIC. No, no! Only, if we should happen tions you'd know that Paris is now exclusively to go there, she wanted me to count the panes inhabited by nice, respectable people from Lon- of glass in a lamp-post on the Alexander III. don, and nice, respectable people from Arizona, Bridge. One of her realistic details, you know. and when they aren't cricking their necks to I expect she's got her hero staring absently up look at aëroplanes, they're improving their at that lamp-post — after an indiscreet even- minds with your dear mother's latest novel. ing. She may be depending on me. CEDRIC (mock-serious]. Will you believe Flora. But, surely, that isn't a reason why me — I'd no notion of this at all! we should go to Paris! Your dear mother Flora. LET'S TALK AS MAN TO MAN FLORA. I tell you what I wouldn't mind might have wanted to know the number of going to Paris under an assumed name. ribs in the umbrella of the King of Siam CEDRIC. Oh! No! should we have had to book to Bangkok? Flora. Why not? It would be amusing. CEDRIC. I was only CEDRIC. I don't see myself travelling under Flora. Husband, I must tell you something a false name. I suppose I'm too English. about your mother. I've kept it a secret Flora. Well, I don't see myself in a Paris from you. Do you know what made her give hotel as the bride of the most celebrated Eng- up her terrific scheme of our being married in lish aviator and the daughter-in-law of the the Cathedral, by the Bishop, surrounded by most celebrated English lady novelist. I do the press of Europe? not! (with a characteristic gesture]. Mobbed CEDRIC. I thought our angel tongues per- isn't the word for what we should be. suaded her out of it. CEDRIC [gazing at her). You must have Flora. Not at all. A threat did it. noticed that I'm not what you'd call gushing; dropped in on her one day for a little very I've known myself go a month without using a private chat while you were at Blackpool. single superlative; but, really, my most dear She was just going to arrange with the Bishop. girl, my Fluffiest, when you strike an attitude I told her, confidentially, — but, of course, like that, you're more marvellously and in- nicely,– that if she wouldn't agree to us being effably adorable than ever. Your beauty, married by a curate at Colchester, with nobody - میر לנוו Gaston. I SUPPOSE YOU STAY HERE LONG TIME? FRESH MARRIED ENGLISH PEOPLE DEMAND GENERALLY DULL PLACE but her and your father and Charlie present, CEDRIC. I say, Fluff, why, after hiding this and nothing whatever in the papers for at secret for several weeks,- it's practically a least a fortnight, then I should insist on being double life that you've been leading, - why married at a registry office. do you reveal it just at this particular mo- CEDRIC. The deuce you did! What did ment? she say? Flora. Oh — sheer caprice, my dearest! It FLORA. She merely said, “Of course your just popped into my head. wish is our law, Mrs. Lloyd." But the next CEDRIC (somewhat troubled and awkward]. day she was calling me “Flora” again. So your notion is that the mater's moral em- Cedric. The mater folded up like that! pire over her family and the British public Flora. There! [laughing.) Listen to your might be checked without grave loss of life, eh? own tone, dearest! Naturally, she folded up. Flora. Cedric! (Cedric looks at ber, arrested She only needs proper treatment. and questioning.] What's the rarest thing CEDRIC. Well, I had a bit of a stir with her in the world? Quick! when I decided to give up my amateur status; CEDRIC. Common sense, of course. but I must say, as a rule, I get on very well Flora. Oh! Good! I was afraid you might with the mater. say a well-cooked potato. Flora. Oh! So do I. It's because I get on Cedric. You ought to know me better than so well with her that we had a curate to-day that. instead of the Bishop. Rather a jolly curate, Flora. But, Cedric, it's only now that we're didn't you think? beginning to make each other's acquaintance. CEDRIC. Struck me as a queer lot. Cedric. That's true! But how did you Flora. Of course, they're all queer. I liked know that common sense is the rarest thing him because, when he asked me to sign my in the world? name, he didn't say (imitating the snigger of a Flora. Because I've got so very little of it curate), “for the last time.” They always do, myself. But even a very little will go a long you know. It's almost part of the service, for way. Now, have I told you that our marriage them. And if he had said it, I do believe I isn't going to be like ordinary marriages – 1 should have screamed. mcan, really? 5n - ARNOLD BENNETT 505 CEDRIC. Well, you haven't exactly told me, get more at the rate of a thousand pounds for but you've allowed me to suspect the fact. a week's flying, as you know. Flora. Most marriages, and especially most FLORA. Cedric! There is to be no flying honeymoons, are third-rate simply because the during our honeymoon? people concerned in them don't bring their bit Cedric. Certainly not! of common sense to bear on the problems that FLORA. And it is to last a full month, natur- are (mock-platform manner) --- er --- continually ally. arising. (Laughing.) I intend to keep my bit of CEDRIC. A full calendar month with no common sense healthy by constant exercise. address for letters. Common sense, steadily applied, will solve any Flora (sigh of ecstatic anticipation). Two or problem. three days, you said, here? CEDRIC (emphatically). Any! (After a pause.) Cedric. Yes; don't you think it's enough? Always provided Flora. Oh, quite. We shall be gone before FLORA (surprised). Always provided ? anybody's had time to guess - [Breaking off.] CEDRIC. My dear, in this outpouring of Dearest, don't you think we came into the hotel wisdom I, too, must have my share. Common rather well? sense will solve any problem, -- any! - always Cedric. Fine. No one could suspect that we provided it is employed simultaneously with hadn't been born married. I was proud of both politeness. During a long and varied career as of us. (Enter Gaston. a bachelor, dear spouse (mock-platform manner),. GASTON. Shall I clear the table? (Beginning I have noticed that marriage is usually the death to do so before receiving permission.] of politeness between a man and a woman. I Flora. Yes. (Flora and CEDRIC rise.] have noticed that the stronger the passion the GASTON (with a cheerful air, quite unconscious weaker the manners. Now, my theory is that of his impudent manner). I suppose you stay politeness, instead of decreasing with intimacy, here long time? should increase! And when I say "politeness Flora (determined to snub the waiter). Really! I mean common superficial politeness; I don't Cedric. Why? mean the deep-down sort of thing that you GASTON. Oh! Honeymoon. Dull place. Fresh can only detect with a divining-rod. Pardon married English people demand generally dull you were saying? place. FLORA. Cedric! [Impulsively rushes to him (Flora collapses, and exit hurriedly into the and kisses him.] How right you are! It's exactly garden. CEDRIC, with more leisurely dignity, what I've been thinking for years. Now, as to lights a cigarette and is about to follow ber, when common sense and the programme. It would be stops and turns.) be against common sense for us to begin by Cedric. By the way, I don't think we shall annoying your mother. If you really do think stay long. your mother would be in the least upset by our GASTON (after looking at Flora in the garden not going to Paris, naturally I shall be delighted impartially and cheerfully). It is strange how to go. We could stop just long enough to in- English people have shame of being married. spect the lamp-post and then off again. One would say it was a crime in England. A CEDRIC. Oh, no! Oh, no! Of course she young man and young lady in English hotel won't be upset! they like better that one should think they not Flora. That is settled, then. Do you know, married. It is different in Switzerland. In I've had the tiniest idea of going to Ostend and Switzerland we are proud. We tell all the then taking the Orient express to Buda-Pesth? world. Why not? I'm dying to see Hungary - simply dying! CEDRIC. So you come from Switzerland? CEDRIC. My dearest, your life shall be saved, GASTON. Oh, yes. I am not English. (Eagerly.] regardless of cost. Geneva. My father is a fabricant, a Flora. I do want an expensive honeymoon. Cedric. Manufacturer. Not because I'm extravagant, but because a GASTON. Yes, manufacturer of door-mats. honeymoon is a solemn, important thing. My father makes door-mats for all the hotels in CEDRIC. A symbol. Switzerland. Very big! Very important! He FLORA. A symbol. And it ought to be done says – 1 must go into the hotel business; he - well, adequately. will buy me a hotel. I learn everything. We Cedric. Nineteen thousand pounds odd of do that in Switzerland. We are scientifique. I mine is now on deposit at my bank — all hon- have been in the kitchens. Now I am waiter. No estly taken by me out of the pockets of rate- shame. Nobody could guess I am a gentleman. payers of various important towns in less than Cedric. You mustn't be too hard on yourself, a year. And when that's gone I can always my friend. And so you've come to England? 506 THE HONEY MOON Gaston. My father says: “Go to England. into this place till I ordered one at the rail- Study the English caractère in England. Very way. I insisted. The Piccadilly Gazette --- you valuable.” When I come to London I could not know — Thackeray — written by gentlemen speak English — no! for gentlemen? I read it every day. Ah! And Cedric. When was that? Last week? is it not afraid of Germany! Gaston. No; it is a year, nearly. But I had Cedric. Do you mean there's something at once a situation - the first day, at the Grand about my marriage in the Piccadilly Gazette? Babylon Hotel. Gaston. Yes. Do you want to read it? Cedric. Rather awkward, wasn't it, not CEDRIC. Well, I should rather like to see it, knowing English? if I'm not interfering with your studies. GASTON. Yes; that fatigues one to hear a Gaston (taking paper out of his pocket]. strange language all the day. There! (Stands waiting in a suggestive attitude.) CEDRIC. I meant for the customers. Cedric [accepting paper). Thanks. (Looks Gaston (nonchalant gesture). They are now at him and gives him a tip.] well habituated. Many of them learn French GASTON (pocketing the coin). Thanks! .. or German; it saves time. English people are And you will see about Klopstock, too. (Picks so practical. They are not logique, but they are up tray.) practical. Now, to-day I speak German, Ital Cedric. What about Klopstock? ian, as perfectly as English. Gaston. He comes to England soon as he CEDRIC. Remarkable! But, surely, a man has flyed at Breslau. Ah, you will see! (Exit of your enormous ability is wasted in a sleepy with tray.] place like this. Perhaps you find it amusing, (CEDRIC sits down with the paper, and begins though. to read.) GASTON (shaking his bead -- passionately). CEDRIC (quietly). Oh! Dull! It is for my health that I am here. (He drops the end of bis cigarette into a flower- Sleepy! Ah, my God! (Disdainfully.) But all pot; then takes a cigar from his case, cuts it, puts England sleeps. But next month I go to Ger- it in his mouth, and produces a match-box, but many; I shall have done England. does not light it.] CEDRIC. You like Germany. CEDRIC. Oh, indeed! GASTON. Ah! What a country! What (He goes to the window, and taps on one of the organisation! What science! Never sleeps! closed panes. After a moment Flora appears at Always conquers! (Patronisingly.) Do you the open part of the window. Cedric with a mo- think in your business the Germans will not tion of the head indicates that be wishes her to conquer, at the end? enter.) CEDRIC. My business? FLORA (off, in a conspiratorial whisper). Has GASTON. Yes; aëroplanes. that reader of hearts quite gone? [CEDRIC nods.) CEDRIC. So you know that? Come out. (CEDRIC beckons her inward with bis GASTON. I know everything. Look at finger.) (Enter FLORA. anileen! Flora. Oh, Cedric! What a blow! We're CEDRIC. Anileen? the honeymoon couple now of Pixton-on-Sea! Gaston. Yes. Anileen - colours. How did he guess? CEDRIC. Ah! You mean aniline dyes. CEDRIC (scarcely listening to her). Fluff, GASTON. Yes; I said so. read this. (Hands her the paper, with his finger CEDRIC. What about them? on a particular paragraph.] Top of second Gaston. What about them? Lyland in- column. vented them. Germany has taken them from Flora (reads). “We are informed that Mr. you — all. That is science. All German now! Cedric Haslam, the celebrated aviator (Cedric So with aëroplanes. England and France – shows surprise), was married privately this proud, very proud! But at the end you will morning, at Colchester, to Mrs. Flora Lloyd, see at the end. widow of the late Mr. Artemus Lloyd, stock- CEDRIC. Oh! broker, who at one time was a well-known GASTON. And soon. figure in the Kaffir Circus. Mr. and Mrs. CEDRIC. I say, if it isn't a rude question – Reach Haslam, the bridegroom's parents, and how did you guess that we -- were — er - on his brother, Mr. Charles Haslam, were present. our honeymoon? It might be useful for me to The happy pair are spending the first part of know. the honeymoon at Pixton-on-Sea. By a curious GASTON. Ah, now — again! I read; 1 coincidence, Mrs. Reach Haslam's new novel, study. I alone in this sleepy place. By exam- 'The Wiving of the Chancellor,' appears on the ple, no afternoon newspapers — none! - came very day of the marriage of her eldest son.” 2 IUNA Flora. PERHAPS YOU'VE FORGOTTEN THAT YOU HAPPENED TO GET MARRIED THIS MORNING (Sbaking her head.) Only one thing is possible. Herr Klopstock will pack up his victorious new Flight! Immediate flight! And plenty of it! triplane and start for England. He announces Cedric, I suppose this is your dear mother's his intention of trying within three weeks for doing. the ten thousand pound prize recently offered CEDRIC. I should doubt it. More probably, by the Aëro Club to the first aviator who flies some accidental leakage. She hates the very over Snowdon. Herr Klopstock, who has al- thought of self-advertisement. ready, we understand, taken the whole of a FLORA. Oh! I know. But I've always no- hotel at Beddgelert for the accommodation of ticed she's somewhat unlucky in the matter of his staff, is convinced that his machine will leakages. Your father ought to study plumbing. rise easily to at least four thousand feet. The Cedric (slightly impatient). That's nothing Kaiser has just christened the aëroplane the — that's not what I wanted you to read; I Black Eagle, by telegraph, and has assured hadn't even noticed that. Look! (Pointing to the renowned aviator and ex-professor of the a paragraph.) heartiest good wishes of himself and his house. Flora. “Dissensions in the Cabinet. Ex- His youngest grandchild, Prince - um ... traordinary Rumors." Fatherland ... um ... The news will cer- CEDRIC. No, no! [Takes the paper and tainly create a considerable sensation in Eng- reads.] “The German Invasion. To-morrow, land, as it has done in Germany." I should upon the conclusion of the Breslau meeting, say it would! 507 508 THE HONEYMOON Flora. Why should it? Snowdon, and a black eagle is a black eagle, and Cedric. What! The Kaiser's Black Eagle (comically) — in short, madam, England will flying over the highest mountain in England, turn to your husband in its hour of peril. In and getting ten thousand pounds for the job? other words, Fluff, it's up to me. It's unthinkable! How does it strike you? FLORA ſlightly). I say, Cedric. Flora. It strikes me that it would have been CEDRIC. Well? much simpler and less expensive not to have Flora. I thought we were agreed about a full offered the ten thousand pounds. It's alto- calendar month. gether too tempting. And I don't think it's Cedric (after a pause--as lightly as possible). quite nice of Mr. Klopstock. It ought to have Do you mean you think I ought to let Snowdon occurred to him – But, then, it never does slide? Do you really seem to occur to Germans. I've often noticed Flora. Yes, of course. Don't you? that in hotels. They don't seem to perceive – CEDRIC. You aren't serious? (Different tone.) Will he succeed? Flora (persuasively). My dearest boy, is Cedric. He might. I don't think he would there any reason why I shouldn't differ from - not with his present propellers; but he just you and yet be serious? might. CEDRIC. No, of course not. But in a case Flora. Well, most probably he won't. And like this – If there was anybody else to take then you can try in July, as you originally in- my place, I wouldn't mind. Of course, Smith- tended, and get the money, after all. Then James could do it, if only he would use our car- there will have been some sense in the prize, burettor, - that's all he wants, but he won't. anyway. Nothing would induce him to. So, as I keep CEDRIC. It isn't the money. on saying — there you are! Flora. Surely it isn't the mountain? Flora. But what does it matter? Is it be- CEDRIC (following his own thoughts). We've cause the other man's machine has been called got to come out on top in this business. I must the Black Eagle in a telegram that you get to the works in the middle of next week. Cedric. Yes; partly. It'll take a day to modify those wing-tips, and Flora. Oh! So that if this canvas-backed another to tune her up. Oh, I shall be ready duck flies first over a lump of mud called long before he is. But I'll give him a chance to Snowdon get nicely installed in his hotel. I should like Cedric. But don't I tell you Snowdon is the Herr Klopstock and his staff to admire the highest mountain in England! beautiful scenery FLORA. No, it isn't. Flora (casually). You must be at the works Cedric. Pardon me; 3,570 feet. The next next week? highest is Cedric. It's me or nobody! No use trying to Flora. Well, you go to Cardiff and announce disguise that fact, Fluff! that Snowdon is the highest mountain in Eng- Flora. Perhaps, in the heat of the moment, land, and see what you'll get. you've forgotten that you happened to get CEDRIC. Wales, then. It's all the same. married this morning, Cedric. FLORA (with great charm). If you're thinking CEDRIC. I wish we hadn't happened to get of the ten thousand pounds, I don't mind in- married this morning. [She looks at him.] I forming you, as a great secret, that I wouldn't mean, I wish we'd happened to get married a sell a single day of my honeymoon with you for week ago. Frantic nuisance! However, there ten times ten thousand pounds. But I told you you are! It simply means we shall be fixed up I wanted an expensive honeymoon, didn't I? a bit sooner in the flat CEDRIC (shaking his head with calm certainty). Flora. But the flat won't be anything like the money doesn't influence me that much! ready by next week. (Snaps his fingers.] I don't wish to flatter my- Cedric. Never mind; we'll sleep at the Grand self, but I think I could light your cigarette with Babylon, or in the back yard. (A little pause.] a bank-note as gracefully as anybody. No Of course, as a nuisance, it completely baffles Flora. You're pulling away at that cigar of description. To-day, of all days! However, yours, but I suppose you know it isn't lighted. Fluff, as I said before with profound truth, there Cedric. Isn't it? (As he lights the cigar.] No! you are! It would never do in this world to give This Snowdon business — well, it's a symbol. the German lot even a chance. The thing's too (Half to himself.] I wonder how I can make you spectacular, altogether too spectacular. If it understand that. was a question of beating us quietly and for Flora (fascinatingly). Oh! Force is unneces- ever in technics or manufacture, the B. P. sary. I understand that. But who was it said wouldn't think twice about it; but Snowdon is just now that the honeymoon was a symbol? It ENTER Mrs. Reach HASLAM stands for all our married life. It's the most CEDRIC. Same thing. I suppose our interests exciting and interesting time we shall ever have. are identical. And you can't put a honeymoon off, you know. FLORA. My poor, simple boy, do you really It isn't like a box of cigars, that you can keep believe that? in a cupboard and enjoy one of them every now CEDRIC. Well, dash it, aren't you my and then when you've got a few minutes to wife? spare. It must happen now or never. You Flora. So far as I'm concerned, it would be can't postpone it. You can only kill it. (Smiles more correct to say that you're my husband. brightly.] In fact, you've got a career as my husband. CEDRIC (taking hold of her, in a caressing tone). CEDRIC (anxious to be fair). Certainly. And She's tragic! you as my wife. But Flora (disengaging herself]. Oh, no! FLORA. One second, dearest. You're unique CEDRIC. Now, just listen to me, Fluff. I'm as an aviator, aren't you? really thinking at least as much of you as of CEDRIC (conventionally modest). Oh - well — myself. This affair is bound to have an influ Flora. Now, man to man. Give your mod- ence on my career. esty a rest. Really, don't you consider you've Flora. And what about its influence on proved yourself unique in your line? mine? CEDRIC (besitatingly, chivalrously). I suppose 509 510 THE HONEYMOON I'm just about as unique in my line as you are make any comparison at all between our re- in yours, my dear. spective lines. I was only going to point out Flora. Now, that's very nice of you. that you can keep on being charming all the CEDRIC. Not at all. time. You're always charming: you're always Flora. Yes, it is; because it's exactly what I doing your line. Whereas for my line I have to wanted you to say. You've often said that I'm choose times and seasons or, rather, I don't unique, and I just wanted you to say it again at choose 'em; they're chosen for me. As, for this identical, particular instant. Of course, I instance, just now. Wherever we are, honey- could have reminded you of it, but that wouldn't moon or no honeymoon, you're — well, you're have been quite so effective. That's why it's giving an exhibition flight. very nice of you. Flora. Now, Cedric, your good nature's get- Cedric. So you are unique I'll say it as ting the better of your sincerity. I'm not al- often as you like. ways charming. Ask your dear mother. And Flora. I warn you, you're giving yourself have you forgotten our historic shindy about away. the length of your moustache, scarcely three CEDRIC. Delighted! months ago? I'm not always charming. And Flora. I wouldn't care to repeat all the lovely I don't want to be always charming. Who adjectives you've used about me. If you weren't would? As for exhibition flights, you've never such a determined enemy of gush and superla- seen me give one. You think you have, but tives, people might suspect that sometimes you what you've seen up to now is nothing. I don't exaggerated the tiniest bit when you talked mind telling you that I had arranged a rather about me to me. But, of course, I know you sensational exhibition flight for the next month. never do exaggerate, at any rate consciously, It would last just thirty-one days. I don't and you know you're a very good judge. mind telling you that I've thought a good deal CEDRIC. What of? about it, and made all my elaborate prepara- Flora. Us. . . . Now, look here, Cedric. tions. It really would be a pity to interfere Don't you think it would be a pity to stop with it. And, you know, it can't be postponed. this creature who is so unique in her line from I don't choose time and season, any more than giving a full exhibition of her unique powers at you do. a unique moment, at the very height of her Cedric. But, surely, Fluff, this flight can career? You know, she'll never have another proceed as I say, wherever we are? opportunity like this of proving that she really Flora. You think so? And what about my is unique in her line. grand stand? Cedric. What do you call her line? Let's be Cedric. I shall always be your grand stand. clear. FLORA. Shall you? I can only do my best Flora (quietly, offhandedly, after a pause]. when I've got the undivided attention of my To charm. Merely that. audience. I hope I shall never come quite to Cedric. By heaven! She can do that. But earth, but I don't see myself being unique in my – (winningly, but half to himself] – I hardly line for the benefit of a man who is busy (with know how to put it. the faintest touch of irony in ber tone] counting Flora. I think you do, dearest, but you're so the misfires in his motor, or dreaming about the nice you don't like to. You wanted to make a barometer. comparison between the importance of your line CEDRIC. Naturally, if you don't see the im- and the importance of mine. I admit all that. portance of this Snowdon business to us I'm quite humble; I fully admit that if Hyde FLORA (consciously very charming again). But Park were full of aviators and Battersea Park I do see it. I see it perfectly well. A woman were full of charming young women, rather unique in her own line is not necessarily a gaping pretty and er – chic [gesture to show off her idiot in every other line. I admit the immense frock] — 1 fully admit that not a man among importance of Snowdon to us. I won't argue. you would ever dream — of crossing the river. In my time, I've been told that I was too well I fully admit that if every aviator in Europe dressed to be able to argue. I simply want to gave up business to-morrow the entire world ask you this: What, for you, is the most impor- would go into mourning. Whereas if all the tant thing in life? Now, let's be straight. charming women retired from their business, Have you married as a supreme end, or is your they'd never be missed. Still supreme end to move yourself about in the air Cedric (appreciative). You're a witty girl. without visible means of support? Now (smil- Flora. We're both rather witty, aren't we, ing] look me in the face and be a man. at times? CEDRIC. You're putting very fundamental CEDRIC. But the fact is, I wasn't going to questions. ARNOLD BENNETT 511 FLORA. Is marriage a relaxation from flying, Flora (agreeing). No. Such questions ought or do you fly in order to have the means for to be asked earlier. But human nature is so practising the whole art of marriage under fa- human, that probably it wouldn't be any use vorable conditions? Do you live most intensely asking them any earlier. They might even be when you're battling with the breeze, or when considered rude. In fact, it is considered rude you're (dropping her voice] with me? I only for fiancés to worry each other with any ques- want to know. Because, if you live most in- tions that really matter. (Pause; in a vague tensely when you're with me, this honeymoon voice.] Whether you prefer a flat or a house, should be worth more to us than forty Snow- and the colour of the drawing-room chairs dons. that's about as far as you are supposed to go. CEDRIC. Say no more. Snowdon is chucked. (Another pause.) Well? Of course, my position is impossible. You have CEDRIC (approaching her). What? only to insist Flora. Do you think I ought to yield to the Flora (losing ber self-control). Insist? In- aëroplane? sist that you neglect an aëroplane so that you CEDRIC (stands still; very firmly). My dear can stay with me? My dear boy, I'm incapable girl, if you ask me to be straight, I think the of taking such a mean advantage of an aëro- Snowdon business isn't a thing to be neglected. plane. An aëroplane can't insist. And, I can (Pause at high tension.] assure you, I sha'n't. Flora (plaintively). Common sense doesn't Cedric. Do you know that you're scarcely seem to be such a wonderful cure for difficul- logical? ties, after all. [Fiercely.) Oh! If I had faith, Flora. Not logical? In not insisting? wouldn't I just move that mountain into the CEDRIC (somewhat at a loss). I mean gener- sea! (Gives a sob.) ally. For instance, when we began, your first Cedric. Flora, what can I say? argument was that we couldn't shorten the Flora (controlling herself). There's nothing honeymoon because the flat wouldn't be ready else to be said — by either of us. It's — it's Flora. One can't think of everything at once. hopeless. (Enter Charles Haslam, cau- You mustn't forget l've never been called to the tiously. He is in motoring attire. bar. If I'd known what was coming, no doubt CHARLES (at the door, to some one outside). I should have prepared my case, and had it It's all right. We've caught 'em. Within the typewritten, and sent copies to the press. And room.] then, what about your being illogical? CEDRIC (extremely puzzled; frowning). Hello! CEDRIC. Me? Charles. Hello! ... Flora, what's the Flora. Yes. When I ask you for a straight matter? answer, you protest that I'm putting a “very Flora (collecting berself, ironically). Oh, fundamental question." Did you expect me to nothing! Nothing! This is a nice, kind idea put shallow questions? Did you expect me to of yours, to come and relieve our solitude; but enquire whether you'd used Pears' Soap? did you expect us not to be startled? CEDRIC. Now, look here, Fluffiest (Enter Mr. Reach Haslam. Flora angry]. Cedric, I wish you wouldn't CEDRIC. Hello! [Mr. R. H. gives a depre- call me that. You've only started it since we cating gesture.] were married. I can stand Fluff; but I don't like Mr. R. H. My dear Flora! Fluffy, and my objection to Fluffiest is intense. [Enter Mrs. Reach Haslam. CEDRIC. I beg your pardon. CEDRIC. Any more? (Enter Gaston. FLORA (recovering berself, sweetly). It's 1 FLORA. Well, this is a pleasure. Unusual, who beg yours. For the moment I was for- perhaps getting that “common superficial politeness" Mrs. R. H. My dear son, my dear Flora - that you ranked with common sense. [Turns to Mr. R. H.) Father – (Stops.] CEDRIC. My dear child, everything's all MR. R. H. [To Gaston, who is bovering in- right. The honeymoon shall not be shortened quisitively about.] If there is the slightest doubt by a single day. Everything's absolutely all in your mind as to the exact geographical situa- right. tion of the door Flora (shakes her head). It isn't. You're GASTON. Please? (meaning "I beg your par- only giving way to please me? don, I didn't catch what you said.”] CEDRIC. Well, really [laughing). [Mr. R. H. goes to door and signals to GASTON Flora. Cedric! Honestly. Yes or no. Do to depart. Exit GASTON. MR. R. H. closes you think I ought to yield to the aëroplane? door.) CEDRIC (they look at each other). I think you CEDRIC (aside, to CHARLES). What the oughtn't to ask quite such questions. hell's up? Charles. WELT, YOU MUST MAKE THE BEST OF IT Mrs. R. H. CERTAINLY NOT. CHARLES, YOU ARE ASTOUNDING as Charles (loudly). Well, Rick as we shall face them, they really amount to Mrs. R. H. Charles, what did I tell you nothing. The principal thing was to catch before you came in? I'll thank you to go and you in time. Thank heaven we've done that! sit down over there. (CHARLES obeys.) Charles. Thank my masterly and auda- FLORA. Suppose we all sit down, shall we? cious driving! Well, what did you tell him before he came in? Mrs. R. H. (staring him down). If we had Mrs. R. H. (sits). Believe me, Flora, I failed — (Gesture of despair. To Mr. R. H. never felt so unequal to a situation in my life. Dear Cedric. Look here, dad, do you mind tell Mr. R. H. (nodding to her politely). As soon ing me in one word what this is all about? we had finished lunch, your mother set Mrs. R. H. Yes; your father will tell you. herself to work, her work being very much The circumstances are exceedingly difficult behind in fact, painful. But they have to be faced, Mrs. R. H. Never mind all that. Do it as and faced with dignity. The various necessary gently as you can, but come to the point at steps must be taken, in their proper order, very once. I am quite sure that is best. carefully. The first step is to inform you and Mr. R. H. The telephone? Flora of the facts. Your father will now do Mrs. R. H. The telephone. this. He is the head of the family and the Mr. R. H. (nodding to her politely). We were fount of authority, and the statement comes rung up on the telephone. Your mother was more properly from him. I decided that abso- walking about in meditation, and as she was lutely, as we motored down. (To Mr. R. H.] nearest the telephone, she answered it. She Dear then said to me, “It's the Bishop of Colchester." MR. R. H. Yes, dear. [To CEDRIC and I was at the desk. In another moment she Flora.] You know we went straight back to asked me to come to the telephone and listen for town, when you'd left the church. As soon as myself, as she could scarcely believe her ears. we had I did so; and the Bishop — he was telephoning Mrs. R. H. [interrupting). Cedric and from the palace at Colchester — repeated, at Flora! You needn't be alarmed. As I said, my request, what he had said to your mother. the circumstances are painful, but, once faced Namely — that that curate who — er — offi- 512 ARNOLD BENNETT 513 ciated this morning suddenly awakened to a when they've gone altogether too far. I well sense of beauty recall, when I studied this subject, – as, of Mrs. R. H. Sense of duty. course, I did, - coming across a case in which, Mr. R. H. I quite understood “beauty." owing to a church having been consecrated very It's true the Bishop hasn't got a good telephone carelessly, a lady who supposed herself to be the voice — probably more impressive at a con- legitimate mother of sixteen children poor firmation than on the telephone. I heard thing "beauty.” However Flora. But you mean to say we aren't Mrs. R. H. Sense of duty. married? MR. R. H. No doubt you are right. I seemed Mrs. R. H. Well, of course I want to put to gather that it was Flora's beauty that had it as gently as possible, but the fact is roused his conscience. (Looking at her husband.) Mrs. R. H. Oh, no! MR. R. H. It would be an exaggeration to FLORA. That had what? say that you are married. CHARLES (coming toward the group, unable Mrs. R. H. If my idea had been accepted of to control his impatience). Oh, hang it! The having the Bishop to officiate - and he would curate was a sham curate — not a curate at all. have been only too enchanted — in the Cathe- CEDRIC (taking it in). A sham curate! dral, this dreadful thing could not have occurred. Flora. But surely such things don't happen? No case of impersonating a bishop has ever been Mrs. R. H. That's what many people said known. when I made a shopwalker successfully imperson CEDRIC. But what are we to do? ate an archdeacon in “The Woman of Kent.” Charles (airily). Well, you must make the Everybody said so until Mr. Gladstone wrote best of it. that he found the episode quite convincing. Mrs. R. H. (outraged]. Certainly not. Charles, You remember, dear? you are astounding. It would have looked Mr. R. H. Vividly. better of you if you had remained outside in 'Mrs. R. H. I assure you, it happens quite charge of the car. Make the best of it, indeed! frequently that, from one cause or another, peo- (To Mr. R. H.) Father ple who think they are married are not married. MR. R. H. (to Cedric). For the moment, a Why, sometimes special Acts of Parliament policy of masterly inactivity seems to be in- have to be passed in order to set things right - dicated. Curtain TO BE CONCLUDED IN THE APRIL NUMBER “THERE'S ROSEMARY” BY OLIVE TILFORD DARGAN O LOVE that is not love, but dear, so dear! That is not love because it goes full soon, Like flower born and dead within one moon, And yet is love, for that it comes too near The guarded fane where love alone may peer, Ere, like young spring by summer soon outshone, It trembles into death, yet comes anon As thoughts of spring will come though summer's here. O star prelusive to a dream more fair, Within my heart I'll keep a heaven for thee Where thou mayst freely come and freely go, Touching with thy faint gold, ere I am 'ware, A twilight hope — a dawn I did not see - O love that is not love, but nearly so! IN THE FUNERALS BY HELEN GREEN ATTIR OF "IN VAUDEVILLE,' "PIONEER GOES SUFFRAGETTE,'' ETC. ILLUSTRATIONS BY H. T. DUNN FULL golden moon showed a “This ain't gittin' to the copper country," he camp built of canvas said. “Are you comin', or ain't you? 'Cause and adobe, bordered by we're ready.” heaps of tin cans and “Gee! is it that late?” said the other, in a refuse — a dark splotch voice much too small for his size. “Wait'll on the gray of the Ne- git money for my checks, George — had vada desert. This was no ideer I was delayin' the game — jest a Beatty in its first sum- minute.” mer. The blare of a He concluded his business with the bank, slid cornet came from the some gold into a pocket, and said, with a dance-hall, and the breeze chuckle: brought an odor of cigar “King lose twice, an’ I'm watchin'. I git a ettes and many mingled hunch, so I puts twenty on king to win this turn, liquors, the sharp click- an' out he comes an' I draw down forty. clack of the roulette- Where's Carter?” wheel as the little ball “Waitin' down the road,” answered his sped on its course, a clink companion. “Been ready an hour, an' me fine- of gold, and of silver toothin' the joints fur you. So, less'n you're dollars, the tinkle of glassware, and high above strong fur hoofin' it through the alkali to Deatle all the racket rose the voice of the “caller.” Valley, git a gait on." “Come on, gents — waltz is jest beginnin'," The fat man murmured petulantly to himself he shouted. "Git your par’ners — let her go!” as they hastened past adobes within which An elderly man of small stature entered the wearied citizens slumbered. He was clad in a bar of the “Hurry Back.” A tag of coarse checked gingham shirt with a turn-down collar grayish-brown hair was visible beneath his dust- which refused to button over a neck that was powdered black Stetson. A stubby beard, the only a thick bulge of flesh between two chins and shade of a squirrel's back, covered most of his a chicken breast," a pair of blue overalls so lean face. The eyes above his saddle-colored worn at the knees that a bunch of white under- cheeks were a light, hard blue. garment protruded from each hole, and high The corduroy trousers poked into three- boots. An inadequate brown felt hat was quarter boots were greased by many camp-fire tilted back on his head. fryings. His shirt was a smudged gray flannel, "I hate to leave a sociable camp,” he was and a red bandanna with ragged ends served as saying regretfully. “Things is jest livenin' a collar. George Banks was a drab personality up, too. There's the car! Ain't them the belonging to the desert, which he had pros- lights?” pected since the days of Proche and Carson. The lights of a big desert-going automobile He crowded to the edge of the roped-off space glowed upon them. Carter, the mining expert, between spectators and dancers, observed the was going into the Greenwater district to make throng for a moment, and then pushed his way a report to certain capitalists upon its copper to the faro layout on the other side of the values. There was plenty of room in the car, building, whence he looked eagerly into the and he had suggested that George, his son, and circle of faces, located the one he sought, his friend Fatty Slocum should ride with him and touched a stout player on the shoulder. as far as Furnace Creek. It would be better 514 Copyright, 1911. by Helen Green. All rights reserved. "THE GREAT WHEELS DROVE THROUGH THE SOFT SOIL, FLINGING FINE ALKALI INTO BLINKING EYES" ) than trudging weary miles beside a mule laden towered over George when they stood side by with their outfit, and the offer was thank- side, but he was all length. He was dressed in fully accepted. soiled khaki, but a new blue handkerchief around “I want you to see what we got down there,” his neck and a near-Panama hat gave a touch of George said. “When you've saw it, your peo- smartness that was lacking in the toilet of the ple'll be buildin' railroad into the Funerals, an' older men. He sat, grinning to himself, obvi- a-doin' it pretty pronto. She's a bigger proposi- ously pleased with the expedition. tion than the Great Lakes country — an' the "When I was first prospectin' through here, claims me an' my pards are uncoverin' is I lose myself,” observed George. “My mule showin' richer every hour — I'd bet the case dies on me, an’ I wander round five days, lappin' dollar they'll all be stampedin' over the hills in at them alkali springs. It come near bein' my another month, an' I ain't no big chance-taker finish. It ain't much like a green section.” at that. But I know min'rals.” “God must have forgot folks gotta drink “Oh, they're all Calumets and Heclas until here same as in a human place,” sighed Fatty. you get the assay certificates back," said the "Are we off?” expert smilingly. “They talked high values to They felt the engine pulsing. The soft soil me all the way from Reno. I hope you've resisted stubbornly, but the great wheels drove struck it. How long a hike will it be from through, flinging fine alkali into blinking eyes. where you leave me?" “Now we're goin'!” shouted Billy. “'Bout twelve miles to our camp in the moun As the hours wore on, that chill which soothes tains," answered George. “The boys there are the desert after days of stifling heat lost its vivi- outfitted with plenty of everything, so by fying power. The air became warm, then hot. slingin' a water-bag on each of us we kin leave Carter sopped a towel in his water-bag, and the mule right here in Beatty, 'cause we'll hit bound it loosely around his head. The others camp by afternoon to-morrer.” stripped to their undershirts, fanning themselves Carter helped to strap a water-barrel on either with their Stetsons. side of the car. The chauffeur threw a bundle “It's four hundert 'n' fifty feet b’low the sea's of Turkish towels upon the rear seat. Several level 'long here," said Billy Banks. “Least- South African water-bags, which keep their ways, so they say.” contents cool by a process of evaporation, were “Scorpions in the valley lays on their backs fastened to hooks inside. The prospectors had so's not to scorch their stummicks,” jocosely ob- stopped to fill their bags at the “Don't Care,” served Fatty. “They're a brainy critter.” where water cost almost as much as whisky. “Got any idea where we are?” asked Carter, Billy Banks ran up as the chauffeur was "Ha'f through Death Valley by now," an. cranking the machine. swered George. "I kin tell by it bein' so sorter “Here I am, pop! Went back fur them muggy. She gits a hundert 'n' thirty in the location blanks!” he shouted. "Where'll I sit, night, durin' July, at the Borax Ranch. We'd Mr. Carter?” oughta be passin' there soon. It's owned by the He was given his choice, and climbed into the guy who does all the advertisin' in the East. front seat. Billy was seventeen, with a pink Don't keep a-drinkin' all that water — won't complexion browned by wind and sun. He he'p you none.” 515 "GEORGE FIGURED A COURSE FROM THE HEAVENS, AND FOUND IT TOOK THEM NOWHERE 01 915 HELEN GREEN 517 "Why won't it?" queried the expert. "I feel “That old George knows the game,” said as if my skin were on fire." Carter, “and he appears to think he's got a “It's the desert thirst,” said George. “They prospect that he can parlay into a house on ain't no quenchin' 'em, but it'll ease off after a Millionaires' Row." while. Who's got a match?” "I wouldn't buy his bet for seven cents,” de- They panted until dawn. The stars, big and clared the chauffeur. “Not if the walkin' priv'- bright in the clear atmosphere, began to pale lege went with it. Hello — they're out of sight.” before three o'clock. Daylight came a little after that hour. Fatty was a gregarious soul. He made light "What's that water ahead?” asked Fatty. conversation for the first hour. George saved "Furnace Creek,” said George, yawning; his breath. Billy, less experienced, answered “we're here.” when no reply was needed, turning politely The dust-clogged wheels stopped on the brink to smile at Fatty's quips. of a murky stream tinged with green from cop Scorpions darted from the trail at their ap- per “float” which lined its banks. Sulphurous proach, scuttling for shelter. An infrequent in character, Furnace Creek was unpleasantly cactus, grayish brown like the volcanic bed warm a gangrenous streak, lacking the white from which it sprang, little wizened clumps of foam of rockier waterways. It wound south- sage-brush, a gray vine with a dried yellow ward over the grays of a desolate land. Be- blossom, and withered spears of grass that had yond, the bare Funeral Range stretched toward been green in the cooler days of a brief spring, the California line. The nearer peaks were gray were the vegetation of the Funerals. volcanic rock, destitute of trees or any other “This here's a cheerful country — if you green. Back of these uprose grim heights. don't care what you say,” prattled Fatty. Seemingly, Nature, in somber mood, had flung “Onct, when I was prospectin' over’n the Utah loose palls of sable over them. desert, down Dixie way, I reaches out f' my “The Funerals!” exclaimed Carter, shiver- boots, an' I slides a toe inter one. It seemed ing. "They look it. Black, cheerless, awful — like I felt sumpin' didn't b’long there. Then men deserve fortunes when they've got to come I says, no, guess I got my sock wrinkled. An’ here after 'em.” jus' then — talk about a pain! It was like "Shucks! Put the steel rails through the bein' shot. Scorpion'd cached himself inside, valley an' open up the country, an' 'twouldn't an' I wisht you seen how my toe swole up. I be any meaner'n Tonopah an' Goldfield,” said like to died.” George. “That darn fool gabbin' yet?” asked George, "Well, them two burgs ain't exactly what I'd squinting one eye at his son. pick out fur a weddin' trip,” said Fatty. “Not “Tellin' how a scorpion bit him," said Billy. ef she was a doll what hankered fur froot an' “Climbin's turble hard on a fella of my flower effects. An' they ain't no welcome on weight,” wheezed Fatty; "I git a faintness in the door-mat here." my heart. I have knowed guys to jus’ snuff out "Is this where you quit me?” inquired Carter. from exertin' more they'd oughta. Ain't it “We foller the trail you kin see leadin' around 'bout time to set down a spell, George?” that summit,” responded George, pointing “Quit some o' your gab an' you'll have more straight ahead. “'Tain't sech a tough trip, if wind,” called George. “What's sense stoppin' you don't git to frettin'." in this sun?” They breakfasted from Carter's provisions. Fatty laughed, and said he could bear it as He urged them to carry enough for a couple of long as anybody could. Billy, looking back meals, but George refused. suddenly, saw him halt and put a dark flask to “Leave us have some of them sandwitches, his mouth. His face was redder when he re- pardner,” said he; "an' we'll fill our water-bags sumed the march. Fifteen minutes later he from the bar'l. I'm the same on these trails drank again. Billy was worried. He paused, as you'd be footin' it through your home town. whispering a warning. Ready, boys?" "It keeps the heart action goin'," said Fatty. Carter watched them plod off. George led, "I don't hardly touch my lips to it. Took that with Billy next; Fatty lumbered behind. fashion, whisky's plain medicine. It's overdoin' "I rather they'd pike through that blisterin' hurts you.” rock than me," observed the chauffeur, fron His pace became slower as the whisky dimin- his seat on a blanket. “I tell you, I'd have to ished. be some set on findin' copper to go up there “God aʼmighty, it's killin' hot!” he ex- after it. There's many a man lost down here, claimed, after an onerous pull over sliding rock and never heard of again.” and slippery sand. "I gotta rest!" 518 - -- - j “THE HEAT OF NOON WAS SEARING THEM, WHEN GEORGE'S DULLING EYE GLIMPSED HIS REVOLVER HELEN GREEN 519 us. George agreed. Leaning against a ledge of “The bones of the last man lost in ’em's layin' rock, he slowly surveyed the scene. 'longside an alkali water-puddle, an' ef a Mon- “It's 'leven o'clock, pa,” said Billy, consult- tana outfit hadn't been prospectin'fur the ing his watch. “We'll be to camp by two, Clarke people his folks'd still have the light won't we? What's the matter?” burnin' nights fur him," said George gloomily. “C'm'ere,” said George. “C'm'ere an' look “They was plenty before him, too. An' now for'a'd then look back the way we come. I'm wrong. An' I dunno what to do next. Kin you see any trail?” Do you?" A strange note in his father's usually confident “You mean you can't figger the way back, voice alarmed Billy. Fatty, stretched on his even?” stomach upon the ground, baked silently. He The laughter was all gone from Fatty's rising regarded George with an interested smile. tones. Fear showed in his bulging eyes, and "Why, sure; she runs to the north – no, that futile rage was shaking him. ain't it. The sun gits me so blind, I'm mixed,” "You — you got to git us out!” he shrilled. said Billy, staring hard. “There's sumpin' “You got us in, didn' you?” looks like a trail, all right. Only there seems to “You be damned! An' leave my father be three or four. I s'pose they all come out alone or I'll wallop your fat block off,” warned about the same. Pro’bly one's a short cut." Billy. “He's been boozin’, pop; don't pay no “Now, you look back an' tell me kin you see 'tention.” a trail,” ordered George. His excitement was Reminded of the consoler, Fatty reached in- evident. side his wet shirt, pulled out a reserve flask, and “Say, what you fussin' over?" demanded greedily swallowed half of the whisky it con- Fatty. tained. He rose, ruefully feeling his burnt nose. “G’wan git y’self sun-struck. Ain't more'n “Gosh, pa — I can't make out none at all!” a jump ahead of the snakes now," said Billy cried Billy. contemptuously. “Listen, pop. Brâce up. Fatty's dull eyes watched George, whose head We got some water, an’ we kin walk in the night, sagged upon his breast. The action was vocal. 'cause they's a moon. I ain't a bit fretted.” 'If you ain't went an' walked us inter a dead He put an affectionate hand on George's fall, I'm a goat!” said Fatty. shoulder. He laughed heartily, causing a red crack to “'Tain't fur mel care," said the latter huskily; appear in his sun-blackened lower lip. "it's your ma rockin' on the porch up there “An' you're the guy who can't never let no- in Reno, an' thinkin' I won't let her kid git body tell him nothin',” he proceeded. “I was hurted." hep twenty minnits back we was leavin' the big The whisky set Fatty's head to whirling. trail. “But this geezer, he savvies the route,' Uttering a cry that strangled his crackling I says to myself. ‘An' even ef he ain't as cordial throat, he sank upon a rock, slid from it to the as a barkeep finnin' the millionaire's heir who's ground, and lay there, fumbling at his water-bag. a-seein' the big city fur the first time, bein' as he He got it open and essayed to drink; but won't crack back at a pal when spoke to,' I says, nausea gripped him, and the contents of the bag 'what of it? He's the guide, an' them in the left only a damp splotch on the avid sand. party looks pleasant an' prances after till he Billy rushed at him, snatching the bag as the offices 'em to camp. An' here you brung us to last drops fell. a deadfall. That's the limit!" “An' it'd kep' us a day,” he said. “Oh, The raw red crack widened as he gave way you're a swell piece of work!" to merriment. Then the humorous wrinkles "I'm terrible sick,” moaned Fatty, furnish- straightened out, and his glance grew cold as ing positive evidence of it. “My stummick's he continued: turned on me complete!” “You --- you couldn't be meanin' we can't George remained in the same position, aware pick it up again? Must be just over the next of what had happened, and knowing that com- ridge - hey?" ment was useless. Fatty, writhing in the agony George remained silent. of severe cramps, turned an anguished eye upon "Anybody'll git fooled sometimes," said Billy him. anxiously. “'Tain't like the North, where you “Gimme just a little water!” he begged. got blazes, an' the country diff'runt every mile, “That's all I ast! D’you want a fella to die?” so a fella kin locate things easy. Look at these George shrugged his shoulders. Again his doggoned hills — they ain't fit fur white folks, gaze hunted a trail, finding none. Fatty ceased nohow. Say — pop?” to complain. He had a corpselike look, except Billy timidly addressed his parent. for a roll of red neck protruding beneath his 520 IN THE FUNERALS greasy black hair. With his face burrowed in dunno where we're goin', but we're on our way. the sand, still wet with the bag's contents, he Git in the middle, Fatty, an' ef you keep on seemed to be unconscious. hollerin', l'll belt you over the bean with my Billy ran forward fifty feet, looked in his forty-four. D’you heer me? Come along!” turn, and joined his father. They journeyed until the evening star and its “S’pose we bunk down an’ wait fur night?” two attendants winked into view. George fig- he suggested. “We know the north star, an' ured a course from the heavens, and found it some of the rest. An' your compass you took them nowhere. There was moonlight, and been forgettin' it!" a cold breeze that brought querulous complaints “Left it in my other pants," said George from Fatty. At midnight they decided to wait bitterly; "an' as fur the stars — they'd be fine until the morning. When day came, they sipped in a different country, but I got little faith in a little water, then rose and hobbled painfully 'em takin' me outer here. Now, son, I been into cañons through which no creeks coursed, carryin' on almost as bad as that slob, but I was and out of them, ascending great hills, all of one hit hard. We will wait. An' i'll pirout around pattern, gray, dreary, lifeless. There was no a while an' find the trail.” breeze to temper the frightful heat. Fatty “Now you're talkin',” said Billy happily. lagged behind. Sometimes he fell, and was “Course we will!” aided by the other two. He secretly removed George bestirred himself, planning such his boots, and later the swollen feet could not meager shelter from the sun as stark rocks be forced into their leather cases. He threw afforded. In this kindlier mood, he ministered the footgear under a rock, and toiled forward, to Fatty, permitting the sufferer a limited babbling strangely. quantity of water. Leaving Billy in charge of At midday, Billy sent forth an incoherent the bags, he climbed over ledges so hot that his shout, stumbled, and stayed on his knees. feet grew dry and blistered in his thick boots. Fatty, intending to help him, toppled over, and He could not find the point at which he had left they lay in a limp heap, too worn to rise. George the trail. When, at evening, the sting went pulled at his son, his heart throbbing with an- out of the sun and the chill of night settled on guish at the boy's sunken eyes and his pasty the mountains, he breathed through his mouth, cheeks, showing through a dark stubble. Billy as if he were imbibing a cooling draught. Hope was too weak to stand. He leaned on George. flared up in his soul. "Oh, my God!” George entreated, his bleared "Lord! Sounds like a story in a yeller Sun- eyes turned skyward, "this ain't right! You day paper,” he ruminated. “The darned trail's hadn't oughta put no sech sufferin' on a kid like gotta be along here, that's a cinch. We'd him — who never did no harm. They ain't a come out somewhere by jist walkin'; an' knockin' bone in his body, not one. If he we'll start.” couldn't say good fur people, he stood pat. I He returned, limping, and cursing the blisters, ain't astin' fur me. I'm willin' to cash in, if and found his son in a fury. it's time; but what I'm astin' you — I'm astin' “Pop, if I'd had your cannon, I'd put a hole - he's my baby, see? An' the heat's makina in him!” declared Billy. “He's et twict his cinder outa him. You won't find 'em no share of the sandwitches, an' been at this bag! gamer'n him, but - oh, leave me find that trail I clum up yonder, wa’n't gone five minutes,- an' git him to water, won't you?” an' that's what he done." He burst into wild laughter, cradling Bill “I was dreamin',” explained Fatty artlessly. fondly against his heaving breast. “I gits dretful weak, an' must 'a' dozed — an' "Are we dyin'? 'Cause I can't yet — I ain't I wake up to find him bawlin' me out. He used got nothin' fixed, George. Don't let 'em gitme,” very ungelmanly English to me." groaned Fatty. "He's a hound, pop!” said Billy, deeply agi George freed one hand and patted Fatty's tated. "Why, he acts like bein' lost in the head. Inwardly he was praying fiercely. He Funerals is a joke. Gimme the gun next time added Fatty to the plea. I'm alone with him. I'll show him who's boss." “Let 'em git out, an' nev’ mind me; I brung “We'll eat his leavin's, an' hike," said George. 'em here,” he reiterated. “Keep your temper, kid some guys are built Everything faded from his mind. Fatty, little, that's all." roused an hour later by red ants crawling over Fatty protested volubly. Then he sobbed him, glared at George, prostrate beside Billy, until Billy, his nerves a-rasp from heat and and tried to reach him. worry, violently impugned the legitimacy of “How long we been here?” Fatty whispered. Fatty's immediate ancestors. “Gimme the water." “Shut up, you two!” ordered George. “I There was about a quart in the bag on HELEN GREEN 521 George's shoulder. Meaning well now, Fatty “We're still alive,” he said reproachfully, endeavored to get at it, in order to revive the addressing the dark skies. “Kill us quick, old man. Again he spilled the water, this if it's settled. This here's just plain hell. time into George's buckskin shirt. Ain't no excuse fur rubbin' it in." ETIO "GIT ON, YOU PETE! HIKE!'" “That settles it,” he gasped. “It's all over There was no water and no food. Daylight but the shoutin'!” meant greater torture from the relentless sun. If only they might find a hole to crawl into! A cloud hid the moon when George struggled Could not a man dig his own grave and get in to his feet and gazed about him. Tears came, it? No; one without strength to move ten washing the grime from his aching eyes. steps could only wait for death. 522 IN THE FUNERALS The third dawn found them muttering to try, when his victim wavered, uttered a faint, one another, plucking aimlessly at the red ants, throaty cry, and sank down. Slowly his legs fingering the dry canvas water-bags. The heat stretched out and stiffened. His arms were of noon was searing them, when George's dulling flung above his head. The mule, fearful of the eye glimpsed his revolver. It was near at hand, sinister dark form, began to move off, turning lying where it had fallen from the holster. He to eye it with a solemn air. exulted, for here was the sure means of ending "Whoa, Pete — whoa, boy — whoa, Pete!” their misery. Billy first, then Fatty; last — and whimpered George, crawling toward him. easiest — himself. As his grasp closed around The mule stopped, observing George curiously. its hot steel butt, he heard a voice shouting: Would he run away? He was too hot and weary "Git on there, Pete! Hike!” to go far unless urged. George caught a front Was it delirium? Although it seemed as if leg, and the mule gave no sign of interest. Inch his muscles had withered and his blood become by inch, George reached his neck, and hung dust in empty veins, his mind lived. there, dizzy and sick. "Summon a-comin'!” he bteathed, “an' “G’wan, Pete slow, boy,” he said. “You drivin' a mule!” gotta he'p me back to 'em with the water. With a frightful effort, he got into a sitting Take it easy.” posture and waited. He unfastened the lash-ropes somehow. An "Git on, you Pete! Hike!” “A” tent and blankets formed the top pack. “He's carryin' water-bar'ls an' a outfit!” he There was a grub-bag, and a bag of oats for the said thickly. “An' yet, they's them says they mule, and a barrel on each side. The side- ain't no God!” packs rolled a little way as George let them A black mule stepped around a mass of rock. drop. With infinite pains, he made a hacka- A man in dusty khaki walked behind, driving more of the lash-rope, and tied the patient Pete the animal with lusty shouts. George waved to a rock. Then, chortling like a happy idiot, he his hands, calling faintly. They were directly crept to the corpse, unfastened the water-bag in the mule's path. the man had carried, and drank. "Git up that hill, you Pete! Hike!” Not too much — didn't they always tell you He was sending the mule farther up the sum- that? And then, swallow on swallow, he poured mit, far above the three; and yet, he must have it down Billy, and watched the boy's blue eyes seen them. George waved, hailing him madly. open and speech come to his swollen lips. Fatty The man paid no attention, only followed the received the same treatment. Trembling, his mule, going higher every minute. head whizzing, George rigged the tent over a “Say, we're dyin' fur water! Pardner! Three big rock. There was fat bacon to gnaw, and a dyin', y' know! Water!” croaked hunk of satisfying bannock; and water — always George. a little at a time. “I ain't got no water to spare, less'n I wanter “An' that Tonopah fella's minin' map of the travel twenty miles off'n my way to git more,” district, showin' every trail,” he said hoarsely. replied the man calmly. “Git on, you Pete! “But where'd it come from?” whispered Hike!” Fatty. With his soul in the words, George begged “Found it," answered George vaguely. “An' pitifully. For answer, the stones, loosened we got to be goin' as soon as we kin. We'll take by the mule's hoofs and the careless tread turns ridin' the mule, an' leave one bar'l be- of its owner, rattled against him and his hind. This here map tips me to where we are, companions. fur there's Copper Peak, plain as day, an' Water, pardner! Don't leave us!” camp's t'other side of it. We ain't ten miles “Told you I got none to spare!” away!" George remembered the gun in his right hand. Going away with two barrels of water, At sunset, two days afterward, they wound and Billy at his last gasp? George looked at slowly around the base of Copper Peak. A the boy, and his gun hand steadied. Fatty was little cañon was before them, and a few green humped against Billy, with one shoulder in the things bordered a narrow creek. Four tents air. George wormed closer to them, rested the were pitched beside the stream. From the rise weapon on that wide shoulder, squinted hard, where they stopped to look, the three saw several and aimed at a valnerable spot in the strange men busy at a fire. man's back. "It's the camp!" cried Billy. "Now, what's The mule jumped downward at the sound of that we're to say, pop?” a shot. The man remained erect so long that “Us guys had a hard trip, that's all,” said George was steadying the gun for a second George. “No need of goin' inter details." of us Drawn by Henry Reuterdahl WILL CONGRESS WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? THE STORY OF SECRETARY MEYER'S FIGHT AGAINST WASTE AND BUREAUCRACY N 1908 the operations of the United England manufacturing industries. He was a States Navy cost $99,000,000, outside of director of the big Amoskeag mills at Man- the construction of new ships. The cost chester, and president of the Ames Plow Com- of operating the British Navy in 1908 pany, besides being a member of the boards of was exactly the same.* The British several Boston banks. And he had taken an Navy was a little more than twice the size active and successful part in the reorganization of the American. In the same year the of various large enterprises. fighting officers of the American Navy - after In 1900 Meyer was sent to Italy as ambas- several years of effort-succeeded in informing sador. In 1905 he was transferred from Italy the American public that its ships were back- to St. Petersburg, as ambassador to Russia. ward in design, not properly armored, and that During the first year he was there, he saw at in some respects their fighting machinery was close range one of the most interesting events very dangerous to operate. in recent history - the life-and-death struggle In March, 1909, George von L. Meyer was of a bureaucracy with a fighting military organ- appointed Secretary of the Navy. He was a ization; the last half of the war between the Massachusetts man, trained in business. From bureaucracy of Russia and the fighting forces 1879 to 1899 he had led a successful business of Japan. He was especially interested in the life, being interested in many of the great New naval campaign that practically brought that * See the Secretary of the Navy's Report, 1909, page 22. 523 524 WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? war to a close, and followed and discussed it To the popular mind, a sailor is still a sailor; · thoroughly with the naval attaché of the and many of the current misinterpretations of United States at St. Petersburg. His interest our Navy are based upon this idea. As a mat- led him to an extensive reading of naval ter of fact, he is, as Secretary Meyer has called literature. him, nothing more or less than “a fighting machinist"; his officer is a fighting mechanical The Russian Bureaucracy and the Japanese engineer. The sail has gone from the war-ship Fighting Machine as completely as the galley oar. The ship of a modern navy is simply a collection of machin- Meyer formed at that time a very definite ery – one of the most intricate collections of opinion concerning the organization of a navy machinery in this mechanical age. an opinion shaped, naturally, by his double expe The education of all the military officers of rience both as a man of practical affairs and as the Navy is now based upon this fact; they an observer of that particular struggle. The are given — besides their training in navigation opinion he held is expressed in the following: and seamanship -- a wide, sharp, and thorough “The navy is organized for the highest mili- technical education as mechanical engineers. tary efficiency, and if you do not get that for The whole theory of their development is that our ships, then we are not getting proper divi- they should be first educated and then trained in dends from the money expended, for which the practical handlingof the machines of their pro- the people have the right to demand the high- fessions — steam machinery, electrical machin- est efficiency. I had that proved to me ery, the mechanism and chemistry of gunnery. very forcibly when I was the ambassador to The duties of the men under them grow more Russia. There we had two methods demon- and more mechanical. On the newest ships strated in the extreme. The Russian Navy one third of the crew are firemen and coal- was a navy which did not have the slightest passers. The duties of the remaining two military efficiency. It was poorly run by the thirds, the so-called “seamen," are, to a greater bureaus, while the Japanese Navy was a navy and greater degree, being confined to machin- which was always seeking the highest military ery. These men are most thoroughly trained efficiency and preparedness for war under all in a special branch of mechanics the working circumstances. In the one case there was a and firing of guns; and if the United States tremendous dividend for the money expended; should ever fight a naval war, and win, she would in the other case the money was thrown away.” do so principally because the quick, wiry young In 1907 Meyer was made a member of Presi- Yankee mechanics, the so-called "seamen,' dent Roosevelt's Cabinet. His interest in would outmanage and outshoot the guns of, and navy affairs, gained from his observation of the "get the drop" on, the slower, more phlegmatic great Russian-Japanese sea campaigns, was European or Asiatic - exactly as a Western known; and he was first slated as the head of "gun man" did in the history of the frontier West. the Navy Department. For political reasons, a Western man was given this position, and America's Most Curious Old Bureaucracy Meyer was made Postmaster-General. While in that office he inaugurated important re- By an odd coincidence, the acquaintance of forms in eliminating red tape and in correlating Meyer with navy affairs turned from observance the work of the various divisions of the great of a life-and-death struggle between a bureau- business of that department. In 1909 President cracy and a military organization to a peaceful Taft made him Secretary of the Navy. He fight of the same kind, which was taking place entered upon that work with the definite theory under his own charge. For thirty-five years which he had formed while in St. Petersburg: the military branch of the American Navy had that a navy must be one thing, and nothing been trying to overthrow the bureaucracy else - a fighting machine. which really ruled it - with very small success. In 1902, after several years of effort, and with The Fighting Machinists the special aid of President Roosevelt, it had forced through a reform in the methods of aim- There was something else, of which the pub- ing and firing large guns, which increased the lic is thoroughly ignorant, but which is demon- marksmanship of the Navy from nothing to strably true, and which Meyer was particularly first rank. Encouraged by this, the great mili- fitted by his active business life to understand. tary branch of the service was making an Not only is the Navy a fighting machine, but effort to secure some practical voice in the mak- its operation is as truly a mechanical business ing of the ships and in taking the general man- as the operation of a machine shop. agement of the Navy out of the hands of the REAR-ADMIRAL W. P. POTTER AID FOR PERSONNEL REAR-ADMIRAL A. WARD AID FOR INSPECTIONS old system. It was having month or six weeks after- REAR-ADMIRAL R. W. WAINWRIGHT great difficulty. The mili- wards the Chicago was in AID FOR OPERATIONS OF THE FLEET tary branch was unorgan- New York, with her boilers ized, while the organization of the bureaucracy out and undergoing her repairs there, and she was most effective and complete. The American was towed back to Boston to carry out the Sec- Navy, when Mr. Meyer became Secretary, retary's order. A bureau chief, in defiance of the was, in fact, managed by one of the most Secretary's order, took it on himself to change interesting bureaucracies in the world. The the place where the ship should be repaired.” Navy was formed in 1842, and it was fully or The bureaus, considered themselves in prac- ganized on the basis of the sailing-ship with sup- tice to have authority which could actually be- plementary steam machinery. As new mechani- long only to the head of the department; and, cal inventions had arrived, they had been given year after year, the Secretaries of the Navy to various bureaus. But the principle was un were placed in the humiliating position of hav- changed, and as late as 1904 these bureaus in- ing to argue, in their annual reports, against sisted on the building, at a cost of $1,249,389, of the opinions submitted to Congress, practically two iron sailing-vessels and a wooden brig, for direct, in the reports of their subordinate bu- the training of American gun-pointers — vessels reau chiefs. which, of course, have never yet been used. There were eight of these bureaus, with À Business Man's Reorganization Plan chiefs appointed by the Secretary of the Navy, approved by the President, and confirmed by To a man with a business experience this ar- the Senate. Their orders had, and still have, rangement was, on its face, intolerable. Secre- by law, the same authority as the orders of the tary Meyer, on taking office, avoided the detail Secretary. For years the position of Secretary of his office, and spent months studying the of the Navy had been a political way station. Navy's system and its workings. Three special In the seven years before 1909 there had been boards of naval officers were, at the same time, six secretaries. In practice there were eight studying the question, in whole or in part. In Secretaries of the Navy, with a temporary December, 1909, Secretary Meyer proposed a civilian figurehead, and each Secretary had plan of reorganization. charge of, and was vitally concerned in, only The plan was the simplest possible. There his small segment of its affairs. are four parts into which the work of a navy The net result of such an organization was a naturally divides itself: (1) The building, re- state of affairs well illustrated by Congressman pair, and equipment of ships; (2) the inspection Roberts in the hearing before the House Naval of this work; (3) the management of the men Committee on December 16, 1909: operating the ships; and (4) the operation of the “Several years ago the Chicago, if I am not fleet as an instrument of war. Secretary Meyer mistaken, was at Boston Harbor. She needed placed the main executive work of the depart- extensive repairs. The Secretary of the Navy ment in four divisions corresponding to these issued orders that she be repaired in the Bos- material, inspection, personnel, and operations. ton yard. The next thing that was known, a To coördinate these divisions in the hands 525 526 WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? of the Secretary, four aids were appointed by its duties fell naturally to the Bureau of Con- him — one for each division. These men had struction. By a perfectly definite movement, no executive authority; they brought the Sec- the work and expenditures of the Navy on shore retary in touch with each division of the work; were coming into the hands of one great bureau they were his “eyes and ears.” In addition, In addition, -operated by a special, non-seagoing class. the General Board was made an advisory body The net result of this movement, if con- for all of the operations of the Navy. tinued, would necessarily have been the placing Nothing could be more direct or simple; of two thirds of the naval appropriation perma- yet, for twenty-five years, beginning with the nently in the hands of an unmilitary class; the time of Secretary Whitney in 1885, Secretaries practical withdrawal of the main financial power of the Navy had been fighting to get some from the Secretary; and the practical division of similar reform, and had failed. the Navy into two parts — military and manu- facturing, with the command of a great share One Third for Sea; Two Thirds on Land of its resources in the hands of the latter. The reason for this thing was clear. Any plan Machinery Always in the Hands of the for military organization would focus the expen- Fighting Engineers diture of the naval appropriation upon the sea. The two most powerful agencies concerned had The non-seagoing bureaucracy was never so always combined to keep the money on land. strong as in 1908. In 1909 Secretary Meyer Congress made the appropriation. The announced his plan for a military navy. The aim strongest influences bearing on the naval of a navy, he believed, is to become a success- appropriation in Congress were the representa- ful fighting machine, always ready. A suc- tives of the seaboard States, demanding new or cessful fighting machine can be secured only by larger naval stations. The bureaus spent the means of a thoroughly trained body of fighting money in the shore plants. Every bureau chief mechanical engineers. This was the foundation desired the best equipment and the largest ap- of the Meyer scheme. propriation possible for his particular work. This fighting machine on the water must have By 1909, $69,000,000, two thirds of the naval the undivided attention of the best possible appropriation, was being spent on land. repair-shops on the land; the engineers who op- This was not all. By 1909 a new plan was erate it must have charge of its machinery from under way a definite move to center the ex- the beginning - its installation, operation, and penditure of the money spent on land perma- repair. There were no two navies in this plan, nently in the hands of a non-seagoing bureau one ashore and one afloat; there was one fighting cracy. The chief land bureau was the Bureau navy, on the sea. The shore plant, which was of Construction and Repairs, operated by the to keep it ready, had its work divided into two naval constructors - the one special class of parts. The hull, which by their special training the three branches that is now separate from belonged to the naval constructors, was put in the general body of the military officers who their charge. The machinery, ashore and afloat, serve in the fleet. The naval constructors are was always in the charge of the officers who not military men, but designers of ships. must operate it in the supreme test of battle. The head of this bureau was Chief Con In December, 1909, Secretary Meyer pre- structor Washington Lee Capps, a man of much sented his new plan of military organization to ability, who had seen two years of military the House Committee on Naval Affairs. The service as a naval cadet after his graduation plan of the bureaucracy was strongly advocated from Annapolis in 1884, but who, since 1886, before the Committee by Chief Constructor had been out of the military navy and in the Capps. The Secretary was finally given per- technical work of a naval designer. Mr. Capps mission to try his plan for a year. Mr. Capps had been chief of the Bureau of Construction retired from his position as Chief Constructor, since 1903; his position, ability, and ambition had and Secretary Meyer began a trial of his sys- made him the first figure in the bureaucracy. tem, without hostility from his subordinates, In 1908 the operation of all the navy-yards was and with the enthusiastic support of all the practically given into the charge of the Bureau military officers of the Navy. of Construction and Repairs. Upon the dis- qualifying sickness of the head of the Bureau of Why the American Navy Was Never Steam Engineering, Mr. Capps was made acting Ready for War chief of that bureau, as well as of his own. The Bureau of Equipment was discontinued by the In taking office, Secretary Meyer had found order of the then Secretary, and a great part of this extraordinary thing. The Navy on the THE RESULTS OF THE NEW TARGET PRACTICE THE BATTLE TARGET OF THE "DELAWARE" AFTER BEING FIRED AT WITH TWENTY-EIGHT TWELVE-INCH SHELLS, THE DISTANCE BEING TWELVE THOUSAND YARDS. THE "DELAWARE” WAS FRESH FROM THE NAVY-YARD, AND HAD NEVER BE- FORE FIRED AN AIMED SHOT land was thoroughly organized; but the military shall be, in the main, to make plans for war and branch had not even a bureau to direct its oper- maintain the preparedness of the fleet. Thus ations. The curious old bureau structure, when the early operations of a war, when most is at it was formed in 1842, had not provided it. A stake, would not be haphazard, but would be bureau for this purpose was, indeed, proposed fully worked out in advance.” in the plan of Commodore Charles Stewart, In every war the United States has been who prepared the bureau system for Con- engaged in, the bureau system has broken gress; but Congress had omitted this, and down, and has been supplemented and re- never afterward had there been a part in the placed by another organization. This is sim- machine to use the instrument of war which ply because it is not a military system at the land plant had been so elaborately organ- all, but is framed merely for the management ized to prepare. of a land plant under conditions of peace. In his first annual message, Mr. Meyer de- The moment war has arrived, it has been scribed this singular situation as follows: directed by some impromptu military organi- "From the beginning of the Navy, attention zation. The condition seemed inconceivable, has been given chiefly to providing ships. The but it was true. situation would be paralleled in a railroad organ It was the first business of Secretary Meyer, ization if, after the construction of the roadway, in organizing the Navy as a military instru- the completion of the rolling stock, and the ment, to furnish it with a brain. “The Sec- establishment of the business and financial de- retary,” he said, "the center of this vast partments, no branch was provided for operat- machine, has been literally without expert ing the road. An operative division of the counsel and advice in the broad policies of the fleet is a branch that has been lacking in the department.” To secure this was a principal Navy Department. part of his plan. “This fact was clearly illustrated in the Civil The old “Strategy Board," the impromptu War, when Mr. Fox, a former naval officer, was organization of the Spanish War, had remained, appointed Assistant Secretary, and became the without power, and with vague advisory func- operating division; and again, in the Spanish- tions, as the General Board. The war college American War, when the war board, commonly at Newport did some work making war plans. known as the 'Strategy Board,' was at once The new scheme created, at last, a division of organized. The true solution is to provide an operations of the fleet. The Secretary bound operating division at all times, whose duties this to the General Board by making his new 527 528 WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? aid for operations a member of that board. armor-belts, high freeboard, and high guns. There was now a directing brain for the Navy; The bureau system could always defend itself, a department of skilled advisers, who would but it could never produce the best tools of consider every problem as it related to the Navy naval warfare. as a great single military instrument, report to In 1910 Secretary Meyer's reorganization had the Secretary, and be responsible for its report. abolished the Board of Construction as a de- For the first time in its history, the American signer of ships, and exposed the fundamental Navy was a military organization, with a brain trouble with the bureaucracy in the following to direct it as such. comment on this organization: “The designs submitted for the consideration The Backu'ard Weapons of of the board were almost exclusively concerned Our Navy with matters which one or more of its members had previously originated or designed. Ob- The first consideration of a modern military viously, the board would be governed, in its body is its weapons, and the weapons of a navy judgment on such matters, by the technical are its ships. The ships of the American Navy opinion of the member who presented the case. had been designed, approved, and built by the It was a matter of approving the work of its Board of Construction — made up of the heads own members.” of the four bureaus - Equipment, Ordnance, Naturally, no criticisms were considered Steam Engineering, and Construction. It was weighty, when the judges were the men who dominated by the shipbuilding experts of the were criticized. Bureau of Construction, the naval constructors. There were, in 1910, sixty-five of these men; The New Battleship Designs there were at the same time sixteen hundred of the fighting officers. The plan of Secretary Meyer took the right In 1901 military officers complained to the to decide the military requirements of warship bureaus that the turrets containing the big guns designs out of the hands of the sixty-five con- of the war-ships were so made as to be liable to structors, and placed it where the best talent explosions; these complaints were pigeonholed. and the attention of all the sixteen hundred In the next six years explosions in these turrets officers in the sea-going service could be killed forty-seven men. focussed on it. In 1904 military officers complained to the The new organization produces the designs of bureaus that the armor on our battleships was ships as follows. The general requirements of a too narrow and too low. These complaints were new fighting-ship are laid down by the General pigeonholed. In 1908 an official examination Board, which is made up of the best expert of the fleet in the world's cruise under Admiral military men in the Navy. These specifica- Evans declared this to be true. tions are embodied in designs by the shipbuild- In 1900 military officers complained to the ing experts of the Bureau of Construction. bureaus that the freeboards of the ships were They are returned to the General Board and too low and the guns in their sides were so the Secretary of the Navy, and are then con- near the water that they could not be fired in an sidered by them, together with representative ordinary seaway. These complaints were pigeon- officers chosen from the fleet. The General holed. In 1908 the report from Admiral Evans' Board and the Secretary approve or disap- fleet showed them to be true. prove of the officers' suggestions, and the In 1904 an American officer, Lieutenant Bureau of Construction works out the final H. C. Poundstone, proposed the present type plans. For the first time, the fighting-ship is of fighting vessel, the so-called Dreadnought, designed as a weapon behind which lies the to the Bureau of Construction. His sugges- entire intelligence of the whole service, sea- tion was pigeonholed. In 1906 England built going and technical. the first Dreadnought; and we followed her a The latest battleships of the Navy, the Texas year later. To-day this is the only type of and the New York, were designed on this plan, fighting battleship made. and were the first battleships ever made in the In 1908 the bureaus warmly defended their American Navy that were considered and ap- turrets, their armor-belts, and their low guns proved by the military service. before a Congressional investigation; and, at the It is too early to observe the practical ad- same time, they had requests before Congress for vantages of this plan in completed ships; there appropriations, asking for the first of $2,000,000 are none yet completed. The advantage of the which has since been spent in changing the tur- plan will be clearly apparent only on one con- rets, and for money to build ships with high dition - that Secretary Meyer's plan of reor- WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? 529 ganization is made permanent by Congress, as Twice as Many Yards as Great Britain he is now asking. The waste in obsolete vessels of war was, how- Our Collection of Obsolete Vessels ever, trifling. It was only necessary to regard the Navy as a whole to come at once to the The single weapon, the fighting-ship, is of first great central point of waste — the navy-yards. importance. The fleet as a big fighting machine It was the navy-yard system that encouraged, is not less so. From time to time the General and at bottom was responsible for, the con- Board of the Navy had reported that too many tinual pressure for the expense of repairing ob- obsolete vessels were being retained in our Navy. solete vessels, and for similar extravagances. But these recommendations had no authority, The practical theory of the existing system was and there was no change. The organization of that work should be created as far as excusable Secretary Meyer was the first to consider this im- for the shore plants. portant problem, as a whole, with any authority. “A navy-yard,” according to Mr. Meyer's At the end of 1909 there were two hundred theory, “is a repair plant primarily for the pur- and twelve armed vessels in the United States pose of keeping the fleet in efficient military Navy. Of these, not more than fifty-five or condition.” The attention of the new Secretary sixty would be of use in a naval battle. Of the was at once directed toward this branch of the remaining hundred and fifty, a very considerable establishment. He personally examined every proportion could be thrown away with great navy-yard upon the Atlantic and the Pacific advantage. England has already adopted this coasts. policy. In 1904-5 her admiralty condemned What he found is succinctly expressed in his and sold as junk forty-five old vessels; in 1907 second annual report: twenty-six more went the same way. Germany “The United States has over twice as many has also rid its Navy of useless ships. first-class home navy-yards as Great Britain The American Navy, up to the present time, with a navy at least double the size of ours, and has retained these vessels, at tremendous cost. we have one more navy-yard of the second class There are now in the Navy fifty-three vessels than Great Britain has. In other words, we built between 1890 and 1901, upon which have, in all, eleven first- and second-class navy- $35,000,000 had been spent in repairs — in five yards in the United States, while Great Britain cases the repairs cost more than the original ship has but six of the same kind. Germany has itself. At least thirty-five of these vessels are three, and France five." useless for war. All of them are of types —such The navies of both France and Germany are as monitors, protected and unprotected cruisers, practically the same size as that of the United and gunboats more or less worn out now States. obsolete in modern warfare. Of the nine so The cost of maintaining these eleven American called "first-class” battleships, not one has yards in 1909 – a typical year — was some- been commissioned later than 1901; not one of thing over $8,000,000. In that year they spent them could fight with the modern fleet in a naval $6,000,000 in repairs on ships in commission - battle. They are too slow, and their guns can- the only work for which a military navy-yard not shoot far enough. The reconstruction of in the United States is fitted. In the five years three of these battleships, of the Oregon type, previous to 1909 the eleven American yards had which cost more than $5,000,000, did not in- cost $40,000,000 for maintenance. In the same crease their fighting power. It merely gave time the seven home navy-yards of Great Brit- them new boilers, a few changes in their turrets, ain had cost $7,000,000 for maintenance, had and a new fire-control system for shooting their repaired eight ninths of the big English Navy, old-fashioned guns. and had built six Dreadnoughts and twelve Secretary Meyer has, during the past year, other battleships and cruisers. kept the repairs upon these and other ships For years it has been perfectly apparent that down to a minimum, and disposed of some of there were too many navy-yards in the United the vessels entirely. The unprotected cruiser States. Before Mr. Meyer came into office, two Detroit, for example, which cost $445,000 in re- of them — those at Pensacola, Florida, and at pairs, was recently sold for $20,000. “We must New Orleans — had been closed, but had been show some courage,” says Mr. Meyer, “in ap- reopened because it was found that they could proaching this question, and condemn a lot of not be legally closed without specific Congres- riffraff vessels which we have, and on which we sional action. Secretary Meyer, at the end of are lavishing money needlessly as well as ex more than a year's study and inspection, has travagantly.” The Navy as it is now organized definitely advised Congress to close these two is proceeding on this policy. yards and five other minor naval stations. 530 WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? “I recommend,” he says, gateway of the Caribbean "the giving up and dispos- Sea, for which the fighting ing of the naval stations at branch of the Navy has New Orleans, Pensacola, been asking for years in San Juan (Porto Rico), Port vain. Guantanamo is Royal (South Carolina), not represented in Con- New London (Connecticut), gress; nor has it any votes; Sacketts Harbor (New New Orleans has both. York), Culebra (Porto In the New Orleans yard Rico), and Cavite (Philip- $1,040 worth of work was pine Islands). The average done in 1907. The main- yearly cost of maintaining tenance of the yard that these stations for the past year cost $97,178; and five years has been $1,672,- $308,332 was expended 675. Very little useful work there for improvements. has been performed at any CHIEF CONSTRUCTOR RICHARD M. WATT, of them.” THE NEW CHIEF OF BUREAU OF CON A Little More Recognition STRUCTION AND REPAIR. HIS PRED. for the South The Savagely Defended ECESSOR, W. L. CAPPS, WHO OPPOSED THE NEW RE Yard at New Orleans FORMS, WAS REMOVED The Pensacola and New FROM OFFICE BY SEC- Orleans yards are both old, The detailed reports of RETARY MEYER dating back to the days of Secretary Meyer on the sailing-ships. The Charles- various yards are interesting as showing the ex ton (South Carolina) yard has been built since act value of the shore plant that we now hav 1901. Concerning this the Secretary says: Pensacola, he says, should be abolished be- "The Charleston dry-dock is useless for battle- cause it could be bombarded and is strategically ships or cruisers, as it fills in opposite the dock impossible. Concerning New Orleans he says: at the rate of from three to four feet a year." “The New Orleans yard lies about one hundred This dock was built between 1902 and 1908, miles up the Mississippi River ... It lies and cost $1,250,000. behind a levee, which must be relied upon at The Charleston Navy-yard cost, up to June 30, high water or flood of the river to prevent the 1910, $4,452,634. It was built up largely by the navy-yard and the machine tools from being efforts of Senator Tillman, who said concerning flooded. Its position up the river is such that in it in the Senate in 1901: “My main object in all time of war, or threatened war, no large vessel this matter is to endeavor to get a first-class navy- should be sent there, on ac- yard, not a station, at some count of the danger of the eligible point on the South passes being blocked.” Atlantic, and to have the This is the yard whose South receive some recogni- local advocates raised tion in naval affairs." such a clamor in the at- Concerning Port Royal, tempt to defend it in the whose closing Secretary past year. The grounds of Meyer definitely advises, his the cry were that it was report says: “Port Royal has necessary to defend from a dry-dock, but it is unap- hostile invasion the Missis- proachable for battleships, sippi River,- up which no or even cruisers, except at naval officer would be mad an unjustifiable expense." enough to send a battleship Mr. Tillman was also in war-time,- and that it largely responsible for secur- would be required to pro- ing the Port Royal appro- tect the Panama Canal, priations. He expressed when that was finished. A PAYMASTER-GENERAL THOMAS J. COWIE, himself concerning it, on map in the Secretary's re THE NEW CHIEF OF BUREAU OF SUP March 1, 1899, on the floor port shows that Panama PLIES AND ACCOUNTS. HIS PRED. of the Senate as follows: is just a little over twice ECESSOR, E. P. ROGERS, WAS “This bill [the naval ap- as far from New Orleans propriation) is loaded down as it is from Guantanamo, OBSTRUCTIONIST with expansion in every the naval repair-shop at the navy-yard. I am trying to ALSO REMOVED BY SECRE- TARY MEYER AS AN OF REFORM WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? 531 FOR MATERIAL. THE AIDS FOR IN- IN STRUCTING VESSELS WITH- get a little for Port Royal; a disadvantage in that it has because, if you are going to no railroad communication, steal, I want my share." and all material and supplies must be transported to the “Thirty Miles Inland navy-yard from Seattle, a from San Francisco distance of fifteen miles, by water; also in that it is six- On the Pacific coast the teen miles removed from United States has two navy- any large supply of labor." yards. Concerning the chief one, The Atlantic Situation at Mare Island, the Secre- Difficult tary's report says in part: "The navy-yard at Mare These are the Secretary's Island lies some thirty miles statements concerning five inland from San Francisco, of the eleven existing CAPTAIN FRANK F. FLETCHER, AID is difficult of approach for navy-yards of the United vessels of great draft on SPECTION AND MATERIAL CONTROL States, and one of the account of shallow water, THE REPAIRS OF SHIPS AND PRE- many naval stations. The has inadequate berthing VENT THE SPENDING OF MONEY expenditures for building REPAIRING OR RECON- facilities on its water-front, and repairing these five a totally inadequate depth OUT MILITARY VALUE have been $65,000,000. Of and width of water along the other six, one is the its front, and is at a disadvantage by its yard at Washington for building ordnance. distance from San Francisco Bay, where the Concerning the other five the Secretary says: coaling and supply of these vessels could ordi “The situation on the Atlantic coast as to narily be carried on. At mid-tide, navy-yards is rather a difficult one. Undoubt- 23.45 feet depth, no battleship or armored edly, there are a greater number of first-class cruiser could approach Mare Island. The total navy-yards than should be required for the effi- number of vessels in this category would be cient care of the fleet, including the auxiliaries forty-seven. • A battleship which has and smaller vessels. As the Portsmouth, Bos- been injured in action and may be drawing ton, New York, Philadelphia, and Norfolk yards possibly as much as thirty-five feet, could not have accessible dry-docks necessary for the be taken to Mare Island to be even temporarily battleship fleet, and efficient plants for repair, repaired. ... After a study of this question, it seems hardly advisable to give any of them up, and a personal inspection of Mare Island and the especially as it will be possible and necessary, on available sites on San Fran- account of the dry-docks, to cisco Bay, I conclude that it take advantage of their will be necessary to establish facilities in the most eco- a docking and repair station nomical manner. . . A for battleships on San Fran- final recommendation will be cisco Bay, in some locality deferred until the subject yet to be selected.” has been thoroughly re- Mare Island contains two viewed by the Joint Board of the few fine dry-docks in of the Army and Navy.” the United States — one of them the largest ever built. Just One Suitable Dry- They have cost, to June 30, Dock - in the Philippines 1910, $4,451,989. The total cost of building and main- The eleven navy-yards of taining this yard, to which the country have cost, up to no large battleships can date, $215,000,000, largely come, has been $35,000,000. spent in recent years. The Concerning the other of REAR-ADMIRAL HUTCH. I. CONE, THE chief instrument of a navy- the Pacific coast navy GINEERING, WHO HAS EFFECTED yard — the one thing around yards — that at Bremerton, which its whole life centers across the Puget Sound from is a dry-dock for handling AND THE REPAIRS Seattle — the report has this damaged warships. In case THE BATTLESHIP to say: "This navy-yard has FLEET of war, it is the only single NEW CHIEF OF BUREAU OF EN. A LARGE PART OF THE ECON. OMIES IN THE STEAMING OF 532 WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? THE BOW OF THE NEW 19 AND BUILT. GUNS WERE CLOSE TO THE WATER AND WHILE UNDER WAY WERE BURIED SPRAY IN of the Army and Navy. Secretary Meyer recom- mends the fittingout of Guantanamo, command- ing the gateway of the Caribbean Sea from the east end of Cuba — the base the General Board has recommended in vain since the time of our first acquirement of the work of the Panama Canal. By removing the floating dock from New Orleans and the machinery from Pensa- cola, a small but efficient repair plant can be installed at Guantanamo in about a year, it is estimated. This, and this only, as all military authorities know, will give a proper naval base to defend the Panama Canal. Secretary Meyer plans to give up the station at Cavite, which has been developed at a cost of $11,000,000, in the Philippines, and build up the great naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, which for years had been demanded by the Navy, be- cause, like Guantanamo in the Caribbean, it is strategically the key to the Pacific. If this work is finished, the American Navy will have — as England and Germany now BATTLESHIP, NORTH have — a shore plant that is a branch of a DAKOTA," AS IT WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED military navy. But, naturally, every conscious THE FORWARD FIVE-INCH and unconscious force of the old bureaucracy, and the political interests which have built up the present shore system, will be against the permanent reorganization of the Navy on a mili- instrument of consequence. Concerning this tary basis, and exactly for the reason that it feature the Secretary's report says: does not want a military plant on shore. It "Enough docks of the largest size, and suit- wants a manufacturing plant, with every bit of able channels to them, should be available, so work it can secure for it. One of the chief pieces that, in case of necessity, the largest vessels may of work that have been pushed at a great be got ready at once, in case war is declared waste is shipbuilding. quickly, and so that they will not have to wait for the few big dry-docks. Such docks are also The Cost of Ships and Chopping-Blocks necessary for docking damaged vessels, which may draw about thirty-five feet of water. “The navy-yards,” says Secretary Meyer, “There is at present only one dry-dock, con- "cannot build ships as cheaply as private estab- structed and in commission, which is capable of lishments. I am strongly opposed to it. I be- taking a damaged vessel drawing thirty-five lieve that the shipbuilding industries should be feet at all stages of the tide. This is the steel encouraged so that their plants and resources floating dry-dock Dewey, situated at Olongapo become, in war, a valuable national asset. It (Philippine Islands)." would be folly for us to attempt to manufacture England has now eight docks of this kind, commercial articles in our navy-yards, when we Germany seven, and Japan one. Secretary can get them cheaper from the outside.” Meyer, since the beginning of his term, has The whole experience of the Navy proves begun the building of two for the United States; this. The Cyclops, a fleet collier carrying he has also provided for the enlargement of 10,457 tons of coal, for example, was built by two more to the necessary size. In short, he the Cramps for $822,500. The Vestal, a collier has started, for the first time, the planning of built in the New York Navy-yard at about the a shore plant for a military navy — along lines same time, cost $1,597,119, and has about half long ago recommended by the military branch the Cyclops' carrying capacity. The battleship of the service, but never before within sight. Florida is being built in the New York Navy- yard at Brooklyn. The cost of finishing her To Consider a Military Shore Plant will be over $6,100,000. The Utah, her sister ship, is being built at the New York Shipbuild- . The situation on the Atlantic is planned to be ing Company's plant at Camden, New Jersey. given for full consideration to the Joint Board Her contract price was $3,946,000. The ship WILL CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? 533 5 THE “ NORTH AFTER TRIAL TRIPS PROVED THE ACCURACY OF THE CRITICISM THAT THE FORWARD FIVE-INCH GUNS COULD NOT BE FIRED IN A SEAWAY. THE GUNS WERE MOVED TO THE SUPERSTRUC- TURE, AS THE PHOTOGRAPH INDICATES built in the government shipyard will cost about sixty per cent more than the other, and is ten per cent further from completion. And if the two vessels had been given to the con- tractor now building the one, both could have been built for $7,750,000 about $1,500,000 more than the one government-built ship will cost. In authorizing the last two Dreadnoughts, the Texas and the New York, Congress directed, in spite of all these well-known facts, that one of them be built in the Brooklyn Navy-yard. In last December, Richard M. Watt, the Chief Con- structor of the Navy, testified before the House Committee on Naval Affairs that it would cost $1,500,000 more to build the New York in the government yard than by contract. The greater cost of manufacturing articles in the Navy reaches to the smallest articles as well as ships. The most interesting statement ever made concerning this was brought out, in 1908, as the result of the special investigation, by order of the Secretary of the Navy, of the cost of DAKOTA" MODIFICATION. making small wares in the yards by Paymaster John A. Mudd. The cost of a boat-tiller, a plain piece of wood about a foot long, he found to vary from one to three dollars in three dif- ferent yards. “Only the other day,” wrote Paymaster Mudd, “the writer bought over the navy was the introduction of the new system retail counter, for his own use, a pick-handle. It of competitive target practice in 1902. Before is a handsome piece of finished wood, made of that our gunnery was a common joke. It is hickory; it cost twenty cents. Cut in half with now as good as any in the world. At Santiago a little whittling, it would make two fine tillers.” not one of the shells from our largest guns found A fourteen-foot punt, he found, cost $63.73 in its mark upon a Spanish ship. To-day our one yard, and $95.12 in another. Common boat- ships, shooting under similar conditions, with rudders varied from six dollars to ten dollars for the same guns, would place certainly ninety the same article; plain chopping-blocks, from per cent, and probably a hundred, on the three to twenty-five dollars. mark. The normal pressure of the old non-military Shooting came first. The ability to take a navy was, however, to manufacture as many ship in and out of a war cruise is not less im- articles as possible in the navy-yards, from portant. During the past year competitive en- ships down to cuspidors. It is a tendency gineering tests for an annual trophy, like the that neither Mr. Meyer nor any one else has prizes for gunnery, have been permanently es- yet been able to stop. tablished in the American Navy. Its results As early as 1885, Secretary Whitney pointed now promise to be as extraordinary as those in out that there had been, since 1868, an absolute gunnery. waste of $70,000,000 in the American Navy. During the year the sea-keeping ability of the The annual waste, from similar causes, has fleet has increased fifteen per cent; the average steadily risen until, a year or two ago, it had cruising speed twenty per cent, though the reached to at least half of that great sum. estimated speed of the fleet has increased but The past year has been the first in which an five per cent in that time. All this is due to administration of the Navy has been made the new competition. The ships get better av- along a definite plan of creating a military body, erage cruising speed because their machinery is operated with the greatest possible economy. better kept. They can keep at sea longer be- It has not as yet had a full year's trial for all of cause they do not use such large quantities of its main features; but its lines are far enough supplies and coal. The saving in their fuel bill developed to show what may be expected of alone has been $2,000,000 in the past year, it - a better war machine: and millions saved. although the horse-power of the fleet has in- The first real step toward securing a military creased sixteen per cent. The saving in the cost GEORGE VON LENGERKE MEYER, SECRETARY OF THE NAVY of general supplies has been $1,500,000. The home yard for the division. Throughout the plan encourages the making of mechanical re- year the ships of this division will rotate at this pairs at sea. The saving from this source yard, each ship staying there a little over two though not possible of calculation — has also months. The yards will receive a constant sup- been very large. ply of work that will furnish regular employ- A systematization of the work of the entirement for their machinery and men; the ships service has been put under way. The co- will spend much more of their time at sea, and ordination of the fleet and the navy-yards has will be constantly in repair. been the most marked feature of this. By next A thorough system of bookkeeping has been July our fleet will be in four full divisions of established throughout all the plants ashore five ships each. Four of the ships in each divi- including cost-accounting for all the work of sion will be continually at sea. The fifth will navy-yards. The saving from the first actual be in the particular navy-yard chosen as a knowledge of costs of operation and manufac- 534 WILL 535 CONGRESS PUT OUR NAVY ON THE SEA? ture will be millions and tens of millions of it spend $300,000, and establish, once and for dollars a year — provided a military navy, run all, the naval base which military experts have on a clean-cut business basis, is allowed by for years demanded at Guantanamo, or will Congress. But will it be? political pressure from Louisiana and Florida retain the annual waste of about the same A Clear-Cut Question for Congress amount now going on at New Orleans and Pensacola? This question is now put sharply up to Con Will Congress place its naval expenditures gress. Secretary Meyer has gone as far as he upon the sea, and save tens of millions annually, can go under the law. He now has asked or will it continue to distribute these tens of for legislation establishing his plan. Congress millions in gratuities to the constituencies of the must definitely choose between a military navy navy-yard States? and a bureaucracy. Will it do so? The ques The friends of the old bureaucracy believe tions coming to it will be very definite. that Congress will leave conditions as they are Will Congress make law a system coördinat a very simple, easy thing to do. Yet this ing all the Navy into a single body, formed for scarcely seems possible - particularly in a year the single object of readiness for war, or will it of reform and protests. continue the present incompetent bureau organ In case it does, the responsibility will lie with ization, which in every war has proved incom- Congress. In peace the old bureaucracy will petent and useless? cost us tens of millions every year. But in case Will Congress map out and build a system of of war the consequences would be such as to shore stations, adequate for military use, or will make the $30,000,000 or $40,000,000 of annual it continue a line of useless navy-yards? Will waste look absolutely insignificant. THE PRESIDENT'S TROPHY FOR EXCELLENCE IN NAVAL ENGINEERING, WON BY THE BATTLESHIP NEBRASKA" Designed by Henry Reuterdahl; executed by H. Packer, sculptor ELLEN TERRY 537 about. Only, I hope it contained no more To go back to my letter-bag. Having tried apologies for having forgotten to reply to my to recover from the "wrong envelope” revela- enquiries about a young lady who is aspiring to tion, and laughed at G. B. S.'s allusion to my move in the theatrical world. On such little daughter's close association with the militant points of etiquette no man is more touchy than suffragists, I turn up a dear little letter from a 1 am. (I nearly lost Browning's friendship child - just such a letter as any simple, nice because a letter from him to me, in answer to one child of ten might write; yet my correspondent, of mine, was lost in the post, and this set up my at the time, was for her years a finished profes- conceited little back.) But you are different sional dancer, and earning a salary that ran into from all my other correspondents.” three figures. I am glad, for Mr. Watts-Dunton's sake, I was! I grieve to say that the passing of seven “Dear Aunt Imogen: teen years does not seem to have made me more “I would love to come and spend a week with cautious about the wrong envelopes; for the you at your farm in summer; it would be lovely. second letter in my hand, a letter from Mr. I am very busy packing my dollie's things to Bernard Shaw, is dated 1909, and convicts me take away with me to Manchester. of the same lapse. “With fond love from "On seeing the words ‘Dearest Ida’ at the “Your little pet, beginning of your letter,” he writes, “I read no “Elise.” further, and tried to find out from Edy (my daughter! who Ida is; but she said there are so We hear a great deal of the evils of stage life, many Idas that she couldn't guess which was and of recent years the beneficent arm of the the right one. I should have wired, but Small- law has intervened to raise the age at which hythe is not a telegraph office; and I did not children may be employed in the theatre. catch Edy (who spends her life now in Bow Children suffer, say those who don't really Street fortunately not in the dock) until too know, from staying up as late as theatre hours late. Now, tell Ida to send me my letter, for demand, and from other sacrifices of the ordi- which I wait with burning impatience!" nary healthful conditions under which children By the way, one can never be certain, when should be brought up. one treasures a letter from a distinguished Of course, there have been cases where a child, person, that one is treasuring his actual hand- treated by its parents merely as an instrument writing as well as his sentiments. Busy men of gain, has suffered cruelly, and other cases in who don't give themselves away by employing which the parents, less deliberately inhuman, a typewriter have been known to dictate their have had their sensibilities too much blunted letters to secretaries whose writing is just like by poverty and fatigue to notice what a strain their own — only better! Perhaps that neat the theatre was putting on their child; but I little “G. B. S.” penmanship — but perish the doubt whether it is fair to blame the theatre for thought! Anyhow, give me any handwriting these cases — happily rare in my experience. before typewriting, unless it is a business com We have to consider whether the unfortunate munication. There is something about a type- little victims of parental brutality and indiffer- written letter that makes it impossible to regard ence would be better off outside the theater. At it as a personal thing at all, whatever ideas it the Lyceum, in the old days, we used to employ may express. Handwriting gives the personal children whose homes were miserable and touch, the grace and character, above all, the wretched, whose recreation consisted chiefly in emphasis, of an individual. A typewritten letter “larking” in the streets and waiting outside may be spontaneous, but it never looks it. It's public houses for their parents. It can hardly a cold blooded affair, revealing nothing and be denied that to such children the theatre is a concealing nothing. The machine steps be- refining influence, and opens a way for them to tween the sender of the letter and its recipient, rise above their surroundings. The lessons to and puts an end to speculation. Was the sender be learned in a theatre, manners, obedience, the well or ill when the letter was written? Was it equality of men and women as wage-earners (no composed in a hurry, or well considered? Was suggestion there of women being paid less than it the outcome of agitation, which the corre- men for the same work, simply because they are spondent tried to hide? The handwriting is women!), are not, however, only for such chil- often a more faithful key to the state of mind dren as I have described. They are just as val- of the letter-writer than the words employed. uable for the curled darlings from happier homes. Consider-if we knew our friends only through Apart from the immense practical advantages of the telephone and the typewriter, how little we being trained for the stage in childhood, — some should really know of them! technical lessons simply cannot be learned in 5,8 SOME LETTERS AND THEIR WRITERS later years,— there is a moral advantage. If profession, which should include a good deal of you begin as a child (I think every one knows by physical development, they should receive a good this time that I began when I was eight, so I grounding in other subjects, of a simple, prac- speak from my own experience), you are able to tical kind. They should learn to submit to con- preserve an entirely natural attitude towards trol from every one, from manager to dresser, in your work through life. It is as a workshop, or order to learn decent conduct and how to distin- say a studio, that you regard the theatre, not as guish good acting from bad. When they ar- a dazzling world where everything is turned to rived at the age when they could no longer play triumphs and to gold. In my case, acting was children's parts, and were still too young for originally part of my duty to my parents. I grown-up parts, I should send them away from never experienced that diversity from those the stage to schools, which, if we had state con- around me which brings, to the single member of trol of theatres, would be in connection with our a family who takes to the stage in later life, either national theatre. At these schools they should despairing sadness or a false sense of superiority receive a magnificent all-round education,- and importance. be taught all sorts of subjects, with a view to Although, as you see, I am strongly in favour their future career, but in no sense limited by it, of children on the stage, I do think that the sys- — and they should learn at least one mod- tem of giving two performances a day imposes ern language thoroughly. The acting of plays too great a strain. At Christmas-time it is the would, of course, be in the curriculum. custom, in England, to give both a matinée and I believe that a scheme like this, of which I an evening performance of plays of the type of have merely sketched the baldest outline, would “ Peter Pan” and “The Blue Bird,” in which produce a new and greatly improved race of a great number of children are employed. I actors and actresses. Not only would the have always been in favour of a double company standard of acting in England be raised, but the in these cases, one to play in the afternoon and atmosphere of the theatre would be purged of the other in the evening. The plan would be many unwholesome elements. good for the "unemployed,”— of which, alas! Naturally, among the letters before me are there are many, even in the child actors' ranks, several asking me to help stage aspirants. Un- – and, if necessary, the managers could meet less I have had personal experience of a girl's the expense by reducing the salaries a little. It aptitude for the stage, and am convinced that is better for a child to be paid less, and to keep her love for it is of the stuff that endures, the its health, than to earn a big salary at the cost stuff that is proof against disappointment and of a broken nervous system. disillusionment,- my first move is to discour- I think my little correspondent, Elise Craven, age the "stage-struck.” This is not so cruel as with her "dollie's clothes" and the rest, ought to it sounds; for, if there is a real vocation, it will convince most of my readers that the stage need stand any amount of discouragement, any num- not spoil a child. At any rate, statements to the ber of refusals. I was interested to hear, the contrary should not be made without a very other day, that a similar attitude is taken by close and intimate knowledge of the theatre. religious houses toward girls who wish to be- A good nature is not easily spoiled, and all the come nuns. The authorities always begin with adulation and flattery that a child actress gets a refusal, and represent the religious life in its will not rub the bloom off her simplicity if she most forbidding light. If, after three such re- has a simple disposition. If she has a tendency fusals, the applicant is still firmly determined, it the other way (even very small children some- is assumed that she means business, the difficul- times give themselves airs) it is more likely to be ties are smoothed away and every sort of en- corrected than increased in the theatre. couragement is given. I have no doubt that I have spoken rather strongly about this, but this is the way to test both the ability and the I feel it a hundred times more. Instead of drag- will in all professions and vocations. ging children off the stage, protecting them Some of the letters begging me to help aspir- from imaginary evils, and doing a lot of harm to ing young girls to positions on the stage, or to secure an imaginary good, I should like to see give advice to older ones who have suddenly their stage education organized and put on the discovered that the reason why they have failed same basis as, say, the imperial schools of dan- in everything else is that they are born actresses, cing in Russia. show that the writers have but the remotest I should like to see children go on the stage at idea of the stern fact that something more than the age of seven, when they are pliable in mind a taste for the stage is necessary before even “the and body, and can be taught anything. Dur- small part at your theatre" (which is the part ing these first years on the stage, besides a generally asked for) can be filled at all! There thorough training in every branch of their is nothing more extraordinary than the way in ELLEN TERRY 539 which the outsider ignores this. In a letter be- nothing to say, and little or nothing to do ex- fore me from the late Princess Mary Adelaide, cept to wait. Duchess of Teck, - one of the most intelligent "Of course, those in (2) are in training for and enthusiastic patrons of the theatre I ever better things, and many will some day belong to knew,— asking me to interest myself in a young (1). Similarly, many in (3) will some day rise friend of hers who wanted to go on the stage, to (2). there is absolutely no trace of this light-hearted “Now, if an actor or actress is to learn the assumption that any one who wants to can act! business and rise to higher things, surely one of The Duchess of Teck speaks in the most kindly the most important things is to see as much good way of her protégée, but she writes with a full acting as possible. realization of the difficulties that the stage pre “And then, members of (2) and (3) are, night sents to a beginner. This letter reminds me to after night, present in a theatre where good be glad that the present Queen of England had acting is going on, and where the greatest pos- such a wise, clever mother. "Princess May,” sible benefit might be got by simply watching, as Queen Mary was in those days, was often and yet in many cases are debarred from ever brought to the Lyceum, and once, I remember, getting that benefit!” Henry Irving gave a supper in the Beefsteak The letter goes on to suggest.a plan that would Room in honour of her birthday. The Princess meet the objection that, if supers were allowed had been to see “Charles I.” a week or two to watch, the wings would be inconveniently before, and, when she was asked to choose her crowded: birthday treat, she chose “Charles l.” again, "I would examine the wings" (Mr. Dodgson and the Beefsteak supper was added. was always so precise and “meticulous," as be- The Princess' young friend joined the Lyceum came a great mathematician) “and see how Company, worked hard, and was very popular, many people could stand there without being in but I don't think she ever had a part — it was the way. Suppose I found room for three on not easy to get a part at the Lyceum. But I each side" (Mr. Dodgson's letters always remind think the girls who "walked on” in Henry Irv- me of arithmetic: “If cistern A flows at the ing's big productions of Shakespeare had an rate of 6 gallons an hour into cistern B,” etc., excellent training. I sometimes wish it could etc.): "then there might be six watching. I have been possible for them to see more of the would make strict rules as to who the six should acting in the scenes in which they were not be, and would arrange so that all the minor concerned; but there are many difficulties in performers and supers should have the privi- the way of allowing “supers” to stand at the lege in turn; also, that those who were watching side, however much one may wish it. should not be those who would be wanted im- The next letter I take out of my box is on this mediately to go on - e. g., a super only wan- very subject. Its writer is "Lewis Carroll” ted in Act III. might safely be watching in (Mr. Dodgson). He took the deepest interest in Act 11.; and I would arrange so that, as far as the theatre, and would often write to me, not possible, every one should witness (say in the only about the Lyceum performances, but about course of a week or a fortnight) the whole all kinds of little details of theatrical life in which play, bit by bit.” one would not have thought an Oxford don would be interested. But, then, this 'don had I don't know whether I ever answered this written "Alice"! letter, but I do know how I ought to have an- swered it. With our Lyceum system of light- “My dear Miss Ellen Terry” (he writes from ning-quick changes of scene, those three people Christ Church, Oxford, in 1894): "I hope you on either side would have been impossible. won't think me an intolerable correspondent, Henry Irving brought those changes of scene to but I want you to read one more letter of mine. a perfection of which present-day managements It only takes, as I know by experience, two or might well be envious; but the result was three minutes to read a letter that may have secured only by the perfect adjustment of the taken a good hour or more to write. different parts of the huge machine of his theat- The matter I want to put before you is, I rical staff. Every man had his place, like a think, of great importance to the whole of the sailor aboard ship; and when the Lyceum watch theatrical profession. I'll try to put it very was called, and all the lights went out, and briefly. all hands under Skipper Arnott (our despotic "In every theatre there is, I suppose, and capable stage-carpenter) were engaged in (1) Some four or five lady performers; "striking" a heavy scene and setting up another (2) Some twenty or thirty minor ones; in a minute and a half, without dropping the (3) A host of 'supers' and understudies with curtain, I fancy those six eager supers, students 540 SOME LETTERS AND THEIR WRITERS of Mr. Dodgson's imaginary calculations, would is perhaps too technical for a magazine article. have been swept to their death. Henry thought that the way he played Shylock My daughter Edy, who was one of the few was the wrong way, but the right way for him. supers who did watch at the wings, tells me “Shylock was a ferocity — there's no doubt that if she had not known to a tick what the about it,” he writes to me; “but I cannot play men were going to do at the end of the scene, and the part on those lines.” calculated where she was going to get out of What ought an actor to do? There are three, their way, she must have been hurt, or have in- perhaps four, courses open to him. He can play terfered with them — "which," she says, with a part as he thinks right, hindered and ham- the true spirit of the child of the theatre, “would pered at every turn by his physique. He can go have been worse, as Arnott would have gone to against his theories in order to adapt the part to Henry and said his men couldn't change the his physique and personality and make a suc- scene in the time if they were hindered by peo- cess of it (examples, Mrs. Siddons' Lady Mac- ple standing about the stage." beth and Henry Irving's Shylock). He can I have crowds of other letters proposing that leave an unsuitable part alone altogether. He I should suggest certain things to Henry Irving; can find certain characteristics in it that he is but, as a rule, I seldom bothered him by passing able to express, and develop them — perhaps in on the suggestions. There is an old saying this way finding the highest truth. But the about the cobbler sticking to his last, and, question is too big to discuss in a hurry. really, most of the people who suggested re The next letter is from Miss Mary Garden. forms and improvements for me to urge on I remember seeing her in “Griselidis” at Aix- Henry were in the position of the cobbler and les-Bains some years ago; and, being immensely needed similar advice. struck by her talent as an actress, I forgot all In this matter of the supers, I am certain that about her singing - in my admiration of her Henry would have found a way for them to acting forgot even that it was an opera I watch at the side, if it had been possible and was watching. “What an amazing thing!” I advisable. But, besides the objection I have thought; for opera does not generally develop mentioned, there was the fear of the "three on such a gift. It was the stillness of her Griseli- either side” whispering to each other, or speak- dis. But perhaps she could do only that! How ing to some one who was just going on and much of it was assumption? Then I saw her so delaying his entrance. The slightest noise in another opera, and she was the acme of "behind” will make some actors nervous. I vivacity! know that Henry would not recover for a whole From Miss Mary Garden to the Bishop of scene, if he heard talking just before he went on. Ripon! My letter-box makes strange compan- In what is called a “boxed-in” scene he did not ions — yet not so strange, for Dr. Boyd Car- mind the supers being there; and I think that penter has always taken a friendly interest in many of them used to come down and listen in the stage. This note from him is merely a note "Olivia,” which had such a scene. of courtesy, of no particular interest; but it re- To my letter-bag once more! Some letters minds me of a delightful Good Friday I spent at don't wear well. I don't mean physically — al- Leeds, where I heard the Bishop give an address though, by the way, I see that Madame —'s to a large audience of workingmen — Mrs. curious gold-leaf paper has worn well, and is as Boyd Carpenter and I were the only two women bright as a guinea still. (I can't beat these present. The Bishop spoke splendidly. He fanciful writing papers myself.) When I said was en rapport with his listeners at once; his that some letters don't wear well, I was thinking timing was perfect, and his utterance beauti- more of the ideas than of the paper. When the fully clear. Suddenly there came a change. letter was written, no doubt the thought was He went too fast, and I noticed that he was fresh and the expression sincere; but, with the losing his hold on the audience. But he pulled years, both have faded like flowers, and signify himself up, altered his pace, and it was all right nothing. Henry Irving's letters, on the con- again. I could not help telling Mrs. Boyd trary, have yielded nothing to time. Vital, Carpenter afterward that I had noticed it, and forcible, simple, individual, and telling, they had admired the way in which he had recovered. are of unfading interest. They simply have no "I was willing him to do that,” she said. fault, except that the handwriting is most diffi- "I always let him know when he is going too cult to read. He suggests more sometimes in fast." This seemed to me an interesting case one sentence than other correspondents do in of telepathy. The Zanzigs could hardly have a very long letter. I have before me a letter of done better. his concerning Shylock, and it opens up a ques I remember telling the Bishop of Ripon that tion that I should love to discuss in detail, but it I envied him his splendid memory. "I seem to ELLEN TERRY 541 remember a thing quite well,” I told him; “then the stage for three hundred years, and I want to I get frightened." honour her reappearance by giving her to some The Bishop said: “That's the worst thing one of repute.” you can do. Memory is a very delicate organ, and resents distrust." I would gladly have done this for Mr. Poel, I am afraid I must often have provoked my but I was prevented, for some reason or other. memory to resentment! Some one said: “But is Lady Macduff a good part?” When I was young and in a pet, I prayed, “ Lord, teach me to forget." It strikes me as a good little part, which is Now I am old and in December, always better than a bad big part. But then, I pray, “ Lord, teach me to remember." I know some actresses would turn up their noses at Phoebe, which I think a delightful part, full A letter from Mrs. Field, that dear Boston of character. Some people have such odd ideas lady who in her time has known nearly all the about good and bad parts. I was once told literary giants of the Victorian era, and whose that it was time I gave up playing “second- house is as full of literary relics as the Cologne fiddle” parts like Desdemona and Ophelia! Cathedral of bones, tells me that she likes my Mr. Poel I admire, even though I may not Nance Oldfield, and adds: “I wonder if you agree with his theories, because he has gone his ever knew Charles Reade?” own way about Shakespeare, and has constructed This must have been in the early days of my something new. So many others go through the friendship with Mrs. Field, for I don't think I Lyceum gap like a flock of sheep. There is no could know any one long without talking of variety in Shakespearian productions. I think Charles Reade, one of the best friends I ever that the reason why I like a music-hall is be- had,- one of my best critics, too,- and a cause it has variety, at any rate. Each per- generous, lovable soul with just enough obsti- former thinks for himself and works out his own nacy to make him provoking at times. ideas. There is none of that slavish adherence Another American correspondent -- Augustus to a certain line of acting and staging which Saint-Gaudens. He writes about a cast of his makes some theatres so dull. Bastien-Lepage that he had made for me. Why My box is not nearly empty yet, but I find hasn't England produced a Saint-Gaudens?that many of the priceless letters tucked away Then London might not be full of ugly statues. there are — receipts! These, too, could tell William Poel, whose "Elizabethan Stage" a tale. And now I must go and read some performances of Shakespeare have always in- letters not written to me-letters in Shake- terested me deeply, writes: speare's plays. Most people do not realize how many letters there are, nor how deeply interest- “Dear Miss Ellen Terry: ing they are. It was my work to “discover" "Can you do a struggling enthusiast of them, to find something in Shakespeare that Shakespeare (without scenery!) a friendly ser- had not been dug up by the commentators, but vice and act Lady Macduff for me at my first which was there for every one to see, like the performance at Fulham? It is, so far as I little herb, in Milton's "Comus," on which the know, the first time this lady has been seen on rude hind "treads daily with his clouted shoon." GREAT CASES OP DETECTIVE BURNS BY DANA GATLIN Illustrated by Jay Hambidge PAY MAMBIDUD THE MONROE-HEAD COUNTERFEIT T HE detective has got to have God- W. H. Moran — declared it genuine. After we given quantities of patience and had located the criminals, it took us over a year endurance,” said William J. Burns, to get the evidence necessary to convict them. “and then he's got to cultivate “Late in '97 the counterfeit was discovered, them some more. He is tested by chance. While the receiving teller of the nearly every day. Now, the famous mystery Sub-Treasury at Philadelphia was counting of the counterfeit Monroe-head hundred-dollar money, one day, he happened to lay his damp- silver certificate," — Burns paused to hitch ened finger on the carmine seal of a Monroe- himself forward in his chair,- "that was the head hundred-dollar silver certificate, and cleverest and most baffling counterfeit that was noticed that the ink blurred. He made a mi- ever made. It was the only time that counter- croscopical examination of the note, and reached feiters succeeded in making a note so perfect what he considered was the proper solution. He that all of the government experts except one – figured that the note was genuine, but that the 542 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE 543 BURNS seal was counterfeit, and that the notes had Burns Works Out a Plan for Tracing probably been stolen while in transit from the the Counterfeiters Bureau of Engraving and Printing to the Treasury Department. All notes were then “However, our fears had been realized. That printed and completed at the Bureau of En- night I did not sleep. Hour after hour, I went graving and Printing, Washington, with the over the problem of how to locate the counter- exception of a small carmine seal, which was feiters. By morning I had formed my theory, placed on the notes at the Treasury Department. and I then wrote a long letter to the Chief of the Secret Service at Washington, stating my view Government Experts Declare Counterfeit of the matter. My theory was that, in the ab- Note Genuine sence of any of the ordinary clues by which we were able to trace counterfeits back to their “After reaching this conclusion, the Phila- makers, we would have to locate all the engrav- delphia Sub-Treasury teller took a train for ers in the country who were able to do such good Washington, and called on the Secretary of the work as had been done in this case. The per- Treasury. He laid the whole matter before fection of the note showed that a camera must that official, who immediately sent for the ex- have been used, and the printing was so ex- perts in the Redemption Division. After an pertly done as to indicate the use of a steel plate. examination, they declared the note to be The deduction I made from these two facts was genuine. that the counterfeiters were able to take a per- “The matter was then taken up by the pres- fect photograph of a genuine note, transfer it to ent Assistant Chief of the United States Secret a steel plate, and then etch and engrave the Service, W. H. Moran, who has been connected plate successfully. My idea was to locate with the Secret Service Division for over every expert who could engrave portraits and twenty-five years and is acknowledged to be other portions of the note, and who were at the the greatest expert the government has. He same time expert with the camera and the soaked the note in water, and found that it was photo-mechanical process of engraving. Among printed on two pieces of paper, which separated them we would find the counterfeiters. 'after being placed in the water. It was then “As soon as possible, I finished my work in determined for the first time that the note was Indiana and hurried to Washington. There I a counterfeit. The Secretary of the Treasury found that the Secret Service was undergoing immediately issued a circular recalling the en the investigation that all the other divisions of tire issue of that particular currency, amounting the Treasury Department had passed through, to over twenty-seven million dollars. by a committee appointed by the Secretary of “A scare then went through the entire bank- the Treasury. The Chief of the Secret Service ing world, because every banker felt that he had been relieved from duty at the office in might find thousands, or hundreds of thousands, Washington, and was told by the Secretary to of dollars' worth of these notes in his vault. confine his efforts entirely to the capture of the Nobody knew how many counterfeits had been Monroe-head silver certificate counterfeiters. issued, and consternation reigned. “On meeting the Chief, he informed me that “At this particular time I had been lent by he had not carried out my suggestion. He in- the government to the State of Indiana to make sisted that he had a good clue at Chicago, and an investigation of a series of murders wherein told me to proceed to that city and join Opera- five men were taken from the jail at Versailles, tive Matthew F. Griffin. Upon investigation, Indiana, and hung. Just about the time I was I found this clue led nowhere, and I wired the finishing up this investigation, I read, one morn- information to the Chief at Washington, and ing, the startling account of the discovery of this asked for instructions. I was somewhat sur- hundred-dollar Monroe-head silver certificate. prised to receive a telegram directing me to re- We had been fearing new developments in port at once to Washington, and signed, "John counterfeiting for a year previous, or from the E. Wilkie, Chief.” This was the first intimation time I learned that a number of young men were I had that a change had been made in the head becoming experts in the photo-mechanical pro- of the service. I immediately proceeded to cess of engraving. I had suggested to the Chief Washington, met Chief Wilkie, and informed then that we ought to take up the matter of him of my letter to the former Chief. He di- investigating the progress of the art of photo- rected me to proceed in the matter according mechanical process work. We did intend to go to the theory I advanced, but asked me first into it, but we were occupied with other mat- to run out a story that was furnished him ters that seemed to us of more importance, from Philadelphia. This proved another failure. and so this particular matter was delayed. “Acting on my own theory, I immediately 544 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS visited the leading engraving establishments, place we would not be able to find a scintilla of first at Philadelphia, and, without disclosing the evidence tending to show that they were the purpose of my visit and under a proper pretext, counterfeiters of the Monroe-head hundred- ascertained the names of all the expert engravers dollar silver certificate. My idea was that men who could have done the work on the counterfeit who had succeeded in making a counterfeit note plates. so perfect that government experts declared it genuine would not entirely cease their operations "Running Down the Suspects by a Process simply because of this temporary scare; that, of Elimination sooner or later, they would return to their work; that we would hold them under constant “After getting the names of all the engravers surveillance, and eventually catch them red- possible, I visited the plate-makers in New handed. York, and, meeting their traveling men, got a “The Chief, having full confidence in my list of the firms to whom they sold plates that ability to carry out this suggestion, directed me might possibly take a chance of making a coun- to proceed on these lines. terfeit note, and learned whether or not the suspected persons had been in the habit of Burns “ Takes 'Em Out of Bed in the purchasing plates of suspicious sizes. Morning and Puts 'Em Back at Night” "I then returned to Philadelphia and visited a number of concerns that used the photo “I knew this would be a long, tireless chase; mechanical process, and from them received I also knew that these men were constantly much valuable information. making tests to find out whether or not the “I then began my process of elimination in government was on their trail. So we had to running out the persons under suspicion, and proceed with extreme caution. We placed finally placed the crime upon three men operatives in rooms near the residences of Tay- Arthur Taylor, Baldwin S. Bredell, and a third lor and Bredell, and across the street from their man whom I afterward eliminated. All of plant. In the words of Secret Service circles, these, I learned, had formerly been employed by “We took 'em out of bed in the morning and one of the largest engraving establishments in put 'em back at night.' This unceasing vigil Philadelphia, that of E. A. Wright & Co. Arthur was kept up from February, 1898, until April 18, Taylor had the reputation of being the best 1899.” (Burns does not have to stop to look portrait engraver that firm had ever employed; up his dates; his complete memory of every not only that -- he was qualified to engrave any detail is amazing.) other part of a bank-note. In addition to this, “Not long after this watch was begun,” he he had been experimenting for years on a new resumed, “and we had thoroughly investigated scheme for etching on steel, and had partially the antecedents of Taylor and Bredell, one morn- succeeded. Of course, I had to secure this in- ing they took a train at the Broad Street station formation without arousing any suspicion that and went to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, followed a criminal investigation was going on. by Operative Griffin. There they communi- “On further investigation, I found that Tay- cated with W. M. Jacobs and W. L. Kendig. Jor and Bredell were operating an engraving and Jacobs was operating a large cigar manufactory printing plant on the fourth floor of the building in Lancaster, and Kendig was in charge of what on the southeast corner of Ninth and Filbert was supposed to be a large tobacco warehouse. streets. Their plant, its location, their method “When Chief Wilkie was notified of this of doing business, and the prohibitory prices connection, he made an investigation of the they were charging for their work, convinced revenue stamps used on the boxes of cigars me that these two men fitted my theory per- manufactured by Jacobs, and discovered that fectly. I felt so elated and so sure of this that I counterfeit stamps were being used. at once wired Chief Wilkie and told him I had When the Secretary of the Treasury learned located the makers of the hundred-dollar note. that these men were making counterfeit revenue The Chief immediately came on, by the first stamps, he naturally wanted their immediate train. He was somewhat crestfallen when arrest. He was at once shown that there was he learned that I had absolutely no evidence no evidence to convict Taylor and Bredell at against these men, but that I had reached my Philadelphia. After a consultation with the conclusion solely upon the theory I had. Hon. James M. Beck, who was then United "The first question was, how I proposed to States Attorney at Philadelphia, it was decided secure the evidence. My reply to the Chief to continue the investigation, and we therefore was that we must wait for the men to go back to permitted Jacobs and Kendig to use their coun- counterfeiting; that if we were to search their terfeit stamps until such time as the evidence GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS 545 could be gathered that would involve Taylor quently learned that the press for printing and Bredell with the counterfeit Monroe-head stamps was in this little room, and that they hundred-dollar silver certificate. also had there a paragon paper-cutter, with “The operations of Jacobs and Kendig were which they were able to cut their paper as thoroughly covered' just as the Philadelphia accurately as the government did. plant was 'covered.' “When the proprietors returned, the place was tight locked, and everything in order but The First Find for a weeping little lad and a broken window. “It went through,' he sobbed; 'but I'll pay 'It was extremely necessary that I should ob- for the glass if I can have my ball.' And it is tain surreptitious entrance to the large three- perhaps as much to their credit as anything story warehouse of Jacobs and Kendig at Lan- they ever did that the revenue crooks told the caster. Secretary Gage was pushing for proof boy not to mind, and let him come in and find that was beyond doubt, and I had to make good the ball that I had so carefully aimed an hour my suspicions that the engravers were experi- before. menting with an improvised paper-making “I was having my hands full in Philadelphia apparatus to counterfeit the distinctive fiber now; Secretary Gage was insisting that there paper used by the government. I found out must be some proof that Taylor and Bredell that during the noon hour Jacobs and Kendig were doing the work at Ninth and Filbert went to lunch at the same time, leaving the streets. Somehow or other, I had to get into place unoccupied, and that there were side that engraving establishment; and, as I said, doors from an alley, the upper half of glass, it was on the fourth and top floor of the corner and shuttered at night, but merely locked at building. noontime. “One day, at noon, I watched the men leave. Burns Breaks into the Counterfeiters' I was provided with a baseball and a small boy Engraving Plant that I'd brought from Philadelphia, - couldn't trust a local product who'd be about all the “There was a fire-escape here on the side," time,— and, after breaking the glass out of the said Burns, getting up and marking off the lo- window with the ball in a nice, natural manner, cation, “and about three-thirty one morning I boosted the lad through. He went around to I paid it a visit. Operative John E. Murphy, the front and opened the spring door from the now deceased, but in his day the cleverest of inside. operatives, boosted me up. Just as I reached “Then I got in and made a hasty examination. the top window opening out from the counter- I found twenty-seven tons of blue internal feiters' plant, I looked down and saw Murphy revenue stamp paper on the second floor, accosted by a policeman. packed in tobacco-boxes. To the ordinary “What are you doing hanging around here observer it would look like leaf tobacco. Up at this time of the morning?' said the cop. here I also found the improvised paper-making “I couldn't get to sleep,' replied Murphy, machine, while on the top floor was a parti- ‘and thought I'd walk around a bit.' He went tioned-off corner, securely locked. We subse- on talking to the policeman, and walked him "| CREPT ACROSS THE FLOOR TO HEAR HIM BREATHE 546 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS around the corner. I didn't mind seeing them without leaving a trace, or there'd be no chance depart, for I had a lurking idea in my head that of future work and all our past work would have I might be seen and shot for a burglar, and the been in vain. whole investigation would go up in smoke. After cultivating the policeman's acquaintance Discovery of the Counterfeit Plate and probably giving him a couple of drinks, Murphy returned. “After that, every day at noon, when Tay- "In the meantime I'd tried the window and lor and Bredell went to lunch, I visited their found it locked. I edged my way across the place. As I turned the corner of Ninth Street, coping to another window, and found that I got my cue from the way the window-shade locked; then I climbed down to think up some was arranged at the window where the op- other method. eratives were watching: if it was pulled down "The counterfeiters had a young boy in their very low, the coast was clear, and I would go employ who flagged customers in the front to the counterfeiters' plant and examine the office, and who swept out and cleaned up the situation. office in the morning. I thought of a plan. 1 “At noons I always found a small locker went to a costumer's and rented a velvet mas- locked, but at nights unlocked and empty, from querade suit that'd about fit the boy. which I deduced that the plates were carried "Next, a Secret Service man accosted the boy home at night, but left in this locker when the about five blocks from Taylor and Bredell's men went to lunch. I secured a blank key, and place: worked at noons on the lock, and finally suc- “Want to make a half dollar, son?' ceeded in making a key to fit the locker. There “'Yes,' said the boy. I found a counterfeit plate for a Lincoln-head “Then take this bundle up to Guy's Hotel hundred-dollar note, almost completed. and give it to Mr. Matthews.' “These visits were not without their ludicrous “The boy did so -- not knowing that Mr. incidents. One day, at noon, I received the Matthews was also Mr. Burns. 'clear' signal, and immediately started up to “What do you do nights, son?' I asked. my usual haunt. As I was preparing to open “Nothing,' he replied, and I asked him the door, Bredell stepped out; it was a scratch how'd he like to be a 'super' at the Walnut of an escape. Street Theater. I then invited him up to see “Is this the Eagle Printing Company? I the manager, another Secret Service operative, asked. and told the boy to try on the clothes. "No; the Eagle Printing Company is on the “The boy was taken into another room, where second floor,' answered Bredell. he put on the clothes, and was then taken to see “I excused myself, and turned to descend the the manager. While he was gone l extracted stairs, thinking on the way that the men on his keys from his pocket. With them I whirled watch ought to have a good scare for their care- away in a carriage, which had been waiting, to lessness. So, after I had gone down a few steps, the Yale Lock Company, about six blocks away, I stopped to tie a shoe-string and gave Bredell handed the proper key to the man in charge, a chance to pass me and go on out. As I had and asked for a duplicate, which was promptly foreseen, our men across the street saw him, 'given, whirled back, and returned the boy's keys and then looked for me. They knew I had to his pocket without his knowing. gone up. "The next morning about three-thirty I again “I kept a man near the door downstairs to "visited the offices of the counterfeiters, this time start a fight, on some pretext or other, should armed with a key and two operatives. When the counterfeiters return unexpectedly, and thus I opened the door we were nearly scared to warn me and give me an opportunity to escape. death by some sort of racket in an inner room. He knew that I hadn't come out. They were On investigation, we found it to be only a buzzer an uneasy and badly scared lot by the time I set off by opening the door, a contrivance for had gone back, made my usual examination, and notifying the counterfeiters when any one was come out and down again. coming, so that they could hide away any con "The fluke had been simple enough, and our traband articles that were in sight. We didn't operatives were not really to blame. There get out of the building until six in the morning. was a saloon on the ground floor of the building, The outside street door, which had heretofore and its rear door opened into the hall that been left unlocked, was, for some reason or other, led upstairs. The counterfeiters had left the on this particular night locked. I opened it shop and gone to the corner all right, but then, all right with a skeleton key, but in locking when our men were a little off guard, Bredell, the door the key stuck. And we had to get out evidently having forgotten something, went GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS 547 through the saloon and up the stairs. He got Arrest of Taylor and Bredell what he wanted, and came down and out, none the wiser. "I went on visiting and watching. Finally “Another time, when I made my usual mid- the time came for the arrest. (Officials through- night visit, Chief Wilkie and Operative J. E. out the country have said that the arrange- Murphy weſe acting as lookouts. It was my ments for this raid were the most perfect ever custom to flash an electric searchlight, 'All is made. Elaborate precautions were taken against well,' when I reached the plant. They watched every possible slip.) for the light, but it didn't come. Time went by, “In my room across the street, two towels and they speculated fearfully on what might were hung in the window, as if they were hung have happened. They were just on the point of there to dry; but one represented Taylor and starting for the plant, when the flash appeared. one Bredell. I waited with an operative until When I came down, I found them waiting in the two men had gone to lunch, then went up to breathless excitement for my explanation. their door to watch for their return by looking "It was a thriller. I had rapped when I out of the window at the towels in the window reached the door, as was my custom; I was opposite. always cautious. There was no response, and “I saw Taylor that is, the towel represent- I opened the door and went in, approaching cau- ing him — withdrawn. So, when he got up- tiously. I had to go through four rooms to stairs, I was ready for him. reach the room where the actual work of coun “These are for you, I believe,' said I, indi- terfeiting was carried on. cating some shirt-boxes I had provided myself "I was well into the fourth room when I saw with as a pretext. the form of a man lying on a couch. The one "Entirely thrown off his guard, Taylor question that flashed across my mind was opened the door and invited us in. He then whether he were really asleep or feigning looked at the boxes, as if wondering what they sleep. If he were awake, the thing to do contained. I reached into my inside pocket. would be to arrest him then and there, and “No, it's not there, Mr. Taylor,' said I; raid the place at once. If he were asleep, I'here it is,' would go out as quietly as possible, without “What?' said he, in surprise. disturbing him. “A warrant for your arrest.' "I stood still for some time, watching, but "My arrest?' couldn't determine. The matter was of so “Yes, your arrest'; and I offered to let him much importance that it was necessary to know read the warrant; but he was so dumfounded positively whether or not he was asleep. So, that he couldn't have read it if he had wanted to. cautiously, on my hands and knees, i crept “We handcuffed him to Murphy and led him across the floor to hear him breathe. I knew it into another room, and then I watched the would be impossible, if he were awake, for him Bredell towel. Before long Bredell appeared, to breathe naturally. I reached the sleeping and we went through the same process. Maybe figure, and strained my ears. To my horror, you think Bredell wasn't astonished, when he I couldn't hear any breathing at all. I won was escorted into the back room, to see his part- dered if I'd scared him to death. ner there, handcuffed to a Secret Service man. “Driven to desperation, I lifted my hand Almost immediately the full scene was set by the and felt his body. What I felt brought me arrival of Chief Wilkie and his assistant, W. H. to my feet in a hurry. It was an old work- Moran, and, one by one, a number of Secret ing coat. Service men at least twenty — among them "But, nevertheless, this was the night I made W. J. Flynn, now a deputy police commissioner a big find — even though it turned out not to be in New York City, who had come from New a man. At the Bureau of Engraving and Print- York to take part in the round-up. ing in Washington, before the money is printed, "Bredell said, 'What does this mean?' the paper is subjected to a process of dampening “You are under arrest for counterfeiting,' by placing it between wet sheets of muslin. The I replied. counterfeiters had been carrying out the methods. “I then stated, as was our custom in Secret of the Bureau. A bolt of muslin had been Service: I want to inform you of your rights straightened out, and the coat was thrown over in this matter. You do not have to make a it — the sleeve of the coat was so thrown as to statement, and you must bear in mind that any- form a perfect outline of a man's head. In the thing you say will be used against you. How- dark the white cloth looked like a face; and the ever, if you conclude, now that you find yourself cloth and coat were 'rumpled up so that they caught red-handed, that it is best to save the looked like the form of a man. government all further trouble, and desire to 548 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS make a statement, it will be conveyed to the Jacobs and Kendig), and an attorney by the District Attorney.' name of Hewitt.' “Bredell coolly replied (he acted as spokesman “When I said 'Hewitt,' the two counterfeiters always): 'We do not desire to make any state- asked in chorus, 'Who?' ment.' “This was a cue to me that they did not know Hewitt in the matter, but knew.his partner, The Counterfeiters Decide to Make Bingham. Bingham and Hewitt were two very Full Confession prominent attorneys in Philadelphia who had been retained by Jacobs and Kendig to assist in “Now, at this point it will be demonstrated ‘fixing' me so that I would permit the counter- how essential it is that a detective should feiters to carry out their scheme. When I dis- always be alert to take advantage of every covered that Hewitt was not the man they knew, opportunity afforded him. On opening the lat once concluded that it must be Bingham, so drawer in their work-bench, I found the Lincoln- I immediately said, 'It is a man that doesn't head hundred-dollar counterfeit plates about hear well.' finished, and, in addition, a genuine hundred “They said, “That's right; his name is dollar Lincoln-head note, which had been used Bingham, not Hewitt.' as a pattern piece in making these particular “Well,' I said, 'I thought that was Hewitt.' counterfeit plates. “No, that's Bingham; we don't know “Turning to Wilkie, who stood beside me, and Hewitt.' within the hearing of the two counterfeiters, "Bredell then said: 'Well, we are satisfied Taylor and Bredell, I said: “There is only one of that you have us red-handed, and we may these notes; Jacobs stated that he sent them as well make a clean breast of the whole two.' thing.' “On hearing this, the two counterfeiters "I then said: 'If you care to do that vol- simultaneously heaved a half-groan. Bredell, untarily, without any promises of reward speaking for the counterfeiters, said: “Mr. immunity, we will be glad to take your Burns, may I ask a question?' statement.' “I told him that he could. “They said, “That's all right,' and added that "He then asked: ‘Have you made any other they thought it their duty to make a clean arrests in this case besides ours?' breast of it. “Oh, yes; we have arrested a number of "I then asked for the other genuine Lincoln- people.' head hundred-dollar note. May I ask who they are?' “Bredell then took an ordinary pin, went to “Yes; Jacobs and Kendig and Burns (there a cycloid machine, to what I had supposed be- being a man by that name, but no relation to fore to be a solid iron wheel, touched a point in myself, who acted as confidential workman for the bottom of the wheel, which connected with a spring, lifted the top off, exposed a hollow interior, and pulled out the hun- dred-dollar note and a proof of one of the best counterfeit fifty-dollar notes made. “Where are the plates?' I asked. “In Camden, New Jersey,' said Bre- dell, “buried in the foundation of my house there.' “How do you get to them?' “Go to the front of the house, and to the left of the cellar window, remove the stones from the top of the foundation and there you are.' “You may be sure that Chief Wilkie and I lost little time in proceeding to Camden. There we followed directions, and found the fifty-dollar plates. In a safe in Tay- lor's house we found a numbering ma- chine that had been used to number the counterfeit hundred-dollar Monroe-head "KENDIG WAS HANDCUFFED AND SEATED WITH note. ever TITLET AN OPERATIVE" GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS 549 plus Taylor's Story of How He Became a Counterfeiter “Taylor made a state- ment that, early in 1896, he was approached by an engraver named John Gratziana, and asked if he would undertake an important piece of work, provided he was well paid; the pay, in fact, was $25,000. “Poor Taylor!” sighed Burns, with his ever- ready sympathy. “His price had found him out. You can see how a man like him might have gone on for the balance of his life as an honest man, had he not been tempted by this great sum of money. “He yielded; he was introduced to Jacobs and Kendig, and the arrange- MATEMALA ments were made for en- graving a plate for a ". THROW HIM OUT,' SAID JACOBS, WITHOUT LOOKING UP counterfeit cigar stamp. FROM HIS DESK" "Jacobs and Kendig bought out Gratziana's engraving establish- tract for furnishing this paper at the next letting. ment,' said Taylor, ‘setting apart a small office But we want your services. How about taking and a couple of rooms for me. I insisted on an interest in our paper-mill and a big salary?” taking in Bredell.' And they whispered an extravagant sum. “We finally finished the plates for the reve "It was his price, all right; he yielded. nue stamps. With a transfer machine we suc “«“We'd like,” they went on to explain, “to ceeded in executing a set of perfect die-rolls just furnish paper of the same character in quality like those used by the government; the machine and color as the kind this concern is giving enabled us to make new plates from the die- now.” Thus they induced the man to give them rolls whenever the old ones got dim. It was a sample of the paper then in use, and also a then up to Jacobs and Kendig to obtain the dis- copy of the formula used for mixing the color. tinctive blue paper used by the Internal Revenue 'Then Kendig went to Chambersburg, Department, water-marked “U. S. I. R.," and Pennsylvania, to an honest old man who con- their method in doing this was one of the ducted a paper-mill there. cleverest I ever heard about. """I'm the proprietor of a patent medicine," said Kendig. "I've dissolved partnership, and Cheating the Government Out of want to keep my partner from manufacturing $260,000 a Year and disposing of an inferior article. To protect myself I've thought it a good scheme to arrange “They went about it in this way. They for a special wrapper than can't be counter- proceeded to the paper-mill in Connecticut feited. Water-mark the paper with the initials which furnished the government with the of the medicine; its name is ‘Uncle Sam's genuine paper. They made friends with Indian Remedy.' one of the important workmen, and unfolded ("See?" grinned Burns, interrupting his a fanciful story. narrative. “Pretty good, eh?”) “We wield a powerful influence in Con """I know just what kind of paper and color gress," they said, “and are sure to get the con- I want,” Kendig told the old man; "I'll attend 550 BURNS GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE to that feature myself." ("And he did," mented in manufacturing distinctive fiber paper chuckled Burns.) during the summer of 1898. “He finally arranged for the entire output of “In the meantime Bredell conceived the the factory for six months. As fast as the paper idea of bleaching the green from a number of was made, it was packed in ordinary paper one-dollar notes,' continued Taylor. It's hard boxes and shipped to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. to do, but Bredell did it. Then he split the There it was transferred to large leaf-tobacco dollar notes, and pasted the two pieces with boxes, and shipped on to Lancaster; and the the bleached sides together. The outside was ordinary observer would naturally take it for perfectly white, and on this we printed the leaf tobacco. hundred-dollar Monroe-head silver certificate.' “The paper was on hand, and the plate; the (“It was a devilish piece of ingenuity,” said next thing was to get a printing-press. They Burns, “for it gave them the government paper. bought one of the finest in the market, and in- During my investigation I had called on the stalled a small printing plant on the top floor Hon. Murray Crane, at Dalton, Massachusetts, of their warehouse. Here they could print and showed him a spurious note. He made a their own stamps.' minute and careful examination of the paper. “And cheat the government out of about 'It beats me,' he confessed. “It bears every $260,000 a year,” added Burns. “So fascinat- ear-mark of our stock, but I am absolutely sure ing did beating the government become that that it never came from our mill.' It did, how- they wanted to play larger. It was in 1897, ever, although in an elaborately roundabout Taylor said, that Jacobs and Kendig suggested way. His tribute to the paper only made the the idea of counterfeiting Mexican money. thing more serious; it was really government Later they decided on United States currency. paper, and the only other places in could be “Kendig and I,' said Taylor, 'visited Washing- obtained were at the Bureau of Engraving and ton, and made many trips to the Bureau of Printing, or where the paper is stored in the Engraving and Printing, where we carefully Treasury Department. A thorough investiga- noted the methods of the government in tion here deepened the mystery, as the stamp printing their money. We then went to Phil- of the government showed that every sheet of adelphia and opened up the plant at Ninth paper was checked — not a possible chance of and Filbert streets, and started the engrav- a leakage.) ing of the hundred-dollar Monroe-head silver “We printed one hundred of the notes,' went certificates. on Taylor, ‘and as fast as we made them we deposited them in the bank and checked out in The Counterfeiters Change a One-Dollar the ordinary way. Meantime Bredell had suc- Note into a Hundred-Dollar Note ceeded so well with his fiber-paper experiments that we were getting ready to go into it big. “The arrangement was that Bredell and I Just before you arrested us, we bought a should make the plates in denominations rang- paper-mill near Lancaster; we could have ing from $5 to $500, but that nothing further printed large amounts of the money.' should be done until they were successfully "Just think of it!"exclaimed Burns. "Caught finished; then an effort would be made to secure in the nick of time, and kept from flooding the the distinctive fiber paper used by the govern- country with millions of dollars in bad money ment. Jacobs and Kendig undertook to get the so well executed that the counterfeiters them- paper. They went up to Dalton, Massachu- selves could scarcely distinguish it. Devilish setts, and visited the Crane paper-mill, which ingenuity! But we got them. manufactures the distinctive fiber paper for the United States currency. But they found them Rounding Up the Accomplices of the selves up against it this time. The establish- Two Counterfeiters .ment was so perfectly conducted that they found it impossible to secure a scrap of the paper, or “After I got all this from Taylor, we left him the slightest information as to how it was made. under guard at the shop in Philadelphia, and As ordinary visitors, they had to note the char- went to Lancaster with the keys for the Lancas- acter of the stock from a distance, without ter warehouse that I'd found in Taylor and getting to see how the fiber was distributed Bredell's office. At Lancaster we immediately in the pulp. proceeded to the warehouse of Jacobs and Ken- “But Bredell' (“Bredell was a mechani- dig, and all of us, including Chief Wilkie and cal genius," interrupted Burns, "and could every operative, went in to spend the night. conjure up almost anything") 'he built an “About six-thirty in the morning we got a improvised paper-machine on which we experi- signal from one of our operatives that an im- GREAT CASES OF 551 DETECTIVE BURNS portant man was approaching. It was James their stamps a few months before. That's a Burns, an employee in the warehouse. He little story by itself, but the sum of it was came in, opened the office, went to the window, that a crooked deputy revenue collector had and was about to raise the blind. warned them that I was investigating their “Good morning, Jim.' stamps. He didn't know any more than that, “More from fright than anything else, he so he couldn't tell any more, and Kendig mechanically turned and struck at me as I and Jacobs were soon led to believe that he stepped out from the rear and addressed him. was blackmailing them. They had posted them- He was scared tremendously, and none the less selves, however, as to my personal appearance. so when we overpowered him, handcuffed him to "Kendig was handcuffed and seated with an MAYBE YOU THINK BREDELL WASN'T ASTONISHED TO SEE HIS PARTNER THERE a Secret Service man, -- who, no doubt, looked operative,” Burns went on, “and once more we like a desperate outlaw to poor Jim, — took him sat about - silent. into the back room, and all sat about — silent. “It was Jacobs we were waiting for. So far, "In about half an hour Kendig appeared; the not a cog had slipped in the carefully prepared same scene was enacted. plan. But now we waited and waited. I knew “Good morning, Mr. Kendig.' it was Jacobs' custom to come to this place the “The man had never seen me in his life, but first thing every morning; but I didn't know he turned pale, because he recognized me from that on this night his child had been sick, that descriptions. In great agitation he answered: he'd been awake much, and that he didn't get ‘That is all right, Mr. Burns. l'll make no up until so late that he decided not to come to trouble; I understand what the situation is.' the warehouse, but to go straight to the cigar “Kendig and Jacobs had had a scare about factory, about a block away. 552 DETECTIVE BURNS GREAT CASES OF Arrest of the Chief Conspirator “You're a liar,' I returned promptly, and evidently much to the clerk's surprise. ‘We had reached the supreme moment of the “What do you mean?' he asked. “I won't whole situation. Every part of it had been be insulted in that way.' pulled off with precision. Everybody had been “And I don't intend to have my word landed except the arch-conspirator, W. M. doubted,' I retorted. 'Supposing you go and Jacobs. After waiting for some time, I deter- see what your boss has to say about it.' mined to go to the cigar factory. Some men “He started off to find Jacobs. I followed. were left at the warehouse with Kendig, and the He went right through the string of offices, and others were placed about the factory in such a reached Jacobs in the extreme rear. I noticed way that they wouldn't be noticed; Chief Wilkie a window that opened into a court, from which stood in a position where he could command a it would have been so convenient at any time view of the entrance. At the proper time I was for Jacobs to drop and walk down to the alley, to give the signal, and they were to come up and out to the railroad station. Jacobs was slowly. sitting at his desk as the clerk entered. “One man went with me — Schuyler Don “There's a man outside,' said the young nella, an old seasoned Secret Service operative, man, characterizing me with an adjective, 'who and one of the best that ever lived. He is still claims he has been offered this brand of cigars in the service, now in charge of the Louisville, at a special price.' Kentucky, district. “He's a damned liar; throw him out,' said "Now, I had been up some forty-eight or fifty Jacobs, without looking up from his desk, and hours, and was dressed in old clothes, so I did going on making out the deposit slip for a pile not make a very favorable impression on a of checks and currency on the desk, which he stranger. When I presented myself at Jacobs' was evidently preparing to take to the bank. office and inquired for that gentleman, the From the corner of his eye, however, he noticed clerk, naturally enough, viewed me with some the shadow of a man in the doorway. He looked suspicion. up suddenly; then rose from his chair. "Have you a card?' he asked languidly. “'Burns!” he gasped. “I wrote James W. Martin' on a piece of “That was the first time that he had ever paper, and the same was carried in to Mr. seen me, but he had been carrying the descrip- Jacobs. The offices proper, several in the suite, tion of me around in his guilty mind. And, were partitioned off by an iron grating from the when I came, he knew me. reception-room in which I waited. To a window “Go,' he said to the clerk, and pointed to in this grating came a fresh, breezy young man. the door. “What is it you want?' asked he. “Let this man stay where he is,' I said. “Mr. Jacobs,' said I. “This is a pinch, Jacobs.' The man quickly got “Well, tell me the nature of your business,' back his nerve. he said. “I can attend to the matter.' "Now, don't be foolish,' he said meaningly. "I saw that my looks were against me, and 'Let this man step out. I want to make a decided not to parley about it. So I quickly proposition to you. I shook my head. He brought him to terms another way. pointed to the money on the desk and named “Why,' I began in an offended tone, ‘I was a large sum. negotiating with Mr. Jacobs yesterday for the “Don't be foolish, now, Burns. This is the purchase of a large number of cigars, but greatest opportunity you ever had in your life. “At this point, however, I was interrupted by There's $14,000 there, and I can double it in the clerk's opening the iron door and politely ten minutes if —' and he glanced significantly inviting me in. I stepped in, determining toward the window. quickly the character of subterfuge necessary to ““Sit in that chair,' I commanded the young bring Jacobs on the scene. man; and then I whistled for Donnella. Jacobs “The young man began to show me samples went on pleading with me to accept his propo- of cigars. sition. Then he started crawfishing. “How much is this brand?' | asked; and, “I don't quite understand this,' he said. I when he told me, I contradicted him, saying can't imagine what has happened.' that Mr. Jacobs had offered me this brand for "Suddenly a commotion was heard in the some dollars less. It was my purpose to pick a outer office, and a demand to open the gate. quarrel with the clerk, start a fight, and thereby One of the clerks came running in. bring Jacobs out. “There's a crazy man out there!' he gasped. "No,' said the young man, 'you're mistaken. 'He's trying to break in!' Mr. Jacobs never offered them for that price.' “Have the gate opened,' said I to Jacobs. "THEY AGREED THAT IT WAS A BEAUTY" He was you feel “Open the gate and let him in,' he ordered bed; but, if I found anything, to let him know. the clerk. When Donnella came in, I walked I informed him that I would not sleep until I over to Jacobs' desk and pulled open the bottom had recovered the plates. drawer. There lay the die-rolls I described a “When I entered the door of the warehouse, while ago. There were several safes in this Kendig was in a most abject mood. office, and we searched them all; but there was still handcuffed to the operative. no trace of the plates from which the Monroe “For God's sake, Mr. Burns, won't you head hundred-dollar silver certificate had been please have these handcuffs removed? It is the printed. These were the principal objects of first time in my life that any such thing ever the search, as it is always most important to happened to me.' get hold of the plates from which counterfeits “I am sorry, Kendig,' said I; ‘but if have been printed and put in circulation. so badly over this I am afraid you will be greatly shocked at what I am going to tell you.' The Contest for the Hidden “For God's sake, what's that?' said Kendig. Counterfeit Plates “We are compelled to arrest your poor old father.' "I put Jacobs through a severe grilling for “My God, don't do that!' Kendig replied. over an hour. But he'd make no admissions, “You can kill me, or lock me up forever, but except on condition that some consideration be don't do that.' given him for the surrender of the plates. This "I then said that we had not yet recovered the was promptly refused. counterfeit Monroe-head silver certificate plates. "Everything having failed, I played my last “He said, “If you will unlock me I will lead card. you to the hiding-place.' “We have twenty-eight men in Lancaster, “He did — to the top floor of the warehouse. Jacobs,” I said; and we'll send for that many He pulled aside some bricks, and there, in the more, and tear down your factory and your side of the wall, we found not only the Monroe- houses, brick by brick, if necessary. We're going head hundred-dollar silver certificate plate, to find those plates.' buried in paraffine, but also some reserve stamp “Go ahead and do as you please, Mr. Burns,' plates. They were turned over to me. replied Jacobs coolly. You probably know “The counterfeiters were taken to Phila- your business.' delphia and all placed in jail. They realized the "I then said to Wilkie, 'Come on.' utter hopelessness of a legal battle before a court "He said, Where?' of justice, and especially before a federal court. "To see Kendig.' At once they announced their intention of plead- “The Chief said that he was exhausted ing guilty; all made a full confession. for sleep, and would go to the hotel and go to “These men had accomplished a great deal, 10 553 554 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS and had surmounted obstacles innumerable, had achieved some notoriety in certain direc- but”- and Burns readjusted himself in his tions, and this lawyer had appeared at the jail chair, and the look of anticipation on his face and prevailed upon Taylor and Bredell to let betrayed that he was approaching the climax of him represent them, saying that he would be his story –“all pales into insignificance in the able to make better arrangements and secure light of what subsequently happened. less time for them. He quoted the Brockaway article, and won them over to his plan. Taylor and Bredell Make a Perfect “The attorney then went up to Trenton and Counterfeit Note in Prison interviewed Brockaway, who told him that un- questionably the government would be forced “After Taylor and Bredell had been safely to capitulate and let the counterfeiters go in incarcerated in Moyamensing Penitentiary for return for the surrender of their plates, if they some months, awaiting trial, a perfect counter- hadn't surrendered them. feit twenty-dollar note again appeared in circu "He returned to Taylor and Bredell, and lation. This discovery brought about great suggested their getting out on bond, making excitement. One was sent to Chief Wilkie at another plate and putting more counterfeit Washington, who immediately wired me at New money in circulation, and then holding out the York to neet him in Philadelphia. He showed plates on the government. But, on investiga- me the note. tion, they found that their fifty-thousand-dollar “What do you think of it?' he asked. bond would probably be raised to one hundred “It's a good one,' I replied. thousand dollars, and they couldn't possibly “Who could have done it?' he asked. meet it. "Arthur Taylor.' “It was here that the wonderful ingenuity of "Impossible. He's in prison.' these counterfeiters showed itself. They con- “He executed it in prison.' cluded to carry out the scheme in their prison “Of course the Chief thought I was crazy, but cell. I took the note to Moyamensing prison, sent for Taylor and Bredell, and, while I discussed im How the Prison Authorities were material things, studied their faces. I satisfied. Hoodwinked myself that they knew the purpose of my visit. "By the way,' said I, in a careless manner, “Piece by piece, they managed to get the 'I have a new counterfeit here that we've just implements for engraving from members of discovered; it's a twenty.' their family who visited them. They discov- “They took the note and examined it with ered a method of bleaching the entire one-dollar eager interest. note, obviating the necessity of splitting the “It's a beauty,' they agreed. bill. In a subsequent confession they stated “Have you any idea who could have made that the attorney had secured a large number of it? | asked. They had none. Then I ex new one-dollar bills for them. They fastened a ploded. I told them just how they had made it, blanket covered with black paper muslin across just how they had put it in circulation, and I one corner of the cell, and one would work be- succeeded in frightening them into a partial hind this shield, with the aid of a tiny alcohol confession; for the facts I told them — which lamp, while the other slept. All was dark and were only points in the theory I had formulated quiet; and, when the guard came, there was the – proved to be the facts sure enough. bed occupied by one man and a dummy, and 'Their plan was based on a Sunday news- he would hear the sound of steady breathing. paper story which appeared about this time, Every night for two months this continued, and giving the history of the makers of the Monroe- a perfect twenty-dollar note was engraved. head silver certificates, and of the capture "But first they had to take a photograph of of the great counterfeiter, William E. Brock- an original, and they had no camera. They dis- away; by William J. Burns in the early '90's. covered a method, however, and secured the The statement was made that the ten-year photographs without a camera.” sentence Brockaway was then serving was the “But how?” I asked, mystified. first time he'd ever been imprisoned by the “Ah, no,” Burns replied, with a smile. “I'd government for counterfeiting, as always before be making a counterfeiter of you, perhaps." he'd been able to make the government capitu There were many details of this case that late, receiving immunity for the surrender of his Burns could not testify to, even at the trial; his dangerous plates. general statements were taken, as the truth "The confession revealed that this last chance would have let loose dangerous information. had caught the attention of a cheap lawyer who “They also succeeded in printing the note - GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS 555 MEMORY Tarla these wonderful men,” he continued. “But that pro- cess, too, I must not explain. After the notes were com- pleted, Taylor gave them to his brother to distribute; also, so he said, he gave a number to his attorney, who purchased a gold match-box for himself with three of the notes. "In this first interview the counterfeiters made only a partial confession. While they admitted making the twenty-dollar note, they in- sisted that it had been made and printed previous to their arrest, and that the plates had been thrown into the Delaware River. (“I don't know what could have been the matter with them," commented the de- tective, almost sadly. "They must have been rattled; they were far too clever and in- genious to fall down on a little point like that. It really hurt my feelings to have them try to work that on me.) “Oh, come!' I protested. *That's too hard on me. You've admitted your scheme was that your lawyer should negotiate with the govern- ment and surrender plates on condition you two be treated leniently; and now “WE DUG UP THE PLATES, WHICH WERE HIDDEN IN THE you say they were made GRAVE OF TAYLOR'S FATHER" months ago and destroyed.' "Why, Mr. Burns,' they said, 'it's im- Bredell. They repeated, for the benefit of possible to engrave plates in a prison cell.' Chief Wilkie and Mr. Beck, just what they "Not for Taylor and Bredell,' I answered. had previously told me. So emphatic and "I reported the result of my interview to earnest was their manner, in detailing their Chief Wilkie to the effect that they had ad- confession, that the other two were thoroughly mitted making the plates. convinced. "When?' said the Chief. "In order to impress Mr. Beck and the “Well, they claim previous to their arrest." Chief, Bredell fell on his knees and declared “That so?' the Chief remarked, not being that they had told the whole truth, but willing to admit the possibility of their making that they had lied so often to Mr. Burns he these cleverly executed counterfeit plates in a would no longer believe them, no matter what prison cell. they told. "Chief Wilkie and I then repaired to the "When we passed out to the prison yard, I office of United States Attorney James M. said to the Chief and Mr. Beck: 'Now, I am Beck, to whom the matter was explained, and thoroughly convinced in my mind that these Mr. Beck and the Chief and myself visited men made those plates in prison, and I am Taylor and Bredell at Moyamensing prison. going back to remain with them until I get a “We spent a couple of hours with Taylor and confession.' 1914 556 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS The Counterfeiters Send for Burns inventor of color-photography, showing that it to Ask Him a Question would be a physical impossibility to take a photograph in the cell's limited light. When “I went back, knowing the impossibility of they learned that the photograph had been taken securing a confession by appealing in any way to without the aid of a camera at all, they dis- these men, and concluding it would be only by missed Professor Ives. They also had an expert working a ruse. And this I did by first sending printer to testify that, in order to get the im- for Taylor.. I told him he need not pat himself pression, it would be necessary to use a printing- on the back with the idea that he had convinced press weighing at least eighty pounds. But the Chief and Mr. Beck with the truthfulness of when I pulled from my pocket the counter- their story; that I had told them certain facts feiters' printing-press, made on the principle of in my possession that convinced them beyond a clothes-wringer, they withdrew their expert a doubt that the plates were made in prison. testimony. “Now, I have not come back to get a con “At length all the men concerned pleaded fession from you, Taylor, but only to point out guilty, except the two attorneys, and both of the result of this whole situation and what is these were convicted. going to follow. The whole Taylor family -- “After all was over, the counterfeiters sent your poor old widowed mother and your brother for me. and yourself --- will go to prison, they for a long “There's just one thing we'd like to know,' term and you for your life; but only Bredell they said. “How did you know, about that from his family, because you have been a piece two hundred dollars, in that letter mailed from of putty in his hands, and all that has happened Jacobs to Taylor? Jacobs had prepared it so is due to his dominating stubbornness.' that it couldn't possibly be tampered with “I then went as far as I dared, according to without discovery.' my theory, in suggesting who had carried the “The letter read like this,” explained Burns: various parts necessary to make the counterfeit Be extremely careful in your movements. to the cell, and the guilty mind supplied the Watch and see if you are shadowed; also watch balance, and Taylor was convinced that we had your mail closely and see if that is being tam- secured a confession from either his brother or pered with. Note the time the letter was mailed, his mother. the time received, and see if there is any discrep- “He then said, 'Well, Mr. Burns, will you let ancy. Also return this envelop to me, that I me have a half hour with Bredell?' may see whether it has been tampered with.' “I said: 'No; just as soon as he comes here he “This letter, with two hundred-dollar notes, will beat you out of the position you are about was placed in an envelop which would have to take.' turned from black to blue had the flap been “No,' he said; “I promise we will make a full opened by steam or the dampening process. confession.' The envelop was then addressed and put in a “He called Bredell in, and after a half hour's second envelop, and a thin strip of white paper conference they sent for me and admitted that was placed along the covers. A peculiar wax they still had the plates. seal on the outside of the flap warned Taylor, so "I got Chief Wilkie, and we went to the he took out his knife and opened the end of the cemetery and dug up the plates, which were envelop carefully. He then examined the en- hidden in the grave of Taylor's father. velop, held it up, and looked at it. It was all "When the facts - as many as could be right. So he mailed the two envelops back to given - were given to the public, the prison Jacobs, and inspection showed conclusively that authorities were made the laughing-stock of the the envelops had not been tampered with in whole country. They felt it incumbent upon transit. them to insist that the counterfeiting had not “How did you get that information?' asked been done in the cell, and endeavored in every Taylor. way to prove it. They even went to the length ““You're a counterfeiter,' I replied; “I mustn't of copying the visitors' book, and leaving out a tell you.' ”. number of visits that were known to have been "But how did you know?" | persisted. made by the attorney. Burns smiled his happy, jolly smile. “They had arranged, in the trial of the case, "You might want to become a counterfeiter," to introduce the testimony of Professor Ives, he laughed. “I mustn't tell you." THE TEST BY FRANCES A. LUDWIG DRAWINGS BY CYRUS FOSMIRE TO \HEY talked about it in lowered tones, “I don't pity her; not one bit. She knew each according to his light and un- right from wrong - you needn't tell me! I derstanding, clustered in little self- never did have any use for her, anyway — im- conscious groups in different parts of pudent little snip. the shipping-room, and it was notice A vision of bobbing curls and impish laughter able that in these groups there was no com- passed before Isabel, and she cried softly, in mingling of the sexes. On the faces of the men protest: and boys there was, most frequently, an ex “Oh, Mary Liz, she was only sixteen." pression of amused cynicism, slightly contemp Marie Elizabeth's chin lifted defiantly, and tuous; and they spoke briefly and with careless she went on: reference, in a manner that befitted their dom "Sixteen! I've been sixteen. How long is inant sex. it since you were sixteen? Do you suppose, if With the girls it was different. Laurene she'd been the right sort of girl, this would have rested her elbows on the bill-clerk's desk and happened to her? Such things don't happen to gazed into space with a softening of her bold us, do they? She has nobody to blame but black eyes, while her brisk volubility was for herself — no one! What did she want to run the time subdued. Isabel's pretty face was after that Joe Matthias for, anyway? I've seen troubled, and she spoke words of vague, uncom- her — whispering in corners, and making fun of prehending pity. But Marie Elizabeth's thin people who were minding their own business red lips were set in a straight line, and her blue like she ought 'a' been!" eyes held a stern conviction of outraged precept She paused, and the three others were silent. and conscious virtue; such judgment Hester It must have seemed an accusing silence, for Prynne may have challenged when she stepped Marie Elizabeth's cheeks flamed redder still, from her prison into the sunshine, that bright and she continued, almost tearfully: spring morning so many years ago. • “No, I'm not hard-hearted; not a bit! I'd Only Nell Schwartz was silent. Being ham- do anything in the world to help a girl who pered by a halting and conscious method of deserved it — but not the style of her. Such speech, the result of conversing in one language things are dreadful! I can't understand 'em. at her home and in another at her work, she had But I think she's got just what's comin' to her." no desire to cross swords with Marie Elizabeth. “Oh, Mary Liz," breathed Isabel again, a Absently she drew fantastic curlicues on the note of distress in her voice, “Bessie's only back of a ruined bill-head, and listened. Marie sixteen.” Elizabeth was speaking: "And Joe's eighteen," added Laurene. 557 558 THE TEST She brought her two hands down on the desk sand bills a day, and drew a good salary, for a with a slap. “I tell you what: if I was that woman. child's mother, I'd make Joe Matthias do the Nell Schwartz was the chief support of her right thing, or I'd - I'd >" mother and several younger sisters; and at first "She tried,” said Isabel, succinctly. “She glance the reason for her universal popularity got him fired.” might not have been apparent. She was dressed "That did a lot of good,” said Laurene. shabbily in black. A plain black collar en- “She'd ought to have taken him in hand herself. circled her throat, with no softening color to I would! And they said he was as ugly about it relieve her skin from the merciless contrast. as could be — didn't seem to care a bit. He She was short, and her broad, powerfully built must be an awful bad boy." shoulders stooped; while her lifeless hair was Nell stopped drawing curlicues and thought- dressed in a fashion requiring the least possible fully punctured the air with the tip of her expenditure of time and indicating a complete penholder. absence of vanity. Her mouth was wide and "No," she said, with slow decision; "Joe had no pretensions to symmetry. Her face, Matthias ain't a bad boy. You're wrong; you broad, and waxen-dun in color from many years' are wrong. I've known him a long time al- toil under sputtering arc-lights, would have be- ready. He ain't a bad boy; he just don't tokened a stolid German passivity, had it not understand.” been for her eyes. They were her only beauty, "Understand!” echoed Marie Elizabeth. and wonderful eyes they were — deep, and “He understands the difference between right gray, and lustrous, they spoke of a wide experi- and wrong, don't he? And her, too. If she'd ence and a catholic understanding. 'a' stayed home nights and said her prayers and Nell gained and held the confidence of all who gone to bed, this wouldn't have happened.” chanced in her vicinity. This may have been She shook her head sadly over the iniquities due to a diplomacy partly inherent and partly a of the world in general, and moved toward her habit born of long necessity; it may have been desk. her slow, wide smile, which brought with it, be “Say her prayers and go to bed,” repeated the recipient saint or sinner, the very essence of Laurene softly, her black eyes, with a world of fellowship; or it may have been because she sophistication in their sparkling depths, follow- could listen, sympathize, and not condemn. ing Marie Elizabeth's retreating figure. “Poor When she left the store that night, it was kid; poor little kid!” raining -- a fine, impalpable drizzle which sur- Bob Jackson, the shipping-clerk, strolled up, rounded the street-lamps with a sticky haze. and his hands in his pockets and a meaning smile turned dark corners and alleys into places of on his face. mystery. Stoically regardless of her damp “Seems to me there's a large amount of con- skirts, she sat and steamed in a crowded versation being handed around this morning,” street-car until she reached the cross-street he observed. “If you girls don't get busy, the that was her destination. She lived up two whole lot of us'll be canned.” long flights of stairs over a shoe store, but Isabel encountered his glance, and there was her home, once it was entered, was pleasant that in it which made her face burn with furious and radiated a cheerful content. resentment. Controlling a strong desire to ef After Nell had eaten her supper and helped face his leer with the contents of the ink-bottle her mother clear away the evidences of the in front of her, she turned and walked quietly meal, she remarked: to her place. “I better get Trixie's shoes, Ma." Laurene lingered a minute beside Nell, after “To-day I send Emma, and they are not Marie Elizabeth had gone. done,” said Mrs. Schwartz. “To-morrow she "There's some things she won't never under can go.” stand,” said Nell softly. "No; it's raining," objected Nell. “It's damp likely to-morrow, and Trixie'll take an- Nell took a handful of checks from the spindle other cold.” She glanced to where her sister, on her desk and spread them before her like a the spoiled darling of the family, sat huddled fan, while her pen, which she gripped flatly be- in a scarlet dressing-gown no redder than her tween the first and second fingers of her right cheeks. hand, began gliding swiftly over a block of bill "She's gotta be awful careful, Ma. It's best blanks. It was all done so quickly and un that I get 'em to-night." consciously that it seemed like one motion, and As she went downstairs, she called in parting: she bent to her task, apparently oblivious to “Maybe I won't be home so quick. If they everything else. She could make out a thou- ain't ready, I'll wait - so don't worry." FRANCES A.. LUDWIG :559 Nell went first to the cobbler's shop, where, bors, and her thoughts now were on the sordid as she had expected, she found her sister's little tragedy in which he played a part. She shoes still awaiting repair. Bidding the shoe- knew that he lived with his father and two maker hasten, and telling him that she would brothers; his mother had died when he was little. be back in an hour, she hoisted her um Then, there was Bessie. She was the age WHAT ARE YOU IN SUCH A HURRY FOR? ARE YOU GOING MY WAY?'" brella and tramped briskly off in a westerly of Trixie — just sixteen. As Nell hastened direction. Several blocks this way, in a poorer on, this thought was uppermost in her mind, section of the city, was the home of Joe Mat- and it seemed to bring with it a sense of re- thias. Before Nell had been earning her pres- sponsibility. ent wage, her family and his had been neigh As she neared Joe's house, she paused and 560 THE TEST He glanced up, not recog- nizing her, muttered some word of greeting, and walked on. “Wait a minute.” She hurried to catch up to him. “What are you in such a hurry for? Are you going my way?" F “I'm going any old way,” he answered. “I — 1 didn't suppose you'd want to walk with a desperate character — like me,” with a lame attempt at jocoseness. “What're you doing here?" "I had to go up here a few blocks on a business matter,” explained Nell. “I missed the Acton Avenue car, and thought I'd take a short cut and not wait. You better get under my umbrella.” She took hold of his sleeve and pulled him toward her. "Why wouldn't I want to walk with you? Ain't you a friend of mine?” "I didn't know whether I was or not any more,” the boy answered. She made no pretense of misunderstanding him. "You ...YOU STAY HERE!' SHE WHISPERED FIERCELY" mean on account of Bessie?” He turned his face away hesitated. She had no wish to seem to be seek- from her. “Yes,” he muttered. ing him, and, for all she knew, she might be on “Oh, that,” said Nell, with perfect cheerful- an entirely fruitless errand. Nell reasoned, ness. “That's your own funeral. You never from her understanding of Joe's nature, that did nothin' to me.” he would stay indoors as much as possible, and “Did you know I was fired?” he asked, bit- that, if he went out at all, it would probably being off his words sullenly. on just such a night as this. So she walked “Yes; I heard so," she replied equably. back and forth, always keeping an eye on the "I s'pose every old hen in the store's got house where he lived, for what seemed to her a somethin' to cackle over now,” he burst out weary length of time. fiercely. In the street she was following the walks were "Well, yes; there was a little talk,” admitted old and made of boards, not the kind to tempt Nell. “I heard some myself. I said you prob- idle pedestrians. The fine, gray drizzle of the ably had your own reasons for doin' as you rain merged everything into one hazy back- did. That's what I thought. Probably she ground, and Nell, in her solitary vigil, was wasn't all straight?” neither noticed nor molested. She passed the He stopped still and stared at her. “What house that was her objective point many times, makes you think that?” he inquired, in a tone and even her patience was about exhausted of surprised remonstrance. “She was, too. when the boy appeared. Nell quickened her Why, she's nothin' but a kid - just a little kid.” pace until she was directly opposite him as he "Oh!" said Nell. slouched along, his hat drawn down over his There was a moment's pause; then, “I thought eyes, and about him an air of sullen fur- that must be the reason why you didn't marry tiveness. her, Joe," she added softly. “Why, hello, Joe,” she called across to him. "Marry her!” he repeated, with a scornful -- FRANCES A. LUDWIG 561 ery in it. laugh. "I'd make a pretty sort of family man, Bible talk. I don't stand for any more. Cut wouldn't I?” it out.” She looked him over thoughtfully, but made “I don't call that Bible talk," said Nell, with no reply. He jammed his hands deeper into his offended dignity, “wondering how they are pockets, and the defiant slouchiness of his gait going to live.” increased. “We'd starve if I married her that's one “Luck always had me for a Jonah," he went sure thing," said he. “We waited because on morosely. "If it'd 'a' been any other guy she — we didn't know we thought —” He why, Jackson told me a long time ago to dig halted lamely. “I couldn't take care of her, out. Offered to stake me to railroad fare. He and this way - folks'll be sorry for her and said it was the only thing for me to do." help her." “Yes,” said Nell, in a tone absolutely devoid There was an ominous glitter in Nell's gray of expression; "yes, I think Bob Jackson would eyes, but she said calmly: do just about that.” “I suppose Bob Jackson told you that, too." “I was a fool I didn't,” muttered Joe. “Yes,” Joe confessed miserably, “he did.” "Why didn't you?" she inquired. For a minute. Nell considered the craven He turned his face toward her, and she object at her side, and wondered, wearily, if he saw, even through the mist, the forlorn mis- were worth a further effort. Then there came to her the picture of Trixie, her much-loved "I don't know why I didn't,” he cried. “I sister; Bessie was just the age of Trixie. She don't know why! 1-I couldn't.” tried again. Again Nell surveyed him thoughtfully. "She's "Joe,” she asked gently, "did you ever see a a pretty little thing - Bessie,” she said, after a little baby - a real little baby?” minute. He shot a suspicious glance at her, but she Ignoring her remark, he continued, as if com was apparently as free from guile as the pro- muning with himself: verbial lamb that cherished Mary. "I don't want to get married. What would “No,” he answered; “I don't know as I have. I do with a wife? And now I've lost the job Why?” I had, and a great chance l've got to get another “They're awful sweet,” went on Nell, a trifle - with this over me. I couldn't keep her. If wistfully. she'd 'a' let me alone"- his voice rose with his "Stop!" he snarled, his face distorted with grievance — “her mother, I mean maybe I anger. “I told you I wouldn't stand for that. could 'a' done somethin' then. But now! And · Cut the rest of it! Good night; I'm goin'." Carlisle --- she went to Carlisle — and he told "I was thinking of my sister's baby,” said her to have me arrested. Him!” Nell, her voice quivering. “Wait a minute, He doubled up his fists, and the words came Joe. How long has it been since you seen her with a snarl. Bessie?” “He's a peach, he is to be preachin' to me. “What's that to you?” he asked, still in- A skate like him!” censed. “I thought you was a friend of mine." “Yes," said Nell, with entire acquiescence; “I'm the best friend you've got,” said Nell "he certainly is." earnestly, laying a hand on his arm. “See here, "Then the old man gave me the devil — and Joe. You ain't looked where we are. She Heck and Bill gave me the laugh.” He straight- lives in that second house. Come with me and ened his shoulders a trifle and laughed sardoni- see her and talk to her if for only this once. cally. “Oh, it's been joy all around.” See if you can't think of some way out of it. Bessie's mother's a dressmaker, ain't she?” Talk to her; let her know you care." inquired Nell. He glanced quickly around, noticing for the “Yes,” he answered. “What's that got to first time whither their footsteps had been tend- do with it?" ing. He stopped short, took off his hat, and “Oh, nothing; only that she'll be able to - to weakly wiped the perspiration from his brow, make the clothes. It'll have to have clothes, using the sleeve of his coat. you know. They're pretty poor, ain't they?" “This is a plant!” he whispered hoarsely. “Who ain't?” he snarled. Recovering himself, he turned on her fiercely. "And her father's dead,” went on Nell. “You - you - why did you come this way?. I (Mentally she added, “And it's a lucky thing don't fall for any of your games. I'm goin' t' for you he is!") “How do you suppose they'll get out of this as quick as I can." get along — afterwards? Bessie'll have to stay “Then you're a coward, Joe Matthias; just a home you know — for quite a while.” coward,” she said. "See here," he growled; “I've had enough The words were not spoken heatedly, but with 562 THE TEST a complete finality, as if, against her will, she had hastened thus that she might know the out- at last been forced to this conclusion. come of her adventures of the night before. "I'm no coward, neither,” he remonstrated She walked along, her deep eyes glowing, and sullenly. “What's the use of goin' there — just a faint flush came to her sallow cheeks, such was to stir up trouble?” the vivifying influence of the morning of that "Trouble!” She laughed jeeringly. “Who perfect day. Little smoky spirals met above made the trouble? You're nothing but a cow- the horizon, and, because the day was young, ... ard -- that's what you are. You're afraid though they came from monstrous, belching afraid to face an old woman and a little girl. chimneys, they were but a soft violet tracery Oh, you -- you hero!” against the rain-washed azure of the sky. Even What manhood there was in him rose at her the street-lamp on the corner, tipped at its taunts. base and with its directing signs forlornly "I ain't afraid,” he said, between his teeth. shattered, had lost its resemblance to a tipsy "I'll go — if you'll feel any better. Come on.” human derelict, and seemed, instead, to nod in In Meekin Street the houses were old and cheerful greeting. battered, two-story and of frame — relics of a As she had done the night before, Nell gently past era in the city's progress. They had been pushed open the door, and walked in. The divided and subdivided, and it was seldom in- gray-haired mother was clearing away the re- deed that a householder could boast a whole mains of breakfast, and the table had been set floor to himself. When he reached a state of for two. Her face was sweet and peaceful, and affluence that made this possible, he no longer as she worked she hummed a little tune. She dwelt in Meekin Street. Nell went to the rear looked up as Nell entered, and nodded shyly, of one of these houses, and rapped gently. seeming to recognize her. There was no response, and she turned the knob Stepping softly, the girl pushed open the of the door. It opened under her pressure, and inner door and entered the other room, where she stepped in, followed doggedly by Joe. all was quiet now. Bessie lay asleep upon the They stood in a little room that was kitchen bed, her little face, purged of all its frivolous and dining-room combined. It was neat and dross by suffering, pale and clear-cut as clean, and a kerosene lamp burned steadily on cameo against the background of her tumbled a table at one side. By this table sat a gray- hair, haired woman. Her head was bowed upon it, By the window, with the shade half drawn, and her hands were pressed tightly to her ears. sat Joe, cradling in his arms a little wrapped-up She did not look up as they entered, nor other- · bundle which he rocked gently back and forth. wise heed their presence, but sat silent, a mute When he saw Nell, he beckoned eagerly for her portrayal of the nethermost depths of grief to come forward. With infinite caution he and shame. turned back a portion of the flannel wrappings A sound came from the inner room,- the and disclosed the diminutive and extremely · door of which was ajar, - a sound of pain. pink features of a child a few hours old. The woman pressed her hands more tightly to “Ain't she pretty?" he whispered. “It's a her ears, and her body quivered as if she had little girl.” The words were uttered with the been struck a blow. most complacent satisfaction. "We're goin' ľ Joe's face turned ash-white, and, panic- call her Evangeline.” stricken, he turned to flee; but Nell laid one Nell's mouth opened weakly, and she was capable hand on his shoulder. obliged to steady herself by catching hold of "You stay here!” she whispered fiercely. the foot of the bed. "I must go; the folks don't know where I am. "She's -- she's lovely," she managed to But you stay here! You got a right to be here!” whisper. Joe rose and with the utmost gentleness laid Hyacinths and tulips do not bloom in Meekin the new-born baby beside its sleeping mother. Street, but the feel of them was in the air, Then he paused, frowned, and considered almost the very breath of them, it seemed to then cautiously lowered the shade a fraction of Nell, and in her fancy she saw their dainty, an inch, and tiptoed from the room, followed vivid splotches on the fresh spring grass in the by Nell. As he walked, holding his shoulders parks. She was hurrying along Meekin Street, square and erect, she watched him in amaze- and even that unlovely thoroughfare, clean- ment. Where was the sullen, loutish boy of the smelling from the night's rain, was, in some night before? This was a man. inexplicable fashion, in keeping with the mood On some pretext, the mother withdrew, leav- of the morning. ing them alone. Nell was an hour early for her work, and "You know that doctor, Nell?” began Joe. FRANCES A. LUDWIG 563 9 He paused, and, jamming his hands deep in “I'm so glad! It's all just fine." his pockets, continued, in a voice heavy with “And that ain't all,” went on the boy. “He feeling: “He's certainly one white guy. After says he can get me a job - a good job. He's everything was over, he made me tell him all great pals with a superintendent at one of the about it,- he got it out of me somehow,- and mills, and he says I'm big enough and strong I don't mind tellin' you, confidentially, that he enough to do the work there. “We'll stay had me blubberin' like a two-year-old." Joe here ali of us — until I can do better." looked a trifle ashamed. “I was pretty well He indicated, largely, the surrounding atmos- worked up, I guess. phere. “He — he — I can't tell you all he “He talked to me like a father, and he told said. I never seen man like him before, me a lot of things - good and straight, too. Nell - never." a CRADLING IN HIS ARMS A LITTLE WRAPPED-UP BUNDLE WHICII HE ROCKED BACK AND FORTH I knew 'em before, most of 'em, but somehow “No?” said Nell. "I guess maybe you it all seemed different when he said it — and didn't. I didn't see many myself.” he didn't rub it in, neither. They're comin' She rose to go. “I'll come and see Bessie .. here this afternoon, he and a friend of his, that's in a day or two,” she said. "Good-by.” a minister, and we're goin' to be married — me "Say, Nell"; he stopped her awkwardly. and Bessie. He's even goin' to get the license “I'll never forget it. Shake, old girl. You for me this morning.” He choked and turned meant it all the time, didn't you?” his face away from her, reiterating with em Nell smiled her wide, lazy, heart-warming phasis: "He's certainly one white guy, Nell." smile. Nell knew that, in his language, there was no “Oh, I knew you just didn't understand, higher praise. She nodded and said beamingly: Joe," she said. : THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA . THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY-BANKERS BY JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER N 1859 a new thing happened. A man “The Importance of Having Cash" had drilled a hole in the earth and found petroleum. It was about like finding That was true. But this new business had liquid gold. The stuff brought $20 a peculiar risks; it was hard to tell just how it barrel, and they took out twenty barrels should be run. In the first place, no one knew a day. In a few months' time the narrow val- when this petroleum would give out; in fact, ley in northwestern Pennsylvania where it was it seemed as if it must give out before many found swarmed with madmen tearing open the years, and leave the manufacturer with his ground, in the frenzy of competition that plant on his hands. In the second place, it had comes to all new mining districts. So far as the danger of all businesses with one hundred known, this was the only section in the world and two hundred per cent profits — the same where petroleum could be produced. And risk that the bicycle business had fifteen years everyone was hurrying to snatch his share ago, and that the automobile business has to- before it should be gone. day. Everybody was getting into it at once, In the late '50's a young commission mer- and overdoing it. chant in Cleveland had saved up a little over John D. Rockefeller has analyzed the situ- $700 in the Society for Savings — nursing it upation like this: from nothing, a few dollars at a time. The. “You see, it was this way. All of us men account had started him in the commission from the different lines of other business had business. In 1860 he took a chance, with three gotten into this, many of us in the beginning in other men, in the venture of refining petroleum. quite a hurry, and the business in the beginning He put something less than the $700 of savings was so profitable that we kept putting our into it. profits which we made into the plant. In 1862 the experimenters had $4,000 in the "As a rule, our friends engaged in the refining enterprise. One of the men was a master of of oil [Mr. Rockefeller's competitors) over- refining; they made an excellent burning oil; looked the importance of having cash, as we and their profits, like every refiner's at the would say, to ballast the manufacturing inter- time, were amazing. In a half dozen years they est. We deemed it very important, and began were running into the tens of thousands of dol- to consider it of great importance, in 1867, that lars annually. The partners - there were sev we should recognize what seemed to us to be eral by this time—had the usual desire to draw apparent: that we could not continue always the money out and spend it. John D. Rocke- at this rate of constructing refineries, that there feller, the ex-commission merchant, who from would come the hard times -- the same as we the first dominated the business, was insistent get in overbuilding blast-furnaces, or any other night and day that they leave it in. department of our business here in this cóun- "Take out what you've got to have to live try where we go so rapidly."* on; leave the rest,” he kept urging his partners. And so, by 1867, this policy was established. “Don't buy new clothes and fast horses; and They depreciated their plants as fast as possi- let your wife wear her last year's bonnet. You ble on their books, and they laid aside all the can't find any place where money will earn cash they could. If the oil should fail they what it does here." * Testimony, November 20, 1908. 564 500 AMERICA THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN ground The only way to learn is by drilling Organizing the Standard as a Great Bank a hole in the ground. And every hole costs hundreds and thousands of dollars. It was not until the discovery of the first great In the second place, everybody bores for oil oil-field, at Bradford, Pennsylvania, in the late at once, and must always do so, as long as our '70's, that any one conceived how tremendous present land laws stand. Oil lies in great sub- a task was offered for capital in this new work. terranean deposits; the right to drill for it is in storing oil, in laying gathering pipes and vested in the owners of the many lesser areas of trunk-line mains, not less than $20,000,000 land that overlay it. One hole might draw out investment was required of the Standard Oil the entire deposit; so every one with rights upon within five years. It was a strain that required the surface must drill at once the number of every resource that the company had. And it holes that he believes will produce the greatest fixed forever the policy of the corporation — the quantity of oil. There are two and three and plan of gathering and piling up cash — which ten times the number of drillings necessary. John Rockefeller had established in the '60's. And even then it is impossible to tell which one The Standard Oil Company almost from its of these holes will strike into oil. beginning had been primarily a financial institu- This work is the province of the gambler. tion; it was soon necessary to organize it as such. Three generations of gamblers have swarmed to In 1876 or 1877, Joel Freeman, an expert ac- it since it started, fifty years ago. Quite natu- countant of Cleveland, was sent on to New York rally; for it is the greatest gambling opportunity to do this work. The branch office in New in America. It is a game a man may come into York was already the financial headquarters of for $25 and go out of in a few months' time a mil- the main company; but the various concerns that lionaire. A young mechanic working on the drill had been acquired from time to time were con- of an oil-well may acquire inside information, for ducting their financial operations with the local example, that a certain territory is likely to pro- banks in the cities where their own headquar- duce oil. He rushes out and secures an option ters were. They were even borrowing money from a neighboring farmer to drill for oil upon at high rates, when the New York office was his land, paying a few dollars down and making putting out its surplus on call loans at two and the usual agreement to give the farmer a per- three per cent. Freeman put into effect a new centage of the oil. In many regions an oil-well system by which the surplus funds of the many can be drilled for $600. The owner of the lease sudsidiary concerns drained into the main office can often, within twenty-four hours, peddle out at New York, and, in turn, their loans were all six eighths of his right, at $100 for each eighth, made to them by the New York headquarters. and have the other quarter free. If oil is struck, In doing this he really made a bank — one of his gamble makes him overnight a wealthy man. the three or four greatest in America. If it is not, his loss is practically nothing. But, In 1886 the Chemical National of New York once struck, oil must continue to flow — at was the largest bank in the United States. . It times in tremendous streams, for it is not safe. had a capital and surplus of about $6,000,000 and or practical to stop it. outstanding loans of $19,000,000. In 1886 the The investigation of the Federal Department New York office of the Standard — now incor- of Commerce and Labor has described this en- porated as the Standard Oil Company of New terprise very exactly in the following words: York -- had $8,000,000 in cash and $9,500,000 "The peculiarly speculative character of the in government bonds, - that is, $17,500,000, all oil business brings it about that, on the average, practically in cash, — besides a million dollars in crude oil has probably been sold for less than it loans to outside corporations. The Standard cost to produce it -- at least, over considerable had, also, over $15,000,000 worth of crude oil of periods of time.” its own, which for all practical purposes was as But it is not the average that interests the gam- good as gold bullion. bler, but the exceptional great prize. Hundreds The peculiarities of the oil business had made of men -a special class of “wild-catters ” — have this structure necessary. The Standard Oil con- tramped the United States from end to end, cern had surrounded the small area that pro- through half a century, stampeding to each new duced the petroleum of the continent, but it field. And, when they find the oil, they pour it held it on only one set of terms. It furnished out at once in the shortest possible time. And all its great machinery — its storage, its gather- always the Standard Oil stands ready, waiting ing pipes, its pipe-line transportation. It was to receive it at the prices of the glut, and to its only capitalist. But the nature of the enter- sell it at the prices of the famine that is sure prise was so shifty, and its possible demands so to follow. The gambler frequently loses; the tremendous and so sudden, that there was only capitalist never can. one possible insurance against it - a cash sur- JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 567 plus greater than had ever before been accumu- ates was startling in itself, but the apprehension lated by any industry on earth, ready at any of the power of the new and unheard-of massing moment to be thrown into it. Twenty or thirty of cash assets in their control was greater still. million dollars cash was as truly a tool of the oil business as a derrick or a drill. The Popular Alarm of 1888 The Concentric Circles The oil regions had from the first been clamor- ous against the powers of this new aggregation The sight of this mass of ready assets, so new of capital. A feeling of alarm was now arising for that earlier period, was alarming not because throughout the United States at the sight of of its size alone, but because of its extraordinary this new corporate creature, grown suddenly, wieldiness and the secrecy of its movement. No through the discovery of this new substance, to similar amount of cash resources, absolutely such enormous and unparalleled power. The without responsibility to any person but its report of the New York Senate Committee on owners, existed on the continent, perhaps not General Laws on the subject in 1888 expressed in the world. Its use was concentrated in the this alarm as follows: hands of a small group of men, practically in the “The actual value of the property in trust control of one man — John D. Rockefeller, who control at the present time is not less than $147,- now had a world-wide reputation for his policy000,000,* according to the testimony of the of secretiveness. trust president before your committee. This From the first, John Rockefeller had been the sum in the hands of nine men, energetic, intelli- Standard Oil Company. In the '70's, it is still gent, and aggressive (and the trustees, as has recalled, one of his partners demanded strenu- been said, own a majority of the stock of the ously, but vainly, for an explanation of some of trust, which absolutely controls the $147,000,- Rockefeller's business policies. As he talked, 000), is one of the most active, and possibly the John Rockefeller was engaged in drawing con most formidable, moneyed power on the con- centric circles on a pad. The man finished talk- tinent. When it is remembered that all this ing, and Rockefeller quietly looked up at him. vast wealth is the growth of about twenty years, “This,” he said, pointing to the concentric that this property has more than doubled in circles, "is the Standard Oil Company. Here," value in six years, and with this increase the he continued, pointing to the ring between the trust has made aggregate dividends during that iwo outer lines, “are So-and-so and So-and-so," period of over $50,000,000, the people may well naming small stockholders. “Here, and he look with apprehension at such rapid develop- touched his pencil to the space inside, “are ment and centralization of wealth.” So-and-so,” naming larger stockholders. “And This outcry of the '80's seems almost amusing here,” in the space next to the center, "are from the standpoint of the present day. The Henry Flagler and John Huntington and Henry Standard Oil in 1888 showed earnings of only Rogers and Samuel Andrews. But here" - he $16,000,000 for the year. The net value of its placed his pencil-point in the center circle – "is property, according to the conservative policy John D. Rockefeller." of its bookkeeping, was only $97,000,000. The The Standard Oil Company, from that day to earnings of to-day are $80,000,000 a year. this, has been exactly as Mr. Rockefeller de The decade following the foundation of the scribed it - concentric circles of silence and trust, in 1882, when the most fresh and violent control; and the men in the outer margin have apprehension came upon the public mind, as a had scarcely more knowledge and power in matter of fact was a less startling period of its affairs than the general public. In the cen- progress for the Standard Oil concern than any ter, dominating and shaping the structure for other of its existence. The statements of its twenty years, and still commanding in spirit and books — forced out of its traditional silence ownership, has been John D. Rockefeller. from time to time by the courts — show a re- In 1879, and again in 1882, Mr. Rockefeller markably steady period of net earnings. They appeared as the owner of a little more than a reached $12,000,000 in the first year of the quarter of the stock of the Standard Oil. There trust's formation. As late as 1895 they were were only forty odd owners of the corporation's only $15,000,000, and only twice in the inter- stock in 1882, and with Rockefeller, on the for- vening time had they run as high as $19,000,000. mation of the trust in that year, appeared eight from the end of 1882 to the beginning of 1895 other men, who owned together considerably the net value of property on its books was more than a quarter. But none of them had any only a little more than doubled, running from ownership approaching his. The concentration of wealth upon this one man and his few associ- the selling value of the trust certificates. *This figure was apparently arrived at by a calculation from 568 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA $65,000,000 to $135,000,000. In the first thirteen enough oil to feed its factories; and the fields years following the formation of the trust the that supplied its oil were apparently drying up dividends were only $115,000,000 and the in- -- slowly but surely. crease of the property valuation but $80,000, In 1882 the Standard had required 16,000,000 000. It was a small and level period compared barrels to feed its plants. In 1903 it used 52,- to the time between 1875 and 1882, or to the 000,000 barrels, and its markets were constantly gigantic growth that was now to come to it. increasing. It had taken the Ohio field in the late '8o's, and practically appropriated it all. The Sudden Growth of 1895 From the Pennsylvania field, which it first held, it had extended its pipe lines southwest through In the last of the '90's the few men who had West Virginia and Kentucky. All these fields the chance to see knew that John Rockefeller were dwindling. The great field in Pennsyl- was increasing his holdings of Standard Oil vania, which had been its main reliance, was securities. From a quarter, his interest rose to falling away sharply. It had actually not enough over forty per cent. He himself had retired oil for its own use, and its surplus stocks above from active management; the Standard Oil was ground were almost gone. being attacked more violently than ever before; Oil had appeared in great quantities in Cali- the trust arrangement had been broken up. fornia, but it was of a poor quality, almost use- But something more fundamental than govern- less for refining; the Standard had not paid ment attacks had come — another great expan- serious attention to it. There had been great sion in the oil business. strikes in Texas; the Standard had not taken At first, and almost up to that time, petroleum the section up, partly because of the poor qual- had been useful almost solely for supplying light. ity of the oil, partly because an attempt to re- Now, suddenly, it began to supply power; the ceive concessions from that trust-baiting State gasolene engine had arrived. The use of petro- had failed. And now the concern was sending leum products as lubricants had grown tremen- agents the world over for oil — to Japan and dously; and, only lately, the processes had been Russia and Rumania, and everywhere on this perfected for using its poorer oils for making gas. continent. Refining plants worth $50,000,000 The effect was the same as if, all at once, the at the least, pipe lines worth as much more, a material had doubled in value. From that total permanent investment of $150,000,000 at time on the profits were to come more and more the very least, waited upon the finding of the from the newly useful products, especially from oil. There were men, long experienced in the gasolene. From 1895 there was a general oil trade, who, watching this anxious hunt, be- growth of business. It was not only the lieved that the anxiety of the search, not less than Standard Oil Company that received it; its pro- other financial anxieties of his own, hastened the portion of the refining business rather showed death of Henry H. Rogers, who was the head of a decrease. There was profit enough for all, the great oil company at that time. and the great refining corporation and the small ones that had grown up during the preceding $100,000,000 Surplus Earnings in fifteen years all grew fat together. Three Years In 1895 the net earnings of the Standard Oil began to grow. That year they ran up to In the meanwhile, the Standard Oil Company $24,000,000, from $15,000,000 the year before. played out its customary game. The oil was In 1903 they were $81,000,000. The net value not in sight, but it went on religiously setting of the concern's property — $135,000,000 on the aside its cash assets against the time when last day of 1894 was $276,000,000 at the end it should suddenly appear. It had thrown of 1903. It had been more than doubled in $20,000,000 upon the Bradford field in the late '70's, as much more upon the big Ohio field in the late '80's. But the oil business had grown The Standard Oil in Danger tremendously since then; and these sums were small compared to what it must have for its next Then, for the first time in the history of the oil territory. Business was exceedingly profit- Standard Oil Company, the disaster which it able now; the company's dividends had risen to had feared from the first came to it. It faced a over $40,000,000 a year, and its surplus earnings shortage in crude oil. The exact form of the were enormous. early apprehension had not come: it had not, From 1903 to 1906, three years, the manage- as Mr. Rockefeller expressed it, "wakened up ment of the Standard Oil put away almost the next day to find the oil was all gone.” But $100,000 000 from earnings, and the net value of it was facing the time when it would not have its property, on its conservatively kept books, nine years. JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 569 ran from $276,000,000 to $371,000,000. The pro- power which the Standard Oil Company must cess of accumulation was hastening. Not all of and did have. The National City Bank of New this increase went into cash, of course; millions York, the greatest product of a period of tre- went into plant, and millions more, as it came mendous growth of banking interests, could about, had now gone for oil. But tens of mil- satisfy only a fraction of the requirements that lions of it appeared in cash, in the various might arise. Its capital was $25,000,000. By treasuries of the company. This was simply strict interpretation of the law, it could lend the wise and necessary continuation of the tra- only ten per cent of it to one borrower; and if, ditional policy of the company. by any of the various plans of technically ob- serving the letter of the banking laws which No Bank Great Enough for the could be used, it should exceed this, it could Standard Oil scarcely lend more than a portion of the $25,000,000 capital. "This interest (the Standard Oil Company] is now so large," said Mr. Rockefeller, in 1908, Cash Assets of $55,000,000 in Sight "that they cannot rely upon funds which they could secure — they cannot surely rely upon The federal government, in the course of its the funds which they can secure from the bank- present prosecution of the Standard Oil, has CARE ew York Torker pladelphia KERAT Richmond YADOR sar Florence Baker held Moederke Compare Yeaumon Oil Field Apralashues Ofis 0918 Mid continent Boumen California THE STANDARD OIL'S GREAT PIPE-LINE SYSTEM. THESE TRUNK PIPE LINES FOR THE CARRYING OF CRUDE OIL NOW EXTEND FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC ing institutions, and consequently they are brought out a partial statement of that com- obliged — in view of the fact that the very na- pany's finances at the end of 1906. In this ture of the business requires it every year, statement all of the company's cash resources in order to perpetuate cash returns of modest were not evident; but some of them were dividends, they are obliged to continue very clear enough. There was over $55,000,000 large investments of money — millions of dollars in sight — assets that were practically cash, in each year.” ready for use at any time. Unquestionably What the “very nature of the business re there were many millions more which did not quired” was exactly what the Standard Oil appear. Company had built up - a huge secret bank, In 1906 the various operations of the Stand- an instrument in the hands of a little council of ard Oil had for seven years been in the posses- silent men, which could at any moment concen- sion of the present holding corporation the trate a larger amount of ready money, in a Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. Under shorter time, for a given purpose, than any this, as before, the New York office now the other financial agency on earth could be relied Standard Oil Company of New York became upon to do. the banking agency. At the close of 1906 the There was, as a matter of fact, no bank in other Standard Oil corporations had deposits of America that could approach the financial $50,000,000 surplus in its hands. 570 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA Thirty-three million dollars of this amount mapped out a new and ideal arrangement for appeared as loans placed on the most conserva- the distribution of its products, covering the tive collateral, and in large part subject to im- entire United States. mediate call at any time. Where the remainder First of all, it saved and gathered up the of the $50,000,000 had gone is not entirely flood of oil. At its height, this ran more than clear. But this is certain: there were held, in 200,000 barrels a day in the Mid-Continent various companies' hands, $11,000,000 of cash and Mlinois fields alone. The Standard in four - either directly named as such or covered years' time laid away 90,000,000 barrels,- into special funds. Eleven million dollars more more oil than had ever before been stored in appeared in low-interest-bearing and immedi- the history of the world, - and paid out in Illi- ately convertible securities — United States, nois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and California some State, and municipal bonds. Here alone were $22,000,000 for iron tanks to keep it in. The oil $55,000,000 of resources which were practically it brought and stored in these two fields and cash. in California required an investment of over The largest bank in the United States might $40,000,000 more. In five years' time it spent possibly, by some evasion of the law, apply as probably $20,000,000 buying leases of oil- much as $10,000,000 or $15,000,000 to one pur- producing lands. pose. This bank of the Standard Oil corpo In order to gather up this oil, it laid several ration had four and five times that amount, to thousand miles of small gathering pipe through use at any moment. Not only that, but all the various fields. The cost could not have this capital could be directed secretly — an been less than $7,500,000. And from these gath- advantage for capital almost as essential as ering lines it built out its system of trunk- concentration. All public banks must be ex- carrying lines for crude oil, until it crossed the amined and make reports to the government. United States from the Gulf of Mexico to the The Standard Oil Company had neither exam- North Atlantic. ination nor report. All corporations whose This was merely an extension of its long- securities are listed on the New York Stock Ex- established system. In the early '80's the change must make some financial statement to Standard built its pipe lines from the Pennsyl- the public. The Standard Oil has never listed vania oil regions east to the Atlantic and west its stock there. It preferred to hold its silence. to the Great Lakes at Cleveland. In the late The tens of millions that it hoarded and held 'Bo's, when the great Ohio field was found, it in wait for oil were as unknown to the public, sent them west to Chicago. In 1905, immedi- and as absolutely in the control of the men in ately upon the discovery of the Mid-Continent the inner council of the corporation, as the field, it pushed them southwest five hundred change in their vest pockets. and fifty miles to Kansas and Oklahoma. In 1909 it pushed them five hundred miles more, The Flood of Oil Appears southeasterly to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. And meanwhile it had hitched the great new Illinois But now, before 1906, the event that all these field northward to Chicago and westward to the resources were assembled for had come. A Mississippi River. The additions to this trunk- great new oil territory had been discovered in line system since 1905 have cost $12,000,000 Kansas and Oklahoma the so-called Mid- or $14,000,000 more. Continent field. The usual horde of rough ad The principal refineries of the Standard Oil venturers with drills and derricks had swarmed in 1906 were located on the Atlantic seaboard upon it, and again oil was pouring out of or on the Great Lakes. Immediately upon the the earth in rivers. Instantly .the tens of establishment of the new fields, the Standard millions were gathered together and thrown built large refineries - with the possibility of great expansion at North Alton, just above In 1904 the Kansas-Oklahoma field came in; St. Louis on the Mississippi, at Kansas City, by 1908 it was flowing 47,000,000 barrels of oil and at Baton Rouge, just north of New Or- a year. In 1906 the Illinois field appeared; in leans. It already had similar plants in Col- 1908 it flowed 34,000,000 barrels. These two orado and California. In the hard times of new fields produced more oil in 1908 than did the 1907, always having ready money, it built whole United States in any year before 1902. another great Atlantic coast refinery a Bay But when this came the Standard Oil was ready Way on the Newark Bay in northern New for it. In the four years following 1906 it threw Jersey. Some $12,000,000 more went into into these new fields considerably more than these new refineries. With them and its pipe $100,000,000 in cash, surrounded the new oil lines, it covered the area of the United States territory with its gathering machinery, and as it had never been covered before. upon it. adre en JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER FROM A PHOTOGRAPH MADE IN 1910 571 572 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA $ 100,000,000 Cash and Its Profits got this for $80,000,000 less than it was actually worth. It is still buying oil in these two fields, In five years' time the Standard Oil had at prices that net it, under present conditions, a thrown $100,000,000 and more into these new saving of $20,000,000 a year — due entirely to oil-fields. It had scarcely spent it before it its simple old receipt, which gives it its supplies came flowing back. The enterprise had grown of oil always at forced sale. in a most astonishing way between 1875 and This advantage will continue for an indefi- 1882. But it was a little thing, compara- nite time. In Illinois, the Standard Oil and its tively, then, with its profits of $12,000,000 a affiliated companies have bought the leases of year. It began suddenly to increase again in land that now produces two thirds of all the 1895, the profits doubling and trebling. But by oil the field is giving out. In Oklahoma and 1906 and 1907 had come the wonderful machine Louisiana it has bought the leases of more im- which pours out now in profits every year more mense tracts, and it is still continually buying. than the whole value of the old Standard Oil The price it pays for leases is based upon the Trust that was the disturber of the popular present price of oil; consequently it will have the imagination in the early 'Bo's. benefit of that price as long as the territory The thing that has happened now is simply produces oil. this: the production of crude oil has suddenly In pipe lines and in refineries the company's w A PIPE-LINE PUMPING STATION. ONE OF HUNDREDS WHICH PUMP CRUDE OIL ACROSS THE COUNTRY THROUGH THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY'S PIPES doubled within half a dozen years; and the position has been entirely changed in the last Standard Oil has surrounded and taken it half dozen years. From these alone it can make not all of it, but all that it desired. Never, in two additional great profits over its competitors its long running fight with governmental agen one from the difference between the cost of cies, has it been so harassed as at this time. taking oil to the refineries by pipe lines and by The federal government and half a dozen States freight, another in the distribution of the re- are hunting it. The oil-producers in the great fined oil from the plants to the consumer. The new fields have been making the same old clamor cost of hauling a barrel of oil by freight two they have made for fifty years, with the same hundred miles is equal to the whole cost of re- net results. They have called on every possible fining it; and the Standard Oil refining plants are governmental power to interfere, proposed State now distributed throughout the country in such pipe lines, agitated the building of State refin a way, as to secure the cheapest possible freight eries. The Standard Oil has gone steadily for- and the shortest possible haul. ward, on its old formula – taking advantage of The Standard Oil owns ninety per cent of the its mass of capital. And to-day it holds the great mass of refinable crude oil now in storage; future of the business of refining oil in America it holds by lease a territory producing probably more completely than it ever has before, and a third of the really refinable oil in the United may be counted on still to hold it, even if it is States; its pipe lines cross the country from the resolved to its component parts by the United Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic in such a States Supreme Court. way that any new oil-field that may be found In the last six years the Standard Oil has will be immediately appropriated by some exten- purchased 270,000,000 barrels of crude oil from sion of these lines; its refineries cover the entire the Illinois and Mid-Continent fields alone. It United States in locations that are commercially THE GREAT STANDARD OIL REFINERY AT BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY, PART OF THE HUGE MACHINERY WHICH REFINES TWELVE MILLION BARRELS OF CRUDE OIL EVERY YEAR 573 574 THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL IN AMERICA perfect. No government, having absolute con- Standard owns most of that field. In the trol of the resources of the country, could im- meanwhile, the Standard Company is buying, prove on its arrangement. It holds the refining in Oklahoma, an oil not much inferior, under industries of the United States with a grip existing market conditions, to Pennsylvania oil, stronger than it ever had before. and better than the Ohio oil, for 45 cents a barrel. The Refiners Who No Longer Count Under these conditions, the Standard Oil, if it cared to do it, could quickly wipe out its Up to a year ago this was not understood. competitors. It will not do so, for it would The independent refiners were prospering. The cost too much money. The refiners of the high- Standard had not hunted them seriously for priced petroleum are making much of their nearly fifteen years. Many more were appear- kerosene at a loss; some of the low qualities of ing in the new it they sell for fields. The in- actually less a dependent dis- gallon than the tributers of oil crude oil cost. were growing But they are still rapidly. Sud- making some denly, at the be- profit from the ginning of 1910, other products. the price of ker- The Standard is osene began to not really forc- fall; by October ing them. The it had been cut change of 1910 to pieces--thirty has, in fact, come per cent or more. from perfectly Then the price of natural condi- other products of tions — the great petroleum fol- flow of cheap oil lowed suit. And, produced in the all at once, the past few years. situation was The Standard quite clear. has most of this Half of the in- oil. Half of the dependent refin- independent re- ers lie east upon finers of the the old Pennsyl- country, in point vania and Ohio of output, are fields. The Penn- outflanked and sylvania petro- left behind in a leum now costs slowly drying them $1.30 a bar- field. They will rel; it cannot go not die at once, much lower, be- but never again cause it cannot will they be a se- be produced rious factor in the much cheaper in Standard Oil that old and Company's cam- worked-out re- paign. gion. The Ohio A Sudden Blow oil costs 85 cents, and is failing to Independent rapidly. It is Distributers now apparently Following the too late for these prosecutions of Eastern refineries the Standard Oil to get the cheap Company, in oil of Illinois by * TWENTY-SIX BROADWAY,” THE NEW YORK OFFICE OF 1906, by the fed- pipe lines. The eral government PECCT LE THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY JOHN MOODY AND GEORGE KIBBE TURNER 575 THE AGE OF TWENTY for receiving illegal freight rates, more in- now from the rich man and the corporation dependent distributers of oil sprang up than rather than from the poor — from gasolene and had ever before existed in the history of the lubricants and gasoils rather than from kerosene. country. In 1909 they prospered exceedingly, in point of fact, the Standard Oil is, first of all, especially in the so-called "insurgent States” a financial institution. Its chief interest and im- west of the Mississippi, which had passed spe- portance to America is as the appropriator of cial legislation aiding them. one of the greatest natural re- In 1910 they lost money al- sources of the continent, and most as rapidly as they had the builder, with a growing made it the year before. The product, of an enormous finan- Standard Oil was selling off cial power to whose increase its kerosene. Its crude oil was there is yet, apparently, no end. so low in price, its new ar- rangement of pipe lines and A Billion and a Quarter refineries made its shipping so from Petroleum much less expensive, that it put its product on the local In the half century from markets at a price that no in- 1859 through 1908, $2,500,000,- dependent refiners and distrib- 000 worth of gold was pro- uters could afford to meet. duced in the United States, and All this, apparently, was not a $1,800,000,000 worth of pe- move to crush the indepen- troleum. The gold was scat- dents: the Standard Oil had tered into thousands of hands; simply taken advantage of out of the petroleum one cor- the new conditions of the poration, largely held by a business. small group of men, secured The distribution of refined more than $1,200,000,000 of oil in the United States now net profits — two thirds the belongs to the Standard Oil, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER AT value of all the petroleum, one with possibly two or three half the value of all the gold. large independent companies By a singular chance, a – which, when it chooses, it can easily buy new substance, unknown to commerce until it out, if, indeed, it has not already bought an was discovered upon this continent, has fur- interest in them. nished the first great source of American capi- The huge business machine that still grips tal and the first thoroughly American financial the petroleum trade is great really through the power. growth of a great fundamental natural product It was not entirely the tremendous profits of the country. In 1910 the product of petro- from this new material that made its seizure so leum was four times what it was in 1882, when important in the history of the United States; the Standard Oil was formed; the Standard Oil it was the remarkable concentration of these now refines four and almost five times as much which the nature of the business required. oil; its profits are six times what they were in Other industries, steel and some of the railroads, 1882 — considerably more per barrel than they have made profits approximately as great. were in the earlier time when the trust had a These profits were absorbed again into plant, or more complete monopoly of the trade than the their possessors took their dividends and scat- holding company has to-day. tered. But here was a business which demanded There are many popular misapprehensions concentration a gathering mass of ready of the Standard Oil Company. It is believed to capital, kept fluid to the greatest possible be always a savage enemy. It is so, when it degree. pays it to be; otherwise it is the easiest and most The $1,200,000,000 of profits were massed reasonable of competitors. It is believed that first in the corporation. From 1870 to 1882 it depends for its profits upon a grinding mo- there was an accumulation from $1,000,000 to nopoly controlling the sale of one of the prime $55,000,000 in net value of the plant and assets; necessities of life, kerosene, to the poor of from 1882 to 1894 there was a growth from America. In 1906 its profits were $83,000,000; $55,000,000 to $135,000,000; from 1894 to 1903, its gross receipts from the sale of all the kero- from $135,000,000 to $275,000,000; and from sene delivered to the American consumer at 1903 to 1910, from $275,000,000 to approxi- the impossibly high price of $5 a barrel — would mately $525,000,000. It was a steadily hasten- have been but $45,000,000. It draws its profits ing process of geometrical progression; the vaster A "TANK FARM” FOR THE INVESTMENT IN IRON AND OIL REPRESENTED IN TANKS OF THIS SIZE (THIRTY-FIVE DOLLARS APIECE, ACCORDING the figures became, the faster, in these recent men $365,000,000. But these men were not years, the process has gone on. confined to four-per-cent investments. The The other fifty-five or sixty per cent of the opportunities of a continent lay before them for profits have massed themselves — still more in their taking. cash — largely in the same half dozen hands that managed the great property — men who The Men Who Had a Billion had grasped the new business at its beginning of Cash and had grown up with it. One of these, John D. Rockefeller, has held generally about a Tremendous power had accumulated in the quarter of the stock. At one time he had con- hands of many men in the United States, but siderably more, but more recently his holdings none exactly like that which came to the half have gone back, apparently to about the earlier dozen men who managed this great mill of ready figure. And, with this one man, half a dozen money. Others were developers of railroads, of more have always taken, on an average, about great industrial enterprises — all huge absorbers, half of the dividends. Four living men have not producers of liquid capital. At the best, had easily a third. they might be agents of other people's money. From 1870 to 1882, twelve years, the enter- But these men, by the very nature of their busi- prise gave dividends of some $11,000,000. From ness, were not seekers, but investors of hundreds 1882 to 1895, thirteen years, the dividends were of millions — not the money of ten thousand $118,000,000; from 1895 to 1903, eight years, other people, but money that was absolutely $275,000,000; from 1903 to 1911, eight years, theirs, by personal ownership or by undisputed $314,000,000 — in all, a distribution of $718,- control. 000,000 cash in forty years. Of this, John D. Nearly a billion dollars' worth of cash had Rockefeller had approximately a quarter passed under their personal control. Now, every practically $180,000,000. The other living men year, $80,000,000 of cash is turned out by this - Oliver H. Payne, Henry M. Flagler, and machine of theirs. Forty millions of it, $110,- William Rockefeller — have had $70,000,000 000 a day, must be reinvested for the corpora- more. Between the four $250,000,000 in cash tion, in oil or the machinery for handling it, or has been shared. With interest at four per set away for future use. Twenty millions more cent — if they had had nothing more — John a year, approximately $55,000 a day, is the per- Rockefeller's share of this would now be sonal property of half a dozen men. For one of $265,000,000; and the share of the four these alone, John D. Rockefeller, the wheels of 576 STORING CRUDE OIL FROM TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND TO SIXTY THOUSAND THOUSAND BARRELS) VARIES TO THE VALUE OF THE OIL mass the machine grind out one half of this great these men began to appear in the great finances $10,000,000 every year, $27,500 every of the United States employing their old day, $19 every minute — of cash for rein- formula. They were bankers in every essential vestment. sense: lenders of moneys; sellers of tens of mil- Nearly a billion dollars of cash has come to lions of foreign exchange; experts in collateral. them, and with it they have received a training They were men of different minds and tempera- and experience that have never been exactly ments, varying from the most conservative to duplicated in the world. They were trained in the most daring. They made use of their ready the exact uses of great bodies of cash capital. masses of capital in many and ingenious ways. Ready money was their chief tool; it soon be- But nothing was more normal or more nota- came to them a real thing, almost tangible to ble than the extension and multiplication of the hand; and they learned to gauge its power as the power of their ready resources, through the no one else had done. natural instrument of money and credit — the They were trained, these men, in the most bank; and especially in the great movement savage speculative game in the world. They of banking consolidation which they helped had learned how readily a huge financial power to inaugurate. And now, in fifteen years, the could master it. They were given, in their ex- command of ready resources, which they and perience in investing their tens of millions of others have by this means developed, has dollars of cash, an unusual insight into the value grown and centralized, until the fear of it is of collateral and of the properties it represented; oppressing a continent, and menacing, as many they saw the inevitable consolidation of the rail- men believe, the whole present organization roads and the industries of America which has of society. taken place in the past twenty years; they saw With them the third great supply of capital the ebb and flow of bad and good times in this for the development of America had centralized young country "where we go so rapidly”; in New York City. The English capital had and they knew the power of capital. They come more and more into the control of J. Pier- possessed a power never held before, and they pont Morgan; the German capital to Kuhn, used it, as individuals, in exactly the way Loeb & Co.; the great accumulation of Amer- they had used it for their corporation to ican capital was in the Standard Oil men's absorb the unearned increment of a young and hands. The use of all this money, through the growing continent. great banks of New York, will be the subject of And so, about the time of the panic of 1893, the next article in this series. 577 ladylan Benda CORTELL UNIVE US THE TOOTH OF ANTAR BY LUCILLE BALDWIN VAN SLYKE Al'TILOR OF "THE RUG OF HER FATHERS" when one longed ardently to go back to the classes in Father Shiskim's little basement church. In public school the little Americans laughed impudently at one's halting, prettily guttural English; they did not know how hard it was to talk English when one still thought in a hybrid Arabic Syrian. In public school one's bitterest enemies, “cheesemadic” (schismatic) Syrians, made noses at one unrebuked. But Father Shiskim said he could not go on teach- ing one little nine-year-old, when twenty were clamoring for her place, that they too might learn to speak “Ameercan En'leesch,” and so Nazileh could only sigh and endure. The Dutch baker lady's daughter had a mad- dening way of teasing her all the way home from school. And she wore huge bows on flaxen hair, a stiffly starched apron, shiny boots, and F the many trials of Nazileh Se- waya's strange new life, the Dutch baker lady's daughter was perhaps the most bother- some. To be sure, the chubby Geraldine was really only a part of the be- wildering ordeal of going to public school O 578 LUCILLE BALDWIN VAN SLYKE 579 - 66 C the bat! On top of the gorgeous ribbons, the he's got lots of teeth! This is his birthday und red-and-yellow hat! his party.” Nazileh hid her own curly braid with its “Een Beirut,” said Nazileh, “eet ees nod of a “elasteeck” band under her shabby old coat, beerthday we makes a par-rty for leedle boy; we and pulled the brown veil tightly over her ears. makes eet a par-rty when thad he attain hees The comparison was altogether too painful; tooth.” she couldn't pretend not to care. Geraldine, for once, was tremendously im- "Why do you not mit the other dagos walk?” pressed. asked her tormentor. “Why do they not talk ‘Honest?” she asked. “What for? What mit you at recess?” kind of a party?” “They ees cheesemads; me, I ees oth’dox,” "Hones’,” said Nazileh solemnly; "weeth explained Nazileh politely. “Eet ees nod good sneinatt, an' weeth baklawa, an' weeth pilau- thad I should walk weeth cheesemads!” “Don't talk dago," objected Geraldine; "I “But they is dagos, chust the same like you, don't know what you say.” aind't they?" persisted Geraldine. “Thad ees nod dag-go," the little Syrian an- “They ees nod dag-go; no mor' ees I a swered; “thad ees theengs to eat - eet ees cake dag-go," Nazileh protested, lifting her darkly an' meat." Her dark eyes were shining with fringed eyes to the insipidness of Geraldine's blue delight, and her words tumbled awkwardly in her orbs. "Oxcuse, bud you nod onde’stan'. Een eagerness to tell. “Eet ees put een all the bowls, Syreeah, een Beirut, the dag-go do nod leeve; an' all the people thad one know, they geets a the dag-go leeve een Etalee. Me, I- bowl of sneinatt; they say, “Blessin' on hees “Mein papa, he says you is all dagos," in- tooth!' An' when they eat thad cake, then they terrupted Geraldine stolidly, “und he knows." take thad bowl 'ome to thad babee's mothaire, Nazileh shook her curly head; her thick lips weeth some othaire cakes for thad babee!" pouted mournfully. “Are you going to have some when your baby “The cheesemads ees cheesemadic,” she ex- gets a tooth?” demanded Geraldine. “Will you plained slowly. “They ees of a truth ver' bad, give us a piece?" those ones. Once, las' year, some cheesemads The joyous light died in Nazileh's eyes; she they ees keel my fathaire! They ees nod oth’- sighed deeply. In this strange land of Brooklyn, dox leeke me-- they go nod to Fathaire Shis- where one's mother only wept and made endless kim's choorch; bud, leeke me, they have leeve yards of lace, would one ever see sneinatt? before cen Syreeah, een Beirut.” “He nod got thad tooth now," she answered Against this Oriental persistence even Teu- cautiously; "he too leedle now.” tonic stubbornness had to give way. “Going to get him out?" asked Geraldine. “Maybe it makes like some folks calls me "I'm going to get mine out." Dutch und I is Cherman,” Geraldine suggested. The dark eyes shone again. In the matter of Nazileh paled under her lovely, dusky skin. brothers Nazileh felt entirely superior to the “A ger-rm leeke teecha tells --a ger-rm! A Dutch lady's daughter. For Antar --- darling, diszees ger-rm!” she gasped. “Aie! Gee-ral- dimpled, dusky Antar-was the pride of her deen, you ees nod! They ees small, those ones. heart; the Dutch baby was as nothing beside Eef thad we eat them, they geeve us scarlat fev' him. an' black deeth an'--" Did the Dutch baby have a glorious red-and- Geraldine stood still and laughed until her green sweater, a wonderful red tasseled cap, or pink cheeks looked like a ripe pomegranate. altogether amazing yellow shoes? Of a truth, "A Cherman!” she snickered; “I said a Cher- that Dutch baby possessed nothing but silly man! They aind't the same like a cherm." white clothes that even a schismatic baby would Nazileh gave it up in despair. It was one scorn. At the very thought of her heart's treas- of those things one could not understand, this ure Nazileh entirely forgot the Dutch lady's germ business. One could not feel them, one daughter, and scuttled down the street in her could not see them; one simply had to accept eagerness to embrace the beloved Antar. them, like the evil eye. He was lying on his rug, crying lustily. “Mein mama,” boasted Geraldine, skipping "Soon thou wilt laugh!” she murmured in elaborately over the sidewalk cracks, “she makes Syrian, as she bent over him. “Soon thou wilt it to-day a lofely birthday cake mit five lights laugh with me! I take him out,” she explained for a rich lady's little boy's birthday that is five to her mother, who was bending over the lace; years old." “I take him out now.” “Ees he yust got hees tooth?” asked Nazileh, Her mother shrugged her shoulders. "It in amazement. "An' feeve year?" makes nothing if you do,” she answered wearily; “Tooth?” demanded Geraldine. “Course “he howls like a jackal all day.” 580 THE TOOTH OF ANTAR “He howls for me,” insisted Nazileh proudly; door open carefully until Nazileh reached the “now that I come, he does not howl.” top, so that the last flight was not nearly so Antar had undoubtedly ceased his wailing for bad. a moment, though the tears still flowed from Umn Salim herself opened the door. She was his great brown eyes and his mouth quivered very old, was Umn Salim, and the curly tendrils weakly. He only whimpered fretfully while that escaped from her gaudy head-kerchief were Nazileh pulled the wonderful sweater over his snowy white; her deep-sunken eyes flashed good- queer little acorn-shaped head. humoredly, and she laughed with much shaking But out on the sidewalk, in spite of the nu- of her fat cheeks. merous attractions of Dix Street, he resumed his “Leetle Ameercan ge-url," she teased. “No lusty cries with fresh vigor. more Syreean, now thad she goes ad thad poob- Nazileh cradled him in her thin arms and sat leeck school.” on the curbing to rock him. She stooped to take the baby from Nazileh's “Aie-aie-aie!” she sang in strong, nasal tired arms. tones to the tuneless tune that her people have "He deed nod leeke thad dar-rk stair," she intoned for generations, that uncanny little tune said, pushing a chair toward the little girl; “thad that may mean joy or sorrow, love or hate. She dar-rk make heem cry.” crooned a strange medley of Syrian and Amer “He cry nod of the stair,” panted Nazileh; ican words. "he cry an' cry. Me, I theenk he deed eat a “Hush, oh, hush, my little heart!” she sang diszees ger-rm. Whad you theenk?" in Syrian; and, when he would not hush, she Umn Salim was swaying her fat self in a way tried the American lullaby she had learned in that soothed the whimpering baby, for he public school: dropped his head on the cushiony shoulder with a long sigh of relief, and his wailing died "Sail, babee, sail, away in a petulant“yah-yah-yah” as he gnashed Out upon leefe's sea; Only don' forgeet to sail his aching gums together. Back again to me!" “Whad mighd thad be?” asked Umn Salim. “Whad ees thad?” But Antar would not be comforted. He Nazileh explained anxiously. howled and howled until his swarthy little face "Oh, ho!” chuckled Umn Salim. “Me, I assumed a queer garnet hue. He beat his thick theenk thad yust fooleesch! Thad too seelly! red lips with his chubby fists; the sound of his Me, I am old – I nevaire eat such a one!” She wailing rose above the strident clamor of the touched the little string of beads at Antar's street. throat. Nazileh grew pale with terror. Had Antar “Mashallah!” she murmured. “Eef thad swallowed a “diszees ger-rm"? In Beirut there diszees ger-rm came, would eet nod be scare off, had been no dreadful germs, but, in this strange leeke the evil eye, by these beads?” land of Brooklyn, who could tell? With sudden Nazileh put her hand to her own beads swiftly. inspiration, she got up and lugged the heavy Long ago, in Beirut, her grandmother had placed baby across the street to the priest's house. them around her neck to ward off the evil eye Umn Salim, who kept house for Father Shiskim, of envy that brings sickness; and the little girl she knew all things; she would know what to do herself had divided her chain with her wee if Antar had swallowed a “diszees ger-rm.” brother, that he too might be safe. The priest's house was very imposing outside; "Teecha say," she answered doubtfully, “thad it quite overshadowed the little basement the waxnate keep off the black deeth, an' church that stood next door, which, save for its thad the evil eye ees nod so.” She sighed modest cross above the low doorway, might wonderingly. “Once thad teecha say, “Pr-retty have been almost anything but a church. But beads! I geeve you feefty cen's on those beads!"" Father Shiskim lived in back rooms on the top Umn Salim sat down on the sofa and laid the floor of the great house, and the stairs seemed fretful baby across her knees. endless to Nazileh, with the heavy baby in her “Schut!” she sputtered softly. “Why she arms. Once she stumbled in the darkness on the geeve thad feefty cen's eef thad she nod ragged oilcloth, and a savage-looking woman know they keep off thad evil eye? She craft- opened a door and sharply bade her to stop tee, thad one; don' you let her fool you!" crying. “But Antar! They nod keep thad seeckness “Eet ees nod I,” Nazileh explained patiently; off Antar!” began Nazileh doubtfully. “eet ees thees babee thad cries - I take heem Umn Salim ceased jogging her es, and re- to Umn Salim.” garded the baby thoughtfully. She poked his The woman only grunted, but she held the red cheeks, she felt of his hot, dirty fists, and да с "NAZILEH STOOD, TRYING TO CHOKE BACK THE FRIGHTENED SOBS Drawn by Wladyslaw T. Benda 581 582 THE TOOTH OF ANTAR nodded wisely. Then she leaned over and little room beyond to don his tightly buttoned tucked her forefinger into his mouth. cassock, with its thin purple sash, and came back And Antar bit! smiling from the depths of his great curly beard. “Wullah!” cried Umn Salim. “He 'owls of a "Oh, ho!” he laughed, when he saw Antar. tooth, thad one!” “Thad one mighd break thad sofa eef thad he Nazileh knelt swiftly and pushed her thumb nod be careful." between the moist lips. “Come!” he said, when he was comfortably “Eet ees!” she cried delightedly, “bud eet settled in his arm-chair. “Come, leetle one, an' shows nod! Why does eet show nod?” say thad En'leesch thad you learn een poob- “Eet ees nod yet all come,” said Umn Salim leeck.” sagely; "eet ees leeke the bud an' the flower. "I nod learn En'leesch," Nazileh sighed; "I The theengs leeke thad come when thad eet ees learn ’reethmedeecs, an’ spellin', an' thad phees- time -- when thad Allah decide!” eeck cult, an' thad chog-raphy — thad ver' Nazileh sat back on her ankles in an anxious hard, thad one!" little heap. The baby's eyelids drooped heavily; Father Shiskim laughed. he drew a long, sighing breath, and fell asleep. “Well, Antar, he learn good En'leesch yet?'' “Umn Salim,” whispered the child, “eef thad he teased. tooth comes, weel my mothaire make sneinatt?” Nazileh forgot her timidity. Her dark eyes The old woman shook her head doubtfully. shone with fun. “Thad's nod to laugh now," she “Little one,” she answered in Syrian, “thou said merrily; "thad Antar – whad you s'pose? shalt not learn too soon that in this land of Thad Antar mos' nearlee got hees tooth!" Brooklyn things are not as they are in Syria. “Oh, ho!” breathed Father Shiskim, “I am And, of a truth, thy mother is too sad for re- fairlee terreefy!” joicing.” She sighed and looked out of the Nazileh smiled happily. Then she stooped to window into the dingy court beyond. lift the sleeping boy. “Een thees land,” she went on, speaking “Me, I theenk I go 'ome,” she murmured swiftly again in English, her voice growing sharp politely. “Goo’-by.” with the vehemence of her feeling, "we laugh The big priest got up suddenly, and lifted the nod; we remember onlee the sad theengs - we baby tenderly. Then he held out his hand to forgeet the pr-retty theengs of our fathaires." the little girl. She got up abruptly and put the baby on the “I go down to geet some air,” he said cheer- sofa. In spite of her flesh and her age, she moved fully, “while thad laz-ee woman geet my sooper rapidly across the room and swept back tem eh?” pestuously to put a heavy hand on Nazileh's “Oxcuse!” protested Nazileh. “Thad one, he shoulder. too heavy for you!” But she clung gratefully “Twelve year I leeve een thees land,” she to the big, comfortable hand all the way down said passionately; “een all thad time my neigh- the dark stairway, and she sighed happily as bors breeng me nod sneinatt. They care nod, she trudged homeward. those laz-ee ones! They weel nod boil thad “Thad Fathaire Shiskim,” she murmured whead — they weel nod cut those feegs — they dreamily, "he can haf me, all righd!” ees shame to carry sneinatt as they deed een the "Antar — hees tooth ees nearlee een!” she land of Syreeah!” announced joyously to her mother. Nazileh jumped up with her eyes glistening. Umn Antar did not look up from the lace that “Me - | ees nod shame!” she cried eagerly. grew so swiftly in her nimble fingers. “I weel carry sneinatt —-" Nazileh put the baby on his rug, and knelt They were so intent that neither of them gently before the busy woman. was aware, until his hearty guttural voice “Wilt thou make sneinatt?” she asked shyly, rang out, that Father Shiskim had come into in her prettiest Syrian. the room. Then they stood, with eyes down The mother's eye lifted dully from the lace. cast, while they made the pretty Syrian obei “Sneinatt?” she asked blankly. “What have sance, with their right hands touching lightly we to do with feasting? Aie geet sooper,” their hearts, their lips, and their foreheads in she added sharply, in English. one swift, graceful gesture. Nazileh sighed and obeyed. Her mother did Father Shiskim seemed very big indeed, not seem to see her; she did not speak at all. standing there in the center of the shabby, low- She ate her supper, fed the baby, and then sat ceilinged room. Even when he had handed down again to her lace. When it grew darker, Umn Salim his beloved silk hat, and tucked his she lighted the lamp, stared out into the street biretta over his closely cropped curls, Nazileh an instant, and then sat down, with a curious was still awed by his bigness. He went into the twist of her thick lips. دار الزمان سيلا وفخرنا وال الم ما ورا و روز گر و NAZILEH Drawn by Wladyslaw T. Benda 583 584 THE TOOTH OF ANTAR Nazileh left Antar wrapped closely in his rug, be found in his shining glass jars — pistachio and slipped out again into the noise of Dix nuts, pine seeds, figs stewed with annis, the Street. She fingered her beads nervously as she round cakes of baklawa, and the queer little crossed the roadway and ran breathlessly down slabs of conserves made from what Umn Na- the side street toward the public school. Teacher geeb alone could tell. lived around the corner from the great brick Nazileh's voice quivered with emotion as she building, Nazileh knew, for once she had proudly stood before him. carried a message for her; but her heart thumped “I leeke to buy those ones thad make sneinatt madly when she rang the bell. - thad whead an' thad feeg an' thad nut," she “Please, teecha!” she stammered pitifully, faltered. when the maid had brought Miss Graham to the Abu Nageeb stared at her in amazement. His door, “I leeke thad you geeve me those feefty swarthy hands clutched his apron. cen's for those beads!” “Sneinatt ?” he asked, his lips parted in glis- The teacher smiled down at the little maid. tening wonder. “Thad's funnee nobudee “Why, it's Nazileh. Come in, dear!” She makes sneinatt in thees land!” held the door to the sitting-room open. “Now "I make eet!” answered Nazileh staunchly; tell me what it is you want." “I make eet for my brothaire Antar.” The dark-fringed eyes dropped bashfully. Abu Nageeb smiled dreamily, and stared "I leeke thad you geeve me those feefty across the shelves at the gayly wrapped pack- cen's ages of dates. Then he sighed. "Oh, you do want to sell your beads," said “Thad's long time ago thad I carry sneinatt the smiling lady. “Then just wait until I get for my brothaire -- my leedle brothaire." He my purse!” put his hand to his throat and coughed. Nazileh stood, trying to choke back the He weighed out the wheat and the nuts like frightened sobs, fingering the beloved beads with one in a dream. her dirty, slender little hands. Teacher came “Blessings on thy brother's tooth,” he mur- back with another lady a tall, stern-looking mured in Arabic, as he handed her the packages. lady, who stared at the little girl through for The excitement of handling the bundles took midable eye-glasses. away the great fright that had possessed her. The tall lady watched teacher unfasten the She reached the top of the stairs quite breath- beads with very evident disgust. less. But she stepped into the room shyly, "You do the craziest things, Pris," she said holding the packages behind her until she could languidly; "those things are worth about ten drop them quietly on the oilcloth-covered table. cents, I should say, and they are probably Her mother did not look up; she was still covered with germs.' bending over the lace, under the flickering light Nazileh lifted horror-stricken eyes to her. of the carelessly trimmed lamp; her fingers never “They ees the evil-eye beads!” she stammered. seemed to stop their restless twisting of the “They look it,” said the tall lady dryly. shining hooks. But teacher held the pretty trinket in the Nazileh went over and stood at her shoulder. light, where the colors shone gayly. “Now wilt thou make sneinatt?” she asked “Just you wait, Madge," she laughed. bravely. “I have brought the wheat, all "When they are cleaned and have a new clasp, cracked, and the figs, and the nuts.” you won't know them. Here's your money, The woman dropped her lace in amazement, kiddy, and a shiny penny for a peppermint and stared at her daughter. She was no longer stick, besides, so run along.” pretty, this tired little mother of Nazileh and Nazileh did run along; she ran as if the evil Antar; her dusky hair had lost its lovely gleam, eye pursued her. Now that the mysterious pro- and her eyes were heavy with weariness and tection of the beads was gone, danger seemed weeping. In the first days of her widowhood she to lurk in every step. She scudded along under had clung to her children like a wild creature, the street-lamps with terror in her fast beating but of late a dull resentment that they existed heart. It seemed to her that she would never had possessed her. The burden of caring for get back to the blessed familiarity of Dix Street. them stupefied her; she was sinking into a fright- Outside the shop of Abu Nageeb, she paused, ful apathy that deadened her to every feeling and sobbed convulsively. The money was tight except that of unutterable weariness. She stared in her hot little hand, and she sat down on the at the girl like one suddenly roused from sleep. step and opened her fingers slowly to stare down “Wilt thou?" pleaded Nazileh, her dark eyes at it. shining softly. “Wilt thou make sneinatt, little Abu Nageeb's shop was quite wonderful. mother of my heart? And I will take it to All the delectable dainties of the East were to Father Shiskim and Umn Salim and Abu Nageeb TEST descendie Woodlan T Benda "THE DUTCH BAKER LADY'S DAUGHTER HAD A MADDENING WAY OF TEASING HER ALL THE WAY HOME FROM SCHOOL " Drawn by Wladyslaw T. Benda 585 586 PÁDRAIC COLUM and”- she broke into English with a swift little we make sneinatt, thad weel be leeke they do een burst of giggles -"an' to the Dootch ladee's Syreeah — an' thad Antar, he mos’ bes' babee funnee daughter – eh?” we got, my mothaire!” She ran across the room, caught up the parcels, The night wind blew in from the bay, where and came back quickly to put them in her the gleaming lights of the ferry-boats shone mother's lap. softly; from the street below them the Babel of “Ah!” she sniffed delightedly; “thad smell voices sounded faint and far-away. mos' nice leeke anytheeng!” Something stirred in the heart of the woman, The woman fingered them oddly. something that seemed to lift the weight of “Who gave thee these?” she asked curiously. poverty and woe. She nodded her head slowly. Nazileh stirred uneasily. “On the morrow, little one," she said softly. "I have bought them een the shop of Abu Then suddenly she stretched out her arms, Nageeb,” she said slowly. mutely, and gathered her daughter to her breast. “But thad monee?” demanded her mother. “Thou art a little fool!” she murmured, her “Where deed you geet thad monee?” lips against the soft curls, “a little fool!” Nazileh trembled. Nazileh snuggled happily against her shoulder. "Now thad I am waxnate,”- her voice fal “Thad's whad you say long ago een Syreeah,” tered, but she began again courageously: “Now she giggled merrily -"cen "een Syreeah — een thad I am waxnate, the evil eye an' the black Beirut - on the 'ousetop. My fathaire, he too deeth may come nod. Thad nice teecha - she deed laugh; thad's thad time I was scare of a make thad she leeke those leedle beads; she leezard — do you remember?” geeve me -" Her head drooped heavily now; she was very “Mashallah!” exclaimed the woman, in tired, was Nazileh. horror. “You haf sell your beads!” “Thad's one good theeng we nod leeve The child nodded dumbly. where thad leezard could scare Antar," she “For sneinatt — for Antar!" she whispered. murmured drowsily. “Bud thad Syreeah – The lamplight shone on Nazileh's frightened thad's mos’ bes' land I know we mus' nod face; she stretched out her upturned hands forgeet - pleadingly. Umn Antar's tears flowed swiftly, yet a "Now weelt thou make eet?” she beseeched. strange peace filled her soul. “Umn Salim — she say we do too mooch for "We nod forgeet," she whispered, hugging geet to do leeke we do een Syreeah -- the Nazileh closer; we nod forgeet, my heart of theengs of our fathaires we do forgeet - an' eef hearts!” INTERIOR (Ireland) BY PÁDRAIC COLUM THE HE little moths are creeping Across the cottage pane; On the floor the chickens gather, And they make talk and coinplain. And she sits by the fire Who has reared so many men; Her voice is low as the chickens With the things she says again: “The sons that come back do be restless; They search for the thing to say; Then they take thought like the swallows, And morrow brings them away. "In the old, old days, upon Innish, The fields were lucky and bright, And if you lay down you'd be covered By the grass of one soft night.” THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL A Serial Novel by Mrs Humphry Ward VII wouldn't spoil my teeth and my complexion as you do -- not for tons of sweets. Hullo!” – CANNOT get this skirt to hang as Lady the speaker sprang up “the rain's over and Edith's did,” said Sarah Fox-Wilson dis- it's quite a decent evening. I shall go out for contentedly. a run, and take Roddy.” “Spend twenty guineas on it, my dear, “Then I shall have to come too,” said Sarah, as Lady Edith did on hers, and it'll be all getting up from her knees and pulling down her right,” said a mocking voice. sleeves. “I don't want to at all, but Mamma Sarah frowned. She went on pinning and says you are not to go out alone.” adjusting a serge skirt in the making, which Hester flushed. “Do you think I can't es- hung on the dummy before her. “Oh, we all cape you all — if I want to? Of course I can. know what you would like to spend on your What geese you are! None of you will ever dress, Hester!” she said angrily, but indis- prevent me from doing what I want to do. It tinctly, as her mouth was full of pins. really would save such a lot of time and trouble “Because really nice frocks are not to be had if you would get that into your heads.” any other way,” said Hester coolly. “You pay "Where do you mean to go?” said Sarah for them — and you get them. But as for sup- stolidly, without taking any notice of her re- posing you can copy Lady Edith's frocks for mark. “Because, if you'll go to the village, nothing, why, of course you can't, and you I can get some binding I want.” don't!” “I have no intention whatever of going out “If I had ever so much money,” said Sarah for your convenience, thank you!” said Hester, severely, “I shouldn't think it right to spend laughing angrily. “I am going into the garden, what Lady Edith does on her dress.” and you can come or not, as you please.” She “Oh, wouldn't you!” said Hester, with a opened the French window, as she spoke, and laugh and a yawn. “Just give me the chance stepped out. that's all!” Then she turned her head. “Lulu! “Has Mamma heard from that Paris woman you mustn't eat any more toffy!”. and she yet?" asked Lulu, looking after Hester, who was flung out a mischievous hand and captured a now standing on the lawn, playing with a terrier box that was lying on the table, before a girl who puppy she had lately brought home as a gift was sitting near it with a book could abstract from a neighbouring farmer - much to Lady from it another square of toffy. Fox-Wilson's annoyance. Hester had an ab- “Give it me!” said Lulu, springing up and surd way of making friends with the most making for her assailant. Hester laughingly unsuitable people, and they generally gave her resisted, and they wrestled for the box a little, things. till Hester suddenly let it go. "The Rector expected to hear to-day." “Take it, then — and good luck to you! I "I don't believe she'll go,” said Lulu, begin- 587 588 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL ning again on the toffy. She was a heavily their drawing-master. She could chatter, on made girl of twenty, with sleepy eyes and a dull occasion, so that a roomful of people instinct- complexion. She took little exercise, was inor-ively listened. And she had read voraciously, dinately fond of sweet things, helped her mother especially poetry, where they were content with a little in the housekeeping, and was intimately picture-papers and the mildest of novels. Hester acquainted with all the gossip of the village. brought nothing to perfection; but there could So was Sarah; but her tongue was sharper than be no question that in every aspect of life she was Lulu's, and her brain quicker. She was, there- constantly making, in comparison with her fam- fore, the unpopular sister; while for Lulu her ily, a dashing or dazzling effect all the more acquaintances felt rather a contemptuous in- striking because of the unattractive milieu out dulgence. Sarah had had various love affairs of which it sprang. which had come to nothing, and was regarded as The presence of Lady Fox-Wilson, in par- "disappointed" in the village. Lulu was not ticular, was needed to show these contrasts interested in young men, and had never yet been at their sharpest. observed to take any trouble to capture one. As Hester still raced about the lawn with the So long as she was allowed sufficient sixpenny dog, that lady came round the corner of the novels to read and enough sweet things to eat, house, with a shawl over her head, and beckoned she was good-humoured enough, and could do to the girl at play. Hester carelessly looked kind things on occasion for her friends. Sarah round. was rarely known to do kind things; but as her “What do you want, Mamma?” woman friends were much more afraid of her “There is a letter from Paris by the second than of Lulu, she was in general treated with post. Come here; I want to speak to you." much more consideration. Hester ran across the lawn in wide curves, Still, it could not be said that Lady Fox- playing with the dog, and arrived, laughing and Wilson was to be regarded as blessed in either of breathless, beside the newcomer. Edith Fox- her two elder daughters. And her sons were Wilson was a small, withered woman in a widow's quite frankly a trouble to her. The eldest, cap, who more than looked her age, which was Sarah's junior by a year and a half, had just not far from fifty. She had been pretty in left Oxford suddenly and ignominiously, without youth, and her blue eyes were still appealing, a degree, and was for the most part loafing at especially when she smiled. But she did not home. The youngest, a boy of fifteen, was sup- smile often, and she had the expression of one posed to be delicate, and had been removed from perpetually protesting against all the agencies school by his mother on that account. He, — this-worldly or other-worldly — that had the too, was at home, and a tutor who lodged in the control of her existence. Her weak fretfulness village was understood to be preparing him for depressed all the vitalities near her; only Hester the Civil Service. He was a pettish and spite- resisted. ful lad, and between him and Hester existed "Well?" said Hester, a note of something perpetual feud. that might be either mockery or defiance in But, indeed, Hester was at war with each her clear young voice. member of the family in turn — sometimes with “I wish you wouldn't romp with the puppy in all of them together. And it had been so from that way, Hester. He is always doing some her earliest childhood. They all felt that she damage to the flowers. I want to speak to you, despised them and the slow, lethargic tempera- because the Rector and I have just heard of a ment that was in most of them an inheritance very suitable place in Paris, and we should like from a father cast in one of the typical moulds to send you there as soon as possible. You had of British Philistinism. There was some insur- better read the letter. The Rector thinks the mountable division between her and them. In recommendations excellent." the first place, her beauty set her apart from the Hester looked at the speaker. rest; and beside her Sarah's sharp profile and “Do you know, Mamma,” she said slowly, round apple-red cheeks, or Lulu's clumsiness, "that I happen to be eighteen this week?” made, as both girls were secretly aware, an even “Why do you ask such silly questions? Of worse impression than they need have made. course I know!” And, in the next, there were in her strains of “Well, you see, it's rather important. Am romantic, egotistic ability to which nothing in I, or am I not, obliged to do what you and Mr. them corresponded. She could play, she could Meynell want me to do? I believe I'm not draw,- brilliantly, spontaneously, up to a cer- obliged. Anyway, I don't quite see how you're tain point, -- while neither Sarah nor Lulu could going to make me do it, if I don't want to.” stumble through a "piece" or produce anything “You can behave like a naughty, troublesome capable of giving the smallest satisfaction to girl, without any proper feeling, of course! - if MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 589 you choose," said Lady Fox-Wilson warmly. I'll tell you what I'll do." And, turning, she “But I trust you will do nothing of the kind. beckoned to the collie lazily sunning himself We are your guardians till you are twenty-one, on the drawing-room steps, and he sprang up, and you ought to be guided by us." gambolling about her. "Well, of course I can't be engaged to Stephen “Promise you won't meet that man!” said if you say I mayn't - because there's Stephen Lady Fox-Wilson, in agitation. to back you up. But, if Queen Victoria could “I believe he went up to Scotland to-day,” be a queen at eighteen, I don't see why I said Hester, laughing. “I haven't the smallest shouldn't be fit at eighteen to manage my own intention of meeting him. Come, Roddy!” wretched affairs! Anyway, 1 - am - not The eyes of the two met — in those of the going to Paris — unless I want to go. So I older woman impatience, a kind of cold exasper- don't advise you to promise that lady just yet. ation; in Hester's defiance. It was a strange If she keeps her room empty, you might have look to pass between a mother and daughter. to pay for it!” "Hester, you are really the plague of my life!" Hester wandered away down a wood walk cried Lady Fox-Wilson helplessly. “I try to into some fields that lay between the Fox- keep you the Rector tries to keep you — out Wilson property and the borders of the Chase. of mischief that any girl ought to be ashamed of It was a brilliant September afternoon, and the - and -" new grass in the shorn hayfields was vividly "What mischief?” demanded Hester peremp- green. The hills of the Chase in front were dyed torily. “Don't run into generalities, Mamma.” purple by the heather, while far to the left the “You know very well what mischief I mean!” colliery wheels and chimneys could be seen, and “I know that you think I shall be running she heard the rattle and hum of its machinery. away some day with Sir Philip Meryon!” said She pressed on and on through the fields. It was the girl, laughing, but with a fierce gleam in her evident that her brush with Lady Fox-Wilson eyes. “I have no intention at present of doing had left her by no means impassive. From anything of the kind; but if anything could time to time her breast heaved, her eyes winked make me do it, it would be the foolish way in furiously to keep back the tears, from which she which you and the others behave. I don't be- could save herself only by a wild burst of racing lieve the Rector ever told you to set Sarah and with Roddy. She passed on into a plantation of Lulu on to dog me wherever I go!" dark and closely woven trees, the path through "He told me you were not to be allowed to them almost lost in the magnificence of the meet that man; you won't promise me not to bracken. Beyond this, a short climb of broken meet him — and what can we do? You know slopes, and she was out on the bare heath, with what the Rector feels; you know that he spent the moorland wind blowing about her. an hour, yesterday, arguing and pleading with She sat down on a bank beneath a birch tree, you, when he had been up most of the night pre- twisted and tortured out of shape by the north- paring papers for the Commission. What's the westerly gales that swept the heath in winter. matter with you, Hester? Are you quite in All round her a pink and purple wilderness, with your right senses?" oases of vivid green and swaying grass. Nothing The girl had clasped her hands behind her in sight but a keeper's hut, and some grouse back, and stood with one foot forward, "on tip- butts far away; an ugly red building on the toe for a flight,” her young figure and radiant horizon, in the very middle of the heath — the look expressing the hot will that possessed her. Markborough isolation hospital; and round the At the mention of Meynell's name she clearly edge of the vast undulating plateau in all direc- hesitated, a frown crossed her eyes, her lip tions the faint smoke of the colliery chimneys. twitched. Then she said, with vehemence: But the colour of the heath was the marvel. “Who asked him to spend all that time? Not The world seemed stained in crimson, and in I! Let him leave me alone — he does not care every shade and combination of it. Close at twopence about me, and it's mere humbug and hand, the reds and pinks were diapered with hypocrisy, all his pretending to care." green and gold as the bilberries and the grasses “And your Aunt Alice! — who's always wor ran in and out of the heather; but on every shipped you? Why, she's just miserable about side the crimson spread and billowed to the horizon, covering the hollows and hills of the “She says exactly what you and Uncle Rich- Chase, absorbing all lesser tones into itself. ard tell her to say — she always has. Well, After the rain of the morning, the contours of I don't know about Paris, Mamma — l’ll think the heath, the distances of the plain, were un- about it. If you and Sarah will just let me be, naturally clear; and as the sunshine, the high I'll take Roddy for a stroll, and then after tea air, the freshly moving wind, played upon you!” 590 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL Hester, her irritation passed away in a sensu out by name as needing the special tutelage of ous delight. the Rector. So far as the Rector's guardianship "Why should I let them worry me? I won't! of the other children was concerned, it was almost I am here! I am alive! I am only eighteen - 1 a nominal thing. Another guardian had been am going to manage my life for myself, and get named in the will, Lady Fox-Wilson's elder out of this coil. Now, let me think!" brother, and practically everything that con- She slid downwards among the heather, her cerned the other children was settled by him, in face propped on her hands. Close beneath her concert with the mother. The Rector never eyes was an exquisite tuft of pink bell-heather interfered, was never, indeed, consulted, except intergrown with bunchberries. And while a whole on purely formal matters of business. But for vague series of thoughts and memories passed her -- for her only —Uncle Richard, as she always through her mind she was still vividly conscious called her guardian, was to be the master - the of the pink bells, the small bright leaves. Sen- tyrant! – close at hand. For so Sir Ralph had sation in her was exceptionally keen, whether · laid it down in his testamentary letter: “I com- for pleasure or pain. She knew it, and had often mend Hester to your special care. And in any coolly asked herself whether it meant that she difficulties that may arise in connection with would wear out, life and brain, quicker than her, I beg for our old friendship’s sake that you other people — burn faster to the socket. So will give my wife the help and counsel that she much the better if it did. will certainly need. She knows it is my wish What was it she really wanted? — what did she should rely entirely upon you." she mean to do? Proudly she refused to admit Why had he written such a letter? Since any other will in the matter. The thought of Sir Ralph's death, two years before, the story Meynell, indeed, touched some very sore and of it had got about; and the injustice, as she bitter chords in her mind, but it did not melt her. held, of her position under it had sunk deep She knew very well that she had nothing to into the girl's passionate sense, and made her blame her guardian for; that, year after year, infinitely more difficult to manage than she from her childhood up, she had repelled and re had been before. Of course, everybody said it sisted him, that her whole relation to him had was because of her temper, because of the been one of stubbornness and caprice. Well, constant friction between her and her father; there were reasons for it; she was not going to people believed the hateful things he used some- repent or change. times to say about her. Of late his conduct with regard to Stephen's Nor was it only the guardianship - there was proposal had stirred in her a kind of rage. It the money, too! Provision made for all of them was not that she imagined herself in love with by name, and nothing for her! She had made Stephen; but she had chosen to be engaged to Sarah show her a copy of the will — she knew! him, and that any one should affect to control Nothing, indeed, for any of them — the girls, at her in such a matter, should definitely and de- least — till Lady Fox-Wilson's death, or till they cidedly cross her will, was intolerable to her wild married; but nothing for her under any circum- pride. If Stephen had rebelled with her, she stances. might have fallen fiercely in love with him --- for “Well, why should there be?” Sarah had said. a month. But he had submitted — though it “You know, you'll have Aunt Alice's money. was tolerably plain what it had cost him; and She won't leave a penny to us.” all her careless liking for him, the fruit of years All very well! The money didn't matter; of very poorly requited devotion on his part, but to be singled out and held up to scorn by seemed to have disappeared in a night. your own father! Why shouldn't she be engaged at seventeen A flood of bitterness surged in the girl's heart. within two months of eighteen, in fact? Heaps And then they expected her to be a meek and of girls were. It was mere tyranny and non- obedient drudge to her mother and her elder sense. She recalled her interview with Mey- sisters — to open her mouth and take what they nell, in which the Rector had roused in her a new chose to send her. She might not be engaged to and deeper antagonism than any she had yet Stephen — for two years, at any rate; and yet, felt towards his efforts to control her. It was as if she amused herself with any one else, she was if he did not altogether believe in his own argu- to be packed off to Paris, to some house of de- ments, as if there were something behind which tention or other, under lock and key. she could not get at. But, if there were some Her cheeks flamed. When had she first come thing behind, she had a right to know it. She across Philip Meryon? Only the day before had a right to know the meaning of her father's that evening when Uncle Richard had found her extraordinary letter to Meynell — the letter at- fishing with him. She knew very well that he tached to his will, in which she had been singled was badly spoken of; trust Upcote Minor for MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 591 o gossip and scandal! Well, so was she! — they laugh behind her, his entreaties to her to stop. were outcasts together. Anyway, he was more She had reached the edge of the heath, where amusing to walk and talk with than her sis- the wood began, and the path ran winding down ters, or the dreadful young men they sometimes it, with banks of thick fern on either hand. gathered about them. Why shouldn't she walk If it had not been for the dog, she could have and talk with him? As if she couldn't protect slipped under the close-set trees, whence the herself! As if she didn't know a great deal light had already departed, and lain close amid more of the world than her stupid sisters did, the fern. But with Roddy — no chance! She who never read a book or thought of any- suddenly turned towards her pursuer, and, with thing beyond the tittle-tattle of their few her hand on the dog's neck, awaited him. local friends. “Caught - caught, by Jove!” cried Philip But Philip Meryon had read a few books, and Meryon, plunging to her through the fern. "Now, liked those that she liked. He could read what do you deserve - for running away?” French, too, as she could. And he had lent her “A gentleman would not have tried to catch some French books, which she had read eagerly, me!” she said haughtily, as she faced him, with at night or in the woods - wherever she could dilating nostrils. be alone and unobserved. Why shouldn't she “Take care! Don't be rude to me - I shall read them? There was one among them, take my revenge!” "Julie de Trécoeur," by Octave Feuillet, that As he spoke, Meryon was fairly dazzled, in- still seemed running, like a great emotion, toxicated, by the beauty of the vision before through her veins. The tragic leap of Julie, him — this angry wood-nymph, half vanishing as she sets her horse to the cliff and thunders like another Daphne into the deep fern amid to her death, was always in Hester's mind. which she stood. But, at the same time, he It was so that she herself would like to die, was puzzled--and checked — by her expression. spurning submission and patience, and all the There was no mere provocation in it, no defiance humdrum virtues. that covers a yielding mind, but, rather, an She raised herself, and the dog beside her energy of will, a concentrated force, that held sprang up and barked. The sun was just drop- at bay a man whose will was the mere register ping below a bank of fiery cloud, and a dazzling of his impulses. and garish light lay on the red undulations of the “You forget," said Hester coolly, “that I have heath. As she stood up, she suddenly per- Roddy with me.” And, as she spoke, the dog ceived the figure of a man about a hundred yards crouching at her side poked up his slender nose off emerging from a gully - a sportsman with through the fern and growled. He did not like his gun over his shoulder. He had apparently Sir Philip. just parted from the group with whom he had Meryon looked upon her, smiling — his hands been shooting, and they were disappearing in on his sides. “Do you mean to say that when another direction! you ran you did not mean me to follow?" Philip Meryon! Now she remembered. He “On the contrary, if I ran, it was evidently and two other men had taken the shooting on because I wished to get away.” this side of the Chase. Honestly, she had for “Then you were very ungrateful and unkind; gotten it; honestly, her impression had been for I have in my pocket at this moment a book that he had gone to Scotland. But, of course, you asked me to get for you. That's what I none of her family would ever believe it. They get for trying to please you.” would insist that she had come out simply to “I don't remember that I asked you to get meet him. anything for me." What was she to do? She was in a white serge “Well, you said you would like to see it, dress, and with Roddy beside her, on that bare which — for me — was just the same. So, heath, she was an object easily recognised. In- when I went to London yesterday, I managed deed, as she hesitated, she heard a call in the to borrow it, and there it is.” He pointed distance, and saw that Meryon was waving to triumphantly to a yellow paper-bound volume her, and quickening his pace. Instantly, with sticking out of his coat pocket. “Of course, you a leaping pulse, she turned and fled, Roddy be- know George Sand is a sort of old Johnnie now; side her, barking his loudest. She ran along the nobody reads her. But that's your affair. Will rough track of the heath as if some vague, wild you have it?” He offered it. terror had been breathed into her by the local The excitement, the wild flush in the girl's Pan. She ran fleet and light as air - famous face, had subsided. She looked at the book, and as a runner from her childhood. But the man at the man holding it out. behind her had once been a fine athlete, and he “What is it?” She stooped to read the title, gained upon her fast. Soon she could hear his "Mauprat.” “What's it about?" 592 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL - your "Some nonsense about a cad tamed by a “So you think I'm only idle because I'm a sentimental young woman." He shrugged his failure?” he asked her, his tone betraying a cer- shoulders. “I tried to read it, and couldn't. tain irritation. But they say it's one of her best. If you want "I wonder why you are idle - and why you it, there it is.” are a failure?” she said, turning upon him a pair She took it reluctantly, and moved on along of considering eyes. the downward path, he following, and the dog “Take care, Mademoiselle!” he said, gasping beside them. a little. “I don't know why you allow yourself "Have you read the other book?” he asked these franchises!” her. “Because I am interested in you — rather. "Julie de Trécoeur'? Yes." Why won't the neighbourhood call on you? "What did you think of it?” Why do you have disreputable people to stay "It was magnificent!" she said shortly, with with you? It is all so foolish!” she said, with a quickened breath. “I shall get some more childish and yet passionate emphasis. “You by that man.” needn't do it!” "Well, you'd better be careful!" He laughed. Meryon had turned rather white. “I've got some others; but I didn't want to “When you grow a little older,” he said recommend them to you. Lady Fox-Wilson severely, "you will know better than to believe wouldn't exactly approve." all the gossip you hear. I choose the friends “I don't tell Mamma what I read.” The that suit me and the life, too. My friends girl's young voice sounded sharply beside him are mostly artists and actors; they are quite in the warm autumnal dusk. “But if you content to be excluded from Upcote society — lent me anything you oughtn't to lend me, I so am I. I don't gather you are altogether in would never speak to you again!” love with it yourself.” He looked at her mock- Meryon gave a low whistle. ingly. “My goodness! — I shall have to mind my “If it were only Sarah -- or Mamma -" she p’s and q's. I don't know that I ought to have said doubtfully. lent you Julie de Trécoeur,' if it comes to that." "You mean, I suppose, that Meynell “Why not?” Hester turned her great, as- precious guardian, my very amiable cousin tonished eyes upon him. “One might as well allows himself to make all kinds of impertinent not read Byron as not read that.” statements about me. Well, you'll understand “H’m - I don't suppose you read all some day that there's no such bad judge of men Byron.” He threw her an audacious look. as a clergyman. When he's not ignorant he's “As much as I want to,” she said indiffer- prejudiced, and when he's not prejudiced he's ently. “Why aren't you in Scotland?” ignorant." “Because I had to go to London instead. A sudden remorse swelled in Hester's mind. Beastly nuisance! But there was some business "He's not prejudiced! - he's not ignorant! I couldn't get out of." How strange that you and he should be cousins!” "Debts?" she said, raising her eyebrows. “Well, we do happen to be cousins. And I've The self-possession of this child of eighteen no doubt you would like me to resemble him. was really amazing. Not a trace in her manner Unfortunately, I can't accommodate you. If I of timidity or tremor. In spite of her flight am to take a relation for a model, I prefer a very from him, he could not flatter himself that different sort of person — the man from whom he had made any impression on her nerves; I inherited Sandford. But Richard, I am sure, whereas her beauty and her provocative way never approved of him, either.” were beginning to tell deeply on his own. “Who was he? I never heard of him.” And, "Well, I daresay!” His laugh was as frank with the words, Hester carelessly turned her as her question. "I'm generally in straits." head to look at a squirrel that had run across the “Why don't you do some work and earn glade and was now peeping at the pair from the money?" she asked him, frowning. first fork of an oak tree. "Frankly — because I dislike work.” "My uncle? Well, he was an awfully fine “Then why did you write a play?” fellow - whatever Meynell may say. If the “Because it amused me. But if it had been abbey wasn't taboo, I could show you a por- acted and made money, and I had had to write trait of him there, by a Frenchman, that's a su- another, that would have been work, and I perb thing. He was the best fencer in England, should probably have loathed it." and one of the best shots. He had a beautiful "That I don't believe,” she said, shaking her voice — he could write — he could do anything head. “One can always do what succeeds. he pleased. Of course, he got into scrapes It's like pouring petrol into the motor.” such men do; and if Richard ever talked to MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 593 a you about him, of course he'd crab him. All indifferent astonishment. "People say such the same, if one must be like one's relations, absurd things! Heaps of people think I am which is, of course, quite unnecessary, - I should like Uncle Richard — not complimentary, is prefer to take after Neville than after Richard." it? I hope Sir Neville was better looking. “What was his name?" And anyway I am no relation of either of “Neville — Sir Neville Flood." Hester them." looked puzzled. "Well! — if you want the “Neville and Richard were often mistaken whole genealogical tree -- here it is! There for each other — though Neville was a deal was a Sir Ralph Flood, my grandfather, a handsomer than old Richard. However, regular bad lot – oh! I assure you, the family nobody can account for likenesses. If you history doesn't give me much of a chance! come to think of it, we all are descended from He came from Lincolnshire originally, hav- a small number of people. But it has often ing made the country too hot to hold him, struck me.” He looked at her again attentively. and bought the Abbey, which he meant to “The setting of the ear and the upper lip restore and never did. He worried his wife and the shape of the brow. I shall bring you into her grave, and she left him three children: a photograph of the picture." Neville, who succeeded his father, and two “What does it matter?” said Hester impa- daughters - Meynell's mother, who was a good tiently. “Besides, I am going away directly — deal older than Neville, and married Colonel to Paris.” Meynell, as he was then; and my mother, who “To Paris — why and wherefore?” was much the youngest, and died three years “To improve my French and” she ago. I was only thirteen when Sir Neville was turned and looked him in the face, laughing drowned “to make sure I don't go walks with you!” “Drowned?” He was silent a moment, twisting his lip. Meryon explained that Sir Neville Flood had “When do you go?” lost his life in a storm on an Irish lough "In a week or two - when there's room for queer business, which no one had ever quite got me." to the bottom of. Many people had talked of He drew a long breath. suicide. There was no doubt he was in very “A little respite, then time for a few more low spirits just before it happened. He was talks. Read ‘Mauprat,' and tell me how you unhappily married, mainly through his own like it! And, listen - you think I'm so idle; fault. His wife could certainly have got a di- but I've never told you yet - I've nearly vorce from him if she had applied for it. But finished another play. I can't show you the very soon after she had separated from Flood whole of it; it's not a play for jeunes filles. But she became a Catholic, and nothing would I could read you a few scenes - that might induce her to divorce him. And against her interest you. You shall criticise them! The there was never a breath. It was said, of managers are all after it. It's going to be a huge course, that he was in love with some one success! Can we meet — can I read you some?” else, and broken-hearted that his wife refused Her face had kindled, answering to the vivac- to lend herself to a divorce. But nobody ity, the peremptoriness, in his. Her vanity knew anything was flattered, at last; and he saw it. "And, by Jove, I wonder why I'm telling you “Send me a line!” he said under his breath. all these shady tales! You oughtn't to know “That little school-room maid — is she safe?” anything about such things," Meryon broke off "Quite!" said Hester, also under her breath, suddenly. and smiling. Hester's beautiful mouth made a scornful "You beautiful creature!" He spoke with movement. low intensity. “You lovely, wild thing!" “I'm not a baby and I intend to know “Take care!” Hester sprang away from him what's true. I should like to see that picture.” as he put out an incautious hand. “Come, “What — of Sir Neville?” Roddy! Good night!" Meryon eyed her curiously, as they strolled In a flash the gloom of the wood closed upon on through the arched green of the woodland. her, and she was gone. Every now and then there were openings, through which poured a fiery sun, illuminating VIU Hester's face and form. “Do you know,” he said at last, "there is a SEPTEMBER was near its end; and the Com- most strange likeness between you and that mission of Enquiry into the alleged heresies and picture?" irregularities of the Rector of Upcote Minor “Me!" Hester opened her eyes in half- was sitting at Markborough. 594 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL The meetings of the Commission were held in London, conferring with Cabinet Ministers on the library of the Cathedral, once a collegiate educational reform; while the women-folk of the church of the Cluniac order. All trace of the Chapter pitied his wife, whose subdued or trem- great monastery formerly connected with it had ulous aspect certainly suggested that the Dean's disappeared, except for the library and a vaulted critical and sarcastic temper sharpened itself at room below it which now made a passageway home for conflicts abroad. from the deanery to the north transept. On the Dean's right hand sat Canon Dornal, The library offered a worthy setting for high a man barely forty, who owed his canonry to the themes. The walls were, of course, wreathed in herculean work he had done for fourteen years the pale golds and dignified browns of old books. in a South London parish — work that he never A light gallery ran round three sides of the would have relinquished for the comparative room, while a large Perpendicular window at ease of the Markborough precincts but for a sud- the farther end contained the armorial bear- den failure in health, which had pulled him up ings of various benefactors of the see. Beneath in mid-career and obliged him to think of his the window was a bookcase containing several wife and children. He had insisted, however, chained books a Vulgate, a St. Augustine, the on combining with his canonry a small living Summa of St. Thomas -precious possessions, in the town, where he could still slave as he and famous in the annals of early printing. And, pleased; and his sermons in the Cathedral were wherever there was a space of wall left free, pic- generally held to be, next to the personality of tures or engravings of former bishops and digni- the Bishop, all that was noblest in Markborough taries connected with the Cathedral enforced Christianity. His fine head, still instinct with the message and meaning of the room. the energy of youth, was covered with strong A seemly, even beautiful, place — pleasantly black hair; dark brows shadowed Cornish blue scented with old leather, and filled on this Sep- eyes, in general simple, tranquil, almost naïf, tember afternoon with the sunshine which, on until there rushed into them the passionate or the Chase, was at the same moment kindling the tender feeling that was in truth the heart of the heather into a blood-red magnificence. Here man. The mouth and chin were rather promi- the light slipped in gently, subdued to the quiet nent, and, when at rest, severe. He was a man note and standard of the old library. in whom conscience was a. gadfly, remorseless The Dean was in the chair. He was a man of and tormenting. He was himself overstrained, seventy, who had only just become an old man, and his influence sometimes produced in others submitting with difficulty, even with resent a tension on which they looked back with re- ment, to the weight of his years. He wore a sentment. But he was a saint, open, pure, and green shade over his eyes, beneath which his loving as a child, but often tempest-driven long, sharp nose and pointed chin — in the vir- with new ideas, since he possessed at once the tual absence of the eyes — showed with peculiar imagination that frees a man from tradition emphasis. He was of heavy build, and suffered and the piety that clings to it. from chronic hoarseness. In his youth he had Beside him sat a university professor, the been a Broad-Churchman and a Liberal, had young holder of an important chair, who had the then.passed, through stages mysterious to his face, the smile, the curly hair of a boy of twenty oldest friends, into an actively dogmatic and or appeared to have them, till you came to ecclesiastical phase. It was rumoured that he notice the subtleties of the mouth and the crow's- had had strange spiritual experience; a "vision” feet that had gathered round the eyes. And the was whispered. But all that was really known paradox of his aspect only repeated the paradox was that from an "advanced” man, in the Lib- within. His "Studies in the Gospels,” recently eral sense, he had become champion of high published, would have earned him excommuni- orthodoxy in the Chapter, and an advocate of cation under any Pope; yet no one was a more disestablishment as the only means of restoring rigid advocate of tests and creeds, or could be “Catholic liberty” to the Church. His enemies, more eloquent in defence of damnatory clauses. of whom he had not a few, brought various The clergy who admired and applauded him did charges against him. It was said that he was not read his books. It was rumoured, indeed, a worldling with an undue leaning to notabili- that there were many things in them that were ties. And, indeed, in every gathering, social or unsound; but the rumour only gave additional ecclesiastical, the track of the Dean's conversa- zest to the speeches in which, at Church con- tion sufficiently indicated the relative impor- gresses and elsewhere, he flattered clerical preju- ance of the persons present. Others declared dice and encouraged clerical ignorance. To that, during his long tenure of a country living, him there was no more "amusing” study – he had left the duties of it mainly to a curate, using'amusing" in the French sense as meaning and had found it more interesting to live in something that keeps a man intellectually happy MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 595 and awake — than the study of the Gospels. he said slowly, “will be thrown against disestab- They presented an endless series of riddles, and lishment. There comes the dividing line be- riddles were what he liked. But the scientific tween it and the past. I say again, we have treatment of these riddles had, according to him, missed our chance. If the High-Churchmen nothing to do with the discipline of the Church; had known their own minds — if they had and to the discipline of the Church this young joined hands boldly with the Liberation society man with the old eyes and mouth was rigorously and struck off, the State fetters — we should at attached. He was a bachelor, and a man of least have been left in quiet possession of what means — facts which, taken together with his remained to us. We should not have been literary reputation and his agreeable aspect, exposed to this treachery from within. Or, at made him welcome among women, of which he least, we should have made short work of it.” was well aware. "That means that you take for granted we The Archdeacon, Dr. Froswick, and the should have kept our endowments and our Rural Dean, Mr. Brathay, who completed the churches?” said Canon Dornal. Commission of Enquiry, were both men of The Dean flushed. middle age: the Archdeacon fresh-coloured and “We have been called a nation of shop- fussy, a trivial, kindly person of no great account; keepers,” he said vehemently, “but nobody has the Rural Dean broad-shouldered and square- ever called us a nation of thieves.” faced, a silent, trustworthy man, much beloved The Canon was silent. Then his eye caught in a small circle. the bulky manuscript report lying before the A pile of books, manuscripts, and letters lay Dean, and he made a restless movement, as if at the chairman's right hand. On the blotting- the sight of it displeased him. pad before him was the voluminous written re “The demonstrations the papers report this port of the Commission, which awaited only the morning are not all on one side," said the Rural signatures of the Commissioners and — as to Dean slowly, but cheerfully, as if from a rather one paragraph in it - a final interview with unsatisfactory reverie this fact had emerged. Meynell himself, which had been fixed for noon. “No; there seems to have been something Business was now practically over till he ar- like a riot at Darwen's church,” observed the rived, and conversation had become general. Archdeacon. “What can they expect? You “You have seen the leader in the Oracle this don't outrage people's dearest feelings for noth- morning?" asked the Archdeacon, nervously ing. The scandal and misery of it! Of course biting his quill. “Perfectly monstrous, I think! we shall put it down - but the Church won't I shall withdraw my subscription." recover for a generation. And all that this “With the Oracle," said the professor, “it will handful of agitators may advertise themselves be a mere question of success or failure. At and their opinions!” present they are inclined to back the rebellion.” Canon Dornal frowned and fidgeted. “And not much wonder!” put in the Dean's “We must remember," he said, “that it is not hoarse voice. “The news this morning is un- only their opinion; they have the greater part of commonly bad. Four more men joined the European theology behind them.” League here - a whole series of League meet "European theology!” cried the Archdeacon. ings in Yorkshire! — half the important news- “I suppose you mean German theology?” papers gone over or neutral -- and a perfectly “The same thing," said the Canon, smiling scandalous speech from the Bishop of Dun- a little sadly. chester!” “And what on earth does German theology "I thought we should hear of Dunchester matter to us?” retorted the Archdeacon. before long!” said the professor, with a sarcastic “Haven't we got theologians of our own? What lip. “Anything that annoys his brethren has his have the Germans ever done but set up one constant support. But, if the Church allows mare's nest after another, for us to set right? a Socinian to be put over her, she must take the They've no sooner launched some cock-sure consequences!” theory or other than they have to give it up. “What can the Church do?" said the Dean, I don't read German,” said the Archdeacon shrugging his shoulders. “If we had accepted hastily, “but that's what I understand from the disestablishment years ago, Dunchester would Church papers.” never have been a bishop. And now we may Silence for a moment. The professor looked have missed our chance.' at the ceiling, a smile twitching the corners of “Of what?" Canon Dornal looked up. “Of his mouth. The green shade concealed the disestablishment?" Dean's expression. He also knew no German, The Dean nodded. but it did not seem necessary to say so. Canon “The whole force of this Liberal movement,” Dornal looked uncomfortable. 596 MEYNELL THE CASE OF RICHARD “Do you see who it was that protected Dar The Dean took a volume from the pile beside wen from the roughs outside his church?” he him, and opened it at a marked page. said presently. "Before concluding our report to the Bishop, Brathay looked up. Mr. Meynell, we wished to have your explana- “A party of Wesleyans? — class-leaders? . tion of an important passage in one of your Yes, I saw. Oh, Darwen has always been on recent sermons; and you have been kind enough excellent terms with the dissenters!” to meet us with a view to giving us that explana- “Meynell, too,” said the professor. “That, tion. Will you be so good as to look at the of course, is their game. Meynell has always passage?" gone for the inclusion of the dissenters." He handed the book to Meynell, who read it “Well, it was Arnold's game!" said the Canon, in silence. The few marked sentences con- his look kindling. “Don't let's forget that. cerned the Resurrection: Meynell's dream is not unlike his to include “These Resurrection stories have for our own everybody that would be included.” days mainly a symbolic, perhaps one might call "Except the Unitarians,” said the professor, it a sacramental importance. They are the 'out- with emphasis — “the deniers of the Incar- ward and visible' sign of an inward mystery. nation. Arnold drew the line there. So As a simple matter of fact the continuous life of must we.” the spirit of Christ in mankind began with the He spoke with a crisp and smiling decision death of Jesus of Nazareth. The Resurrection as of one in authority. All kinds of assumptions beliefs, so far as we can see, were the natural lay behind his manner. Dornal looked at him means by which that life was secured.” with a rather troubled and hostile eye. This “Are we right in supposing, Mr. Meynell,” whole matter of the coming trial was to him said the Dean slowly, “that in those sentences deeply painful. He would have given anything you meant to convey that the Resurrection nar- to avoid it; but he did not see how it could be ratives of the New Testament were not to be avoided. The extraordinary spread of the move- taken as historical fact, but merely as mythical ment had, indeed, made it impossible. or legendary?” At this moment one of the vergers of the “The passage means, I think, what it says, Cathedral entered the room to say that Mr. Mr. Dean.” Meynell was waiting below. The Dean di "It is not, strictly speaking, logically incom- rected that he should be shown up, and the patible,” said the professor, bending forward whole Commission dropped their conversational with a suave suggestiveness, “with acceptance air and sat expectant. of the statement in the Creed?” Meynell came in rather hastily, brushing his Meynell threw him a slightly perplexed look, hair back from his forehead. He shook hands and did not reply immediately. The Dean with the Dean and the Archdeacon, and bowed sharply interposed: to the other members of the Commission. As “Do you in fact accept the statements of the he sat down, the Archdeacon, who was very sen- Creed? In that case we might report to the sitive to such things, and was himself a model of Bishop that you felt you had been misinter- spick-and-spanness, noticed that the Rector's preted — and would withdraw the sermon coat was frayed, and one of the buttons loose. complained of, in order to allay the scandal it Ann, indeed, was not a very competent valet of has produced?” her master; and nothing but a certain aesthetic Meynell looked up. element in Meynell preserved him from a degree “No,” he said quietly, "no; I shall not of personal untidiness that might perhaps have withdraw the sermon. Besides," — the faintest been excused in a man alternating, hour by hour, gleam of a smile seemed to flit through the between his study-table and the humblest prac- speaker's tired eyes,—“that is only one of so tical tasks among his people. many passages.” The other members of the Commission ob There was a moment's silence. Then Canon served him attentively. Perhaps all, in their Dornal said: different ways and degrees, were conscious of “Many things — many different views change in him — the change wrought insensibly as we all know, are permitted, must be per- in a man by some high pressure of emotion and mitted, nowadays. But the Resurrection - is responsibility, the change that makes a man a vital!” leader of his fellows, consecrates and sets him “The physical fact?” said Meynell gently. apart. Canon Dornal watched him with a secret His look met that of Dornal; some natural sympathy and pity. The Archdeacon said to sympathy seemed to establish itself at once be- himself, with repugnance, that Meynell now had tween them. the look of a fanatic, "The historical fact. If you could see your way MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 597 to withdraw some of the statements in these are ready. Then will come the appeal to the volumes on this particular subject, much relief Privy Council. That may take some time.” would be given to many – many wounded “You see the wild talk in some of the papers consciences.” this morning," said the professor, interposing, The voice was almost pleading. The Dean “about a Modernist resolution in Convocation, moved abruptly in his chair. Dornal's tone and a simultaneous appeal to Parliament to was undignified and absurd. Every page of 'bring the Articles of the Church of England the book teemed with heresy. into accordance with modern knowledge.' If But Meynell was for the moment aware only there is any truth in it, there may be an Arma- of his questioner. He leaned across the table geddon before us." as if addressing him alone. Dornal looked at him with distaste. The “To us, too — the Resurrection is vital — the speaker's light tone, the note of relish in it, as of transposition of it, I mean — from the natural, one delighting in the drama of life, revolted him. or physical — to the spiritual order.” On coming out of the Cathedral library, Dornal did not, of course, attempt to argue. Dornal walked across to the Cathedral and en- But, as Meynell met the sensitive melancholy of tered. He found his way to a little chapel of his look, the Rector remembered that in the St. Oswald on the north side, where he was often preceding year Dornal had lost a little son, a wont to sit or kneel for ten minutes' quiet in a delicate, gifted child, to whom he had been busy day. As he passed the north transept he peculiarly attached. And Meynell with quick saw a figure sitting motionless in the shadow, sympathy realised in a moment the haunted and realized that it was Meynell. imagination of the other — the dear ghost that The silence of the great Cathedral closed lived there, and the hopes that grouped them- round him. He was conscious of nothing but selves about it. his own personality, and, as it seemed, of Mey- A long wrestle folowed between Meynell and nell's. They two seemed to be alone together the professor. But Meynell could not be in- in a world outside the living world. Dornal duced to soften or recant anything. He would could not define it, save that it was a world of often say, indeed, with an eager frown, when reconciled enmities and contradictions. The confronted with some statement of his own, sense of it alternated with a disagreeable recollec- “That was badly put! It should be so-and- tion of the table in the library, and the men sit- so.” And then would follow some vivid cor- ting round it, especially the cherubic face of the rection or expansion, which sometimes left the professor - the thought, also, of the long, signed matter worse than before. The hopes of the document that reported the heresy of Meynell. Archdeacon, for one set of reasons, and of Dor He had been quite right to sign it. His soul nal for another, that some bridge of retreat went out in a passionate adhesion to the beliefs might be provided by the interview, died away. on which his own life was built. Yet, still, the The Dean had never hoped anything, and Mr. strange reconciling sense flowed in and round Brathay sat open-mouthed and aghast, while him, like the washing of a pure stream. He was Meynell's voice and personality drove home certain that the Eternal Word had been made ideas and audacities that on the printed page flesh in Jesus of Nazareth, had died, and risen, were but dim to him. Why had the Anglican and been exalted; that the Church was now the world been told, for the last fifteen years, that mysterious channel of his risen life. He must, the whole critical onslaught, especially the Ger- in mere obedience and loyalty, do battle for man onslaught, was a beaten and discredited that certainty — guard it as the most precious thing? It seemed to him terribly alive! thing in life for those that should come after. Nevertheless, he was conscious that there was The library door opened again, and Meynell in him none of the righteous anger, none of the disappeared, ceremoniously escorted to the moral condemnation, that his father or grand- threshold by the professor. When that gentle- father might have felt in the same case. As man was seated again, the Dean addressed the far as feeling went, nothing divided him from meeting: Meynell. They two across the Commission “A most unsatisfactory interview! There is table as accuser and accused — had recog- nothing for it, I fear, but to send in our report nised, each in the other, the man of faith. The unaltered to the Bishop. I must, therefore, ask same forces played on both, mysteriously link- you to append your signatures.” ing them, as the same sea links the headland All signed, and the meeting broke up. that throws back its waves with the harbour "Do you know at all when the case is likely to that receives them. come on?” said Dornal to the Dean. Meynell, too, was conscious of Dornal as "In about a month. The Letters of Request somewhere near him in the still beautiful place, 598 KATHARINE TYNAN but only vaguely. He was storm-beaten by the village Mrs. Flaxman was beginning to give him labour and excitement of the preceding weeks, generous help; the parish nurse was started. and these moments of rest in the Cathedral were And sometimes, when she came to consult, her sometimes all that enabled him to go through niece was with her, and Meynell, while talking his day. He endeavoured often, at such times, to the aunt, either of his people or of the prog- to keep his mind merely vacant and passive, ress of the heresy campaign, was always keenly avoiding especially the active religious thoughts aware of the girlish figure beside her - of the that were more than brain and heart could con- quick, shy smile, the voice and its tones. tinuously bear. “One cannot always think of She was with him in spirit — that he knew it - one must not!” he would say to himself passionately knew. But the barriers between impatiently. And then he would offer himself them were surely insurmountable. Her sym- eagerly to the mere Sensuous impressions of pathy with him was like some warm, stifled the Cathedral - its beauty, its cool prismatic thing - some chafing bird “beating up against spaces, its silences. the wind.” He did so to-day, though always conscious, As for him, he no longer tried to put love beyond the beauty and the healing quiet, of the from him, in the name of his high enterprise. mysterious presence on which he “propped his In the silence of the Cathedral his longing came soul." back upon him, transformed; and his heart Conscious, too, of a dear human presence, opened to it. It was hopeless, but it enriched closely interwoven now with his sense of things his life. For it was fused with all that held him ineffable. to his task, all that was divinest and sincerest in Latterly he had not been without some scanty himself. opportunities of meeting Mary Elsmere. In One of the great bells of the Cathedral struck Miss Puttenham's drawing-room, whither the the quarter. His trance of communion and of common anxiety about Hester had drawn him rest broke up. He rose abruptly and left the on many occasions, he had chanced once or Cathedral for the crowded streets outside, think- twice on Miss Puttenham's new friend. In the ing hard, as he walked, of quite other things. TO BE CONTINUED FRUITION BY KATHARINE TYNAN HE year's at flowering time, Beauty's full — at her prime. The night is ours and Love's. All passes! There's a voice in the myrtle groves. T! Love, love me forever! The leaves tremble and shiver. Syringa's heavy with sweet. All passes! There's a stirring of hidden feet. Love, did you speak or say Aught? The wind is at play. The nightingale is still. All passes! The dews: are the dews so chill? Why is your cheek so white, White Love, on our wedding-night? See — joy long waited for! All passes! The wind sighed: nothing more. A LOST JOB and elevator man in the New York door. BY ARTHUR E. MCFARLANE 'IS name was, happily, William Joy. what they brought with them! Before entering, He was lean of nose and heavy of they had delayed, to study the excavation work countenance. He was, at any time, for the beautiful new twelve-story Friedberger the most uneven-tempered freight Building which the boss was putting up next Covering New York's famous founda- loft zone; and on this particular Monday morn- tion rock of “hard blue” there is a layer of ing - after the events of the day before! Fur- mucky clay which might with like accuracy be thermore, it was in the August hot spell. described as “soft red.” It was some of that On the fifth and sixth floors of the Friedberger "soft red”— about half a pound of it — that Building, shirt-waists, ties, and hats were con- those two expressmen brought in. They brought structed — above all, hats. It was evident it in upon their boots, and, observing that they that the young ladies who constructed those had, a natural niceness of feeling led them to hats had had their pick, and picked the largest. kick it off against the sides of the cage. When the fourteenth had been crowded in, a To tell what happened next would only delay twenty-inch flamingo feather wiped William the action of this story — as, indeed, it very across the mouth. considerably delayed the action of the car. The “Sure!” he said. “Sure! If you want, I'll essential point is that the next person to enter keep my head outside.”, was Mr. Friedberger himself. “Bill — the - Grouch !” Mr. Samuel Friedberger was a good boss and "Every Mon-day morn-ing!" a good landlord. He owned both the building “My, girls, but wouldn't you like to have him and the industries on the first, fifth, and sixth, for a man!” where they made (and wore) the hats. And “Lord! it ain't because I want to talk to you.” he possessed all that good nature which comes And he dropped down to resume a conversation to so many of his race with prosperity, the laying that he had already brought to a very gratifying on of fat, and the increase of years. As he had stage with Dutch, the engineer. once told the Y. M. H. A. (the Young Men's “An' you couldn't give me any power, could Hebrew Association), the one reason why he al- you? I can pull her up with my hands?” ways got along so well with his employees was Dutch was thickly and ponderously German. that he always had some pleasant words to say His repartee came the year after. He looked to them: even if he had to wait and think of impotently at “Bill the Grouch," and went on them, he always had some pleasant words to say. burning his cotton waste. And for six years he had been able to get along “That's a fine pile of castin's, too, you've left with even Bill the Grouch. He appeared, in- on the second. They'd ought to help a lot deed, to have a strong affection for him. when the trucks come round.” Now he said a warmingly pleasant “Goot Dutch's mouth kept opening and closing like mornin', William." the gills of an air-strangled fish. William made no reply. “An' my gate - I can get it open once in a "I see you got a liddle mud in your car, while now, so no need to trouble no more about hey?” that." “Yes, I got a little mud in her.” And then, with one exploding “Gott!” Dutch “Guite a lot, there is.” clutched his shovel and ran for him. “Yes, quite a lot. Maybe it looks as if I'd “All right! All right! Let it all come on me.” fetched it in myself?” It was perhaps fifteen minutes later that, caps “Himmel, no! No, no, no, no, no!" back and stamping-pencils between hair and And, when Mr. Friedberger came down, feel- car, two expressmen shoved into the car. And ing that William might still misunderstand him, 599 600 A LOST JOB 9) 19 no more now “I only sboke of that mud,” he said, “because, William had found his way back to the entrance- joost w'en I'm comin'in hall; and then he had his first meeting with the William continued to look the other way with irresponsible youth of the weak eye. a set expression. This, had Mr. Friedberger been any other “Mein Gott! neffer in all my life did I have man, would have made him a trifle angry. sotch a man! I-I was willin' to take you As it was, when, five minutes afterward, he back. I might of been glad to. But after sotch had occasion to go up again, “W'en I sboke of a times as this that mud, I want to say, William, I sboke of it “Sure, get a cop. It'd be no more'n I was goot-tempered. I didn't sbeak of it lookin' for. Sure!” And William started out “My Lord, boss, I been tryin' to find my first. broom. I can't They were half way to the corner when they “I didn't say nottings aboud no broom. W'en were stopped by a shout,- a shout from above I sboke of that mud their heads,- and then a sound like the popping But again they were at his floor, and William of a paper bag - only it would have been a very threw the gate open. large paper bag. They gaped back and up. On Apparently there was one place in which the third floor of the Friedberger Building, a William hadn't looked for his broom; for, when gray-green smoke was whiffing from every open Mr. Friedberger reëntered the car to descend, window. The whole street was shouting now. William was using it with an ostentatious Mr. Friedberger ran on, choked, and — there particularity. was a box at the corner wrenched in an alarm. “Mein Gott !” said Mr. Friedberger, in a Bill the Grouch pelted back, half sliding the quiver. “W'at — w'at needs of that? W'en I length of the hall in his momentum. The girls sboke of that mud of the first were already out; and those of the “Well, when you'd spoke of it three second and third were fighting their way down times after them. But they had not come by the Mr. Friedberger waved his hands. He spoke elevator. It arrived now, on the drop; and, because he could not speak save for the youth with the weak eye, it was until they had reached the bottom. And then, absolutely empty. He may have intended the "1- I want you should know, William, I'm heroic, but he did not look it. puttin' some resdraints on myself “Get to William did not finish the "Why, I don't know why you need to. phrase, but he threw the youth out after the You're the boss. I been runnin' this car about screaming girls. His towel and soap, which he six years now, but if I ain't runnin' it right — if was still carrying, went into the other corner of I ain't keepin' it clean enough the car. And he sent the car up hand over “Gott in Himmel! I don't - W'en I sboke - hand, as if he were climbing his cable. 1- I am the boss! That's w’at I am! And What had caused the explosion was one of you --you" — he summoned up all his strength those things that come out — or are carefully for it "you're fired!” concealed — in the fire inquest that follows. Enough that the third was occupied by a com- “Hass hass he gome back yet — no?” pany that manufactured antique copper work Again Mr. Friedberger had gone down to confer and brasses, and packed them in salt hay and with Dutch, and he asked it eagerly. excelsior. Some of the antiquers got to the He had had Dutch go out to the employment stairs around the elevator-shaft, and so down. agencies, to return with an irresponsible-looking The others, singed but otherwise unhurt, youth with roached hair and a weak eye, who, reached the fire-escape at the rear. But the in fact, was now running the car. open door and the open window that they left "Nein; he has not come back yet.” behind them drew two long, steadily belching "Well, well! I don't know why he wants to eddies of smoke that, for every one above them, act like that. Hass he anythings, maybe, that blocked both the stairs and the fire-escape. The he might have to gome back for?” elevator was the only way of escape. By William's basin there was a thin piece of As he passed the third floor, Bill the Grouch soap and a wet combination of wash-rag and slowed for one half second, long enough to make hand-towel. And it was precisely for that soap plain to him the physical impossibility of get- and towel - at any rate, so he informed Dutch ting to that chimneying door and closing it. that William did come back. The flames were now rapidly breaking out. Dutch at once, and acc ing to instructions. Then Bill lifted his car to the fourth floor. rushed upstairs to notify his worried chief. Hall and stairs were surging with hysterical But, unhappily, in the meantime the returned girls. Bill had only to clash his gate open and ( ARTHUR E. McFARLANE 601 let them rush in. All the while, in a flow of self — he knew that the streams always carried language that was cankeredly unbroken, he a current of cold air with them. “But — Gawd! dealt with the layout of the building, the manu as soon as they begin to hit this ironwork!” facturers of brass and copper, the uselessness of When water at a temperature of about forty the New York fire brigade, and the uselessness degrees hits steel elevator shafting at a tempera- of his car. It was not big enough, by half, for ture of some three hundred degrees, the latter its present work. is going to buckle, and, in all probability, the But he got his gate closed again at last. car is going to jam. It will hardly jam when "Cripes, what's the matter with you? Won't I weighted to capacity going down; but when it be comin' back?" is light, and going up And the jamming He came back. But he had been in fires be- will, of course, take place at the point where fore, and on the way up he did the one thing the fire is hottest. that would give him any chance of getting A second time, when they had got the girls through with it. Letting the car run itself, he out, the firemen tried to relieve him. A short, caught up that dirty wet towel of his, and grizzled man pushed in, like one having author- knotted it about his mouth and nose. ity. He was given elbow and knee hook, and He could not hear himself talking now; but all but went sprawling. his monologue went on internally: “I ain't doin' “Fer the love o' Mike, you fool! It's the this in three trips, nor yet in four. It'll take Dep'ty Chief!” two to a floor. An'— sure l'll have to jerk "Sure,” came thickly from behind the towel; them out, at that!” He was already at the “an' he'll get a shot in the eye in a minute. Get fourth again, and doing it. For by this time out o' my car!” the heat and smoke and terror had driven the "All right, John Maynard!” they shouted girls shriekingly back into the work-rooms. after him. “Somebody's got to get them down.” But he swung and thrust them in, one after There is no necessity of telling a great deal another, like sheep. And, in their turn, he about the next trip. The last was the one that dropped them down. counted. Salt hay always goes to the eyes and throat He felt the cage “choke” at the third. But like ammonia fumes. And now the smoke was he knew his car. Dutch was true — the power so thick that the elevator-shaft seemed as if it still held. And he got her past. By this time were filled with gray-green cotton batting. The the flue was drawing very well indeed. The excelsior was burning, too, and the packing- heat came in gusts and waves that seemed to crates and shaping-tables, and the deal parti-. crack his skin. He could no longer see. As far tions. The shaft was beginning to grow hot. It as he knew himself, he was blinded. And, if he was, naturally, becoming the flue of the fire. still talked to himself, it was not rationally. And when it had really heated for its business “It's goin' to be smoky here pretty soon. An' The first hose truck had arrived and was after that it'll be hot. Sure! an’ why don't throwing off. Two pipemen tumbled into the you wait for them hats?” lower hall, helped to clear the car, and one of them But his habit had formed itself. He had been tried to shove in with Bill. “Get to —!” running that car for six years, and once more And again the car went up. he made his stop at the sixth, as if it had been When Bill passed the third floor this time,- daylight and the noon hour. He got those and he had to pass it slowly going up,- it was work-room doors open, and once more began to like putting his head into the stack of a loco- "jerk them out.” And he did not stop until he motive. had them all. It was by pure automatism, too, On the fifth floor, he had to "jerk them out.” that he pulled his cable and brought them down Some of the girls were screaming that they in such a rush of descent that no buckling on were going to faint. earth could hold them. "Sure -- an' you stay behind!” But at the bottom it was one of the girls who But he got them in, piling them up any way. had to get the gate open. And when they tried And for the fourth time he dropped the car to pull him out, he still clung to his tackle and down. Even the lower hall was intolerable now fought them off. They pulled away his towel with the stifling reek of half-burned gases. to get him the air from the pipe nozles. “Turn The engines had begun to arrive. Bill heard, me loose,” he said thickly. “You don't come through the smoke, shouts, orders, the clanging in an' take my car you cock-eyed son of a of the gongs, the throbbing of the steamers. gun! Get to — lost my job And then, And more pipemen were now rushing in their suddenly, he went slack, and they carried him writhing, kicking lines. out, foot and hand. “That'll make it some cooler," he told him "An' he's all right, too,” said the Lieutenant. 602 ARTHUR E. McFARLANE “Fine as silk! May be shy a little hair, but he ain't swallowed anything." “Sure; no. An' – hell!” said the Captain. “He stayed with her, didn't he, fer fair!” Bill got one red eye open. "I guess not,” he said; “I been married once already.” And in that, considering the sort of man Bill was, there may have lain much of the secret of his grouchi- ness. They took him across the street to Heilig and But at that moment they all backed up to let Hamburg's “Ladies' and Gents' Twenty-five the boss get to him. Cent Restaurant." There a speedy examina “William! An' you're loogin' as goot as that tion showed clearly that he was no ambulance again already! Oh, Himmel und Erde, w'at a case. By the advice of the “Dep’ty Chief,”— thankfulness! She's burnin' now lige there's a to whom he had given the elbow and knee hook, million on her. But I don't gare. Led her cold tea-leaves were laid on his eyes to draw burn! Led her! An' I been loogin' for that out the worst of the salt hay. Something that other feller to fire him. Any man that'll leaf was not cold tea, but that looked like it, was his car lige that! An' it ain'd as if there'd be poured down his throat. And in five minutes any sdop in your wa-ages. But all that ain'd more he was trying to sit up. not’ings.” He fairly wrung his hands over it. He was also the center of a kind of Fried- “Mein Gott! w'en I think how I geep it up an' berger Building reception. geep it up at you aboud that tamn mud! I “Gosh, Bill,” said Dutch. “Gosh but that don'd know w’at gets into me somedimęs — I've wass a goot act you done!” got sotch a tempers —" “My, William,” said the girls with the hats, “That's all right, boss, that's all right.” And only now those hats were gone forever,—“if you William turned him the other cheek. “Some- ain't the bravest — the most courageous! We'd times I feel just about like lettin' her go just marry you to-morrow, every one of us." myself." IN JUSTICE TO AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS OF SERUM TREASURY DEPARTMENT, turing these products. This inspection con- United States Public Health and sists of a thorough and searching inquiry into Marine-Hospital Service. the sanitary condition of the stables, barns, lab- WASHINGTON, D. C., November 28, 1910. oratories, etc.; of the methods and technique EDITOR OF McCLURE's Magazine. employed in the manufacture and standardiza- Dear Sir: In reading the article in the De- tion of the products; and, finally, as to the fit- cember number of McClure's Magazine on ness of those who have control of the scientific “Paul Ehrlich: The Man and His Work,” by features of the manufacture of these therapeutic Marguerite Marks, the statement is found, on products. page 190, that "in America the government When these inspections are made, the inspec- laboratory which has charge of the supervision tor personally takes from the stock samples of of anti-toxins can purchase only in the open the various products for which a license is de- market samples of anti-toxin, after it has been sired. In addition, samples of anti-toxin, etc., sold by the factories to druggists and physi- are bought on the open market in various sec- cians, and possibly after injections have been tions of the country at frequent intervals for given to children, so that, if the serum is im- examination in the Hygienic Laboratory. The pure, harm has already been done." examination of the products so obtained shows This statement, if allowed to go uncorrected, the reliability and purity of the products as does an injustice to the manufacturers of serum actually supplied to the physician who is to use in the United States, as it is not in accordance them. When any of these samples are found with the facts. According to the law regulating to be deficient in potency or to be not sterile, the manufacture and interstate traffic in viruses, the manufacturer is required to recall from the serums, etc., and the regulations framed there- market every package bearing the same labora- under, the federal authorities in the United tory number which was not found satisfactory; States have the authority to obtain samples and this has been done in several instances. at any time from the manufacturers of these I shall be glad if you will give this letter the products, in addition to the samples they may same publicity as the article referred to. purchase on the open market. Very truly yours, Moreover, the law provides that inspection John F. ANDERSON, shall be made of the establishments manufac- Director Hygienic Laboratory. I AM THE MOUNTAINY SINGER BY SEOSAMH MACCATHMHAOIL AM the mountainy singer, And I would sing of the Christ Who followed the paths through the mountains To eat at the people's tryst. He loved the sun-dark people As the young man loves his bride, And he moved among their thatches, And for them he was crucified. And the people loved him, also, More than their houses or lands, For they had known his pity And felt the touch of his hands. And they dreamed with him in the mountains, And they walked with him on the sea, And they prayed with him in the garden, And bled with him on the tree. Not ever by longing and dreaming May they come to him now, But by the thorns of sorrow That bruised his kingly brow. 603 Drawn by Harry Townsenit ".*SO YOU'RE THE LITTLE WOMAN WHO WROTE THE BOOK THAT MADE THIS GREAT WAR!"" 604 McCLURE'S MAGAZINE VOL. XXXVI APRIL, 1911 No. 6 HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN'' BY HER SON, CHARLES EDWARD STOWE AND HER GRANDSON, LYMAN BEECHER STOWE A S a very little girl, Harriet Beecher up all hope of ever being able to preach, left Stowe had heard of the horrors of Cincinnati, and took a position as clerk in a slavery from her aunt, Mary Hub- wholesale commission house in New Orleans bard, who had married a planter that did business with the Red River cotton from the West Indies, but had been plantations. It was from him that Mrs. Stowe unable to live on her husband's plantation, be- obtained the character of Legree. No character cause her health was undermined by the mental in the whole book was drawn more exactly from anguish that she suffered at the scenes of cruelty life. The Rev. Charles Beecher, and a young and wretchedness she was compelled to witness. Englishman who was his traveling companion, She returned to the United States and made her while on a Mississippi steamboat going from home with the Beechers. Of her Mrs. Stowe New Orleans to St. Louis, actually witnessed writes: “What she saw and heard of slavery the scene where the Legree of real life showed filled her with constant horror and loathing. his fist and boasted that it was "hard as iron I often heard her say that she frequently sat by knocking down niggers”; and that he didn't her window in the tropical night, when all was bother with sick niggers, but worked his in with still, and wished that the island might sink in the crop.” the ocean, with all its sin and misery, and that she might sink with it.” The effect of such The Flight of a Slave Woman expressions on the mind of a sensitive child like Harriet Beecher may well be imagined. The scene in “Uncle Tom's Cabin” in which When Harriet was only twenty-one years old the Senator takes Eliza into his carriage, after she went to live in Cincinnati, on the very her wild flight over the Ohio River on the float- borders of a slave State, and frequently visited ing ice, and carries her on a dark and stormy Kentucky slave plantations, where she saw night to a place of safety, is a description of an negro slavery in that mild and patriarchal form event that took place in Mrs. Stowe's own in which she pictures it in the opening chapters Cincinnati household. of “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” At the time the She had in her family, as a servant, a young Beechers were living in Cincinnati, her brother woman whose little boy was the original of the Charles was nearly driven distracted by trying "little Harry” of the story. One day she came to appropriate to himself his father's Calvinistic to Mrs. Stowe in great distress, and told her that theology, and by the study of Edwards on the her old master was in the city looking for her, will. Filled with fatalism and despair, he gave and might at any moment appear and drag Copyright, 1911, by The S. S. McClure Co. All rights reserved 605 DR. LYMAN BEECHER THE FATHER OF HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. FROM A PAINTING IN THE POSSESSION OF MRS. STOWE'S NIECE, MRS. JOHN C. DAY her back to slavery. That very night, dark "I thought so," exclaimed Professor Stowe, and stormy though it was, Professor Stowe and helping the woman out of the carriage. Henry Ward Beecher, who was at that time a So character after character and scene after student in Lane Seminary, took the woman and scene in “Uncle Tom's Cabin” might be traced her child in the family carriage over just such back to the actual events and persons that roads as are described in the book, and brought inspired them years before the faintest notion them to the lonely farm-house of a man named of writing such a book had ever entered Mrs. Van Zant, who ran one of the stations of the Stowe's mind, Underground Railroad. As they drove up to the house, Van Zant came out with a lighted candle Hardships of Mrs. Stowe's Return to in his hand, shielding the light from his eyes New England with his immense palm. Professor Stowe sang out: “Are you the man It was early in the month of May of the year who will shelter a poor woman and her child 1850 that Mrs. Stowe, on her way to Bruns- from slave-catchers?” wick, Maine, reached the house of her brother, “I rather think I am," answered the big, the Rev. Edward Beecher, in Boston. She was honest fellow. exhausted from the long journey, which she had 606 HARRIET BEECHER STOWE FROM A DRAWING BY RICHMOND, MADE IN 1853, WHILE MRS. STOWE WAS MAKING HER FIRST VISIT IN ENGLAND Reproduced by courtesy of Mrs. John C. Day been compelled to make alone with the whole household supplies and have them packed and charge of children, accounts, and baggage, weary ready for shipping by the Bath steamer, which of pushing her way through hurrying crowds, she herself was to take the following week, as on looking out for trunks, and bargaining with ex the whole the easiest and cheapest way to reach pressmen and hackmen. Yet in Boston there was Brunswick. She had to save in every imagin- no rest for her. She had to buy furniture and able way, and to keep a strict account of all 607 PROFESSOR STOWE AT ABOUT FORTY HARRIET BEECHIR STOWE IN 1880 the man how to nail to know how I shall the carpet in the manage in case I am corner. He's nailed left a widow; knows it all crooked; what that we shall get in shall he do?' debt and never get “The black thread out; wonders at my is all used up; what courage; thinks that shall I do about put- I am very sanguine; ting gimp on the back warns me to be pru- of that sofa?' dent, as there won't “Mrs. Stowe, there be much to live on in is a man come with a case of his death, etc., lot of pails and tin- etc., etc. I read the ware from Furbish; letter, and poke it will you settle the into the stove, and bill now?' proceed. “Mrs. Stowe, here “Some of my ad- is a letter just come ventures were quite from Boston inclosing funny; as, for exam- that bill of lading; ple: I had in my the man wants to kitchen elect no sink, know what he shall cistern, or any other do with the goods. If MRS. STOWE'S HUSBAND, PROFESSOR CALVIN STOWE, water privileges, so I you will tell me what AND HER SON, CHARLES EDWARD, AT bought at the cotton to say, I will answer factory two of the the letter for you.' great hogsheads that "Mrs. Stowe, the meat-man is at the door. they bring oil in, which here in Brunswick Hadn't we better get a little beef-steak or some are often used for cisterns, and had them thing for dinner?' brought up in triumph to my yard, and was "Then comes a letter from my husband, congratulating myself on my energy, when, lo saying that he is sick abed, and all but dead; and behold! it was discovered that there was don't ever expect to see his family again; wants no cellar door except the one in the kitchen, THE AGE OF ELEVEN 609 Drawing by Harry Townsend "PROFESSOR STOWE SANG OUT: "ARE YOU THE MAN WHO WILL SHELTER A POOR WOMAN AND HER CHILD FROM SLAVE-CATCHERS?'" which was truly a strait and narrow way down my man came to put up the pump, he stared a long flight of stairs. Hereupon, as saith John very hard to see my hogsheads thus translated Bunyan, 'I fell into a muse’— how to get my and standing as innocently and quietly as could cisterns into my cellar. In the days of chivalry be in the cellar. Then I told him in a very I might have got me a knight to make me a quiet and mild way how I got them taken to breach through the foundation walls; but that pieces and put together again, just as if I had was not to be thought of now, and my oil hogs- been always in the habit of doing such things. heads standing disconsolately in the yard seemed “Professor Smith came down and looked very to reflect no great credit on my foresight. In hard at them, and then said, “Well, nothing can this strait, I fell upon a real honest Yankee beat a wilful woman!' cooper, whom I besought, for the reputation of "In all my moving and fussing Mr. Titcomb his craft and mine, to take my hogsheads in has been my right-hand man. This same John pieces, and carry them down in staves, and set Titcomb, my very good friend, is a character them up again, which the worthy man actually peculiar to Yankeedom. He is part-owner and accomplished in one fair summer forenoon, to landlord of the house I rent, and connected by the great astonishment of us Yankees. When birth with all the best families in town a man 610 HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN” 611 of real intelligence and good education, a great pursued and haunted by the idea that I don't reader, and quite a thinker. When- do anything. ever a screw was loose, a nail to be driven, a lock "Since I began this note, I have been called to be mended, a pane of glass to be set,- and off at least a dozen times: once for the fish-man, these cases were manifold, — he was always on to buy codfish; once to see a man who had hand. My sink, however, was no fancy job, brought me some barrels of apples; once to see and I believe that nothing but a very particular a book-agent; then to Mrs. Upham's to see friendship would have moved him to undertake about a drawing I promised to make for her; it. How many times I have entered his shop, then to nurse the baby; then into the kitchen and seated myself in one of the old rocking- to make a chowder for dinner; and now I am chairs, and talked first of the news of the day, at it again, for nothing but deadly determi- the railroad, the last proceedings in Congress, nation enables me ever to write; it is rowing the probabilities about the millennium, and thus against wind and tide." brought the conversation by little and little round to my sink; because, till the sink was While all this was going on in Brunswick, her done, the pump could not be put up, and we brother's family in Boston were consumed with couldn't have any rain water. Sometimes my righteous indignation over the workings of the courage quite failed me to introduce the subject, Fugitive-Slave Law. and I would talk of everything else, turn and Mrs. Stowe received letter after letter from get out of the shop, and then come back, as if a Mrs. Edward Beecher and other friends, pic- thought had just struck my mind, and say: turing the heartrending scenes that were the “Mr. Titcomb, about that sink?' inevitable results of the enforcement of this “Yes, ma’am; I was thinking about going inhuman law. Cities were better adapted than down street this afternoon to look out stuff the country to the work of capturing escaped for it.' slaves, and Boston, called the “Cradle of Lib- “Yes, sir, if you would be good enough to erty,” opened her doors to slave-hunters. get it done as soon as possible; we are in great Mrs. Edward Beecher, writing of this period need of it.' to Mrs. Stowe's youngest son, says: “I think there's no hurry. I believe we are "I had been nourishing an anti-slavery spirit going to have a dry time now, so that you could since Lovejoy was murdered for publishing in not catch any water, and you won't need the his paper articles against slavery and intemper- pump at present.' ance, when our home was in Illinois. These “These negotiations extended from the first terrible things that were going on in Boston were of June to the first of July, and at last my sink well calculated to rouse up this spirit. "What was completed, as also was a new house-spout, can I do?' I thought. Not much myself, but concerning which I had divers communings with I know one who can.' So I wrote several letters Deacon Dunning of the Baptist church. to your mother, telling her of the various heart- “Also, during this time, good Mrs. Mitchell rending events caused by the enforcement of and myself made two sofas, or lounges, a barrel- the Fugitive-Slave Law. I remember distinctly chair, divers bedspreads, pillow-cases, pillows, saying in one of them: 'Now, Hattie, if I could bolsters, mattresses; we painted rooms; we re use a pen as you can, I would write something varnished furniture; we -- what didn't we do? that would make this whole nation feel what an “Then came Mr. Stowe, and then came the accursed thing slavery is!”” eighth of July, and my little Charley. I was really glad for an excuse to lie in bed, for I was “God Helping Me, I Will Write!” full tired, I can assure you. Well, I was what folks call very comfortable for two weeks, when A daughter of Mrs. Stowe well remembered my nurse had to leave me. her whole life long the scene in the little parlor “During this time I have employed my leisure in Brunswick when this letter was received and hours in making up my engagements with news read. Mrs. Stowe read it aloud to the assem- paper editors. I have written more than any- bled family, and when she came to the words, body or I myself would have thought to be “I would write something that would make this possible. I have taught an hour a day in our whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery school, and I have read two hours every evening is,” rising from her chair and crushing the letter to the children. The children study English in her hand, she exclaimed, with an expression history in school, and I am reading Scott's his- on her face that stamped itself permanently on torical novels with them in their order. To- the minds of her children: night I finish ‘The Abbot,' and shall begin "God helping me, I will write something, “Kenilworth’ next week. Yet I am constantly I will if I live!” 612 HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN” In a This purpose, though then definitely formed, She tried to show that the fault was not with the could not be immediately carried out. Southern people, but with the system. A friend letter written in the month of December, 1850, of hers, who had many friends in the South, she refers to the matter in a way that shows how wrote to her: “Your book is going to be the it weighed upon her mind: great pacificator; it will unite North and South.” “Tell sister Katy that I thank her for her Mrs. Stowe did not expect that the Abolition- letter, and will answer it. As long as the babyists would be satisfied with the story, but she sleeps with me nights, I can't do much at any- confidently expected that it would be favorably thing; but I will do it at last. I will write that received in the South. Great was her surprise, thing, if I live! then, when from the whole South arose a storm “What are folks in general saying about the of abuse, while the Abolitionists received her slave law, and the stand taken by Boston min- with open arms. Mr. Garrison wrote: “Since isters in general, except Edward? “Uncle Tom's Cabin' has been published, all the “To me it is incredible, amazing, mournful! defenders of slavery have let me alone and are I feel that I should be willing to sink with it, spending their strength in abusing you." were all this sin It was in the and misery to winter of 1850 sink in the sea. that she wrote to . . I wish her husband, father would who was in Cin- come on to Bos- cinnati, giving a ton and preach vivid picture of on the Fugitive- her life in the Slave Law; as he old wind-swept once preached on castle of a house the slave trade, in Brunswick: when I was a "Sunday night little girl in I rather watched Litchfield. 1 than slept. The sobbed aloud in wind howled, one pew, and and the house Mrs. Judge Reeve rocked, just as in another. 1 our old Litchfield wish some Mar- house used to tin Luther would do.... I am arise to set this projecting a community sketch for the right." Era on the ca- At this time pacity of liber- Mrs. Stowe was ated blacks to not an Aboli- takecareof them- MRS. STOWE'S BROTHER, HENRY WARD BEECHER, AT THE AGE tionist, nor did OF SIXTY-FIVE, WHEN HE MADE HIS LAST selves. Can't she ever become you find out for one after the me how much Garrisonian type. She remembered hearing Willie Watson has paid for the liberation of his her father say about Garrison and Wendell Phil- friends? Get any items of that kind that you lips that they were like men that would burn can pick up in Cincinnati. their houses down to get rid of the rats. She “When I have a headache, and feel sick, as I was virtually in sympathy with her father on the do to-day, there is actually not a place in the subject of slavery, and had unlimited confidence house where I can lie down and take a nap with- in his judgment. out being disturbed. Overhead is the school- room; next door is the dining-room, and the Expected “Uncle Tom” to Please girls practise there two hours a day on the piano. the South If I lock my door and lie down, some one is sure to be rattling the latch before two minutes have She wished to be more than fair to the passed... South. She intended to be generous. She “There is no doubt in my mind that our ex- made two of Uncle Tom's three masters men of penses this year will come two hundred dollars, good character, amiable, kind, and generous. if not three, beyond our salary. We shall be VISIT TO ENGLAND HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN” 613 able to come through notwithstanding; but I that the editor of the Era was overstocked don't want to feel obliged to work as hard every with contributors and would not want my year as I have this. I can earn four hundred services another year, and, lo, he sends dollars a year by writing; but I don't want to me one hundred dollars, and ever so many feel that I must, when weary with teaching the good words with it. Our income this year children, and tending the baby, and buying pro- will be seventeen hundred dollars in all, and visions, and mending dresses, and darning stock- hope to bring our expenses within thirteen ings, sit down and write a piece for some paper.” hundred.” HARRIET BEECHER STOWE AT THE TIME SHE WAS WRITING “POGANUC PEOPLE,” HER LAST SERIAL NOVEL Again she writes: About the last of January, 1850, she went to “Ever since we left Cincinnati to come here, Boston to visit her brother Edward, and there the good hand of God has been visibly guiding she met, for the first time, the Rev. Joshua our way. Through what difficulties have we Hensen. She heard his story of his escape from been brought! Though we knew not where slavery. He remembered seeing his own father means were to come from, yet means have been lying on the ground, bruised, bloody, and dying furnished at every step of the way, and in every from the blows of a white overseer, because, time of need. I was just, in some discourage- mere slave and "nigger” that he was, he had ment with regard to my writing, thinking pretended that the mother of his children was 614 HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN” his wife, and had tried to defend her from an Hoped She'd Get a New Silk. Dress indecent assault that this same overseer had Out of the Book attempted on her person. What struck her most forcibly in Hensen's story was the sweet Neither Mrs. Stowe nor her husband had the Christian spirit of the man, as manifested even remotest idea of the unique power and interest when he spoke of injuries calculated to rouse a of the story that was being written. Nor, in- human being to a frenzy of vindictive revenge- deed, did it dawn upon either of them until after fulness. the publication of the first edition in book form. Professor Stowe was a very emotional man, and Writing “ The Death of Uncle Tom" was accustomed to water his wife's literary efforts quite liberally with his tears; so the fact Shortly after this visit to Boston, Mrs. Stowe that he had wept over the bits of brown was seated in her pew in the college church at paper had for them no unusual portent. As Brunswick during the communion service. She to pecuniary gain, he often expressed the hope was alone with her children, her husband having that she would make money enough by the gone away to deliver a course of lectures. Sud- story to buy a new silk dress. denly, like the unrolling of a picture scroll, the It was a jolly, rollicking household in Bruns- scene of the death of Uncle Tom seemed to pass wick, and Mrs. Stowe was herself full of fun. before her. At the same time, the words of It was during the writing of “Uncle Tom's Jesus were sounding in her ears: “Inasmuch as Cabin” that there occurred the following inci- ye have done it unto one of the least of these dent characteristic of the family life. Professor my brethren, ye have done it unto me.” Stowe was at heart one of the most genial of That Sunday afternoon she went to her room, men; but, being of an exceedingly nervous tem- locked the door, and wrote out, substantially as perament, he was liable to go off at half cock on it appears in the published editions, the chapter the slightest provocation, and become for the called "The Death of Uncle Tom.” As suffi- time being unpleasantly peppery. One day he cient paper was not at hand, she wrote a large bought a dozen eggs to set under a brooding hen, part of it in pencil on some brown-paper bags in with a view to producing an unusually fine lot which groceries had been delivered. It seemed of chickens. Without disclosing his purpose, to her as if what she wrote was blown through he hid the eggs, as he thought securely, in the her mind as with the rushing of a mighty wind. Wood-shed. One of the children discovered In the evening she gathered her little family them, and bore them in triumph into the house. about her and read them what she had written. Mrs. Stowe was on the point of sending to the Her two little boys of ten and twelve burst into store for eggs, and, looking upon this discov- tears, sobbing out, “Oh, mama, slavery is the ery as providential, took them and had them most cruel thing in the world!” This was the cooked. When the Professor returned from one beginning of “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” She was of his lectures, he felt himself the most abused of not apparently conscious of what she had done, men when he sought his eggs and found them nor did she immediately consider making use of not, and vented his wrath upon his innocent the fragment she had written. household in a form at once dramatic and pic- Her mind was apparently so absorbed by turesque. Then off he went to another lecture, pressing domestic duties that what she had in a forbidding frame of mind. written was laid at one side and for the time “Pa's mad!” observed one of the children. forgotten. She did not even show it to her “I tell you what we'll do, children. When he husband, on his return from his lecture trip. comes back to dinner, we will make him laugh One day she found him dissolved in tears over and he'll get all over it!” said Mrs. towe, with the bits of brown-paper bags on which she had a roguish twinkle in her eye. The Professor written the first words of “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” returned, and found the dinner on the table, Largely at his suggestion, she determined to ready and waiting, but not one of the family write a serial story, the climax of which was to visible. While speculating on this unusual be the death of Uncle Tom. Some weeks state of affairs, he heard a very human imitation slipped by before she wrote the first instalment of the cackling of hens proceeding from the of the proposed novel. In the meantime she wood-shed. It made up in vigor what it lacked had written to Gamaliel Bailey, editor of the in genuineness. On investigation, he found his National Era, an Abolition paper published in wife and all the children, and even Rover, the Washington, D. C., that she contemplated a dog, perched on a beam, after the manner pe- serial story under the title, “Uncle Tom's culiar to hens. He burst into laughter, and they Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly,” and asking all trooped into the house and had a very jolly iſ it would be acceptable to the Era. time at dinner. THE STOWE COTTAGE AT MANDARIN, FLORIDA IN THE FOREGROUND ARE SHOWN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, SEATED ON THE TRUNK OF A TREE, HER HUSBAND, PROFESSOR STOWE, MRS. HENRY WARD BEECHER, AND MISS ELIZA STOWE Letters to Fred Douglass question was agitated, and one of the strongest and deepest impressions on my mind was that “Uncle Tom's Cabin" began as a serial in the made by my father's sermons and prayers, and National Era June 5, 1851, and in July of the the anguish of his soul for the poor slave at that same year Mrs. Stowe wrote as follows to Fred- time. I remember his preaching drawing tears erick Douglass: down the hardest faces of the old farmers of his congregation. "You may perhaps have noticed in your “I remember his prayers, morning and even- editorial readings a series of articles that I am ing, in the family, for ‘poor oppressed, bleeding furnishing for the Era, under the title of 'Uncle Africa,' that the time of her deliverance might Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly.' come; prayers offered with strong crying and "In the course of my story the scene will fall tears, prayers that indelibly impressed my heart, upon a cotton plantation. I am very desirous, and made me, what I am, the enemy of all therefore, to gain information from one who has slavery." been an actual laborer on one, and it occurred to me that in the circle of your acquaintance Mulatto Cook Told Mrs. Stowe About there might be one who would be able to com- Life “Down the River" municate to me such information as I desire." Then, after a vigorous defense of churches In a letter written to Mrs. Follen in February, and ministers whom Douglass had assailed, she 1853, after the publication of “Uncle Tom's continues: Cabin,” Mrs. Stowe throws additional light on "I am a minister's daughter, and a minister's the way in which that Cabin was built out of wife, and I have had six brothers in the ministry the sorrows and experiences of her own life. (one is in heaven); I certainly ought to know Speaking of her life in Cincinnati, she writes: something of the feelings of ministers on this subject. "A number of poor families settled in our “I was a child in 1820, when the Missouri vicinity, from whom we could occasionally ob- 615 616 HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN” tain domestic service. About a dozen families be suffered in vain. There were circumstances of liberated slaves were among the number, and about his death of such peculiar bitterness, of they became my favorite resort in cases of emer- what seemed almost cruel suffering, that I felt gency. My cook, Eliza Buck, was a regular that I could never be consoled for it, unless this epitome of slave life in herself — fat, gentle, crushing of my own heart might enable me to casy, loving and lovable, always calling my work out some great good to others. I allude very modest house and door-yard ‘The Place,' to this here, for I have often felt that much that as if it had been a plantation with seven is in that book, “Uncle Tom's Cabin,' had its hundred hands on it. She had lived through root in the awful scenes and bitter sorrows of the whole sad story of a Virginia-raised slave's that summer. It has left now, I trust, no trace life. In her youth she must have been a very on my mind except a deep compassion for the handsome mulatto girl. Her voice was sweet, sorrowful, especially for mothers who are sepa- and her manners refined and agreeable. She rated from their children.” was raised in a good family as a nurse and seam Such is Mrs. Stowe's own account of where stress. When the family became embarrassed, and how she gained the material and the inspira- she was suddenly sold on to a plantation in tion for writing “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” Louisiana. She has often told me how, without The book was written mostly in Brunswick, any warning, she was suddenly forced into a Maine. Some of the chapters were written in carriage, and saw her little mistress screaming Boston, while she was visiting her brother, Ed- and stretching her arms from a window toward ward Beecher, and part of the concluding chap- her as she was driven away. She has told me of ter in Andover. Begun as a serial in the Na- scenes on the Louisiana plantation, and she has tional Era, June 5, 1851, and announced to run often been out at night by stealth, ministering for but three months, it was not completed till to poor slaves who had been mangled and lacer- April 1, 1852, and was published in book form ated by the lash. Then she was sold into Ken- March 20 of the same year. tucky, and her last master was the father of all John P. Jewett, a young publisher of Boston, her children. On this point she always main- made overtures for the publication of “Uncle tained a delicacy and reserve that seemed to me Tom's Cabin" in book form long before it was remarkable. She always called him her hus- finished as a serial in the National Era. The band, and it was not till after she had lived with contract was finally signed March 13, 1852. me some years that I discovered the real nature Not long before this, Mr. Jewett wrote Mrs. of the connection. Stowe, expressing the fear that she was making “I shall never forget how sorry I felt for her, the story too long for one volume. He reminded nor my feelings at her humble apology, “You her that the subject was unpopular, and that, know, Mrs. Stowe, slave women cannot help while one short volume might possibly sell, two themselves.' She had two very pretty quadroon volumes might prove a fatal obstacle to the daughters, with her hair and eyes interesting success of the book. Mrs. Stowe replied that children, whom I instructed in the family school she did not make the story, that the story made with my own children. Time would fail to tell itself, and that she could not stop it till it was you all that I learned incidentally of the slave done. system in the history of various slaves who came into my family, and of the Underground Family Lawyer Predicted Small Sale Railway, which, I may say, ran through our house." Mr. Jewett offered her either ten per cent on all sales, or half profits, with half the risk in case The Strength of the Book from Her the venture proved unprofitable. Professor and Own Suffering Mrs. Stowe had for their business adviser Mr. Philip Greeley, who had formerly been Collector Later in this same letter she connects inti- of the Port of Boston and was then a member of mately the writing of “Uncle Tom's Cabin" with Congress. On this matter, without reading the her own griefs and bereavements. “I have been story, he strongly advised them to accept the the mother of seven children, the most beautiful ten per cent on all sales, and to take no risk and most loved of whom lies buried near my whatever in the enterprise. He reasoned that Cincinnati residence. It was at his dying bed the subject was very unpopular, and that a book and at his grave that I learned what a poor written by a woman could not be expected to slave mother may feel when her child is torn have a very large sale in any case. Dr. Stowe away from her. In these depths of sorrow, took the first copy of the first edition to the rail- which seemed to me immeasurable, it was my road station and put it into Mr. Greeley's hands only prayer to God that such anguish might not just as he was leaving for Washington. Greeley HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE 617 TOM'S CABIN” a was a sedate and self-contained man 300,000 Copies Sold within the characteristically unemotional New Englander. First Year Afterward he wrote to Professor Stowe that he began the book shortly after the train pulled out Looking back on that time more than thirty of the station, and that as he read he began to years afterward, she writes: cry. He was humiliated. He had never before “Uncle Tom's Cabin' was published March shed tears over a novel, still less over the work of 20, 1852. The despondency of the author as to a woman. Once he had begun it, he could not whether anybody would read or attend to her stop reading, nor could he keep the tears back appeal was soon dispelled. Ten thousand copies as he read. Consequently, on reaching Spring- were sold in a few days, and over three hundred field, he left the train and went to a hotel, took thousand within a year, and eight power presses a room, and sat up till he finished the book in running day and night were barely able to keep the early hours of the morning. pace with the demand for it. It was read every- where, apparently, and by everybody, and she 01 soon began to hear echoes of sympathy from all over the land. The indignation, the pity, the One apparently trivial incident in Mrs. distress, that had long weighed upon her soul Stowe's life plowed itself so deeply into her seemed to pass off from her and into the readers memory that it left an enduring impression. It of the book.” was at the time when she, with her five little It was like the kindling of a mighty conflagra- children, was making her way alone from Cin- tion, that swept all before it, and even crossed cinnati to Brunswick. Unconscionably early the broad ocean, till it seemed as if the whole one morning she found herself at a railroad world scarcely thought or talked of anything station where she must wait three weary hours else. Then multitudes began to ask who had for the next train. She sat on her baggage, her done this thing. And, lo, when the dust of this children grouped about her, looking, according mighty commotion had settled to earth, there to her own testimony, extremely shabby and stood outlined against the great light “a little disconsolate. In this attitude she was discov- bit of a woman about as thin and dry as a pinch ered by a brisk and self-important little station- of snuff.” That was Harriet Beecher Stowe. agent, who evidently regarded her with suspicion Like the noise of mighty winds, like the rushing as an undesirable citizen, and questioned her of the waters, there arose from the earth a with extreme asperity of manner as to where tumult of human voices. There was the voice she came from and whither she was going. of weeping, and the cry of those who said, When she had answered quietly and briefly, “Can nothing be done to banish this accursed the peremptory little functionary strode away thing off the face of the earth?” Then followed and left her with an unreasonable but keen the outburst of rage, hatred, and defiance. consciousness of her own insignificance. This There came to Mrs. Stowe letters “so curiously was Harriet Beecher Stowe two years before the compounded of blasphemy, cruelty, and ob- writing of "Uncle Tom's Cabin.” That this scenity that their like could only be expressed brisk little watch-dog of respectability felt called by John Bunyan's account of the speech of upon to bark at her struck her sense of humor, Apollyon: ‘He spake as a dragon.'” and she often told of it with a twinkle in her eye. Let us hear again what Mrs. Stowe herself The Apostle Paul himself could not have had said: a keener sense of his own weakness according to the flesh than had Mrs. Stowe. “So you want “For a time, after it [“Uncle Tom's Cabin"] to know something about what sort of a woman was issued, it seemed to go by acclamation. I am!” she wrote Mrs. Follen, immediately From quarters most unexpected, from all polit- after the publication of “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” ical parties, came a most unbroken chorus of "Well, if this is any object, you shall have sta- approbation. I was very much surprised, for I tistics free of charge. To begin, then, I am a knew the explosive nature of the subject. It - little bit of a woman, somewhat more than was not till the sale had run to over a hundred forty, about as thin and dry as a pinch of snuff; thousand copies that reaction began, and the never very much to look at in my best days, and reaction was led off by the London Times. looking like a used-up article now.” This was Instantly, as by a preconcerted signal, all papers the Harriet Beecher Stowe that the aggressive of a certain class began to abuse; and some who little station-master found sitting on her luggage had at first issued articles entirely commenda- with her five children about her in the dim tory now issued others equally depreciatory. and misty dawn of an April morning in the Religious papers, notably the New York Ob- year 1850. server, came out and denounced the book as Courtesy of Houghton Meylin Company THE HOUSE IN BRUNSWICK, MAINE, WHERE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN” WAS WRITTEN anti-Christian, anti-evangelical, resorting even days to this prodigious fame? One might to personal slander of the author as a means of almost say that she was not affected at all! diverting attention from the work. As Mrs. Fields has most truly said, in the “Life “My book ... is as much under an and Letters”: “The sense that a great work interdict in some parts of the South as the Bible had been accomplished through her only made in Italy. It is not allowed in the book-stores, her, if possible, less self-conscious.” and the greater part of the people hear of it and As her renown flowed in upon her from with- me only through grossly caricatured representa- out, it was constantly met by that deeper and tions in the papers, with garbled extracts from stronger tide which welled up from the deeps of the book. her own soul. Professor Stowe had at this time “A cousin residing in Georgia this winter says accepted a chair at the Andover Theological that the prejudice against me is so strong that Seminary in Massachusetts. She writes to him she dares not have my name appear on the from Andover, speaking of the home that they outside of her letters, and that very amiable are to have there: and excellent people have asked her if such as I could be received into reputable society at “It seems almost too good to be true, that we the North. are to have such a house, in such a beautiful place, and to live here among all these agreeable Book Roused a Storm of Feeling Abroad people, where everybody seems to love you so much, and think so much of you. “The storm of feeling that the book raises in “I am almost afraid to accept it, and should Italy, Germany, and France is all good, though not, did I not see the Hand that gives it all, and truly 'tis painful for us Americans to bear." know that it is both firm and true. "He knows if it is best for us, and His blessing Within a year the obscure little woman had addeth no sorrow therewith. I cannot describe become a figure of international importance. to you the constant undercurrent of love and Not only had her book been universally read, joy and peace ever flowing through my soul. I but it had been taken so seriously as to become am so happy — so blessed!” a great political and moral force in the world. How was she herself affected by this daz It was this undercurrent of love, joy, and zlingly sudden transition from the quiet ob- peace that, about this time, found expression scurity in which she had hitherto passed her in that hymn by which Mrs. Stowe is per- 1 618 HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE 619 TOM'S CABIN”. haps as favorably known as by anything she dral: “As I saw the way to the cathedral blocked wrote: up by a throng of people that had come out to see me, I could not help saying, 'What went ye Still, still with Thee when purple morning breaketh, out for to see: a reed shaken with the wind?' When the bird waketh, and the shadows flee, Fairer than morning, lovelier than the daylight, In fact, I was so worn out that I could hardly Dawns the sweet consciousness I am with Thee. walk through the building. The next morning I was so ill as to need a physician.” Every- One month after the publication of "Uncle where her life is a constant fight with physical Tom's Cabin” she wrote to her husband: “It exhaustion. She consoles herself with the re- is not fame nor praise that contents me. I flection: “Everybody seems to understand how seem never to have needed love so much as now. good-for-nothing I am; and yet, with all this I long to hear you say how much you love me.” consideration, I have been obliged to keep my There could be no truer picture of her inner room and bed for a good part of the time. Of life than she herself has given in that restful the multitudes that have called, I have seen hymn: scarcely any.” She reflects in this conmection, “What a convenience in sight-seeing it would be When winds are raging o'er the upper ocean, And billows wild contend with angry roar, if one could have a relay of bodies, as of Slothes, 'Tis said far down beneath the wild commotion and slip from one into the other.”. That peaceful stillness reigneth evermore. People Walked Many Miles to See Her So this woman, whose name was on every tongue, whose words were being translated into Nothing pleased her so much as the sympathy nearly every language and read in every land, and appreciation everywhere shown by the lived in the midst of it all, hid as in a pavilion working-people. She speaks with genuine pleas- from the strife of tongues. ure of putting her hand “into the great prairie of a palm" of one of the Duke of Argyle's farm- Reception in England ers who had read “Uncle Tom's Cabin" and walked many miles to shake the hand of the Not many months after the book was pub- author. She writes of the journey through lished, Professor and Mrs. Stowe accepted the Scotland: invitation of the friends of the cause of emanci “We rode through several villages after this, pation in England to visit that country as their and were met everywhere with a warm wel- guest. When they landed at Liverpool, Mrs. come. What pleased me was that it was not Stowe was astonished to find a crowd waiting mainly from the literary, or the rich, or the at the pier — so little had it ever dawned upon great, but the plain, common people. The her that she was a person of importance. “I butcher came out of his stall, and the baker had an early opportunity of making an ac- from his shop, the miller dusty with flour, the quaintance with my English brethren; for, much blooming, comely young mother with her baby to my astonishment, I found quite a crowd on in her arms, all smiling and bowing, with that the wharf, and we walked up to our carriage hearty, intelligent, friendly look, as if they through a long làne of people, bowing, and knew we should be glad to see them.” looking very glad to see us.” She left Liver Of her multitudinous engagements on this pool "with a heart a little tremulous and excited tour, which she had ingenuously looked forward by the vibration of an atmosphere of universal to as a vacation, she writes: “As to all engage- sympathy and kindness." At Locherbie it is ments, I am in a state of happy acquiescence, with a strange kind of thrill “she hears her name having resigned myself as a very tame lion into inquired for in the Scottish accent. Men, the hands of my keepers. Whenever the time women, and children are gathered, and hand comes for me to try to do anything, I try to after hand is presented with the hearty greeting, behave myself as well as I can, which, as Dr. ‘Ye're welcome to Scotland.'” Young says, is all that an angel could do under Of the many kindnesses offered her that she the same circumstances.” To find herself in the could not accept or return, she says: "For all company of very distinguished people excites these kindnesses what could I give in return? her sense of humor, and she laughs to herself: There was scarce time for even a grateful thought “Oh, isn't this funny, to see poor little me with on each. People have often said to me that it all the great ones of the earth?” She writes to must have been an exceeding bore. For my her husband from London about a concert at part, I could not think of regarding it so. It Stafford House: “The next day from my last only oppressed me with an unutterable sadness.” letter came off Miss Greenfield's concert, of She writes of her visit to the Edinburgh Cathe- which I send a card. You see in what company 620 TOM'S CABIN” HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE they have put your poor little wife! Funny almost sadly, as a child might leave its home, I isn't it? Well, the Hons. and the Right left the shores of kind, strong old England Hons. all were there, and I sat by Lord the mother of us all.” Carlisle.” Enormous Sale of “Dred” Reception by the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland On reaching home, she plunged into the thick of the Kansas and Nebraska struggle. She The most notable event in which Mrs. Stowe could think of nothing but slavery, and planned was the central figure, during this her first visit a story to be elaborated out of the material to England, was the reception given her by the gathered in fashioning the “Key" for "Uncle Duke and Duchess of Sutherland at Stafford Tom's Cabin.” In “Dred” the didactic pur- House, on the occasion when Lord Shaftesbury pose is even more pronounced than in “Uncle presented to her, in behalf of the ladies of Eng- Tom.” Yet the book made a profound sensa- land, an address of welcome and appreciation. tion in its day. Crossing again to England to When the reports of this Stafford House meeting secure a copyright, Mrs. Stowe wrote to her reached America, Calhoun remarked that its husband at Andover: chief significance lay in the fact that it would “Dred’is selling over here wonderfully. Low make Abolitionism fashionable. says that, with all the means at his command, After a partial rest in Paris, where she escaped he has not been able to meet the demand. He publicity through some strategy, she went to sold fifty thousand in two weeks, and probably Switzerland, where her presence became gener- will sell as many more.” And later she adds: ally known, in spite of precautions, and she “One hundred thousand copies of ‘Dred' sold was hailed everywhere as Madame Besshare. It in four weeks! After that, who cares what was Scotland over again. All had read her critics say? .. It goes everywhere, is book, and their enthusiasm seemed boundless. read everywhere, and Mr. Low says that he puts “Oh, Madame, do write another! Remember, the hundred and twenty-fifth thousand to press our winter nights here are very long!” entreated confidently. The fact that many good judges the peasants in an Alpine village. like it better than ‘Uncle Tom' is success Mrs. James T. Fields of Boston, who was enough!” much associated with Mrs. Stowe at this time, A little later she wrote from Paris: in her book, “Authors and Friends,” gives the "It is wonderful that people here do not seem following incident illustrative of Mrs. Stowe's to get over ‘Uncle Tom'a bit. The impression wide popularity: seems fresh as if just published. How often "It was my good fortune to be in Mrs. Stowe's have they said, “That book has revived the gos- company once, in Rome, when she came un- pel among the poor of France; it has done more expectedly face to face with an exhibition of the than all the books we have published put to- general feeling of reverence and gratitude to-gether. It has gone among les ouvriers, among ward her. We had gone together to the rooms the poor of Faubourg St. Antoine, and nobody of the brothers Castellani, the world-famous knows how many have been led to Christ by it.' workers in gold. The collection of antique Is not this blessed, my dear husband? Is it not gems and the beautiful reproductions of them worth all the suffering of writing it?" were new to us. Mrs. Stowe was full of en- thusiasm, and we lingered long over the won Mrs. Stowe's Eldest Son Drowned derful things that the brothers brought forward to show. Among them was the head of an Mrs. Stowe returned from this second trip to Egyptian slave, carved in black onyx. It was Europe to meet the supreme sorrow of her life an admirable work of art, and, while we were the death of her eldest son, Henry Stowe. enjoying it, one of them said to Mrs. Stowe: One beautiful summer day in the year 1857, 'Madame, we know what you have been to the while swimming in the Connecticut River near poor slave. We ourselves are but poor slaves Hanover, New Hampshire, where he was a stu- still in Italy. You feel for us; will you keep this dent in Dartmouth College, he was seized with gem as a slight recognition of what you have a cramp. He threw his arms about a classmate done?' She took the jewel in silence; but, when who tried to save him, and both sank together. we looked for some response, her eyes were As they rose to the surface, the friend cried out, filled with tears, and it was impossible for her “You're drowning me, Henry!" Immediately to speak.” he relaxed his grasp, and sank to rise no more. Mrs. Stowe finally returned to England, His mother was away on a visit when a tele- whence she wrote, as she left for home: “Thus, gram summoned her home. His classmates had HOW MRS. STOWE WROTE "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN” 621 just arrived with his body. As she looked upon can't keep my mind off my poor children. Some his strong, peaceful young face, it was impossible on 'em the blessed Master's got, and they's safe; for her to realize that her voice, which had but oh, the’re five I don't know where they are.' ever had such power over him, could never now “What are our mother sorrows to this?” ex- recall him. As she wrote to the Duchess of claims Mrs. Stowe. “I shall try to search out Sutherland, whom she and Henry had visited and redeem these children. ... Every together only a few months before: “There had sorrow I have, every lesson on the sacredness of always been such union, such peculiar tender- family love, makes me the more determined to ness, between us. I had had such power always resist to the last this dreadful evil that makes to call up answering feelings to my own, that it so many mothers so much deeper mourners than seemed impossible that he could be unmoved at I ever can be." my grief." No one had understood her as he In November, 1862, Mrs. Stowe accepted an had. No one had treated her with such con- invitation to visit Washington and attend the stant and chivalrous tenderness. Her strange great Thanksgiving dinner provided for the lapses of memory often excited outbursts of thousands of fugitive slaves who had flocked to nervous irritability from other members of the the city. It was then she had her interview family, but never from him. “A dreadful faint- with Lincoln.* In telling of this interview after- ness of sorrow” came over her at times. As she ward, Mrs. Stowe dwelt particularly on the went about the house, the pictures of which he rustic pleasantry with which that great man was fond, the presents she had bought him, the received her. She was introduced into a cozy photographs she was to show him, all pierced room where the President was seated before an her heart. She writes that she would have been open fire, for the day was damp and chilly. It glad, "like the woman in the St. Bernard, to lie was Mr. Seward who introduced her, and Mr. down with her arms around the wayside cross, Lincoln rose awkwardly from his chair, saying, and sleep away into a brighter scene.” “Why, Mrs. Stowe, right glad to see you!" “Henry's fair, sweet face looks down upon me Then, with a humorous twinkle in his eye, he now and then from out a cloud, and I feel again said: “So you're the little woman who wrote all the bitterness of the eternal ‘No!' which says the book that made this great war! Sit down, that I must never, never in this life see that face, please!” he added, as he seated himself once and lean on that arm, hear that voice.” more before the fire, meditatively warming his She wrote from Hanover, where she was visit- immense hands over the smoldering embers by ing shortly after Henry's death: first extending the palms, and then turning his “A poor, deaf old slave woman, who has still wrists so that the grateful warmth reached the five children in bondage, came to comfort me. backs of his hands. The first thing he said was: ‘Bear up, dear soul,' she said; 'you must bear it, “I do love an open fire. I always had one to for the Lord loves ye.' She went on to say: ‘Sun- home.” day is a heavy day to me, 'cause I can't work, * Mr. Charles Edward Stowe, one of the authors of this article, an' I can't hear preachin', an' can't read, so I accompanied his mother on this visit to Lincoln, and remembers the occasion distinctly. THE MONUMENT TO HARRIET BEECHER STOWE AND HENRY WARD BEECHER, IN LITCHFIELD, CONNECTICUT, THEIR BIRTHPLACE "THE OULD LAD” BY MOIRA O'NEILL MIND meself a wee boy wi' no plain talk, An' standin' not the height o'two peats; There was things meself consated 'or the time that I could walk, An' who's to tell when wit an'childer meets? 'Twas the daisies down in the low grass, The stars high up in the skies, The first I knowed of a mother's face Wi’ the kind love in her eyes, Och, och! The kind love in her eyes. I went the way of other lads that's neither good nor bad, An' still, d’ye see, a lad has far to go; But the things meself consated when I wasn't sick nor sad, They're aisy told, an' little use to know. 'Twas whiles a boat on the say beyont, An' whiles a girl on the shore, An' whiles a scrape o' the fiddle-strings, Or maybe an odd thing more, In troth! Maybe an odd thing more. A man, they say, in spite of all, is betther for a wife, In-undher this ould roof I live me lone; I never seen the woman yet I wanted all me life, An' I never made me pillow on a stone. 'Tis "fancy buys the ribbon” an' all, An' fancy sticks to the young; But a man of his years can do wi' a pipe, Can smoke an' hould his tongue, D'ye mind, Smoke an' hould his tongue. Ye see me now an ould man, his work near done- Sure the hair upon me head's gone white; But the things meself consated 'or the time that I could run, They're the nearest to me heart this night. Just the daisies down in the low grass, The stars high up in the skies, The first I knowed of a mother's face Wi' the kind love in her eyes, Och, och! The kind love in her eyes. — 622 - King Grub by George Hyde Preston R& Illustrated by Wladyslaw T Benda Wiad, la Tenda S HIFTY PETE lay stretched on the “Like enough,” assented Flane. “But we've floor of the cabin where Lem Flane's got to get back down to the Koyukuk again, blow had landed him. just the same. And we ain't going to, if you eat “I'll learn you to fill yourself up up all the grub before we start," he added sav- with grub on the quiet, after we agely. “It's going to be a hard pull anyway, agreed to go short so as to make it last out!” seeing as we lost all our dogs but one, when exclaimed Flane. “Now, get up.” they went into that air-hole down on the big Pete slowly rose to his feet. His eyes glowed creek.” like a tiger's. He clenched his fists and “The time you drove them into it," injected then unclenched them helplessly. Lem was Lem was Pete spitefully. too big. “What's the use of raking that up?” de- “I suppose you ain't never took nothing on manded Flane. "I didn't know the air-hole the quiet,” he said sullenly. was there, did I? And, anyway, I saved the "Well, maybe I have and maybe I haven't,” grub and one dog." returned Flane; “but I ain't never took any Pete muttered something. thing from a pardner of mine yet, if that is Flane stretched his big limbs, with a careless what you mean." laugh. "We ain't. pardners to hurt,” sneered Pete. “Now, look here, Pete, it ain't no use our “That's right, too,” agreed Flane. "I jawing and pulling apart. We two are alone wouldn't never have took up with a little up here in this far-off frozen place, tied together runt like you, except you was the only human tighter than man and wife; and we've got to I knowed who was wishful to come up this far stay by the grub and pull together till we get north of the Circle and see what was in the out, just the same as if we liked it." ground." Shifty Pete looked up with furtive eyes at "Well, there ain't nothing," muttered Pete big, selfish, domineering Lem Flane, and sourly bitterly. "I was a fool.” acquiesced. 623 624 KING GRUB It was the outgrowth of necessity. It was As they rounded the bend in the creek, Flane the philosophy of the North. Everything stopped dead still in his tracks and stared. quarrels, blows, hatreds — had to give way, “What's that smoke?” he cried. “Where is be put aside, in the face of the grim struggle the cabin? By heaven, it's burned down!" for existence. The pan of gravel dropped from his arm and “Now, look here, Pete," went on Flane clattered noisily on the trail. calmly. “If you take any more than your The two men raced forward. In a moment share of grub again, I'll kill you. I ain't got they were standing beside the still burning no use for you anyhow, but if you act halfway ruins of the cabin. square we'll get along all right enough till we “The grub!” The words came through make it back to Bettles, down there on the Pete's white lips almost in a whisper, as if river, and right then we quit! Understand?” he feared to speak them, even to think them. Pete nodded impassively. “It's in there!” returned Flane. “Burnt “Now, here is the program,” declared Flane, to ashes! Every bit of it!" in his domineering voice. “We ain't got grub Pete began pulling madly at the ruins. enough to risk staying any longer. In the "Quit that,” snarled Flane. “Can't you morning we will shovel out the dirt that's see that everything is burnt up? Nothing thawed by the fire we put in the drift this after- could stand that heat. Even the guns are noon. We will give it that one more chance to in there somewhere, with the stocks burnt off show up something, and then we'll pull our and the barrels twisted up. You heated up the freight. We ought to make it back to the river cabin good and plenty this morning, you inſer- in two weeks and we'll get there hungry, nal fool!” he ejaculated fiercely. "I hope you too,” he added grimly. “We have stayed ’most are warm enough now!” too long already, hunting for something that "What will we do?" quavered Pete. ain't here, and we've got to travel hard to make “Do!” snapped Flane. “We'll start for the grub last out.” the Koyukuk right now!" It grew colder in the night, and the cabin was “What will we eat?" a long time warming up the next morning. “Eat! How do I know? What will we eat Pete shivered and kept the stove crammed full if we stay here? It's lucky I hung our snow- of crackling wood. Flane looked at him con- shoes on the tree there, instead of putting them temptuously. "I guess you are more at home in the cabin. We've got them to go on, any- in Arizony, Pete, than in Alaska,” he com- way, and they say the strings make good mented, as they put on their fur caps and mit- eating at a pinch. I ain't never tried them tens and started out. yet.” The drift that they were working in was some Pete looked around hopelessly; then his eyes distance from the cabin, around a bend in the brightened. “ There is the dog,” he said, creek, and hidden by a clump of timber. pointing. Flane walked in the lead. As they went “What good is he?" growled Flane. “There along, he looked across the desolate fields of is nothing to pull.” snow. "He is good to eat!” “There is miles of it to travel before we are "Sure!” cried Flane. “You ain't such a out of this,” he muttered. darn fool, after all. We'll let him follow us on As they clambered down the hole and entered the hoof, as they say down in Arizony, till the drift, he said: “We'll just shovel the gravel till — till we need him. Come on. Every minute behind us, Pete, and then we'll take a pan from counts now! It ain't no trouble to get ready, bed rock as far in as we can get, and see what's because we ain't got nothing to get ready. in it.” Here is my ax sticking in this chopping-block. After they had finished their work, they came That's lucky! Your’n was in the cabin. I'll blinking back into the daylight, Flane carrying break trail. Come on!” a pan of gravel on his arm. All the rest of the day, and far into the moon- "I bet there ain't nothing in it,” grumbled lit night, the two men traveled steadily on, Pete. hardly exchanging a word, the dog following in "You never can tell,” returned Flane. “We'll their snowshoe trail, a gaunt shadow in the know more about it after we have panned it rear. out. What makes you limp?” he asked. At last they stopped and camped for a few “What's the matter with you?” hours — a very few, for their need to get on was “A rock fell on my foot in the drift,' an- desperate. Without food and without guns, swered Pete. “It ain't nothing. I'll put some theirs was a race with starvation. Pain-Killer on it." The Arctic spring was beginning, and the GEORGE HYDE PRESTON 625 intense cold of winter was over; but the nights "I can't make it, Lem,” he said, at last. were still bitter, and the men were stiff Flane stared down at him with somber and hungry. The dog huddled about the fire eyes. with them. “Just take a look at my foot, Lem,” went “I wish that Pain-Killer wasn't burnt up,” on Pete, hastily beginning to untie his moc- grumbled Pete fretfully. "I'd like to put some casin. “Maybe you can tell what's the matter on my foot.” with it." The next march was a long one, Flane setting "I don't want to look at it,” returned Flane the pace relentlessly, hour after hour. Pete gruffly. “I ain't no doctor. Well, all right, fell behind at times, and Flane heard him go ahead,” he added, in answer to Pete's look groan. of entreaty. “But I can't do nothing." "What's the matter with you?" he demanded. Pete pulled off his moccasin and the thick “Why don't you keep up?” stockings under it, and put out his swollen “It's my foot,” answered Pete; "it hurts.” foot. “This ain't no time for a sore foot," returned Flane ran his hand over it. Flane harshly. “If you can't travel fast you're Pete winced with pain. a dead man." "It looks like one of the small bones might “It ain't nothing,” declared Pete, catching be broke," said Flane shortly, and again up. “It ain't nothing,” he repeated, as if he regarded Pete with somber, speculative trying to reassure himself. eyes. Then he turned away and called to When they halted for rest that night, their the dog. faces were gaunt with hunger. Pete looked at “What are you going to do, Lem?” asked the dog, who was sniffing about in a vain search Pete. for food, and stretched out his hand. “Kill the dog. I'll give you the biggest half.” “No — not yet,” cut in Flane. “Wait Pete began to tremble. till we're hungrier. Let him carry himself for “Lem, you ain't going to a while. It's easier.” Flane turned abruptly away, and called The two men took turns keeping up the fire loudly: during the short hours they dared spare them “Here, Mukluk! Here, Mukluk!” selves for rest. The hungry dog prowled about The dog came up sniffing for the expected and howled dismally. food; but, as Flane reached for him, he sprang Flane was ready to start first. “Come on, away with a suspicious yelp, and ran back along Pete!” he exclaimed impatiently. “Are you the snowshoe trail they had left behind them. going to take a week to fix on them snow Flane followed after him, alternately cursing shoes?” and cajoling. “Go ahead; I'm coming. It's my foot -- it's Pete sat and watched them fixedly until they swelled up some; but I'm coming." disappeared behind some trees. Then he looked Flane started out at the killing pace of the at his foot and muttered to himself. He was day before. Pete followed him for a time, shivering like a man with the ague. limping desperately, beads of perspiration It was a long time before Flane came back, starting on his face. Suddenly he sank down and he came without the dog. “I couldn't on the trail, with a groan. catch him; he's gone,” he said shortly. “We Flane turned upon him savagely. "What's have lost him. I reckon he has gone back to the matter with you? What are you sitting where he was ſed last — back to where the down for?” cabin was.” Pete mumbled something. Pete said nothing. "What's the matter with you?” yelled Flane, Flane looked at him, and moved restlessly. in a sudden fury. “How many matches have you got, Pete?” he “It's my foot, Lem,” said Pete, as if confess- asked. ing a fault. “Just give me a little time. It's Pete shook his head. “Not any." stiff-like, and it burns like fire.” Flane took a box from his pocket, and began Flane's face was set in hard lines. “There separating the matches into two piles. ain't no time to give you. We've just got to “What are you doing, Lem?” get on. You know that." “Can't you see?” demanded Flane irritably. “Yes, I know," answered Pete, struggling to “I'm dividing up the matches. Don't you want his feet. He took a few steps, and sank down none?” again. you ain't going to leave me?" He looked up at Flane with a dumb horror Pete was shaking again. in his face. “Do you think that I am going to sit here and “Lem, you 626 KING GRUB starve without making a run for it?" demanded The dog was now circling around one of the Flane. "What good would that do you? You clumps of small trees that dotted the snow- can't travel, and I can't carry you. I'll leave covered plain, sniffing the air. you the ax.” “He is trying to make himself believe that he Pete searched vainly for some sign of relenting smells something to eat,” Pete muttered, with in his partner's grim face, and then, at the a sour smile. “And that's all the good it will supreme moment, something like dignity came do him!” into his own. Suddenly the dog ran in among the trees, and “There sure ain't no use of your starving, Pete heard him give a succession of sharp yelps. Lem, without a run for your money,” he said Then he came out, still yelping, and, to Pete's quietly. "If you make it out, tell the amazement, ran straight up to him; but when boys Pete pounced upon him desperately, the dog "I won't tell the boys nothing,” broke in slipped away from under his hands, and darted Flane, with sudden fierceness. Then he slowly back into the clump, still yelping. got to his feet. “If you can travel, come on," “Maybe he has treed something!” exclaimed he said thickly. “If you can't, it's tough, but Pete, crawling painfully after him through the it's no fault of mine. I'm off. So long.” snow — walking was torture now. “So long,” returned Pete. When the dog saw him coming, he began That was all. to leap into the air at something high above Flane walked rapidly away, and disappeared his head among the trees. without turning his head. Pete looked up. Pete impassively watched him go. There “A cache!” he screamed. “Grub!" was nothing to do about it. Then he looked Pete sprang to his feet, never feeling the pain, down at his foot. “I wish I had some Pain- and rushed at his salvation. Killer to rub on it,” he muttered complain There, on a platform raised high up on poles, ingly. “Then maybe I could get a show to make under a snow-covered canvas, the outline of it back to the river, like Lem, before 1 - bags showed. He stopped with a shiver. Pete climbed one of the supports like a mad- “My God! Have I got to starve here with- man, and, tearing off the canvas, seized some- out no show?” he cried desperately. "I won't thing from the pile, and slid with it to the never do it. i've got to travel someway, if it ground in an ecstasy of haste. kills me. I can't stand it to starve! I can't! "Bacon!” he cried, tearing furiously at it But what will I do?” he muttered, burying his with his teeth. face in his hands. The dog pawed him, and whined. As if in answer, he heard a whine close beside Pete opened his knife, cut off a big chunk, him. He turned abruptly. and threw it into the jaws of the famished It was the dog. He had come back! animal. The man's cyes glittered. His pinched face Man and dog, side by side, gnawed at the became suddenly cunning. frozen meat. “Here, Mukluk, come here!” he called, care Finally the man was satisfied. He looked lessly snapping his fingers. up. “Good, ain't it, Mukluk?” he grinned. The dog waved his bushy tail, and looked at The deg snarled, bolted the last cf his hunk, the man with expectant, greedy eyes; but when and ran his quick tongue over his jaws. Pete edged a little closer, he backed away, "Now we'll see what more there is in the growling. cache,” said Pete, climbing up again --- more Pete made a sudden rush for him. The dog slowly this time. bounded out of reach, and Pete sank down on “Lord, how my foot hurts!” he groaned, as the snow, weak with the pain of his foot. he pulled himself on to the platform and began "I've got to get him — I've got to get him!” rummaging. Pete muttered. “And I can't," he ended, “Bacon! Flour! Beans!” Each word was with a half sob. a shrill cry of triumph. Then Pete's eyes fixed Next he tried strategy. He remained perfectly themselves on the mark on the bags. still, hoping that the dog would grow careless “That's his mark!" ejaculated Pete. "They and come within reach. But the animal re- belongs to Sandy Walsh, the feller his pardner fused to be tempted, and kept moving farther was hauling back to Bettles, sick, when we away. passed them on our way up here last fall. Pete watched his motions in an agony of They said they cached some grub when they apprehension. What if he went away again, turned back. Well, Sandy won't want it this and stayed! season; and I guess he won't never want it, Berdas "PETE BEGAN PULLING MADLY AT THE RUINS 627 Wiedydar Benda "PETE FOLLOWED HIM FOR A TIME, LIMPING DESPERATELY" by the way he looked,” continued Peter reflec Then his eyes fell on the bacon. tively. “He was sure pretty nigh his finish "I could wrap that up in a sack, and tie it when I see him.” on Mukluk. Lem would sure know that there Throwing a sack of flour and a frying-pan was more where that came from, and make he had found down into the snow, Pete slid tracks back. I'll try it on,” he nodded to down after them. himself. "Lord, the luck of it!” he exclaimed. “And He wrapped up the bacon in a sack he got Lem hitting the trail with nothing in his belly. from the cache. And going on and on till he drops. For he “Come here, Mukluk," he called. ain't going to make it. No man could. There's The dog came up to him quite confidently enough for Lem, too,” he went on meditatively, now, and Pete tied the bacon across his back. looking up at the cache. “Well, it's his own “Now, Mukluk," said Pete, limping with the lookout. He deserted me, and we was pard- dog to where Lem's snowshoe tracks led away ners. He took the best chance — the same south. “See that trail? Go on, now, and find as I would,” he added candidly, after a pause. Lem! Fetch him, Mukluk, fetch him! Good “And he left me the ax, and he needed the ax dog! Mush, now!” bad. That was mighty white of Lem. I Pete pushed Mukluk forward along the trail wouldn't never done it, I guess.” as he spoke; but the dog, suddenly grown suspi- He looked up again at the cache. Then, as cious again, turned in his tracks and bolted off if in answer to a question, he muttered: “How in the opposite direction. can 1? I can't travel till my foot gets well. “Here, Mukluk, come back!” called Pete. I ain't got no way of catching him." “I ain't going to hurt you." The dog was eyeing the unfinished piece of The dog had disappeared. bacon which Pete had stuck in the crotch of a “Curse the brute!" ejaculated Pete. “I tree out of his reach. done my best to help you, Lem,” he muttered "By thunder!” exclaimed Pete. “Mukluk fretfully. “I can't go after you; I can't travel. could, if I only knew how to make him. And you starving to death, and plenty right couldn't write Lem no message to come back, here for the asking! Mukluk, for God's sake, because I ain't much on the write." come back!” he cried. 628 UMOS Tedydan T. Bonde "IVE GOT TO GET HIM - I'VE GOT TO GET HIM!'" I was His voice broke with weakness, and he sat other way; he ain't come back yet. there, head bowed, in bitter dejection. waiting for him. I done my best, Lem - “Hello, Pete!” honest.” The voice seemed to come from away off. “Bacon!” ejaculated Flane. “Pete, you're Pete raised his head, and stared as if he saw a loco! I suppose that's the way we'll both get ghost. soon,” he muttered, half to himself. Before him stood Lem Flane, his cheeks “Bacon! And beans! And flour!” shrieked sunken, his eyes like those of a famished animal. Pete hysterically. “Me and Mukluk found a “Lem! What brought you back?” cache! There the brute is now," he cried, "Because we is pardners," answered Flane. pointing down the trail, "coming back with “I traveled fast, but all the time I see you laying the bacon still tied to him! Ask him! Come here crippled up and starving all alone — and on, Lem! Come on, quick!” me, your pardner, deserting you. And, if I got And half dragging, half leaning on Flane, Pete out, I knew I would always see you as long as limped with him over to the clump of trees and I lived. I ain't got no liking for you, Pete; I pointed to the cache. And then, before Flane ain't pretending any. But you is my pardner. could make a move, he climbed up and threw I couldn't get away from that. I ain't never a side of bacon straight down into Flane's deserted a pardner before so I come back to travel the same road as you. guess it won't Flane gazed at it with ravenous eyes; but, take long." before he took the first mouthful, he looked up For a moment Shifty Pete couldn't speak. at Pete and said solemnly: Then he gulped over his words. “Lem, I “Pete, I didn't guess you right. You're a couldn't travel – I tried to make Mukluk go pardner — and a gentleman.” and bring you back. I tied a piece of bacon on Pete grinned. him for a message, but the cussed dog ran the “That makes my foot feel good,” he said. arms. 1 629 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY HAVING A DANGEROUS BRUTE LIKE THIS ABOUT TO ANNOY PASSENGERS?'" 630 632 ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY THE a At the top of the ladder Mr. Blake halted. "Your dog, Madam?” he demanded in his The long deck was empty, save for a dog that harshest tones. lay across his path and, at the sight of him, "No," she answered, gazing at him coolly, lifted a slow head and growled. The missionary while the dog, with his teeth still showing, eyed gave ground at once. He had lived too long the three of them watchfully. among his debased Mohammedans and Jews to “Of course, sir,” said the steward suddenly, in be at ease with dogs, in any case; he could not a brisk and obliging manner,—“of course, if resist the impression that the taint of unclean- nobody don't own 'im, we can 'eave 'im over- ness was upon them. He started to walk round board, seein' 'e's dangerous.” the animal; but it rose to its feet with a low "Dangerous!" snapped Mr. Blake. "He rumble of menace that made him back against tried to bite me, I tell you.” the bulkhead. “Yes, sir,” agreed the steward. “Then over “Good dog," he said anxiously. “Get down, 'e goes.” you brute!” Miss Gregory interrupted with swift author- It was a dog of middle size, tawny and rough ity. “Nothing of the kind,” she said. “The in the coat; it showed him eyes of a tender, mel- dog's not dangerous; he's unhappy.” ancholy brown and a handsome set of teeth. “Those curs began Mr. Blake, but she When he made a movement to edge away, it cut him short. wrinkled its nose to the shape of sheer vicious “Man,” she said, "did you ever see a cur with ness; its growl was ferocity made vocal. Mr. a coat like that? He's an Irish terrier Blake poised his left foot for a kick. beauty. Poor old fellow, then!” “Good old fellow, then," he begged agon The dog still had his hairy lips withdrawn from izedly. “Good old boy!” his most impressive teeth. But Miss Gregory The good old fellow appeared to be clearing had owned and loved dogs from her childhood. for action, when Mr. Blake's desperate eyes, She paid attention to neither his shrinking nor roving for the means of rescue, caught sight of his threats, but stooped deliberately and put a a white jacket. slow, expert hand on the rough head. Mr. "Steward!” he called raspingly. "Steward!” Blake made a motion to stop her. It was not “Sir?” alone the danger of her being bitten, but the The shrewd Cockney steward saw how mat- sight of a clean English lady fondling a dog ters stood, and came running with a broom. was unpleasant to him. He watched her un- The dog, still growling, backed into the scupper, comfortably, while the steward stood by, leaning and there stood to his arms, as it were, ready to upon his broom, agreeable to any arrangement resume the engagement. Mr. Blake put his left that might be concluded. Miss Gregory's foot down with relief, and turned upon the hands stroked the restless head, while she talked steward. unceasingly in the low, reassuring tone that dogs “What do you mean by having a dangerous know. The beast was tense with suspicion - brute like this about to annoy passengers?” he the world that had gulfed his master from demanded. “It's an outrage!” sight might be full of plausible traitors; but she “Don't belong to us, sir," said the steward. made no mistakes. The feel of her hands, prac- “Seems sort o’lost, don't it?" tised in caresses, was balm to him. He sur- “Do you mean to say its owner is not on rendered suddenly, letting go his hostile breath board?" inquired Mr. Blake. in a sigh, and crowded close to her knee. He The dog growled again at the sound of his was ownerless no longer; he knew the depend- voice, and the steward stood with his broom ence on a human being which is the religion of ready to repel an attack. a good dog. "I saw 'im,” explained the steward, “when "You see?” said Miss Gregory over her we was castin' orf from the wharf; but no one shoulder. don't seem to own 'im. Lost 'is master ashore, Mr. Blake snorted; he knew too little about I should think, and strayed aboard of us in the dogs to appreciate the art of the victory that he night.” had just witnessed. “The cur!” said Mr. Blake, with heat. “It “So long as he does not annoy me,” he said, meant to bite. It's some wretched mongrel "he may remain. You will be responsible for from the town a pariah dog." him, Madam?” A cool voice at his elbow interrupted him. “Thank you so much,” said Miss Gregory "Oh, no,” it said, with quiet decision. “It's pleasantly, and rose to her feet as he strode off, not a mongrel, by any means." his arms swinging and his whole ungainly figure It was the serene Englishwoman again; Mr. eloquent of his disapproval. Blake leaned toward her with a scowl. The steward loitered. "Fine 'and you've got - - - - "TWICE OR THRICE DURING THE NIGHT THE DOG RAISED HIS WISE HEAD AT THE APPROACH OF FOOTSTEPS" 633 634 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY with a dorg, mum,” he remarked, with a finger her with what she took to be the cold glee of to his cap-brim. malice. She was having trouble with the officials Miss Gregory nodded. “Bring some biscuits about the dog, and prepared to snub him at once. to my cabin,” she directed. “He's hungry.” "Er - not bitten anybody, I suppose?" was The dog was watching her with his soft, de- Mr. Blake's effort at small talk. He had not voted eyes. The word biscuit evidently had heard the yell of the steward a few minutes some meaning for him. He was prepared to before, when he had trodden on the dog's paw understand her completely. and been dealt with promptly. "Come along, old fellow," said Miss Gregory. "Nobody to speak of," replied Miss Gregory. “Let's see if you can eat something. It's a “Anyhow, it's too late to throw him overboard pleasure to meet a gentleman like you." now.” The dog followed at her heel, with his short Mr. Blake's constrained smile faded, and stump of a tail erect, restored to his double Miss Gregory forgot his existence as another capacity of man's champion and slave. official arrived to bring his black mustache and He makes fewest mistakes who registers few- red fez to bear on the situation. She took a est judgments. In her diary that evening, as seat on one of her trunks, crossed her ankles, she sat on the edge of her bunk, with the calm and prepared to insist upon her own way. At dog alert at her feet, Miss Gregory entered her her side, the dog sat on his haunches, grave and reflections on the subject of Mr. Blake. "A unperturbed; his melancholy eyes strayed over man like a hedgehog,” she wrote, “partaking of the wharf in sad detachment. the characters of both hedge and hog. If it The officer bent his faculties to an inspection were not for his manners, I should have judged of the animal. him poor and aging and disappointed; as it is, "Yours?" he asked Miss Gregory suddenly. I put his appearance down to dyspepsia. To “Oh, no,” replied Miss Gregory. “I don't meet him is not to enrich one's experience.” even know his name. He's lost.” As she wrote, Mr. Blake lay in the dark on the "Lost," repeated the officer thoughtfully, and other side of the bulkhead, thinking unhappily flashed his eyes at her. “Ah! He shall be shot.” of the events of the day. He was a man of nar “I'd rather he wasn't,” said Miss Gregory rowly defined powers, and they were not of the placidly. She was fairly sure of her man; she kind to earn him consideration in the highways had been in the Levant before. The hand that of the earth. Here and there, in the dark rested in her jacket pocket came forth in the places of heathendom, his name had honor. most casual manner in the world, and the Turk Years ago, when the field of his labors had been had a glimpse of crumpled blue paper in the Morocco, he had lain three months in a pestilent palm of it. His round, swarthy face took on a prison, awaiting death by torture. Each day of look of abstraction; he gazed past her at the that period he had preached his valiant gospel road from the wharf. to his fellow prisoners; and when, at length, the "If he follows you," he said in dull tones, unexpected release came for him, he had walked “how can' we shoot? It is not safe.” forth into the sunlight at the head of a dozen Miss Gregory permitted herself a little smile; converts. But his vicissitudes, his sufferings it always happened like that with her, and she and his triumphs, had given him no dignity. was content. His manner resembled his clothes. Both were "I see,” she said. “Thank you.” She rose ill-devised and uncomfortable, and both hid the to her feet and nodded an acknowledgment of raw material of martyrdom. Wide-eyed in the his bow. Beside her, the expectant dog stood gloom of his cabin, he heard Miss Gregory drop up and eyed the pair of them intelligently. an occasional word to the dog; she spoke with It was here that Miss Gregory made her mis- an accent of companionship that smote him like take. Instead of passing the money with proper a revelation. discretion into the official palm, she laid it on “What is it?” he asked himself again and the trunk, smiled, and walked away. The offi- again. "What it that other people have cer smiled likewise, made her another bow, and which I lack? What is it?” reached for his reward. At the same instant the Miss Gregory and he met next morning on the dog, misunderstanding the matter completely, wharf at Jaffa. He was anxious to be agreeable, took him reproachfully by the lower leg and but did not know how. He would have given held on. much for the trick of pleasant triviality to At the fat officer's howl, Miss Gregory started nod, to say some insignificant, friendly thing. back. She was just in time to see a spirited This was his purpose. The effect fell some action-picture dissolve into its ingredients. The degrees short of the intention. Miss Gregory, fat officer hopped on his unbitten leg and looking up suddenly, saw his eyes fixed upon shouted broken phrases in four tongues, and PERCEVAL GIBBON 635 everybody threw things at the dog and looked when law and order had been made the prey of a at the money on the ground. dog; and he found it astonishing that she should “Pat,” called Miss Gregory. “Pat! Here, turn up thus, trim and unperturbed, with the boy." spoils of victory walking visibly behind her. She judged it was useless to offer compensa- He gave her his hard, inexpressive stare, which tion; the blood of the dog was what the stout looked so hostile and was yet nothing but an officer required. A species of gendarme was evidence of slow wits, and as she returned it already running up with his short sword drawn, he caught at his manners and made her a bow. and the dog, having caught sight of him, was It was rather funny to watch, and Miss Gregory preparing for further conquests. At her cry, he was interested. She failed to notice that the looked toward her reluctantly. She made dog, whose memory of Mr. Blake was not less frantic gestures of summons and invitation, and accurate than hers, was interested too. began to run, still calling. He hesitated; the Mr. Blake's conscience had smitten him at row was altogether too promising to lose, but the moment of her flight from the wharf. No his honor was in his service of her. He followed, honest man lacks the seeds of chivalry, however bounding. he may lack the art of it. Too late he began to For a while there was pursuit; but it dwin- perceive that he had lost an opportunity. He dled quickly, and Miss Gregory, breathless and might have tripped up the man with the sword, afflicted with a stitch in her side, dropped to and so made a diversion in her favor. He chafed walking pace in an intricacy of narrow uphill at the suspicion that he was doomed forever to streets. The dog danced about her gleefully. stand in the background of these vivacious Miss Gregory spoke to him remonstratingly. transactions, to be a mere spectator and critic. “This Donnybrook-Fair kind of thing is all He hesitated a moment, and rose awkwardly very well in its way, my friend,” she said. “But to go across to her. His mind floundered pain- in the meantime our luggage is at the customs; fully, seeking for a friendly thing to say. and what about a hotel?” "Well,” said Miss Gregory, before he had He cocked a soft eye at her with a laughable found it, drawing off her gloves in a leisurely suggestion of shrewdness, and waited for her fashion, "you see, we're not overboard yet, next move. Things were simple enough for him. either of us." Where she went he would go too, unquestion “No," said Mr. Blake uneasily. "No; not ing and content, ready to support or defend at yet." need. Loyalty was his trade. He had meant merely to agree with her; it “Very well,” said Miss Gregory. “You're was none of his doing that the words sounded obliging, even if you are not helpful. We'll see like a veiled threat. He came closer. what we can do." “Do you mind if I sit at your table?” he The Orient Hotel in those days looked out asked, with sudden humility, and laid his hand upon the street through a tall arched door, and on the edge of it. within it the courtyard was roofed over to be It was the sign for which the dog was waiting, a spacious lounging-place for the hotel's fre- the token he had set himself to recognize. With Miss Gregory summoned her most the smooth celerity of a piece of machinery, he formal demeanor as she turned in, with the dog opened a flank attack at once. The table was soberly at heel. between Mr. Blake and Miss Gregory, so that From the palm-screened office at the farther she could not see what was happening to that end of the courtyard, Aristide saw her arrival, gentleman's right calf, and for a moment she and came forward to meet her, the most pliant, thought that sudden madness had seized him. most accomplished of maîtres d'hôtel. He bowed He made a strange noise between a scream and before her, while she set forth her needs a grunt, and leaped backward. good room, a rug for the dog, porters to go “What on earth —” began Miss Gregory, forthwith for her luggage, and café au lait. half rising, and then she saw. “Oh, Pat, you “Direc'ly, Madame,” he assured her, with beast! Come here at once, sir.” his air of having received distinguished favors. The deluded Pat had a strip of black cloth in "Madame will take ze café first? Madame will his teeth; he flaunted it vaingloriously, the have it here?” while he moved exultantly before Mr. Blake He drew out a chair for her at a small table, with a motion like a mechanical rocking-horse and Miss Gregory turned toward it, and saw, and feinted for another opening. seated at a little table close at hand, her ac “Call him off!” cried Mr. Blake frantically. quaintance of the steamer, the Rev. Daniel "I'm badly bitten. Call him off — he's coming Blake. At sight of her he started. He had again!" been a witness of the tragedy by the water-side, From all about the courtyard came noises of a 636 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY er disorder. There were shouting and the drum of scene on the quay, and were politely but ob- feet, and Aristide came through the throng as a viously a little nervous of Miss Gregory. No, scythe goes through rank grass. they explained; they had not seen any dog of “Oh, scanda-al!” he gritted between clenched that remarkable hue, and their manner of saying teeth, and his dexterous kick took Pat a little it suggested a hope that they never would. In abaſt the beam and hoisted him a dozen feet in the afternoon she took occasion to visit two the direction of the archway and the inhospital- other hotels, to secure accommodation for the ity of the street. It was all in Aristide's best night, and found that the tale of Pat's deeds at masterly manner — his demonstration of the the Orient had got there first. At both there great hidden truth that an innkeeper may be a were smiling, deferential managers on the model paladin. He stood and watched the stumpy of Aristide. They had excellent rooms at her tail vanish, and came slowly back again, finger- disposal, charming, exceptional rooms. “But, ing his white tie into order. Madame excoose. Ve do not receive dogs, “A doctor, sir?” he asked of Mr. Blake, who bein? Eet is ze rule.” To each of them Miss was examining his wounds in the midst of a Gregory showed first a grim countenance and group of sympathizers. then a broad back. She saw a good deal of "No," said M Blake shortly. His injuries Jaffa that day. were, after all, not severe. There was just The moon was high over the white and blood enough to look ugly when seen through crowded town ere her quest ended, at the corner the torn rent in the black trousers; but Mr. of a little open garden where there were seats Blake, at his worst and crudest, was never a around a fountain. As she neared it, there man to make a profit of an attitude. came into view a dog of the town, a lean, ragged "I'm all right,” he said harshly, and rose to gutter-hound, comprising in his single unshapely his feet. person half a dozen uncleanly breeds. He was “Glad it's no worse,” said Miss Gregory at moving at top speed, too urgent to be elsewhere his side, and he turned to meet her unembar- even to snarl as he went. He crossed her path rassed eyes. like a hairy comet, and vanished in the nearest “Er — the dog's gone, eh?” he in- shadows. And after him, with all the joy of the quired heavily. chase eloquent in his gait, came another dog. She smiled. “Yes; he's overboard, as far as Miss Gregory stopped short. you're concerned,” she said. It seemed she “Pat!” she cried. “Pat, you brute.” could not forget that word; he reddened un Pat slid to a standstill, and welcomed her with comfortably. a wild bark. He spun about her crazily. "So it only remains to pay for the damage and “Oh, Pat,” said Miss Gregory. "A well-bred go after him,” she added tranquilly. His woe- dog like you, too! You'll come to a bad end, begone look struck her suddenly. “I really am But I'm glad to see you, all the very sorry, Mr. Blake,” she concluded. “Any- same.” thing I can do — “Wuff!” observed Pat happily. He liked Her glance at the torn garments was signifi- being talked to. Life, for him, was full of fights cant, and her purse was in her hand. He won- and other fine things; but service was best — to dered why the proper, easy thing to say was so adore, to obey, to sacrifice. He went with her hard to find. to one of the seats. “Thank you, no,” he answered, and Miss Miss Gregory sat down with a sigh of relief, Gregory turned away to the expectant Aristide. for she was a tired woman. That truly great man was as placid as she; he “Thanks to you, my exuberant friend, there's never allowed passion to complicate finance. no roof for us to-night,” she said to the waiting The settlement was so satisfactory that he even dog. “So we must see it out here.” felt a certain compunction for kicking Pat. She leaned back and yawned, in no wise dis- Miss Gregory passed the day in looking for turbed or unhappy. For Miss Gregory a bed Pat. Jaffa was not a city of imposing propor was a mere piece of furniture; for most people it tions, but one could not imagine a place better is a symbol. The night air was not yet bitter adapted for losing a dog. The little streets with chill, and she felt she could sleep. Pat, were linked in all directions by a mesh of alleys agreeable to her mood, fidgeted uncertainly for and byways; when he was driven from the hotel, a minute or two, and then coiled down upon her he had the choice of a score of ways to go. And foot. The big white moon stood over them it was a little alarming to find how quickly his benignly. Across the hushed streets the sea fame had spread. At a little café where she made its slumberous murmur. Pat put a paw lunched and made inquiries (“Has any one seen across his nose lazily, and Miss Gregory slept. a red dog?” she asked), they knew all about the Twice or thrice during the night the dog raised my friend. "SHE WATCHED THEM DEPART, EACH OBVIOUSLY NERVOUS AND ILL AT EASE" his wise head at the approach of footsteps. Day was pale overhead when he woke her by There came a patrolling policeman, belted and rising from her foot. She had slept the night armed; there came also men who prowled cau- through, and returned to wakefulness to see Pat tiously. Miss Gregory did not hear them. One rampant, gardant, and making preparations to who came close heard the low rumble of the give Mr. Blake further cause for complaint. dog's growl, hesitated, and slunk away. Pat The missionary had halted about twenty paces was on duty, the duty he understood. Let Miss away, with one of the long seats between him Gregory be pilot in the strange complexity of and the dog. In one hand he carried a loop of man's world, and he would trust her utterly; but bright steel chain; Miss Gregory gave if a stare when that curious tangle subsided and things of unworthy suspicion. became plain and primitive, he would take “Good morning,” she said. “Is that chain command and not fail her. intended for Pat, here?” 637 638 THE ADVENTURES OF MISS GREGORY “Yes,” he said. “Will you hold him, please? our manners; and we can both take care of I want to speak to you.” ourselves. Really, I'm not joking. A decent Miss Gregory laid her hand on Pat's collar. human being and a decent dog have a lot in “Down, boy," she ordered. “I warn you that common." if you try to snatch him I'll let him go," she Mr. Blake nodded his head at each point she called. mentioned. He did not answer her at once. Mr. Blake came across to her with his quick, "I think,” he said at last, “that, if I were to shambling stride. be burned at the stake for the glory of my Mas- “Been out all night?” he asked abruptly. ter, I could do my part with credit. That is Miss Gregory was leaning back with her knees what I think, and once I was very near it. But crossed, at her ease, self-possessed, cruelly scru- if His cause depended on my being able to say a tinizing him. light, pleasant thing to a chance-met stranger “Yes,” she answered. well, thank God, it doesn't. But __” "I thought so," he said. “What?” asked Miss Gregory gently. “Indeed.” Miss Gregory saw that the man Mr. Blake sat up. He turned his grizzled was painfully embarrassed, and compunction face to her. It was seamed with the suns and stirred in her. “Why?" she demanded. storms of many deserts and darkened with a “I inquired at the hotels,” he said. “And multitude of griefs. He was of her own age, but then — your luggage. It was brought to the old already, void of humor and incapable of Orient. It is there still.” power. But for the moment he was exalted. “I see,” said Miss Gregory. “So you in “Your ill-conditioned brute has bitten me quired at the hotels, did you? Sit down, Mr. once and frightened me twice,” he said, with a Blake. Now, why did you inquire?” sudden vivacity. “While you keep him you'll The gaunt, gray man had his eyes fixed on the never get into a hotel. To-day I leave on my ground. It was as if he were confessing some way to my mission; give the beast to me.” crime. The starch was out of him. Miss Gregory hesitated. hesitated. “Really?" she “You're fond of dogs?” he asked inconse- asked. “You want him?" quently. He held up the chain for her to sec. “1 "Well, yes," said Miss Gregory, surprised. brought it in the hope that you would give him," “I'm not,” he went on; "I don't like them he said. “You call him Pat, eh? St. Patrick I'm afraid of them. So - I wondered.” was a missionary - and he could bite, too. He paused. Miss Gregory did not speak. Pat, come here." "I wondered,” he repeated. “The dog Pat held back. He was not an effusive dog, seemed to have a claim on you. When he saw but he fell to abject licking of Miss Gregory's you, he knew you were his friend, just as he hand. knew I was not. And you were. I don't under “Pat,” said Miss Gregory, “be good.” stand, even yet quite. Is it only because you “Come, Pat,” said Mr. Blake. “We're both are kind to dogs?” awkward in company; we ought to get on.” He stopped for an answer. Miss Gregory Miss Gregory took his hand heartily. bent her mind to the matter. “My dear man,” she said, “I'm an old fool "No," she answered thoughtfully. “It wasn't myself. Go, now, because I'm half afraid I'm only that, since you ask. You see, the dog going to cry. And God bless you, both of you." and I have much the same views of life and She did not cry. She even smiled as she behavior." watched them depart, each obviously nervous "Eh?” He glanced round, fearful that she and ill at ease. Mr. Blake held the chain at spoke in jest; her face reassured him. arm's length, and Pat walked with drooping tail. “I'm afraid it sounds rather mad," said Miss “Gracious!” exclaimed Miss Gregory, as they Gregory; “but think it out. Both of us stand passed the street-end and vanished from her by those who need our help; we're not down sight. “My diary. I must tear that page out on the weak and lonely; we're decently clean in before I forget it.” "To the memory of Colonel James Anderson, founder of free libraries in western Pennsylvania. He opened his library to working boys, and, upon Saturday afternoons, acted as librarian, thus dedicating not only his books but himself to the noble work. This monu- mentis erected in grateful remembrance by Andrew Carnegie, one of the working boys to whom were thus opened the precious treasures of knowledge and imagination through which youth may ascend” THE YOUNG MILLWRIGHT JOHN A. A. BRASHEAR OF PITTSBURGH WHOSE INSTRUMENTS OF PRECISION HAVE MADE POSSIBLE MANY IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES IN PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY BY EDWIN TENNEY BREWSTER F there is any one thing in which this pres- tion times of different men. We have measured ent age of ours is supreme, that thing is the heat of the moon's rays, and the humidity precision. We suspend business every of Mars. We are, above all things, certain. day to telegraph observatory time to Where our fathers estimated, we know. every city, and if that time is wrong by We know because of our tool- and instrument- a single second, somebody has to explain. We makers. They give us our clocks, chrono- triangulate a whole State, and the error is graphs, calipers, verniers, gauges, micrometers, within the span of a man's hand. Our balances graduates, thermometers, thermographs, our do not merely weigh a hair - they tell the differ- dividing-engines, microtomes, microscopes, ence in weight between a thick hair and a thin range-finders, defraction gratings, telescopes, one. From measuring the speed of thought, we spectroscopes, balances. Without such instru- have advanced to measuring the different reac- ments, science would be no more. Without 639 640 JOHN A. BRASHEAR OF PITTSBURGH their makers, the progress of civilization would Probably no city in the world has a larger stop. proportion of inhabitants than Pittsburgh who Instrument-making, like other exacting pro- believe that the day is given to man to do two ſessions, demands certain special gifts — among days' work in. The Brashears built them a them, great manual dexterity, infinite patience, a little house with their own hands, for they were love of precision for its own sake. The few really the kind of people who are willing to do any- great instrument-makers have at least approxi- thing to help along. The husband took his mated to genius. Ofone of those, John A. Brashear books to the mill, and dug away at physics and of Pittsburgh, the foremost now living in the mathematics on the street-cars. The wife kept United States, I shall here give some account. up with him in her duties at home. In the Western Pennsylvania sixty or seventy years evening they worked and studied together at ago was full of amateur astronomers. In fact, their special hobby, astronomy. everywhere, during the first half of the last cen The fact that the Brashears had no money to tury, astronomy was the most popular of all the buy a telescope was no permanent obstacle sciences, the one branch of natural science which they went to work to make one instead. They every intelligent person was supposed to know set up a little shop, with a tiny engine and a something about, and every educated person to a lathe. Together they made the tubes and have studied in school. Among these amateurs ground the lenses, husband and wife working was one Squire Wampler, who had picked up side by side, she hardly less deft than he. Every a good piece of glass in the wreck of the great evening, after his ten-hour grind at the rolling- fire which nearly wiped out Pittsburgh in 1845, mill was over, John Brashear hurried up the ground himself a telescope lens, and not having Juill to his home on the South Side, to find great earthly possessions, had taken to traveling his shop in order, the engine cleaned and oiled, about the country, exhibiting the wonders of the with steam up, ready for the evening's work. heavens through his instrument, at five cents First came a wash up, with very careful atten- a look. tion to his hands and nails, for lens-grinding Squire Wampler probably did no more far- is delicate work and some particle of dust or reaching act in all his life than when, in 1848, he grime from the mills might have fallen on the brought his telescope to a little town on the polisher and ruined the glass. He used even Monongahela fifty miles south of Pittsburgh resolutely to wash his hair every night, no and gave to John A. Brashear his first peep matter how tired he was, to avoid any risk of through a glass. The future astronomer was this kind. Then, supper over, he ground and then a lad of eight. His maternal grandfather polished and tested till midnight, till one, till was Nathaniel Smith, a watchmaker by trade, two o'clock in the morning; then a hurried and a most versatile and dexterous workman in tumble into bed, a few hours' sleep, and up, a day when everything had to be wrought by when the five-o'clock whistle blew, for an- hand. He was also a man of uncommon intelli- other day's toil at the mill, and another happy gence and capacity, and he had built one of the evening in the little shop. first telegraph instruments west of the Alle- ghenies. He made a companion of the boy, They Ground for Three Years on One Lens taught him the names of the stars and constella- tions by the time he was ten, and remained his Three years they spent on their first five-inch friend and counselor until the grandson was glass. When it was nearly done, Brashear, a man grown. then a man past thirty, wrapped the precious object in a red bandanna handkerchief, and car- Brashear and His Young Wife Make ried it across the river and up the hill to the Their First Telescope Allegheny Observatory, to get the advice of Langley, who was then director, as to the final John A. Brashear himself grew up in Browns- corrections to be made upon the glass. When ville, where he was born, and picked up what edu- at last the telescope was done, he and his wife cation he could in the common schools. The set it up in the attic of their little house, and, man who now holds honorary degrees from so having cut a hole in the roof, invited their many universities never saw the inside of a col- friends and neighbors in to have a look at the lege when he was a boy. As a lad he learned the planet Saturn. trade of pattern-making. Soon afterward he But the Brashears were ambitious: having fell in love with Phoebe Stewart, and married a five-inch glass, they now aspired to a twelve. her; and at twenty-two found himself estab- Up to this time, he largest telescopes lished, apparently for life, as a millwright in always been of the reflecting type, in which a a Pittsburgh rolling-mill. concave parabolic mirror takes the place of a con- --- JOHN A. BRASHEAR 641 642 JOHN A. BRASHEAR OF PITTSBURGH vex and concave lens; and for various practical and he advanced Brashear the necessary capital reasons the Brashears chose this form, grinding to move to Allegheny and set up a shop there. and polishing the reflecting surface on a heavy In the meantime, Brashear's purely scientific glass plate, and planning to coat the face with a work had begun to attract attention, especially film of silver, after a method then just invented. a detailed study of one of the moon's craters, It took two years to do the grinding, polish- Plato, which was part of an investigation car- ing, and correcting. Then came the silvering. ried on simultaneously by many observers all They warmed the glass to make it ready for the over the world, under the direction of a com- metal film — and the glass broke. mittee of the Royal Astronomical Society, to It was a pretty discouraged man who went to his determine whether there are any changes taking work in the rolling-mill next day. “Never mind,” place on the surface of our satellite. Brashear, said the gallant wife;" we'll make the nextone bet- unlike most amateur astronomers, had never ter"; and, when Brashear came home that even- made his telescope a diversion or a toy; it was ing, he found the steam up, and a new piece of glass the tool of serious investigation. The reward of in the lathe, ready for him to begin work again. years of hard study came, at last, in the form of What can a man not an appointment in the do who has such a wife! University of Western This time the grinding Pennsylvania, of and silvering went which the Allegheny through to completior. Observatory was a de- The amateur observa- partment. In the uni- tory boasted a tele- versity and the optical scope as large as those shop, Brashear, after of some famous obser- twenty-one years in vatories. Mr. Brashear the rolling-mill, was has always said that free to follow the work the larger share of the he loved. credit for any success that has come to him Brashear and belongs to his wife. She Langley was never discouraged, even under the darkest Langley, who had disappointments, and been at the Allegheny always gave him help Observatory almost at the time when he since its foundation in most needed it. 1859, had from the beginning made it After Twenty-one famous throughout Years of Drudgery the world by his stud- Brashear Gets Out ies of the sun. He of the Rolling-Mill MRS. BRASHEAR AT THE AGE OF THIRTY-ONE had invented a mar- FROM A DAGUERREOTYPE TAKEN DURING THE velously delicate in- This proved to be strument, the bolom- the turning-point in COTTAGE AND THEIR FIRST WORKSHOP eter, and about Brashear's career. The 1880 was engaged in mirrors of a telescope have to be resilvered every studying the sun's heat rays — the same few months; and the amateur instrument-maker sort of ray that the Martians, in Mr. Wells' soon became so skilful at this that Langley, ap- tale, used in a search-light to set on fire distant preciating the advantage of having this sort of cities and shrivel up whole armies of earth-folk. work done almost at his doors, soon began to in- This work of Langley's, of the greatest theo- trust Brashear with the instruments of the Alle- retical importance, is likely to have much prac- gheny Observatory. At about the same time, cer- tical value also. tain astronomical articles that Brashear wrote for Oddly enough, these powerful heat rays do the local papers attracted the attention of Mr.Wil- not pass easily through glass; so that Langley liam Thaw, who was a patron of the observatory had to make his lenses and prisms of rock salt. and had already given many thousands of dollars These he had made in Paris, and as soon as toward furthering Langley's work there. He too their surfaces became dim from moisture, back saw the advantage to the institution of having they went to Paris again to be repolished. The a competent instrument-maker close at hand, journey took weeks, while not infrequently, in YEARS WHEN THEY WERE BUILDING THEIR EDWIN TENNEY BREWSTER 643 spite of hermetically sealed cases, the apparatus instruments. Each new discovery, of late would come back as useless as it went out. years, has meant that somebody has devised and Langley, in desperation at the delays, let somebody built a new piece of apparatus. Brashear try his hand at this work. Almost at once he reached the standard of the Paris opti- Some of Brash'ar's Wonderful Instruments cians. Soon he surpassed it. In time he was making lenses and prisms of salt, of a quality The scientific world was quick to recognize comparable with those of the best optical glass. that in John A. Brashear it had an instrument- He devised new methods; he imported some maker of great ingenuity and skill. Pickering extraordinary salt crystals from the mines of of Harvard needed a large prism of quartz Poland; and whereas before Brashear's day the and got one which is still the largest in the world. largest salt prisms were two inches on a side, and Hale, director of the Yerkes Observatory, de- a-three-inch prism was absolutely beyond possi- vised his spectro-photoheliograph, with which, þility, he, in a few years, ran the size up to five at any time, even in broad daylight, more can be and a half inches; seen of the sun's while Langley surface than used and his staff, in- to be got by an stead of having eclipse expedition to wait two half way round months for their the world. Brash- appara tus to ear assisted in come back from working out the Paris, sent it off design, and built after breakfast the instrument, and got it back as well as the op- by noon. With tical parts of an- the rock-salt other like it for lenses and prisms, Deslandres in and by the use of Paris. The great the bolometer, Mills spectro- Langley also dis- scope at the Lick covered that it Observatory was was not the light designed and con- rays that come structed in his from the sun workshop. With that make life this instrument possible upon the Campbell made earth, but the out the drift of dark radiations the solar system or long waves through space. that are con- Brashear, too, served by the made the instru- earth's atmos- ment with which phere, thus con- FROM A DAGUERREOTYPE TAKEN AT BROWNSVILLE JUST Lowell's assistant serving the heat BEFORE UER MARRIAGE at Flagstaff as a blanket con- claims to have serves the heat of the body on a cold winter found water vapor in the atmosphere of the night. From this classic research he gave us planet Mars, and so has made an important the axiom that, given a proper atmosphere to contribution to Lowell's contention that a race conserve the longer waves from the sun, any of civilized beings inhabits our neighboring planet in the solar system may in time be fit world. With still another of Brashear's spectro- for organic life. scopes, Keeler, who succeeded Langley at the The modern scientific man, especially the Allegheny Observatory, by a series of spectro- modern student of astronomy or physics, is photographic studies of wonderful delicacy, almost at the mercy of his instrument-maker. proved, in 1895, that the inner portions of The day has gone when a clock and a telescope Saturn's rings are traveling faster than the outer, equipped an observatory. Nowadays, each and that the rings are therefore not continuous institution has its special field of work, and its bodies of any sort, but are swarms of meteor- special equipment of expensive and delicate ites, each one going its own gait. With a Brash- MRS. BRASHEAR AS A GIRL 644 OF PITTSBURGH JOHN A. BRASHEAR teenth magnitude have been taken, which are twenty-five times fainter than those of the seventh magnitude. The magnificent work of Barnard in America and of Dr. Wolf in Germany has been epoch-making in char- acter. The beautiful star fields of Barnard, with their rifts and lanes, have opened new vistas in the stellar uni- verse; and Wolf has discov- ered two hundred new minor planets revolving between the orbits of Mars and Jupi- ter — both men having done their great work with astro- nomical cameras made at the "little workshop on the hill.” In fact, there have been in America, in the present generation, but few really great makers of optical instruments, except the late Alvan Clark & Sons* of Cambridge, who have made many of the world's best telescopes, and John A. Bras hear, who has made the astronomical spectroscopes and cameras. Each, to be sure, has cov- TESTING THE LENSES COMPOSING AN OBJECT-GLASS. ered the entire field. To TAKEN BY FLASHLIGHT, AS THE APPARATUS IS KEPT IN AN recount, in full, the work UNDERGROUND APARTMENT TO EXCLUDE LIGHT AND AIR- of either would be to give CURRENTS AND SECURE AN UNVARYING TEMPERATURE a history of the “new astronomy”; without ear instrument, also, Keeler made some of the the work of both, that history could not first accurate measurements of the radical ve have been what it is. locities of binary stars, on the principle that a star coming toward the earth will have its Mirrors that Show New Lines in the light waves slightly shifted toward the blue end Spectrum of the spectrum, and the light waves of a star receding from the earth will be slightly shifted Among the famous products of the Brashear toward the red — just as the pitch of a locomo- shop are the plates made for the famous “ruled tive's whistle changes as it moves toward the gratings” devised by the late Dr. Rowland of hearer or away from him. Johns Hopkins. The simplest of these ruled The astronomical photographic telescope has gratings are flat mirrors, about the size of a large been developed in the Brashear workshop to a shaving-glass, with a band of fine scratches down degree of efficiency not dreamed of in the earlier the middle. They do not look remarkable in days of astronomical photography. Bond of any way, but they are among the most delicate Cambridge, who was, perhaps, the first to take optical instruments made, and they are now photographs of the stars, expressed the hope used everywhere for spectroscopic work instead that eventually it would be possible to secure of .prisms. One of these mirrors breaks up stars of the seventh magnitude on the photo- a ray of sunlight into a spectrum of great length, graphic plate. So great has been the develop- shows new bands that were not known to ment in this direction that stars of the seven * Now continued by Mr. Carl Lundin. APPARATUS FOR DETECTING ERRORS OF CURVATURE IN THE PICTURE WAS EDWIN TENNEY BREWSTER 645 be there before, and gives an absolutely faithful diagram; whereas the prism always falsified by crowding the lines at one end of the spectrum. The mir- rors, or plates, on which the rulings are scratched, are made of tin and copper. They are much more brittle than the most delicate glass, and on this account they are extremely difficult to handle and shape. Then, they must be absolutely flat; there must not be, anywhere on the surface, a variation of one millionth of an inch. The Heat from the Human Body Would Destroy These Delicate Surfaces When these flat mirrors were finished, they were sent to Dr. Rowland, who then proceeded to scratch the fine marks, or “rulings,” on the bright surface. He had de- vised a very wonderful method of doing this. The marking had to be done in a subterranean chamber surrounded by double thick- nesses of walls and closely A THIRTY-INCH CASSETRAIN REFLECTING TELESCOPE, DESIGNED FOR sealed, and it had to be done USE WITH A LARGE SPECTROGRAPH TO STUDY THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF · THE STARS AND without the presence of a NEBULAE, AS WELL AS THEIR MOTION AWAY FROM human agent, as the heat OR TOWARD OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM from a living body would dis- tort the surface of the mirror, cause waves of ex- from the operator's hands, when it had regained pansion to run over it, and, for the time being, its beautiful “flatness” to the millionth of an quite destroy the flatness of surface which inch, the motor outside was started, and the had cost Mr. Brashear and his men such pains plate was left alone on the carriage, to move to achieve. This, then, was how Dr. Row- slowly back and forth under the diamond point, land ruled his plates. In this underground for fifty-six hours for the larger plates. In order room he had built a machine run by a water that this motion might be constant, never faster motor. This machine consists of a bed upon or slower, the water-tank of the motor was kept which a carriage is moved by an extremely deli- always overflowing, so that the pressure that cate screw. On this carriage the plate to be drove the engine would be always the same. ruled was placed, under a bridge upon which When, after fifty-six hours, the operator stopped a secondary carriage carries a diamond point his motor and opened the room, he took out held in an arm pivoted so delicately that the a mirror with exactly twenty thousand scratches diamond will barely touch the brittle surface of per inch upon its surface, all of exactly the the plate beneath. Having placed the plate same length and depth, and all the same dis- under this arm with the diamond point, the tance apart. Twenty thousand scratches ser operator went out and shut the chamber, so that inch means that there would be about sixty not a particle of air of different temperature lines in a space as wide as a hair! could enter. When the mirror had had time to This mirror was now one of the "ruled grat- recover from the disturbance caused by the heat ings” that have superseded prisms in the study 646 JOHN A. BRASHEAR OF PITTSBURGH of the spectrum. But the flat grating just de Surfaces Accurate to the Millionth scribed is by no means so difficult to make of an Inch or to rule as the concave gratings which are used for certain special studies of light, The International Bureau of Weights and and which are made at the Brashear shop Measures, whose headquarters are in Paris, and ruled by the same wonderful engine at appealed to Michelson to employ his new inven- Johns Hopkins tion to determine the number of wave lengths of light in the international standard meter, A Present to John Tyndall and thus fix for all time, beyond any possibil- ity of error, this most fundamental standard. It was one of these “ruled gratings,” by the Michelson promised to do this, provided he way, which Mr. Brashear took in a plush box could find somebody who could grind his optical over to John Tyndall, when the great scientist surfaces with such accuracy that there would lay sick of his last illness. In his letter of nowhere be an error as great as one twentieth of acknowledgment - which Mr. Brashear care- which Mr. Brashear care- the wave lengths he was to measure. With all fully preserves — Tyndall describes the instru- the world to choose from, he turned to Brashear; ment as “the gift, princely in a scientific sense, and Brashear did it. which you have sent me.” This letter is dated It is well worth while to turn aside for a mo- Hind Head House, Haslemere, May 14, 1892, ment to consider just what it was that this and was written some months before Tyndall incomparable mechanic succeeded in doing. An was accidentally given the overdose of chloral ordinary carpenter works to within a sixteenth from which he died. This was by no means of an inch; a cabinet-maker keeps within a Brashear's first letter from Tyndall. When he thirty-second. The finest scale that can be was a young man working in the rolling-mills read with the unaided eye is graduated to and studying by himself, he came up against one hundredth of an inch, which is about five certain problems in the theory of light waves times the diameter of an ordinary human hair. which no one could explain to him. At last, Roughly, then, a "hair's breadth” is one five finding no help near at hand, he sat down hundredth of an inch, and manufacturers of ball and wrote to Tyndall himself. He did not bearings claim an accuracy of about this order. have to wait long for an answer. In Tyn- The wave length of green light is not far from dall's last letter to Brashear, quoted above, one fifty thousandth of an inch; that is to say, he says: "Surely I am richly repaid for any it takes one hundred such light waves to stretch little kindnesses I may have shown vou in across a hair. Brashear's contract with Michel- earlier years." son called for work accurate to one twentieth of Another product of the little Allegheny shop this distance. The world's standard of length, must not be passed over. There is no possi- which has been kept double-locked in a vault ble doubt that the microscope has now just underground, and inspected only once in ten about reached the limit of its development. years, can now be left lying around anywhere, The difficulties that the maker now encounters since it was so accurately determined by Michel- arise, not from any errors of calculation or son that it is now known to be just 1,553,163.5 of grinding, but from the inherent nature of times the length of the light waves of the red light itself. The limit of vision with any con- light of cadmium vapor. ceivable microscope has been reached when One might go on at almost any length, re- the light waves themselves begin to get in counting the triumphs of physics, terrestrial one another's way and the objects become and astronomical, in which Brashear had a part. too small to cast a shadow. To Michelson Michelson's wonderful apparatus for the study of Chicago University, however, it occurred of the ether drift was furnished by him with to utilize this very "interference” of the light the delicately accurate plane parallel glass plates waves which has put an end to any higher mag- necessary for so difficult a study. In his work- nifications with the microscope, to construct his shop were also perfected the curved plate cam- famous interferometer, which begins where the cras designed by Wadsworth, which cover about microscope leaves off, and is almost as much eight times as wide a field of stars as the more sensitive than the microscope as the ordinary astronomical camera. latter is more sensitive than the unaided eve. While Michelson's instrument does not see, Langley the Pioneer of Aviators in the sense of a microscope, nevertheless it does its work with an accuracy incomparably Not least Important, just at the present time, greater than that of any other instrument was his work with Langley on mechanical flight. ever devised. Langley — though he “arrived” early, and was EDWIN TENNEY BREWSTER 647 a famous man when Brashear was an unknown an intelligent schoolboy. Quite aside from the machinist in the rolling-mill was only six important work which without Brashear's aid years Brashear's senior, and the tv.o formed an might not yet have been done at all, it is not too enduring friendship. Pretty much all of our much to say that the little time-saving details knowledge of heavier-than-air flying-machines of Brashear's instruments have added years to goes back to Langley. Not only did he build the working lives of some of the great masters of the first aëroplane that actually flew: he also astronomical science. determined the conditions under which any such The demand for scientific instruments of the machine ever will fly. Langley, in short, dis- highest quality is insistent; the men who are covered the conditions of flight. He showed capable of making them are few. Inevitably that, if a machine were ever to fly, it would have the "little shop on the hill” promptly outgrew to have such and such wing area, such and such one man's capacity. Shortly after Brashear's torque at the motor, such and such thrust on the removal to Allegheny, the little daughter who fans. All that has been done since has been to had grown up during the rolling-mill days mar- find the most practicable form in which to em- ried James B. McDowell; and he, being both a body Langley's good business man theory, to build the and a consummate apparatus within optician, joined his Langley's weight line, father-in-law in form- to invent the little ing the John A. practical devices that Brashear Company, keep the machine Limited, which is, right side up, and to therefore, their joint find the nerve and creation. Now there skill to operate them. is a grandson in the On this problem firm, and another in Langley and Brashear the shop; while the worked together, the plant, fitted out with one attacking the all sorts of labor-sav- scientific problem, ing machines, em- the other making the ploys a score or more apparatus to work it of workmen and as- out. The first ma- sistants. chine that ever flew, however, Brashear Lenses that Cost did not build. That $40,000 Each came after Langley went to Washington There is only one to the highest official other shop in the coun- scientific position in try -- that of the America, the director- Clarks at Cambridge ship of the Smith- JOHN BRASHEAR AT THE AGE OF TWENTY-ONE -- where work of the sonian Institution. AS A BOY BRASHEAR LEARNED THE TRADE OF same grade is done. HE MARRIED AT TWENTY- Never, in any of his ONE, AND WENT TO WORK IN A PITTS- Should you like a work — some of it BURGH ROLLING-MILL, APPARENTLY mirror “corrected to truly epoch-making one fifth sodium light — has Brashear been wave," that is to say, simply the mechanic, however incomparable in to the two hundred and fifty thousandth of an skill, whose task has been merely to carry out inch, one of five inches in diameter can be had the directions of other men. Always has he been for thirty-five dollars. If you aspire to one of the consultant, the expert adviser, who could equal quality three yards across, it will cost you criticize, modify, improve the project of the man forty-five hundred dollars. Really accurate of science, and make it work. He has always, as mirrors, true to the twentieth and thirtieth of he says, cared more for an interesting discovery the wave length, are not carried in stock, but made with one of his instruments than for the have to be made to order. Spectroscopes with check he got for it. Himself a working astron- Rowland gratings are comparatively cheap – omer, he has built his instruments with an eye three or four thousand dollars for the largest to their practical efficiency. Michelson's appar- sizes. Objectives list at forty thousand dol- atus at Paris, once adjusted, could be worked by lars for the largest size, thirty-six inches – the PATTERN-MAKING. SETTLED FOR LIFE 648 JOHN A. BRASHEAR OF PITTSBURGH customer is supposed to know that when he has that things will come out right, and changing paid his forty thousand, the great Yerkes glass them when they are not, as was the custom in will be the only larger one ever made, and his the days of rule-of-thumb. When the glass for will be mate to the Lick. As for reflecting tele- an important piece of work comes into the shop, scopes, the firm lists them up to forty inches, and a sample goes at once to Dr. Hastings, who is offers to grind the mirrors of any dimensions, up one of the world's first authorities on mathe- to a foot larger than any yet in existence. matical optics. He determines all the optical Spectroscopes are rather a specialty, and the properties of the specimen, and he computes firm has made them for West Point, McGill the curves for a set of lenses made from that University at Montreal, the Royal University particular piece of glass and none other. To of Ireland, Cambridge University, and the ob- such refinement have Brashear and Hastings servatories at Magdeburg, Paris, and Turin. carried the art. Double-tube cameras for astronomical photog- raphy, costing into the five figures, another A Bar of Glass “Absolutely Straight” specialty of the company, have gone to Ottawa, Would Cost $200,000 Mexico, Argentina, Tokio, the new Royal Ob- servatory at Brussels, and Heidelberg. With the One could fill an entire number of this mag- latter instrument, Max Wolf, who first intro azine with an account of the instruments duced the method of searching for asteroids by that have been made at the Brashear works, means of a camera, added two hundred more to or which are now under way. They range the catalogue of these somewhat inconveniently between lenses for high-power telescopic eye- numerous bodies. Brashear instruments, of one pieces hardly larger than a pinhead, to an objec- sort and another, are in use in every State in tive with the enormous focal length of seven the American Union, and in the chief observa- thousand feet. Among the instruments made tories of England, Ireland, France, Germany, by them is a gigantic binocular, the lenses nearly Italy, Russia, China, Japan, the Cape of Good four inches across and the tubes thirty inches Hope, and Syria. long There is also a mariner's spy-glass, Yet the Brashear works have never been a designed by Commander Fish of the United commercial enterprise, like several optical fac- States Navy, which the ancient mariner, instead tories that I might name, which turn out large of holding unsteadily at arm's length, as has numbers of instruments of respectable quality been the custom heretofore, is to support verti- and all alike. In fact, one of the few ventures cally close to his body, while he looks through a of a commercial sort has been the making of the hole in the side. The shop has turned out lenses optical parts of the range-finders which our navy and prisms, not only of glass, of quartz, and of used during the Spanish war. The question salt, but of hard rubber, calcite, obsidian, and how far the possession of the most accurate even gold, since each of these substances is trans- range-finders yet made contributed to the brev- parent to some special kind of ray. The head of ity of a certain naval engagement I leave to the firm was once approached by a prospective the reader's judgment. customer who wanted a bar of glass a yard long In general, the Brashear Company has de- and absolutely straight. Mr. Brashear demurred voted itself to apparatus for special work, con- at absolute straightness, but would come as near structed to order and never exactly duplicated. to it as he could for two hundred thousand dol- Such work can never be highly profitable. More lars! Then followed a lecture on the meaning than once it has happened that the completed of absolute accuracy, at the end of which the instrument, in addition to unstinted time and customer concluded that his needs were amply pains, has actually cost the firm three and four met by a ruler straight to the sixty-fourth of an times the price they got for it. But what of it? inch, and priced at forty dollars. Science expects this sort of thing of her servants. Two objects in particular ought not to be I have already suggested that the great instru- passed over, since each is of its sort first in the ment-makers of the world have been not only world — the thirty-inch plane mirror used in persons of the highest mechanical skill, but men testing for flat surfaces, and the great driving of insight as well. In no particular, perhaps, wheel of the new thirty-inch telescope now under does this appear more strikingly than in this, construction for the Allegheny Observatory. that Zeiss in Germany and Brashear in America knew when the time had come for optics to drop The Flattest Surface in the World empiricism and become mathematical. What Abbe did in one country, Professor Charles S. The first of these is probably the flattest solid Hastings of Yale has done in the other. There body of its size known to science. Every is no guessing at the Brashear work -- no hoping portion of its surface has been proved to the EDWIN TENNEY BREWSTER 649 twentieth part of a wave length of sodium light, But to the observer, watching from his focus so that its error is less than the millionth part by the “artificial star," four hillocks have of an inch, or the two thousandth part of the been pulled up in the glass, and these spread diameter of a hair. Yet, even this mirror is out and grow fainter as the heat from the not flat. Brashear will tell you: “It is part of a four finger-tips held there for an instant sphere the size of the moon.” In other words, diffuses itself throughout the glass and grows even in this flattest of known bodies there is fainter. With a large lens, five hours must enough curvature so that, if this disk were as elapse before this molecular disturbance sub- large as the moon, it would be, not a flat plane, sides sufficiently for the testing to go on. A but a sphere. If a man walks slowly in front of glass is complete when, after months of it, as it hangs in a leathern strap in its under- correction under the skilful hands of Mr. ground chamber, the mere warmth of his body McDowell, a trial with the plane mirror and will alter the mirror's radius of curvature by a artificial star reveals no defects. distance equal to that This unique test plane between Pittsburgh and is one illustration of a New York! considerable variety of When an objective is valuable apparatus, made apparently all finished, of course, in their own then the real work on it shop, which the Brashear begins. The new glass is Company does not sell, set up in front of the test but keeps for its own use. plane, just described, in a The driving wheel of the room where this tempera- Allegheny telescope will ture is constant. It is show the pains they take then tested by a ray from with each mechanical an "artificial star.” The detail. “artificial star” ray is made by surrounding an The Most Accuräte ordinary acetylene lamp Wheel Ever Cut by a high tin fender. A tiny hole in the tin allows This is the wheel on a little thread of light to which the clock that drives escape. This mere pin- the telescope will work to point of light, one hun- keep the instrument fixed dredth of an inch in steadily on one point in diameter, is turned on the the heavens, in spite of new lens, passes through the turning of the earth. it, is reflected from the test Now, the telescope itself plane behind it, passes will be forty-six feet long, back again through the and will weigh nearly three lens, and is brought once tons, even without its more to focus close behind thousand-pound and six- the tiny hole, or “artificial foot spectroscope. The star," through which it driving clock will be as originally came. The eye accurate as a good watch. placed at this focus and PERCIVAL LOWELL TO USE IN The wheel, which is the made sensitive by the bond between the two, darkness sees every defect MOSPHERE OF MARS must partake of the solid- in the lens enormously ex- ity of the one and the aggerated. If, as one studies the lens from this precision of the other. This great wheel, six focus, Mr. Brashear rests his finger-tips upon the feet in diameter, was split in two like a pan- lens long enough to count five, and quickly cake, and its teeth cut with the utmost care. withdraws them, one sees that even that brief The two halves were then rotated on contact has left four welts, or mounds, on the another, so that new half teeth came together, surface of the glass. In reality, of course, the and the wheel once more ground with fine em- warmth from his fingers has expanded the glass ery. Then another shift and another grinding by an amount almost inconceivably minute - until, after many repetitions of the process, too small to be measured and only to be when the two sections of the wheel were finally guessed at by hundred thousandths of an inch. bolted together, the greatest error in the space THE LARGE STAR SPECTROSCOPE BUILT FOR DETERMINING WHETHER THERE IS WATER VAPOR IN THE AT- one 650 JOHN A. BRASHEAR OF PITTSBURGH ing of the teeth proved to be less than the thou- he has been chairman of its governing board. sandth of an inch. This is one of the largest Twice, when a director has been promoted to driving wheels for a telescope ever made, and another field, Dr. Brashear — to give him his perhaps the most accurate wheel of its size for proper title — has dropped into the gap and any purpose ever cut. As a result of this sort kept the institution at its work for a year or of work, the completed telescope will be among two until a new head could be discovered and the handiest and most easily managed of all installed. After Keeler had become head of the great instruments. Lick Observatory, and died there, and his ashes In spite, however, of these truly remarkable were brought back to Allegheny for burial, it achievements, the Brashear Company has no was his friend Brashear who sealed them up in patents and no secrets. Whatever it has ac their last resting-place – a hollow in the sup- complished it has freely given to the world. porting pillar of the thirty-inch reflector which There is nothing in the Allegheny shop which is Keeler's memorial. anybody may not see. It is the boast of the In one respect the Allegheny institution is firm that no amateur, even though he were but unique. No other working observatory takes a boy trying to make a spy-glass out of a pair anything like the pains to interest the gen- of spectacles, has ever eral public in astron- sought help and not omy. The project is received it abundantly. Dr. Brashear's, and for This high success, years he carried it due to no adventitious alone. Five nights a circumstance, Mr. week, the old twelve- Brashear himself at- inch infractor, which tributes to the assist- the original Allegheny ance of his friends, to Telescope Associa- the skill of his partner, tion bought by popu- Mr. McDowell, and to lar subscription before the expertness and the 1860, is at the service loyalty of his associ- of the public, with an ates, many of whom assistant to handle it. have come up from If the night is cloudy, boyhood in the works. the visitors repair to One may well believe a lecture-room in the that friends, partners, observatory, equipped assistants have all for this special purpose, contributed their part. and view an exhibition Yet the fact remains of the best astronom- that there are certain ical photographs to be heaven-born geniuses, seen anywhere. For inventors, poets, sol- Dr. Brashear himself diers, men of affairs, is the personal friend who do as a matter of of half the astrono- MR. MCDOWELL MEASURING THE RADIUS OF CUR- course things that the VATURE OF A THIRTY-INCH LENS WITH A mers of the world. He rest of us can by no SPHEROMETER BY WHICH AN has built the best of possibility do at all. their photographic ap- I should, however, be paratus, and he giving a fundamentally watches the perform- wrong impression of John A. Brashear if I leftance of each of his instruments as a parent my reader with the idea that Mr. Brashear is watches the career of his child. If one of these simply one of the great instrument-makers of instruments, anywhere on earth, picks up any- the world, and nothing more. While the scien- thing new or important or interesting, a copy of tific world knows him as the man who did for the plate goes at once to the maker and the the telescope and its accessories what Carl Zeiss amateur of Pittsburgh gets the benefit. did for the microscope and its accessories, Pitts Admission to these meetings is free, but the burgh knows him first of all as a good citizen. tickets are all taken up months ahead. Dr. Brashear himself occasionally gives the descrip- Keeler's Ashes Rest in His Old Telescope tive lecture. Usually the speaker is one of the Naturally enough, the famous old Allegheny observatory staff; not infrequently the lecturer Observatory has been his special pet. For years is a man from the Brashear shop. ERROR OF ONE HUNDRED THOUSANDTH OF AN INCH CAN BE DETECTED EDWIN TENNEY BREWSTER 651 Pittsburgh -A City of Youth burgh, which has a thousand students. He has done more for education, it is said in Pittsburgh, We are inclined just now to think of Pitts- than any other three men in the region. burgh as the subject of the Pittsburgh Survey Moreover, he is one of a committee of the very accurate, very dreadful, and very mislead- Pittsburgh Academy of Science, which is carry- ing. In how many cities can any citizen view ing forward the most promising attempt yet the heavens with a twelve-inch glass which his made anywhere to apply practically the princi- fellow citizens have bought for that express pur- ples of scientific eugenics. In a land of “ton- pose? In how many does a mechanic, after a nage men” who turn out large quantities of a day at the lathe, change his overalls for the crude product, he has shown that accuracy is conventional garments of civilization and lec- itself educational, whether it has to do with the ture on one of the most erudite of sciences, be- niceties of distance and figures, or with the nice- fore an audience that has waited three months ties of language of the more conventional train- for the chance to hear him at all? If Pitts- ing. His life illustrates what every industrial burgh has not always been specially well gov- center needs to keep in mind - Dr. Eliot's doc- erned, if she has not immediately assimilated trine that anything supremely well done con- a horde of Oriental and semi-barbarous peoples, tributes to a liberal education. nor housed them much better than they were housed at home, the defect is neither from indif To be just, this article ought to concern it- ference nor insensibility. A city that is making self as much with Mrs. Brashear's life as with the most of its strong youth has no time to sit that of her husband. Six months ago about down and figure out the ideal plumbing for a a month after this article was written Phoebe tenement-house. Pittsburgh is filled with in- Stewart Brashear died, after fourteen years of dustry, power, the love of doing great things; invalidism. It was during these fourteen years and she has the defects of her virtues. that her husband found opportunity to repay There is another city besides the Pittsburg in some measure the help and devotion that of the Survey — a Scotch-Irish and German she had given him from their youth on. Pittsburgh, never better symbolized than by The Brashears began life poor, and they the bronze figure at the corner of the Allegheny studied and worked out their way to success Library a young workman, his hammer by together. During the twenty-one years that his side, seated on his anvil, with a book across Brashear worked in the rolling-mills, Mrs. Brash- his knees. This is the Greater Pittsburgh which ear kept the house and did the work, and was ten years ago had sixty thousand persons who his shop assistant as well. She possessed no had paid tuition in the correspondence schools small degree of mechanical skill. In the later of Scranton. And, because this Pittsburgh was years, when her husband's name was known to already doing its best to better its condition, scientists everywhere, she never lost touch with Andrew Carnegie gave it twenty millions for an his work, and half her mind was always fixed Institute and Technical School. on the shop. Even after the fall that caused Of this great fund, Dr. Brashear has been not her to become an invalid, Mrs. Brashear was only a trustee from the beginning, but, in addi- always the animating spirit of the hospitable tion, the special confidant of the giver. He house where so many great astronomers and knows the common people of Pittsburgh as few physicists — among them Sir William Thomp- other persons know them. No other man has son, Simon Newcomb, Kayser of Bonn, Wolf to such a degree the confidence and the affection of Heidelberg, Deslandres of Paris, and Sir of all classes. He knows personally many of Robert Ball — have been entertained from the students in the Carnegie schools, and when time to time. In spite of pain and illness, the he addresses the student body, as he occasion- latter years of her life were unqualifiedly happy, ally does, the assembly room cannot contain and whoever met Mrs. Brashear could not help the throng feeling the deep satisfaction and pleasure that Within the year, an anonymous donor, known she got, every day of her life, out of her hus- only to Dr. Brashear, has given two hundred band's achievement. She had believed in him and fifty thousand dollars as a permanent fund and in his future when he was an obscure work- for the improvement of the common schools of man, and she had lived to see the scientific Greater Pittsburgh. The immediate result was world recognize what for so many years she that in the summer of 1910 seventy teachers had alone had recognized. No man ever yet got per- their expenses paid at the summer schools offect satisfaction out of his own achievement; but various American universities. From 1901 to for Phoebe Brashear, looking back as she did over 1904, to fill in a gap, Dr. Brashear was the the long way that they had come, it is safe to Acting Chancellor of the University of Pitts- say that the Brashears' success was unclouded. GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS TRACKING ANONYMOUS LETTER-WRITERS BY DANA GATLIN ILLUSTRATIONS BY WILLIAM OBERHARDT T seems to be a popular belief that a "To investigate what?' demanded his lord- successful detective must possess some ship. mysterious power not given to the ordi “Why, to find out who the writer is, of nary man,” said William J. Burns, in course.' discussing some of his great cases. “My contention has always been that we do not Lord Pauncefote Incredulous possess any such mysterious power, and that it is not needed for solving any of the problems “Ridiculous!' sputtered his lordship. Find that come to the detective of investigation. him? Why, he has not signed his name. He In order to succeed, the detective has only to hasn't even put down where he is. Any one exercise the same common sense and judgment of a thousand people might have written it. that a business man applies to his affairs. How is any one to know?' “As a matter of fact, there are no mysteries. “I'm unable, of course,' replied the Secre- Every criminal leaves a track. Sometimes it tary, 'to state just what action the Secret Ser- takes unusual effort to uncover this track, but vice will take. But they are very resourceful,' there are always ways of finding it and of fol- he added impressively, ‘and they may be able, lowing it up to the proper solution of the crime. in some mysterious way, to locate the writer.' “No matter how cleverly a crime has been “The distressed British Ambassador shook planned, the criminal always leaves a trail that his head doubtfully, but the matter was re- may lead to his detection. I have demon- ferred to the Secret Service Division. Chief strated this in every important investigation Wilkie wired to me at New York, where I hap- I have ever made. pened to be, to come to Washington on the “For example, most people believe that it is first train. extremely difficult to locate the writer of an “When I arrived the matter was turned anonymous letter. As a matter of fact, it is over to me for investigation. I left at once usually a very simple process. For instance, for Detroit, Michigan, - the anonymous letter some years ago, during the Boer War, Lord had been mailed in Detroit, - and two days Pauncefote, then English Ambassador to this later wired Chief Wilkie that I had the writer, country, received in his mail, one day, an and asked what I should do with him. anonymous communication, written, evidently, "The Chief immediately turned the telegram by a very intelligent person who knew all the over to Secretary Hay, who, in turn, notified facts that had led up to the war. The letter the British Ambassador. concluded with the statement that if Lord "I'll never get over being sorry that I couldn't Pauncefote did not stop the war within six see him when he got the news. months, the writer would go to Washington “It's impossible!' he exclaimed. and kill him. “No,' said the Secretary. “The Ambassador immediately took the “The man who wrote the letter?' letter to the Secretary of State, the Hon. "The man who wrote the letter.' John Hay. Secretary Hay endeavored to calm “But in two days! This wonderful piece his lordship as best he could, and said reas- of work was accomplished in two days!' And suringly, 'The matter will be referred at once the Ambassador's whole interest seemed to be, to the Secret Service Division for investigation.' not in the letter-writer and whether or not he 652 "I WAS SATISFIED IN MY MIND THAT HE RECOG- NIZED THE WRITING" intended to carry out his threat, but in how the “When I reached Detroit, I called upon one Secret Service had located him. of the telegraph companies; and at this point “I'm sorry, but I'm not acquainted with it may be noted how necessary it is to appear the methods they used,' said the Secretary. confident in order to succeed in securing the “But would you be able to find out for me, information one is after. When I presented a Mr. Secretary?—for I'm really tremendously in- portion of the letter to the chief operator of terested in how the man was located. It is a won- the telegraph company, instead of asking him derful case; it reminds me very much of the work whether or not he could tell who the writer of Scotland Yard."" (And here Burns smiled.) was from an examination of the handwriting, I “So the Secretary had the mysterious process made the bold statement that the writer of the unraveled as I'll unravel it for you. letter was at that time in his employ. This at once had the effect of stimulating the chief Studying Disguised Handwriting operator in his endeavor to find out who the writer was. After making a careful examina- “To one who is accustomed to tracing the tion of the letter, he admitted that there was authorship of anonymous letters, it is a familiar a certain familiarity about the writing, but fact that when a person undertakes to write an said he was sure the writer was not then em- anonymous letter he starts out with the inten- ployed by his company. I assured him, how- tion of disguising his handwriting, but that as ever, that he was mistaken, and stated that I he proceeds with his composition he uncon- would return later. I then visited the other sciously returns to his normal manner of writ- telegraph company. Here I went through the ing. He may catch himself at this, and resume same procedure, and I noted that the chief his disguised hand; but he is sure to incorpo- operator of this company, after he had care- rate some of his peculiar characteristics in the fully examined the handwriting, showed con- letter, through which it is possible to identify siderable surprise and amusement. I was satis- him. It was so in this case. We were able to fied in my mind that he recognized the writing, determine, from an occasional joining of the and I was very much chagrined, therefore, to words, which is peculiar to telegraph operators, have him turn to me and declare that, while the that the writer was probably an operator. man might be in their employ, he did not recog- 653 654 DETECTIVE BURNS GREAT CASES OF nize the writing. All this took place in the pres “Yes, this was mailed from Boston,' I said. ence of the manager of the company. I thanked 'It was sent there to be remailed, but it was the chief operator for his kindness in going over written from the West. · The letter indicates the matter, and we both left the presence of that the writer has an ax to grind, and it is the manager, who expressed his regret that he this: he is giving information about certain was not able to locate the writer. Outside the people who are selecting lands in Oregon; un- manager's office, I turned to the chief operator questionably he has lands there himself and is and assured him that I had not been deceived by being interfered with. Now, we will look at the his statement that he did not know the identity plat and see who is interested in these Oregon of the writer. I told him that he did know, and lands.' In those days I was pretty well up on that I knew he did. At this positive statement the details of the Western land question. the chief operator appeared very much abashed, “We looked up the plat, and found that one and promptly admitted that he did know the man was buying lands in this vicinity when he writer, but that he did not care to involve the could, and by the then popular methods of ac- man in so serious a matter. quiring lands fraudulently from the govern- “After some persuasion, he agreed to intro- ment. I looked this man up, and found that he duce me to the writer when he reported for had an office in Chicago. I wrote a letter to work that evening. As you can imagine, I did him there, asking what he would take for cer- not propose to sleep on the job, so I kept that tain lands that I knew he owned, and had it particular office under surveillance until the mailed from Portland, Oregon. He replied to man was located. I then wired Chief Wilkie that me there, and the typewriting was just the I had my man, and asked for instructions as to same as that of the anonymous letter — written what I should do with him, supposing, of course, on a typewriter of the same make, and with a that he would be arrested for improper use of purple ribbon. the mails. You may imagine my surprise when I received a telegram from the Chief stating that No Two Machines Write Alike Lord Pauncefote did not desire to prosecute, and asking me to turn the man loose. The man, “It is well known that no two typewriters however, had not been placed under arrest. write exactly alike. An expert on typewriters “The Ambassador had lost interest in the can always distinguish the writing of one from matter as soon as he found that his life wasn't that of another, as they all bear some peculiar in danger, and wanted only to know how the defect. wonderful mystery was unraveled. “Meanwhile, the Secretary had told me the “What do you want to do with him?' the contents of a number of other anonymous let- Ambassador was asked. ters of kindred import, which he had thrown “Do with him!' exclaimed his lordship. I away. So, all primed, I went to Chicago and want not ing to do with him!' called upon the man. I told him the Secretary “Do you want him prosecuted?' had requested me to drop in and thank him for “Oh, no!' said his lordship. “But I am in- the information he had been sending. tensely interested to know how they found him.' “What information?' "On receiving this information, I promptly “The information you gave him about the directed the man to write a letter of apology Oregon lands.' to the Ambassador, and dropped the case. “You're William J. Burns, aren't you?' “Yes.' The Trail of the Typewriter “Would you mind telling me how the Secre- tary knew I'm the man who wrote those letters?' "I told you,” continued Mr. Burns, “about “'No.' locating the writer of an anonymous letter “How did the Secretary know I wrote in the California land-fraud cases.” (See the them?' February McCLURE's, page 387.) "We had “I told him. several in those days, and one was especially "May I ask how you knew?' interesting. It was a letter addressed to Sec “Yes, you may ask; but we are looking for retary of the Interior Hitchcock, in which the information, not giving any." writer gave some valuable information con “By Jove! that beats me. How on earth cerning land frauds in Oregon. The Secretary did you figure it out?' sent for me. "I pointed to the typewriter. Still he did “Here's another anonymous letter, Mr. not catch on, and I did not enlighten him. Burns,' he said. “This one is from Boston.' “And there's a man,” smiled Burns, “who “I took the letter and read it. will tell you what wonderful creatures detec- GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS 655 tives are, and that their ways are mysterious be- Wilkie of the Secret Service Division. I was then yond all understanding. He doesn't stop to wired to come in. Secretary of War Root had think that, in these cases, the tracks are per- told Chief Wilkie that he would set aside fifty fectly clear. thousand dollars, if necessary, to run the matter to a successful conclusion; that he wanted to get Government Secrets for Sale the faithless employee in the War Department or whatever department he might be in. “While we are on the subject of anonymous letters,” he continued, “one of the most inter- Watching the Post-Office esting and important ones I've ever come across was written just after the Spanish-American “We arranged a reply to the anonymous War. It was in that period when it was still letter, and, through the New York attorney, undetermined what had it mailed to the standing a person general delivery at living in Cuba had Washington, D.C. as a citizen of the according to the United States. A writer's instruc- man by the name tions. I then took of Neely had been up a watch on the placed by the general delivery. United States in “The following charge of the Postal morning, about nine Department of o'clock, a short, Cuba, had robbed stocky, smooth- it of several hun- faced man came to dred thousand dol- the post-office, lars, had been ar- walked in briskly, rested, and his case tapped his mail- was then pending box, took out a "The Department letter, and then, of Justice was called while apparently upon by the War reading it, glanced Department, which around, sizing up was prosecuting the the situation. “My Neely case, to de- man!' thought I. termine the strong The fellow walked and weak points of out of the post- the government's office, still reading side, and the matter “THE LETTER SAID THAT IF LORD PAUNCEFOTE DID his letter, and went was placed in the NOT STOP THE WAR, THE WRITER WOULD GO down the street hands of the Hon. TO WASHINGTON AND KILL HIM" about forty yards. James M. Beck, Then he turned, then the chief assistant to the Attorney-General, reëntered the post-office, and walked up and who looked it up and wrote a very able brief. down the corridor until he had satisfied himself Just how valuable that brief would have been that everything was all right. Then, at last, to Neely's attorney, you can imagine. he went up to the general delivery and asked “And, one day, Neely's attorney, who was for the letter under the assumed name given a prominent New York lawyer, received an in the anonymous letter. anonymous letter asking if he would care to “He put it in his pocket, went to the door, have a copy of the brief; the price named was and again looked about carelessly, but closely, a thousand dollars. He promptly called up the to see if he was being watched. He walked out, Attorney-General's office and told them of this looked up and down, went down the street a letter. The office was thrown into a panic. It block, turned back again, and started on. By meant that some person in their employ, or in this time he was satisfied that he was not being the Insular Division of the War Department, shadowed. He tore the letter open,- it was was ready to sell the secrets of the government. one of acceptance, — and, tearing up the en- "The Department of Justice immediately got velop, scattered the pieces in the street. After into touch with the War Department, and, after he read the letter he put it in his pocket, walked a conference, the matter was referred to Chief down Pennsylvania Avenue to Fifteenth Street, 656 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS MY MAN!' THOUGHT 1" "I congratulate you on having the man,' 'he said. “Mr. Burns has located him.' “He is in the Insular Division,' said I. “I'll send for Colonel Edwards,' said the Secretary. “After the Colonel had come, and been in- troduced, the Secretary handed him the anony- mous letter that had been received by the New York attorney, wherein the writer agreed for a thousand dollars to furnish a copy of the brief written by Mr. Beck on the Neely case. “'Do you know the handwriting?' asked the Secretary, as the Colonel glanced at the letter. “It looks familiar, but I can't say that I know it. May I read the letter?' “Yes, read it.' “As, the Colonel read it his face began to contract. He saw the purport of it. “Mr. Secretary, this is infamous, isn't it? You don't think we have anybody who would do that?' “I do. Mr. Burns will go and point out the man.' “When we got out in the corridor Colonel Edwards stopped. “Don't point out that man to me,” he said, ‘until I recover my composure. I think, if I should lay my hands on him now, I'd shake and up Fifteenth Street to Pennsylvania Ave- his head off.' nue. When he turned toward the War Depart “Presently we went into the office. There ment, it was plain where he was bound for. He were about twelve or fourteen clerks there, hurried along, and, as he reached the door of the but not the man I wanted. War Department, he stopped, turned, and “He's not here now,' I said. looked about carefully to see whether he had “Great God! It must be my private secre- been followed. He evidently felt perfectly safe, tary.' He turned to one of the clerks. for he entered, and proceeded to the office of 'Where is Mr. the Insular Division, which was then under “He has just gone down to the Record Colonel (now General) Edwards. He went in, Division,' was the answer. took off his hat, and sat down at a desk. “Well, Colonel, let's go down and find him,' I said. War Department Clerk the Traitor “We went, and found the fellow talking to one of the clerks of that division. He was "I reported to Chief Wilkie that I had the just saying, “I'll see you later,' and then he man. The Chief immediately called up the turned and saw us. He immediately turned Department of Justice. That day Solicitor- back and apparently continued his conversation. General Richards was Acting Attorney-Gen “We should not let him out of our sight,' eral. He at once came over to the Secret I said to the Colonel. Service Division, and was told that the culprit “I want you to go up to the Secretary's belonged to the War Department. He, of office with me,' said Colonel Edwards. course, was gratified to learn that he wasn't in “The fellow didn't turn a hair, or give the the Attorney-General's office. slightest indication that he suspected what “We three immediately proceeded to the he was wanted for. War Department. “When we arrived at the office, the Secre- “I called to congratulate you, Mr. Secre- tary was sitting at his desk, cold and austere, tary,' said Mr. Richards. Chief Wilkie on one side and Solicitor-General The Secretary felt very much pleased, for Richards on the other. We came in with the he thought he was being congratulated on fellow between us. not having the man in the War Department. "Mr. Secretary,' said the Colonel, “this is Mr. Richards corrected this impression. Mr. —, my private secretary.' - ?' GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS, 657 “Mr. will you be kind “No, I said, 'but we got enough to read this?' said the them.' Then I turned to him. Secretary, handing him the I had always been curious to anonymous letter. know by what process of reason- “The fellow took the letter ing a man such as he, a hitherto and read it without the slightest honest, well-connected man, with tremor. It was one of those dashes a wife and children, could be which would have convinced prompted to take such a des- almost any person, beyond a perate chance in doing so despic- doubt, that he hadn't the slightest able an act. Such cases are not knowledge of the matter. He infrequent. read the letter through. “Let me ask you something. “I know nothing about this, What induced you to make Mr. Secretary.' this proposition?'. I was im- “Did you ever see that letter "HE GLANCED ALL AROUND, pressed with his , reply, in before?' SIZING UP THE SITUATION" view of the fact that I had “Never in my life.' received the same answer from “The Secretary was plainly at the end of a man who had robbed the mint at Philadelphia his string I turned to the fellow. of abrased coins — a man who had been a “Let me have the letter you have in your trusted employee there for sixteen years. inside coat pocket.' “What!' with an insulted scowl. Low Salary and Discouragement Prompted “I repeated, “Let me have that letter you His Crime have in your inside pocket.' “I'll do nothing of the sort. Why should “The government has not been treating I give you any letter?' me fairly,' he said. And he went on to explain “Hand Mr. Burns the letter,' said the that he felt that he was entitled to more money; Secretary. that he had been recommended for promotion “All right, Mr. Secretary,' and he handed it and had not got it; that he felt discouraged, to me. I didn't open it. and had become convinced that if he couldn't “You took this letter out of the post-office,' get his deserts from the government in the usual I said. “You asked for it under the name of way, he was justified in getting them any way James H. Smith.' he could. "Yes.' “We went into his house, and were met by “This is the envelop you got it in?' I dis- his wife and two children, one a baby in arms, played the torn envelop, which I had carefully the other a child two or three years old. pasted together. He looked at it in astonish “You take a seat in the parlor,' said the ment. He turned it over. “Yes; that's the same envelop.' "No; I'll go along with you.' “This letter evidently is a reply to this one “ All right. I just came home to get some you know nothing about, isn't it?' papers,' he added, to his wife. “'Yes.' “We went upstairs. He went to his trunk “You wrote this letter, then, didn't you?' and pulled out the papers, and we returned to "Yes.' the War Department, where the four gentle- Mr. Secretary,' I said, “I'll take this man men were waiting for us. The Secretary stood home to get those papers he's so anxious to dis- him up and gave him one of the best lectures I ever heard in my life. I've never forgotten “All right, Mr. Burns,' replied the Secretary. what he said. “We two walked out. His first question “I understand you have been a faithful didn't lie close to the matter in hand. employee, and that this is your first offense; “How in hell did you get that envelop?' that you are married and have children. Col- “Is that what you are most interested in?' onel Edwards has made a plea for you, and on I asked. that account I'll not make a charge against "It is beyond my understanding,” he re- you. But you will be dismissed from the gov- plied. I tore that thing up and threw it into ernment service, and never again be permitted the street. The wind was blowing, and I was to return to it. I hope this will be a lesson to satisfied that those pieces blew to kingdom you as long as you live.' come. And, anyway, you haven't had time "I took the poor fellow down, had his picture to gather them up and paste them together.' taken as a record against him if he ever came poor fellow. pose of.' "FINDING THE WORDS MISSPELLED IN THE SAME WAY, THE CASE WAS PERFECTLY COMPLETE" back, and let him go. He was an honest man, States Senator Mitchell of Oregon was con- as humanity goes, -- but the temptation was victed of participation in these frauds. Senator too great." And the detective devoted a mo Mitchell's law partner, Judge Tanner, while ment of meditation to pitiful human frailty being interrogated by Mr. Francis J. Heney, the more pitiful when not accompanied by who was at that time assistant to the United cleverness. States Attorney-General, and who was con- ducting the investigation before the Grand Criminals Ought to Spell Correctly Jury, stated that there was a partnership agree- ment, drawn up at the time of the formation “To get back to the question of mysteries,” of the partnership between Senator Mitchell said Mr. Burns, “the finding of writers of and himself, which contained a stipulation anonymous letters illustrates only a little of whereby all moneys received by the firm for what I mean when I say there are no mysteries. practising before the departments at Washing- I don't care what the case may be, every crim- ton were to go to Judge Tanner — it being, of inal leaves a track by which he may be traced. course, a violation of the federal statutes for "The criminal understands this after you Senator Mitchell to accept money earned in get him, though he has made his plans ever so this way. Here was the track,— wide, broad, carefully; but he thinks that the next time he and deep, - and yet, those two clever lawyers will not be caught. The next time he will entirely overlooked it. Why the necessity of just as surely leave a track — of another kind, such a clause? This suggested suspicious cir- perhaps, but a track nevertheless. It all seems cumstances, and, therefore, led me to make a so simple — afterward. It always seems that close scrutiny of the contract, which was pro- the particular track left might have been duced by Judge Tanner and was turned over to avoided. For example, there was a very inter- me by Mr. Heney. esting feature in the land-frauds cases. United "On investigation, I found a water-mark in 658 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS 659 the paper, and two misspelled words in the on the information contained in the letter we document; I also noted that a dark ribbon could be sure they would make evidence for us; had been used in its typewriting. And how if they did not act, they might be able to free simple was the procedure that led to the undo- themselves. You see, we were giving them a ing of these men! My investigation disclosed chance to stand from under or to dig their own the fact that this particular paper had not been graves. As soon as they saw the letter they manufactured until 1903, while the date of the began the excavation, and the trail was so contract between Senator Mitchell and Judge wide and deep that a blind man could follow it. Tanner written on this paper was dated 1901. "It has always been my practice that, when It was, therefore, a physical impossibility for I take up a serious investigation, I first care- this particular contract to have been written at fully go over all the facts at hand, and then the time stated by them. formulate my theory," said 'Burns, in explain- “Further investigation disclosed the fact that ing his methods. “Then, in following out Judge Tanner's son was, at the time of the the investigation,” he continued, “from time investigation, acting as the stenographer of the to time I may find it necessary to change my law firm. Therefore it was fair to assume that, theory to make it fit the facts, but never the if this contract was written as a defense, this reverse. It is astonishing, oftentimes, how young man had done the typewriting. He was easily an apparent mystery may be dispelled. immediately called before the Grand Jury. He It frequently happens that one is able to go denied typewriting a partnership agreement be- over the facts at hand and, without any inves- tween his father and Senator Mitchell. He was tigation, determine the identity of the guilty asked then and there to write a letter, dictated parties to a crime. by Mr. Heney, in which Mr. Heney used the two “I remember, when we were after Brock- misspelled words found in the partnership agree-way, Dr. Bradford, Jimmy Courtney, and their ment the word 'salary' was spelled ‘salery,' gang of counterfeiters, almost every one said and the word 'constituent' was spelled that we could not connect Brockway with the 'constituant.. Judge Tanner's son misspelled case. Three or four days before we arrested these two words just as he had written them in Brockway, A. L. Drummond, for a short time the partnership agreement. When Judge Tan- Chief of the Secret Service, came out in a news- ner was confronted by this situation, he came paper article in which he said that Brockway into open court and confessed to perjury. was then leading an honest life, and had been for “Again interested in the psychology of such some time. When we made the raid on the en- a situation, I asked the Judge: gravers' plant in Jersey City, we found an oil- “How in the world is it possible that you cloth apron in the room. Later, when we visited walked into such a trap,- men as learned in the Brockway in New York, I found a strip of the law as you and Senator Mitchell,-- especially in same oilcloth used on a mantelpiece in his house. view of the fact of the high place you have held When we came to put the apron and the strip in this community, having been a judge on the together, they fitted perfectly. It was this bit bench and one of the leading attorneys of the bar?' of evidence that really convicted Brockway. “He said: 'Mr. Burns, that question is easily “I had an interesting experience in the same answered: I was not a detective.' case, this time in locating Jimmy Courtney. "In the Philadelphia-Lancaster counterfeit- He left his hiding-place in Jersey City, and ing case (the story of which was told in went no one knew where. All I had to go on McClure's for March) we had another exam- was that he had moved his household goods. ple of very able and prominent lawyers going It took me two weeks of the hardest kind of up against the law. When we were making work to find the man who had moved him, and, the final round-up of those involved in the through him, I got Jimmy. When his goods counterfeiting, we found that Bingham and were being moved, Jimmy paid the van man Hewitt, two leading attorneys of Philadelphia, five dollars not to tell where he went - giving might properly be among those present at the the ingenious explanation that he wanted to bar of justice. As the legal representatives of lose his mother-in-law. two of our counterfeiting gang, these lawyers had attempted to bribe me, and we had allowed The Piece of Burlap that Convicted the them to suppose they had bribed one of our Counterfeiters in the Costa Rica Case operatives. There was not at this time, how- ever, sufficient evidence to convict them. So “Now, in all these cases the trail is perfectly we wrote a letter, from Chief Wilkie of the clear, when you see it from the inside. I could Secret Service to the bribed operative, to be give you hundreds of instances of this kind, shown to Bingham and Hewitt. If they acted each one a story in itself, some of them easy and 660 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS some difficult. But perhaps the best illustration whom it had been sold — no maker's name that I now recall is that of the little piece of or anything. burlap that figured in the conviction of the "On the burlap there was a roughly printed Central American counterfeiters and revolu- figure '2' and a double 'X' with a line drawn tionists in what is known as the Costa Rica underneath, and the figure '64' — like this”; case.” and Burns drew the symbol on the back of an Burns settled back in his chair and laughed 2 XX envelop: heartily over his recollection of the polished 64 Spanish criminals who figured in the case. “They were so excessively polite,” said Burns; Where the Burlap was Made "yet, all the time, I think they would have cut a throat or scuttled a ship with no compunction "I visited a number of dry-goods houses in whatever. order to determine what the double X with a "Sometime I'll tell you their story of the line under it and the figure 64 stood for. It was revolutions they planned, and of the counter- discouraging, for double X brands seemed to be feits they issued for their war funds. The story favored by almost every kind of product known of the piece of burlap is this: to manufacture. Finally, in my wanderings, I “We had been watching these two soldiers of came to a factory at Newburg, New York, fortune, de Requesans and de Mora, for some where overalls trade-marked with a double X time, knowing that they were counterfeiting were manufactured. I called on the proprietor, the money of their country, but lacking suffi- and thought it best, in this case, to disclose my cient evidence of it, when a sofa that had identity. I was carrying my piece of burlap – been shipped from New York to Costa Rica my constant companion in those days. fell into our hands. It was an ordinary sofa, “Did this come from your factory?" I asked. wrapped in ordinary burlap; but hidden in The proprietor looked at it closely. the back of it was over two million dollars “I think it did,' he replied. in the counterfeit notes. I decided that if “What's the 64 for?' asked I. we could find out who shipped that sofa we “That's the number of the order, indicating would know absolutely who was responsible to whom it was sold.' for the counterfeiting. But there was no rich “Would you be kind enough to tell me the ness of clues; the sofa might have come from name of the person to whom it was sold?' I anywhere, and the burlap also. After we asked. got the sofa back from Costa Rica, we “My dear man,' he replied, 'that would be could find nothing to indicate where or to like looking for a needle in a haystack. Just come out and take a look at what you're pro- posing.' "He took me down to a lower floor where the firm stored its books. From the floor to the ceiling, a height of twelve or fourteen feet, were piled perhaps twenty thousand order-books, one upon the other. "That number is in one of those books,” he said, waving his hand at them. “They are not kept in any order, so you can see the futility of attempting to look for the number.' “Would you mind if I did attempt it?' I asked. "He looked at me in amazement for a min- ute, as if he thought I was crazy. “Go ahead, if you care to waste your time,' he said. I've no objection.' "So I started in on the books. By with- drawing one from this place and one from that, I soon determined the places where, approxi- mately, I'd be most likely to find the number I was looking for. In about two hours I did find it, and learned that this particular order "THE LETTER INDICATED THAT THE WRITER of overalls had been shipped to a dry-goods HAD AN AX TO GRIND" house at Long Island City, New York. GREAT CASES OF 661 DETECTIVE BURNS How Burns Found the Purchaser "I journeyed down to Long Island City with my piece of burlap, and visited the dry-goods store. You must make up your mind, each time, how you're going to approach the matter in hand, for everything in the world depends on how you go about a thing. Many times your success depends a great deal on your ability to finesse. In this instance I realized it would be better not to make myself known, nor did I care to go in and ask them at random if they remem- bered to whom they'd sold this piece of burlap. For I knew that, dispos- ing of such things in offhand ways as they most likely did, they'd probably laugh at me for thinking they'd re- member such a trifling thing. “I want to buy some burlap,' I said, when I entered the store. "Some 03.3 878099 burlap I can wrap around furniture, you know. I'm going to move. sell me some?' “Yes,' answered the fellow, and then turned to a cash-boy. “George,' he ordered, 'take this gentleman down to the basement, and tell Charlie he wants to get some burlap.' “George took me down to Charlie, and Could you left me. TO TELL WHERE HE MOVED" “I want to buy some burlap,' said I. “Charlie took me to the rear of the basement, “JIMMY PAID THE VAN MAN FIVE DOLLARS NOT and pointed to a lot of burlap. “How much do you want?' he asked. lady if he saw her. He was sure that he would. “Meanwhile I had been sizing the fellow up. I then arranged to have him go with me to the That he was elderly and honest I had decided house of Mrs. Lavin, in Long Island City. Ar- at a glance; so I determined to take him into riving there, I rang the bell, and Mrs. Lavin my confidence. came to the door. I asked her if 'Mr. Bogus' “I don't want any burlap,' I answered; “I am lived there. The old lady, believing it to be a simply seeking some information. Here is a serious inquiry, said, 'No'; nor could she piece of burlap that cuts quite a figure in a very recall the name of any such person living in important investigation that the government the vicinity. is making. I've ascertained that it was pur "The moment she closed the door, my in- chased here from you, and I came to see formant stated that she was the woman to whether you could recall the persons to whom whom he had sold the burlap. you have sold burlap in the past two or three months.' The Express Office the Final Link “The old fellow stopped and meditated for a few moments, and then said: “The next step was to find the express wagon “I remember distinctly that the last piece that had hauled the sofa, wrapped in burlap, of burlap I sold was to an old lady with gray from the house of de Requesans to the Red Star hair, who was dressed in black, and who wore Line pier, where it would have to go to be gold-rimmed spectacles.' shipped to Costa Rica. I secured a list of "Now, this answered the description of Mrs. persons owning express stables, and, after a Lavin, the mother-in-law of Ricardo de Reque- number of visits, located the man that had sans, one of the men suspected of the counter- hauled the sofa. He turned to his books and feiting. found a record of it, and was able to identify "I asked the man if he would know the old de Requesans as the man who had called on 662 GREAT CASES OF DETECTIVE BURNS him to arrange for the hauling suave, polite, chivalrous man- of the sofa to the Red Star ner, said: Tam General Line pier. Federico de Mora. This is “This made the case perfect, my card,' — at the same time and de Requesans' arrest fol- presenting his card, - 'and my lowed. “And Federico de Mora! address; and, should I be want- laughed Burns. “I shall never ed, you will find me there.' forget that foxy old General, “We thanked the General who, when de Requesans was for his courtesy and fore- arrested, knew that he also thought, and when we finally would be suspected, but at did, through Mrs. Raymond, the same time felt that it would succeed in involving the Gen- be impossible for us to secure eral, I called on him at his evidence against him except address, and invited him through de Requesans or Mrs. using all the grace | could Eugenia Raymond. Mrs. Ray- command — to come to our mond was a beautiful young office, as we had reached a widow whom de Requesans point where we desired to con- had succeeded in interesting in sult with him. He complied in their romantic efforts to bring his usual graceful style, and, about a revolution, promising upon reaching the Federal to make her his wife, and Building, he was turned over making her believe that when to a United States marshal, the revolution succeeded he who placed him in jail. would become one of the ambassadors from "Later he was sent to Sing Sing Prison, the new country. from which he emerged, two years afterward, “The old General presented himself at the with de Requesans, and fled to one of the Secret Service office in New York immediately Central American countries, where he has after the arrest of de Requesans, and, in his been revolutionizing ever since." "ON THE BURLAP WAS PRINTED A FIGURE 2 AND A DOUBLE X". THE BURDEN OF THE DOORKEEPER BY SUSAN L. MITCHELL WE tend the bodies of the newly born, Stay with our hopeful hands the helpless head, And unto us they come, the newly dead: You are all ours, at evening and at morn. Oh, what to us your little slights and scorns, You who dethrone us with a trivial breath! God made us awful queens of birth and death, And pressed upon our brows His crown of thorns. Oh, who can bear the glory that we bear, Or who can know the anguish of such state, To whom all things, in being sublimate, The austere majesties of Godhood wear? - THE NEWARK NEWARK FACTORY FACTORY FIRE BY MARY ALDEN HOPKINS O N Saturday, November 26, 1910, same officers; and on the fourth the Wolf Muslin between nine and ten in the Undergarment Company, with offices at 119 morning, a Newark factory, West Twenty-fifth Street, New York City. standing at the corner of Orange Thus the building erected before the days of and High streets, caught fire. fire-proof construction and designed for the The building was clear from other buildings on manufacture of army pistols, which are neither all four sides; there was a fire-engine across explosive nor inflammable in the making, came the street, and a truck and ladder around the to be used for the manufacture of both inflam- corner. Yet six girls were burned to death, mable and explosive goods. Alterations had and nineteen died as a result of leaping to the been made in adapting the building to its chang- pavement from the fourth-story windows. ing uses, but there had been no attempt to In order to understand how this catastrophe render it fire-proof. was possible, it is necessary to know the history The floors were wooden and were two inches of the building. This history is significant thick when they were laid. Nowadays floor re- because it is the history of thousands of build- quirements for mill construction in New Jersey ings all over the country, which, erected for call for three and three fourths inch thickness. one purpose, have been altered to serve for an- For fifty years this two-inch planking had been other purpose in the least immediately expen- soaked in grease and oil from machinery. sive manner. The stairs were wooden. From the lower The building was a part of an estate, one of floors there were several exits, but from the the owners and managers of which was J. fourth floor there was only one stairway, forty Nathaniel Glass of New York City. It was a inches wide, inclosed with wooden planking on piece of property that had been in the family for both sides The staircases were at one side of many years. The building was put up in 1855. an open elevator-shaft. To get from the foot of before the Civil War, and was first used for the one staircase to the top of the next, the girls had manufacture of firearms. Ericsson designed the to walk around three sides of the elevator-shaft. Monitor here. Later the Domestic Sewing Ma At the foot of the narrow inclosed stairway chine Company took the building, and for years that led down from the fourth floor to the third made their machines here. When they moved was a door thirty-two inches wide. One of the away, an assortment of manufactories occupied workmen in the building, when testifying before the place, and the building became an “omni- the coroner's jury, distinguished this door from bus” building, that is, one holding several kinds other doors on the third floor by calling it the of manufactories, sometimes explosive, some- "little door.” The "little door,” which was the times inflammable. At one time there were only exit from the fourth floor, was kept locked three companies there that kept on hand three during work hours. This was in direct defiance hundred gallons of naphtha, five gallons of of the statute of 1904, which forbids the locking naphtha, and two gallons of gasolene respec- or bolting of the main exit. tively. At the time of the fire the building con The windows were the old-fashioned kind, tained only one explosive manufactory, but this without weights or pulleys. The upper sashes one was neatly sandwiched between two in- were nailed in place, and the lower sashes were flammable ones. held up by “L” fastenings placed in position by On the first floor were the Drake-Morrison hand. Paper Box Company and John Blevney, ma The building was classed extra-hazard by the chinist; on the second the Newark Paper Box insurance companies, and rated $2.09 gross on Company; on the third the Anchor and the contents and $1.69 gross on building. For a Aetna Electric companies, controlled by the good character risk the rate would have been $1. 663 664 THE NEWARK FACTORY FIRE Unwillingness to Protect Women Employees contest the point, did not refer the matter to the Common Council. The Building Department This building, erected fifty years ago for men was content to leave responsibility for the safety to make army pistols in, was now, when unsafe of its factory employees entirely in the hands from construction, age, and contents, filled with of the Labor Department. women making paper boxes, lamps, and muslin The Labor Department ordered one addi- night-gowns. The number of women employed tional fire-escape. This was placed, most un- varied from week to week, but the average fortunately, over the public highway, so that numbers were fifty on the first floor, forty on the the descent from the second-story fire balcony second, fifteen on the third, and on the fourth an to the ground must be by means of a ladder average of seventy-five; on the day of the fire hanging from the third-floor balcony, and placed there were one hundred and sixteen women on in position by hand at need. This iron ladder the fourth floor. Whereas the employees had was too heavy for women to manipulate without formerly been all men, there were now about two practice. Inside the windows that gave upon hundred women and some fifteen men. The few the fire-escapes it was necessary to build wooden alterations made to meet the needs of women platforms and steps, because the window-sills workers were due entirely to the kindness of the were forty-eight inches above the floors. employers. The State factory statutes made no Thus the fire-escape provision for two hun- concession to the sex of factory workers. The dred women in an extra-hazardous building was New Jersey Department of Labor has not two fire-escapes, both of which were difficult to power to compel an employer to provide proper get to, and which ended, one in the air and the sanitary arrangements. When the Department other on the roof of a boiler-house. issued an order to Frank P. Venable, calling for suitable toilet accommodation for each sex How the Fire Originated on each floor of the Pope Mill, Paterson, he refused to comply. When a suit was brought to The fire that brought to light these abomi- compel his observance, the case was not sup- nable conditions broke out in the Anchor Lamp ported by the court, as it was held that the factory on the third floor. A young girl, Sadie present law was not properly drawn to cover Hampson, was “flashing filaments” for lamps this particular situation.* at her machine. She placed the filaments, or carbons, in a vacuum-pump, removed the air, What Was the Matter with the Fire-Escapes and filled the vacuum with gasolene vapor, switched an electric current through the fila- A State that does not guarantee its women ments, and thus carbonized them. This is the proper sanitary accommodations can process, but the girl had no understanding of it hardly be expected to understand that women at all. All she knew was that she pushed car- need a different sort of fire-escape and more bons into an opening and pressed buttons "like fire-escapes than men. Up to 1903 there was it was a typewriter.” She also knew that at only a part of a fire-escape on this building, night she must cover the meter and carry it into and it was a vicious affair, a cross between the office. Beyond this she knew nothing at all a ladder and a stairway, extending from a fire about her machine. She wasn't hired to under- balcony on the fourth floor to a fire balcony on stand about the vacuum and the gas and the the third floor. Upon the order of the City electric current; she was hired to press buttons, Building Department, this was extended. An and, if anything went wrong, to call the boss. iron ladder, flat against the wall, connected the That is the common way in factories — many fire balcony on the third floor with the roof of girls at machines to perform mechanical actions, the boiler-house. Just why the roof of the and a boss to do the thinking for all. boiler-house was chosen as an island of safety “I don't know how it started,” Sadie Hamp- from fire danger is not clear. son explained to the coroner's jury, “because In 1906 the City Building Department served I don't understand electricity. The boss under- notice that two additional fire-escapes must be stands, and he'll tell you if you ask him. The placed, one at the north and one at the south end. boss always told me to be careful, and I was The owner replied that the City Building De- careful. There was a flash of fire into my face, partment no longer had authority over his and I screamed, ‘Mr. McQuat!' I guess I must building, because the New Jersey Legislature have called different from usual, for I often had, by the Acts of 1904, placed the respon- call ‘Mr. McQuat' when I get out of carbons, sibility for fire-escapes on the Department of and he calls back, ‘Wait a minute!' But this Labor. The City Building Department did not time he ran right out of the office, so I must * Report of the Department of Labor, New Jersey, 1909. have called different. I don't know what hap- even MARY ALDEN HOPKINS 665 pened next. No, I don't know how I got out building by the stairs, by the fire-escapes, or by of the building. I was frantic with fright. I flinging themselves from the windows; but their only know there was an awful flash and I called stories are confused. I think they themselves “Mr. McQuat!' I just thought that if I got do not know clearly what happened. Probably my boss everything would be all right." from the moment those hundred and sixteen Mr. McQuat seized a bucket of sand and girls looked up from their work and knew that flung it on the flames, while others rushed they were trapped on the top floor, fifty feet down to the yard for more sand. They tried to from the ground, with the fire below them, they put the fire out themselves, without calling the were in the grip of fire fright. They agree that firemen across the street. They had done this the fire-escapes were entirely inadequate; that before. If they called in the firemen the fire the wooden platform that gave on to one of would go on the records of the Fire Department. them crashed and fell to the floor like paste- The building already had a bad name a board; that the window-sashes fell on the girls record for ten known fires in ten years. If, as they struggled out; that the girls did however, they put the fire out without call- not throw themselves from the windows till ing in the firemen, it would not go on record the heat was unendurable; that the girls could and the insurance companies would not hear not manage the drop ladder at the front of it. When a factory has the habit of in- fire-escape; and that they jumped from the cipient fires, it is just as well not to adver- boiler roof to the ground at the rear fire- tise the fact. escape. From the bits the different girls When it was clear that the buckets of sand have told me, you can piece the story to- wouldn't put out this blaze, a girl rushed across gether for yourself: the street and gave the alarm at the fire-house. "Every one was saying, “What's the matter? Captain Van Volkenberg and a fireman hurried What's the matter?'' over with a fire-extinguisher. They did not “Marie says that when she first saw the smoke send in a general alarm, because, when a fire- coming through a knothole in the floor, she put man calls the other companies to a fire that he a piece of cloth over it to try to keep it out.” might have put out with a hand-extinguisher, “Miss Haag rạn down the stairs and unlocked he is reprimanded. the door, and then she come running back, and The fire was so rapid that, when Captain Van she throwed her hands up and cried, “Run, Volkenberg reached the third floor, he rushed to girls, run!'” the window, smashed the glass, and yelled, "I quick run down the stairs. The girls were “Pull the box!” This alarm went in at 9.26. all pushing toward the coat-rack.” The captain and Mr. McQuat were later rescued “They say M- went to the looking-glass by ladders. and pinned on her hat." No Fire-Alarms in the Building Story Told by Molly Kelly, Who Escaped by the Stairs There was no sort of fire-alarm in the build- ing- a building that was listed as extra-haz "A piece-worker must keep her eyes on ardous and in which ten fires had already her machine if she wants to make out, and broken out. The girls were all out of the first, I didn't know anything was wrong until I second, and third floors before any one remem- happened to look up and saw all the girls run- bered those on the fourth floor. There were ning to one end of the room. I thought there one hundred and sixteen girls and an errand-boy had been an accident. Then I saw smoke. there, under the charge of Miss Anna Haag, I walked over toward the coat-rack; but just the forewoman. then Mrs. Wood crossed in front of me to go down the stairs, and I turned and followed One Hundred and Sixteen Girls Cut off her downstairs mechanically, without think- on the Fourth Floor ing at all. It seemed as if the first body dropped as soon as I reached the sidewalk. It is difficult to know what happened during Every time a body fell I would run across the next ten minutes. It is clear that Miss the street to see if I knew the girl, and then Haag unlocked the door at the foot of the stairs, run back again to the other side. I never that it was fastened open with a hook, that a saw such faces.” few girls ran downstairs, that Lorin Paddock, When Miss Kelly got home her face was black the engineer, ran up, and that then, in some way, with smoke; she was wearing her little white the door slammed to and was again locked. I work-apron, and her white shirt-waist was have talked with girls who escaped from the stained with blood. It was bitterly cold and 666 THE NEWARK FACTORY FIRE LUDBREBEL her lips were blue. She looked at her friend in a Story Told by Mrs. Ross, Who Jumped dazed way and remarked vaguely, “I think I'll into the Life-Net go to Cogswell's and see if they will give me a job.” The nervous shock of what she had seen "I saw smoke coming up the belting-hole. I that morning did not wear off for weeks. ran to the rear fire-escape, but it was crowded. Then the steps broke. I started toward the The Story of Clara Diehm, Who Got stairs, but Lorin Paddock came up then, and his Down the Rear Fire-Escape face was black with smoke, and I thought I couldn't get down that way. The smoke was “I ran to the stairs, but I didn't dare go so thick I couldn't breathe, and I rushed to a down, because the smoke was thick. I knew the window and broke the glass with my hand. fire was below. I ran to the back fire-escape. Then some one got the window up. The men The girls were all crowding on to the inside below called not to jump; they said a net was wooden platform and the steps, and hanging coming. When the net came, it looked so little. on to the railing. I saw the window fall after Hattie Delaney jumped the minute it was a girl went through, and the girls behind had to opened. She looked like a fly tumbling off the put it up again before the next girl could get out. wall when she went down. I climbed on the I was standing on the steps when the platform sill; but I caught my foot between the steam- broke. The girls thought the floor was giving pipes, and I couldn't get it out. The men Fire-Escape Leading to Roof of Engine Room Sirls fall from Floor and funy from Fire-Escape odds • Elevation with steps to Street Sirls jump Leading to Fire-escape to Ground Only Stairway to Street 40 wide Srl lated birap Lorealb Windon Floor On Fence inity Tablet Cafers Windows about 48 DET tri Jang BED from 41 Der B Elevator Shaft SHARP 7988 BARBE AU TION Kred in the floor Narrow Stairway HEAE Sigts jump to VA ЕЕЕЕЕЕЕЕ Floor All penes saved on the flow VEHAT Only Fireescape in front of ilding Elevator Shaft Only Exit from Upper Floors 36' wide HER 12888417 Entrance to Sround Floor Only Door about 36'wide DIAGRAM SHOWING THE TWO FIRE-ESCAPES, DANGEROUS STAIRWAY, AND THE FOURTH- FLOOR WINDOWS FROM WHICH THE GIRLS JUMPED way, and all rushed to the other windows. My carried the net to the next window. The girls sister Catherine was standing just outside the got my foot out and said, “Now jump.' I said, rail, wringing her hands, when the steps broke. “I won't jump till they bring the net back.' The She could have got out if the steps hadn't sill was so hot I had to keep moving my broken. When I think that my sister died hands. Then they brought the net back, because those steps broke, I cannot bear it. I and I jumped. I didn't know when I was climbed up over the sill and out the window. falling, but I knew when they took me off There wasn't any crowd on the fire-escape then, the net. I felt as if my head and heels were because it took so long to get out the window. being .pushed together. When they took the We had to jump off the roof of the boiler-house. first of us into the hospital, the nurses thought A fireman helped me. Some of the girls hurt we were negroes, our faces were so black with themselves jumping. I sat on the ground and smoke. They cut our clothes off us and fixed held Angela in my arms. She had broken her us up a little and laid us on beds. They leg. I could see the girls jumping from the couldn't do much right then, there were so window, but I didn't know my sisters were many of us." among them." When I saw Mrs. Ross, a month later, she One of the sisters, Sophie, was caught in the could sit up part of the time. Her neck was life-net. The other died from her fall. sprained and her leg badly cut. ) MARY ALDEN HOPKINS 667 Story of a Slavic Girl Who Fell were already charged with smoke. The girls were to the Pavement crowded about the two fire-escapes and the win- dows where there were no fire-escapes. Paddock “Something in my head turns round with me. stood by a window on the High Street side, I get hot in my head. If there is a sound in the with a little girl named Mildred Wolters. They night, I scream. I think my bed is breaking, stood there till the flames caught Mildred's dress and such nonsense. The roof was blazing, and hair and seared Paddock's neck. Then and I think, 'I jump, and my mama gets my Paddock swung the girl out of the window, and bones; if I am alive she will be thankful to God; held her over a ladder that had been raised to if dead she will bury me. I will not be burned the third-story window below. He told her to by the flames!' They took me into the little grab for that ladder as she struck it. Then he wooden house side of the factory and gave me dropped her into the thick smoke. He heard a drink of water. I said, 'I am all right; I will her strike the ladder, but she did not catch hold. go home. No, I have no car-fare. All the A girl who came off the fire-escape just then saw time a lady was calling the ambulance. I knew Mildred's red dress lying on the pavement, and again when they put hot-water bottles around she went up to it; but Mildred did not move, me in the bed. There were so many bottles, but and some one said she was dead. Lorin Pad- Venum ERSION THE FACTORY AFTER THE FIRE. ALL THE EMPLOYEES ON THE LOWER FLOORS ESCAPED, BUT OF THE HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN GIRLS ON THE FOURTH FLOOR TWENTY-FIVE LOST THEIR LIVES AND MANY MORE WERE INJURED my teeth were chattering. I did not feel any dock swung himself out of the window, and pains until the doctor touched my feet. Then I dropped as Mildred had dropped; but he caught screamed. All my side is broken. Eleven were the ladder and got to the ground. Then he laying in one room in the hospital. We all knew rushed under a falling body, caught the woman each other. Three died in one day in that room. in his arms, and heard his shoulder snap. I can see Miss Haag standing by the safe. She “After that I was out of it,” he said. was laying in the hospital with us. The blood Fire Chief Asher left the courthouse as the dropped from her feet all the time. She died.” alarm rang in. This was at 9.26. He went straight to the fire in his machine. A three- Lorin Paddock's Story minute run, he calls it, as a fire chief drives. As the car swung into High Street — "My God," As soon as Lorin Paddock, the engineer of the cried the chauffeur, “there's a hundred girls on building, knew there was a fire, he made straight that top floor!” He was wrong. At that time, for the fourth floor. First he opened the five, six, at the most seven minutes after the elevator door to see if that could be used, but alarm was sounded, there was not one living the smoke came up in a cloud. The halls girl on the top floor, though there were six dead 668 THE NEWARK FACTORY FIRE ones there. The others were on the pavement on the open picket gate, and hung until the before the building. picket broke. But the things that happened “It” was over. When a Newark person there are too horrible to relate. Here the men spoke of “it,” he meant the two minutes during held the life-net — till it broke. At first the which forty girls leaped from the windows “like girls who leaped into the net came one by one, you'd throwed a load of bricks out of the window.” in rapid succession. One broke her back, twist- A man in the silver-plating factory across the ing in air. Another hit the window-sill at the street looked out of a window. “There is girls third floor and again at the second. Another on the fire-escape,” he cried. “Come on, yousebounded from the net back against the brick fellows. My God! this will be one hell of a fire!” wall. Then three girls struck the net at once. The men from the silver-plating factory across The lock snapped and the net tore. There was the street and the men from the meat-storage only one life-net, and there were many win- house round the corner rushed to the fire-truck dows, each window jammed with girls. already there. A woman was hanging out of The firemen got the fire under control, and a window fifty feet above them. "Give us a finally made their way to the bodies on the hand with this here ladder,” cried a fireman. fourth floor. Five were bunched together in a “Take Number 50!” The men tugged. The heap, all unrecognizable. Three of these were ladder stuck. Some one leaped on to the driver's sisters who had delayed too long, looking for one seat and released the steering-gear that caught another. A sixth body sat upright at a machine. the ladder. The men pulled out Number 50, This was a woman sixty years old, and she had all the while calling, shrieking, howling to not moved from her chair. the woman not to jump. The The bodies were taken to woman was Anna Haag. the morgue. When fathers and mothers came, one man, asked The Men Could Not Raise his daughter's name, replied the Ladder vaguely, "Oh, my God! I don't know.” No one knows what the One of the attendants went trouble was. The extension- about his work muttering, ladder would not work. It “I've got to get my coat reached a third-story window. pressed before Sunday. I've Miss Haag was in a window got to get in the fourth story. She A father carried one body leaned far out, choking and home, thinking it was his gasping. The smoke rolled daughter's. The coffin was over her in clouds. Sometimes set in the little dark living- she was hidden from view. room. After a while it was Then came a belch of smoke found that the body wore ear- flecked with red flame. “To rings, and the daughter had hell with this damned ladder!” not. The father took this sobbed a man. Miss Haag body back, and chose another. jumped. She landed at the He was a shoemaker, and man's feet, and three days identified this one by the steel later she died in the hospital. spring that he himself had put At the other end of the into the shoe to strengthen factory is an alley. It was here the instep. that most of the girls jumped. No ladder could be raised at Efforts to fix the this corner, because of a large Responsibility tree, a gateway, two steam- pipes crossing twelve feet in Immediately after the fire, the air, and a telegraph-pole a coroner's jury was sum- heavy with wires. One girl moned to hear testimony and struck the tree, and was dead fix the responsibility for the before she reached the ground. Courtesy of the “Survey" disaster. Dr. Edwin Steiner One girl broke her ankle on Of the girls who jumped from the fourth-story was the coroner; the prose- the steam-pipe. Another came window's at this corner, nearly all were cuting attorney was Wilbur A. killed. Several fell across the steam- down astride the steam-pipe. Mott; the assistant prosecutor, pipes. It was here that the life-net Another caught by her cheek broke when three jumped at once Frederick Lehlbach. The LE CORNER OF THE FOURTH-FLOOR WORK-ROOM WHERE THE BODIES OF THE FIVE GIRLS WHO DID NOT JUMP, AND WERE BURNED TO DEATH, WERE FOUND. THE SIXTH BODY WAS THAT OF AN OLD WOMAN WHO HAD NOT MOVED FROM HER MACHINE death of Carrie Robrecht, one of the girls who lighted. Work was fairly steady. The general jumped, was made the basis of the inquiry. conditions were so far above the average that During the first few days after the fire people the National Consumers' League granted the use in general expressed much satisfaction that of its label to the firm. Many of the women "something” was going to be done. The cul- had worked there for years. One of them ex- prits were to be brought to justice. plained that Mr. Wolf was “one grand boss."* But the jury found that the tenant was not It was thought at first that Mr. Wolf would be to blame; nor the owner; nor the City Building prosecuted under common law for gross and Department; nor the State Labor Department. reckless disregard of his employees' safety, but In fact, no one was to blame. The verdict ran: it was soon clear that that could not be. State "... said Carrie Robrecht came to her death statutes take precedence over common law, and by misadventure and accident caused by a the State statute of New Jersey takes the responsi- fall, . . . and not as the result of the criminal bility of fire protection away from the tenant and act, either of omission-or commission, on the places it on the owner of the building. Accord- part of any individual or individuals, whether ing to the law, Mr. Wolf was wholly blameless. as private citizens or public officials.” It was soon clear, also, that, according to the These are the steps by which the jury reached same law, the owner, represented by J. N. Glass, their decision: was equally blameless. For the owner had obeyed every order given by the State Labor Jersey Law Relieves Employer of Respon- Department — had obeyed with extreme reluc- sibility to Protect Operatives tance and with all possible delay, but still had fulfilled the law. First they considered the responsibility of the Then, if it wasn't the fault of the tenant or tenant. Mr. Wolf ran the Newark factory in the owner, it seemed as if it must be the fault connection with one in New York, and spent of the City Building Department or the State most of his time at the latter, delegating the Labor Department. Forthwith Mr. William oversight of the Newark branch to Anna Haag, P. O'Rourke, City Superintendent of Buildings, the forewoman. He paid good wages — “You and Colonel Lewis T. Bryant were summoned could make nice money at Wolf's.” He treated before the jury. his employees fairly —“Miss Haag gave out the The part the Newark City Building De- good gowns (simply made gowns) with the bad partment played in the affair is absurd. The gowns (those difficult to make), and no one was favorite.” The room was well ventilated and well enty-second Street has twelve exits and a fire drill. * It is a significant fact that Mr. Wolf in his new factory on Sev- 669 670 THE NEWARK FACTORY FIRE department, it developed, made some in Colonel Bryant repeated the phrase "a fire- spection of fire-escapes, occasionally issued escape," and explained that this technicality orders for their erection, but did not attempt was held to nullify the ostensible discretion to enforce those orders, and when it was obvi- granted him by the former paragraph. ous that a factory was insufficiently provided “And you did not consider that you had with fire-escapes, the department put the blame authority to compel the equipment of a build- on the State Labor Department.* The jury ing with more than one fire-escape?” inquired added Mr. O'Rourke to the growing list of the attorney. men not responsible for the fire. “No, I did not,” replied the Commissioner. “This law is worse than nothing!” said Prose- A Bad Law that Costs Humani Live's cuting Attorney Mott. “The law is a farce. Was it framed for the purpose of relieving the Colonel Bryant was now the only one left to employer of any liability in failing to offer ade- be the "culprit." This was puzzling, because quate protection to his employees?” he is widely known as an excellent Labor "You had better consult the legislature that Commissioner. He has framed it," replied Colonel built up his department Bryant. almost single-handed, and • has made law-breaking Law Requires Only One very unpleasant for certain Fire-Escape manufacturing interests. Colonel Bryant surprised As the law is interpreted every one by stating that to-day in New Jersey, the the factory had complied owner of a factory with with the law, that the law, undivided lofts is obliged which apparently gives the to put up only one fire- Commissioner unlimited escape, no matter what discretion as to the num- kind of manufacture he is ber of fire-escapes, in real- engaged in, no matter how ity gives him authority to many employees are on each compel the erection of only floor, no matter whether one fire-escape in a building they are men or women like this one. The front and children. Even that fire-escape on the burned one fire-escape need not be building was built in ac- erected unless there are cordance with specifica- twenty-five persons above tions. When Colonel Bry- the second floor. A canny ant made this statement, employer whose force is Prosecuting Attorney Mott nearly that number may- turned to the statutes ANNA HAAG, THE COURAGEOUS and sometimes does dis- and read: miss one employee or “Fire-escapes shall be move one down to the located at such places on the said buildings as second floor, and thriſtily save the expense of may be best suited for the purpose intended, or putting up the escape. as the Commissioner may designate in writing.” Thus the law that was intended to give the He paused and looked at the Commissioner Commissioner power to order the necessary inquiringly. number of escapes, in reality limits the number "Go on - read on,” replied the Commissioner. to one, and makes it impossible to compel the Soon the attorney reached this paragraph: erection of a fire-escape on a building where “The Commissioner shall have power to make there are less than twenty-five employees. and have served an order . . . that a fire-escape Many of the men who testified before the already erected shall be changed and altered in coroner's jury were city and State employees, such a manner as he shall in such order designate.” who seemed chiefly concerned in saving their official heads from coming off to satisfy the *At present the State of New Jersey provides only thirteen in- This small force is expected to inspect 1,700 bakeries popular demand that "something” be done. and keep them up to the standard; 4,000 factories and enforce factory regulations; and to see that machinery is guarded, as well as But others, beginning with guarded utterance, to look after the fire-escapes. Besides this, they are supposed to later threw aside caution and told indignantly regulate the employment of child labor. are appointea by the Governor, and their reappointment depends of conditions they were powerless to change. entirely upon political considerations. They should, of course, be appointed by civil service. “There'll be a worse holocaust than this one FORE- WOMAN WHO LOST HER LIFE TRYING TO SAVE THE COMPANY'S BOOKS spectors. These thirteen inspectors MARY ALDEN HOPKINS 671 was in Newark yet,” said Fire Chief Asher. "I can 2. The fact that there was no interior exit but an name a hundred factories worse than this one inclosed wooden stairway, scarcely.more than a yard wide, and directly exposed by the elevator-shaft. was. What can I do? I can't do anything! 3. The fact that the entire provision against fire The Fire Department can't touch a building consisted of two small fire-escapes. The two existing till the fire starts. And then it's too late." fire-escapes were taxed to their utmost capacity, and about sixty girls got safely down them. One Girl Had No Trouble in Getting Out 4. The fact that these fire-escapes were extremely difficult of access, because the window-ledges were Some of the girls who escaped told their forty-eight inches from the floor. stories before the coroner's jury. A few of the 5. The absence of a fire or exit drill among the em witnesses were girls so young that it seemed ab- ployees, such as is now used so successfully in public schools, and which, even in a building as bad as surd to call them working-women. There was one this, might have saved many lives. child, with a solemn face and big glasses, who explained that she got outon the rear fire-escape. A Hundred Other Buildings in Newark "Did you have any difficulty in getting down?” Just as Bad - Thousands in New York inquired the attorney. "No, sir.” In Newark alone, ac- “What, no difficulty?” cording to the inspector, repeated the attorney, puz- there are still about a zled at this variation from hundred factories as dan- the usual testimony. gerous as this one. “No, sir. I fell, sir. Yes, The Newark Evening News sir, from the top of the of November 30 quoted a fire-escape to the boiler- number from the fire in- house roof.” surance records: Each day the jury sat, it One building employing be- became clearer that in the tween five and six hundred end no one would be held hands, men, women, and girls, responsible. At the last where the industry is of a peculiarly dangerous char- session, one of the jurors acter, and where there is not could not contain his in- one fire-escape. Another four- dignation. Mr. Schlechter, story factory with six hundred an inspector, had just testi- and fifty employees has stair- cases so bad that all of the em- fied that when he inspected ployees would have to fight for the building in September, their lives on the fire-escapes. it was all right. A three-story factory employ- “How can ye say it was ing girls has an uninclosed stairway and no fire escapes. right?” demanded the in- A factory employing over one dignant juror. "It was MRS. KASTKA AND HER NIECE, STELLA hundred women on the fourth wrong! Man, ye know it and fifth floors (the first floor was wrong!” Miss Hodurek managed to escape by the stairs. of the building is used as a Mrs. Kastka jumped from a fourth-story win garage) has a solitary iron fire-escape in the rear. Direct Causes of the Fire support of her three children and Mr. Peter Joseph Mc- In spite of the jury's Keon, Consulting Engi- finding, the death of Carrie Robrecht and her neer on Fire Insurance and Fire Protection, says: twenty-four companions was not “accidental.” “Factory conditions in Greater New York They lost their lives because they worked in a are undoubtedly as bad as those just described building that was not decently safe for human in Newark. Any fire inspector can testify to beings to work in — that was very dangerous for this from personal observation. New York men, and more so for women. In addition to has nearly thirty thousand industrial establish- the facts that the building itself was highly in- ments, with close to seven hundred thousand flammable, that it contained one explosive manu- workers in them. These are distributed among factory, and that ten fires had broken out in it twelve thousand buildings, only one thou- within ten years, there were five causes of dan- sand of which are of fire-proof construction. ger that might easily have been remedied: The remaining eleven thousand factory build- ings are of ordinary non-fire-proof construc- 1. The absence of any interior fire-alarm system. In this case the girls on the top floor, who were in the tion, with the same wood stairways and outside greatest danger, did not know that a fire had broken fire-escapes that made the Newark factory a out until the three lower floors were emptied. fire-trap." HODUREK dow and was killed. She had been the her mother in Austria 672 THE NEWARK FACTORY FIRE Will Legislators and Employers Help to men had charge of the extinguishers; others were Avert Such Horrors? guards at doors and dangerous stair turnings; certain women were appointed to search the The factory workers' only chance of protec- coat-rooms and aid frightened women. At the tion lies in carefully drawn legislation enforced signal, the girls rose, pushed stools under the by an adequate number of inspectors appointed tables out of the way, linked arms, two by two, by civil service. and marched downstairs, never touching with This terrible and useless sacrifice of life in New- their hands those in front of them. In the fire ark will not have been altogether in vain if it stirs drill this seven-story building was entirely emp- employers throughout the country to the point tied of its two thousand employees in less of establishing fire drills in their manufactories. than five minutes. It took the Iroquois Theater fire to get us efficient inspection of theaters; the Slocum dis- Giving the Workers a Chance for Their Lives aster to call our attention to steamboat condi- tions; and school fire after fire, culminating in Concerning the facilities ordinarily supplied to the Collinwood disaster, to establish fire drills in protect employees against fire, Mr. Porter says: our public schools. In Brooklyn, recently, the “In the many factories which I have exam- public school children walked out of a burning ined at the request of the proprietors, to satisfy schoolhouse in the same orderly manner in them that they were doing all they could for the which they had marched out in the practice safety of their employees, I have failed to find drill; while the grown men and women employed any which, in one way or another, had not in a factory across the street, although in no introduced some obstruction to the availability immediate danger, were so frightened that they of their fire-escapes, and had not allowed some stampeded out of the building, and several of of their fire-extinguishing apparatus to go un- them were injured in the crush. inspected until it was absolutely useless. Many factories give no thought to the subject, and on Fire Drill a Great Step toward Safety one occasion my question to the superintendent, as to what he would do in case a fire occurred right Mr. Holbrook J. Porter, who has established then, was met by the amazing reply that he would a system of fire drill in many factories, says that think of some way to get his employees out." as soon as the operatives are sure that in time of The problem of protecting operatives in danger they can get out safely, the subconscious crowded factories, even in the so-called fire- fear, which on occasion makes a panic, dies. proof factories, is by no means an easy one. In the Survey of January 7 Mr. Porter de- But at least it is conservative to say that the scribed his method of installing a fire drill in a employers who contributed to the forty thou- seven-story cigar factory where conditions were sand dollar fund raised for the Newark fire suf- particularly bad. The building was a brick shell ferers, and that the thousands of manufacturers with interior wooden beams, wooden floors, everywhere who shuddered at the story of that wooden stairs, and only two stairways. The cruel loss of life, ought, in fairness to themselves, front stairway was divided in two by a stout to see that they have done what is reasonable and handrail, and given to the second- and third possible to protect the lives of the people in their floor employees. The rear stairway was given employ. An employer cannot discharge his to the fourth floor. The fifth was connected responsibility by contributing to a fund that by a bridge with a neighboring building. The goes to alleviate human suffering which can sixth and seventh were provided for by exits to never be assuaged. Besides the thirty-two neighboring tenement roofs. girls who were injured and the twenty-five who After the exits were arranged, it was neces- died under such horrible circumstances, many sary to teach the two thousand excitable work- of the girls who were employed in that Newark ers, many of them foreigners, how to use them. factory, although they .escaped uninjured in At first there was danger of a panic at the drill body, suffered so terribly from shock and fright itself. The managers first posted a notice that that they will never be well again. there was to be a drill. When the excitement If an employer has provided broad, easily following this announcement had cooled, the accessible fire-escapes, and enough of them; if managers distributed hand-bills giving enough he has provided interior staircases constructed information about the coming drill to arouse in a flame-proof manner; if he has provided interest. A few days later a third notice gave interior fire-alarms, and has taken enough inter- definite instructions, and, when all were thor- est in the safety of his people to establish a fire oughly broken in to the idea the first drill was held. drill, then he has at least given his employees Foremen were appointed captains; certain a chance for their lives. BIBI The Last Carolan by Kathleen Norris Drawing by Ethel Franklin Betts BLAZING afternoon of mid- July lay earth — had grown rank and high where once warmly over the old Carolan water had brimmed clear and cool, and great house, and over the dusty, neg- lazy bees boomed among them. Cut in the lected gardens that inclosed it. granite brim, had any one cared to push back the The heavy wooden railing of the dry leaves and sifted earth that obscured them, porch, half smothered in dry vines, was hot to might have been found the words: the touch, as were the brick walks that wound Over land and water blown, between parched lawns and the ruins of old Come back to find your own. flower-beds. The house, despite the charm of its simple, unpretentious lines, looked shabby A stone bench, sunk unevenly in the loose and desolate. Only the great surrounding trees soil, stood near the fountain in the shade of the kept, after long years of neglect, their beauty and great elms, and here two women were sitting. dignity One of them was Mary Moore, the doctor's wife, At the end of one of the winding paths was an from the village, a charming little figure in her old fountain. Its wide stone basin was chipped, gingham gown and wide hat. The other was and the marble figure above it was discolored Jean Carolan, wife of the estate's owner, and by storm and sun. Weeds - such weeds as mother of Peter, the last Carolan. could catch a foothold in the shallow laver of Jean was a beautiful woman, glowing with the 673 674 THE LAST CAROLAN bloom of her early thirties. Her eyes were Madam Carolan sat at the one library window moving contentedly over house and garden. She that gave on the road, and knotted her hands gave Mrs. Moore's hand a sudden impulsive together and waited. She waited, one gusty pressure. “Well, here we are, Mary!” she said, March evening, until the shouting stopped, and smiling, “just as we always used to plan at St. the bewildered mare came trotting riderless into Mary's— keeping house in the country near each view. Then she and the maids ran to the wood. other, and bringing up our children together!” But even after that she still sat at that window “I never forgot those plans of ours," said the at the end of every day, a familiar figure to all doctor's wife, her eyes full of pleasant reminis- who came and went upon the road. cence. “But here l've been, nearly eleven years, The sons, Sidney and Laurence, grew up to- duly keeping house and raising four small babies gether, passionate, devoted, and widely loved. in a row: And what about you? You've been Sidney married, and went away for a few years; gadding all over Europe — never a word about but presently he came back to his mother and coming home to Carolan Hall until this year!” brother, bringing with him the motherless little "I know," said Mrs. Carolan, with a charm- Sidney who was Jean's sunny big husband now. ing air of apology. “Oh, I know! But Sid had This younger Sidney well remembered the day, to hunt up his references abroad, you know, and and had once told his wife of it - when his father then there was that hideous legal delay. I really and his uncle fell to sudden quarreling in their have been frantic to settle down somewhere, for boat, during a morning's fishing on the placid years. And as for poor Peter! The unfortu- river. He remembered, a small watcher on the nate baby has been farmed out in Italy, and bank, that the boat upset, and that, when his boarded in Rome, and flung into English sani- uncle reached the shore, it was to work unavail- tariums, just as need arose! The marvel is ingly for hours over his father's silent form, which he's not utterly ruined. But Peter's unique — never moved again. The boy was sent away for you'll love him!” a while, but came back to find his uncle a silent, “Who's he like, Jean?” morose shadow, pacing the lonely garden in un- “Oh, Sidney! He's Carolan all through.” assailable solitude, or riding his horse for hours With the careless words a thin veil of shadow fell in the great woods. Sometimes the little fellow across her bright face, and there came a long would sit with his grandmother in the library silence. window, where she watched and waited. Always, Carolan Hall! Jean had never seen it before as he went about the garden and yards, he would to-day. Looking at the garden, and the trees, look for her there, and wave his cap to her. He and the roof that showed beyond, she felt as missed her, in his unexpressed little-boy fashion, if she had not truly seen it until this minute. when she sat there no longer, although she had All its gloomy history, half forgotten, lightly always been silent and reserved with him. Then brushed aside, came back to her slowly now. came his years of school and travel, and in one This was the home of her husband's shadowed of them he learned that the Hall was quite empty childhood; it was here that those terrible events now. Sidney meant to go back, just to turn over had taken place of which he had so seriously told the old books, and open the old doors, and walk her before their wedding day. the garden paths again; but, somehow, he had Here old Peter Carolan, her little Peter's great never come until to-day. And now that he had grandfather, had come with his two dark boys come, he, and Jean and Peter too, wanted to stay. and his silent wife, eighty years before. A Jean sighed. cruel, passionate man he must have been, for “You knew Madam Carolan, didn't you, stories presently crept about the county of the Mary?” whippings that kept his boys obedient to him. “No - no, I didn't,” said Mrs. Moore, color- Rumor presently had an explanation of the ing uneasily. “I've seen her, though, as a small wife's shadowed life. There had been a third girl, at the window. I used to visit Billy's — my boy, the first-born, whom no whippings could husband's people when we were both small, make obedient. That boy was dead. you know, and we often came to these woods." The day came when old Peter's blooded"mare "I've been thinking of the house and its cheer- refused him obedience, too, and stood trembling ful history,” said Jean, with a little shudder. and mutinous before the bars he would have had “Sweet heritage for Peterkin!” her take. He presently had his vay, and the “Heritage nonsense!” said the other lovely, frightened creature went bravely over. woman hardily. “Every one tells me that your But after that he rode her at tha' fence day husband is the gentlest and finest of them all after day, and sometimes the wood rang for an and his father was before him. I don't believe hour with his shouting and urging before she such things come down, anyway.” would essay the leap. While he ferced her, “Well,” smiled Sidney's wife, a little proudly, KATHLEEN NORRIS 675 ever “I've never seen the Carolan temper, in the nine boyish in the thin silk shirt and baggy knicker- years we've been married!” bockers, and a wide hat, slipping from his yellow “Exactly. Besides, it's not a temper.— just mane, added a last debonair touch to his pic- strong will." turesque little person. He was flushed, but “Sidney has will enough,” mused Jean. gracious and at ease. “Oh, all men have,” said the doctor's wife “You're one of the reasons we came!” he said contentedly. “Billy, now! He won't stand in a rich little voice when his mother's a locked door. One night - I never shall for- “You've heard me speak of Mrs. Moore, get! — the children locked themselves in the Peter?” had introduced them. “You have nursery, and Will simply burst the door in. boys too, haven't you?” Nobody makes a fuss or worries over that!” “I have three,” said Mrs. Moore, in the If the illustration was beside the point, neither rational, unhurried tone that only very clever woman perceived it. people use to children. 'Billy is nine, George “There, you see!” said Jean, glad to be quite seven, Jack is three; and then there's a girl sure of conviction. "It never really worries my Mary." me," she added, after a moment, “for Peter. “I come next to Billy,” calculated little adores his father, and is only too eager to obey. Peter, his eyes very eager. him. If Peter — and it's impossible! “You and he will like each other, I hope,” did really work himself up to disobedience, why, said Billy's mother. I suppose he'd get a thrashing,” — she made a “I hope we will — I hope so!” he assented wry face, - "and they'd love each other all the vivaciously. “I've been thinking so!” more for it." Mrs. Carolan presently suggested that he go “Of course they would,” agreed the other off with Betta to pack the luncheon things in the cheerfully. car, and the three watched his sturdy, erect little “There must have been some way in which figure out of sight. Mrs. Moore heard his gay Madam Carolan could have managed them,” voice break into ready Italian as they went. pursued Jean thoughtfully. "The women of A horde of workmen took possession of Caro- that generation were a poor-spirited lot, 1 lan Hall a few days later, and for happy weeks imagine. One isn't quite a child!” There was Jean and Mary followed and directed them. another little pause, in the hot, murmuring The Moore children and Peter Carolan explored silence of the garden, and then, with a sudden every fascinating inch of house and garden. change of manner, she rose to her feet. “Mary! Linen and china were unpacked, old furniture come and meet Sidney and the kiddy!” she com- polished, and old paintings restored. manded. Mrs. Moore, with her two oldest sons frolick- "Well, I rather hoped you were going to pre- ing about her like excited puppies, came up to sent them," said Mrs. Moore, rising too, and Carolan Hall one exquisite morning a month gathering up sunshade and gloves. later. Brush fires were burning in the thinning They threaded the silent garden paths again, woods, and the blue, fragrant smoke drifted in passed the house, and crossed a neglected stable- thin veils across the sunlight. yard, where a great red motor-car had crushed A visit to the circus was afoot, and Peter a path for itself across dry grass and weeds. In Carolan, seated on the porch steps in the full the stable itself they found Sidney Carolan, the glory of starched blue linen and tan sandals, little Peter, and a couple of servants the leaped up to join his friends in a war-dance of chauffeur with oily hands, and the wrinkled wild anticipation. old Italian maid, very gay in scarlet gown and Jean came out, also starched and radiant, head-dress. kissed her guests, piled some wraps into the Jean's husband had all the Carolan beauty waiting motor, and engineered the group into and charm, and was his most gracious and the shaded dining-room, where the excited chil- radiant self to-day. His sunny cordiality gave dren were somehow to be coaxed into eating Mary no chance to remember that she had their li cheon. Sidney came in late, to smile a little feared the writer and critic. But, after at thei all from the top of the table. the first moment, her eye was irresistibly drawn It wis rapidly dawning on the adult con- to the child. sciousn ss that, above every other sound, the Tawny-haired, erect, and astonishing in the voices if the children i er really reaching in- perfection of his childish beauty, Peter Carolan excusable heights. ourst of laughter advanced her a bronzed, firm little hand, and and a brief strur "tween Peter and Billy gave her with it a smile that seemed all brilliant Moore resulted in an overturned mug, the usual color — white teeth, ocean-blue eyes, and pop- rapidly spreading pool of milk, and the usual pied cheeks. His square little figure was very reckless mopping. Peter's silver mug fell to the nen: ! sil 676 ! THE LAST CAROLAN floor, and rolled to the sideboard, where it lay "Thank you, Billy,” he said, “but Peter will against the carved mahogany base, winking in pick it up himself. Now, Peter! We don't care the sun. who knocked it down, or whose fault it was. "Peter!” said Jean severely. “ No, don't Your mother told you to pick up your mug, and ring, Sidney! He did that by his own careless we are waiting to have you do it. Don't talk ness, and mother can't ask poor, busy Julia to about it any more. Nobody thinks it is at all pick up things for boys who are noisy and rude smart or funny for boys to disobey their at the table. Go pick up your mug, dear!” mothers!” “Yes. Quite right!" approved Sidney under “It will take you just one second, dear,” his breath. interpolated Jean softly, "and then we will Peter, who had been laughing violently all go upstairs and get ready, and forget all a moment before, seemed rather inclined to re- about it." gard the incident as a tribute to his own bril “Just a little too much c-i-r-c-u-s!” spelled liancy. He caught his heels in a rung of his Mrs. Moore, in the pause. chair, raised himself to a standing position, and “Pick it up, son!” said Sidney, very calm. turned a bright little face to his mother. Peter stopped smiling. He breathed hard, “But -- but — but what if I don't want to and took a firm hold of his chair. pick it up, mother?" he said gaily. “Go on. Go ahead!” said his father briskly, The little Moore boys, still bubbling, giggled encouragingly. outright, and Peter's cheeks grew pink. He was The child moved his eyes from the mug to his innocently elated with this new rôle of clown. father's face, but did not stir. "What do you mean?” said Sidney's big "Peter?” said Sidney. A white line had voice, very quietly. There was a pause. Peter come about his mouth. slowly turned his eyes toward his father. For a long moment there was not a sound in “Oh, please, Sidney!” said Jean, a shade the room. Julia stood transfixed at the door. impatiently. “He thinks he has some reason.” Mrs. Moore's eyes were on her plate. Jean's She turned to Peter. “What do you mean, lips were shut tight; she was breathing as if she dear?" she asked pleasantly. had been running. Peter looked about the group. He was con "I won't!” said Peter simply, with a quick fused and excited at finding himself so suddenly breath. the center of attention. "Sid!” said Jean hurriedly. “Sidney!" “Well — well — why are you all looking at “Just a moment, Jean," said her husband, me?” he asked in his confident little treble, with without glancing at her. “You will do it now, his baffling smile. or have father punish you to make you do it," “Dearie, did you hear mother tell you to get he said to the boy. “Father can't have boys quietly down and pick up your mug?” de- here who don't obey, you know. Every one manded Jean authoritatively. obeys. Soldiers have to, engineers have to, “Well well, you know, I don't want to, even animals have to. Are you going to do mother, because Billy and I were both reaching what mother told you to?" for that mug,” drawled Peter, “and maybe it "No," said little Peter. “I said I wouldn't, was Billy who" and now I won't!” “Now, look here, son!” said his father, con “He is hot and excited now,” said Jean trolling his impatience with difficulty, “we've quickly, in French, “but I'll take him upstairs had enough of this! You do it becausė your and quiet him down. He'll come to his senses. mother told you to, and you do it right now !” Leave him to me, dear!” “And don't let anything spoil this happy “Much the wisest thing to do, Sidney,” sup- day," pleaded Jean's tender voice. plemented Mrs. Moore, in the same tongue. “Can't I let it stay there, mother?” sug “Certainly!” said his father coldly. “Give gested Peter brilliantly, and have my milk in him time. Let him understand that if he a glass? I don't want my mug! It can just lie doesn't obey it means no circus. That's rea- there sonable, I think, Jean?” His mother unsmilingly interrupted this "Oh, perfectly! Perfectly!” Mrs. Carolan pleasantly offered solution. assented nervously. Nothing more was said as “Peter! Father and mother are waiting.” she took the boy's hand and led him away. The “Gee – I'll pick it up!” said Billy Moore others heard Peter chatting cheerfully as he good-naturedly, slipping to the floor. mounted the stairway a moment later. Sidney reached for the little boy, and brought “The boy's and will go down and look at him to anchor in the curve of his big arm, with- Nellie's puppies,” said Mrs. Moore, acutely out once glancing at him. uncomfortable. KATHLEEN NORRIS 677 noon. Her host muttered something about closing baring his head without a smile. "I'm bound his mail. to Barville; my editor is there for a few days, “But are we going to the circus?”fretted little and I may have to dine with him. I stopped to George Moore. His mother hardly heard him. ask if Mary would run in and see Jean this after- A moment later, Julia, the maid, appealed to She's feeling a little down.” her submissively. “Of course I will!” said Mary heartily. “Shall you pick up the cup?” repeated the There was a pause. doctor's wife. “No. No, indeed, I wouldn't, “Mary's told you that we're having an ugly Julia. Yes, you can clear the table, I think; time with the boy?” said Sidney, then, combing we've all finished.” his horse's mane with big gloved fingers. She led her sons down to the fascinating realm “Too bad!” said the doctor, shaking his head of dogs and horses, vaguely uneasy, yet unwill- and pursing his lips. ing to admit her fears. An endless warm half "No change, Sidney?" Mary asked gravely. hour crept by. Then, glancing toward the “No. No, I think the little fellow is rather house, she saw Sidney and Jean deep in conver- gratified by the stir he's making. He – oh, sation on the porch, and a moment later Sidney Lord knows what he thinks!" came to find her. “Give him a good licking,” suggested the The boy was obstinate, he told her briefly doctor. adding, with a look in his kind eyes that was “Oh, I'd lick him fast enough, Bill, if that quite new to her, that Peter had met his match, would bring him round!” his father said, scowl- and would realize it sooner or later. Marying. “But suppose I do, and it leaves things just protested against there being any further talk where they are now? That's all I can do, and he of the circus that day, but Sidney would not knows it. His mother has talked to him; I've refuse the disappointed eyes of the small Moores. talked to him.” He looked frowningly at the In the end, the doctor's family went off alone seam of his glove. “Well, I mustn't bother you. in the motor-car. He's a Carolan, I suppose that's all!” “Don't worry, Mary,” said Sidney kindly, as “And you're a Carolan," said the doctor. he tucked her in comfortably. “Peter's had “And I'm a Carolan," assented the other nothing but women and servants so far. Now briefly. he's got to learn to obey!” Mary found Jean, serious and composed over "But such a baby, Sidney!" she reminded him. her sewing, on the cool north veranda. When “He's older than I was, Mary, when my poor they had talked awhile, they went up to see father and Uncle Larry Peter, who was sprawled on the floor, busy with “Yes — yes, I know!" she assented hurriedly. hundreds of leaden soldiers. He was no longer "Good-by!" gay; there was rather a strained look about his “Good-by!” repeated a hardy little voice beautiful babyish eyes. But at Jean's one al- from an upper window. Mary looked up to see lusion to the unhappy affair, he flushed and said Peter, composed and smiling, looking down from with nervous decision: the nursery sill. "Please don't, mother! You know I am All the next day, and the next, Mary Moore's sorry; you know I just can't!” thoughts were at the Hall. She told her hus "He has all his books and toys?” said Mary, band all about it on the afternoon of the second when they went downstairs again. day, for no word or sign had come from Jean, “Oh, yes! Sidney doesn't want him to be and real anxiety began to haunt her. She and sick. He's just to be shut up on bread and milk the doctor were roaming about their pretty, until he gives in. I must say, I think Sid is very shabby garden, Mrs. Moore's little hand, where gentle,” said Jean, leaning back wearily in her she toved to have it, in the crook of his big arm. chair, with closed eyes. Her voice dropped per- The doctor, stopping occasionally to shake a ceptibly as she added: “But he says he is going rose-post with his free hand, or to break a dead to thrash him to-morrow." blossom from its stalk, scowled through the "I think he ought to,” said Mary Moore recital, even while contentedly enjoying his sturdily. “This isn't excitement or showing wife, his garden, and his pipe. off any more; it's sheer naughty obstinacy over Before he could make a definite comment, a perfectly simple demand!” they were interrupted by Sidney himself, who “Oh, but I couldn't bear it!” whispered Jean, brought his big riding-horse up close to the fence with a shudder. A moment later she added and waved his whip with a shout of greeting. sensibly: “But he's right, of course; Sidney The doctor went to meet him, Mary, a little always is." pale, following Peter was duly whipped the next day. It was “Good day to you!” said Sidney Carolan, no light punishment that Sidney gave his son. 678 THE LAST CAROLAN . Jean's gold-mounted riding-crop had never seen "I've let him go with Alice,” said Jean de- severer service. The maids, with paling cheeks, fensively. “I had to!” She turned on her gathered together in the kitchen when Sidney elbow, her voice rising. “Mary, I didn't say one went slowly upstairs with the whip in his hand; word about the whipping, but now — now he and Betta and her mistress, their hands over threatens to hold him under the stable pump!” their ears, endured a very agony while the little she finished, dropping back wearily against her boy's cries rang through the house. Sidney pillows. Mrs. Moore caught her breath. went for a long and lonely walk afterward, and “Ah!” They eyed each other somberly. later Jean went to her son. “Mary, would you permit it?” demanded Mrs. Moore heard of this event from her hus- Mrs. Carolan miserably. band, who stopped at the Hall late that evening, "Jeanie dearest, I don't know what I'd do!” and found Peter asleep, and Jean restless and After a long silence, Mary slipped from the headachy. He spent a long and almost silent bedside and went noiselessly to the door and hour pacing the rose terrace with Sidney in the down the stairs, vague ideas of hot iea in mind. cool dark. Late into the night the doctor and his In the dining-room she was surprised to find wife lay wakeful, discussing affairs at the Hall. Sidney, looking white and exhausted, and After some hesitation, Mrs. Moore went the mixing himself something at the sideboard. next day to find Jean. There was no sound as “I'm glad you're with Jean,” he said directly. she approached the house, and she stepped “I'm off to get the boy! The car is to be timidly into the big hall, listening for voices. brought round in a few minutes." Presently she went softly to the dining-room, Mrs. Moore went to him, and laid her fingers and stood in the doorway. The room was on his arm. empty. But Mary's heart rose with a throb of “Sidney!” she protested sharply, “you must thanksgiving. Peter's silver mug was in its stop this not for Peter; he's as naughty as he place on the sideboard. She went swiftly to the can be, like all other boys his age sometimes; pantry, where Julia was cleaning the silver. but you don't want to kill Jean!” And, to her “Julia!” she said eagerly, softly, “I notice self-contempt, she began to cry. that the baby's cup is back. Did he give in?” "My dear girl," he said concernedly, "you The maid, who had started at the interrup- mustn't take this matter too hard. Jean knows tion, shook her head gravely. enough of our family history to realize “No'm. Mrs. Carolan picked it up.” "All that is such nonsense!” she protested “Mrs. Carolan?” angrily. But she saw that he was not listening. “Yes’m. She seemed quite wild-like this He compared his watch with the big dining- morning," went on the maid, with the simple room clock, and then, quite as mechanically, freemasonry of troubled times, “and after Peter picked Peter's mug from the group of bowls and went off with Mrs. Butler, she flagons on the sideboard, studied the chasing “Oh, he went off? Did his father let him absently for a moment, and, stooping, placed the go?" Mary's voice was full of relief. Mrs. mug just as it had fallen four days before. Butler was Jean's cousin, a cheery matron who Mary watched as if fascinated. had taken a summer cottage at Broadsands, A moment later she ran upstairs, her heart twenty miles away. thundering with a sense of her own daring. Julia's color rose; she looked uneasy. She entered the dark bedroom hurriedly, and “Mr. Carolan had to go to Barville quite leaned over Jean. early,” she evaded uncomfortably, “and when "Jean! Jean, I hate to tell you! But Sid- Mrs. Butler asked could she take Peter, his ney's going to leave in a few minutes to bring mother said yes, she could.” Peter home. He's going after him.” “Thank you,” Mary said pleasantly, but her She had to repeat the message before the heart was heavy. She went slowly upstairs to meaning of it flashed into the heavy eyes so near find Jean. her own. Then Jean gathered her filmy gown Peter's mother was lying in a darkened bed- together, and ran to the door. room, and the face she turned to the door at “He shall not!” she said, panting, and Mary Mary's entrance was shockingly white. They heard her imperative call, "Sidney! Sidney!" as exchanged a long pressure of fingers. she ran downstairs. Then she heard both their "Headache, Jean dear?" voices. “Oh, and heartache!” said Jean, with a pitiful With an intolerable consciousness of eaves- smile. "Sid thrashed him yesterday!” she dropping, Mrs. Moore slipped out of the house added, with suddenly trembling lips. by the servants' quarters, and crossed the dry- “I know.” Mary sat down on the edge of the ing lawn at the back of the house, to gain the old bed and patted Jean's hand. grape-arbor beyond. She sat there with burn- KATHLEEN NORRIS 679 I saw ing cheeks and a fast-beating heart, and gazed Obviously, the watcher had not seen Sidney with unseeing eyes down the valley. and Peter. Her head was resting on her hand, Presently she heard the horn and the scraping and her heavy eyes were fixed upon some somber start of the motor-car, and a moment later it inner vision that was hers alone. swept into view on the road below. Sidney was Mary crossed behind the house, and, as they its only occupant. came up through the shrubbery, met Sidney and Mrs. Moore sat there thinking a long while. his son at the side door. Sidney's face was Dull clouds banked themselves in the west, and tired, but radiant with a mysterious content. the rising breeze brought dead leaves about her Peter looked white — awed. He was clinging feet. with both small brown hands to one of his She sat there half an hour an hour. The father's firm, big ones. afternoon was darkening toward dusk when she "I know what you're going to say, Mary," saw the motor-car again, still a mile away. said Sidney, in a tone curiously gentle, and with Even at this distance, Mary could see that Peter his oddly bright smile. “I know she's there. was sitting beside his father in the tonneau, and But we're going to her now, and it's all right. that the little figure was as erect and unyielding Peter and I have been talking it over. as the big one. her there, Mary, and it was like a blow! She's She rose to her feet and stood watching the car not the one who must suffer for all this. Peter as it curved and turned on the winding road that and I are going to start all over again, and settle led to the gates of Carolan Hall. Even when our troubles without hurting a woman; aren't the gates were entered, both figures still faced we, Peter?” straight ahead. The little boy nodded, with his eyes fixed on Suddenly Sidney leaned toward the chauffeur, his father's. and a moment later the car came to a full stop. “So the episode is closed, Mary,” said Sidney Mary watched, mystified. Then Sidney got out, simply. “And the next time if there is a and stretched a hand to the boy to help him next time! Peter shall make his own deci- from his place. The simple little motion, all sion, and abide by what it brings. The mug goes fatherly, brought the tears to her eyes. A mo- back to its place to-night, and — and we're ment later the driver wheeled the car about, to going to tell mother that she never need watch take it to the garage by the rear roadway, and and wait and worry about us again!” Sidney and his son began to walk slowly toward They turned to the steps; but, as the boy ran the house, the child's hand still in his father's. ahead, Sidney came back to say in a lower tone: Once or twice they stopped short, and once ""] — it may be weakness, Mary, but I can't Mary saw Sidney point toward the house, and have Jean doing what what she did, you saw, from the turn of Peter's head, that his eyes know! I tried to give the boy some idea, just were following his father's. Her heart rose now, of the responsibility of it. Nobody spared with a wild, unreasoning hope. my grandmother, but Jean shall be spared, if When a dip in the road hid them, Mary I never try to control him or save him from turned toward the house, not knowing whether himself again!” to go to Jean or to slip away through the wood. "Ah, Sidney," Mary said, "you have done But the instant her eye fell on Madam Caro- more, in taking him into your confidence, than lan's window she knew what had halted Sidney, any amount of punishing could do!” and a wave of heartsickness made her breath “Well, we'll see!” he said, with a weary little come short. shrug. “I must go to Jeanie now.” Jean had taken her place there, to watch and As he mounted the steps, Peter reappeared in wait. She was keeping the first vigil of her life. the darkened doorway. The child looked like Mary could see how the slight figure drooped in a little knight, with his tawny loose mop of hair the carved chair; she remembered, with a pang, and short tunic, and the uplifted look in his the other patient, drooping figure that had lovely eyes. stamped itself upon her childish memory so “Shall we go to her now, Dad?” said the little many years ago. The suffocating tears rose treble gallantly. And, as the boy came close to in her throat. A sudden sense of helplessness Sidney's side, Mary saw the silver mug glitter in overwhelmed her. his hand. MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 681 with France had not been very helpful. The sionary work for the Church, in London; and Canon's worldly wisdom and shrewd con- though, for Robert's sake, she had maintained tempt for enthusiasts had found their natural for long a slender connection, that no one mis- food in the story that Barron had brought understood, with the New Brotherhood, the him. His comments had been witty and slow effect of his withdrawal from her life made pungent enough; but when it had come to the itself inevitably felt. She stiffened and nar- practical use of the story, France had been rowed intellectually; while for all sinners and of little assistance. His advice inclined too sufferers, within the lines of sympathy she much to the Melbourne formula, “Can't you gradually traced out for herself, she would have let it alone?” He had pointed out the risks, willingly given her body to be burned, so difficulties, and uncertainties of the matter with strong was the Franciscan thirst in her for the quite unnecessary iteration. Of course there self-effacement and self-sacrifice that belong to were risks and difficulties; but was a man of the the Christian ideal carried to intensity. type of Richard Meynell to be allowed to play So long as Mary was a child, her claim upon the hypocrite as the rapidly emerging leader her mother had to some extent balanced the of a religious movement -- a movement directed claims of what many might have thought a against the unity and apostolicity of the English devastating and depersonalising charity. Cath- Church — when there were those looking on erine was a tender though an austere mother; who were aware of the grave suspicions resting she became, and deserved to become, the idol on his private life and past history? of her daughter. But as Mary grew up she was drawn inevitably into her mother's activities; Meanwhile, for Catherine Elsmere and her and Catherine, in the blindness of her ascetic daughter these autumn days had passed in a faith, might have injured the whole spring of profound external quiet. the girl's youth by the tremendous strain thus Mrs. Flaxman, at the big house, took all the put upon it by affection on the one hand and social brunt upon herself. She set no limit to pity on the other. her own calls, and to her readiness to be called Mercifully, perhaps, for them both, Cath- upon. The Flaxman dinner and tennis parties erine's nerve and strength suddenly gave way, were soon an institution in the neighbourhood; and with them that abnormal exaltation and and the distinguished persons who gathered at clearness of spiritual vision that had carried Maudeley for the Flaxman week-ends shed a her through middle life. She entered upon a reflected lustre on Upcote Minor itself. But barren and darkened path; the Christian joy Rose Flaxman stoutly protected her widowed deserted her, and there were many hours and sister. Mrs. Elsmere was delicate and in need days when little more than the Christian ter- of rest; she was not to be expected to take rors remained. It was to this that Mary had part in any "social junketings,” and callers referred in her first talk with Meynell. Her were quite plainly warned off. mother's state fell short of religious melancholy, For all of which Catherine Elsmere was but it came within sight of it. Catherine grateful to a younger sister grotesquely unlike dreaded to be found herself a castaway; and herself in temperament and character, yet the memory of Robert's betrayal of the faith - brought steadily closer to her by the mere magnified by her mental state, like trees in passage of life. Rose was an artist and an mist — had now become an ever-haunting mis- optimist, an exquisite musician, and a happy ery which tortured her unspeakably. Her mind woman though she, too, had known a tragic was possessed by the parables of judgement -- moment in her first youth. Catherine, her the dividing of the sheep from the goats; the elder by some years, still maintained — be- shutting of the door of salvation on those who neath an exquisite refinement the strong had refused the heavenly offers; and by all those north-country characteristics of the Westmore- sayings of the early Church that make “faith” land family to which the sisters belonged. Her the only passport to eternal safety. father had been an Evangelical scholar and Her saner mind struggled in vain against headmaster, the one slip of learning in a rude what was partly a physical penalty for defied and primitive race. She had been trained by physical law. And Mary also, her devoted him; and, in spite of her seven years of married companion, whose life depended hour by hour life beside a nature as plastic and sensitive as on the aspects and changes of her mother, must Elsmere's, and the profundity of her love for needs be drawn within the shadow of Cather- her husband, it was the early influences on herine's dumb and phantom-ridden pain. The life that had in the end proved the more en- pain itself was dumb, because it concerned the during deepest feelings of a sternly reserved woman. For years past she had spent herself in mis- But mingled with the pain were other mat- 682 MEYNELL THE CASE OF RICHARD ters resentments, antagonisms — the expres- physical weakness in these summer days, so as sion of which often half consciously relieved it. to keep Mary with her, to prevent her from be- She rose in rebellion against those sceptical and coming more closely acquainted with Meynell deadly forces of the modern world that had and Meynell's ideas. And, in fact, this new swept her beloved from the narrow way. She anxiety interfered with her recovery; she had fled them for herself; she feared them for Mary, only to let herself be ill, and ill most genuinely in whom she had very early divined the work- she was. ing of Robert's aptitudes and powers. Mary understood it all, and submitted. Her And now, by ill fortune, a tired and suffering mother's fears were, indeed, amply justified. woman had no sooner found refuge and rest Mary's secret mind was becoming absorbed, in the solitude of Forkèd Pond than, thanks from a distance, in Meynell's campaign; and partly to the Flaxmans' new friendship for Up- processes of thought that, so long as she and cote's revolutionary parson, and partly to all her mother were, so to speak, alone in the world the public signs, not to be escaped, of the com- together, were still immature and potential, motion brewing in the diocese, and in Eng- grew apace. The woods and glades of Maude- land generally, the same agitations, the same ley, the village street, the field paths, began to troubles that had destroyed her happiness and be for her places of magic, whence at any mo- peace of mind in the past, came clattering ment might spring flowers of joy known to her about her again. alone. To see him pass at a distance, to come Every one talked of them; every one took a across him in a miner's cottage or in Miss Put- passionate concern in them; the newspapers tenham's drawing-room these rare occasions were full of them. The personality of Mey- were to her the events of the summer weeks. nell, or that of the Bishop; the characters and Nor did she ever dream of anything beyond motives of his opponents; the chances of the them. struggle, and the points on which it turned - Meanwhile, Rose Flaxman was the only per- even in the little solitary house between the son who ever ventured to feel and show the waters, Catherine could not escape them. The irritation of the natural woman towards her Bishop, too, was an old friend; before his pro- sister's idiosyncrasies. motion, he had been the incumbent of a London “Do, for heaven's sake, stop her reading parish in which Catherine had worked. She these books!” she said impatiently, one even- was no sooner settled at Forked Pond than he ing, to Mary, when she had taken leave of came to see her; and what more natural than Catherine, and her niece was strolling back that he should speak of the anxieties weighing with her towards Maudeley. upon him, to one so able to feel for them? “What books?" Then — the first involuntary signs of Mary's "Why, lives of bishops and deans, and that interest in, Mary's sympathy with, the offender! kind of thing! I never come but I find a pile In Catherine's mind a thousand latent terrors of them beside her. It should be made abso- sprang at once to life. For a time — some lutely illegal to write the life of a clergyman! weeks -- she had succeeded in checking all My dear, your mother would be well in a week developments. But gradually the situation if we could only stop it and put her on a course changed. Points of contact began to multiply of Gaboriau!” between Mary and the disturber of Christ's Mary smiled rather sadly. peace in Upcote Minor. Mary's growing “They seem to be the only things that inter- friendship for Alice Puttenham; her chance est her now." meetings with Meynell there, or in the village, “What, the deans? I know. It's intolerable. or in the Flaxmans' drawing-room, were all She went to speak to the postman just now, distasteful and unwelcome to Catherine Els- while I was with her, and I looked at the book mere. At least, her Robert had sacrificed she had been reading with her mark in it. himself — had done the honest and honourable should like to have thrown it into the pond! thing. But this man — wounding the Church Some tiresome canon or other writing to a from within! — using the opportunities of the friend about eternal punishment. What does Church for the destruction of the Church! he know about it, I should like to ask! And Who could make excuses for such a combatant? there was your mother as white as her ruffles, And the more keenly she became aware of the with dark lines under her eyes. I tell you, widening gulf between her thoughts and Mary's clerical intimidation should be made a punish- - of Mary's half-conscious trafficking with the able offense. It's just as bad as any other!” enemy - the greater was her alarm. Mary let her run on. She moved silently For the first time in all her strenuous, devoted along the grassy path, her pretty head bent, life, she would sometimes make much of her her hands clasped behind her. And presently MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 683 a her aunt resumed: “And the strange thing is, in the inquest held on John Broad's mother, and my dear, saving your presence, that your be- the kitchen had taken toll before the paper loved mother is quite lax in some directions, reached the drawing-room. while she is so strict in others. I never can As if the maid's movement downstairs had make her pay the smallest attention to the been immediately perceived by a listening ear things I tell her about Philip Meryon, for in- overhead, there was a quick sound of footsteps. stance, that Hugh tells me. “Poor fellow!' she Miss Puttenham ran downstairs, took the letters always calls him, as though his abominable and the newspaper from the hands of the girl, ways were like the measles — something you and closed the door behind her. couldn't help. And as for that wild minx Hes She opened the paper with eagerness, and ter, she has positively taken a fancy to her. It read the account. The newspaper dropped to reminds me of what an old priest said to me the ground. She stood a moment, leaning once in Rome: ‘Sins of the flesh, Madame! against the mantelpiece, every feature in her what do they matter? The only sins that mat- face expressing the concentration of thought ter are those of the intellect.' There! — send that held her; then she dropped into a chair, me off — before I say any more inconvenances.” and, raising her two hands to her eyes, she Mary waved farewell to her vivacious aunt, pressed the shut lids close, lifting her face as if and walked slowly back to the cottage. She to some unseen misery, while a little sound, was conscious of inner smart and pain; con- infinitely piteous, escaped her. scious also, for the first time, of a critical mind She saw a bedroom in a foreign inn; a vague towards the mother whose will had been the law form in the bed; a woman moving about in of her life. It was not that she claimed any- nurse's dress - the same woman who had just thing for herself; but she claimed justice for a died in John Broad's cottage; and her sister man misread. Edith sitting by the fire. The door leading to “If they could only know each other!” she the passage is ajar, and she is watching — or is found herself saying at last, aloud, with an im- it the figure in the bed that is watching petuous energy; and then, with a swift return figure marred by illness and pain? Through the upon herself: “Mother, darling! — Mother, who door comes hastily a form a man. With his has no one in the world — but me!” entrance, movement and life, like a rush of mountain air, come into the ugly shaded room. IX He is tall, with a long face, refined and yet violent, instinct with the character and the pride On the same afternoon that saw the last meet- of an old hectoring race. He comes to the bed, ing of the Commission of Enquiry at Mark- kneels down, and the figure there throws itself borough, the windows of Miss Puttenham's on his breast. There is a sound of bitter sob- cottage in Upcote Minor were open to the gar- bing, of low words. den, and the sun, stealing into the half-darkened Alice Puttenham's hands dropped from her drawing-room, touched all the many signs it face, and lay outstretched upon her knee. contained of a woman's refinement and a She sat staring before her, unconscious of the woman's tastes. The room was a little austere. garden outside, or of the passage of time. In Not many books, but those clearly the friends some ways she was possessed of more beauty and not the passing acquaintances of its mistress; at thirty-seven than she had been at twenty. not many pictures, and those rather slight sug- And yet, from childhood her face had been a gestions on the dim blue walls than finished per- winning one with its childish upper lip and formances; a few "notes” in colour, or black and its thin oval, its delicate brunette colour, and white, chosen from one or other of those moderns the lovely clearness of its brown eyes. In youth who can, in a sensitive line or two, convey the its timid sweetness had been constantly touched beauty or the harshness of nature. Over the with laughter. Now it shrank from you and mantelpiece was a pencil drawing, by Domeni- appealed to you at the same time. But the chino, of the Madonna and Child, a certain ec- departure of youth had but emphasised a cer- static languor in the Madonna, and in all the tain distinction, a certain quality. Laughter lines of form and drapery an exquisite flow and was gone, but grace and character remained roundness. imprinted also on the fragile body, the beautiful The little maid-servant brought in the after- arms and hands. The only marring of the gen- noon letters, and with them a folded newspaper eral impression came from an effect of restless- - the Markborough Post. A close observer ness and constraint. To live with Alice Putten- might have detected that it had been already ham was to conceive her as a creature subtly ill opened, and hurriedly refolded in the old folds. at ease, doing her best with a life which was, in There was much interest felt in Upcote Minor some hidden way, injured at the core. 684 RICHARD MEYNELL THE CASE OF was. She thought herself quite alone this quiet of the years that had passed away, and of other afternoon, and likely to remain so. Hester, who and perhaps profounder feelings that had super- had been lunching with her, had gone shopping vened, she felt within her again the wild call of into Markborough with the school-room maid, her early love, responding to it like an unhappy and was afterwards to meet Sarah and Lulu at child, in vain appeal against her solitude, her a garden-party in the Cathedral Close. Lady sister's unkindness, and the pressure of irrevo- Fox-Wilson had just left her sister's house after cable and unforgotten facts. a long, querulous, excited visit. How could it Suddenly she turned towards a tall and nar- be her - Alice's — fault that Judith Sabin had row chest of drawers that stood at her left hand. come home in this sudden, mysterious way? She chose a key from her watch-chain, a small Yet the event had reopened all the old wounds gold key that, in their childhood, had been gen- in Edith's mind, revived all the old grievances erally mistaken by her nieces and nephews for and terrors. Strange that a woman should be one of the bunch of charms they were allowed capable of one supreme act of help and devotion, to play with on “Aunt Alsie’s” lap. With it and should then spend her whole after life in she unlocked a drawer within her reach. Her resenting it! hand slipped in; she threw a hasty look round "It was you and your story that shocking her at the window, the garden. Not a sound thing we had to do for you that have spoilt of anything but the evening wind, which had my life – and my husband's. Tom never got just risen and was making a smart rustling over it, and I never shall. And it will all among the shrubs outside. Her hand, a white, come out — some day – it must! -- and then furtive thing, withdrew itself, and in it lay a what'll be the good of all we've suffered?” packet wrapped in faded green velvet. Hur- That was Edith's attitude — the attitude of riedly --- with yet more pauses to listen and a small, vindictive soul. It never varied, year to look the wrapping was undone; the case by year; it showed itself both in trifles and on within fell open. great occasions; it poisoned all sisterly affection; It contained a miniature portrait of a man and it was at the root of her conduct towards French work, by an excellent pupil of Meisso- Hester - it had, indeed, made Hester what she nier. The detail of it was marvellous; so, in Alice Puttenham's view, was the likeness. She Again the same low sound of helpless pain remembered when and how it had been con broke from Alice Puttenham's lips. The sense missioned -- the artist, and his bare studio in a of her unloved, solitary state, of all that she had street on the island near Notre Dame; the chest- borne and must still bear, roused in her anew a nuts in the Luxembourg garden; the dust of flame of memory. Torchlike it ran through the their falling blossoms; and the children playing past, till she was shaken with anguish and revolt. in the alleys. And, through it all, what pas- She had been loved once! It had brought her sionate, guilty happiness – what dull sense of to what the world calls shame. She only knew, things irreparable! — what deliberate shutting at moments of strong reaction or self-assertion out of the future! like the present, that she had once had a man It was as good a likeness as the Abbey picture, at her feet who had been the desired and adored only more literal, less “arranged.” The Abbey of his day; that she had breathed her heart out picture, also by a French artist of another school, in the passion of youth on his breast; that, al was younger, and had a fine, romantic, René- though he had wronged her, he had suffered like charm. ‘René” had been her laughing because of her, had broken his heart for her, and name for him her handsome, melancholy, had probably died because circumstances denied eloquent poseur! Like many of his family, he him the power to save and restore her - and was proud of his French culture, his French he was not of the kind that bears patiently accent, and his knowledge of French books. either thwarting from without or reproach from The tradition that came originally from a within. French marriage had been kept up from father For his selfish passion, his weakness and his to son. They were not a learned or an indus- suffering, and her own woman's power to make trious race; but their tongue soon caught the him suffer, for his death no less selfish, in- accent of the boulevards -- of the Paris they deed, than his passion, for it had taken from her loved and frequented. the community of the same air and the same Her hand lifted the miniature, the better to earth with him, the sense that somewhere in the catch the slanting light. world his warm life beat with hers, though they As she did so, she was freshly struck with a might be separated in bodily presence for ever resemblance she had long ceased to be conscious – for each and all of these things she had loved of. Familiarity with a living face, as so often him. And there were still times when, in spite happens, had destroyed for her its likeness com- 66 MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 685 likeness in difference -- to a face of the dead. But her life in the States. I was interested by her to-night she saw it - was, indeed, arrested by it. strange personality — and touched by her “And yet, Richard was never one tenth as physical condition.” good-looking!” Richard had, indeed, insisted, almost angrily, The portrait was set in pearls, and at the foot that there was no reasonable cause for alarm. was an inscription in blue enamel: But Richard was always the consoler the “ À ma mie!” optimist – where she was concerned. Could But, before she could see it, she must with her she have lived at all -- if it had not been so? cold, quick fingers remove the fragment of And then, for the second time, the rush of stained paper that lay upon it like a veil. The feeling rose, welling up, not from the springs of half of page of Molière turned down, like the past, but from the deepest sources of the that famous page of Shelley's Sophocles, and present. stained with sea water, as that was stained. Richard! She raised the picture to her lips and kissed That little villa on the Cap Martin the it - not with passion, but clingingly, as if it steep pathway to it - and Richard mounting it, represented her only wealth amid so much pov- with that pale look, those tattered, sea-stained erty. Then her hand, holding it, dropped to leaves in his hand — and the tragedy, that had her knee again; the other hand came to close to be told, in his eyes and on his lips. Could over it; and her eyes shut. Tears came slowly any other human being have upheld her as he through the lashes. did through that first year – through the years Amazing! — that that woman should have after? Was it not to him that she owed every- come back, and died within a few hundred thing that had been recovered from the wreck: yards, and she, Alice, know nothing! In spite the independence and freedom of her daily life; of the Rector's note, she tortured herself with protection from her hard brother-in-law, and the thought of the interview between Judith and from her sister's reproaches; occupation — hope Mr. Barron. What could they have talked the gradual healing of intolerable wounds about - so long? Judith was always an ex- the gradual awakening of a spiritual being? citable, hot-tempered creature. Her silence Thus, after passion, she had known friendship had been heavily and efficiently bought for fif - its tenderness, its disinterested affection and teen years. Then steps had been taken care. insisted upon — by Sir Ralph Fox-Wilson. His Tenderness? Her hand dashed away some wife and his sister-in-law had opposed him in more impetuous tears; then locked itself in the vain. And Ralph had, after all, triumphed in other, the tension of the muscles answering to Judith's apparent acquiescence. the inward effort for self-control. Thank God, Supposing she had now come home, perhaps she had never asked him for more; had often on a sudden impulse, with a view to further seemed, indeed, to ask him for much less; had blackmail, would not her wisest move be to risk made herself irresponsive, difficult, remote. At some indiscretion, some partial disclosure, so least, she had never lost her dignity in his eyes that her renewed silence afterwards might have (ah! in whose eyes but his had she ever possessed the higher price? An hour's tete-à-tete with that it?); she had never forfeited — never risked, shrewd, hard-souled man, Henry Barron! Alice even her sacred place in his life, as the soul Puttenham guessed that her own long-estab- he had helped through dark places, true ser- lished dislike of him as acquaintance and neigh- vant as he was of the Master of Pity. bour was probably returned with interest, that The alarm of the day faded as this emotion he classed her now as one of “Meynell's lot," gained upon her. She bethought her of certain and would be only too glad to find himself central and critical years when, after long de- possessed of any secret information that might, pendence on him as comrade and friend, sud- through her, annoy and harass Richard Meynell, denly — she knew not how -- her own pulse had her friend and counsellor. quickened, and the sharpest struggle of her life Was it conceivable that nothing should have had come upon her. It was the crisis of the been said in that lengthy interview as to the mature woman as compared with that of the causes for Judith's coming home — or of the innocent and ignorant girl; and, in the silent reasons for her original departure? What else mastering of it, she seemed to have parted with could have accounted for so prolonged a con- her youth. versation between two persons so different in so But she had never parted with self-control cial grade, and absolute strangers to each other? and self-respect. She had never persuaded her- Richard had told her that, at the inquest, self that the false was true. She had kept her Barron had apparently accounted for the con- counsel, and her sanity. And the wage of it had versation. “She gave me a curious history of not been denied her. She had emerged more 686 THE CASE OF RICHARD MEYNELL worthy of his friendship, more capable of re- sonality rarely or never absent from Alice Put- warding it. tenham's consciousness. One face, one prob- Yes, but with a clear and sad perception of lem, more or less acutely realised, haunted her the necessities laid upon her of the sacrifices life continuously. But this afternoon they had, involved. for the moment, receded into the background. He believed her she knew it - indifferent Hester had been, surely, more reasonable, more to the great cause of religious change and reform affectionate, lately. Philip Meryon had left that he had at heart. In these matters, indeed, Sandford, and Hester had even shown some she had quietly, unwaveringly held aloof. There kindness to poor Stephen. She had declared are efforts and endurances that can only be her willingness to go to Paris, and the arrange- maintained — up to a point. Beyond that ments were all made. The crisis in her of angry point, resistance breaks. The life that is fight- revolt, provoked apparently by the refusal of her ing emotion must not run too many risks of guardian to allow her engagement to Stephen, emotion. At the root of half the religious move- seemed to be over. ments of the world lies the appeal of the preacher So that, for once, Alice Puttenham was free and the prophet — to women. Because women to think and feel for her own life and what con- are the creatures and channels of feeling; and cerned it. From the events connected with feeling is to religion as air to life. Judith Sabin's death, - through the long history But she must starve feeling — not feed and of Meynell's goodness to her, — the mind of this cherish it. Richard's voice was too powerful lonely woman travelled on, to be filled and with her already. To hear it dealing with the arrested by the great new fact of the present. most intimate and touching things of the soul She had made a new friend. And at the same would have tested the resistance of her will too moment she had found in her — at last — the sorely. Courage and honour alike told her that rival with whom her own knowledge of life had she would be defeated and undone if she at- threatened her these many years. A rival so tempted to meet and follow him, openly, in the sweet-so unwitting! Alice had read her. She paths of religion. Entbehren sollst du sollst had not yet read herself. entbehren! Alice opened her eyes — to the quiet room, So, long before this date, she had chosen her and the windy sky outside. She was very pale, line of action. She took no part in the move- but there were no tears. “It is not renounc- ment, and she rarely set foot in the village ing,” she whispered to herself, “for I never church, which was close to her gates. Meynell possessed. It is accepting - loving - giving sadly believed her unshakeable one of the all one has to give." And, vaguely, there natural agnostics or pessimists of the world who ran through her mind immortal words — “good cannot be comforted through religion. measure, pressed down, and running over.” And meanwhile, secretly, ardently, she tracked A smile trembled on her lip. She closed her all the footsteps of his thoughts -- reading what eyes again, lost in one of those spiritual passions he read, thinking as far as possible what he accessible only to those who know the play and thought, and revealing nothing. heat of the spiritual war. The wind was blow- Except that, lately, she had been indiscreet ing briskly outside, and from the wood-shed in sometimes in talk with Mary Elsmere. Mary the back garden came a sound of sawing. Miss had divined her — had expressed her astonish- Puttenham did not hear a footstep approaching ment that her friend should declare herself and on the grass outside. her sympathies so little; and Alice had set up some sort of halting explanation. Hester paused at the window, smiling. There But in this nascent friendship it was not Mary· was wildness, triumph, in her look — as if for alone who had made discoveries. her this quiet afternoon had seen some undis- closed adventure. Her cheek was hotly flushed, Alice Puttenham sat very still in the quiet, her loosened hair made a glory in the evening shadowy room, her eyes closed, her hands sun. Youth, selfishly pitiless, — youth, the sup- crossed over the miniature, the Markborough planter and destroyer, - stood embodied in the paper lying on the floor beside her. As the first beautiful creature looking down upon Alice Put- activity of memory, stirred and goaded by an tenham, on the still intensity of the plaintive face, untoward event, lost its poignancy, as she tried the closed eyes, the hands holding the miniature. in obedience to Meynell to put away her terrors Mischievously the girl came closer. She took with regard to the past, her thoughts converged the stillness before her for sleep. ever more intensely on the present on herself “Auntie! — Aunt Alsie!” — and Mary. With a start, Alice Puttenham sprang up. There was in the world, indeed, another per- The miniature dropped from her hands to the MRS. HUMPHRY WARD 687 floor, opening as it fell. Hester looked at it word came with vehemence through the white astonished - and stooped for it before Miss teeth. “And how can we escape it, we women, Puttenham had perceived her loss. except through freedom, through asserting our- “Were you asleep, Aunt Alsie?" she asked, selves, through love, of course! It all comes to wondering. “I got tired of that stupid party, love! - love that Mama says one ought not to and I - well, I just slipped away,”- the clear, talk about. I wouldn't talk about it if it only high voice had grown conscious,—“and I looked meant what it means to Sarah and Lulu — I'd in here because I left a book behind me. Auntie scorn to!” – who is it?” She bent eagerly over the minia She stopped, and looked with her blazing and ture, holding it to the light. wonderful eyes at her companion, her lips parted. Miss Puttenham's face had faded to a grey- Then she suddenly stooped and kissed the cold white. hand trying to withdraw itself from hers. “Give it to me, Hester!” She held out her “Who was he, dear?” She laid the hand hand imperiously. caressingly against her cheek. "I'm good at. “Mayn't I know even who it is?" asked Hes- secrets!” ter, as she unwillingly returned it. In the act, Alice Puttenham wrenched herself free, and she caught the inscription, and her face kindled. rose tottering to her feet. Impetuously throwing herself down beside "He is dead, Hester - and you mustn't speak Miss Puttenham, the girl looked up at her with of it to me or any one -- again.” an expression half mockery, half sweetness; She leaned against the mantelpiece, trying to while Alice, with unsteady fingers, replaced the recover herself -- but in vain. case and locked the drawer.' "I'm rather faint,” she said at last, putting "What an awfully handsome fellow!” said out a groping hand. “No, don't come! — I'm Hester, in a low voice. “Won't you tell me, all right — I'll go upstairs and rest. I got over- Auntie?” tired this morning.” “Tell you what?” And she went feebly towards the door. “Who he was — and why I never saw it Hester looked after her, panting and wounded. before? I thought I knew all your things by Aunt Alsie repel — refuse her! — Aunt Alsie, heart-and now you've been keeping something who had always been her special possession and from me!” The girl's tone had changed to one chattel! It had been taken for granted in the of curious resentment. “You know how you family, year after year, that, if no one else was scold me when you think I've got a secret." devoted to Hester, Aunt Alsie's devotion, at "That is quite different, Hester." least, never failed. Hester's clothes were Miss Miss Puttenham tried to rise, but Hester, Puttenham's special care; it was for Hester she who was leaning against her knee, prevented it. stitched and embroidered; Hester was to inherit “Why is it different?” she said audaciously. her jewels and her money. In all Hester's scrapes “You always say you — you - want to be it was Aunt Alice who stood by her, who had everything to me and then you hide things often carried her off bodily out of reach of the from me and I family anger, to the Lakes — once even to Italy. She raised herself, sitting upright on the floor, And, from her childhood, Hester had coolly her hands round her knees, and spoke with taken it all for granted, had never been specially extraordinary animation and sparkling eyes. grateful, or much more amenable to counsels “Why, I should have loved you twice as from Aunt Alice than from anybody else. The much, Aunt Alice, — and you know I do love slender, graceful woman, so gentle, plaintive, you! if you'd told me more about yourself. and reserved, so easily tyrannised over, had The people I care about are the people who live never seemed mean much to her. Yet, now, - and feel and do things! There's a verse as she stood looking at the door through which in one of your books”- she pointed to a little Miss Puttenham had disappeared, the girl was book-shelf of poets on a table near —“I always conscious of a profound and passionate sense think of it when Mama reads the 'Christian of grievance, and of something deeper beneath Year’ to us on Sunday evenings: it. The sensation that held her was new and Out of dangers, dreams, disasters, unbearable. We arise, to be your masters! Then, in a moment, her temperament turned We the people who want to know, and feel, pain into anger. She ran to the window, and and fight! We who loathe all the humdrum down the steps into the garden. bourgeois talk --'don't do this — don't do that!' "If she had told me," she said to herself, with Aunt Alsie, there's a German line, too — you the childish fury that mingled in her with older know it: 'Was uns alle bändigt, das Gemeine.' and maturer things, “I might have told her. Don't you hate it, too - das Gemeine!” The Now - I fend for myself!” TO BE CONTINUED Bunu AMT 500 Stude The Honeymoon by Arnold Bennett Illustrated by Frederic Dorr Steele SYNOPSIS OF ACT I The first act opens with a discussion between Cedric Haslam, a renowned aviator, and Flora Lloyd, his charming young bride. They have been married only a few hours, and are deciding upon a programme for their honeymoon. Their conversation is broken in upon by a waiter, who, while clearing their tea-table, tells them of the projected flight of a famous German aviator. Cedric asks for a paper, and, discovering that the German is intending to try within three weeks for a large prize offered by the Aëro Club to the first aviator who flies over the highest mountain in England, he determines to cut the honeymoon short by several weeks and attempt the flight before the German. Flora insists that the honeymoon is more important, that it is her “exhibition flight,” and she refuses to have it dealt with lightly. In the midst of this discussion they are inter- rupted by the entrance of Cedric's mother, Mrs. Reach Haslam, a noted novelist, Mr. Reach Haslam, and Charles, the younger son. Having learned from the Bishop of Colchester that the curate who married Flora and Cedric had confessed that he was not a curate at all, and that therefore they were not legally married, Mrs. Haslam had overtaken the young couple to bring them back and have the ceremony performed again. NOTES ON CHARACTERS IN ACT 1 The BISHOP OF Colchester. Celibate. The typical bishop who, while the bent of his mind is reactionary, convinces himself that he is exceedingly modern and moving with the rapid times. No real intellectual quality, but energetic and self-adaptive. CUTHBERT. Is just a plain modern butler. I particularly do not want this trifling part to be embroidered by the conventional butler “business.” If any genuine realistic butler “business” can be brought into it, well and good. АСТ П Mrs. Reach Haslam's study. A large apartment, richly and suitably furnished. The retreat of one of the most successful, most wealthy, and most majestic novelists in the world. Large and splen- 688 ARNOLD BENNETT 689 did desk (for two people sitting opposite each other) about the middle of the room. Door leading to ball , etc.; another door leading to drawing-room. A sofa, which is partly hidden by a screen from the view of any one entering from drawing-room. Date-calendar on desk. Telephone. All the Haslams except Charles are in evening dress. Flora is elaborately attired, with a light Egyptian shawl on her shoulders, and a fan. Time. Same evening. Immediately after dinner. The Bishop is waiting, alone. Enter Mrs. Reach Haslam, followed by Mr. Reach Haslam. er Mrs. R. H. (as she enters). Ah, Bishop! How BISHOP. Admirable! It's a case of good of you! (Shaking hands. Mr. R. H. As you were. BISHOP (shaking hands with Mr. R. H.). BISHOP. Just so! Really a terrible blow to My dear Mrs. Reach Haslam, not at all! them must have been! . . . 'And to you, and I blush for my diocese that such a deplor- to you! An appalling shock! How have they able and distressing accident should have oc- borne it? (turning to Mr. R. H.] curred in it. Mrs. R. H. Well — [Turning to Mr. R. H.) Mrs. R. H. Then it really is true? Father, how should you say they have borne it? Bishop. But I told you on the telephone Mr. R. H. Grimly. That is -on the grim side. Mrs. R. H. I know, I know! I was only BISHOP. Ah! hoping against hope that perhaps, after all, you Mrs. R. H. Of course, my lord, we are taking might have found that the marriage was legal. it for granted that the matter can be put right BISHOP (shaking his head]. No. His late father to-morrow, without fail and beyond question. was undoubtedly in orders, his late brother I have tried to comfort them with the absolute also. But he himself was no more ordained assurance. than you are (to Mr. R. H., who recoils). He Bishop. My dear lady, without fail! At any presumed on his relationships. In fact, hour! Any hour up to three o'clock. That his sole qualification seems to have been two is why I have come specially to town, to con- old suits of his brother's. vince you by my presence of my horror at the - Mrs. R. H. Well, after all, perhaps better so. crime, my sympathy with its innocent BISHOP. Better, dear lady? victims, and my utter determination that the Mrs. R. H. I mean, that you have not brought ceremony shall be performed again to-morrow good news at the eleventh hour. Really — morning under my personal supervision and [looking at Mr. R. H.) guarantee. I feel that I cannot do too much. MR. R. H. [to whom the BISHOP, puzzled, (During the last words, enter CUTHBERT, with turns for an explanation). My wife, with her salver of letters and press cuttings, followed by novelist's instinct, perceives the situation that parlour-maid with a tray of newspaper would be created if we had to go into the draw packets. ing-room now and say to them suddenly, “Well, Mrs. R. H. Will you excuse my husband you are married, after all.” while he deals with the post? Mrs.R. H. Excessively delicate! They would BISHOP. I beg [MR. R. H. sits down to naturally have to leave the house at once. desk and takes the post. Exeunt servants.] BISHOP. Quite so. I cannot tell you how Mrs. R. H. I ought to apologise for receiving relieved I was to get your wire saying that you you in my study, but I thought — my husband had overtaken them in time. Young people thought - we had better see you first alone. make such a mystery of the honeymoon, now- Are those the press cuttings, father? adays, that often they don't even leave a postal [MR. R. H., nodding, opens press cuttings. address. A dangerous innovation! Bishop. But for this unfortunate contretemps, Mr. R. H. Evidently. what a charming coincidence that your new Bishop. I gather that you have brought them book should be published to-day of all days! both here, poor things! Mrs. R. H. So you find time in your busy Mrs. R. H. It seemed the wisest course. I life, Bishop, to keep abreast of modern litera- consulted my husband, and he quite agreed with ture - — even novels? me that, in view of the unusual circumstances, Bishop. Even novels! My dear lady, there we ought to act with the greatest prudence is no greater force for good. for their sakes! And so we motored quietly Mrs. R. H. Or for evil — alas! back to town, and got here just in time for BISHOP. Quite so! I have often thought — dinner. My son drove. I sat by his side. I have, indeed, said so from the platfrom that There wasn't room for their heavy luggage, and the two most truly important influences for good so Charlie is bringing that up by train. Charles in our generation are your novels and the leaf- is my other son. ... [Sighs.] And here we are! lets of the National Society for Promoting the 690 THE HONEYMOON Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Bishop (putting the book down). Enthralling Established Church, narrative! Enthralling! Now, my dear lady — Mrs. R. H. Indeed! Father, do you recall (rising). that press cutting? Mrs. R. H. [interrupting him). Please sit Mr. R. H. (busy). No. down. As you are having a glimpse of me in my Bishop. It was reported in our diocesan profession to-night, I want to ask you one or two magazine. professional questions about the psychology of Mrs. R. H. And yet, my dear Bishop, I have that false curate. more than once felt it my duty to criticise the Bishop (sitting down again). Yes, yes. Psy- Church somewhat sharply in my work. chology just so. Bishop. I know, I know. We bow the head. Mrs. R. H. I never lose an opportunity of We kiss the rod. gathering material. Father, will you mind Mrs. R. H. In my new novel I am back in taking down? My husband is good enough to politics again. Have you seen it yet? act as my stenographer. Bishop. No not yet. But I have already BISHOP. Touching! ordered it from Boot's. Mrs. R. H. Now, I noticed nothing remark- Mrs. R. H. Boot's?' able about that curate. BISHOP. Yes, the cash chemist's. I find their Bishop (agreeing]. No. And yet, you know circulating library the most economical of all. - curious thing — he's a gentleman, quite! And I have to be particular. As you know, I Oh, quite! And I even remembered once meet- publish every year a detailed account of all my ing his father, when I was Court Chaplain, at expenditure, personal and otherwise, and too a garden-party in aid of the Additional Curates' large a sum for books might be misconstrued as Society. self-indulgence, especially in a bachelor. MR. R. H. (who is busily taking notes, repeats Mrs. R. H. Ah, yes. (Handing him a book.] what he has written). “Curates' Society." Here is a copy. Mrs. R. H. But why should he choose to Bishop. Pretty cover. personate a curate? That is what is so interest- MR. R. H. (to his wife, in a low tone). Twenti- ing to a novelist. Why a curate? It couldn't one columns. have been for the money, or the glory. Mrs. R. H. (pleased). Really! Mr. R. H. “Glory.” · Bishop (looking up). Twenty-one columns? Bishop. The case is highly peculiar. He is Mrs. R. H. We are treating you without certainly not without means or brains. My ceremony, my dear Bishop. My husband has opinion is that his action was due to excessive just calculated the total length of the reviews of intellectual curiosity. He told me he wanted to my book that have appeared in the London feel what it was like to be a curate. papers on the first day. Of course, we attach Mrs. R. H. Yet he looked quite sane. no value whatever to the actual opinions ex BiShop. Oh, quite! Astonishing story! His pressed, -- the critics have to work in such a brother, through the influence of the Primate, hurry, and they are so sadly unfitted for their had been engaged as curate by the Vicar of St. task, poor dears, but the amount of space Saviour's, Colchester, subject to an interview. given is an excellent indication of the public This brother had been doing some chaplaining importance ascribed to the book. in Switzerland — just rough winter work. On Bishop (who has been inspecting the book}. the way home he died suddenly in Paris. Well, How true! our friend of this morning calmly took up the. Mrs. R. H. (to Mr. R. H.). Anything dead man's identity, came to Colchester, con- special? quered the simple vicar, and was at once ac- Mr. R. H. No. “Surpassed herself” seven cepted. That was two months ago. or eight times. “Masterpiece” fourteen times. Mr. R. H. “Ago.” The Piccadilly Gazette is unfavourable. Mrs. R. H. But how dangerous! Mrs. R. H. Very? BISHOP. So I pointed out to him. His reply MR. R. H. Yes. was that it was just the danger that had at- Mrs. R. H. Better tell me. tracted him — coupled with the desire to under- Mr. R. H. (deprecating gesture; reads). “The stand why the members of his family had had book is, of course, admirable in workmanship, such a passion for curacy. It seems that two knowledge, and insight, but Mrs. Reach Haslam of his sisters have espoused curates. This will has not, if the truth must be told, surpassed be a grievous blow for all of them. herself.” MR. R. H. "All of them." Mrs. R. H. If I'd known about that when I Mrs. R. H. But why should the man be saw their lady reporter this morning! struck with remorse just now? ARNOLD BENNETT 691 Bishop. Well, his explanation is that he was the young man up to London with me, and I so moved by the bride's beauty put him into a cab for the police station, where Mrs. R. H. Duty. he will surrender himself of his own free will Bishop. Beauty. (Gesture of mild triumph to the law. I prefer that way. It is perhaps from MR. R. H. to Mrs. R. H.] He could original, but nowadays we bishops have to be not bear to think that any action of his should original. cause inconvenience to a woman SO Mrs. R. H. But do you really suppose he has beautiful. Hence he came to me at once. surrendered? Fortunately, I happened to be at the palace. BISHOP. I am sure of it. I cannot pretend Mrs. R. H. Had he performed any, other to your skill in reading character, dear lady, but marriages? I know a gentleman at sight. Bishop. Happily, none. But he had cele Mr. R. H. “Sight." er Gloh gan Bishop. MY DEAR YOUNG LADY, I HAVE TRIED TO EXPRESS to Mrs. HASLAM MY CONSTERNATION--- brated ten funerals and four baptisms. How Mrs. R. H. Of course, if one put such a story ever, these do not seem to trouble him in the into a novel, it would never be believed. That's least, I regret to say. It was the wedding alone the worst of real life. that roused his conscience. Bishop. And yet, this distressing affair re- MR. R. H. “Conscience." minded me strongly of the false archdeacon in Mrs. R. H. Of course, you sent for the police. “The Woman of Kent." Bishop. I trust and believe that he is now Mrs. R. H. (pleased). Ah! You remember in prison. But I did not send for the police. my early book. The Church has its dignity to maintain against BISHOP (protestingly). My dear lady! You the civil judicature in these modern days. have no more earnest student! And may I add Also, with so much irreligion shall I say? that, from the first, I found that episode of the flaunting in the very air, she must avoid scan- false archdeacon entirely convincing? Its con- dal — particularly local scandal. London scan- vincingness was one of the very few points on dal is less deleterious. Accordingly, I brought which I shared the opinions of the late Mr. 692 THE HONEYMOON er - Gladstone. “The Woman of Kent” has always MR. R. H. (Going to door.] Cuthbert is not been a favourite of mine among your novels. himself. Cuthbert has been staggered by the It must have had a vast circulation. events of the day. The strain of pretending Mrs. R. H. How many copies, father? that nothing in the least unusual has happened MR. R. H. (without looking up from the must be tremendous. Allowance should be desk]. One hundred and seventy-two thousand. made for Cuthbert. How shall I treat this in- BISHOP. Wonderful memory! vader? [The Bishop dips into the novel. Mrs. R. H. Is it not? He knows more Mrs. R. H. Well, without actually mention- about my books than I do myself — far more. ing their review, perhaps you might just in- Bishop. Touching! [Rising.) I must go dicate by your manner reluctantly. Now, what time MR.R. H. These journalists shall we say for to-morrow are so obtuse, but still morning? I am absolutely Mrs. R.H. I think perhaps at your disposal. if you said that we cannot Mrs. R. H. But do we under- understand how a purely stand that you mean to con- private matter can interest duct the ceremony in person ? the public, but that, if they Bishop. I do. I wish par- must know, the Bishop is here ticularly to show by my pres- in person, and -(Mr. R.H. ence at the altar my sense of nods.) You think that will what complete reparation is be judicious? due to you due to you all. MR. R. H. Quite. (Exit.] Mrs. R. H. I think we had BISHOP. (Putting down the better consult Flora herself. book.) Enthralling! [Rings bell.] As you know, (Enter Flora. my original intention was that MRS. R. H. Flora, darling, you should be asked to pre- this is the Bishop of Colches- side at the ceremony. But ter. Mrs. Lloyd, my the young people insisted on prospective daughter-in-law. a simple curate — doubtless FLORA (stiffly). My lord. from modesty, my dear Bishop. Bishop. My dear young Would that I had been firm lady, I have already tried to in the first instance! express to Mrs. Haslam my (Enter CUTHBERT. consternation, my shame at Mrs. R. H. Is Mrs. Lloyd the in the drawing-room? FLORA (smiling coldly). I CUTHBERT. Yes, ma'am. am sure that is sufficient. Mrs. R.H. With Mr.Cedric? Mrs. R. H. The Bishop has Cedric. HAS THAT DASHED BISHOP CUTHBERT. No, ma'am. She come to town specially to see ACTUALLY DEPARTED? is alone. us, Flora. In order to guard Mrs. R. H. Will you tell against any possibility of fur- Mrs. Lloyd that I should be very much obliged ther accident, he has kindly suggested that he if she could join us here for a moment. should officiate himself to-morrow morning. CUTHBERT. Yes, ma'am. A represent Flora (to Bishop). It's really very good of ative of the Piccadilly Gazette has just called, you. ma'am, for information. A male represent Mrs. R. H. [relieved). Is it not? ative. Bishop. At what hour? I am entirely at MRS. R. H. The Piccadilly.! [To Mr. R. H.] your disposal. The audacity! [To CUTHBERT.] About what? Flora. Oh, any time. [CUTHBERT makes a gesture of embarrassment.] Bishop. Noon? If you come down by the You told him to call again to-morrow? nine-fifteen train CUTHBERT. No, ma'am. He's waiting. Flora. That will do perfectly. Mrs. R. H. Father, would you mind going Mrs. R. H. Where is Cedric, dear? out to him? [Exit CUTHBERT.) I really wonder FLORA. I have no idea. Shall I see? (Exit.] at Cuthbert. [To Bishop.) We have an abso Bishop. The dear child has evidently been lute rule against seeing journalists after dinner. much upset. As you know, Bishop, I detest notoriety. Hence MRS. R. H. We all have. our rule. And yet, Cuthbert allows this man Bishop. Ravishing creature! Who was Mr. to wait! Lloyd? ARNOLD BENNETT 693 er Mrs. R. H. He seems to have been on the derful gallery of contemporary portraits, and I Stock Exchange. He was a Colchester man, could be of assistance — need I say more? and had a house just outside the town. Mrs. R. H. I have already drawn two. BISHOP. Indeed! I never met him. Did he Bishop. Really? leave a large fortune? Mr. R. H. Suffragans, my dear. Mrs. R. H. Oh, no! The house not much BISHOP. Ah! Suffragans! I thought I could else, I believe. not have forgotten two bishops. Till to-morrow, Bishop. Probably an admiration for your then, at noon. Young man, till to-morrow. work was the original basis of the (Shakes hands with CHARLES.) Mrs. R. H. Oh, no! I was first introduced to Mrs. R. H. (as Bishop and Mr. R. H. go out). Mrs. Lloyd by Charlie, my second son. In fact, Father, would you mind speaking firmly to quite confidentially, Bishop, we thought it was Cuthbert about Charlie's dinner? a match between them. (Exeunt Bishop and Mr. R. H. Bishop. But Heaven decided otherwise? Charles. Why the Bishop? Mrs. R. H. Cedric decided otherwise. Mrs. R. H. He came up specially to arrange [Enter Mr. R. H. for to-morrow. Fortunately he saw at once that Mr. R. H. Flora tells me that it is arranged it was his duty to take things in hand himself. for to-morrow. Charles. I should say that what the Bishop BiShop. Yes. I have just been hearing from saw was a chance of getting himself into one of Mrs. Haslam how this beautiful young lady has your books, Mater. attracted both your sons. Mrs. R. H. That also is possible. Mr. R. H. Very catching. Ran through the Charles (imitating the Bishop). “Need I say family. more?” What a cuckoo! BISHOP. Ha, ha! (Seriously.) Ravishing Mrs. R. H. Charles! (Enter CEDRIC. creature! Cedric. Has that dashed Bishop actually de- Mrs. R. H. Has Charlie come yet? parted? I began to think he was going to spend Mr. R. H. No. the night here. Mrs. R. H. If he isn't here soon I fear he'll Mrs. R. H. Cedric! I am ready to make be late for the office. And he's had no sleep great allowances, but I really do not know what to-day, poor boy. [To Bishop.] Charles is the has come over my sons. assistant manager of the circulation department CEDRIC. Sorry, mother. (To Charles.) Hello! of the Daily Sentinel, and his hours are from nine- You back? thirty at night till three in the morning. Mrs. R. H. Flora's told you it's all arranged Bishop. How trying! I'm afraid we little for noon to-morrow? think, when we open our newspaper at break Cedric. No; haven't seen her. fast,- | always read the Sentinel, --- we little Mrs. R. H. Well, it is. And now, my boys, think what an immense amount of endeavour you can't stay any longer in your mother's (Enter CHARLES. study. My article for Harker's must absolutely Charles. Hullo, Mater. No trace of any be finished to-night. Your father and I had dinner for me in the dining-room. Here you been expecting a placid afternoon and evening stick me up with the luggage and all the dirty of work. work Charles. By the way, Rick. About that Mrs. R. H. Charles, the Bishop of Colchester. Klopstock business. Of course you've seen the Bishop. We have met once before, I think papers. (CEDRIC nods.] · (shaking hands). Now, dear Mrs. Haslam (looking Mrs. R. H. Oh, yes. I quite intended to at his watch), I have half an hour to get to mention that, Cedric; but, really, one has had Liverpool Street. so many things to think about - and my arti- Mrs. R. H. You return to Colchester to- cle, too! How very awkward it is, isn't it! night? Charles. I met one of our johnnies at Liver- Biskop. Essential! I have a midnight pro- pool Street, and he was a little excited about it. cession of drunkards. You know, they call me And I may inform you it isn't often our john- the “drunkards' bishop.” I am proud of the nies do get excited. title. Cedric. Oh! (Sits down on sofa.] Mrs. R. H. (shaking hands]. Exceedingly CHARLES. He told me they've received a good of you to have come. later wire at the office, from Breslau, saying BISHOP. Not at all. The obligation is mine that Klopstock has had a private trial over a for your forbearance. Now, may I presume on mountain near there - I forget the name our slight acquaintanceship? If at any time you and done it, my boy! Done it on his head! should think of adding a bishop to your won Cedric. Has he, indeed? 694 THE HONEYMOON Charles. And he'll be over here in a week erewski at the end of a concert, or a Cabinet or ten days, it seems. They want to know at Minister at a public meeting, should I have the office exactly what you're going to do. So gone as far as marrying him? But I may as I told the johnny I should be seeing you to- well tell you now — Cedric and I aren't going night and I'd bring an official message. I had to get married to-morrow. to explain to him a bit what had happened Mrs. R. H. Not going to [Stops.] But couldn't help it. I suppose you'll be forced to you've just arranged with the Bishop! cut the honeymoon next week and begin to get Flora. I know. But that was simply my things in to shape at once. cowardice. The truth is, I hadn't the heart to Mrs. R. H. It is annoying for you, dear, and tell him. I felt that we could express ourselves for Flora, too! more comfortably in a telegram than by word Cedric. I sha'n't do any such thing. of mouth. Charles. You surely won't let him Mrs. R. H. We! But — but what is wrong CEDRIC. I sha'n't do anything for a full with to-morrow, Flora? month. Flora. Nothing. It's no worse than any Charles. Do you mean to say you'll let other day. Only, we aren't going to get married Klopstock get in first? at all. CEDRIC. If Klopstock chooses to try during Mrs. R. H. But you are married prac- my honeymoon, I can't help that, can I? Let tically. I mean somebody else have a shot. I'm not the only FLORA. (Shakes her head.] Not even theo- aviator in England, confound it! retically. Mrs. R. H. Cedric! Mrs. R. H. [with a certain dignified appeal). Charles. You're the only aviator in Eng- Flora. I'm not as young as you are. I'm a land that can get in front of Klopstock over hard-working woman. My work is terribly in Snowdon. arrear. But I've never broken a contract yet, CEDRIC. I can't help that. and I must finish to-night that article of mine Mrs. R. H. But, Cedric surely your for Harker's on “A Remedy for the Decline of duty the Birth-Rate in London Society.” The sub- CEDRIC. Oh! D- (Stopping bimself.] ject is delicate for a popular magazine, and I (Enter Flora. As soon as she perceives CEDRIC, need to have my mind free. May I beg you who has been hidden from her by the screen, to tell me exactly what you mean, without she makes as if to leave the room again. being too witty? Mrs. R. H. [recalling her). Flora. Flora. I'm really very sorry - very sorry. Flora (with false simplicity). So you If I'm witty, I honestly assure you, it's an back, Charles. What an angel you've been to oversight. All I can tell you is that Cedric and worry yourself with all that big luggage. I have had an extremely serious difference of Charles. Oh! That's all right. (Surveying opinion on a vital matter, and there's no hope her.] I see you had at least one frock in the of our views being reconciled, and so we aren't portmanteau. going to get married. Mrs. R. H. We were just discussing the Charlie. Not really! Snowdon flight. So you two have decided FLORA. Yes. Flora. No, we really settled nothing. Cedric Mrs. R. H. [half to herself). And this is all alone settles that, of course. All questions you can find to do to help me with my article! relating to aëroplanes should be addressed to [To Flora.) I suppose I must imitate your the head of the flying department, and not to calmness. the firm. Flora (winningly). Oh! Please do. CEDRIC (rising, with restrained savageness). Mrs. R. H. When did you and Cedric settle I tell you, I shall do nothing whatever for a this? full month. (Exit.] Flora. We haven't settled it. Have we had a Charles [trying to break the extreme awk- moment alone together since we left Pixton? I've wardness caused by Cedric's behaviour — in a settled it. One person can settle these things. bantering but affectionate tone). I suspect the Mrs. R. H. Do you mean to say that Cedric fact is that the bones of a husband are doubly doesn't know what you're telling me? precious in her sight. Flora. Not unless he's listening behind the Mrs. R. H. But you don't really think there door. I inform you before any one. is any special danger, do you, Flora dear? Mrs. R. H. Of course, father and I both Flora. Of course not. If I weren't con- noticed that you were far from being your- vinced that Cedric in his aëroplane is a great selves. But we put it down to the shock and deal safer than Charlie in a motor-car, or Pad- disappointment. are ARNOLD BENNETT 695 12 what he meant to do, it didn't want any powerful penetration to see that there must have been a hades of a rumpus between him and you. Flora (quizzingly). Oh! Didn't it? And what's your opinion? Do you think Snowdon ought to win? CHARLES. Well, it's fiendishly im- portant. Flora. I know. But don't you think a honeymoon's somehow more important? Charles. Some honeymoons might be. Flora. What should you have done in Cedric's place? Charles. But look here, Flo, he bas given way, you know. FLORA. Yes, but against his judg- ment. Charles. Well, he can't help that. Flora. You're wrong, Charlie. Charles. Am I? Flora. Couldn't you help it? If Cedric can't control his judgment better than that, in a serious matter, at the very start of the marriage so much the worse for him and for me. Charles. Perhaps so. Flora. Charlie, there are some things that you understand better than Cedric. Charles. That's what I always say, but no one believes me. FLORA. It's true. Do you know, I'm simply shaking? Flora. CHARLIE, THERE ARE SOME THINGS THAT CHARLES. Fright? (Flora nods.) I can believe YOU UNDERSTAND BETTER THAN CEDRIC you are, but nobody ’ud guess it. (Half-enter CEDRIC. FLORA. To the curate accident? Oh, no! CEDRIC (stopping at half-opened door, to some- A curate accident might happen to any unmar- body outside the room). What's that you say? ried couple. I'm afraid our gloom was caused [Exit again, leaving door ajar.] by nothing but a terrible fear. Flora. You'd better go. You'll be in the Mrs. R. H. Terrible fear? don't you see? Flora. Terrible fear lest neither of us would Charles. But you're sending me off just at have the audacity to profit by the curate's the interesting part. And you'll all be gone to revelation. bed before I get back from the office. I say, Mrs. R. H. Audacity! Your audacity astounds Flo Flora. Yes? Flora. Yes, it rather startles even me. Now, Charles. Would you mind telling father or will you mind telling Cedric? mother to see that my supper is set for me in the Mrs. R. H. I —— (Looks at her. Then exit.] garden to-night? And something solid, too! FLORA. Are you also struck dumb? [Enter CEDRIC. Charles. I suppose the kick-up was about FLORA. I will. (Exit CHARLES, back.) Snowdon versus honeymoon. Flora. I see your mother's told you. Well, Flora. Charlie, how penetrating you are! what can I say to you? Really! And you put it in a nutshell. CEDRIC (sitting down). You might congrat- Charles. Well, when we burst into that ulate me on the way I'm keeping calm under hotel I could have sworn something was wrong. stress. Don't you remember I enquired what was the Flora. But why do you come in like this and matter? And just now, when I was asking Rick look at me like this? way here me. 696 THE HONEYMOON Cedric. Idle curiosity! Having received the fundamental matter, is final. Hence Flora has news from the mater, I was absurdly curious absolutely decided to break off the marriage. to hear any remarks you might have to make FLORA. That's it. to me. So I came in — like this. Mr. R. H. Nothing could be simpler. Flora. Cedric, I did it the best way I could. Mrs. R. H. Flora, how can you sit there and I was afraid if I didn't do it at once it trifle with our deepest feelings in this utterly might never be done. I could see the time cynical manner? going on and going on, and me preparing myself FLORA (persuasively). I hope we aren't go- to do this thing in a nice, kind, tactful, proper ing to converse as if we were characters in a way, exactly as it should be done — and never powerful novel of modern society. This is real doing it — never beginning to do it! And at life, you know; do let's talk as if we were real last finding myself at Colchester to-morrow, people – do you mind? hypnotised by your mother and the Bishop. Mrs. R. H. Personally, I am not aware of Cedric, I'm sure it's a mistake to prepare to do being unreal. But you seem to be unaware a thing like this, leading up to it, and so on. that you are playing with tragic things. The best plan is to let it go off with a frightful FLORA. As I told Cedric in the first act bang anyhow, as l've done! Then the worst Mrs. R. H. (staggered beyond measure). In happens at the start instead of at the finish. the first act! CEDRIC. I quite see the argument. Flora. My dear, I'm only trying to fall in Flora (with a nod of the head towards the door). with your wish to turn this affair into a tragedy. You've told her the reason? If it is a tragedy, the first act occurred this CEDRIC. She'd half guessed it. I made it morning. As I told Cedric, we've stumbled seem as plausible as I could, in my taciturn way. across a question of vital principle. Is our But you know it would need a course of lectures marriage to be the most important thing in to explain it properly. our lives, or isn't it? If it is, then nothing less Flora. I suppose I ought to depart hence. than an earthquake could possibly disturb the Where is your mother now? honeymoon, because I suppose you'll admit the Cedric. She's briefly stating the facts to the honeymoon is the most urgent part of matri- head of the family. mony. If our marriage is not to be the most Flora. Cedric, don't you feel as if I'd lifted important thing in lives — all right! an enormous weight off your chest? Candidly? That's a point of view that I can understand; Cedric. No; but I feel as if we'd been sitting only — I don't want to get married. And I all day in a stuffy railway carriage with a won't. (Pause.] window that wouldn't open, and there'd been Mrs. R. H. Cedric, why don't you speak? a collision that had pitched us clean through Cedric. Nothing to say. it. I've got oxygen, but I'm dashed if I can Mrs. R. H. Your silence is excessive. feel my legs. Flora (still persuasively). We solemnly ar- Flora. My dear Cedric, if you were seriously range our honeymoon. Then Cedric happens injured you couldn't talk like that. to see a newspaper, and he as good as says, [Enter, during the last words, Mrs. R. H., "Here's something more important than our and Mr. R. H., very solemn. honeymoon. Our honeymoon must give way Mrs. R. H. Has Charlie gone? to this.” And, after all, this terrific something Flora. Yes. By the way, he wants his supper is nothing whatever but a purely business mat- set in the garden he asked me to tell you. ter --- something to do with the works. Mrs. R. H. Thank you. Mrs. R. H. Something to do with England Flora. Something solid, he said. with Cedric's career with Cedric's duty. Mrs. R. H. (sitting down). Cedric, I wish Flora (turning to Mr. R. H.]. Supposing your father to hear for himself exactly what the Cedric one day said he couldn't attend his situation is. I naturally turn to him and leave father's funeral because his career called him everything to him. . . . Now, father! elsewhere,— because England wanted him,- Mr. R. H. So far as I've gathered, there seems what should you say? to be some slight difficulty as to dates. To-day's MR. R. H. I probably shouldn't open my the 20th — to-morrow will be the 21st. [Look- mouth. ing at date-calendar.) Yes, the 21st. Flora Mrs. R. H. A funeral is different. thinks the honeymoon ought to end on the Flora. It is. But I can't help thinking that 21st prox., whereas Cedric thinks the honey- if circumstances oughtn't to prevent a man moon ought to end in about ten days' time, say from going to a funeral, they oughtn't to pre- the ist prox. The difference of opinion (ironical vent him from going to his own honeymoon. stress] on this highly important matter, this CEDRIC. I hope you won't lose sight of the our ARNOLD 697 BENNETT fact that I gave way to you absolutely about cry my eyes out, but in another I am rather five hours ago. uplifted when I think of what the curate has Mr. R. H. That's the trouble. saved us from. Mrs. R. H. Father! Mrs. R. H. Saved you from! (Very courte- Mr. R. H. Yes, that's the trouble; because ously and quietly.) Really, I should have his giving way to her is a proof that he didn't thought that any woman would have been more share her views. What Flora objects to in than a little flattered at the prospect of marry- Cedric is not what he does, but what he thinks. ing into the Haslam family, of being the wife She seems to me to have no use for free thinking of Cedric. No house in London is more sought in a husband. after than ours. It isn't too much to say that Flora. I won't argue any further. Cedric is now one of the most celebrated men Mrs. R. H. But why not? Surely that is in England. unreasonable. CEDRIC (crossly). Look here, Mater. (He Flora. Because, in an argument, I always keeps his head down; be is still playing with the begin rather well, but in the end I'm apt to get object on the table.) beaten. So I just stop, especially when I know Mr. R. H. (sharply). Cedric! [Mrs. R. H. I'm right. I'm a short-distance woman. All looks at her husband, as if expecting him majes- I say is - can you imagine me, me, running off tically to reprove his son. I wish you'd play to Ostend with a man who had sacrificed his with something else, for a change. career, and Snowdon, and all England, unwill Mrs. R. H. (softening her manner even fur- ingly, in order to go - What gay little sup- ther). I speak kindly, but I speak plainly, and pers we should have together! I'm not ashamed of doing so. 1 say one of the Mrs. R. H. One day, perhaps when it's too most celebrated men in England. Indeed, it late, you'll realize that a wife's first duty, and wouldn't surprise me to learn that among the therefore her greatest joy, is to help her hus- masses of the people Cedric is better known band. I know I realized it at once. When I even than I am myself. was married, Reach was earning only three Cedric. Mater, I'm off! hundred a year; he was a solicitor's managing Mrs. R. H. (severely, to him). You'll kindly clerk — weren't you, father? I said to myself stay where you are. There are times when one that I ought to try to help him, and so I began ought to be frank. (Still very courteously and to write. And, as a wife, I've been doing my quietly, to Flora.] You know, I was not at best to help him ever since. After ten years, first altogether in favour of this marriage – I thought it advisable for him to give up the not what could be described as uncontrollably law. How much did I pay income tax on last enthusiastic about it. I have always appre- ciated your excellent qualities, but Mr. R. H. Nineteen thousand four hundred Flora (smiling). Please don't expose me. pounds. Comfort yourself with the thought of what the Mrs. R. H. I don't boast, but you see what curate has saved you from. comes of trying to do one's wifely duty! [MR. R. H. rises softly, and goes towards door. Flora. Some women can do nothing but Mrs. R. H. Where are you going, father? earn money. (CEDRIC begins to play mechan Mr. R. H. I thought I'd just make sure ically with an object on the table.) I can only about Charlie's supper, before it slipped my spend it. Two different talents! If I had a memory. (Exit.] hundred pounds to throw away at this moment, Mrs. R. H. (turning to Flora again, pained). I know what I should spend it on. (A pause. You are forgetting the terrible scandal that will She looks round, exerting all her wayward charm.] ensue if you persist in your present course, dear Come, why doesn't some one ask me what I Flora. The honeymoon actually begun! and should spend it on? then this bombshell! How shall we break Mrs. R. H. (gloomily perfunctory). What it to the Bishop? How can I ever look the should you spend it on? Bishop in the face again? How can I ever look Flora. I should erect a statue to the curate. anybody in the face again? ... To-day, of It would be a good thing if there were a few all days, when my new book has just come out! more like him about, just to give people who've And with my article to finish on the decline of got as far as the vestry a chance of reconsider- the birth-rate among the well-to-do classes! ing their position. How can we explain to people that the Mrs. R. H. Upon my word, Flora (cuttingly), marriage is broken off, when there's certain to one would say, from your sparkling wit, that be an account of the wedding in every paper you were quite in high spirits over the situation. to-morrow morning? Flora. Well, my dear, in one way I could Flora. That, at any rate, isn't my fault. year, dear? 698 THE HONEYMOON By the way, how did that paragraph get into Flora. A great novelist? the Piccadilly Gazette? [Mischievously.) I sup Mrs. R. H. (imperturbable). No, no! I was pose it must have slipped in while you were thinking more of public performers . . looking the other way. genius. . . . If you had genius,— talents,- Mrs. R. H. [with controlled acerbity). When mind, I'm not blaming you for not having you begin to figure prominently in the life of them; I make no reflection whatever. . your country, Flora, you'll understand per- Of course, you are good, I hope; and you're haps a little better than you do now that news- beautiful. paper reporters, whatever their sex, simply will Flora. So they say. not be denied. They reside on the door-step. Mrs. R. H. But beauty is a mere gift - One cannot be rude. At least, I can't. from heaven. FLORA. I hope I never shall figure promi Flora. My dear, what's the difference be- nently in the life of my country; but I do want tween a talent ... and a gift from heaven? to figure prominently in the life of my husband. I remember, not very long since, you were really Mrs. R. H. The newspapers quite annoyed because the Saturday Review, CEDRIC. Excuse me, Mater, but isn't this I think it was, referred to you as “Mrs. Reach right off the point? Haslam, the talented novelist.” Whereas you Mrs. R. H. [to herself]. And I was looking are constantly being called the “gifted novel- forward to a quiet half hour with my press ist," and you like it. (She begins to sit down.) cuttings! Mr. R. H. Pardon me. “Like” is too strong (Silence. Enter Mr. R. H., cautiously. a word. My wife prefers to be mentioned as MR. R. H. (mildly cheerful). Well, where “Mrs. Reach Haslam" simply — don't you, have you got to? dear? One doesn't expect to read in the papers Flora. I think we're gradually working back “Mr. Balfour, the talented statesman," or again to the importance of marriage in the life "Lord Northcliffe, the talented statesman.” of the husband. One expects only “Mr. Balfour," "Lord North- Mr. R. H. That's better! That's better! (Sits.] cliffe.” Mrs. R. H. Flora, you'll pardon me offering Mrs. R. H. (waving him graciously into my opinion, as an experienced student of human silence, to FLORA). I willingly admit, dear, nature. When you say "the importance of that in its origin a talent — like mine, if you marriage,” I think you really mean your own insist — is a gift from heaven. But what years individual importance. Personal vanity is very of study are necessary to perfect it! Whereas misleading. mere beauty, charm FLORA (with sweet emphasis). Oh! It is! FLORA (having sat down, and finally arranged Mrs. R. H. Your attitude might be more her fan and shawl, etc.). It's taken me at least defensible if you were a different kind of woman. seven years of intense study to learn to sit down I don't say it would be more defensible, but it like that - and in another two years I shall might be. do it even better. [With a delightful smile.] Cedric. Oh, look here, Mater Mrs. R. H. (graciously lenient). But, seri- Mrs. R. H. Cedric, may | venture to con- ously verse in my own study? Flora. Seriously? (Stopping, in a different Flora (to Cedric). Don't you understand tone.) My dear, did the Bishop say anything that this is not your act? [Rising.] How a when I left the room? different kind of woman? Mrs. R. H. Say anything? About what? Mrs. R. H. (quietly courteous). I mean, if Flora. About me. you brought more to the marriage. Mr. R. H. He remarked that you were a Flora. Money? I'm not rich, but you see ravishing creature. I'm rich enough to despise ten thousand pounds. Flora. Jokingly? Mrs. R. H. (protesting). Flora. Please MR. R. H. No. He was quite serious. don't mention such a thing! Have I men Flora. That's just it. If it was only friv- tioned it? I think we Haslams are as capable olous, empty-headed boys who were serious as anybody of despising ten thousand pounds. about it - but it isn't. The most high-minded, (Very kindly.] No, I mean, if you had more to middle-aged men are serious about it. Why, show in the way of — shall I say? - striking even chauffeurs and policemen are serious about personal talent. You can have no rôle except it. There must be something in it. Wherever that of wife, purely social and domestic. And I go, people are more serious about me than yet, your attitude seems somehow to — claim about anybody else — even if singers and the privileges of a great singer, or a great pianists do happen to be present. If I arrive pianist, or late at the theatre, I'm the play for at least Mrs. R. H. REALLY, I SHOULD HAVE THOUGHT THAT ANY WOMAN WOULD HAVE BEEN FLATTERED AT THE PROSPECT OF MARRYING INTO THE HASLAM FAMILY two minutes. And, I assure you, in the street except yours (with a catch in her voice) and it often occurs that men I don't know hurry Cedric's! Cedric puts an aëroplane higher. after me very seriously about it — even if I'm Cedric. I beg your pardon veiled. And yet, you and I have the same Flora (with emotion). Yes, you do! Yes, dressmaker! It's always been like that — ever you do! When there came a conflict between since my first marriage. And it's getting more my honeymoon and your aëroplane, you de- and more marked. I don't mind telling you, cided instantly against the honeymoon, before my dear, that my own secret view of my im- I'd even been asked! You didn't even con- portance is perhaps as modest as yours is of sult me. yours — but what can you and I do against CEDRIC. Aëroplane! Aëroplane! You keep the universal opinion? I've begun to bow be- on saying aëroplane. But fore the storm. It's the wisest course. You Flora (calmer). Listen. I know you've talk about what I bring to the marriage! given way. I know you've offered not to sac- [Proudly.] I bring to the marriage the gift of rifice the honeymoon. But don't you really heaven cultivated by the labour of a lifetime; think still, in your own mind, that the honey- and as to its value, there's only one estimate moon ought to be sacrificed ? (Cedric does not 699 700 THE HONEYMOON answer; pause). You know perfectly well it's Flora. I don't know. How can I stay here? a relief to you that I've cried off! Come, hon My official connection with this house is ended. estly, now? I shall go to a hotel. Good night. So many Mr. R. H. (warningly, under his breath). Not thanks! too honestly. Mrs. R. H. (rising and going to ber; firmly). CEDRIC Iquietly). Yes. I do think part of I'm sure you'll oblige me by not scandalizing the the honeymoon ought to be sacrificed. And I servants. You can choose a hotel to-morrow never dreamed that you would think otherwise. morning. I'll go with you to your room, if I may. It's a difference of opinion that simply staggers All your trunks will be up there by this time. me. It doesn't only stagger me — it frightens [Exeunt FLORA, submissive, and Mrs. R. H. me. It makes me reflect, you know. Mr. R. H. slowly prepares for work at desk. Flora. Then you are relieved? . You're CEDRIC. I'm off into the garden. (Pulls out grateful. bis cigarette-case. Exit.] CEDRIC (moved and stammering). I ought MR. R. H. (Aside, as CEDRIC goes). Nin- to be. Of course you're the only person who compoop! (Enter Mrs. R. H. could cry off. Mrs. R. H. Dear, before I go on with that Flora. What do you mean? article, I should like to make a few notes on Cedric. Some things a man can't do. Flora's demeanour, while the thing's fresh in Flora. Do you sit there and say that if I my mind. One never knows when that kind hadn't cut the knot, you'd have gone on, and of stuff won't come in useful. you'd have let me go on, with a marriage you MR. R. H. (opening a note-book). Is she didn't believe in? Because you're a man, and undressing? there are some things a man can't do! Can't a Mrs. R. H. Yes. I've put Machin in charge man show as much pluck as a woman? (Con- of her. Where's the boy? trolling herself.] That does settle it! MR. R. H. In the garden (half to himself] Mrs. R. H. Flora, you'll regret you've thrown of all places! Cedric over. You'll certainly want to come back Mrs. R. H. (collecting her thoughts and be- to him. ginning to dictate). “Essentially hysterical in a FLORA (disdainfully) Shall I! (Politely.) crisis, but does not pull a face before weeping, Good night, Mrs. Haslam. probably owing to advice from toilette spe- Mrs. R. H. But where are you going? cialist.” Yes, full stop. Curtain ACT III Garden of the Reach Haslams' house in Palace Gardens. House-front to the left. At the back, shrubberies and trees. In centre, an arbour or pergola. Under the shelter of this, a table, with remains of a meal. Time, next morning, 4 a. m. Magnificent sunrise. · Cedric is sitting at the table, having finisbed eating. He is still in evening dress, and dishevelled. Enter Charles through shrubberies from back. He wears the same costume as in previous act, with hat, stick, etc. CEDRIC. Hello? influence you, but (Startled.) Look here, Charles. So you're here, are you? have you been eating my supper? CEDRIC (wiping his mouth). I am. CEDRIC. Was it for you? Charles. Well, what's happened? Charles. I must say, this really is a bit too CEDRIC. What do you mean? thick! Charles. What do I mean? You and CEDRIC. How should I know it was for you? Flora, of course! Charles. Of course you knew! Cedric. Nothing more. CEDRIC. It was all laid here. The fact is, CHARLEs. Then is it off? I went off to sleep. I must have slept solid for CEDRIC (with a nervous laugh). Right bang off. about four hours. When I woke up just now, [Pause.) I was as hungry as a dog, so I just — I never Charles. You look as if you'd been up all thought night. CHARLES. Never thought be damned! CEDRIC. [Nods.] What time is it? My watch Cedric. Awfully sorry. Here's some bread. has stopped: What's this news? CHARLES. About four. I'm a trifle late. CHARLES (taking bread). What's the good of [Sits down to table.) Well, my boy, I've got a bit being sorry? It was entirely on account of you of news for you. I don't know whether it'll I had no tea yesterday, and no dinner, either, ARNOLD BENNETT 701 and now I'm dashed if you haven't gone and dress quicker than she can, can't 1? I've eaten my supper, too! thought of all that. CEDRIC. What's this news? (He turns finally to leave. Enter Flora, from CHARLES (eating). If I hadn't got some sul house, meeting him. She is fully dressed in tana at the office I don't know what I should morning street attire, and carries a hand-bag. have done. I've a good mind not to tell you! Flora (staggered). Good morning! (Taking paper from his pocket.] Here! This is CEDRIC (staggered]. Good morning! a second edition just off the machines. (Open Charles. Hello, Flo! What's the meaning of ing paper.) Oh, curse! Mind the ink! [Look- this? ing at his hands, after giving paper to CEDRIC, Flora. Couldn't sleep. who examines it.] There you are! (Indicat CEDRIC (hastily and nervously). I shall be ing a paragraph in the paper. CEDRIC reads, down in two jiffs. (Aside, to Charles.) See you then rises.] don't let her go. [Exit Cedric into house, CEDRIC (after reflection). See here, boy. You Flora. I guessed you'd be having your go to bed out of the way, and don't ever let on supper just about now. That's why I came that you've shown me this paper or even knew down here. what there was in it. Do you hear? [Putting Charles (pleased). That's fine. Only, I'm paper in his pocket.] not having my supper. Cedric's eaten it all. Charles. I hear. But why? He's been out here all night, and he's eaten it all CEDRIC. Never mind why. - except this (showing bread). Charles. But the news agent will deliver the Flora. My poor boy! But here's a couple of mater's copy here at eight o'clock, and by half bananas. Have you ever tried banana sand- past eight, you may bet, everybody in the wiches? place Charles. No; are they any good? CEDRIC. I am going to do something long Flora. Are they any good? Never had before eight o'clock. a banana sandwich! Shall I make you some? Charles. What are you going to do? Charles. I wish you would. (Silence, while CEDRIC. I'm going to see Flora, and tell her she sets about sandwiches.) What occurred last I've altered my view completely. If she knew night? I'd seen the paper she'd be bound to think Flora. Oh! Terrific scenes! Terrific scenes! I'd only come round because of that, and And I really can't face your mother this morn- she wouldn't listen to me. Don't you see, ing at breakfast. I couldn't do it. And idiot? it's quite unnecessary. So I'm going to the Charles. I see. But haven't you altered Great Western Hotel. I shall pretend I've your view because of that? arrived by a night train. And I want you to see CEDRIC (coldly). What's that got to do with that my trunks are brought there later. Here! you? The point is that, at any rate, I can go (Gives him a sandwich.) honeymooning now with a free mind. That's CHARLES. All serene! Thanks! (After thought.) the point. I say, Flora, has it ever occurred to you that Charles. And do you reckon all this'll be on I'm a mere cipher in this house? I'm nobody. the straight? I'm pitched about everywhere. CEDRIC. I don't care whether it's on the Flora. You don't mean straight or not. (Savagely.] I've got to have that Charles. Not a bit. Of course I don't. I woman, - confound her! -- and I'm going to. mean the way they treat me. Here Cedric's I'm going to call her, and ask her to dress and a perfect duke in his own line. But will he have come down at once. Then I shall talk to her, me on the works? Not much. Says I must here. With a bit of luck I may be off with her strike out for myself, and all sorts of tommy-rot. and on the way to Colchester at six o'clock. I go out and work all night. Then I come home Is there plenty of petrol in the stable? and discover Cedric couldn't find anything better Charles. Yes. I say — it's not right, you to do than eat my supper. But that's not what know! I meant. What I really meant was — who in- CEDRIC. Shut up. troduced my people to you? I did. I knew Charles. I suppose you don't want any you at the Baths Club six months before his advice from me? lordship Cedric and the mater kindly invited CEDRIC. No. (Turns and stops.] What? themselves to have tea with me there, and met Charles. I was only going to say that you'd you. And then I didn't count any more! better change those clothes and make yourself Cedric simply shovelled me up and chucked me look less of an absolute waiter. into a corner. In less than twenty-four hours Cedric. Well, of course! | expect I can he was in love with you. But did he ask my my trunks? 702 THE HONEYMOON tell you. permission? Did he think about me for an Charles. Yes. Told me he slept like a to; instant? Not much! The fact is, they simply in that chair; then woke up and ate my supper. make use of me. Of course, I'm sorry about Flora. But why should he want you not to what's happened — as far as you are concerned. say anything about Klopstock? (Enter CEDRIC, But, as far as Cedric's concerned, I can't help in a lounge suit, somewhat awry, with a hat. thinking it serves him jolly well right. _ Cedric's FLORA continues in same tone to CHARLES.] much too cock-sure — in everything. Here, have this last one (offering him another Flora. That's quite true. sandwich. To Cedric.] It appears you've been Charles [hesitating). Yes. eating what doesn't belong to you; so I've done FLORA. What else have you got on your my best with bananas and stale bread to fill mind? the breach. Charles. Well, I don't know if I ought to Charles (nervous]. You've forgotten your hair, my boy. FLORA. Certainly you ought to tell me. CEDRIC (with a gesture; low, to Charles). CHARLES. You think so? Hook it! (He repeats the gesture. Exit Flora. Unless, of course, you agree with all CHARLES, unwillingly, into bouse.] the things your dear mother's been saying to me. Flora (primly). I'm just going. I meant to Charles. It's about Klopstock. leave before any of you were up. I thought Flora. About Klopstock? that would be the wisest thing to do. But CHARLES. He's had an accident. Charlie begged me to stop and look after him FLORA. What? a bit. CHARLES. Broken his leg. Cedric. What's he been entertaining you FLORA. How? Came down too quickly? with? Charles. No. Driving to his hotel last FLORA. Oh! His grievances. They're rather night; his motor ran into a statue of Bismarck, real, you know. and he was thrown out. Cedric. Do you know, when I went in just Flora. Motor-cars are really too dangerous. now, I was meaning to knock at your door and I wonder any aviator cares to trust himself to ask you to get up at once. Curious thing, that them. you should have been coming downstairs at CHARLES (admiringly). Now, it's very funny. that very moment! I often want to say things like that, only I can Flora. Why this desire to begin the day so never think of them. Cedric, he can come out early? with them sometimes, and so can the dad. But Cedric. Look here. Flora, let's go, now! you're the only woman I ever struck that could. Fisher won't be up, but the car's cleaned and Flora. Charlie, you're a dear. I suppose there's plenty of petrol. Come on. Just you he'll be laid up for five or six weeks. and I. Charles. Who, Klopstock? You bet. You FLORA [innocently). Where? see what it means? Cedric. Colchester. I can wake the Bishop, Flora. Quite. What I don't see is why you and tell him we want the job done at eight should have hesitated to tell me about it. 1 o'clock instead of twelve. Any old verger and suppose you've told Cedric? charwoman will do for witnesses. The thing Charles. Yes. I brought an early copy of will be all over before the mater's out of bed. the paper with it in. We can telephone to 'em from Colchester with Flora. Where is it? the pleasing news. (Pause. As Flora says noth- Charles. Cedric's cleared off with it. ing, be continues, rather less confidently.) It'll Flora. Well, if Cedric knows, why shouldn't give 'em an appetite for breakfast. I? FLORA (ironically). Any other details? CHARLES. Ask me another! Look here, I'm Cedric (with rough persuasiveness). Come on! giving the show away, but I've got my con Flora (ironically). Have you decided that science to think of. This is a serious matter we are to get married, after all? I mean, really serious! I don't like it, but it's Cedric. Well – a marriage can't be broken my duty to warn you. off like like this! It's unthinkable. What FLORA. Well? would any unprejudiced outsider say, if he was Charles. Cedric told me I wasn't to say asked? He'd say we were off our blooming a word. He said I wasn't to let on that I'd heads. The thing simply won't bear examina- told him. tion. [Moves towards her.] Come ORA. And did you promise? ORA. nd I'm to be carried by storm? CHARLES. I should think I didn't. Not me! ... Great saving of argument! Flora. Has Cedric been out here all night? Cedric. Now, listen. ARNOLD BENNETT 703 man some- FLORA. Well? interfere with the honeymoon is monstrous. CEDRIC. Will you talk to man? I cannot imagine how it was I couldn't see that Straight? yesterday. The only explanation is that, up to Flora. As one honest Injun to another! yesterday, I'd never lived for anything except CEDRIC (picking up a dish off the table). If you my job. Force of habit! One has to get a bit make one more joke I'll smash every darned bit used to a new state of affairs. I suppose it was of crockery on this table. (Gesture of destruc- the sudden shock of the news that sent me a bit tion.) off the track. Look here, Flora. You don't Flora (coldly). Now, if I agree to listen want me to go on in this strain. You don't quietly and talk reasonably, it mustn't be under- want me to grovel. I'm not the grovelling sort.. stood that I'm open to argument. (Sits down.] ... I was mistaken. CEDRIC. All right, all right! Flora (in a new, quiet tone). Cedric, what hap- FLORA. Because I'm not — I'm not I'm pened in your mother's study after I went up- not! The thing that's — that's really upset our stairs last night? apple-cart may seem perfectly childish to the CEDRIC. Nothing whatever. I cleared out unprejudiced outsider. But I don't propose to instantly afterwards. I've been here ever since, consult the unprejudiced outsider. Might as and I haven't spoken to a soul except Charlie. well take the case before a jury and engage Why? a couple of K. C.'s. You know as well as I Flora. Nothing know that it isn't perfectly childish. It isn't Cedric. But why do you say "Nothing" childish at all. It's fundamental. We've been like that? unlucky. But then, in another sense, we've been FLORA. Cedric, I was just wondering how this lucky. We're free. We aren't tied, thank conversion of yours really did come about. It heaven. Man to man, Cedric, it would be too occurred to me that perhaps something might much humiliation — yes, humiliation — for me have happened — in business to marry anybody that looks on marriage as you CEDRIC (nervous). How — "something" in look on it. And as it's just as impossible for you business? to change your opinion as it is for me to change Flora. Something - I don't know mine, we sha'n't exactly go down to Colchester thing that would leave you free, after all, for a this morning - more's the pity! full month, so that in being converted you Cedric. Well, I have changed my opinion. wouldn't have to sacrifice anything at all. Cedric. But how could anything have hap- FLORA. You've changed your opinion? How pened? have you changed your opinion? FLORA. I don't know. But with that tele- CEDRIC. I've sat there all this blessed night, phone so handy in your mother's study -! thinking it over. All manner of things happen nowadays over FLORA. Really? the telephone - especially in the middle of the CEDRIC. Yes. Do you suppose I could sleep, night. any more than you could? What do you take CEDRIC (relieved - affecting a cheerful irony). me for? The more I thought it over, the more What notions she does get into her head! My I saw I'd been mistaken. Now — half a min- dear girl, nothing whatever has happened ute! I can't honestly blame myself for yester- far as I know. Of course, nothing could. My day, you know, and so I won't pretend to conversion as you call it - is due simply and especially as we're talking straight. I told you solely to my thinking things over. what I felt right out, and then I offered to give Flora. Honour bright! way. I couldn't do anything else. Well, you Cedric (firmly). Certainly! . . . Then you wouldn't have that. Mind you, I think you really imagined I was capable of such — you were quite right in refusing to let me give way couldn't trust me against my better judgment! I admire you for Flora. It isn't you I couldn't trust. It's the that, even more than I did. But I don't give human nature in you that I had my doubts way now against my judgment; I give way about. It's always so apt to get the better of with it. people and make them play tricks they'd never Flora. But how has your judgment altered? dream of by themselves. Why? CEDRIC (shocked but forgiving). Fluff! CEDRIC. I don't know. How do people's Flora (somewhat coldly). I'm only being man judgments alter? I gradually saw the force of to man. what you'd said. Of course a man's marriage Cedric. Look here, Flora. It's barely twelve must come in front of everything else. Of hours since that vulgar idiot Klopstock shoved course the idea of letting any business matter himself into our honeymoon. Barely twelve So let's go. 704 THE HONEYMOON hours. We were in love with each other up Mrs. R. H. Impossible, child! At four till then, weren't we? (Silence.] Weren't we? o'clock in the morning! Flora (primly). Yes. Mr. R. H. The cook always locks up the Cedric. Very much? (Silence.] I say, very kitchen to keep Cuthbert and Fisher out. much? Cedric. Seems odd that in a house like this Flora (more primly). Yes. you can't have a cup of tea whenever you CEDRIC. Well, if you know as much about happen to want it! human nature as you make out, you know per Mrs. R. H. (coldly, resenting this criticism of fectly well that we must still be very much in her housekeeping). Father, shall we go? love with each other. I mean now, here! Any Flora. May I give you some tea? one might think, to hear some of the talk that Mrs. R. H. It's very good of you to offer me went on last night, and even to see us at this tea in my own garden, but moment, that we didn't care twopence for each Flora (with great charm). Not at all. [Opening other. But a passion won't be knocked on the ber bag.] I have my Thermos. I filled it yester- head like that. You can't get over it — we're day before starting. You see, we had no pro- still damnably in love. We've had a row gramme and I didn't know where we might good! It's been an infernal nuisance — good! ultimately be landed. Besides, I never travel I've been an ass, if you like - good! And what without it. (She unscrews the flask and pours then? You're in love with a man who's been an out the steaming tea into the patent cover, ass -- that's all. But you are in love with him. then undoes a little packet containing sugar.] One Moreover, he's ceased to be an ass! . . . Now, lump, isn't it? (Handing the cup, with a spoon, Flora, one ass is enough. Are you going to to Mrs. R. H., who accepts it.] Sit down and listen to reason, or not? drink it. I guessed about forty places where I FLORA. But your mother might pour that tea out — and they were all CEDRIC (picking up a piece of crockery and wrong! [Mrs. R. H. discovers that the tea is dashing it violently to the ground; then, controlling scalding.] It is hot, isn't it? himself, after a pause, in a low, tense voice). My Mrs. R. H. (sipping). I'm afraid you didn't mother be blowed! sleep very well, Flora. [A pause. Mr. and Mrs. R. H. appear at the Flora. Why? house door. They show surprise at the spec Mrs. R. H. You're down so exceedingly tacle of Flora and CEDRIC. early. Flora (advancing to meet CEDRIC, with an Flora. The fact is, I could not get off to sleep. appealing, undecided gesture). Cedric! MR. R. H. (ball to himself). I put a complete [FLORA suddenly perceives Mr. and Mrs. R. H., set of my wife's novels in each of the spare bed- and completely changes her attitude, going rooms only yesterday with a faint air of being towards them. puzzled] Mrs. R. H. Really Flora. Another cup? Flora ſlightly). So we've all got up with the Mrs. R. H. No, thanks. Excellent. sparrows! Flora. I'm so glad I was here. You know, Mr. R. H. No. These two particular spar- it's quite easy to have tea at any hour of the rows have just come out for a breath of air night. But, of course, with all your other work, before retiring to their nest for the day. you can't be troubled with the little details of (Yawns.) housekeeping Mrs. R. H. Work is work, young lac, and Mrs. R. H. (nettled). My other work! . ... insists on being done - (with meaning] whater No doubt, when you're settled down with else happens or does not happen. Cedric, you will be able to show him what true FLORA. Ah! The birth-rate article has the housekeeping really is. poor thing been declining all this time? Flora. Settled down with Cedric! CEDRIC (anxious for his parents to depart). Mrs. R. H. My dear, I had intended to make Mother, you ought to go to bed at once you o comment on the singular coincidence of you look absolutely exhausted. and Cedric being here in the garden at four in Mrs. R. H. Is it surprising? I was just say- the morning. I did not mean to enquire into ing to your father that if this kind of thing was the significance of this broken crockery, nor of likely to occur often I should have to devise your attitude and tone to Cedric before you some way of procuring tea at sunrise. caught sight of me. But I am a trained ob- Flora. But do you want some tea? You may remember that last night- Mrs. R. H. I never want what I can't have. Cedric. Mater, why don't you go to bed? I shall doubtless hold out till eight o'clock. Mrs. R. H. You may remember that last Cedric. Couldn't the dad make you some? night | hinted that before very long you'd server. ARNOLD BENNETT 705 Can you probably be throwing yourself into Cedric's thinking over my arguments, without a wink arms. (Benevolently.) And I'm delighted to see of sleep. I suppose he thought that would that pride has not stood in your way. Delighted! touch me. Now, the truth is that he slept very How you got him down here into the garden well, and woke up with such an appetite that he I don't know, and it doesn't matter. (Slight ate the whole of Charlie's supper except two pause.) bananas. I won't mention his references to his Flora (to Cedric]. Anything to say? mother. But I think I've said enough to show CEDRIC. You're quite wrong, mother. The that I didn't come down at four o'clock in the fact is, I've now come to the conclusion that morning precisely in order to throw myself into Flora was perfectly right your son's arms. last night. imagine a woman silly Mrs. R. H. About what? enough to marry a man Cedric. In arguing that who, on the very day of the nothing ought to stand in wedding, would try to de- the way of the honeymoon. ceive her as Cedric has tried And I've just been telling to deceive me? her so. Mrs. R. H. (majestic). FLORA. But he forgot to Father! We had better go. tell me that there is nothing (She moves towards house. now to stand in the way of After reflection, savagely to the honeymoon. Flora, over her shoulder.) I Mrs. R. H. What do you rejoice that the breach mean? now definite. FLORA. Klopstock has [Exit into house. CEDRIC broken his leg, and can't moodily goes up garden move for at least six weeks. out of sight. (Startled movement by CEDRIC. MR. R. H. (protesting). Quietly gracious, to CEDRIC.) Hannah! (Half to himself, Didn't you know? (Silence.] looking at his watch.) An Cedric, didn't you know? inflammable hour four CEDRIC (with gruff reluc- o'clock! tance). Yes. . . . Of course Flora. We seem to be Charlie gave me away? vt left alone together. FLORA. Charlie merely told Mr. R. H. (cheerfully). Yes, me, as he told you. but I must go. Mrs. R. H. Everything is Flora. However do you all right, then. 3117 manage to be always so calm Flora. Do you think so? YU and cheerful? I've noticed Cedric and I were supposed you in the most difficult sit- to be talking like honest In Mrs. R. H. I REJOICE THAT THE uations juns MR. R. H. You have. . Mrs. R. H. Honest Injuns? You see, I've my own pri- Flora. Well, as man to man, then. Anyway, vate 1 to fall back on. straight! And yet, he positively assured me Fica (interested]. Have you? Where? that nothing had happened to influence him, r except my arguments. Whereas the fact was, MR. R. H. (tapping bis forebead]. Here! he knew that, owing to this broken leg, he could Flora. I see. go away with a perfectly easy conscience. My MR. R. H. And my collection that always arguments hadn't influenced him at all. His keeps me amused. principles haven't really changed at all! Bu Flora. Your collection? now he's safe as regards Klopstock, he doesn't Mr. R. H. My collection of private opinions. care a fig for his principles. His mind is free [Tapping his head.] Here, too! for pleasure now - it wasn't before; and so, in Mrs. R. H. (ofl. Father! order to enjoy himself for a month, he'd sacr. Mr. R. H. (with cheerful acquiescence). Yes, fice any principles. Just like a man, that is! my dear. [To Flora.] Au revoir — 1 hope. And there's something else. He was so des- [Exit into house. Vague noise of CEDRIC pri- perately and madly anxious to have me that he vately cursing behind, out of sight.] told another simply appalling, cold blooded fib. Flora (going up a little). Cedric, when you've He said that he had sat up all through the night, done swearing up there, I want to apologise Gluchy BREACH IS NOW DEFINITE or SONG OF THE THE DAGGER A ROUMANIAN FOLK-SONG (Done into English by Carmen Sylva) T: HE dagger at my belt it dances Whene'er I dance; But when I drink the foaming wine-cup, Then it grows sad; For it is thirsty too, the dagger It thirsts for blood! "Give, give me drink,” it saith, "O Master, For if I wear no stain of crimson, The sunshine is ashamed to glitter Upon my blade. Then give, that I too may be drunken With the warm blood that flows from wounds. The maids will find thy kisses sweeter When thou hast quenched my thirst, And I shall dance, when thou art dancing, More gaily at thy belt.” Did I but heed my dagger, now at night-time I should find thee, love. Beneath thy shift I should seek out so deftly The spot where beats thy heart, And pour thy blood's red warmth out for my dagger, Because thy kiss, O love, thou has denied me, And because I for that kiss have thirsted, Even as the dagger thirsteth for thy blood. . Then will the sunshine sparkle and be merry, Seeing the red young blood, Yea, and the merry sunbeams they shall dry it, Together with my tears. My tears and thy blood shall flow together, Mingled like rivers twain; And though thy blood be hot, yet it can never Be burning as my tears. Nay, but thy blood will wonder when it feeleth How burning are my tears. The dagger at my belt it dances Whene'er I dance; But when I drink the foaming wine-cup, Then it grows sad; For it is thirsty too, the dagger — It thirsts for blood! 707 EDITH WYATT 709 ous to the workers. Many small dealers had be- Small Manufacturers Forced to Capitulate come rich merchants through such strike harvests. On this account the cloak-makers naturally In the meantime, while these multituces distrusted employers' agreements. . On the were flocking into the union early in July, the other hand, in many instances in the settlement Cloak Manufacturers' Association, represent- of former strikes, cloak-makers had made with ing beforehand about seventy-five houses, certain dealers secret terms which enabled them had by the inclusion of many smaller firms to undersell their competitors. For this reason extended its membership to twelve hundred the manufacturers naturally distrusted cloak- establishments.* makers' agreements. With these mutual sus Soon after the formation of the alliance it picions, the strike of 1910 began in June in two became apparent to the smaller firms that the houses, an East Side and a West Side house. larger ones felt that they could beat their op- From the first house the workers went out be- ponents by a waiting game. The smaller firms, cause of the sub-contracting system, and from with their lesser capital, scarcely more able the second practically on account of lockout. than their workers to exist through a prolonged beleaguering of the cloak-makers, felt that the Hordes of Immigrants Join the Strike present stand of the larger manufacturers in- volved not only beating the unionists, but On the 3d of July a large mass meeting of driving themselves, the weaker manufacturers, 10,000 cloak-makers gathered in Madison out of the industry. Square Garden. It was decided that the ques Little by little, they left the association, tion of a general strike should be put to the sought the union headquarters, and settled vote of the 10,000 union members. All but with the cloak-makers. By the end of July about 600 voted in favor of the strike, and and the first week in August, six hundred of these 600 the majority afterward declared smaller firms, employing altogether 20,000 that they, too, were in sympathy with the action. cloak-makers, had settled. In many instances Within the next week an army of over 40,000 the men and women marched back to their men and women in the New York garment trade work with bands of music playing and with fly- joined the Cloak and Suit Makers' Union. ing flags and banners. These crowds poured into the three union In July two attempts were made, on behalf offices, filling the building entries, the streets of the cloak-makers, by the State Board of before them, reaching sometimes around the Arbitration to induce the manufacturers to block — great processions of Roumanians, Hun- meet the union members and to arbitrate with garians, Poles, Germans, Italians, Galicians, them. These attempts failed because the union and Russians, the last two nationalities in insisted on the question of the closed shop as the greatest numbers, men and women who essential. The manufacturers refused to arbi- had been driven out of Europe by military con- trate the question of the closed shop. scription, by persecution and pillage: bearded patriarchs; nicely dressed young girls with copies *For this account of the position of different cloak manufacturers of Sudermann and Gorky under their arms; the writer wishes to acknowledge the kindness of Miss Mary Brown Sumner, of the Survey. shawled, wigged women with children clinging to their skirts; handsome young Jews who † These were the most important clauses of these early settle- ments as regards women workers: might have stood as models for clothiers' ad I. The said firm hereby engages the Union to perform all the tailoring, operating, pressingfinishing, cutting, and buttonhole- vertisements - cutters, pressers, operators, fin- making work to be done by the firm in the cloak' and suit business ishers, sub-contractors, and sub-sub-contractors; during one year from date; and the Union agrees to perform said for these, too, struck with all the rest. In paid in accordance with the annexed price list. 11. During the continuance of this agreement, operators shall be The following is watching these sewing-men and sewing-women the scale of wages for week hands: skirt-makers, not less than $24 streaming through the union office on Tenth per week; skirt-basters, not less than $15 per week; skirt-finisher": not less than $12 per week; buttonhole-makers, not less than $1.10 Street, it seemed to an onlooker that almost no per hundred buttonholes. III. A working week shall consist of forty-eight hours in six economic procession could ever before have com- working days. prised elements so very catholic and various. day of November and the fifteenth day of January and during the IV. No overtime work shall be permitted between the fifteenth Who could lead such a body? Indeed, no one months of June and July. During the rest of the year employees may be required to work overtime, provided all the employees of man can be said to have led the 60,000 New the firm as well as all the employees of the outside contractors of York cloak-makers. In the absence of such time shall be permitted on Saturday, nor on any day for more than the firm are engaged to the full capacity of the factories. No over- control, the corps of more prominent union two and a half hours, nor before 8. m. or after 8 P. M. officers and their attorney, Meyer London, and contracting or sub-contracting shall be permitted by the firm inside through these men the multitudes of the union its factory, and no operator or finisher shall be permitted more than members, were virtually guided by an East XIII.' No work shall be given employees to be done at their homes. XV. Only members of respective locals above named shall be Side Yiddish paper, the Vorwärts. employed by the firm to do the said work. or over- No 710 THE NEW YORK CLOAK-MAKERS STRIKE Filene of Boston Ends the Deadlock of employers, and an unshaken belief in the general panacea of the closed shop -- a subject At this juncture a public-spirited retailer of which was, by agreement, to remain undis- Boston, Mr. Lincoln Filene, entered the con- cussed in the conference. All these men, with troversy. Mr. Filene resolved that, as a large the exception of their attorney, Mr. London, consumer, he and his class had no right to shirk had cut and sewed on the benches of the gar- their responsibility by passively acquiescing in ment trade. On the other side of the table sat sweat-shop conditions. As an intermediary the ten representatives of the manufacturers, between the wholesaler and the public, the re- some of them men of wide culture and learning, tailer had an important part in the conflict, not versed in philosophies, and prominent mem- only because he suffered directly from the tem- bers of the Ethical Society, some of them New porary paralysis of the industry, but also be- York financiers who had come from East Side cause his indifference to the claims of the worker sweat-shops. Perhaps the most eager opponent for a just wage, sanitary factory conditions, of the closed shop in their body was a cosmo- abolition of home work, and for a decent working politan young manufacturer, a linguist and day was equivalent to an active complicity in "literary” man, interested in “style" from the guilt of the manufacturer. Through Mr. every point of view, who had introduced into Filene's intervention, the manufacturers and the New York trade from abroad a considerable the union officials agreed to confer, and to number of the cloak designs now widely worn request Mr. Louis Brandeis of Boston to act throughout America. He is said at one time to as chairman. have remarked, “Le cloak c'est moi.” One of the manufacturers had been a strike leader in 1896. Mr. Louis Brandeis Chosen as Mediator “Your bitterest opponent of fourteen years ago sits on the same side of the table with you Mr. Brandeis had, at the outset, the confi- now,” said one of the older cloak-makers, in dence of both parties. Each side recognized in a deep, intense voice, as the men took their him that combination of wide legal learning and places. a social economic sense which had made him an effective participant in the development of The Conference Splits on the “Closed the progressive political and industrial policies Shop" of the nation. The employers welcomed Mr. Brandeis because they had faith in his sense of Mr. Brandeis opened the conference with fairness. The cloak-makers welcomed him be- these words: “Gentlemen, we have come to- cause of his brilliant and signal service to the gether in a matter which we must all recognize entire trade-union movement in securing from is a very serious and an important business — the United States Supreme Court the decision not only to settle this strike, but to create a that declared constitutional the ten-hour law relation which will prevent similar strikes in the for the women laundry workers of Oregon. future. That work is one which, it seems to The conference that was to have determined me, is approached in a spirit that makes the the industrial fortunes of more than 40,000 New situation a very hopeful one, and I am sure, York workers for the following year opened on from my conferences with counsel of both par- Thursday morning, July 28, in a small room in ties* and with individual members whom they the Metropolitan Life Building. Mr. Brandeis represent, that those who are here are all here was in the chair. On one side of a long table with that desire.” sat the ten representatives of the cloak-makers Up to a certain point in the conference, which -including their attorney, a member of the Vor- lasted for three days, this seemed to be true. wärts staff, and the secretary of the Interna- The manufacturers agreed to abolish home tional Garment Workers' Union, all three men work, to abolish sub-contracting, to give a of middle age, intellectual faces, and sociologi- weekly half holiday, besides the Jewish Sab- cal education, keenly identified with the ideas bath, during June, July, and August, and to and principles of the workers; three or four limit overtime work to two hours and a half a rather younger representatives of the cloak- day during the busy season, with no work per- makers, alert and thoroughly Americanized; mitted after half past eight at night or before and three older men who had fought through- eight in the morning. Beyond this, the ques- out the quarter-of-a-century contest, men with tion of hours was left to arbitration. Also, the the sort of trade education that nothing but a question of wages was left to arbitration. working experience can give, deeply imbued The last subject to be dealt with at the with the traditions of that struggle, a hostility to "scabs," a distrust (too often well founded) for the manufacturers. * Mr. Meyer London for the cloak-makers, and Mr. Julius Cohen EDITH WYATT 711 Brandeis conference was the general method therefore, particularly in view of the fact that of enforcing agreements between the Manu-' so many of the members of the Garment- facturers' Association and the union. It was Workers' Union are recent members, that to in this discussion that the question of the make an effective union it was necessary that closed shop and the open shop came before you should be aided ... by the manufac- the conference. turers, . . . and that aid could be effectively Though the union leaders had agreed to elim given by providing that the manufac- inate the discussion of the closed shop before turers should, in the employment of labor here- they entered into negotiations, it was almost after, give preference to union men, where the impossible for them to refrain from sug- union men were equal in efficiency to any non- gesting it as a means of enforcing agreements. union applicants. . . . That presented in the As one of the cloak-makers, one of the old rough what seemed to me a proper basis for leaders of the labor movement of America, coming together. ...I think, if such an ar- said: “This organization of cloak-makers in rangement as we have discussed can be accom- the city of New York can only control the situ- plished, it will be the greatest advance not only ation where union people are employed. They that unionism has made in this country, but it have absolutely no control of the situation would be one of the greatest advances that has where non-union people are employed. They generally been made in improving the condition cannot enforce any rules, nor any discipline of of the workingman, for which unionism is merely any kind, shape, or description, and if we are an instrument." to coöperate in any way that will be absolutely This, then, was the first public presentation effective, then the ... Manufacturers’ Asso- of the idea of the preferential shop. Mr. Bran- ciation, ... it seems to me, should see that deis, as a result of close study of labor disputes the necessary first step is that they shall run and a rich experience in settling strikes, had union shops." reached the conclusion that the position of the The union shop the speaker had in mind, adherents of the closed as well as those of the the union shop advocated by the Vorwärts and open shop was economically and socially un- desired, as it proved, by a majority of the work- tenable. The inherent objection to the closed ers, was a different matter from the closed shop, shop, he contends, is that it creates an uncon- which constitutes a trade monopoly by limiting trolled and irresponsible monopoly of labor. the membership of a trade to a certain compar On the other hand, the so-called open shop, atively small number of workers. even if conducted with fairness and honesty on The institution of the closed shop is by inten- the part of the employer, is apt to result in a tion autocratic and exclusive. The institution disintegration of the union. It has been a fre- of the union shop is by intention democratic quent experience of organized labor that, even and inclusive. With the cloak-makers' organi- after a strike has been won, men drop out of the zation, entrance into the union was almost a union and leave the burden of union obligation matter of form. There were no prohibitive ini- to the loyal minority, who, weakened in num- tiation fees, or dues, as in other unions. They bers, face not only a loss of what the strike has offered every non-union man and woman an gained, but a retrogression of those union opportunity to join their ranks. standards that have been the result of past The manufacturers contended that they had struggles and sacrifices. no objection to the voluntary enlistment of non By the preferential union plan, when an em- union men in union ranks; but they would not ployer obliges himself to prefer union to non- insist that all their workers belong to the union.union men, a union man in good standing, that is, a union man who has paid his dues and met The “ Preferential Shop” is Presented his union obligations, is insured employment to a limited extent, and the dues represent a This deadlock was reached on the third day premium paid by him for such employment. of the conference. At this point Mr. Brandeis It was not an easy task to secure assent to brought before the meeting the opinion that this idea from the manufacturers, for Mr. “an effective coöperation between the manu Brandeis made it clear that, while the plan did facturers and the union ... would involve, not oblige the manufacturers to coerce men of necessity, a strong union. I real- into joining the union, it clearly placed them ize," he said, “from a consideration of ... on record in favor of a trade-union, and obliged general union questions, that in the ordinary them to do nothing, directly or indirectly, to open shop, where that prevails, there is great injure the union, and positively to do every- difficulty in building up the union. I felt, thing in their power, outside of coercion, to * Stenographic minutes of the Brandeis conference. strengthen the union. 712 THE NEW YORK CLOAK-MAKERS' STRIKE In Mr. Brandeis' appeal to the union repre 'The Open Shop with Honey" sentatives he referred to the history of the Cloak-Makers' Union as a telling illustration of The Vorwärts printed a statement that the the futility of their past policy. He pointed preferential shop was "the open shop with out that the membership of the union during a honey.” The news of the Brandeis conference strike was no test of its strength — a union's reached the cloak-makers through the bulletins solidity rested upon its membership in time of of this paper; and, during its progress and after peace. Were they not justified in assuming its close, frantic crowds stood before the office that what had occurred in the past of the Cloak- on the lower East Side, waiting for these bul- Makers' Union would occur in the future, and letins, eager for the victory of the closed shop, that its membership would dwindle to a small the panacea for all industrial evils. number of the faithful? How could this organ After the decision of the leaders, after the ization be permanently strengthened? breaking of the conference, the cloak-makers Cloak-making, as a seasonal trade, offered a who had settled gave fifteen per cent of their fair field for proving the efficiency of the prefer- wages to support those standing out for the ential plan, for in the slack season the manu- closed shop, and volunteered to give fifty per facturers must, by its terms, prefer union mien. cent. The Vorwärts headed a subscription list The industrial situation provided a test of this with $2,000 for the strikers, and collected good faith. The union leaders could then $50,000. A furore for the closed shop arose. effectively show the non-union worker the ad- Young boys and bearded old men and young vantage of union membership. women came to the office and offered half their The final formulation of the preferential wages, three quarters of their wages. One boy union shop, as presented by Mr. Brandeis, Mr. offered to give all his wages and sell papers for London, and Mr. Cohen, was this: “The manu- his living. Every day the office was besieged facturers can and will declare in appropriate by committees, appointed by the men and terms their sympathy with the union, their women in the settled shops, asking to con- desire to aid and strengthen the union, and tribute to the cause more than the percentage their agreement that, as between union and determined by the union. These were men and non-union men of equal ability to do the job, women accustomed to enduring hardships for the union men shall be given the preference.” a principle, men and women who had fought in Russia, who were revolutionists, willing to make New Plan Received with Suspicion by sacrifices, eager to make sacrifices. Their blind Union Men faith was the backbone of the strike. This furore was continuing when, in the third The manufacturers were willing to make this week in August, the loss of contracts by the agreement. But the representatives of the manufacturers and the general stagnation of union received it with a natural suspicion bred business due to the idleness of 40,000 men and by years of oppression. “Can the man who women, normally wage-earners, induced a num- has ground us down year after year suddenly ber of bankers and merchants of the East Side be held by a sentiment for the organization he to bring pressure for a settlement of the strike. has fought for a quarter of a century?" they Louis Marshall, an attorney well known in Jew- asked. “Between union and non-union men, ish charities in New York, assembled the lawyers will he candidly give the preference to union of both sides. They drew up an agreement in men of equal ability? Will he not rather, since which the preferential union shop again ap- the question of ability is a matter of personal peared as the basis of future operations, formu- judgment and is left to his judgment, prefer the lated as at the Brandeis conference. non-union man, and justify his preference by a The Vorwärts printed the result of the Mar- pretense, in each case, that he considers the shall conference with deep concern. It main- skill of the non-union man superior?” tained a neutral attitude. The editorials urged Nevertheless, a majority of the leaders of that the readers consider the whole document the cloak-makers were willing to try the plan. soberly, discuss it freely in local meetings, and A minority refused. This minority was in- vote for themselves, on their own full under- fluenced partly by its certain knowledge that standing, after mature conviction on each point. the 40,000 cloak-makers would never accept an agreement based on the idea of the preferential Difficult Position of the Strike Leaders union shop, and partly by its complete distrust of the good will of the 'manufacturers. The Crowds surged around the Vorwärts office. minority was trusted and powerful. It won. They almost mobbed the East Side leaders, The conference ended. with their voluble questioning about the pref- EDITH WYATT 713 erential union shop. Thousands of men and ritualistic. Early in September, one of the women and children called out pleas and re- Labor Day parades was headed by an aged Jew, proaches and recriminations, in an avid per- white-bearded and fierce-eyed,- a cloak-maker sonal demonstration possible only to their race. who knew no other words of English than those "Oh, you wouldn't sell us out?” they cried he uttered, — who waved a purple banner and desperately. "You wouldn't sell us out? You shouted at regular intervals: “Closed shop! are our hope.” Closed shop!” That man represented th Imagine what these days of doubt, of an at- spirit of thousands of immigrants who have tempt to understand, meant to these multi- recently become trade-unionists in America. tudes, knowing no industrial faith but that of Impossible to say to such a man that the idea the closed shop which had failed them abso- of the closed shop had been an enemy to the lutely, wanderers from a strange country, turn- spread of trade-unionism in this country by its ing wildly to their leaders, who could only tell implication of monopolistic tyranny. them that they must determine their own fates, Impossible, indeed, to say anything to union- they must decide for themselves. These leaders ists whose reply to every just representation is, have been blamed at once for their autocracy“Closed shop”; or to employers whose reply and for not mobilizing and informing and di- to every just representation is, “We do not recting these multitudes more clearly and firmly. wish other people to run our business.” This Their critics fail to realize the remarkably reply the Marshall conference still had to hear various economic and political histories of the for some days. It was now the first week in enormous concourse of human beings engaged September. There was great suffering among in the needle trades of New York. the cloak-makers. On the manufacturers' side, However that may be, when the workers and contracts heretofore always filled by certain their families surged around the Vorwärts office New York houses, in this prolonged stoppage and asked the leaders if they had betrayed of their factories were finally lost to them and them, Schlesinger, the business manager, and placed with establishments in other important the old strike leaders addressed them from the cloak-making centers -- Cleveland, Philadel- windows, and said to the people, with painful phia, Chicago, and even abroad. Two or three emotion: “You are our masters. What you large union houses settled for terms, in hours decide we will report back to the association and wages, that were satisfactory to every one lawyers. What you decide shall be done.” concerned, though lower than the demands on Terrible was the position of these men. Well these points listed in the cloak-makers' first letter. they knew that the winter was approaching; Curiously enough, wages and hours had been that the closed shop could not win; that the left to arbitration, had never been thoroughly workers could not hear the truth about the considered, in the whole situation before. preferential union shop, and that the man who Neither the workers nor the employers had stood avowedly for the preferential shop, now clearly stated what they really would stand for the best hope of victory for the union, would be on these vital points. No one, not even the called a traitor to the union. most wildly partizan figures on either side, sup- In great anxiety, the meetings assembled. posed that the first demands as to wages and The workers had all come to the same conclu- hours represented an ultimatum. The debaters sion. They all rejected the Marshall agreement in the Marshall conference now agreed on feasi- Soon after this, the tide of loyalty to the ble terms on these points,* though, curiously closed shop was incited to its high-water mark by the action of Judge Goff, who, as a result of * These are the clauses of the Marshall agreement on wage scale and hours of labor which affect women workers. The term "sample- a suit of one of the firms of the Manufacturers' makers" includes, of course, sample-makers of cloaks. The week Association, issued an injunction against peace- workers among the cloak-makers are principally the sample-makers. But the greater proportion of the workers in the cloak factories are ful picketing, on the part of the strikers, on the piece workers. This explains why there is no definite weekly wage ground that picketing for the closed shop was sample skirt-makers, $22; skirt-basters, $14 skirt-finishers. $10 an action of conspiracy in constraint of trade, holes: Class B, a minimum of 80 cents per 100 buttonholes. and therefore unlawful. As to piece work, the price to be paid is to be agreed upon by a committee of the employees in each shop and their employer. The The manufacturers were now, naturally, more chairman of said price committee of the employees shall act as the representative of the employees in their dealings with the employer. deeply distrusted than ever on the East Side.* The weekly hours of labor shall consist of 50 hours in 6 working The doctrine of the closed shop became almost days, to wit, nine hours on all days except the sixth day, which shall consist of five hours only. * This decision met with disapproval, not only on the East Side. No overtime work shall be permitted between the fifteenth day The New York Evening Post said: "Justice Goff's decision em of November and the fifteenth day of January, or during the months bodies rather strange law and certainly very poor policy. One need of June and July, except upon samples not be a sympathizer with trade-union policy, as it reveals itself No overtime work' shall be permitted on Saturdays, except to to-day, in order to see that the latest injunction, if generally upheld, workers not working on Saturdays, nor on any day for more than would seriously cripple such defensive powers as legitimately two and one halt hours, nor before 8 A.M. or after 8:30 P.M. belong to organized labor." And the 'Times: "This is the For overtime work all week workers shall receive double the strongest decision ever handed down against labor." usual pay. 714 THE NEW YORK CLOAK-MAKERS' STRIKE enough; the rates for piece work were left to the the East Side. Multitudes assembled; men, arbitration of individual shops. In spite of this women, and children ran around in Rutgers fact, the majority of the workers are paid by Square, in a tumult of rejoicing. The work- piece work. The former clauses of the agree- ers seized London, the unionists' lawyer, and ment relating to the abolition of home work carried him around the square on their and of sub-contracting remained practically as shoulders, and they even made him stand they had stood before.* As for the idea of the on their shoulders and address the crowd preferential union shop, it had undoubtedly from them. People sobbed and wept and been gaining ground. Naturally, at first, ap- laughed and cheered; and Roman Catholic pearing to the Vorwärts' staff and to many Italians and Russian Jews, who had before ardent unionists as opposed to unionism, it had sneered at each other as “dagoes " and "shee- now assumed a different aspect. This was thenies," seized each other in their arms and called final formulation of the preferential union shop each other brother. in the Marshall agreement: Now that the men and women have returned "Each member of the Manufacturers' Asso- to their shops, it remains for all the people in- ciation is to maintain a union shop, a ‘union volved — the manufacturers, the workers, the shop' being understood to refer to a shop where retailers, and the interested public — to make union standards as to working conditions pre- a dispassionate estimate of this new arrange- vail, and where, when hiring help, union men ment. Is the preferential shop so delicate a are preferred, it being recognized that, since fabric as to prove futile? Has it sustaining there are differences of skill among those em- power? Will the final agreement prove, at last, ployed in the trade, employers shall have free- to be a union victory? Will both sides act in dom of selection between one union man and good faith— the manufacturers always honestly another, and shall not be confined to any list nor preferring union men, the union leaders always bound to follow any prescribed order whatsoever. maintaining a democratic and an inclusive “It is further understood that all existing union, without autocracy or bureaucratic ex- agreements and obligations of the employer, clusion? Undoubtedly there will be failures including those to present employees, shall be on both sides. But the New York cloak- respected. The manufacturers, however, de- makers' strike may be historical, not only clare their belief in the union, and that all who for its results in the cloak industry, but for its desire its benefits should share in its burdens.” contribution to the industrial problems of the As will be seen, this formulation signified that country. the union men available for a special kind of No outsider can read the statement of the work in a factory must be sought before any terms of the manufacturers' preference with- other men. The words “non-union man,” the out feeling that a joint agreement committee words arousing the antagonism of the East Side, should have been established to consider cases are not mentioned. But whether the preference of alleged unfair discrimination against union of union men is or is not insisted on as strongly workers. On the other hand, no outsider can as in the Brandeis agreement must remain a hear without a feeling of uneasiness such an matter of open opinion. assertion as was made to the writer — that This formulation was referred to the strike strike-breakers had been obliged to pay an ini- committee. It was accepted by the strike com- tiation fee of one hundred dollars to enter the mittee, and went into force on September 8. Cloak-Makers' Union. There is undoubtedly, on both sides, need of How the Strike Ended patience and a long educational process to change the attitude of hostility and bitterness The Vorwärts posted the news as a great engendered by more than twenty years of a union victory. The news ran like wild-fire over false policy of antagonism. But never before, * There has been practically, no complaint on the part of the in the cloak-makers' history, have the men workers or the public concerning the sanitary conditions of the larger bouses. At present the strike settlement has established a and women gone back to work after a strike joint board of sanitary control, composed of three representatives holding their heads as high as they do to- Nurses' Settlement, and Dr. Henry Moskowitz of the Downtown day. † It can be reasonably believed that Price, Medical Sanitary Inspector of the New York Department of their last summer's struggle will achieve a Health, 1895-1904, and Mr. Schlesinger, business manager of the l'orwarts; and two representatives of the manufacturers, Mr. permanent gain for the workers' industrial Max Meier and Mr. Silver. The work of this committee will be the future. enforcement of uniform sanitary conditions in all shops, including the more obscure and smaller establishments. + This statement is written in the last week in September. 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Or, if you prefer, you may buy it by the piece at all dealers. Armour's STAR HAM SELECTED STOK-MILD CURE ARNOUL ANUNT ARMOURANO COMPANY CHICAGO 2 MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE S. S. McClure, Presideal; Cameron Mackenzie, Treasurer : Curtis P. Brady, Secretan CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1911 I Am the Mountainy Singer. A Poem. Seosamh MacCathmhaoil 603 How Mrs. Stowe Wrote “Uncle Tom's Cabin " Her son, Charles Edward Stowe, and her grandson, Lyman Beecher Stowe 605 Illustrated with Photographs and with Drawings by Harry Townsend “ The Ould Lad." A Poem Moira O'Neill 622 King Grub. A Story George Hyde Preston 623 Illustrations by Wladyslaw T. Bendo The Adventures of Miss Gregory Perceval Gibbon 631 A Dog and Unclean Illustrations by William Hatherell John A. Brashear of Pittsburgh Edwin Tenney Brewster 639 Great Cases of Detective Burns Dana Gatlin 652 Tracking Anonymous Letter-Writers Illustrations by William Oberhardt The Burden of the Doorkeeper. A Poem. Susan L. Mitchell 662 The Newark Factory Fire Mary Alden Hopkins 663 The Last Carolan. A Story Kathleen Norris 673 Drawing by Ethel Franklin Betts The Case of Richard Meynell. A Novel. Mrs. Humphry Ward 680 The Honeymoon. A Play Arnold Bennett 688 Illustrations by Frederic Dorr Steelo Song of the Dagger. A Roumanian Folk-Song 707 The New York Cloak-Makers' Strike Edith Wyatt 708 . . . Entered as Second-Class Matter at New York, New York. Entered as Second-Class Matter at the Post-Office Department, Canada. Copyright, 1911, by The S. S. McClure Company, New York. 44-60 East 230 Street, New York; 186 Oxford Street West, London. Subscription terms: In the United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and American Powcwions $1.50 per year. In all other countries in the Postal Union $2.50 per year. An Order Blank Enclosed with the Magazine is Notice that Your Subscription Has Expired 3 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World "It goes so smooth I've a mind to shave this off, b’gosh!" “ "So smooth”—that's it! 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McClure's Tourists' Agency Name.... 44 East 23d Street NEW YORK Address... .TEAR OFF, SIGN AND MAIL TODAY. 7 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE A WONDER WORKER IN EDUCATION The Marvels of Maria Montessori THE HE wonderful educational discoveries and achieve- ments of Maria Montessori, an Italian educator, will be described, for the first time in the English language, by Josephine Tozier. Madame Montessori has entirely done away with the drudgery of learning to read and write. Children four years old learn to write in six weeks, without effort or strain, and reading follows almost as easily. Maria Montessori has been called the "rediscoverer of the ten fingers." The revolutionary feature of her system is the extraordinary development, in very young children, of the sense of touch. MARIA MONTESSORI CRITICAL MOMENTS WITH WILD ANIMALS By ELLEN VELVIN, F. Z. S. 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Thenda “ A CITIZEN OF CALAIS" By Marie Belloc Lowndes Author of “According to Meredith” and “The Lodger” AN extraordinary story of a disaster which overtakes a submarine in the French Navy, told with all Mrs. Lowndes' color and power. GIRLHOOD OF HARRIET BEECHER STOWE By Her Son and Her Grandson, C. E. and L. B. STOWE A REMARKABLE picture of life in a clergyman's family in New England nearly one hundred years ago. The Rev. Lyman Beecher brought up his large family of children at Litchfield, Connecticut. The struggles of these young people against the severe theology of their father, their fight for the beauty and joy of life, make a story of exciting intellectual adventure. 9 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World The Man Who Found Himself 00000000 00000000000 A gray-haired citizen of Tampa, Florida, turning over the pages of the November Review of Reviews, saw this picture, and in the young man on the ground with the bottle, was amazed to discover himself. 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They make th BEST OF GIFTS Illustrated Catalogue, 320 cuts (practically a hand book of American art), sent for 25 cents (stamps) This cost deducted from a purchase of the Prints Family Portraits from daguerreotypes, old photographs etc., reproduced in the artistic quality of Copley Printa • Copyright, 1911, Harry Stacey Benton ; 1911 by CURTIS & CAMERON 89 Pierce Building BOST HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC Whiting's Angora Give Grenville Kleiser, (formerl Yale Faculty), fifteen minutes of j time daily at home and he will te you how to make after-dinner speec! propose toasts, tell stories, make pi ical speeches, address board meetin His Mail Course will help salesmen kell more goods, deve power and personality, improve memory, increase vocabul give poise and self-confidence; it will help a man earn mi achieve more. "Your course has been of great service to me my bnsiness, and I commend it to others in the highest term says JOSEPH P. DAY, New York's foremost anctioneer. 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Write for booklet F, mentioning professional career desired. UNIVERSAL BUSINESS INSTITUTE, INC., Dept. F, Fifth Avenue, comer 23rd Street New York, N. Y. 12 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Why ? Why did five city newspapers support for election a judge whom they knew to be incompetent and whom the editors disliked personally? Why will the people of a certain community, which has nine daily newspapers, get their first information concern- ing several "live news stories,” which occurred in their own city, from the present series in Collier's Weekly? Why has the reporter who comes to your door when your family is in trouble a certain right to question you? How does he use this right? Why do the editors of certain highly ethical newspapers publish nevertheless the revolting details of murders, suicides, scandals and the like? Why is the suppression of all disagreeable news an im- morality from the point of view of the commonwealth? Where is the middle ground of right? You, the reader of the daily newspaper, cannot answer all these ques- tions-probably not one of them cand you do not know the reason why you can't answer them. Will Irwin, himself a newspaper man of wide experience, had to spend a year and a half in investigation, before he could answer these and other questions thoroughly and with justice. The result of his work, a series of articles entitled “The American Newspaper," is appearing every other week in Collier's. This series is attracting the close attention of public men and journalists all over the country. But it is not written for them. It is written for you, who take the daily newspaper into your home-you who are dependent on the daily newspaper-you upon whom the daily newspaper is dependent. Collier's The National Weekly 13 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World NICO ВЕС M E A N U R S E E Bythe Most Advanced Home-study Method Mrs. Mary Lloyd (portrail), “A physician recommended Lawrence, Kan., a successful this School. I have gained so Chautauqua nurse, six months much I cannot begin to give the on one case, certifies she would merit due it. I earn $5 to $8 more not part with her course for a week." Mrs. Jane B. Marshall, many times its cost. Beverly, Mass. (portrait). Thousands of women, with and without experience, who have taken our correspondence course in trained nursing are today earning $10 to $25 a week. Hospitals and sanitariums supplie i with nurses. Send for our roth annual 64-page illustrated Year Book, explaining method, with stories of actual experience by successful nurses. The Chautauqua School of Nursing, 272 Main Street, Jamestown, N.Y. + TO "O inaugurate a successful enter- prise proves genius. To keep a firm LEARN TO WRITE Earn graspon leadership denotes supremacy ADVERTISEMENTS to S1 a W The Sprague Correspondence We will teach you by correspondenci School of Law Has Done Both most fascinating and profitable profe! Furthermore! For 20 years it has thoroughly in the world. Send for our beautiful 1 trained men, by sane methods and thorough pectus, It's Free. teaching, to become successful lawyers or busi- PAGE-DAVIS SCHOOL ness men of greatest efficiency. Its courses are Address Dept. 214. Page Building, Chi piller office Dent. 914, 160 Nagrau 8., New endorsed by bench, bar and law colleges. Its faculty are lawyers of long experience and CAN WRITE A SHORT STORY. Beginners learn thoroughly proven ability. Its graduates are practising our perfect method; many sell their stories before completin before the bar of every state. course. We help those who want to sell their stories. Write for partic Sehool of Short-Story Writing, Dept 214, Page Building, Ch BE AN ILLUSTRATOR Learn to draw We will teach you by mail to draw for magazines School of Illustrat and newspapers. 214 Page Bld Send for Catalog Chicago, 71 LEARN JEWELERS' ENGRAVI A high salaried and easily learned trade, taught thoroughly by mail. 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LeVERE STUDIOS Dept. 160 Rochester, N. Y. You The Original Correspondence School of Law ABSOLUTELY SOUND - LEARN CHINA PAINTIN EARN $10 to $50 Salesmen Wante Sexology Trained Salesmen earn from $1,200.00 to $10,000.00 a yea and expenses. Hundreds of good positions now open. N experience needed to get one of them. We will assist you 1 secure a position where you can get Practical Experience a a Salesman and earn $100 a month or more while you ar learping. Write to-day for our free book “A Knight of th Grip," list of good openings, and testimonials from hundreds of men recently placed in good positions. Address nearest office, Dept. 113. National Salesmen's Training Association Chicago New York Kansas City Seattle New Orlean (GNORANCE of the laws of self and sex will not excuse infraction of Nature's decree. The knowledge vital to a happy, successful life has been collected in "SEXOLOGY." A BOOK FOR EVERY HOME (Illustrated) By William H. Walling, A.M., M.D. It contains in one volume : Knowledge a Young Man Should Have. Knowledge a Young Husband Should Have. Knowledge a Father Should Have. Knowledge a Father Should Impart to His Son. Medical Knowledge a Husband Should Have. Knowledge a Young Woman Should Have. Knowledge a Young Wife Should Have. Knowledge a Mother Should Have. Knowledge a Mother Should Impart to Her Daughter. Medical Knowledge a Wife Should Have. "Sexology" is endorsed, and is in the libraries of the heads of our government, and the most eminent physicians, preachers, professors and lawyers throughout the country. All in one volume. Illustrated, $2 postpaid Write for "Other People's Opinions" and Table of Contents PURITAN PUB. CO., 756 Perry Bldg., PHILA., PA. If YOU Would Be Successful Stop Forgetting MEMOR the BASI of AL KNOWLEDI You are 1 THE greater inti KEY TO lectually than your memory. Send today for 11 free book "How to Remember"-Faces, Names, Studi SUCCESS -Develops Will, Concentration, Self-Confidence, Convers tion, Public Speaking. Increases income. Sent absolutely fre Address, DICKSON MEMORY SCHOOL, 753 Auditorium Bide.. CHICAG SECURED OR FI RETURNED. Free opin as to patentalvility. Gulde Be List of Inventions Wan and 100 Mechanical Movements free to any address. Pate secured by his advertised free in World's Progress. Sample copy free VICTOR J. EVANS & C 0., Washington, D. 14 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World TUMMODLITWIN 12.99 MCCLURE'S SCHOOL DEPARTMENT M DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, Mintwood Place and 19th St. Bristol School For Girls. French Residence. Special Pre- paratory, Academic, and two years' Collegi- ate Courses, New $50,000 fire-proof building connecting French and English houses. Gymnasium, swimming pool. Basketball, tennis, Capital advantages. Location high and healthful-park of five acres, Viss ULICE1 BRISTOL, Principal THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Correspondence-Study Dept. HOME STUDY U.of C. (Div.B) Chicao. III. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, Columbia Heights. Fairmont A HOME SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Playground adjoining. Catalogue on request. offers 850 class-room courses to non-resident students. One may thus do part work for a Bach- elor's degree. Elementary courses in many sub- jects, oth rs for Teacher, Writers, Accountants, Bankers, Business Men, Ministers, Social Workers, Etc. Begin any time. 18th Year Maryland College 1853 FOR WOMEN 1911 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, 1906 Florida Ave., N. W. Gunston Hall A beautiful Colonial Home School for Young Ladies. Illustrated catalogue. MRS. BEVERLEY R. MASON, Principal. Miss E. M. CLARK, LL.A., Associate Principal. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, 1653 Connecticut Ave. Laise-Phillips School for Girls College Preparatory, Academic, and Elective Courses. Two years' advanced course for high school Graduates. Art, Music. Native French and German teachers. Domestic Science taught in the school. MRS. SYLVESTER PHILLIPS, Principal. WASHINGTON, D, C., Mt. St. Alban. National Cathedral School For Girls. Fireproof Building. Park of 40 acres. Unrivalled ad- vantages in music and art. Certificate admits to college. Special Courses. The Bishop of Washington, President Board of Trustees. MRS. BARBOUR WALKER, M.A., Prin. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, Connecticut Avenue. for Young Women. In finest residential section of National Capital. Two years' course for High School graduates, general and special courses. Domestic Science. Outdoor sports. $500—$600. E. W. THOMPSON. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington. (Charming park of 10 acres.) women. Located within the Nat- ional Capital; the choicest educational and social advantages; refined associations, most beautiful home life. Preparatory, Certificate and College Courses. Music, Art, Elocution and Domestic Science. Literature on request. Address F. MENEFEE, President. Suburbs of Baltimore. Near Washington. Beautiful rural sit- uation. Larze and elegant new fireproof administration and dormitory buildin, so ne rooms with private baths. New fur- niture throughout. Every modern convenience. Large faculty. New Pipe Organ. Superior Music Conservatory. Field sports, gymnasium, swimming pool, etc. A.B. and Lit. B. degrees conferred. Home life and government. Send for catalogue. Addre33 Charles Wesley Gallagher, D.D., Box N, Lutherville, Md. Washington College An ideal school for girls and young National Park Seminary FOR GIRLS. Washington, D. C. (Suburbs) A distinctly original school for American girls. Academic Studies, Musie, Art, Elocu. tion, Domestie Science, Arts and Crafts, Secre. tarial Work, Library Economy, Business Law and Hygiene. 20 buildings in a park of romantic beauty. Write for catalogue to Box 152 GYMNASIUM FOREST GLEN, MARYLAND ODEON Learn Photography, Photo-Engraving or 3-Color Work Photographers and Engravers Earn $20 to $50 Per Werk. Only College in the world where these paying professions are faught successfully. Established 17 years. Endorsed by Interna. tional Association of Photo Engravers and Photographers' Asso- ciation of Illinois. Terms easy : living inexpensive. Graduates assisted in securing good positions. Write for catalog, and specify course in which you are interested. Illinois College of Photography or 945 Wabash Av. Bissell College of Photo-Engraving Effingham, III. H. BISSELL, Pres OHIO, Rogers. Carnegie College-Home Study-Free Tuition To one representative in each county and city. Normal, Academic, Civil Service, Language, Music, Agriculture, Book-keeping. Short- hand, and Typewriting Courses. Apply at once for Free Tuition for | Mail Course to CARNEGIE COLLEGE, Rogers, Ohio. 15 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Your Boy's Vacatio) What could be more ideal for him than the rugg) pleasure, wholesome companionship, and mental exercise the Culver Summer Naval School. Here, in this garden spot of the great Middle West, your boy w enjoy for eight weeks every form of vigorous outdoor life. He w daily receive two hours of tutoring in studies which he selects, ar will be given thorough instruction in boxing, swimming, and dancing desired. All these activities are directed by experienced teachers. The terms for these eight weeks of pleasure and profit are $150 fi board and tuition. ULVER Summer Naval School The Culver Summer Cavalry School gives boys who prefer military instruction the oppor- tunity to gain all the Culver advantages. It is limited to sixty boys. Culver Military Academy, with an equipment second only to that of West Point, offers unsur- passed advantages for a boy's educa- tion. The course includes thorough preparation for either college or busi- ness life. We will be glad to send you the beautiful Culver catalogues free il you make request. Kindly specify which one you wish. Address THE SECRETARY, Culver, Indiana (On Lake Maxinkuckee For GIRL : 6 miles from Mount Ida School Stanley Hall MARYLAND, Port Deposit. The Tome School for Boys An Endowed Preparatory School. Enrollment limited to boys On the Summit of Mount I of high character. Tuition, $700. Elaborately illustrated book on request THOMAS STOCKHAM BAKER, Ph.D. A preparatory and finishi school. Advanced Elective Cours College Certificate Privile (without examination). Piano, Voice, and Violin wl Noted Men. Domestic Science, Reside Nurse, Gymnasium, I rector of Athletics. Exceptional opportunitie with a delightful home life 66 Summit Street For Girls Send for Year Book NEWTON, Mass. Minneapolis, Minn. Claims your attention because in reputation for fine work, for strong discipline, for breadth of courses for study, for employing only specialists as teachers, for its thorough, up- to-date equipment, for the nesthetic home environment pro- vided and for the general care and training given its board- ing pupils, this school has for 20 years ranked as one of the strongest College Preparatory Schools in the country. Since 1906 Its Conservatory, having 40 instructors and 500 pupils, has afforded advantages in Music, Art and Dramatic Art un- equalled by any other girls' school in the country. For catalogue of either school, address OLIVE A. EVERS, Principal, 2165 Pleasant Avenue Thirty-eight minutes from Boston. New England Col MASSACHUSETTS, Wellesley Hills. entrance certificate. Advanced general course for High Sc Rock Ridge School Graduates. Complete grounds for all outdoor sports. ventilated, sunny buildings with safe sanitation. Cole Rock Ridge Hall for boys of high school age. The Hawthorne House for young boys. mansion, cottages and gymnasium. For catalogue, add For catalogue, address Dr. G. E. WHITE. MISS OLIVE S. PARSONS, B.A., Princi NEW JERSEY, Englewood. NEW JERSEY, Essex Fells, Box ITO. nd Dwight School for Girls College preparatory In the New Jersey hill Certifi Kingsley School For Boys. miles from New York. Prepares cates accepted by leading colleges. Limited number of pupils insures colleges and scientific schools. Individual attention in small di individual attention. Spacious grounds. Suburban to New York Gyinnasium and extensive grounds for athletics and sports, Gymnasium. Tennis, riding. Address Box 605, catalogue, address Miss CREIGHTON and Miss FARRAR, Principals. J. R. CAMPBELL, M.A., Headmast ROGER Hall School For Girls, Lowell, Ma 10) MicClure's—The Marketplace of the World OF NEW JERSEY, Montclair. Montclair Academy NEW YORK, Poughkeepsie. Riverview Academy Has a distinct personality and method. Fine equipment. College or business preparation. Write for booklet "Your Boy and Our Seventy-fifth anniversary of school will be held June 3 to 6, 1911. School," with direct message to all boys' parents. Catalogue will be sent on request. Address JOHN G. MACVICAR, A.M., 37 Walden Place. JOSEPH B. BISBEE, A.M., Principal. New YORK, Troy. Emma Willard School hills , 400 feet above the city. . 98th year. AMERICAN On the Connected with Four new fireproof buildings, the gift of Mrs. Russell Sage. Prepar- ACADEMY Mr. Charles atory, General and Special Courses. Certificate privileges. Music, Art, Elocution, Domestic Science. Gymnasium with swimming DRAMATIC ARTS Frohman's Empire pool. Catalog on request. Miss ELIZA KELLAS, Ph.B., Principal Theatre and OHIO, Cleveland. FOUNDED IN 1884 Companies University School For the thorough preparation of boys for college and business. Equipment in- Recognized as the leading institution cludes complete Manual Training Shops, gymnasium, swimming pool, seven acre athletic field, running track, bowling alleys. Many for dramatic training in America unusual features make this school worth investigating. For cata- logue, address HARRY A. PETERS, Principal, 7243 Hough Ave. Board of Trustees FRANKLIN H. Sargent, President PENNSYLVANIA, Concordville, Delaware County, Box 86. near Philadelphia. DANIEL FROHMAN Maplewood, Wakes up Boys to duties of JOHN DREW 9 life, $400. Dept. for boys under 12 years, $350. AUGUSTUS THOMAS BENJAMIN F. ROEDER Limited to 40 Boys. College or business. 49th year. Fine gym- nasium. Summer Home and Camp, June 12th to Sept. 21st, with For catalogue and Infor or without instruction, $125. mation apply to CARNEGIE HALL J. SHORTLIDGE, A.M., Yale, Principal, THE SECRETARY, Room 146 NEW YORK FOREIGN EUROPE The Thompson- School of Travel for Girls spendschbor year abroad in study and travel. Usual courses. Music no extra, New YORK, Tarrytown, Box 756. Girls sail with Principal, Mrs. Ada Thompson - Baldasseroni. Hackley School for Boys Wellesley, B.S., in October. Eleventh year. MRS. WALTER SCOTT, Sec'y, 158 Central Ave., Dover, N. H. Fall term opens Sept. 20th, 1911. In the hills of Westchester County, 25 miles from New York. Upper School prepares for all CAMPS colleges and scientific schools. Lower School receives boys from VERMONT, Lake Morey, and NEW HAMPSHIRE, Lake Katherine. 9 to 13 years of age. Aloha Camps FOR GIRLS. Seventh season. Healthful Catalogue and views on request. Address location. Pure water. Safe sanitation. Water WALTER B. GAGE, Headmaster. sports. Tennis, golf and handcrafts. Nature study, horseback riding, mountaineering. Substantial house. Board floor tents, NEW YORK, Pelham Manor. Experienced counselors. Girls' welfare our first care. Booklet. MR. and MRS. E. L. GULICK, 95 Lyme Road, Hanover, N. H. Mrs. Hazen's Suburban School for Girls NEW YORK, Tarrytown-on-Hudson, Box 912. Half hour from Grand Central Station, New York. MRS. JOHN CUNNINGHAM HAZEN, Principal. Summer Camp (Seventh Season) Miss SARA LOUISE TRACY, Associate. Bantam Lake, Litchfield Hills, Conn. 1100 feet altitude. Splendid facilities for all aquatic and athletic sports. Under supervision of NEW YORK, Scarsdale (40 minutes from New York City). Head Master of Irving School. Address Heathcote Hall J. M. FURMAN, A.M. The Misses Lockwoods' Collegiate School for Girls. All the ad- for each boy or girl. Write vantages of the metropolis with fullest opportunity for wholesome fully what kind of school you seek, location preferred, expense limit outdoor life; riding, tennis, field hockey, skating, gymnasium. for school year, etc., and you will receive, free of charge, catalogues of General and College Preparatory Courses; Music and Art. schools meeting the requirements indicated. Complete 252 page Directory of all schools and colleges in the United States, mailed for 10c to cover postage. NEW YORK, Ossining. EDUCATIONAL AID SOCIETY, School Information Bureall, 1626-81 First Nat. Bank Bldg. I hicago The Holbrook School Preparatory School for Boys. Established 1866. Situated on School Information Briar Cliff, 500 feet above sea level. Satisfactory references as to character are necessary for enrollment. For illustrated cata- FREE Catalogues of all boarding schools in United States, and expert logue, address State kind of school (or camp wanted. THE HOLBROOK SCHOOL, Ossining. N. Y. AMERICAN SCHOOLS' ASSOCIATION 985-9 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, or 1516 to 15 MASONIC TEMPLE, CHICAGO. NEW YORK, Tarrytown-on-Hudson, Box 912. Irving School for Boys FRENCH, GERMAN, SPANISH, ITALIAN Prepares for all colleges and scientific schools. In the historic Can be learned quickly, easily and pleasantly *Irving" country, 25 miles from New York. Gymnasium, swim- in pare moments, at your own home. You hear ming pool and fine athletic field. Address the living voice of a native professor pronounce J. M. FURMAN, A.M., Head Master. each word and phrase. In a surprisingly short time you can speak a new language by the New York, Dobbs Ferry-on-Hudson. Language - Phone Method Mackenzie School With Rosenthal's Practical Linguistry Equipped and administered for the thorough preparation of 150 boys for college, technical schools, and higher business careers. Send for Interesting Booklet and Catalogue and illustrated booklets upon request. Testimonials from Educators. JAMES C. MACKENZIE, Ph.D., Director. The Language-Phone Method New YORK, Mohegan Lake, Westchester County, Box 77. 818 Metropolis Building, New York. Mohegan Lake School Thorough preparation for Col- lege, Technical School or Busi- ness, Average number of pupils to a class, eight. Modern buildings. Healthful location on Mohegan Lake. Physical culture and Athletics under competent Director. Booklet. A. E. LINDER, A.M., Chas. H. SMITH, A.M., Principals. Our graduates are filling High Salarled Positions. EARN $25 TO $100 PER WEEK New YORK, Ossining-on-Hudson. in easy, fascinating work, Practical, Individual Ilome In- Mount Pleasant Academy. This school, founded in struetion. Superior equipment. Expert Instructors. tation of thoroughly preparing boys for college, scientific schools or Eloven years' successful teaching. Financial reluras guaranteed business. Delightful home life. Manual training. Location only 31 miles from New York. Mount Pleasant Hall is for boys under 13. and Handsome Art Books FREE ARTIST'S of fine instruments and supplies to each student. Write for catalogue to CHARLES FREDERICK BRUSIE, Box 507. SCHOOL OF APPLIED-ART (Founded 1899) A-11 Fine Arts Bldg., Battle Creek, Mich. NEW YORK, Ossining-on-Hudson, Ossining School for Girls Suburban to New York. 44th year. SHORT STORIES-1c. to 5c. a Word Academic. MAKE We sell and syndicate stories and book MANUSCRIPTS, Music, Art and College Preparatory Courses. Post Graduate and on commission; we criticize and revise them and tell you special work. Certificate admits to leading colleges. Gymnasium. MONEY Year book on request. Principal, CLARA C. FULLER: ISM taught by mail. Send for free booklet. "WRITING Associate Principal, MARTHA J. NARAMORE, WRITING FOR PROFIT;" tells how. THE NATIONAL PRESS ASSOCIATION, 112 The Baldwin, Indianapolis, Ind. WHY NOT BE AN ARTIST? 17 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World © badatford 6 pages, 225 illustrations. All attractions and the lead. King & Bartlett Lakes & Spencer Stream Camps. Delaware. Best in travel. Many tours. M 8 BEACON ST. BOSTE BOSTON MASS. ATLANTIC CITY N. J. TRAVEL Hotel Brunswick. Beautifully and Con. veniently located. European plan. Rooms Southern New England Summer Re from $1.50 per day and up, with Bath $1.00 Extra Booklet. Herbert H. Barnes. Let's tell you about the charms o section-about the fishing, the sa The Puritan, opened in Nov., 1909 , the bathing. Everything that the of the vacationist can desire is The Distinctive Boston House. Booklet Just the place for your vacation. with guide to Boston and vicinity on re- T Send two-cent stamp for eithi quest. A. P. Costello, Manager, these beautifully illustrated boo United States Hotel Beach St. 360 rooms. Cape Cod - Buzzards Bay - Marthas Vir A. 83.00. E. $1.00 up. Center business section. Two -Nantucket-Narragansett Pier-Watch blocks from South Station. Booklet G and map. South Shore of Mass. North Shore of Long DETROIT MICHIGAN Sound -Block Island ALL R'Y TICKETS allow 10 day Detroit Jandaven shire & Litchfield Hills stop-over. Write the Franklin House, Larned and ual of Summer Resorts. T Bates Sts. Rooms 750 to $1.30. Meals moderate. ter contains list of hotel RAILRDAD NEW YORK CITY boarding cottages, togethe their rates. Hotel Empire. At delightful hotel, Write today to Advertising Bureau, Roon South Station, Boston, Mass. MARLBOROUGH- sine and service. Large rooms $1.60 per Atlantic City. BAR NOREGM: day; with bath $2 per day. Suites 83.5 ) Above illustration shows but one section of OUT TODAY 1911 Edition, Illus up. Free Guide. W. Johnson Quinn, Prop. this magnificent and sumptuonsly fitted New England Vacation Re: Why Pay Exorbitant Rates? house--the Qpen Air Plaza and Enclosed Solariums overlook the Board-walk and the Tells you how to go, where 188 W 103 St. Select, homelike Clendening, Ocean. The environment, convenience and to stay, what to see, and Bost suites, parlor, bedroom & bath, what it will cost. 81,50 daily and up. Write for Booklet H., with comforts of the Marlborough-Blenheim and the invigorating climate at Atlantic City YOURS FOR THE ASKING MA map of city RAIL BRONXVILLE N. Y. make this the ideal place for Winter and Address Advertising Burean, Spring. Always open. Write for handsomely Room 537, South Station, Bost: Hotel Gramatan, Lawrence Park, Bronx; illustrated booklet. Josiah White & Sons 9 ville, N. Y. Open all Company, Proprietors and Directors.* CET OUR TRAVEL LETTER NO. 2 the year. New a la carte Dining Room. Cuisine & service unsurpassed. 30 Minutes from New York. Galen Hall. ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. SEATTLE WASH. Newstone, brick & steel building. Always and learn of the delights of a vaca Hotel Savoy.fort." concrete, steel & "12 stories of solid com open, always ready, always busy. Table and attendance unsurpassed. SWITZERLAN marble. In fashionable shopping district. CONNECTICUT Our Travel Bureau furnishes FREE, English grill. Auto Bus. $1.50 up.* HOTEL BERKSHIRE, 1.200 ft. information and handsome, illustrat WASHINGTON D. C. above sea. Lake 5 miles long. Golf, ten- erature, including the Hotel Guide. nis, fishing, woods, music. Beautiful drives, SWISS FEDERAL RAILROAD New York HOTEL DRISCOLL health & rest. Open now. Booklet. Rates Faces C.S.Capitol. Tour $14-$16 wk. with board. Litchfield, Conn. ſists' Favorite. Near MASSACHUSETTS TAHITI the Golden. Ga Union Station. Amidst Show Places. Garage. SANTUIT stay there. Celebration (July 14). Fall of 1 tile, native fetes; mystic and barbaric rites Baths gratis. Music. HOUSE Amer. $2.50. Eur. $1 np. ing over red-hot stones, and all the res and Cottages. Booklet. Souvenir Card. APE COD Jas. T. Webb, Prop. unfolding tropical scenes of surpassing Splendid driveway around the Island of 9 WHITE HAVEN PA. MAINE Steamer fare $135 round trip first-class fr Francisco, sailing June 29th. A delightful SUNNYREST SANATORIUM recreation and pleasure. BOOK NOW. Ocean minus MCR.R. Co.. 673 Market St., San Francisco. Line to sis. leaving home comforts and friends. Record trout, salmon, togue & other fish Game in LULU, S. S. Sierra. Sailings, April 29, May 2 10. July 1, and every 21 days. "The invigorating Blue Mountains are bet- season. No hay fever. E. P. Gas. Allens Mills, Me. ter.” Write Elwell B. Stockdale, Supt. “Thro'EUROPE in MOTOR-C MOUNTAINVIEW HOTEL AND COTTAGES a free book describing 8,000 MARTINSVILLE IND Forest surrounded. Famous fishing. Game. Guides. of European motor-tours at $25 RHEUMATISM. Where Garage. L. G. Bowley, Mountainview, Me H. REID,346 Strand, London, En Rheumatism meets its Waterloo. Address YORK'S LOON LAKE CAMPS. Easily accessible . EUROPE. THE IDEAL Martinsville Sanitarium, Martinsville, Ind. Best fishing Big and small game. Boats, canoes. guides, G. Lewis York, Rangeley, Me Booklet. J.P.Graham Ideal Tours, Box1065X. Pi ATLANTIGCITY OFFICIAL:GUIDE UNIVERSITY TOURS, Wilm mny hotels described, with rates, city maps, etc. Send le (A) Deep in woods. Sportsmen guaranteed 4 lb. cost. Organizers of small parties wanted. tamp for mailing free cony. A. C. FREE INFOR. trout on fly. Game large and small. Log cabin MATION BUREAU. Box 805, AtlautleCity, N., village. HARRY N. PIERCE, Spencer, Me. Booklet. *Write for further information. I TEACH UNIVERSITY TRAI Leisurely travel gives both the opportunity for and the suggestion of, culture LET US WRITE YOU ABOUT OUR BY MAIL Tours to ITALY, SPAIN, GREECE, NORV General European tours; special facilities and leadership I won the World's First Prize for best course in Pen- manship. Under my guidance you can become an expert WE OWN AND OPERATE THE YACHT ATHEI penman. Am placing many of my students as instructors Send for illustrated booklets. in commercial colleges at high salaries. If you wish to BUREAU OF UNIVERSITY TRAVEL, 43 Trinity Place. Boston, become a better penman, write me, I will send you Free one of my favorite pins and a copy of the Ransomerian Journal C. W. Rassom, 716 Reliance Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. GROTUIT ob Jenmanship Government Positio YOU STAMMER STAMMER Attend no stammering school till you get my large FREE book and special rate. Largest and best school in the world curing by natural method. 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Catal Blandard Correspondence School of Law, 1469 E. 53rd Street, Chieng LAW 18 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World FIRST MEETING OF NAPOLEON AND JOSEPHINE MÜHLBACH’S HISTORICAL ROMANCE Titles of the Twenty Herensere strong, vivid stories , full of hum Volumes interest and the spirit of conflict; and they a Napoleon and the Queen of Prussia good history as well, describing graphically t The Empress Josephine most famous characters and the greatest ever Napoleon and Blücher in European history. Queen Hortense Marie Antoinette and Her Son A Wonderful Panorama Prince Eugene and His Times The Daughter of an Empress g When you read these great romances you feel that y Joseph II and His Court really behold the people and events you are reading aboi Frederick the Great and His Before your eyes passes a wonderful panorama, depicti Court the greatest events and leading characters during 2 Frederick the Great and Family years of the most stirring and momentous period of t Berlin and Sans Souci history of Europe. Goethe and Schiller g We see Napoleon quelling the revolt of the Section The Merchant of Berlin and commanding a victorious army, and hear his pathet Maria Theresa “Farewell to the Old Guard;" we see Frederick the Grea Louisa of Prussia and Her the eccentric Prussian monarch, always speaking Frenc Times playing the flute like a virtuoso, and the greatest gener Old Fritz and the New Era of his century; the Empress Josephine elevated to t] Andreas Hofer throne of France and passing again from the stage 1 Mohammed Ali and His House her tragic renunciation; Andreas Hofer, the Tyrole Henry VIII and Catharine Parr patriot with his little army defying for years the French ar Youth of the Great Elector Bavarian forces; Marie Antoinette, driven from the splend Reign of the Great Elector of the French Court and dying at last upon the guillotin 20 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World MÜHLBACH'S COMPLETE WORKS als 20 Handsome Volumes 742 x 544 inches 10,000 Delightful Pages These twenty volumes contain a thrilling Napoleon and Blucher account of the great crises in the history of PARTIAL CONTENTS Germany, France, England, Russia, Switzer- Napoleon at Dresden Joan of Orleans Frederick William and War and an Armistice land, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Egypt Napoleonbered the White The Beatles of Parlitzen during two hundred years of startling events. Napoleon's High-born Napoleon and Metternich Ancestors The Revolt of the Gener- g The wonderful interest and historical value The Last Days of 1812 The Conspirators of The Battle of Leipsic of these great romances is indicated by Helgoland Blucher's Birthday The European Conspiracy Passage of the Rhine the partial contents of one volume. Gebhard Lebrecht Blucher Napoleon's New Year's Glad Tidings Day g No other set of books published portrays so The Interrupted Supper The King of Rome The Defection of General Josephine York Talleyrand faithfully the social, political and religious life The Warning Fall of Paris of the times they describe. All classes are The Diplomatist The Battle of La Rothiere An Adventuress On to Paris ! The Attack represented just as they loved and hated, Departure of Maria Louisa The Courier's Return The Capitulation of Paris Leonora Prohaska thought and acted. Napoleon at Fontainebleau I “Napoleon and Blucher,” “Louisa of Prussia” and “Frederick the Great and His Family” are wonderful historical documents. More than two hundred and fifty historical references are found in the foot notes of these three volumes. The volumes are bound in combination Art Cloth; red morocco-grained backs and green silk cloth sides. Titles and a special design are stamped on the back in pure gold. The volumes are 742 by 544 inches. The photogravure illustrations are a special feature. The subjects are of rare historical interest, selected from the celebrated “Hapsburg Collection.” OUR SPECIAL OFFER SEND THIS COUPON Sign and mail the attached coupon and we will send The McClure Company M-4-11 you, express paid, for examination, a complete set of 44-60 E. 23rd St., New York Mühlbach's Historical Romances. complete set, Mühlbach's Historical Romances, 20 volumes, Combination Art Cloth binding. 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State. 23 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World VEY Swin ETER'S GALA PETER Miik (HOCOLATE I THL OPIGINAL PETERY “A RECORD FLIGHT FROM THE ALPS TO AMERICA” PETERE 24 THE FIRST DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELEVENTH EDITION OF THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA Applications at present prices can only be accepted until May 31st THE BOSE who have already received forms for making application should send them promptly to The Cambridge University Press, Encyclopædia Britannica Department, New York, and those who have not yet availed themselves of the opportunity to learn full particulars of the new edition (prices, binding, cash and deferred cash payments, etc.) are urged to apply for the prospectus and specimen pages on India paper at once. 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SUBSCRIPTION LISTS FOR THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA INSYUR The Advance-of-Publication Prices Will Then Be Withdrawn, and IN ndes, All Human N these 28 Volumes and Index, A11 Human Thought, Learning and Achievement is Reviewed and Summarized in the Light of the Most Recent Research, and Dealt with by an Editorial Plan which, While Affording a General View of All the Main Sub- jects of Investigation, Gives Independent Treatment to Thousands of Minor Sub- jects in Short, Lucid Articles. 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Cambridge University Press Encyclopaedia Britannica Department, Note-Those who possess copies of previous editions of the ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA (now out of date) 35 W. 32d St., New York are requested to advise us of the fact, clearly indicating which edition they possess (giving name of publisher and Name number of volumes), and if they wish to purchase the new edition, will be informed how they can dispose of their Address old editions at a fair valuation. McC-6. 28 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Little Cook to SH Easter Swift's Swilt Swift Swi Swift swift's Swift Premium Swifts Swi S Premium SI Ham Swilt & Company U.S.A. Bacon Swilt & Company USA Sviit swilts Premium CONGESSO JUNE 1900 COPYRIGHT 1905 SwiftCompany WS R. Swi Bacon Siided Swith a compart PRし ​25 SORRLSS OF Jul 30 Swift S Swift's Premium HAM or The Proper Easter Breakfast HAM or BACON Swift's Premium Ham- of mild, delicious flavor, imparted by Swift's Premium Method of Curing. Not necessary to parboil before broiling. Swift's Premium Bacon-the sweetest and best bacon in the World. Buy in the piece or sliced in glass jars. U. S. Government Inspected At All Dealers Swift & Company, U. S. A. and passed 29 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Tone Victor-Victrola X, $75 You might be able to build a cabinet that outwardly would resemble a Victor- Victrola. You might even copy the inside construction and details, if they were not protected by patents. But there is no copying the supe- rior Victor-Victrola tone- quality That represents years of patient experiment—with va- rious woods, with different proportions, with numerous vibratory surfaces—and it is simply astonishing how slight a variation in size, in shape, in position, produces discord instead of harmony. Victor-Victrola XIV, $150 30 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World That's where the Victor-Victrola is pre-eminent Victor-Victrola XI, $100 No, the Victor-Victrola tone can't be equaled! Even though the eye could take in every detail of construction, there is still that same inde- scribable “something” which makes the Stradivarius su- preme among violins, which gives to the Victor-Victrola such a wonderfully sweet, clear and mellow tone as was never known before. Hear the Victor-Victrola today at the nearest Victor dealer's—you'll spend a delightful half-hour and come away with a greater love for music and a more thorough appreciation of this superb instru- Victor ment. Victor Talking Machine Co. Camden, N. J., U.S.A. Derliner Gramophone Co., Montreal Canadian Distributors To get best results, use only Victor Needles on Victor Records New Victor Records are on sale at Victor-Victrola XVI all dealers on the 28th of each month Circassian walnut $250 "HIS MASTER'S VOICE RECUS PAT Mahogany or quartered oak, $200 31 McClure's --The Marketplace of the World RFO The car that went from New York to San Francisco in 10 days 15 hours 13 minutes, without a wrench touched to its engine will do all that you want of a motor-car. Comfort? Prove it your- self. Get the nearest Reo dealer to take you out. Reo Touring Car or Roadster, $1250 Top and Mezger Automatic Windshield extra Reo Two - passenger Roadster, $1050 Top and Mezger Automatic Windshield extra Reo Fore Door Touring Car, $1350 Mezger Automatic Windshield included Reo Limousine . : $2000 You can do it with a Send for catalogue and “Coast to Coast in Ten Days". RM Owen & Co Lansing Mich Gencent Sales Reo Motor Car Co Canadian Factory St Catharines Ontario REO 32 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World The OWEN One of the secrets of Owen Comfort is the large 42-inch wheels. A small wheel sinks into small depressions and ruts; a large wheel passes over as if the roads were smooth. The other reasons are: Light weight, allowing easy springs; Long-stroke motor (6-inch) work- ing slowly and smoothly; Left- hand drive with center control, which gives ease of operation. Economy — that is comfortable also. $3200 for this unusual car. Send for catalogue. RM Owen & Company Lansing Michigan General Sales Agents for Reo Motor Car Company 33 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World ELECTRO SILICON ON'T A TABLESPOON IS THE HOUSEHOLD STANDARD OF MEASURE FOR SOAP POWDERS be fooled by the size of the Soap Powder Packages Some look big but do little. -A TABLESPOONFUL OF PEARLINE Here are the results of an actual test: WEIGHED ONE OUNCE You should be able to guess the story--think of Corn before and after it is POPPED PEARLINE -A TABLESPOONFUL OF ONE OF THE FLUFFED, LOOK BIG PACKAGES WEIGHED ONE-HALF OUNCE ALWAYS HAS BEEN- IS NOW ALWAYS WILL BE Best by Test TRY TO MAKE SOAP PASTE OF THE FLUFFED SOAP POWDERS -A TABLESPOONFUL OF ANOTHER OF BY PEARLINE'S DIRECTIONS— SEE WHAT YOU'LL GET THE FLUFFED, LOOK-BIG PACKAGES WEIGHED ONE-HALF OUNCE SCANT Esterbrook Steel Pens 250 Styles OR.ESTERBROOK & CO'S Their reputation extends over half a century. The easiest writing and longest wear. ing of all pens, and there's a style to suit every writer. 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BECAUSE, it is made of clean, hard wheat, including the phosphate of potash (grown in the grain) for supplying the growing brain and nerve cells in the child, and replacing the waste of cells from the activities of adult life. The whole family can make a distinct gain if they care to, 66 There's a Reason" Postum Cereal Company, Limited, Battle Creek, Mich., U. 8. A. Canadian Postum Cereal Co., Ltd. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. 35 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World Ten minutes' work with Jap-a-lac And you will have a new hall rack DON'T sell it to the second-hand dealer. You can do what he will do by buying a can of Jap-a-lac (Oak, Black or Mahogany, according to the first finish of the wood) and in almost as short a time as it takes to tell about it, you will have a bright, attractive piece of furniture star- ing your visitors in the face, instead of a dingy, unattractive rack. Anybody can use Jap-a-lac; all that is necessary is to first wash the wood thor- vughly with warm water and soap suds, give it time to dry and then apply. You can't keep house without JAPALAC Made in 18 different colors and natural (Clear) Renews Everything from Cellar to Garret For hardwood floors ; for restoring linoleum and oilcloth; for wainscoting rooms; for recoating worn-out tin and zinc bath tubs; for brightening woodwork of all sorts; for coating pantry shelves and kitchen tables; for varnishing pic- tures (when thinned with turpentine) and gilding pic- ture frames; for restoring go-carts and wagons; for decorating flower pots and jardiniere stands; for re- painting trunks; for restoring chairs, tables, iron beds, book cases, and for a thousand and one uses, all of which are described and explained in a little book which you can have for a little request on a post card. JAPALAC For sale everywhere-it wears forever. Look for the name of Glidden as well as the name Jap-a-lac. There is no substitute. All sizes, 200 to $3.00. THE GLIDDEN VARNISH COMPANY Cleveland, O. Toronto, Ont. 領 ​ALL COLORS 36 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World UNION SUITS SHIRTS · AND DRAWERS ALL STYLES FOR MEN AND BOYS - THE 'HE unique "Porosknit" fabric is knit and cut to give a true fit with not the slightest suggestion of bulkiness. Elastic for freedom of movement. Absorbent and ventilated for health and coolness. Fits the hard to fit. Satisfies every wearer. “Porosknit" Union Suits do away with double thickness at the waist, and the down- ward "pull" of the drawers. No other union suits that fit have their lightness. Buy a suit today. You'll agree that you never knew such comfort as "Porosknit" gives. To insure satisfaction, look for this label TRADE MARK FABRIO Posknit REG. U.S. PAT.OFF Refuse substitutes-get "Porosknit” Two million men and boys wear “Porosknit" because they like it. Why not you ? For Men All Styles For Boys 50c Shirts and Drawers 250 per garment Men's Union Suits Any Boys' Union Suits $1.00 style 50c On sale in nearly every store you pass. Write us for booklet showing all styles. CHALMERS KNITTING COMPANY 12 Washington Street, Amsterdam, New York 38 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World RETRORSUM NUNQUAM The Book of Menushions Spring & Summer 1911 9041 WALDORF ASTORIA NEW YORK Lader Brosve Please send adlar Rroo & Co nu Rochester Book of Men's I am ADLER-ROCHESTER You, Too, Should Write For This Book It Tells What is Correct in Clothes-in Color, in Pattern and in Cut Being well dressed is not entirely a matter of wearing good clothes. Nor does it mean an elaborate, expensive wardrobe. The secret lies in good clothes-judgment—in knowing how to get becomingness in style and material without getting sameness.” Now, this is but a part of the knowledge contained in The Book of Men's Fashions-all of which is yours to command by means of a mere post-card, or a two-cent postage stamp. ADLER-ROCHESTER CLOTHES This season's fashionable colors will be A few pen strokes will bring you The light and dark greys, tans, and plain and Book of Men's Fashions. A few minutes' fancy blues-in Adler-Rochester shades. reading will prove to you the extravagance Only the finest materials are modeled of wearing other than Adler-Rochester into Adler-Rochester clothes. And only the clothes. finest tailoring skill finds employment in the famous Adler-Rochester plant (sugges- You will find this famous make where ted in the illustration above). Here, as the best clothes in your town are sold. opposed to "sweatshop''tradition, sunlight, The address accompanies the book-and cleanliness and comfort pervade. So it is it's a good one to remember. But you that this, the finest tailoring institution in won't remember it, and you'll continue the world, cannot fail to produce the finest getting the ordinary in clothes, unless you clothes. write us this day. Ask for Edition C. L. Adler, Bros. & Co., Rochester, N. Y. 39 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World This is what you need HYGIENIC KALSOMINE adams Tiltinglo THE AD EL-ITE PEOPLE CHICAGO NEW YORK HERE ARE A FEW REASONS BAINS The treatment of interior walls is of vital importance. They represent five-sixths of the space around us and we spend one-third of our time sleeping or indoors. SANITARY-Hygienic Kalsomine is pure, made of the best raw material and contains an odorless disinfectant which is immediate death to all infectious germ-life. ECONOMICAL-It goes furthest and painters can show a 20 per cent time saving in its application. It does not settle, eliminating waste, costs much less and looks better than wallpaper or paint. Will not rub off or blister. ARTISTIC-Its use affords an infinite variety of harmonious, exclu- sive combinations for every room, for all styles of furniture and hangings, whose good effect it greatly enhances. THE HOME DECORATOR-Is replete with suggestions and schemes in colors, a big help in planning your decorating. Ask your dealer or send us his name and receive copy free. This is what you want and we cannot afford to give you anything but the best. White 50c; Tints 55c per carton package Dept. 14 CHICAGO ADAMS & ELTING CO. 40 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World NO PAINT Ever Needed on this Roofing TOTT LATLAS PORTLAND CEMENTOS DEGI HANNIBAL. NO, covered with over 200000 squ FT of FW ASKESTOS ROOFING The need of paint or gravel'on a roofing is positive proof of its weakness-positive proof that the materials in the roofing would dry out, rot, rust, decay or otherwise deteriorate without such pro- tection-positive proof that the roofing itself can't last long unless protected with a mineral. Instead of a perishable animal or vegetable material only temporarily pro- tected with a thin layer of mineral, such as paint, slag or gravel, J-M Asbestos Roofing is one solid mass of minerals. Not a particle of perishable material in it. J-M Asbestos Roofing consists of layer-on-layer of pure Asbestos Felt securely cemented together with genuine Trinidad Lake Asphalt. Asbestos is a rock, or stone, and of course stone needs no paint to make it last. And the Asphalt Cement between these stone layers is the same mineral that has with- stood the severe duties of street paving for forty years. So J-M Asbestos Roofing is an all-mineral roofing. J-M ASBESTOS ROOFING is the only ready roofing that never requires a single cent's worth of paint or other protec- tion. Its first cost is its only cost. Other ready roofings are a continual trouble and expense-for the paint and gravel wash and blow off and have to be renewed every few years. Because of its mineral or stone construction, J-M Asbestos Roofing is also rust-proof, rot-proof and acid-proof. And fire that will melt iron won't burn this roofing. If not at your dealer's, our nearest Branch will supply you with J-M Asbestos Roof- ing-also apply it, if desired. Cet This Curiosity FREE We want you to see the curious Asbestos Rock which yields the long, soft, pliable, yet practically indestructible fibres from which we make J-M Asbestos Rooting, Theatre Cur- iains, Stove Mats, and hundreds of other Asbestos products. We know it will convince you better than anything we can say that a roofing made of this indestructible stone must also be practically ever-lasting. Simply send a postal to our nearest Branch and say “Send sample of crude Asbestos and your handsomely illustrated Book L-39." H. W. JOHNS-MANVILLE CO. ASBESTOS BALTIMORE CLEVELAND NEW ORLEANS SAN FRANCISCO BOSTON DALLAS NEW YORK SEATTLE BUFFALO DETROIT LONDON MILWAUKER PHILADELPHIA ST. LOUIS CHICAGO KANSAS CITY LOS ANGELES MINNEAPOLIS PITTSBURG 1364 For Canada -THE CANADIAN H. W. JOHNS-MANVILLE CO., LTD. Toronto, Opt. Montreal, Que. Winnipeg, Man. Vancouver, B, C. HASTA is adecimen BUTTON Tartar Ran2017 DISODIO 41 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World CARBORUNDUM Sharpening Stones Every Knife in the House A Sharp Knife Carvers, bread knives, kitchen knives always in prime condition without trouble or ex- pense if you have A Carborundum Knife Sharpener A solid stick of Carbo- rundum; octagonal in shape, handsomely mounted, with genuine staghorn handle, and put up in neat satin lined box. From Your Hardware Dealer or by mail, $1.00 Ask for No. 78-D. Have you ever seen Carborundum? It's as hard and as sharp as a diamond- and as long lasting. It is made in the largest electrical furnace in the world at a heat so intense that it would melt granite. It comes out of the furnace in the form of beautiful crystals and is then crushed and made into sharpen- ing stones and grinding wheels for every possible sharpening and grinding requirement. It is the most remarkable sharpening agent that the world has ever seen. If you have a tool to sharpen of any kind from a razor to an axe there is a Carborundum Stone to do it quicker and better than you ever had it done before. Ask your hardware dealer or write for the book. THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. SHARPES TRADE MARK 42 McClure's -The Marketplace of the World KRYPTOK 1 Why Look Older. Than You Are ? Advancing years necessitate wearing double-vision glasses, but there is no reason why others should know you are wearing them, and thus realize that you are advancing in years. The gentleman to the right of the reader in the above illustration (photographed from life) is wearing old-style or pasted double-vision lenses. The lines of the reading wafers are noticeably prom- inent and he seems to be having difficulty in adjusting his eyes to the lenses. The cement used to join the two lenses has become clouded and has made his glasses misty. His pasted lenses detract from his appearance. The two figures to the left (also photographed from life) are wearing Kryptok double-vision lenses. No seams or lines are apparent on these glasses, because the reading lenses are fused invisibly within the distance lenses. To all appearances, their Kryptok double-vision glasses are solid single- vision glasses. These latter two persons are at ease, look dignified and comfortable. Their glasses are not clouded, nor do they have to strain their eyes to use them. Their Kryptok Lenses improve their appearance. Kryptok Lenses are good looking-they actually rest the eyes, and always are perfect for near and far vision. Over 200,000 people are now wearing Kryptok Lenses This is a Kryptok This is a Pasted Double-Vision Lens. Double-Vision Lens. This shows that Kryptok Len- This illustration shows the ses have no seams or lines. To prominent seams on pasted lenses. all appearances they are solid The cement used to join the len- single-vision lenses. But they ses clouds. Dirt collects in the comprise two lenses baving two seams. Cleaning chips the edges. distinct focal points. Kryptok Pasted lenses are unsightly. They Lenses bave no suggestion of attract attention. Everyone recog- oddness, nor do they indicate that nizes them as a sign of old age. the wearer is advancing in years. They detract from one's appear- They improve one's appearance, The superiority of Kryptok Lenses is apparent to every one who sees them. Your optician will supply you with Kryptok Lenses. Write us for Booklet They can be put into any style frame or mounting, or describing Kryptok Lenses, the latest achievement of into your old ones. optical science, and explaining their infinite superiority to pasted lenses. KRYPTOK COMPANY, 101 East 23d Street, New York ance. 43 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World liganis Milkweeder There Is Beauty In Every Jar Improves Bad Complexions Preserves Good Complexions MILKVEED DETROIT U.S TAN.FRECKLES. SUNBURNREDNESS DICHES. MAKES THE SKIN SOFT, SMOGS BLACKHEADS, ECZEMALALL SKIN LP 50 DOUGHTFUL TO USE. PREVENTS GUARD ISROVES 349 CONSCRIDAS ROSSA COMPLEX SOOD COMPLEXIDE OCOS COMPREZIOS PERICLINGRAN C ACES CONDICIONE GOGO CURSELISAS PREDENICELINO MIROSLAV FOR IS READILY ABSORBED DERICK E INGRA PROPRIETORS INGRAM'S INGRAM'S MILKWELD** MILISED CREAM CREAM MAPDRONE ARE GERT 60 OTHERS ABE IN EN RO M's EED AM INGRAM'S i's INGRAM's MILWEED MILEWEED CREAM CREAM PENELTEN HOON Ne ARGE CS NEOS INGRAM'S INGRAM'S MILEWEED MILEXECD CREAM CREAM CEYE LOL COPAS MILREED wis Milleweede Sans Makved POLRICH MUK TEED MILKITEED LIONS EXPONE jasis Mit weed “Beauty is only skin deep.” Then all the more need to give your complexion the attention it deserves. The first requisite for beauty is a healthy skin. Spots and blemishes, no matter how small, disfigure and mar the complexion. Loose skin, crow's feet and wrinkles (due to unnecessary rubbing) are also serious complexion faults. A sallow or colorless skin, as well as undue redness, are Nature's danger signals. MILKWEED CREAM CETTO gives relief from these and all other complexion ills. For a decade it has been recognized as the best face cream and skin tonic that skill and science can produce. Milkweed Cream is a smooth emollient, possessing decided and distinct therapeutic properties. Therefore, excessive rubbing and kneading, are unnecessary. Just apply a little, night and morning, with the finger tips, rubbing it gently until it is absorbed by the skin. In a short time blemishes yield to such treatment and the skin becomes clear and healthy, the result--a fresh and brilliant complexion. To prove to you the advisability of always having Milkweed Cream on your dressing-table, we shall be glad to send a sample free, if you write us. Price 50c., Large Size, $1.00 F. F. INGRAM CO., 42 Tenth St., Detroit, Mich. TURECIO DEU UIEWS MILKWEED CREAM 44 Perall KAIR TONIO SCALP Recall "93" HAIR TONIC Two Sizes, soc. and $1.00 Keeps scalp and hair clean - promotes hair health Your Money Back if it Doesn't Sold and guaranteed by only one Dreggist in a place. Look for The Jereli Stores They are the Drukciuts in orer 3000 towns and cities ie the United States ond Canada UNITED DELG CO. BOSTON. CHICAGO, ILL MASS. TORONTO. CANARIA Gorkut TPID UNTEO BUS COUPAY 45 A Tour of the World in the BURTON HOLMES TRAVELOGUES 250,000 Miles of Travel PRESORT UINO NON 4,000 Pa of Descript 7 Through 40 Cities and Countries 5,000 Ha tone Etchi 36 Full-Pa Color Pla Cost $250,000 and 20 Years' Work (And you c secure all them for few cei a da PERHAPS YOU ARE NOT ONE In a series of splendid journeys Mr. Holmes of the army of Americans now enjoying the unfolds before your eyes the beauties of travel interesting sights of the Old World? in foreign lands, with such narrative skill, with Business or some other cause prevented your so many strange experiences, incidents and taking this most fascinating and educating jour- humorous episodes, and so admirably illus- ney-you find yourself compelled to remain at trated by over 5,000 photographs taken on home and forego the trip that possibly you had the spot by Mr.Holmes himself as to carry you been planning. Is this so? Then - in spirit over 30,000 miles of travel, through forty of the most interest- Perhaps, too, you are not aware of the ing countries and cities in the world. fact that all the pleasures, experiences and IT WOULD COST YOU value of such a tour may be had for a tithe $50,000 and many years of the cost of an actual tour, and without stir your time to take these journeys; but don't take ring from your own threshold ? our word for it. We are prepared to demonstrate -WRITE US TODAY and we will this to you. send you a beautifully illustra- If you will avail yourself of this opportunity ted booklet containing sample to secure the Burton Holmes Travel ages and color plates a full des. cription of the work, and tell you how ogues, you will retain more vivid recollections you may secure the TRAVELOGUES of a trip through the strangest parts of the world, for only a few cents a day. with the famous world-traveler, E. Burton Holmes, as companion and guide, than if you McClure's Tourist's Agency had made the actual tour alone. 44 East 23d St., N. Y. City ارادر رد 46 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Keeping Trouble Out of the Kitchen. Her pudding is burnt. When hurried and overworked, the woman in the kitchen is sure to have disasters. Cakes will “fall," pies will bake unevenly, and puddings will burn. Everything that keeps trouble out of the kitchen helps woman's work. JELL-O does that. It never burns. It doesn't have to be cooked. It never goes wrong. It saves time as well as trouble. A Jell-o dessert can be made in a minute. A package of Jell-O and a pint of boiling water are all that is needed. Jell-o desserts are pure and delicious, and beautiful in the seven different colors. Seven delightful flavors: Strawberry, Raspberry, Lemon, Orange, Cherry, Peach, Chocolate. Ten cents a package at all grocers'. The beautiful Recipe Book, DESSERTS OF THE WORLD,” illustrated in ten colors and gold, will be sent free to all who write and ask us for it. A splen- did book. THE GENESEE PURE FOOD CO., Le Roy, N. Y., and Bridgeburg, Can. THE DELIGIDUS OLSERE JELL-O. 070 JELLO DICATE 22 DELIOLITAN PRU LEMON 10% PURE Foon со The GENESIS 47 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World Safeguard YourHealth BIURO ET/VVVVV The Original and Only Patented SEEGER Siphon Refrigerator —will keep your food supply pure -con- Ask your physician what is the most essential feature in a refrigerator, and he will say "circulation of air stantly moving, pure, dry air." An old-fashioned ice box will keep your food cold, but in these days of sanitary education and pure food in- vestigation, we have learned that ice alone will not keep foods pure. Stagnant air is sure to breed disease. Sev- enty per cent of all sickness originates in the stomach and is caused mostly by tainted food. Much of this impure food is caused by poor refrigeration. Modern refrigeration methods require that the contents not only shall be kept cold, but the air about them must be active, pure and dry. If you study refrigerators from the hygienic standpoint you will surely select a "SEEGER." With the "Seeger Patented Siphon System" stagnant air is impossible. It maintains an active, constant cir- culation of cold dry air through all paris of the provision chamber. All impurities, odors and moisture are forced into the ice chamber, where they are condensed on the ice and carried off through the drain pipe. The air purified and cooled anew, starts again on its mission of cooling and purifying. The circulation of air is so constant and active that milk, butter, fruit and vegetables may be kept in the same provision chamber without contamination or taint. Leading transcontinental railways (who buy only after the most rigid tests) have adopted the "Seeger Siphon Sys. tem" of refrigeration for use in their buffet and dining cars, and in their across-the-country shipments of fruit vegetables and meats. Seeger Refrigerators are in use in the best homes, clubs and cafes. They are made of the best selected kiln dried oak, beautifully finished in keeping with the finest interior woodwork and furniture. Built for long service, too. Seeger Refrigerators are lined with snowy white enamel smooth and indestructible. Dent it with a hammer and it will neither crack nor peel. Write today for our beautifully illustrated and descriptive catalog. Sold by Dealers: Seeger Guarantee: If some reliable dealer in your city cannot Seeger Dry Air Siphon Refrigerators are sold under an iron-clad guarantee that, if not sell you a Seeger Siphon Refrigerator we will satisfactory, you can exchange or have your ship you direct the one you want. money refunded. SEEGER REFRIGERATOR CO. 846-870 Arcade Street ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA McClure's-The Marketplace of the World Welchs The National Drink Grape Juice “Grape Juice? Yes, and Naturally WELCH'S THE extreme care-some folks say we are “finicky" -which characterizes every step of the making of WELCH'S, means a lot to you. When you know that we pay a bonus for our choice of the very best of the fresh-picked Concords in October, and that the process of washing, rinsing, stemming, pressing, sterilizing and hermeti- cally sealing the juice is a mechanical procedure, you know the reason for the deliciousness of WELCH'S. It is really fruit nutri- tion in fluid form. Write to-day-a post card-for our free book of recipes, telling of many dainty desserts and delicious drinks. Your dealer will get WELCH'S for you; he should always have it in stock. If you cannot secure WELCH'S of your dealer, we will send, express prepaid east of Omaha, a trial dozen pints for $3. Sample 4-oz. bottle by mail, 10c. THE WELCH GRAPE JUICE COMPANY Westfield, N. Y. Welch's Grape Juice Frent Concord Green WHICH GRAVE ESTHER 49 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Even though you never handle a varnish brush you ought to know who makes the best varnish. AND MICH If you own a home or build one- If you own or operate large buildings of any kind- If you are an architect, a contractor, or builder- PRECEDENTS If you manufacture goods ATTO that are varnished, japanned, FINISHING stained or lacquered- VARNISHES Then you ought to know what Berry Brothers, Ltd., can do for you. You ought to know the true economy and lasting satisfaction of the right varnishes for each of the hundreds of important uses. Berry Brothers: Varnishes Shellacs. Japans, Lacquers. Stains. Fillers & Dryers For All Manufacturing Purposes For All Architectural Purposes Sold by Us Direct to Those Who Sold Through Leading Dealers Buy Sufficient Quantities and Painters Everywhere Every manufacturing requirement in Var Whether you use varnish for buildings i nishes, Shellacs, Air-drying Black Japans, a small way or large way, it is important th: Stains, Lacquers, Fillers and Dryers can be you—you personally-choose the varnish ar filled under the Berry Label. Our special then see the label. Your choice will alwa representative be right if you insist on having one of t will call on any following four leading Architectural Finishi manufacturer Be sure the can bears the Berry Label interested in Liquid Granite: For finishing floors in the most dur LIQUID GRANITE A better and manner possible. more econom- Luxeberry Wood Finish: For the finest rubbed or ished finish on interior woodwork. ical finishing Elastic Interior Finish: For interior woodwork exp Write us about to severe wear, finished in full gloss. your varnish prob- Elastic Outside Finish: For all surfaces, such as lems. It will place doors, that are exposed to the weather. you under no obli Any dealer or painter can supply Berry Brothers gation and ma y chitectural Varnishes. mean a great deal Send for free booklet, "Choosing Your Varnish Ma to you in the end. Our booklet, DETROIT "Choosing Your BERRY BROTHERS, Limit Varnish Maker," is a straight talk to Largest Manufacturers of Varnishes, Shellacs, Air Di the man at the head of the business. and Baking Japans, Lacquers, Stains, Fillers and D Send for a copy-or better still, ask us Factories: Detroit, Mich., and Walkerville, Ont to send our repre Branches: New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Balti sentative to you. more, Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, San Francisc BROT, FEM VARNISHES 50 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World UNDERFEED HEATING SYSTEMS End all Coal Bill Troubles COAL BILL 8006 80' -Williamson Underfeed FURKACES-BOILERS SEF EE the man. He's just eyed the big figures in his coal bill. He remembers the great price he pays for little heat. And he is jumping mad. Hundreds-just like him—took out unsatisfactory heating plants last summer, put in the Peck-Williamson UNDERFEED System, and enjoyed, during the past winter, clean, even heat at least possible cost. Houses are kept delight- fully warm and tempers serenely even by the Underfeed heating way. A saving of one-half to two-thirds of Coal Bills is certain when you adopt The Peck- HEATING WARM AIR STEAM-HOT WATER SYSTEMS The Underfeed coal-burning way, is the logical, yield as much clean, even heat as highest priced coal in common sense way. Coal is fed from below. All fire is other furnaces or boilers. Ask your dealer to give you on top. Radiating surfaces are larger and kept hotter the cost of each per ton. You save the difference. An than in any other heater. Smoke and gases wasted in UNDERFEED heating plant soon pays for itself and keeps on saving. The few ashes are removed by shak. other heaters, must–in the Underfeed-pass thru the ing the grate bar as in ary furnaces and boilers. flames, are consumed and make more heat. Cheapest Underfeed heaters require little attention. They add to slack and pea and buckwheat sizes of hard and soft coal the renting or selling value of any building. Boiler The Gas Belt Land Co. at Pierre, S. D., chose Underfeed Boilers for the Armory of the Fourth Infantry, South Dakota Underfeed National Guard. They write: Device "They have proved extremely economical and fulfilled Furnace Underfeed Device every claim made for them in the way of saving in coal bills; are easy to care for and require very little attention to develop the necessary amount of heat." For homes, banks, churches or buildings of any sort, the results are happily the same. Let us send you an Underfeed Furnace Booklet and fac-similes of many testimonials, or our Special Catalog of Un- derfeed Steam and Water Boilers both FREE. Heating Plans of our Engineering Corps are FREE. Write today, giving name of local dealer with whom you'd prefer to deal. THE WILLIAMSON CO., 426 W. Fifth St., CINCINNATI, O. . Furnace Dealers, Plumbers and Hardware Dealers-Write Today for our 1911 Selling Plans. Send Coupon Today Fill in, cut out and mail TODAY. and Learn how to PECK-WILLIAMSON CO., 426 W. Fifth Street, Cincinnati , Ohio I would like to know more about how to cut down the cost of my Coal Bills from 50% to 6633%. Send me-FREE- UNDERFEED Furnace Booklet....... Boiler Booklet. (Indicate by X Booklet you desire) of your Name...... Street Postoffice.. State Name dealer with whom you prefer to deal. SAVE 1/2 to 2/3 CoalBill 51 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Mallory Hats "Cravenetted" STIFF SOFT AND STRAW HAT S. All That You Like in a Hat $3, $3.50 and $4 Look for the Mallory Glass Sign in Your Dealer's Window Mallory RY Every genuine Mallory Hat AKERS bears this Mallory trade mark WH) THEN a man wears a Mallory Hat, he has a distinct advantage over men who don't. While his hat is every bit as stylish as any other made, it has the added and exclu- sive feature of being entirely weatherproof. The lines of the Mallory are harmonious; the shades are distinctive, but refined; the fur felt is of the very best quality and the workman- ship unsurpassed. Besides, the Mallory outlives any other hat, because of the Cravenetting process which keeps it new, Send for Free Booklet E. A. Mallory & Sons, Inc. Office: 13 Astor Place, cor. Broadway, New York Factory: Danbury, Connecticut Our new store in New York is at 1133 Broadway, corner 26th Street Boston Store: 412 Washington St. "STORM COMING”!! "WE DONT CARE - OUR HATS ARE BOTH MALLORY CRAVENETTES" 52 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World - Michaels-SternClothes W E make clothes for all sorts of men and all sorts of tastes and we please them all, because our clothes-mak- ing experience has been so long and so wide. Wherever you find our label you will also find Style, Quality and Service the three necessities for clothes satisfaction. MICHAELS, STERN & Co. ROCHESTER, N. Y. Michaelastane Putin, NY 11.12 Write To-day for Interesting Book of Styles 53 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World Whos your Taller ? COPYRIGHT BY E, V, P. & CO SCENE IN OUR SHIPPING ROOM Clothes we make for you—as you want them- are not packed in a big case, like overalls, stamped down by a burly packer, and shipped by freight. Each suit or overcoat is carefuily folded, wrapped in tissue paper, placed in a neat carton box, and shipped individually by express on date wanted. Yet the admirable system of our great organiza- tion enables us to deliver the highest class of tailoring and the most acceptable style and fit, for $25 to $50 Our local representative will show you our new Spring and Summer woolens and take your measure. If you don't know him, ask us his name and address. Riell Largest tailors in the world of GOOD made to order clothes Price Building Chicago, U. S. A. st McClure's-The Marketpiace of the World THE ORIGINAL SHIRLEY PRESIDENT SUSPENDER 12 Years of Public Approval Genuine Merit is the only thing that stands test of time. Such merit the public has always found in the President Suspender. The special construction, the best materials, perfect work- manship and positive assurance that we repair, replace or refund the price in case of any dis- satisfaction ;-have all had a part in winning and holding our patronage during many years. Satisfaction Guaranteed or money back OUR CONFIDENCE IN MERIT When we decided upon placing the Shirley Guarantee of Satisfaction or Money Back on every pair, we knew that the President Suspender must be beyond criticism in every part. Bigger sales each season and a dwindling and minute percentage of complaints confirm our confidence. Insist on the Shirley Guarantee when buying suspenders. Price 50 cents from all Dealers or from factory, light, medium or extra heavy, extra lengths for tall men. 1702 MAIN ST., SHIRLEY, MASS. The CA Edgarton Mia. Co SHIRLEY CUARANTEED SUSPENDERS 55 McClure's - The Marketplace of the World “KODAK" Is our Registered and common- law Trade-Mark and cannot be rightfully applied except to goods of our manufacture. If a dealer tries to sell you a camera or films, or other goods not of our manufacture, under the Kodak name, you can be sure that he has an inferior article that he is trying to market on the Kodak reputation. If it isn't an Eastman, it isn't a Kodak. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, ROCHESTER, N. Y., The Kodak City. 56 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World For a Light Shave A Slight Turn of the Screw Handle Gives the Desired Adjustment For a Close Shave Gillette The razor with a fixed SAFETY and permanent adjust- RAZOR ment cannot meet the The STANDARD OF SAFETY,EASE and COMFORT requirements of everyone. The distance between the guardand the edge of the blade should vary to meet the wants of the man with the light or heavy beard, the tender skin or the tough one. The GILLETTE is the only adjustable razor. It meets every requirement by its automatic adjustment and requires NO STROPPING-NO HONING. The GILLETTE adapts itself to any beard, shaves smooth as velvet, never pulls, scrapes, cuts, or even irritates the most tender skin. GILLETTE BLADES are made from the finest steel by special processes. Flexible, with mirror-like finish. Rust-proof and antiseptic. The keenest and hardest edge ever produced. Packet of 6 blades (12 shaving edges) 50c.; 12 blades (24 shaving edges) in nickel plated case, $1.00 Note the NO STROPPING – NO HONING that gives the automatic TRADE >Gittette adjustment KNOWN THE WORLD OVER King Gillette The GILLETTE Lasts a Lifetime. Standard Sets, $5.00; Combination and Travelers' Sets, $6.00 to $50.00 GILLETTE SALES CO. 52 West Second St. Boston, Mass. New York, Times Bldg.; Chicago, Stock Ex- change Bldg.; Canadian Office, 63 St. Alex. ander St., Montreal; Gillette Safety Razor Ltd., London; Eastern Office, Shanghai, Standard China. Factories: Boston, Montreal, Leicester, Berlin, Paris. Set Triple Silver Plated "If it's a Gillette it's The Safety Razor" Price, $5.00 Ask your dealer to show you the Gillette Line. Everywhere ware TRADE Gillette curve KNOWN TRE WORLD OYER MARK 57 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World TELEPHONE AMERICAN LOCAL LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE BELL ASSOCIATED SYSTEM COMPANIES A MEDIAEVAL CONDITION Telephone Service- Universal or Limited ? ELEPHONE users make more an impenetrable barrier, to prevent local than long distance calls telephone communication with the yet to each user comes the vital world outside. demand for distant communication. Each telephone subscriber, each No individual can escape this community, each State demands to necessity. It comes to all and can- be the center of a talking circle not be foreseen. which shall be large enough to No community can afford to include all possible needs of surround itself with a sound-proof inter-communication. Chinese Wall and risk telephone In response to this universal isolation, demand the Bell Telephone System No American State would be is clearing the way for universal willing to make its boundary line service. Every Bell Telephone is the Center of the System AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES 58 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World - "ANSCO OU want a pho- tographic record of your trip. Why not make these photographs as beautifuland artistic as possible. Use ANSCO FILM. It brings out detail both in high lights and shadows, and gives a depth, roundness and softness not possible with any other film. FILM Amateurs who appreciate true artistic the film with chromatic balance reproduces color tones in correct worth are turning to Ansco Film because it opens up new possibilities and raises the standard of film photography. curl. Sizes to fit all film cameras. Let us develop your first roll of Ansco Film. Enclose your name and address, and 10c in stamps to partly defray expense, with roll of film and mail, care Free Tuition Department. We will make you one print on Cyko Paper free. Ansco Catalog and helpful two-volume Photographic Manual sent free on request. ANSCO COMPANY, Binghamton, N. Y. value-an accomplishment not pos- sible before without special ortho- chromatic apparatus. Easy to work and handle; does not 59 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Use Paints made with Oxide of Zinc. W HEN the architect plans the house, he prophesies paint. If the right kind of paint is applied, it will beautify and preserve the building. The right kind of paint-the paint that lastingly beautifies and permanently preserves is OXIDE OF ZINC PAINT Does your paint contain Oxide of Zinc? Oxide of Zinc is unalterable even under the blow pipe The New Jersey Zinc Co. NATIONAL CITY BANK BUILDING We do not grind Oxide of Zinc in oil. A list of manufacturers of Oxide of Zinc Paints mailed on request. 55 Wall Street, New York VA Enameled, lacquered and gilt surfaces "CHEER UP” wonderfully when dusted with LIQUID VENEER WRITE FOR FREE TRIAL BOTTLE. BUFFALO SPECIALTY COMPANY, 82 Liquid Veneer Building, BUFFALO, N. Y. DREER'S GARDEN BOOK Guides Amateur Gardeners to Success. Tells clearly in hundreds cultural articles by expert just how to grow the best flowers, vegetables and plants—when, where and ho to plant, how to cultivate, etc. Over 12co varieties of Flower Seeds, 600 of Vege tables, 2000 of Plants described. Also Hardy Shrubs, Roses, Climbers, Aquatic Small Fruits, etc. 73d annual edition increased to 288 pages, nearly 1000 illustra tions, 8 color and duotone plates. The most helpful book of its kind ever published Sent free on request to anyone mentioning this publication. Dreer's Superb Branching Asters An American Aster of strong, sturdy habit. Easy to grow in all parts of the country and bearing magnificent double Chrysanthemum-like flowers averaging 5 inches across. Our mixture contain eight beautiful colors. 10 cts. per pkt. 3 pkts. for 25 cts. Garden Book" free with each order. HENRY A. DREER, 714 CHESTNUT STREET PHILADELPHIA DREERS SER 60 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Own a Money-Making Orange Orchard In Texas We plant the trees, cultivate and care for them for three years and turn over to you a developed orchard at bearing age. Five-Acre Orange Orchards in the Houston-Galvestor. District are now paying at the rate of $2,000 to $5,000 annually. The Texas Gulf Coast is the land of op- portunity today! It has passed the experimental stage- orange and fig growers are taking princely incomes from small orchards of five to ten acres each. To mention only a few, Mr. Boicourt, shown in the above picture, is making $640 per acre; Mr. Stout sold $6,363 worth of oranges from 672 acres, Mr. Gill's orchard is earning $1,000 per acre. Satsuma oranges, because of their delicious flavor and early ripening, pay bigger profits than Florida and California varieties, and begin bearing two to four years earlier. Magnolia figs, a fruit so popular that the fig-preserving plants cannot fill a third of the or- ders they receive, bear commercial crops the third year and yield amazing returns. We Grow the Orchard for You You needn't leave your present position--you are relieved of all responsibility and anxiety-and yet we make it easy for you to share in profits like these. Under our plan we fur- TEXAS nish the land and trees; plow, plant and cultivate for a period of three years; JEANETTON caring for the orchard un- til it reaches a bearing age, when we deliver to you a guaranteed scientifically developed orchard. If it is inconvenient for you to take over your orchard at the end of the contract period, we will continue to care for it. Under normal conditions the orchard should be pay. ing its own installments after the first commercial bearing year. “Chocolate Bayou Orchards" lie in the richest section of the Texas Gulf Coast country. We own 30,000 acres in Brazoria County, 29 miles south of Houston and 20 miles west of Gal- veston-the heart of the orange and fig growing industry. This immense tract extends for 12 miles along Choco- late Bayou, a deep-water stream, navigable to the Gulf. Both rail and water transportation. Send for FREE Booklet Our illustrated 32-page booklet gives full informa- tion--shows our advantages—2,000 miles nearer mar- kets than California, 45 inches rainfall, mild winters, pleasant summers, what owners are making, and ex- plains our plan in detail. Send the coupon today for the Free Booklet: (17) Texas Orchard Development Company Capital $1,500,000, Fully Paid 128 Stewart Bldg., Houston, Texas Please send me copy of your booklet, "Chocolate Bayou Orchards." Name CHOCOLATE BAYOU ORCHARDS P.O. State 61 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World You can be the Typewriter King fortune. OLIVER in YOUR Community! What would you give to hold an Exclusive Agency Contract, direct from The Oliver Typewriter Company- a document giving you absolute control of all sales of The New Oliver Typewriter--the latest model-the great No. 5-in your community during the entire life of the arrangement ? The same scepter of power that has enabled Wm. A. Parker to dominate the typewriter situation in Mexico. A Contract that carries with it attractive possibilities of Profit and the personal Prestige that comes from being actively associated with one of the foremost industries of modern times. We offer to one man in every city, town and village The Typewriter King THE MAN OF MASTERFUL PURPOSE — this remark- of Mexico able business opportunity. Some fifteen years ago, a long, lank A Public-Utility Franchise Kentucky youth struck out to seek his The typewriter is to-day a recognized Public Utility, rank- The bicycle fever was at its height and ing in commercial importance with those twin agencies of William A. Parker-for that's the name civilization, the Telegraph and the Telephone. Millions are of the "hero" of this little business story -securod a position as agent for one of spent annually for typewriters. the large bicycle manufacturers. Think of being able to secure for yourself a Franchise giv- His firm sent Parker to the City of Mexico, and he was soon selling bicycles ing you the Exclusive Control in your locality of one of the in Spanish at a rate that astonished the greatest Public Utilities, so that every new Oliver Typewriter natives. sold therein pays profit-tribute to you ! One day an official of the Wells-Fargo Express Company came down to the City of Mexico with an Oliver Type- The. writer. Parker saw the machine. It was a case of love at first sight. He gave up the bicycle business and secured the Local Agency for The Oliver Typewriter. Parker started out to convert a nation Typewriter to a machine that up to that time had scarcely been heard of in Mexico. It was a stupendous job and meant The Standard Visible Writer years of striving against overwhelming odds. The Local Agency for The Oliver Typewriter admits you To make a long story short. William A. Parker is to-day the Typewriter King to an International Sales Organization that is widely famed of Mexico. He controls the sale of The for the wonderful sales records it has made. Oliver Typewriter in the entire republic. He has many branch offices, heads an No Limits Set to Earnings army of agents, and the Mexican Govern- We ask for loyal service, yet demand no more of your time ment reports show that more Oliver Type- writers are imported into Mexico every than you choose to give to the work. Whether you work one year than all other makes of typewriters combined. hour or ten hours a day, is left to your own discretion. The Mr. Parker is an important figure in rewards are in direct proportion to the time and effort ex- Mexican commercial affairs, stands high pended. We set no limit on your earnings. with the Government, and is rapidly ac- cumulating the fortune he started out to The Famous "17 Cents a Day” Plan seek. This plan sweeps aside the objection — "I can't afford The Oliver Typewriter.", The Local Agent is authorized to sell The Oliver Typewriter for 17 Cents a Day! He collects and sends in the small first payment, then we attend to the details. The liberality and convenience of the Penny Purchase Plan is adding thousands to the list of Oliver Typewriter owners. Promptness Wins! Write at Once Wherever you live and whatever your present work, this proposition should command your immediate attention. Prompt, decisive action wins the prize. The mail is none too fast to speed your application for the Agency. We do not pay telegraph tolls on messages of inquiry, but if you are intensely interested in securing the agency for your locality, you will not hesitate to use the wires for a prepaid telegram. Write for Opportunity Book" and full information without delay. Address Agency Department (96) The Oliver Typewriter Co. 264 Siliver Typewriter The Or Typewriter O. 63 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World You Can Weigh Exactly what You Should Weigh TA You can be Strong Vigorous- full of Life and Energy. LL WHO delight in a clear skin, soft, white hands, a clean, wholesome scalp, with live, glossy hair, will find that Cuti- cura soap and Cuticu- ra ointment more than realize every expec- tation in promoting skin and hair health. You can be free from Chronic Ailmer --every organ of your body strong nature intended. You can have a Good Figureas go as any woman. You can have a Clear Skin. I no longer need to say wliat " I can do " / what "I HAVE DONE.” I have helped 49, ( of the most cultured, intelligent women America to arise to their very best-why not yo: NO DRUGS-NO MEDICINES My pupils simply comply with Nature's law What My Pupils Say: "Every one notices the change my complexion, it has lost that y low color." "Just think what you have do for me! Last year I weighed 2 pounds, this year 146, and have n gained an ounce back. I am n wrinkled either. I feel so you and strong, no rheumatis m, or slu gish liver, and I can breathe no It is surprising how easily I did I feel 15 years younger." "Just think! I have not had a p or a cathartic since I began and used to take one every night." “My weight has increased : pounds. I don't know what t: digestion is any more, and my nero are so tested! I sleep like a baby, "Miss Cocroft, I have taken a my glasses and my catarth iss much better. Isn't that good?" "I feel as if I could look ever man, woman and child in the fac with the feeling that I am prou ine---spiritually; physically nan mentally. Really I am a trongel better woman. I don't know ho to tell you or to thank you." Reports like these come to me every day. Do you wonda I want to help every woman to vibrant health and happ ness. Write me your faults of health or figure. Your con respondence is beld in strict confidence. If I cannot hel you I will tell you what will. My free book tells how to stand and walk correctly ani contains other information of vital interest to women Every woman is welcome to it. Write for it. If you d not need me, you may be able to help a dear friend. I have had a wonderful experience and I'd like to tell you about it. Susanna Cocroft Dept. 95-K 246 Michigan Avenue Chicago Sold throughout the world. Depots: London, 27, Charterhouse Sq.; Paris, 10, Rue de la Chaussee d'Antin; Australia, R. Towns & Co., Sydney; U. S. A., Potter Drug & Chem. Corp., Sole Props., Boston. Ar Post-free, 32-page book on the skin. I Miss Cocroft is the best authority in America upon & regaining of woman's health and figure thro Natur Scientific means. 66 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Are You Ready For YOUR Chance? Can you fill the job above you? Have you the knowledge the training? If not, there is no excuse. For you can have the training—you CAN be fit and ready for PROMOTION—if you will. Don't think you haven't time, or money—that you lack any qualification, if you can read and write. You are not as backward in education you are not as poor-you are not as hard worked as thousands of others who have been helped by the I. C. S. to win training in the line of work they like best-who have been fitted for promotion—and who have gained it. It's all up to YOU. Over 300 I.C.S. students monthly, as an average, INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, Box 814 SORAYTOX, Pa. voluntarily report increases in salary—416 in January How many there are who do not report their “raises” is not known. There is the same chance for you as for all these others. No matter where you are, what you do, how little you now make, the I. C. S. can help you gain training-raise your pay. MARK the coupon now and let the I. C. S. give you full information on how they can help you to SUCCEED-in your spare time—at home. For your own sake begin to-day. Present Occupation Get Yourself Ready NOW! Please explain, without further obligation on my part, how I can qualify for the position, trade or profession before which I have marked X Automoblle Running Civil Service Mine Superintendent Architect Spanish Nine Foreman Chemist French Plumbing, stear Fitting Gas Engines German Concrete Construction Banking Italian Civil Engineer Building Contractor Textile Manufacturing Architecturul Drufisman stationary Engineer Industrial Designing Telephone Expert Commercial Illustrating Mechanical Engineer Window Trimming Mechanical Draftsman Show Card Writing Electrical Engineer Advertising Man Electrle Lighting Supt. Stenographer Electrie Wireman Bookkeeper Name Street and No.- City- State 67 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World " Let Me See That Letter." There's something about the feel and the looks of a letter written on Old Hampshire Bond that com- pels attention to its conterts. You are positive your communication will reach its desired termination, and with such a favorable reception your further verbal task is made easier. pid Hampshire Bond is the very embodiment of all the good traits you attempt to give your corres- pondence-dignity, attractiveness, neatness, appeal. Let us send you the Old Hampshire Bond Book of Specimens. It contains suggestions for letterheads and other business forms, printed, lithographed and engraved on the white and fourteen colors of Old Hampshire Bond. Write for it on your present letterhead. Address Hampshire Paper Company Dampshire South Hadley Falls, Mass. Bond. The only paper makers in the world making bond paper exclusively. Makers of Old Hampshire Bond, "The Stationery of a Gentleman," and also Old Hampshire Boud Typewriter Paper and Manuscript Covers. Dust is the Airship of the Microbe Every particle of dust carries a full passenger list of disease germs. A carpeted floor is a dusty floor. A varnished floor is a dustless floor. Any floor may be made clean, sanitary, up-to-date and beautiful. A booklet on the treatment and care of Floors, advertising nothing, but explaining how floors may be made and kept clean, beautiful and whole- some, will be mailed free to any address, on request to the National Association of Varnish Manufacturers 636 THE BOURSE PHILADELPHIA, PA. 68 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Fine for the Glass Table ASKIGA IMMEDIATE USE UUTIS! BURNHAM & MORRILE CORNEO COD ANG HAODOS PACKED IN MAINE.U.S.A There's a charm and dignity about anything Colonial that outlasts all changes of whim and fashion. The beautiful glassware that earned your great-grandmother's personal care is coming in again. The same shapes—less bulky--daintier and better glass. Pure, TRADE white-clear as crystal. TRADE Costs but little more than the ordinary kind (H) Its pure, clear beauty repays more evidently than porcelain the care and attention given it. Sturdy enough for everyday use with a dainty refinement that would have MARK been marvelous in Colonial days. Ask for the kind with the Diamond H trademark on the underside of every piece. Manufactured exclusively by A. H. HEISEY & COMPANY, Newark, Ohio, U. S. A. MARY The Best FISH FLAKES Codfish comes our new way in sanitary parchment lined extra coated tins--Large, tender, delicious flakes -Cooked, slightly salted and ready for immediate use. You will find BURNHAM & MORRILL FISH FLAKES a revelation for making the most perfect Codfish Balls, Creamed Fish, Fish Chowder and many other dainty fish dishes. Convenient and economical. Book of Special Recipes Free BURNHAM & MORRILL CO., Portland, M ne, U. S. A. 10c. and 15c. sizes (Except in Far West) 69 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World ENDURING AS THE Look through the glass and see how it SLIDES. huma PYRAMIDS “Lest We Forget" MONUMENTS are not erected for a generation but for all time. Marble and granite chip. crack, crumble, and become moss- grown. White Bronze is as endur- ing as the pyramids. When stone has crumbled into dust, White Bronze will stand intact. Decay. moss-growth, chipping, cracking and crumbling are impossible. White Bronze is more artistic and expressive than stone and less expensive. "I have replaced over 200 stones with White Bronze. In 10 instance has the White Bronze failed to give satisfac. tion.-H.W. Greon, Alich. We supply all demands from small markers to public monu- ments, memorial tablets, his- torical tablets, etc. Designs and full information free on request. State about hat expense is anticipated. Delivery made anywhere. AGENTS WANTED. MONUMENTAL BRONZE COMPANY 351A HOWARD AVENUE-BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Massé YO OU cannot make a shot like that with strain- ing shoulders.-Wear Plexo Suspenders, for the man of action, and you will never feel any shoulder strain. As in this picture the glass magnifies the size of the slid- ing cord-so will Plexo Sus- penders increase your comfort. They “give” to every move- ment and are light and easy as none at all. Plexo Suspen- ders are strong, too,—very dur- able, and mighty good-looking. Get a pair of your own haberdasher- or of us, -50 cts. Knothe Brothers 124 Fifth Ave., New York Write for our booklet telling how men of action of olden time kept their trousers up. It will interest you. Free of course. “ The Tanks with a Reputation" CALDWELL STEEL TANKS are produced in the most com- plete and up-to-date shops for this class of work in the country, and under the most approved methods of manufacture. A “Know How" gained from 25 years' experience and the constant and unremitting effort to furnish the best tank built are two very important factors that have contributed to making the high reputation en- joyed by CALDWELL TANKS and TOWERS We plan and install outfits for Water Supply and Fire Pro- tection for Factories, Towns. Asylums, etc. Estimates and plans and spe- cifications will be furnished for ary size job. Our new 100 page Tank catalogue De Luxe No. 4 will be sent to anyone directly interested. 25 years' experience. We erect anywhere everywhere. Lowell Gas Light Co., Lowell, Mass. We also manufacture all kinds of Wood Tanks and specialize in "Everlasting" Cypress. W. E. CALDWELL CO., Incorporated, Louisville, Ky., U. S. A. TANKS-Steel, Wood, Galvanized-TOWERS WIND MILLS PUMPS GAS ENGINES 70 McCiure's - The Marketplace of the World SMITH&WESSON S MANUFACTURERS OF SUPERIOR REVOLVERS 38 D. A. Perfected Price $14.00 This revolver, with the thumb-piece and barrel catch forming two positive locks, embodies the greatest advance in revolver design since 1893. Send for “The Revolver”, an invaluable book. SMITH & WESSON, INC., 16 Stockbridge Street, Springfield, Mass. Pacific Coast Branch: 717 Market Street, San Francisco, Cal. TUTTLE Marine Motors Are made in many sizes. We Equip Everything from a Canoe to a Cruiser. We guarantee every Tuttle engine to be right as far as it is humanly possible to have it, before it leaves our shop. Any defective part will be replaced by us at any time. Write for Catalog, now TUTTLE MOTOR CO., 144 State Street, CANASTOTA, N. Y. 71 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World . "Coming events cast their shadows before Health, Good Digestion and Pleasure in store While Rock “The World's Best Table Water” Put up Only in NEW Sterilized Bottles Floors Made Beautiful DLD ENGLISH FLOORWAY SLOORS & STR AS. Boyle CINCIN Done in an Hour Done for a Year Your home can be made more attractive. You can do it with Old English Floor Wax, which is easily applied with a cloth and, if put on according to directions, gives a finish that will last a year, because it contains more of the hard (expensive) imported wax. That is why, on floors, furniture or woodwork, Floor waax gives the rich, subdued lustre famous in the Old English finish; and that is why Old English outlasts other finishes. A pound goes much farther than a pound of ordinary wax. A 50-cent can covers a large room. If it wears thin anywhere, say in front of your door, you can put a little wax just on that spot — with other than wax finish you would have to refinish the whole floor. Send for Free Sample and the Book “BEAUTIFUL FLOORS—Their Finish and Care,” which treats on these subjects: Finishing New Floors Cleaning and Polishing Finishing Dance Floors A.S. Finishing Old Floors Care of Waxed Floors Finishing Furniture & CO. Hardwood Floors Kitchen, Pantry and Interior Woodwork Send Booklet Pine Floors Bathroom Floors Stopping Cracks Removing Varnish, etc. so I can try Old A. S. BOYLE & CO., 1913 W. 8th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio English at home. Use "Brightener" occasionally to clean, polish and preserve all Name.... waxed, varnished or shellaced finishes, whether floors or furniture. SAMPLE FREE-it's a boon to every good housekeeper, My Dealer is......... BOYLE and Free Sample Address 73 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World WINSLOW'S Skates World Girdlers. to gues THE BEST ICE AND ROLLER SKATES THE SAMUEL WINSLOW SKATE MFG. CO., WORCESTER, MASS, U.S.A Stocks carried at Worcester, and at NEW YORK, 84 Chambers St.; LONDON, 8 Long Lane, E. C., PARIS, 64 Avenue de la Grande Armée; BERLIN; SYDNEY and BRISBANE, Australia; DUNEDIN, AUCKLAND and WELLINGTON, New Zealand. LABLACHE FACE POWDER AS SPRING APPROACHES You cannot depend on the weather-but you can on LABLACHE, that greatest of beautifiers. It is Nature's protection and keeps the skin smooth and velvety. In- visible, adherent and delicate- ly fragrant. Used and en dorsed the world over by women who know. Refuse substitutes. They may be dangerous. Flesh, White, Pink, or Cream, 50 cents a box, of druggists or by mail. Send 10 cents for a sample box. BEN. LEVY CO., French Perfumers. Dept. 19. 125 Kingston Street, BOSTON, MAS3 COMPACT FILIN You can select SECTION: the sections you need now, add as your business grows. We have 27 styles. Have your files assorted, yet concentrated and compact. No waste space- ample capacity. Ask your dealer. Elegance Combined with Stability Beautiful Golden Quartered Oak or Birch Ma- hogany, velvet finished, 4 sides. Dull brass trimmed. FREE-Catalog "D"—64 pages filing and office time saving devicus. Booklet "Filing Suggestions" solvos filing probioms. Catalog "E" shows handsome, inexpen. sive sectional bookcases (Styles). THE Weio MAN'F'G Co. 52 Unlon St., Monroe, Mich. New York Omico-108 Fulton St. None Genuine Without This Signature. The Inventor's Signature that stands for perfection in Slewart Harlshom SHADE ROLLERS For 62 years the Hartsborn Shade Roller has kept in the lead of all imitations, because of original merit and every possible improvement. Latest model re. quires no tacks. Wood or Tin Rollers. Dependable, lasting springs. Get the Originator's Signed Product and Avoid Disappointment. 10 DAYS FREE TRIAL We will ship vou "RANGER" BICYCLI on approval, freigh prepaid, to any place in the United States without a cent deposit in advance, and allow ten days fra trtal from the day you receive it. If it does not suit you in every way and is not all or more than w claim for it and a better bicycle than you can get anywhere else regardless of price, or if for an reason whatever you do not wish to keep it, ship it back to us at our expense for freight an you will not be out one cent, LOW FACTORY PRICES We sell the highest grade bicycles direct from factory to rider a men's profit on every bicycle. Highest grade models with Puncture-Proof tires, imported Rolle chains, pedals, etc., at prices no higher than cheap mail order bicycles; also reliable medium grade models at unheard of low prices. RIDER AGENTS WANTED in each town and district to ride and exhibit a sample 1911 "Ranger" Bicycl and the liberal propositions and special offer we will give on the first 1911 sample going to your town. Write at onc for our special offer. DO NOT BUY a bicycle or a pair of tires from anyone at any price until you receive our catalog and learn our low prices and liberal terms, BICYCLE DEALERS, vou can sell our bicycles under your owd name plal at double our prices. Orclers filled the day received. SECOND HAND BICYCLES-a limited number taken in trade b our Chicago retail stores will be Josed out at once, at $3 to $8 each. Descriptive bargain list mailed free. TIRES, COASTER-BRAKE rear wheels, inner tubes, lamps, cyclometers, parts, repairs and everything in the bicycl logue beautifully illustrated and containing a great fund of interesting matter and useful information. It only costs a postal to get everything Writo miw. MEAD CYCLE CO. Dept. A-32, CHICAGO, ILL 74 McClure's — The Marketplace of the World The EVERETI PIANO One of the three great Pianos of the World The John Church Company Cincinnati New York Chicago Owners of The Everett Piano Co, Boston What Kind of Refrigerator Service Have You? Saving the ice is a very commendable thing for a refrig- erator to do—Saving your health is of much greater importance, but the most important of all is the continuous twenty- four hour service of convenience—help in keeping uncooked foods —chilling salads, jellies, desserts, etc., that McCray Refrigerators Residence of give; in preserving individual flavors and aromás; in im- Col. G. G. Pabst, Milwaukee, Wis. parting a delightful thirst-satisfying coolness that makes the good things better and the crisp things snappier, more appetizing and McCray Refrigerators deliciously stimulating. are built in many sizes and kinds to supply perfect refrigeration for every purpose as described in the following illustrated booklets : No. A. H. Built-to-order for Residences, No. 87 Reg- ular Models for Residences, No. 48 for Hotels, Clubs and Institutions, No. 72 for Florists, No. 67 for Grocers, No. 59 for Meat Markets. The one you are interested in will be sent free on request. McCray Refrigerator Co. 279 Lake Street Kendallville, Ind. Display Rooms and Agencies in all Principal Cities McCray Refrigerator No. 7652 Built-to-order for Col. G. G. Pabst 75 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World APERIENT WATER On the Dining Table Both private and public, in this and all civilized countries LEA & PERRINS SAUCE THE ORIGNAL WORCESTERSHIRE Has come into universal use. The rare ingre- dients used in its preparation are grateful to the palate and peculiarly acceptable to every one. It aids digestion and deliciously flavors more dishes than any other table sauce in use. Try it on Soups, Fish, Hot and Cold Meats, Chops, Steaks, Chafing Dish Cooking and Welsh Rarebits. A Wonderful Appetizer. Assists Digestion. John Duncan's Sons, Agents, New York TYPEWRITERS A FACTORY REBUILT G IMPROVES THE FIGURE. BEST THE "APENTA” We save you money on all makes of typewriters and give a guarantee for service and conuition, as strong as the original makers. We can do this for we operate the oldest, largest and best equipped factory in the world. Our Factory Rebuilt Typewriters" are honestly and thor- oughly rebuilt from top to bottom by skilled workmen, You Can Save $25 to $50 By buying our "Factory Rebuilt Typewriters," and be sure of perfect satisfaction. The machines are highly polished, Japanned and pic's elec- perfect in quality, condition and looks, and serviceable and efficient in every way. This "Trade Mark" guarantees for one year against any defect in workmanship or materials. Write for illustrated catalogue and address of nearest branch store, American Writing Machine Company 345 Broadway, New York. NATURAL BOTTLED AT THE SPRINGS, BUDA PEST, HUNGARY. Dioxogen A cut, wound or any break in the skin may cause trouble if neglected. The application of Dioxogen prevents simple accidents from becoming serious; Dioxogen destroys harmful germ-life, thus preventing infection; it is always efficient and is safe for children as well as “grown-ups” to use. Descriptive booklet, describing many toilet as well as emergency uses, and introductory 2-oz. bottle, will be sent free upon request. The Oakland Chemical Co., 91 Front Street, New York One of 100 Uses--for Cuts and Wounds 77 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World Rich, Red Blood Tingling Through Your System Nerves like iron and an appetite like a farm hand. Does that appeal to you? Are you tired of being “always tired”-nervous, irrit- able - tired of having your doctor tell you that if you don't knock off and rest you'll go to pieces? Are you willing to let the Davis Electric Medical Battery bring back to you the bounding health and buoyancy of youth? Electricity is the world's greatest restorer-and the Davis Elec- tric Medical Battery is the world's most remarkable discovery for administering it to the human system. It is not a toy-not a mechanical vibrator but a therapeutical instrument of highest merit endorsed and used by most promi- nent physicians. It is extremely simple-operates on the ordi- nary lighting circuit. Absolutely without shock or unpleasant sensation - a child can use it. Write today for booklet. Also our interesting proposition to agents. The Davis Electric Company Main Office and Factory, 208 Davis Building, Parkersburgh, W. Va. $380 Made in Six Hour: This and better has been done operating t "Circling Wave”-the catchy riding dev that pleases both old and young. A moderate investment gives you a healt and profitable business of your own-gives y independence. Operate the "Circling Way at County Fairs-Old Home Weeks-Carniv: etc. You will make big money from the sti For price and catalogue write ARMITAGE & GUINN 31 Mill Street, Springville, Erie Co., N. Y., U. S Demonstrator Agents Wanted in Every Community . Complete with Engine, Ready to Run 18-20-23-27 foot Launches at proportionate prices. An launches teste fitted with Detroit two cycle reversible engines with speed controlling lever-simplest made- starts without cracking-has only 3 moving parts anyone can run it. Steel 1 boats $20.00. All boats fitted with air-tight compartments-cannot sink, lea rust- need no boathouse. We are the largest manufacturers of pleasure boats in the And sole owners of the patents for the manufacture of rolled steel, lock seamed, steel onts. Orders filled they are received. Write for Free Illustrated Catalog and testimonials of 1000 sanified brens. Dlicbigan Steel Boat Co., 1260 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich., U.S.A ORIGINAL-GENUINE Delicious, Invigorating MALTED MIL The Food-Drink for all ages Better than Tea or Coffee. Rich milk and malted-grain extract, in powder. A quick lunch. Keep it on your sideboard at h Avoid Imitations - Ask for Ask for “ HORLICK’S” – Everywh 78 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World CRADE DE LUXE Stain and Preserve Your Roofs A handsomely stained roof gives distinction to the com- monest house, and the rich velvety moss-green and tile-red shades of Cabot's Shingle Stains not only beautify the shingles, but thoroughly preserve them. They are made of Creosote “the best wood pre- servative known," and the finest and strongest colors, ground in linseed oil. They cost half as much as paint, can be applied at half the labor cost, and are suitable for shingles, siding, and other exterior woodwork. You can get Cabot's Stains all over the country, Send for samples and name of nearest agent. SAMUEL CABOT, Inc., Manfg.Chemists, 139 Milk St., Boston, Mass. Residence for Hon. T. L. Woodruff, Garden City. Stained with Cabot's Shingle Stains. Oswald C. Hering, Arch'ı, New York. Tackard g The buying of Bristol ” Steel Fishing Rods a piano is one of the most important transactions of a life- time. You'll make the mis- take of a lifetime if you buy a piano without first considering thoroughly - thoughtfully -the Packard. TRICKS and Buy a "BRISTOL" Rod of your fishing tackle dealer during 1911 and he will give you FREE, a copy of this cloth bound, 144-page book, "Tricks and Knacks of Fishing," which we supplied him tree, for surchasers of “BRISTOL" Rods. 'Book is beautifully illus- trated, contains 40 chapters of KNACKS of expert advice on points pertaining FISHING to fishing. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG and give your dealer's name so that we for you should you decide to buy a "BŘISTOL" Rod. THE HORTON MFG. CO. 25 Horton St., Bristol, Conn. Packard pianos - and piano players-are sold by the better dealers everywhere— or direct by The Packard Company, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Send for Catalogue EE-and our liberal payment plan-to-day. can be sure that he will have a book 144 PAGES COOPER'S "Spring Needle" Coolitto UNDERWEAR SETS DERBY RIBBED BENNINGTON.VT. The best "Spring Needle" fabric possible that alone means top- notch quality. But Cooper's shows expert designing, resulting in a perfect Insist upon this fit and classy workmanship as well. The buttons don't break or fall off and trade mark. the seams don't rip-they are stayed with silk tape at points of strain. Ask for Cooper's "the kind with the stretch"-and be sure you get it. Avoid the "just as good " kind and get the genuine. We make the machines that make the goods Made in union and two-piece sults in all sises and in all popular weights and colors. will send you booklet, giving prices, etc., and liberal sample of the famous" Needle" fabric. COOPER MFG. CO. Bennington, Vermont Sole manufacturers of a new "Gauztib" fabric for women, the Onest to the world. Tell your wife. Write us and que 79 Home Refrigeration ($8,000 to $10,000 IMPROVED RADING GALLERY HERSCHELL SPILLMANCO McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Write for Our Free Book on This book tells YEARLY how to select the Home Refrigerator, how to know the poor from the good, how to keep down ice bills, how to keep a Refrigerator sani- tary and sweet-lots of things you should know before buying any Refrigerator. MOUTH PONAWANDANY USA It also tells all about CAN BE OPERATED BY STEAM OR ELECTRICITY the “Monroe" with food compartments made in one piece of Always sold DIRECT solid, unbreakable and at Factory Prices, White Porcelain Ware, Caslı or Monthly Payments. over an inch thick, with every corner rounded-no cracks or crevices anywhere, and as easy to keep clean as a china bowl. Make Money Out of Others' Fun Pleasing the Public Pays Big Profits and own- ers of our fa nous attractions frequently make from $8.000 to $10.000 every year. We make everything in the Riding The leading hospitals use the "Mon- Gallery line, fron a hand-power Merry-Go-Round to the highest grade Carousselles. Pring in hundreds of dollars roe” exclusively, and it is found in a daily. It is a delightful, attractive, big paying, healthful large majority of the best homes. business. Just the thing for the man who can't stand The "Monroe" is never sold in stores, indoor work, or is not fit for heavy work. Each but direct from the factory to you on our Just the business for the man who has some money Compartment liberal trial offer, Freight Prepaid. and wants to invest it to the best advantage. Our goods a solid piece Easy Payments. We are making a are the finest appearing, easiest running, and most attrac- Porcelain radical departure this year from our tive line manufactured. They are simple in construction Ware rule of all cash with order, and sell the and require no special knowledge to operate. If you want “Monroe" on our liberal credit terms, to get into a money-making business, write to-day for to all desiring to buy that way. catalogue and particulars. Just say "Send Monroe Book" on a HERSCHELL-SPILLMAN CO. postal card and it will go to you by next Park Amusement Outfitters mail. 220 Sweeney Street, N. Tonawanda, N. Y., U.S. A. Monroe Refrigerator Co., Station C, Lockland, Ohio MAILE Che Monroe Boat and Engine Book FRE Vapo Pesolen, (ESTABLISHED 1879 for Whooping Cough, Croup, Asthma, Sore Throat, Coughs, Bronchitis, Colds, “ Used while you sleep” Diphtheria, Catarrh. Just like a 30-Footer Do not think of Buying a Launch or Engine only until you see our Handsome Book smaller WHICH EXPLAINS FOUR WONDERFUL LAUNCH BARGAINS Only $121 for this complete 16-ſt. Launch-3 H. P., guaranteed self-start- ing Engine. weedless Wheel and Rudder. Result of 30 ycars' experience, Money back if not as represented. Write for free catalog today. Special Bargains in Weco reversible, self-starting engines to those building or buying their own bulls. Engine controlled by one lever. C. T. WRIGHT ENGINE CO., 1207 Canal St., Greenville, Mich. FUE. DUPONTS DUPONT BRUSHES Look for the ELEPHANT on every Brush, A simple, safe and effective treatment avoiding drugs. Vaporized Cresolene stops the paroxysms of Whooping Cough and relieves Croup at once. It is a boon to sufferers from Asthma. The air rendered strongly antiseptic, inspired with every breath, makes breathing easy, soothes the sore throat and stops the cough, assuring restful nights. Cresolene relieves the bronchial complications of Scarlet Fever and Measles and is a valuable aid in the treatment of Diphtheria. Cresolene's best recommendation is its 30 years of successful use. Send us postal for Descriptive Booklet. For Sale by All Druggists Try Cresolene Antiseptic Throat Tablets for the irri- tated throat, composed of slippery elm bark, licorice, sugar and Cresolene. They can't harm you. of your druggist or from us, Ioc in stamps. THE VAPO-CRESOLENE CO., 62 Cortlandt St., New York or Leeming-Miles Building, Montreal, Canada The finest toilet brushes made being made of the best bristles" and "backs" procurable, put together by the most skilled labor, in an absolutely clean and sanitary factory, the Jargest and most complete in the world. Obtainable in bun- dreds of styles and sizes, real ebony, bone pearl, ivory, for the hair, teeth, face, hands, etc. If not at your dealer's write us. E. DUPONT & CO. Paris, Beauonis, London N. Y. Office, 43 W.33d St. DUPONT V PARIS 80 Chiclets The Dainty Mint Covered Candy Coated Chewing Gum Chiclels es SANSOL ROMICALLARBRATORY McClure's—The Marketplace of the World DURING 1910, 2.623.412 CHICLETS WERE SOLD EACH DAY REALLY DELIGHTFUL Strong in flavor, but not offensive. A delicate morsel, refreshing the mouth and throat and allaying after- dinner or after-smoking distress. The refinement of chewing gum for people of refinement. It's the peppermint - the true mint. For Sale at all the Better Sort of Stores 5¢ the Ounce and in 54,104 and 25€ Packets SEN-SEN CHICLET COMPANY, METROPOLITAN TOWER,NEW YORK My three thi sand styles of elec lighting glass are result of over th years' experience working out diffi lighting problems. I make a spe globe or shade every lighting ef just as I mak PRICE 25 CENTS Children like Sanitol. special lamp-chin They will brush their for every burner. teeth eagerly if you My lamp-chimneys are made Macbeth Pearl Glass,” and bea Powder. The favor CLEANSES THE TEETH PURIFIES THE BREATH delights them the anti- name. They make the lamp do its ST LOUIS USA septic properties clean My Index shows the right chimney for every and preserve their teeth. Free. MACBETH Macbeth-Evans Glass Company Pitts CHICAGO: PHILADELF 178 East Lake Strert 42 South Eight New York: 19 West 30th Street Reg. U. 8. Pat. Off. SANTOL TOOTH provide Sanitol Tooth POWDER SANTOL 82 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Takes Perfect Care of Both Food and Water Safe Drinking Wat for Your Childre RO To let your children drinl water with ice in it is very dangerous. Any physicia: will tell you so. Run ni risk of typhoid or other dis eases-have an abundanci of safe, sweet and deli ciously cold water alway! on tap, in the Built-In, por celain-lined Water Cooler ol the Automatic Refrigerator Below is a picture of this cooler and its porcelair cover, before placed in re. frigerator. Positively pro tects your water against distasteful food flavors or contamination of any kind. Occu. pies space wasted in other refrigerators. Requires no extra ice. Saves ice, in fact, as none needs to be chipped off. Oui special Bottle Holder accommodates one or two gallon bottle: of spring water. A wonderful convenience for city homes. In case you don't care for either Bottle Holder or Water Cooler the AUTOMATIC REFRIGERATOR without these features is still the most complete, suc. , cessful and economical of refrigerators. Its eight insulating walls and inside circulation keep foods colder and dryer-hence, longer and better. The Automatic is so economical of ice, that in one season it will easily save all il costs more than an inferior re- frigerator and continue saving you money for many years. Your choice of zinc, enamel and genuine Por- celain linings. Sizes to suit every need and every pocketbook. Iced from outside if desired. See the Automatic at your dealer's. But right now drop us a line mentioning his name, and we'll send you our new 68-page catalog, telling all about the Automatic. ILLINOIS REFRIGERATOR COMPANY 630 Wall Street, Morrison, Illinois TO DEALERS: Our exclusive Agency Proposition will interest wide-awake dealers, Write for it. After its purity and wholesomeness, the most distinguishing feature of KNOX GELATINE SPARKLING At birth, this splendid little rosy-cheeked girl (Ruth Ellen Smith, of Wenat- chee, Washing- ton), was put on Eskay's Food is the hundreds of ways in which it can be used. It improves the soups, sauces and gravics-garnishes the meats-makes de- licious jellies, salads and candies-gives fineness to the ices and ice creams. EASTER EGG DESSERT 19 box Knox Sparkling Gelatine 12 cup sugar 12 cup cold water 1 teaspoonful vanilla 2 cups milk or cream, scalded Soften gelatine in cold water 5 minutes; dissolve in hot milk; add sugar and flavoring; wash 12 large eggs; make pin hole in one end of each shell, larger opening in other end, shaking out contents from shell; rinse shells clean and drain; pour chilled but liquid pudding through funnel into shells; set them upright in broken ice. When ready to serve, remove shells and arrange contents in nest of orange, lemon or wine jelly; or spun sugar may he used for nest. The pink color may be dissolved in the hot mixture, imparting a tint to the eggs Serve with whipped cream. Recipe Book FREE "Dainty Desserts for Dainty People,” contain- ing recipes for Desserts, Salads, Puddings, Ices, Ice No Cream and Candies, illus- for your grocer's name. CICTEST MESAL WORLOSIRID: Pint sample for 2c stamp CHARLES B. KNOX CO. and your grocer's name. CHAS. B. KNOX CO. 101 Knox Avenue Johnstown, NY, Branch Factory: Montreal, Canada Knox SPARKLING She has always been as robust and healthy as her picture, at 472 years, shows her to be. FREE SAMPLE of Eskay's Food (ten feed- ings), also a copy of our helpful book, "How to Care for the Baby." Smith, Kline & French Co. 443 Arch St. Philadelphia trated in colors, sent FREE GELATINE Raches ar JORSTURNUSA 84 Chat BLUE LABEL KETCHUP NOTICE JARANTEED FREE FROM ARTIFICIAL COLOR CONTAINS e Of 1% BENZOATE SODA McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Keeps After it is Opened. Made from red-ripe tomatoes, carefully selected and washed in clean water. Cooked just a little, that the natural flavor may be retained. PRESEAVERS Seasoned delicately with pure spices. Put up in sterilized bottles. Contains only those ingredients recognized and endorsed by the U. S. Government. CURTICE BROTHERS Visitors are always welcome to inspect our spotlessly clean kitchens. BLUE LABEL Insist on Blue Label Soups, Canned Vege- tables, Fruits, Meats, Jams and Jellies TOMATO Send for Booklet "Original Menus" Mailed Free. | CURTICE BROTHERS CO. ROCHESTER NYU.SA CURTICE EROTHERS CO., Rochester, N. Y. RITICE CHERS CO KETCHUP OU Y fections at home, or at your friend's in Boston, or visiting your cousin in Pensacola. Wherever you are, wherever you may travel, you will find the green Whitman_signs and a Whitman agency usually the leading drug store. There you can buy AGENCY Whitmani Whitmans CHOCOLATE CONTERIORS Fussy Package For Fastidious Folks Chocolates with hard centers and nut centers, and all the other Whitman special- ties, only one step away from the makers. Each agency supplied direct. Whitman service is as "care full” as Whitman's candies. Every Whitman package must be absolutely perfect or it must not be sold to you. Should any package for any reason prove disappointing, the Whitman agent is authorized to replace it or refund your money. Should you fail to find the Whitman agent we will send. prepaid, the Fussy Package at $1.00 a pound, Honey White Nougat, Chocolate Covered Mint Marshmallows or Chocolate Covered Maraschino Cherries at 50c a package. Write for booklet "Suggestions" describing the Whitman Service and Specialties. STEPHEN F. WHITMAN & SON, Inc. Established 1842. Philadelphia, U. S. A. Makers of Whitman's Instantaneous Chocolate. (A sample mailed for ten cents) fitman 85 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World THE Self-Inking Rotary Neostyle Individual Libraries With Unlimited Possibilities of Growth To have one's books appropriately housed, but within easy reach, where they can be enjoyed without interrup- tion, and without encroaching on the liberty or pleasure of others, is the secret of the Individual Library idea. For the young people at home, or away at school, their books and favorite authors; for the guest room, den, living room, hall; for any room, no matter what the size of your book collec- tion may be-there is a style or combination in Globe Wernicke Elastic Bookcases exactly suited to your needs; yet possessing un- limited possibilities for home decoration or future growth. The Unit Construction of Globe: Wernicke bookcases lends itself perfectly to the individual requirements of all, or any room. Made in a wide diversity of styles and finishes Globe Wernicke "elastic" bookcases will har- monize with any interior fittings desired. They are Easy to Arrange or Rearrange and as the number of books increase, or additional units become necessary, new and artistic combinations may be easily and quickly created. Globe-Wernicke bookcase units and dupli- cates at any future time will be found on sale in 1500 principal towns and cities. Where not rep- resented, we will ship on approval, freight paid. Write today for complete catalogue illustrated in color and a copy of "The World's Best Books" - both mailed free Address Dept. M. The Globe-Wernicke Co. Cincinnati, U. S.A. will print sixty letters a minute Important information can be put into the mail in an hour for hundreds of buyers. Dictate first copy, and the Neostyle and your office help will do the rest. The Neostyle also prints all kinds of office forms. With it you not only cut down the printer's bill but save money and get more business. For booklet and price, write Neostyle Co. 30 Reade Street, New York 109 Franklin St., Boston 232 W. Randolph St., Chicago - 86 McClure's—The Marketpiace of the World Story of the Tabernacle and the “Homo”-toned Haddorff Piano PIANO'S TONES FILL GREAT HALL Instrument at Last Secured to Overcome Poor Acoustics of Tabernacle HADDORFF DO The Tabernacle's musical troubles now seem to be at an end. On account of the poor acousties, every piano heretofore tried on the platform has failed to carry beyond the first thirty rows. But yesterday a Haddorff upright was secured, and last evening it proved its great tone powo by being heard dis-. tinctly in the remotest corner, above 3,004 voices. The Piano with the “Homo"-Vibrating Sounding Board WING to a special method of con. O not buy a piano until you have O structing the HADDORFF Sounding first heard the HADDORFF Board, it gives a like richness of sound 'Homo"-tone, and have realized color to every nete. This unique quality how greatly it improves all instrumental makes the HADDorrr one of the few pieces and how satisfactorily it sustains great pianos in volume and beauty of the voice in singing. If your dealer sound. Its tone is called the "Homo"-tone does not have the HADDORFF, we (Greek, meaning like or even tone), will give you the name of one who which adds wonderfully to the beauty of does. all chords. Write for name of dealer and for “Homo”-tone folder. HADDORFF PIANO COMPANY Makers of Grands, Uprights and Player-Pianos – Rockford, Illinois do, we and they are The Water Question settled, We probably Know more about water supply questions than for have you spent seventy years in learning Torty thousand Customers have followed our our advice, and fout in Reeco Pumps glad. We will show you what can bssr bs done u in your own case, after studying your water supply and the needs Then you will be told what you and what it will Cost The beauty of the Reeco Pumps is that they do the work repairs. They Evalestinally on the job and" making good. - if you'll paroon Expressium Sling. Rider-Ericsson Engine Co. of your Establishment need 7 Without tinkering bother, or are ܟܚܘ Write to nearest office for descriptive catalogue G. 35 Warren Street, New York. 40 North 7th Street, Philadelphia, 239 Franklin Street, Boston, 234 West Craig Street, Montreal, P. Q. 17 West Kinzie Street, Chicago. 22 Pitt Street, Sydney, N. S. W. (Also makers of the famous “Reeco” Electric Pumps.) 87 “THE MARKET PLACE OF THE WORLD REPRESENTS ALL INDUSTRIES Rates for advertisements in this department $2.15 per agate line. 14 lines to an inch. No advertisement less than seven lines accep Address "The Market Place of the World.” Eastern Office: 44 E. 23d St., New York. Western Office: 142 Dearborn St., Chic Old Carpet Detroit Marine Engin New Rugs Five Year Wo Will Mako You are the solo Only 8 Demonstrator Ap Judge of the co- Moving Wanted. ia el gine and its boating commun Parts. merits. 25.000 Spooral wholesale 1 satisfied users. on the first outiti Greatest Engine Bingle eyl, 2-8 Bargaln ever offer duubleeyl, 8-201 ed. Nothing com- Starts with 4 oyl , 20-50 D out oranking Suitable for any plicated or liable Reverses while la ca 200 to oruiser to get out ot order motion. milroad traex car. Waterproof ignition engines complete system money refunded If you are not satisfied. boat fittings Free (ta Detroit Engine Works, 1260 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mia Beautiful designs to your taste - Plain, Fancy, Orlental-Alt for any parlor, Guaranteed to wear ten years. Rugs, 500 and Up Ours is the largest factory of its kind in America. Established 37 years. Originators of OLSON FLUFF RUG. (Grand Prizes at 3 World's Fairs.) We Pay Freight Old carpets are worth money: don't throw yours away. FREE Write today for book of designs in colors, prices and full informa- tion, LATHES Olson Rug Co., For Electrical and Exp mental Works. For Gunsmi and Tool Makers. For G eral Machine Shop Work. Bicycle Repairing. Dr Send for Lathe Catalo, and Prices. W, F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 200 Ruby Street, Rockford, 133 Laflin Street, Chicago, Ill. KILL THE RATS! THE CLIPPE) Join the thousands who are using the wonderful bacterio- logical preparation discovered and prepared by Dr. Jean Danysz of the Pasteur Institute, Paris. DANYSZ VIRUS There are three things that desti your lawns, Dandelions, B1 Plantain and Crab Grass. In season the clipper will drive th all out. CLIPPER LAWN MOWER CI Box No. 8, Dixon, Mi. (DANNIS VIRUS) Deadly to rats and mouselike rodents but harmless to other animals, birds, and human beings. The rodents die in the open. Userl with Striking Success in England, France, Russia, Holland and the United States. USE-A small house, one tube; ordinary dwelling, three to six tubes; for each five thousan.I square feet flour space in factories, one duzen. PRICE-1 tube 75c, three tubes $1.75, per dozen, $6.00. INDEPENDENT CHEMICAL COMPANY, Dept. 4 72 Front Street, New York City S T A L L M A N'S DRESSER TRUNK Let our catalog tell what an improveme it is. How easy to get at anything. H quickly packed. How useful in sn room as chiffonier. Holds as much as good box trunk. Costs no more. Stroi est made; hand riveted. So good that ship it C.O. D. subject to examinati Send 2c stamp today for that catalog. F. A. STALLMAN, 63 East Spring Street, Columbus, O WHEEL CHAIRS WE MAKE 70 STYLES Catalogue "B" illustrates and describes (free). G.E.SARGENT CO. 287 Fourth Ave. 88 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World SO THAT EVERYONE MAY BUY “The Standard of Proper Style NEW YORK MAKE- MCHUGHWILLOW FURNITURE: SINCE 274 IN HIGH 1893 High Quality and Good Valuo" (a) THE ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET, Group Pictures with Prices, Leaves of_Special Offers and Freight Concessions—all are mailed Free on request. (6) THE PORTFOLIO OF SKETCHES with Complete Pricelist is mailed for 25 cents, allowed on first order sent for McHughwillow Furniture. PAGER Triangle 5-PLY Collars 13 Plan sa Triangle Collars are stitched and tailored into shape and cannot laun- der out of shape. The three flexible interlinings-ordinary collars have but one or two-the scientific notching at bending points to prevent cracking—the Stout Stay that reinforces the buttonhole, make Triangle Collars impervious to laundry assaults. Same price as any Two for 25c, collar. (c) THE MCHUGH BAR HARBOR CHAIR, In Canada Three for 50c. If your dealer of full size, with soft Seat Cushion in any color preferred, doesn't keep them, send us his name is shipped on receipt of $5, Money Order or N. Y. Draft. Correct Dress and Mariple buttonhole JOSEPH P. McHUGH & CO. NEW YORK with Stout Stay. VAN ZANDT, JACOBS & Co. 42d St. WEST, at FIFTH AVE. 606 River Street, Troy, N. Y., U.S.A. Opposite New Public Library 'The Collars of Quality" (Only Address Since 1884) NO AGENTS-NO BRANCHES With Door Door PER SECTION THE STOUT STAY BLANTING AUT TONNOLE Without $1.00 With On Approval, Freight Paid $1.75 Lundstrom IT GROWS WITH YOUR LIBRARY ANY SPACE SECTIONAL BOOKCASE Endorsed “The Best ” by Over Fifty Thousand Users Made under our own patents, in our own factory, and the entire pro- duction is sold direct to the home and office. That is the reason we can offer them at such reasonable prices. Our Sectional Book Cases are the product of years of undivided attention to this one line of manufacture. Book sections have NON-BINDING, DISAPPEARING GLASS DOORS, and are highly finished in SOLID GOLDEN OAK. Other styles and finishes at correspondingly low prices. WRITE FOR NEW CATALOGUE NO. 45. THE C. J. LUNDSTROM MFG. CO., LITTLE FALLS, N. Y. Manufacturers of Sectional Bookcases and Filing Cabinets New York Office: 372 Broadway CRESCA FRENCH OLIVE OIL V We want you to know this choice product, and know how it is used in the land of its origin. Not only olive oil but scores of rare and interesting delicacies from foreign lands, with recipes, descripti and illustrations – all in our booklet, “Cresca Dainties," mailed on receipt of 2c, stamp for postage. CRESCA COMPANY, Importers, 352 Greenwich St.,N.Y. 91 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Note the Steel Binding clinched on the inside. No rivets to work loose or shear off. ATLAS The Strongest Trunk in the World The strongest trunks are, of necessity, built with metal edges—these are the parts that get the bumps. But there is a new and better way ol attaching the edging than by nai and rivets, which are sure to “sheared off” by wear. Atlas Binding is cold-rolled steel, fastened clips clinched on the inside, making a binding th cannot break or drop off. The "Atlas" is a real traveler-a trunk that no only looks the part, but acts it-a trunk you can point to with pride anywhere, any time-a trunk built to stand the hard knocks of careless baggagemen. If your dealer cannot supply you, we will gladly send an illustrated catalog giving full information of the various sizes and styles. Kindly mention his name. BELBER TRUNK & BAG CO. 120 Columbia Ave., Philadelphia Automobile Luggage If interested in the newest ideas, ask for our special catalogs. THE NEW Tap the Air for Nitrates and Cut Your Fertilizer Bill in Half High-Bred Nitrogen-Gathering Bacteria put on the This Bottle does the Seed will do all the Work work for an Acre. DON'T pay big prices for nitrate fertilizers. Don't waste the time and labor needed to spread them. Let nitrogen-gathering bacteria do the work for you at a mere fraction of the cost and practically no extra work. Here is the making of all the nitrates you want at a cost of $2.00 an acre. If you want the earliest and biggest sweet and garden peas of all your neighbors treat the seeds with FARMO GERM TARMOGERM RE MOSTAR AURORE SO M. High-Bred Nitrogen-Gathering Bacteria Farmogerm is a pure culture of nitrogen-gathering bacteria that have been carefully selected and bred up to a state of strong vitality and great nitrogen-fixing power. That is our guaranty Farmogerm is a jelly-like culture, put up in specially sealed bottles, guaranteed to reach you in perfect condition and to keep for months. It is Ready to Use on Your Seeds Just mix with water and moisten the seed or spray on soil or young plants. The bacteria will increase rapidly, by the millions, in the soil, and draw nitrogen from the unlimited supply in the air, feeding it to the growing crop and storing it in the soil for future crops. For use on Alfalfa, Clover, Peas, Beans, and all legumes. Get Our Free Book AT and reports from high authorities and many farmers claim. The U. S. Dept. of Agriculture states that the pure culture method of soil inoculation has "come to stay." Order Now if you want to plant at once, or spray on what you have planted. Acre size $2.00–Garden size, for Peas, Beans and Sweet Peas, in mixed culture, 50c. White Clover also in 50c.-size. Mention what crop you want it for when ordering. We pay postage or express charges to you. EARP-THOMAS FARMOGERM CO., BLOOMFIELD, N. J. ONCR PRICE $2.00 92 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World BEST BOOKS ON LAND FREE IVER JOHNSON HANDBOOK OF ALBERTA SETTLERS GUIDET IRRIGATION FARMING STAFF of LIFEIL ☺ PUBLIC OPINION “No Crops No Pay How We Make It Easy For You To Own Either An Irrigated or Non- Irrigated Farm In Canada This wonderful offer of the Canadian Pacific should be read by every man and woman watching for a lifetime opportunity then write at once and investigate. Hundreds have paid fully for homes here out of first one or two crops. Get the Land That Pays For Itself In ming Sunny Alberta's Valleys THE EXPRESS ADSENGER SUPPOS The Famous Valleys of Canada's Bow River and Saskatchewan River. Only Small Payment Down -Pay Balance Out Of Your Crops"No Crops -No Pay." In the non-irrigated section of the Sas- katchewan River Valley, in Central Alberta, we offer you a farm on a new line of the Canadian Pacific at lowest prices and easi- est terms. Get a home here. Under agreement, Pay out of crops for your land. Let us teil you of others here raising potatoes, onions, vegetable products, sugar beets, berries, alfalfa, field peas, timothy, dairying, gen- eral stock raising-enormous crops wheat, oats, barley and flax. Send me your name today and ask for books you want FREE. J. S. DENNIS, President CANADIAN PACIFIC IRRIGATION COLONIZATION CO., Ltd. 3279th Ave., West, Calgary, Alberta, Canada UPPOSE you fall or something hits you—is your revolver shock- proof? Can the hammer be driven into the cartridge by an external blow? With an ordinary revolver the danger is all on one side-your side. Accidental discharge is absolutely impossible with an IVER JOHNSON ALLEN'S FOOT-EASE Shake Into Your Shoes Allen's Foot Ease, the antiseptic powder for the feet. It relieves painful, swollen, smarting, tender, nervous feet, and instantly takes the sting out of corns and banions. It's the greatest comfort discovery of the age. Allen's Foot-Ease makes tight-fitting or new shoes feel easy. It is a certain relief for ingrowing pails, sweating, callous and tired, aching feet. We have over 80,000 testimonials. TRY IT TO-DAY. Sold everywhere 25c, Do not accept any sub- stitute. Sent by mail for 25c. in stamps. TRIAL PACKAGE "In a pinch, bent by mail. Address, use Allen's Foot-Ease.* ALLEN S. OLMSTED, Le Roy, N. Y. Safety Automatic Of the three million in use, not one was ever fired save in response to a purposeful pull on the trigger. More- The Iver Johnson will not fail you in a pinch. It has unbreakable, perma- nent tension wire springs, such as are used in U. S. army rifles. It is accurate, dependable, high class—and you can "Hammer the Hammer" To prevent substitution of obsolet- models and limit sale to proper persons, distr.oution is confined to resident dealers, licensed undet our patents. Mail-order houses are not licensed. IVER JOHNSON'S ARMS AND CYCLE WORKS 136 River Street, Fitchburg, Mass. FREE 93 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World w GOLDSAY THE SON W.P. WILLIS & CO NEW YORK NEW IMPORTERS THIS MARK is stamped only on abric N Knock-Proof and Shock-Proof When you travel, you want a trunk that will go to the end of the world with you if need be and come back home victorious, though perhaps battle-scarred. A trunk that will laugh at baggage- smashers. A well-made, light-weight, watertight trunk-with strong hinges and sturdy locks that will safeguard anything you entrust to its capacious depths. You want a G. & S. NEVERBREAK TRUNK-the utmost value at any price you wish MPORTED I blue serges stamped with the WILLIS Mark have draping qualities that lend dis- tinction to the gar- ments into which they are made. To be had only of Custom Tailors. Never in Ready Made Clothing. to pay: White Frost Look for our trade mark on the top near the lock. It is there for your protection. Write for "Cupid in a Trunk"- a clever travel story in booklet form containing illustrations and descrip- tions of G. & S. NEVERBREAK TRUNKS. We will tell you of the dealer who can fit you out. L. GOLDSMITH & SON 5 Cherry Street, Newark, N. J. The largest trunk factorv in the world. Established in 1809 Refrigerators The delight of the housewife, be- cause so perfectly sanitary, con- venient, economical. Made entirely of metal. Enameled spotless white inside and outside. Revolving removable shelves. Entire inside can be taken out, cleansed and replaced in two minutes. Round in shape, there are no nasty corners, or cracks, for dirt and germs to lodge. Re- frigeration scien ifically perfect giv- ing a cool, dry temperature witn little ice. Handsomest and best Refrigerator in the world. Six years success. If dealer does not handle we will sell at trade discount, freight prepaid. Wri.e for book and prices. METAL STAMPING CO. 504 N. Mechanic St. Jackson, Mich. Send for free booklet to-day keeps food This is Model No. 608 pure and sweet Dear Bob, please buy mo a "White Frost." 94 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World TRY OUR SPRING BEI 30 NIGHTS ON APPROVAL Foster': IDEAL Spring is the original double-deck spring. (The inventor's hand- coiled model, made 23 years ago, and used regularly since then, is still very comfortable and without sag. ) To prove that our perfected model is the best spring bed made, we offer you Foster's IDEAL Spring 30 NIGHTS ON APPROVAL If it fails to prove the most comfortable, hygienic, and durable bed made, our pot have cost you anything. Guaranteed Brass "IDEAL On Each for your lifetime. Booklet and nearest dealer will take it back, and the trial will Name Genuino dealer's name on request. Plate IDEAL FOSTER BROS MFG. CO. Utica, N.Y. St. Louis, Mo. TRADE MARK REGST WTDBY FOSTER BROS MEG.CO. UTICA NY 100 TORPURE bolha HA 0467140 OBO on 1000000 automo Loft A Great Horse Story “KATE and QUEEN” Ву Prof. Jesse Beery King of Horse Trainers Delicately Scented With Violets Mennen's Violet Talcum Toilet Powder appeals to those who prefer a delicately scented Toilet Powder. It is absolutely pure, and is the only Powder that has the scent of fresh cut Parma Violets. Sold everywhere or mailed for 25 cents Sample box for 4c. stamps GERHARD MENNEN CO. • Newark, N. J. MENNEN'S Equals "Black Beau- "Queen" ty" in human interest -surpasses it in practicability. “Kate" a victim of poor handling is vividly con- trasted with "Queen," who was more for- tunate. You sympathize with one-rejoice with the other—even as you sigh for the slum waif and laugh with the child of fortune. Prof. Beery has skillfully woven into this intense- ly interesting and true story, many valuable sugges- tions for handling horses—a result of a lifetime's experience. Special Offer to Horsemen Prof. Beery desires that every horse owner, train- er, breeder-everyone interested in horses-men or women-should read this great story. To make it possible, for a short time he offers every interested person a copy worth $1.00 for the remarkably low price of 25c Postpaid If you have even a passing interest in horses; if you own, train or breed them you will gather from it a fund of knowledge worth many times the small price. Send for a copy today. Enclose stamps or coin. FREE With each book we send FREE a beautiful colored picture of Queen-oil painting effect- suitable for framing. Order today. PROF. JESSE BEERY, Box 511, Pleasant Hill, O. MENNEN'S PMOLETTAL.COM BORATED VIOLET TOILET POWDER TALCUM FOR INTANTS AND ADVOS SUMARD RENNEK CHEMOTO BORATED Toilet Powder 94b McClure's—The Marketplace of the World BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS WATER WHAT The water that keeps you well. causes rheumatism, gout, and Bright's disease? Why do stones form in the kidneys and gall-duct? Why is there so much sickness in winter and early spring? Doctors tell us it is largely because people do not drink the right kind of water, and enough of it. There's a spring in Virginia that sends up a delightful water, -pure, clear and soft, but with hardly any peculiar You might drink it for years without noticing any- thing about it, unless it occurred to you to wonder why you never had trouble with your liver, kidneys, or bladder,—no gout, no rheumatism, no dyspepsia, no headaches, no diges- ; tive or nervous troubles, such as your friends complain of. Quite likely you might not think of the water as the cause at all. Most people are not wise enough to keep on drinking when it merely keeps them well. In fact, people rarely ask what makes them well until they get sick. Are you wise enough to use Buffalo Lithia Springs Water merely because when you do you stay well? BUFFALO WATEŘ LITHIA SPRINGS BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS Water is a natural mineral water, from the his. toric Buffalo Lithia Springs in Vir. ginia. It is known the world over for its peculiar medicinal powers, especially in rheumatism, gout, gravel, diabetes, Bright's disease, gall-stones, and all diseases caused by uric acid. It is bottled in a modern sanitary plant right at the springs, just as it bubbles from the rock, pure and unadulterated, under the direction of a competent bacteriologist. NATURES MATERIA It is put up in new sterilized half. gallon bottles, which are never refilled. Each cork bears a SEAL with this TRADE-MARK stamped on it. It is sold everywhere by leading druggists, grocers, and mineral water dealers. Write TO-DAY for booklet telling what this water has done for people with your trouble. If not on sale near you, write us, give ing your dealer's name, and we will see that you are supplied. Guaranteed under the Puro Pood and Drug act, June 30, 1906. Serial No. 15,055. MEDICA BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS WATER CO BUFFALO LITHA SPRINGS, VIRGINIA 94C McClure's—The Marketplace of the World "Silver Plate that Wears'' THE 1847 GIRL CHILDREN All Over the World Are Clothed by Best & Co. Give due con- sideration to the matter of design, but be guided in the selection of silverplate by the re- putation for quality. 1847 ROGERS BROS. PARCE is the heaviest grade oftriple-plate, backed by the guarantee of the largest makers of silverware. In beauty and variety of design the patterns are un- excelled. The most representative Children's Establish- ment to be found on either hemisphere. Making an exclusive specialty of the Complete Outfitting of the Young. Carrying not only immense assortments of every article of Junior Attire, but offering original styles and exclusive novelties impossible to find elsewhere. An establishment complete in its merchandise and most cosmopolitan in its ideas. Prepared at all times to furnish Infants' and Children's Wear, in weights and materials adapted for all climates and countries. Extending its service to all parts of the world through its expertly conducted Mail Order Bureau, which gives every order received by letter, the same personal and careful attention accorded to all who visit the store. An incomparable establishment in all that con- stitutes a reliable, satisfactory and adequate place for parents to outfit children. Send for illustrated catalogue "D-33." When next in need of any article of cloth- ing for Infant, Child, Miss or Youth, write us and we will gladly show you how quickly and completely we can supply any and every need in Junior Wear. MERIDEN BRITANNIA COMPANY (International Silver Co., Successor) Meriden, Conn. Now York Chicago San Franelsoo Hamilton, Canada SPRING CATALOGUE FREE to all interested in the Outfitting of the Young from Infancy to 20 years of age. Profusely illustrated and describes many of our distinctive styles and best values in Clothing, Millinery, Hats, Shoes, Under- wear, Hosiery, Layettes. Copy mailed, post-paid, upon request. Please address your letter to Dept. 5. Fifth Avenue at 35th St. - New York 940 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Barcalo Beds Stand the Hammer Test wheel 00002 Malleable Iron Corners Absolutely Unbreakable See This Test- And the Barcalo 35-Year Guarantee Barcalo Brass and Iron Beds are unbreakable. The Hammer Test proves that the corner the weakest point in ordinary beds—is the strongest part of the Barcalo Bed. The Barcalo 35-year Guarantee means that if your Barcalo breaks you get a new bed. A twelve-ply English lacquer finish makes Barcalo beauty permanent–fresh and glossy for years. See the comprehensive Barcalo line—so complete that you're sure to find the style and price you're looking for. Choose springs as you do beds—inspection and test prove the quality of GUARANTEED Barcalo Imperial Springs. NOT TO BREAK. The trade-mark“ Barcalo-Buffalo" is a positive identification of Barcalo Beds. Insist upon its being on the bed you buy. Send for the Barcalo Style Book. We'll send it free—also the name of your Barcalo dealer. BARCALO MFG. CO., Dept. D-9, Buffalo, N. Y. MALLEABLE CORNE Barcalo Buffalo Instruction Book PROLER TUALNEXT And Wood "On the Work" Finishing Samples FREE PRICE 25 Reliable Salesmen calling on the trade can greatly increase their incomes by carrying as a side line the Rapid Computer Adding Machine This simple, little, accurate com- puter costs only $25.00-a fraction of the price of key machines, and does everything they do except print. Does its work perfectly in any position -at any angle. User can rest it on any desk or on book page alongside column of ngures he wishes to add. It's a wonder as a saver of time and errors. Capacity, 9,999,999.99. We send it out on 5 Days' Free Trial and authorize purchaser to send it back at our expense if it doesn't do all that we claim for it. For Catalog, terms, etc., address RAPID COMPUTER CO., 2128 Tribune Bldg., Chicago Here's the best book ever published on artistic wood finishing, the work of famous experts, illustrated in 5 colors. For a limited time only we will mail it free and pay postage to anyone in- terested in the latest and most artistic way of refinishing old furniture. wood-work and floors. We have sent a liberal supply of free samples of In answer - ing this ad, ask for Book “K-4" Johnson's Wood Dye 50000000 and Under - Lac (better than shellac and varnish) to all the leading dealers who handle paint for your use. If your dealer hasn't samples, send us his name and we will mail them to you FREE. S. C. Johnson & Son Racine, Wis. "The Wood Finishing Authorities 94e McClure's—The Marketplace of the World PIERCE MARK Pierce Boilers & Radiators The question of adequate heat, economical heat, freedom from repairs, ease of operation, adaptability to conditions—all of this is up to the Boiler and the Radiators. Do you know anything about boilers? Or radiators? Do you know why one kind of heat is better than another? Do you know the kind you should have right now in that cold house of yours or in the house you are planning to build ? If you don't you need this Book- APrimer about Heat It is a non-technical talk on heat-all kinds of heat. It begins at the beginning and leaves off where other heating books begin. It points out the shortcomings of hot air. It explains how hot water heats, how steam heats and the difference between the two. It brings you to a perfect understanding of Pierce Boilers and Radiators, which have made good for over 35 years in 200,000 homes. The proper Pierce Boiler and the amount of radiation for your par- ticular house is a matter for your steam-fitter to decide. It is in the Pierce line and will positively heat every nook and corner of your house, in any kind of weather. Send for the Primer-read it, and then see your architect or steam-fitter. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co., 248 James St., Syracuse, N. Y. Showrooms in principal cities What Heat for your House? A Primer for the man who is about to build a new house or make an old house cornfortable TAVOLINE MOTORS OTS Ask your dealer for E. C. VENTILATED SHOES And be comfortable this Summer Lubricate-Burn cleanly Leave no carbon deposit ALL GARAGES-ALL DEALERS Write for Booklet "The Common Sense of Automobile Lubrication" INDIAN REFINING COMPANY INCORPORATED First National Bank Building, Cincinnati, Ohio 123 William Street, New York City W. P. Fuller & Co., San Francisco, Cal., Agents Dealers wanted everywhere Address for catalog ENGEL-CONE SHOE CO. 3 New St., East Boston, Mass. 94f McClure's—The Marketplace of the World - The Jnvincible “It eats IT EATS Thorough House Cleaning Invincible RENOVATOR DIRT can be achieved only by a strong and continuous inrush of air a rush of air that never fluctuates or "jumps.” The Invincible Centrifugal Fan is the only method devised which insures a steady volume of air powerful enough to get all the dust and dirt all the time without injuring the most delicate fabrics. You will never realize the luxury of a dustless home until you use the ELECTRIC RENOVATOR Silent Dustless Simple The Invincible has proven its worth by years of success in hundreds of homes and public buildings. A masterpiece of mechanical construction. Every part is 1911 thoroughly tested. Every ma- MODEL chine tested as a whole before it leaves the factory. Sold on a guarantee. No Valves No Gears No Wearing Parts Invincible Stationary Plant Made in six sizes. The only air- cleaning plant operating on the famous centrifugal fan principle. Write for Booklet Invincible Portable Ma- chines. Four sizes-for the home - the mansion-the hall, hotel or building. The moderate-priced machine of proven efficiency. Valuable illustrated booklets on air-cleaning Address Dept. C Electric Renovator Manufacturing Co. 2135 Farmers Bank Building PITTSBURGH, PA. > Gels sent free on request. Is your next Suit or Overcoat to be a Stein-Bloch"2 Doholesale Sailor ROCHESTER, NY This Label Means 56 Years of Knowing How 948 McClure's — The Marketplace of the World ON DIAMONDS AND WATCHES FOR EASTER GIFTS 6 FULL JEWELED WALTHAM $1065 WALTHAN In Fine 20-Year Gold-filled Case. Guaranteed to keep Accurate Tima SENT ON FREE TRIAL, ALL CHARGES PREPAID. You do not pay one penny until you have seen and examined this High-Grade. Full Jeweled Waltham Watch, with Patent Hairspring, in any style plain or engraved Case, right in your own hands. Ever Diamond Rings, any style mount ing, 14k solid gold No matter how far away you live, or how small your salary or income we will trust you for a high-grade adjusted Waltham Watch, in gold case, $4.50 a Month warranted for 25 years, and guaranteed to pass any railroad inspection. THE OLD RELIABLE ORIGINAL DIAMOND Write for handsome New 1911 Catalog, AND WATCH CREDIT HOUSE filled with beautiful photographic illustra- tions of Diamonds, Watches, solid gold Jewelry, Dept. D32, 92 to 98 STATE ST., CHICAGO, ILL Silverware and choice Novelties. Select any article you would like to own or BROS & CO 1868 Branches: Pittsburg, Pa., St. Louis, Mo. I present to a loved one; it will be sent on approval. Write today. Don't delay. $45 ci OFTIS CHENEY CRAVATS SILK REGIN Your dealer will gladly show you the new tubular wash ties in eight fashionable colors. The latest idea in tubular ties. Reversible and pin-proof, like all Cheney Silk Cravats. All our ties are marked “CHENEY SILKS” in the neckband. Fours-in-hand and bow ties. Widechoice of colors and pat- terns. At your dealer's-50c. CHENEY BROTHERS Silk Manufacturers 4th Ave. and 18th St New York PNEUMATIC CLEANERS ON'T STIR UP the dust by sweep- ing-REMOVE it with a modern Regina cleaner-the vacuum cleaner with double pumps. Does more work with less labor than any other-simplest, most satisfactory of all-made and guaranteed by the makers of the world-famous Regina Music Boxes. Light, strong, compact-moderate in price-beautiful in appearance. Electric or Hand operated models. Inquire of dealers or write us for particulars. Our interesting booklet “THE MAGIC WAND” beautifully illustrated in color pre- sents the cleaning problem in an original and fascinating manner. Mailed on receipt of 2c. stamp. THE REGINA COMPANY S. W. Cor. 17th St. Un. Sq. NEW YORK 857 McClurg Building CHICAGO A Suggestion BRIGHTEN UP Your Stationery in the OFFICE, BANK. SCHOOL or HOME by using WASHBURNE'S PATENT PAPER FASTENERS 75,000,000 100 Bemes OK SOLD the past YEAR should convince YOU of their SUPERIORITY. Trade O. K. Mark Easily put on or taken off with the thumb and finger. Can be used repeatedly and they always work.” Made of brass in 3 sizes. Put up in brass boxes of 100 fasteners each. HANDSOME COMPACT STRONG No Slipping, NEVER All stationers. Send 10c for sample box of 50, assorted. Ilustrated booklet free. Liberal discount to the trade. The O. K. Mfg. Co., Syracuse, N. Y., U S. A. NPIB Those who advertise in McClure's are always pleased to impart information, and it will greatly facilitate matters when making in- quiries or ordering goods, to mention MCCLURE'S TYPEWRITERS MAKE Extra Special No. 3 Olivers, new, 842.50 cash or 845.00 on Installments, easy terms. All other Standard Machines, including Visibles, at equally low prices. Bargains in No. 2 Smith Premiers, Fay Sholes, etc. PRICES: $15.00 AND UP 5 days free trial or rented, rental to apply on purchase. Send for Catalogue. Address ROCKWELL-BARNES COMPANY, 1203 Munn Bldg., CHICAGO 94h McClure's—The Marketplace of the World - Turn on YOUR Search-Light you will discover the necessity of FAULTLES SINCE 18 MF PAJAMAS & NIGHT SHIRTS for Lounging Luxury, Doze-time Comfort and More Restful Sleep. “FAULTLESS” DAY-SHIRTS are our response to a demand from those who, knowing our nightwear, desire a dayshirt of equal superior- ity. Ask your dealer. The "Bed-Time-Book” and the "Day-Shirt-Book," giving interest- ing details, sent Free. E.ROSENFELD&CO. Dept. D. Baltimore, Md. TRADE MARK MULLINS Steel Motor Boats Simply can't sink-air chambers like life-boats. Hulls of puncture-proof steel plates-can't warp, waterlog, crack, split, dry out or open at the seams. Unlike wooden boats, they cannot leak. Can't be gnawed by worms. Have light, simple, powerful motors, that won't stall at any speed-start like an automobile engine-ONE MAN CONTROL and famous Mullins Silent Under Water Exhaust. 12 models -16 to 26 ft., 3 to 30 horse power. Handsome Boat Book-Free Complete. Line of Row Boats and Duck Boats-$22 to $39 Send to-day for handsomest boat book ever printed. Illustrated in colors. Details of famous Mullins line. Amazing prices this year. Investigate. Get free book. THE W. H. MULLINS CO., 101 Franklin St., Salem, Ohio 941 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Warmth that doesn't just Heat but makes You feel Good u 1 Monarch 10 2 Moon 9 7 NO THREE O'CLOCK FATIGUE 5 6 Drowsiness and laziness are un- known where pure fresh air warmed to the right temperature and with the proper amount of humid- ity in it is supplied. You know the dreaded steam beated house-it may be warm enough, but the stuffy air saps the very life and energy out of you — you feel drowsy and sleepy. Find out about Warm Air the ideal heating and ventilating system and all things considered, by far the most eco- nomical. The pure, fresh, warm air delivered through its registers constantly displaces the colder and impure air. It is invigorating, stimulating and healthful heat-it not only warms and cheers but actually makes you feel better. It is the economical system of heating because less fuel is required and be- cause of the saving it makes in- doctors' bills caused by impure air and improper ventilation. TH HE best interests of both employer and employee are perfectly served in the use of the Monarch. To the operator it means preservation of strength,nerve force and energy, owing to its exclusive light-touch key action. The keys, when touched ever so lightly, quickly respond. Monarch Light Touch Let This Book Prove Our Case "Your House Warming Our book is filled with interesting facts about heating—it tells of the many advantages of the Warm Air System-it proves by scien- tific reasoning that it is the healthful way. Of course this book explains why Jewel Warm Air Furnaces are the best and most economical. It also gives new home build- ing plans and other information. You should read this book. A copy willi be sent you free on request. Dept. Y. To the employer-increase in volume of work and much more satisfactorily performed-saving of time and money. Send for Monarch literature-it thoroughly explains Monarch construction. Try the Monarch; you will at once learn that its superiority actually rests in the machine itself, not merely in what we say abcut it. Representatives Wanted Local representatives wanted every- where, also a few more dealers for large territories. Write for details and attractive terms. The Monarch Typewriter Company EXECUTIVE OFFICES: Monarch Typewriter Building 300 Broadway, New York Canadian Ofices: Toronto and Montreal Branches and dealers throughout the world. Detroit Stove Works Largest Stove Plant in the World DETROIT-CHICAGO 94] McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Banishes Night Fear Says Detective Wm. J. Burns “RECENTLY. I obtained one of your Savage Automatic Pistols and thoroughly tested it yesterday at Police Head- quarters Target Practice, in the presence of a number of gentlemen among whom were police officials of the City of Chicago, and was surprised, as were those present, with the ease and accuracy with which it could be fired. “In my opinion the Savage Automatic Pistol is the greatest weapon ever invented for the protection of the home, because a woman can shoot it as expertly as a crack shot. It banishes night fear.” Many great gun men have made similar comments on the new Savage Automatic including such as Col. W. F. Cody, “Buffalo Bill,” Dr. Carver, W. A. Pinkerton, Walter Duncan, Major Sylvester; and Bat Masterson has even written a book about it, entitled “ The Tenderfoot's Turn.” Sent free. If you want to do the best thing you ever did for your home, you'll get a Savage Automatic before tonight. Savage Arms Co., 714 Savage Avenue, Utica, N. Y. WM. J. BURNS was famous in the San Francisco graft inveg. tigation, noted Monroe counterfeiting case, etc. Wm. J. Burng National Detectivo Agency protects Am. Bankers' Assn., over 11,000 banks. THE NEW SAVAGE AUTOMATIC You Can Take Pictures on a Day Like This! That is, if your lens is right. The lens is the soul of your camera. Ordinary lenses will take ordinary pictures under favorable conditions. Are you satisfied with that? Or would you like the best results under all conditions? If so, you should know the GOERZ LENSES Universally used by war photographers and professionals, who must be sure of their results. They can easily be fitted to the camera you now own. Send for Our Book on “Lenses and Cameras" of the greatest value to any one interested in good photography. C. P. Goerz American Optical Co. 317A East 34th Street New York - City Hall Park, N. Y. 94k McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Have the Genuine Morgan Doors are widely copied by un- scrupulous manufacturers. These imita- tions never have the character or beauty, nor do they give the absolute satisfaction, as do the genuine MORGAN DOORS Every Morgan Door leaving our factory has the word “Morgan" stamped on it. If the name is not there, the door is not a Morgan Door. Shrinking, warping or swelling are impossible with Morgan Doors because they are built of sev- eral layers of wood with grain running in opposite directions. Veneered in all varieties of hardwood. Unequaled for service in Residences, Offices, Apart- ments, Bungalows or any kind of building. Send for our new Portfolio, "The Door Beautiful." Shows large engravings of in- teriors of every style of architecture. The ideas you get from this book will be worth money and satisfaction to you. It explains why Morgan Doors are the best doors made. A copy will be sent on request. Architects: Descriptive details of Morgan Doors may be found in Sweets Index, pages 794 and 795. Morgan Company, Dept. 30, Oshkosh, Wis. Distributed by Morgan Sash and Door Company, Chicago. Morgan Millwork Company, Baltimore, Md. Handled by Dealers who do not Substitute. Grand Trunk Railway System Most Direct Route to the “Highlands of Ontario" Orillia and Couchiching, Muskoka Lakes Lake of Bays, Maganetawan River, Algonquin National Park Temagami, Georgian Bay, Kawartha Lakes Spend Your Summer Holidays at One of These Delightful Spots Finest summer playgrounds in America. Good hotel accommodations at moderate cost. The lover of outdoors will find here in abundance all things which make roughing it desirable. Select the locality that will afford you the greatest amount of enjoyment and send for free map folders, beautifully illustrated, describing these out of the ordinary resorts. All this recreation paradise only one night away from the leading cities of the United States, via the Grand Trunk. Palatial trains pro- vide every travel luxury to your destination. Address- J. D. McDONALD, 917 Merchants Loan and Trust Bldg., Chicago F. P. DWYER, 290 Broadway, New York City E. H. BOYNTON, 256 Washington St., Boston W. ROBINSON, 506 Park Bldg., Pittsburg W. E. DAVIS, Pass. Traffic Manager, Montreal G. T. BELL, Asst. Pass. Traffic Manager, Montreal H. G. ELLIOTT, Gen’Passsenger Agent, Montreal GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM 941 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Fresh Air for Sale IN YOUR OFFICE- Is your best brain-work difficult in the afternoon? Do you work under a constant nervous This is the refrigerator strain? Do you sometimes leave important work used on dining, buffet unfinished because your energy is and refrigerator cars of fore the day is over? Do you go home mentally and physically all our great railroads. It's probably nothing but BAD AIR. gone be- exhausted? A You can't make a mistake in buying for your use a refrigerator with this record. No refrigerator could stand up under the relentless tests of such great shippers un. less constructed to preserve all food in its natural, fresh state for the greatest length of time-- at least cost of ice and care. Bohn Syphon Refrigerators keep milk, meat, butter, vegetables and fruit absolutely fresh and uncontaminated. The Syphons establish perfect air circulation and positive dryness. This carries off all odors, keeps the lowest tem: perature and saves ice and food. Lined with Genuine White Porcelain Enamel-not paint-strictly sanitary, non- porous, does not discolor, crack or peel off. Kept immacu- late by simply wiping with a moist cloth. Sturtevant PORTABLE VENTILATING SET Delivered on 10 Days' Trial Where we have no regular dealers, we ship refrigerators on approval. Freight paid both ways, if not as represented. We also manufacture the popular Minnesota Refrigerator. Write for both Minnesota and Bohn Syphon Nlustrated Catalogs of all Styles, and select your Most Economical Refrigerator. Prices range from $19.00 upward White Enamel Refrigerator Company Main Office and Works, St. Paul, Minn. New York Office & Salesroom, 59 W. 42nd Street Chicago Office & Salesroom, Steger Bldg. 'Wabash Ave. Jackson Blvd. & Will keep your office full of fresh, pure air all day long. Will stop that nervous strain and make a new man of you in all-day energy and vitality. You won't have to wait for the good effects. You'll begin to feel them the first day. I Put a Sturtevant set in your general office and watch the work speed up: Watch the dra and listlessness disappear. Watch the sick leave diminish. The Sturtevant set may be placed at any window and operated from any electric light socket. Price, $35 up, according to size required. SEND FOR BOOKLET M-4 Bohn Syphon Refrigerator B. F. STURTEVANT CO., Hyde Park, Mass. 50 Church Street, New York; 135 North Third Street, Phila. delphia;. 530 South Clinton Street, Chicago; 329 West Third Street, Cincinnati; 811 Park Building, Pittsburg, Pa.; 1006 Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C.; 34 Oliver Street, Boston; 433 Metropolitan Building, Minneapolis; 423 Schofield Building, Cleveland; 1108 Granite Building, Rochester, N.Y.; 300 Fullerton Building, St. Louis; 456 Norwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.; 36 Pearl Street, Hartford, Conn. 940 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World ASK THE MAN WHO USES THEM 2 PROTECTOR TIRE Tires That Never Puncture A RE those covered with Standard Tire Protectors. They are the only ones that do not develop blow-outs or other tire troubles-the only ones not responsible for nine-tenths of motor car up-keep- not responsible for that con- stant uneasiness about the danger always lurking ahead. This year the Standard Non-Skid is a new big feature and represents important improvements. It enables the motor car owner wbo has hereto- fore been obliged to choose between an anti-skid tire and a tire protector, to now procure protection plus non-skid, with but little added expense. Our Standard Non-Skid Tire Protectors give absolute skidding protection, insuring safety on slippery pavements---afford a refreshing freedom from the tire anxiety and a great deal more pleasure in motoring. Standard Non-Skid Tire Protector (or Plain Tread if Preferred) Glass, nails, sharp stones are passed over, never reaching your tire. The Protectors are strong, made of excellent material and it is impossible for sharp objects to penetrate them under ordinary conditions. They fit over any tire, any tread and are held fast by inflation pressure. Thousands of motorists use them. Many have driven them thousands of miles without a puncture and found their tires as good as new after long, strenuous months of service. Standard Tire Protectors are made of fabric and rubber, the only known materials on earth of which a protector can be made and give absolute satisfaction. If ure protectors could be made of leather and other like materials and give satisfaction, then the leading tire manufacturers would certainly adopt same, but this is something which has proved impracticable. For Full Information about Standard Tire Protectors, what they are, what they do, what motorists say about them-write us without fail today. Standard Tire Protector Company 607 So. Water Saginaw, Street, Michigan "I must say, Shackamaxon rhymes with satisfaction!” “I knew you'd say so. I always guarantee satisfaction with every suit I make from Shackamaxon fabrics. “The styles are exclusive. You won't find that pattern in a ready- made suit; nor those rich colorings; to say nothing of the fit. Yet my price suits you; doesn't it?" "Surest thing you know.” "These Shackamaxon fabrics are all pure wool of the highest grade-the long perfect fibre from live sheep. That gives the fine soft finish, and makes them pliable. I can shape them to your figure. They fit you without any stretching or pinching. Ard the shape stays. 'So does the color and the finish and the style.. “You'll be satisfied with that suit as long as you wear it! And here's the fabric- maker's guarantee." If any fault develops in any Shacka. maxon fabric at any time write to us and we will make it good. Only merchant-tailors handle these beau- tiful fabrics. Write us for the name of a tailor near you who will show you thelatest Shackamaxon spring patterns; handsome worsteds-clear-finished and undressed: fancy cheviots and blue serges in all shades and weaves-a wonderful variety. Ask us, too, for the new Shackamaxon style book with correct-dress chart. Every up-to-date man wants a copy. Better write today. JR Keim & Co. Shackamaxon Mills Philadelphia Look for this trademark on every yard of the fabric L "Shackamason TRADE MARK REG.U.S. PAT OFFICE Note the Standard Non-Skid Tread Guaranteed fabrics. 94n McClure's—The Marketplace of the World AHMAT! ALBERT KAHN, ARCHT., E. WILBY, ASSOCIATE. CHALMERS MOTOR CO., DETROIT, MICH. KAHN SYSTEM Economy Construction The cheapest building you can put up is a Kahn System Building. Such a building is fireproof, saves insurance, requires no expense for repairs, ard does not depreciate in value. There are special Kahn System designs for every type of building, from the small shop to the skyscraper or 30-acre factory. The Kahn System Economy-Engineers are at your service, without charge, to help you with expert advice such as you can obtain from no other source. They are conveniently located so as to give you the direct, personal service so essential to building operations. Write us for estimates and suggestions, no matter what you are buildirg, or what type of construction you are considering. This means dollars in your pockets and no obliga- tion on your part. DODGE BROS. POWER BLDG., DETROIT KAHN SYSTEM ECONOMY in design is greatly augmented by our com- plete line of building products, manufactured under ideal conditions in a large, modern factory-every product especially designed for its particular uses. GEAR GRINDING MACHINE CO., DETROIT Kahn Trussed Bars, Rib Bars, Rib Metal and Column Hooping, for Reinforced Con- crete; Hy-Rib, Rib Lath and Rib Studs for Roofs, Sidings, Ceilings, Partitions, etc., United Steel Sash for Fireproof KAHN Windows, and Trus-Con Chemical Prod- ucts for Waterproofing and Finishing SYSTEM Concrete. TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY Reinforced Concrete 504 Trussed Concrete Building Detroit, Michigan PALMER BUILDING, DETROIT 940 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World CO.NEW YORK & AKRON RUBBERSET TOOTH BRUSHES TRADE MARK PRICE BRISTLES GRIPPED IN HARD RUBBER 350 RUBBERSER TRADE MARR PENDING HANDLE AT ALL STORES Kelly Springfield Automobile Tires 34X4 "AILIENTELAS 1777 There can be no substitute for quality in an automobile tire, any more than there can be a substitute for knowledge of road requirements and how to meet them. Under the name, Kelly-Springfield, knowledge and quality combine to make a tire as perfect as a moto car tire can be made. On my 40 h.p. Locomobile, I have drive a Kelly-Springfield Tire over 12,001 miles and I know these tires give a greate mileage than any other make I have tried. 1. H. DOWNES, of Carter Garage Co., New York Cit Specify Kelly-Springfield Tires on your automobile. They cost no more than any first-class lire and are better Consolidated Rubber Tire C 20 Vesey Street, New York Branch Offices: New York, Chicago, Philadelpl Boston, St. Louis, Detroit, Cincinnati, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Akron, OI 94P McClure's—The Marketplace of the World SILENCE Perless COMFORT I College of the City of New York Model 31 Four-Cylinder Thirty Horse-power Touring Car The maximum pleasure of motoring requires the absence of unnecessary vibration, firm but resilient spring construction, a responsive motor, and the assurance of smooth and uninterrupted action through many miles of varying roadways. In these features, no less than in the luxurious appoint- ments of the car, the superiority of the Peerless is readily demonstrated The Peerless Motor Car Company 2439 East 93d Street, Cleveland, Ohio 95 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World A family launch that will beand the hard A Few Dollars Reserves This Boat For You MARVELOUS value in a beautiful classy knocks, safe as the day is long and built as Shell Lake Boats are always built. A Boat You Can Trust. The key note of this boat in design, construction and motor equipment has been safety. She is as good for the novice as for the experienced water man, yet nothing of style has been sacrificed, nothing lacking in class -you will never be ashamed of her no matter what your company. Will carry eight people all the speed you need. The Price is a Marvel. Send today for full details of construc- tion and our Special Bargain Offer. Shell Lake Boat Company Member National Boat and Engine Company, Salesrooms: Dept. 10, Shell Lake, Wis." Philadelphia Detroit Buffalo Seattle DID YOU Get One of These Last Year? If so, you know its good points already If not, order one at once from your dealer and qualify for that class of Considerate Motorists who are popular with the people and who get the most enjoyment out of their cars. Ask for the Perteci Motor Car Signal, that "Warns Without Offense." Its strong claims are distinctiveness, efficiency and Superiority as an agreeable warning signal-and it makes good every time. There's a size for every car, at $7. $8. $9, $10, according to requirements. No trouble to attach No maintenance cost. The Exhaust Blows II. THE RANDALL-FAICHNEY CO. Boston, U. S. A. We make B-Line OIL and GREASE GUNS too WRITE FOR BOOKLET 18 JERICHO the perfect Chioago Boston New York TO PEDAL hu OUT HOW TO RUN AN AUTO For Automobile Tops GENUINE Pantasote LEATHER AUTOMOBILES CAUTION TO PURCHASERS OF TOPS Pantasote "Homans' Self Propelled Vehicles" gives full details on successful care, handling and how to locate trouble. Beginning at the first prin- ciples necessary to be known, and then forward to the prin- SELF ciples used in every part of a Motor Car. PROPELLED It is a thorough 1911 course VEHICLES in the Science of Automobiles, highly approved by manufac- turers, owners, operators and JEHOMANS repairmen. Contains over 400 illustrations and diagrams, making every detail clear. written in plain language. Handsomely bound. PRICE $2 POSTPAID APPROVAL OFFER The only way the practical merit of this MANUAL can be given is by an examination of the book itself, which we EDITION will submit for examination, to be paid for or returned, after looking it over. Upon receipt of the following agree- ment, the book will be forwarded. No money in advance required, sign and return. Theo. Audel & Co., 63 Fifth Ave., New York Kindly mail me copy of Homans' Automobiles, and, if found satisfactory, I will immediately remit you $2.00, or return the book to you. Name. Occupation.. Address McClure's PRACTICAL TREATISE WITH LUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS (62 is a top material of recognized high and uniform quality and a product made only by us. Many unscrupulous dealers mis- represent as PANTASOTE cheap inferior materials to increase their profits-at the purchaser's expense. To the average person these substitutes when new look somewhat like Pantasote. See that this TO USE THIS Dealers re- LABEL ON ceived these label is on MATERIAL NOT labels free the top to with every prevent yard, leaving no excuse for IS A PENAL not using substitution. OFFENSE them, PANTASOTE is superior to mohalrs for many reasons-two In particular, the impossibility of cleaning them and the ruination of their interlining gum of very impure rubber by exposure to grease or sunlight, just as are tires. Send postal fir hroklet on top materials, and samples. REVISED frauduleni Pantasole AUDEL&CO. THE PANTASOTE CO. 30 BOWLING GREEN BLDG. NEW YORK 96 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World “What Will It Cost To Run?" Five Passenger Torpedo Type $1400 Investigate Operating Expense, No Matter What Cars You Are Thinking of Buying, And See If You Can Find Another That Will Give The Service So Cheaply As This — THE EVERITT 309 First cost in an automobile is by no means Unusual "factors of safety" were figured to the whole story. eliminate all possible troubles. What will it cost to run! Simplicity hitherto unknown made all ad- Regardless of name, price or mechanical justments easy. Careful balance and 300 lbs. features, you buy a car "to get there." less weight than usual, reduced tire strains to a minimum. What you pay for is Service. Scientific carburetion and timing, with long- The real questions for a buyer are: stroke motor and light weight, gave peculiar "Will I get this service at reasonable ex full efficiency. pense? Will the car take me—any time- where I want to go? Will it stand up? Limited Quantity-Every Car Right "Will it be free from repairs? Is it get-at-able The builders of the "Everitt” have. strictly for adjustments? Easy on tires ? Economical limited factory production.-As we said, this on gasoline?" is a quality car. These are the points an experienced buyer Consequently, there are not so very many makes sure of—and gets—in "Everitts" to be had; but every car is right. If you succeed in getting one, you will own A Car That's Built For Service a mighty good car. One that will give the The "Everitt 30" was built from just this service-always—at low expense. standpoint. You ought to know more about the “Everitt.” Three long-experienced manufacturers-men There are attractive models of all the good who had built thousands of cars-united their types. This coupon will acquaint you with the knowledge in its making. car that's built for you. The idea was a new standard of quality at reasonable cost,—to provide certain, enjoyable Metzger Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. transportation-service. Every design known to engineering was con- Send catalog and dealers name. sidered in its creation. Materials selected from the best made sure of faithful service. Unique methods of construction made sure the car would "stand up." - Mc 2- METZGER MOTOR CAR C: Manufacturers of The "EVERITT 30" and HEWITT TRUCKS DETROIT, MICH. 97 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World You are now laying your plans for a season of healthful, invigorating life out-of-doors Your confining and hard work this winter has earned you the right to get out and enjoy the good things nature brings in the way of sunshine, balmy spring days, fresh air and the verdant fields. of all gifts, fresh air and sunshine are the greatest, Of all sensations, the one of being carried swiftly, silently and surely thru the scenes of such gifts is the finest. Make your spring and summer full and roundfill this season of your life with joy and happiness. Determine to live and live the best that you know how--not extravagantly but luxuriously and simply. The Abbott-Detroit is designed to fit such a scene. To see one is to try on to try one is to buy. A charming ride in a perfectly balanced, luxuriously finished, roomy and powerful motor car, adds the flush which creates a perfect day. In the automobile market of today we believe that the Abbott-Detroit has not a peer under three thousand dollars. We make this statement you will confirm it when you start to make comparisons. Spring is at your heels, there are many wise buyers who have their plans made and will enjoy these first fine days. Are you one of them? Touring Car $1500.00 : Fore-Door Touring Car $1550.00 : Demi-Ton neau $1575.00; Roadster $1500.00 Coupe $2350.00. Abbott Motor 110 Waterloo Street Detroit, Michigan 1 98 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Only 1% of the cotton grown in America is good enough for ity for Cotton fabric is the very backbone of an auto- mobile Tíre. Rubber receives the outside wear and gives necessary elasticity, but it is the Fabric that resists pressure, strains and shocks. To get fabric of the necessary strength and uniform- GOODRICH TIRES we pay more for it than we would have to pay for many grades of silk. Less than one per cent of the entire American cotton crop possesses the length and strength of staple that permits its use as a source of supply for our tíre fabric. Furthermore, every inch of the finished fabric is closely inspected to eliminate the slightest possibility of weakness. It is this eternal vigilance at the factory end that has justified the users' faith in Goodrich Tires and made them the Standard Automobile Tires of America. The B.F.Goodrich Company, Akron, O. Largest in the World G Branches in the principal cities. Wholesale tire depots everywhere. TRADE MARK: TRADE MARK 99 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World 12TH YEAR The Supremacy of 12TH YEAR Diamond TIRES IS NOT AND NEVER COULD BE FOUNDED ON IMAGINARY BENEFITS Twelve years of Quality and Results have Written The Record. It is an open book to any investigator The users of DIAMOND CLINCHER TIRES DIAMOND MECHANICAL TIRES DIAMOND FISK TIRES DIAMOND STRAIGHT SIDED TIRES have always received Tangible benefits, -Diamond quality and Diamond mileage. You may select the type of tire, the kind of fastening and the rim. There is nothing exclusive, no matter who makes the tire, about these details. We will furnish what- ever you prefer. The exclusive feature which we alone can furnish is DIAMOND QUALITY THAT COUNTS. It gives you the lowest per year and per mile tire cost. Because we put Quality and Quantity of Rubber, Cotton, Workmanship, Experience and Skill into Diamond Tires to an extent unequaled by any other maker in the world. Twelve years of such work have maintained (as they also explain), Diamond Supremacy and it could be accomplished or accounted for in no other way. When you buy Diamond tires you get more for your money-more rubber, better rubber, much thicker threads, tires, that last longer, puncture rarely stone bruise less easily-things that COUNT!-Not mere talking points which cost the manufacturer nothing and cleverly distract your attention from the real issue. New tires, new rims, new fastenings, new talking points, often cleverly presented, often to the uninformed most plausible, come and go, but Diamond Quality and Diamond Supremacy, hand in hand, have remained constant and will continue so if we are right in fixing our attention on the essential principles- EXCELLENCE IN MATERIALS AND DESIGN, ABUNDANCE OF MATERIAL-NO SKIMPING, NO MISREPRESENTATION, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, and THE SAME KIND OF APPLES ALL THROUGH THE BARREL. It goes without saying that it costs us more to make Diamond tires as they are made than if they were thinner, lighter and weaker. We have to ask more for them from the automobile manufacturer. That is why some builders refuse to furnish Diamond tires when you specify them. You know that manufacturers of high priced cars without exception will furnish Diamond. DOES THAT SUGGEST NOTHING TO YOU? Some printed matter that gives valuable information about average tire upkeep expense, etc., on request. Ask for Booklet B. THE DIAMOND RUBBER CO., AKRON, OHIO Stores and Service Stations in 49 Principal Cities, Covering Every Section 101 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Baker Electrics 6 SHAFT ho DRIVEN The Pioneer Shaft Driven Electric Eight years ago The Baker Company began the designing of shaft drive in electrics. Two years ago they perfected a shaft drive which proved so superior in use to any chain drive invented that the latter was entirely abandoned. It is today the only transmission in electrics which is neither old-fashioned nor experimental. Equipped with lead plate, iron clad or Edison batteries, the two latter at extra cost; special electric pneumatic or Motz cushion tires. THE BAKER MOTOR VEHICLE COMPANY 65 West Both Street, Cleveland. Ohio 103 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World OCHY STOVE WORKS Barrington Hall The Bakeries Coffee Barrington Hall GR RASP a pencil well back from the point and draw several parallel lines. Straight lines show steady nerves and muscular control. Wabbly lines show a generally overwrought condition of nerves or digestion, or both. If this is due to coffee, try- These are reasons why you should have a Detroit Jewel Gas Range: It puts an end to back breaking, stooping and bending, it does away SteelCut with reaching over blazing burners, it looks and cooks better than any other range. It soon makes its cost in the saving of fuel. Baker-izing improves coffee in three distinct ways. First, the coffee berries are split open by a special machine and the chaff is blown away as waste. Coffee chaff can be seen in any other coffee when ground. It is an impurity and contains tannin. Brew- ed alone it is bitter and weedy. It doesn't help the coffee flavor, and is not good for the human system. Second-the coffee passes through steel-cutters in order to secure pieces of as nearly uniform size as possible — without dust. combine cooking economy with comfort and You can brew uniform convenience. The special star shaped burner pieces uniformly to the insures the proper mixing of air and gas, and exact strength desired. makes the hottest flame with the least gas .con- No small particles to be sumption; the pilot light never fails to transmit over-steeped and give up the flame to the burner. The high legs make it bitterness and tannin. easy to sweep under the stove. The direct flue No large grains to be of the large, square oven insures perfect circula- wasted by under-steeping: tion of the heat and makes it the best baking Therefore a pound of oven ever put in a gas range. coffee Baker-ized will make 15 to 20 cups more There are many styles and sizes of Detroit The Steel-Cut Jewel Gas Ranges. Your dealer or gas com- than a pound of ordinary pany can show them to you. Be sure you get coffee-because you get all the genuine. Look for the crown shaped trade the flavor from every grain. mark, and the name-Detroit Jewel. Coffee dust is the result of grinding-crushing in a mill. You can see it in the cup before you add Cook Book Free the cream. It makes the coffee muddy, its Our famous 32 page cook book giving over flavor woody, and it is indigestible. You 50 new and choice recipes for meats, game, won't find this dust in Baker-ized desserts, etc., also showing the latest Detroit Coffee. Jewel Gas Ranges-Sent Free BAKER Don't take our word for it-or the DETROIT STOVE WORKS IMPORTING word of thousands who drink "Largest Stove Plant in the World" CO. it regularly without harm or Detroit Dept. F Chicago 118 Hudson Street nervousness. Try it your- Ilew York, N.Y. self! In sealed tinsonly. Please send as advertised, a free sample can,enough to make A pound at your JEWEL 6 cups Barrington Hall Coffee, also booklet "The Coffee without a Re grocer's at 40 or STOVES In consideration I give my 45 cents ac- cording to RANGES Name... locality Address.. DETROIT JEWEL Gas Ranges Bakerized Coffee TRIAL CAN FREE gret." grocer's name (on the margin TARGEST STOVE PLANTAIN THE WORLD 106 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World R WALLACE SILVER BRIDES TABLE Saron Pattern Marquette Pattepe TRADE MARK RW 2 & $ STERLING THE spirit of the silversmith's craft finds its most graceful expression in these patterns. Each piece is in itself a true work of art. It is such ware as R. WALLACE Sterling that imparts its own atmosphere of charm and distinction to the table it graces. But, besides beauty of design and execution, there is also sound worth and serviceability, The designs are many and varied. Ask to see them at your dealer's or write us, 1835 TRADE MARK R-WALLACE" Silver plate that Resists wear Discrimination never fails to direct the careful purchaser to the ware that satisfies. 1835 R. WALLACE Silver Plate has an additional plate on the parts most exposed to wear. Users know the value of such a quality. They discriminate. Numerous designs of exceptional beauty and of Sterling character. Any piece of silver, bearing the 1835 R. WALLACE trade mark, that does not give positive satisfaction in any household will be replaced. A postcard will bring you our valuable book, "The Dining Room, its Decorations and Entertaining" including "How to Set the Table" by Mrs. Rorer. You will find a number of instructive points on entertaining and inexpensive ways of setting the table for many special anniversaries and events. R. WALLACE & SONS MFG. CO. Box 23 Wallingford, Conn. New York Chicago San Francisco London RTRS STERLING 1835 RWALLACE" Silver plale 109 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Tarvia Preserves Roads Prevents Dust Hazel Avenue, Buena Park, Chicago, Ill., constructed with Tarvia X. Adding to the Life of Macadam Ordinary macadam belongs to the past. | devices simply make the dust too heavy to It is not adequate to meet the demands of rise. They have little or no bonding or pre- modern automobile traffic. servative properties. It must be discarded or tarviated. Tarvia is made in three grades :- A tarviated road costs a little more than Tarvia X, for road construction. ordinary macadam but lasts so much longer Tarvia A, for use in surfacing old roads that the addition of the Tarvia is more than and keeping them dustless. paid for in the reduction of maintenance. Tarvia B, for dust suppression on old Tarvia makes a firm elastic matrix around roads. the stone, filling all voids, excluding water, Road Engineers, road authorities, auto- and resisting pulverization of the surface. mobile owners and residents along macadam For an old road that cannot be rebuilt or roads are invited to send for our booklet. resurfaced, the "sprinkling” or “surface" Address nearest office. treatment known as “Tarvia B” treatment is highly effective. One treatment will give BARRETT MANUFACTURING CO. excellent results for a season, or even longer, New York Chicago depending upon the amount of traffic. This Philadelphia Boston treatment is quite inexpensive. St. Louis Cleveland Pittsburg Tarvia gets at the original causes of road Cincinnati Kansas City Minneapolis waste and disintegration. Oils and other Seattle London, Eng. TRADE B MARK New Orleans III McClure's—The Marketplace of the World MOTTS PLUMBING You OUR bathroom cannot be properly ven- tilated unless the vent is located where it will act directly and instantaneously. The “Boston” Vent of the “Langham" closet leads directly from the bowl. It immediately removes air from within the fixture and continuously ventilates the bathroom. The flush valve is em- bedded in the ware, doing away with the usual cistern and exposed metal. The screw connection with the waste pipe is permanent, unlike the ordinary putty joint. It is the ideal fixture foi fine residences, apartments and hotels. Our booklet, “MODERN PLUMBING" contains illustrations showing 24 modern bathroom interiors, ranging in cost from $74 to $3000. Sent on request with 4 cents to cover postage. THE J. L. Mott IRON WORKS 1828 EIGHTY YEARS OF SUPREMACY 1911 Fifth Ave, and SeventeenTH ST., New York BRANCHES: Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, Minneapolis, Washing- ton, St. Louis, New Orleans, Denver, San Francisco, San Antonio, Atlanta, Seattle, Indianapolis and Pittsburgh. CANADA: 138 Bleury Street, Montreal 113 McClure's — The Marketplace of the World Here's Something New gelten DAMPER No more ashes to lug. No clumsy pan to spili dust and dirt on the kitchen floor The Glenwood Ash Chute solves the problem. It is located just CAENNET beneath the grate and connected by a GLENWOOD sheet iron pipe straight down through the kitchen floor to ash barrel in cellar. No part is in sight. Not a particle of dust can escape. Just slide the damper once each day and drop the ashes direct- ly into the ash barrel. The Dust Tight Cover CHUTE to barrel is another entirely new Glen- wood Idea and is very ingenious. The Ash Chute is sold complete with barrel and all connections, as illustrated, at a moderate price to fit any cabinet KITCHEN FLOOR style Glenwood. This is only one of the splendid improvements of The New Plain Cabinet Glenwood the Range without ornamentation or fancy nickel, 'The Mission Style" Glenwood. Every essential refined and improved upon. The Broad, Square Oven with perfectly straight sides, is very roomy. The Glenwood oven heat indicator, Improved baking damper, Sectional top, BASEMENT and Revolving grate are each worthy of special ASHES mention. Up-To-Date Gas Range Attachments This Range can be had with the latest and most improved Elevated or End Gas Range attachments. It has a powerful hot water front or for country use a Large Copper Reservoir on the end opposite fire box. It can be furnished with fire “Makes Cooking Easy" box at either right or left of oven as ordered. When the Ash Chute cannot be used an Improved Ash Pan is provided. Our handsome booklet tells all about it. PIPE Glenwood Range Write for booklet “31” of the Plain Cabinet Glenwood, mailed free. Weir Stove Co., Taunton, Mass. Manufacturers of the celebrated Glenwood Coal and Gas Ranges, 114 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World You Can't Go Wrong When You Buy A STAR. There Are Five Reasons Why. KAMA BROS 1 4 3 STAR Kuida STAR Safety Razor 1. STAR Blades are forged from the finest Sheffield steel. They are hand made and individually made through- out. You can't get a better blade. They take a marvelously keen edge- and keep it. Many STAR blades have been used constantly for over twenty years. 2. STAR Blade Clip is self-adjusting. It insures always perfect alignment of the blade. No other safety razor has this necessary device. 3. STAR Lather Cup affords ample room for the accumulation of lather while shaving. If you have ever used the ordinary safety razor you know the convenience this means. 4. STAR Frame Hinges make clean- ing easy and quick. Fingers are not plastered with lather. Razor is always clean. Simply turn back the frame and run water through it. Then snap into place again. 5. STAR Guarantee means that if you are not satisfied with a STAR you *purchase, you can send il direct to us and have it replaced or your money refunded, as you wish. You take no risk when you buy. The STAR must make good. If your dealer doesn't sell the STAR, write us PRICE, AS ILLUSTRATED Other Styles from $1.50 to $20. KAMPFE BROTHERS 8-12 Reade St. New York City KAMPRE BROS 115 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World You Can Weigh Exactly what You Should Weigh You can be Strong Vigorous full of Life and Energy. LL WHO delight in a clear skin, soft, white hands, a clean, wholesome scalp, with live, glossy hair, will find that Cuti- cura soap and Cuticu- ra ointment more than realize every expec- tation in promoting skin and hair health. You can be free from Chronic Ailments -every organ of your body strong as nature intended. You can have a Good Figure-as good as any woman. You can have a Clear Skin. I no longer need to say what "I can do” but what“I HAVE DONE. I have lielped 49,000 of the most cultured, intelligent women of America to arise to their very best-why not you ? NO DRUGS-NO MEDICINES My pupils simply comply with Nature's laws. What My Pupils Say: "Every one notices the change in my complexion, it has lost that yel- low color." “Just think what you have done for me! Last year I weighed 216 pounds, this year 146, and have not gained an ounce back. I am not wrinkled either. I feel so young and strong, no rheumatism, or slug- gish liver, and I can breathe now. It is surprising how easily I did it. I feel 15 years younger." "Just think! I have not had a pill or a cathartic since I began and I used to take one every night." "My weight has increased 30 pounds. I don't know what in- digestion is any more, and my nerdes are 80 tested! I sleep like a baby." "Miss Cocroft, I have laken of my glasses and my catarrh is so much better. Isn't that good?" "I feel as if I could look every man, woman and child in the face with the feeling that I am grou- ing — spiritually, physically and mentally. Really I am a tronger, better woman. I don't know how to tell you or to thank you." Reports like these come to me every day. Do you wonder I want to help every woman to vibrant health and bappi- Write me your faults of health or figure. Your cor- respondence is held in strict confidence. If I cannot help you I will tell you what will. My free book tells how to stand and walk correctly and contains other information of vital interest to women. Every woman is welcome to it. Write for it. If you do not need me, you may be able to help a dear friend. I have had a wonderful experience and I'd like to tell you about it. Susanna Cocroft Dept. 95-K 246 Michigan Avenue Chicago ness. Sold throughout the world. Depots: London, 27, Charterhouse Sq.; Paris, 10, Rue de la Chaussee d'Antin; Australia, R. Towns & Co., Sydney; U. S. A., Potter Drug & Chem. Corp., Sole Props., Boston. *r Post-free, 32-page book on the skin. Miss Cocroft is the best authority in Americ unon tu regaining of woman's health and figure thro Natur Scientific means. 66 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Are You Ready For YOUR Chance? Box 814 SCRAYTOX, Pa. Can you fill the job above you? Have you the knowledge the training? If not, there is no excuse. For you can have the training--you CAN be fit and ready for PROMOTION-if you will. Don't think you haven't time, or money—that you lack any qualification, if you can read and write. You are not as backward in education you are not as poor-you are not as hard worked as thousands of others who have been helped by the I. C. S. to win training in the line of work they like best—who have been fitted for promotion—and who have gained it. It's all up to YOU. Over 300 I. C. S. students monthly, as an average, INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, voluntarily report increases in salary-416 in Please explain, without further obligation on my part, January How many there are who do not report their "raises” is not known. Spanish There is the same chance for you as for all these others. No matter where you are, what you do, how little you now make, the I. C. S. can help you gain training-raise your pay. MARK the coupon now and let the I. C. S. give you full information on how they can help you to SUCCEED-in your spare time—at home. For your own sake begin to-day. Present Occupation Get Yourself Ready NOW! City how I can qualify for the position, trade or profession before which I have marked x Automobile Running Civil Service Mine Superintendent Archllect Mine Foreman Chemist French Plumbing, Stear Fitting Gas Engines German Concrete Construction Bunking Italian Civil Engineer Building Contractor Textile Manufacturing Architecturullrutsman Stationary Engineer Industrial Designing Telephone Expert Commercial Illustrating Mechanical Engineer Window Trimming Mechanical Draftsman Show Card Writing Electrical Engineer Advertising Jan Electric Lighting Supt. Stenographer Electric Wireman Bookkeeper Name Street and No.. State 67 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Fine Joth Glass Table WOXTOR IMMEDIATE USERT BURNHAM & MORRILL MARK CORNEO CGD ARE MADDOEK SEBALLS, CREDON PACKED IN MAINE.U.S.A. There's a charm and dignity about anything Colonial that outlasts all changes of whim and fashion. The beautiful glassware that earned your great-grandmother's personal care is coming in again. The same shapes-less bulky--daintier and better glass. Pure, TRADE white-clear as crystal. TRADE Costs but little more than the ordinary kind Its pure, clear beauty repays more evidently than porcelain the care and H attention given it. Sturdy enough for everyday use with a dainty refinement that would have been marvelous in Colonial days. Ask for the kind with the Diamond H trademark on the underside of every piece. Manufactured exclusively by A. H. HEISEY & COMPANY, Newark, Ohio, U. S. A. MARX extra The Best FISH FLAKES Codfish comes our new way in sanitary parchment lined coated tins-- Large, tender, delicious flakes -Cooked, slightly salted and ready for immediate use. You will find BURNHAM & MORRILL FISH FLAKES a revelation for making the most perfect Codfish Balls, Creamed Fish, Fish Chowder and many other dainty fish dishes. Convenient and economical. Book of Special Recipes Free BURNHAM & MORRILL CO., Portland, Maine, U. S. A. 10c. and 15c. sizes (Except in Far West) 69 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World ENDURING AS THE Look through the glass and see how it SLIDES. PYRAMIDS “Lest We Forget MONUMENTS are not erected for a generation but for all time. Marble and granite chip, crack, crumble, and become moss- grown. White Bronze is as endur- ing as the pyramids. When stone has crumbled into dust, White Bronze will stand intact. Decay, moss-growth, chipping, cracking and crumbling are impossible. White Bronze is more artistic and expressive than stone and less expensive. “I have replaced over 200 stones with White Bronze 19 10 instance has the White Bronze failed to give satisface tion."--H.W. Green, Alich. We supply all demands from small markers to public monu- ments, memorial tablets, his- torical tablets, etc. Designs and full information free on request. State about hat expense is anticipated. Deiivery made anywhere. AGENTS WANTED. MONUMENTAL BRONZE COMPANY 354A HOWARD AVENUE-BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Massé Ylike that with strain- Plexo Suspenders, for the man of action, ing shoulders.-Wear and you will never feel any shoulder strain. As in this picture the glass magnifies the size of the slid- ing cord-so will Plexo Sus- penders increase your comfort. They "give” to every move- ment and are light and easy as none at all. Plexo Suspen- ders are strong, too,—very dur- able, and mighty good-looking. Get a pair of your own haberdasher- or of us, -50 cts. Knothe Brothers 124 Fifth Ave., New York Write for our booklet telling how men of action of olden time kept their trousers up. It will interest you. Free of course. “The Tanks with a Reputation” CALDWELL STEEL TANKS are produced in the most com- plete and up-to-date shops for this lass of work in the country, and under the most approved methods of manufacture. A “Know How" gained from 25 years' experience and the constant and unremitting effort to furnish the best tank built are two very important factors that have contributed to making the high reputation en- joyed by CALDWELL TANKS and TOWERS We plan and install outfits for Water Supply and Fire Pro- tection for Factories, Towns, Asylums, etc. Estimates and plans and sce- cifications will be furnished for any size job. Our new 100 page Tank catalogue De Luxe No. 4 will be sent to anyone directly interested. 25 years' experience. We erect anywhere everywhere. Lowell Gas Light Co., Lowell, Mass. We also manufacture all kinds of Wood Tanks and specialize in Everlasting" Cypress. W. E. CALDWELL CO., Incorporated, Louisville, Ky., U. S. A. TANKS-Steel, Wood, Galvanized-TOWERS WIND MILLS PUMPS GAS ENGINES 70 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World SMITH&WESSON MANUFACTURERS OF SUPERIOR REVOLVERS 38 D. A. Perfected Price $14.00 This revolver, with the thumb-piece and barrel catch forming two positive locks, embodies the greatest advance in revolver design since 1893. Send for "The Revolver”, an invaluable book. SMITH & WESSON, INC., 16 Stockbridge Street, Springfield, Mass. Pacific Coast Branch: 717 Market Street, San Francisco, Cal. TUTTLE Marine Motors Are made in many sizes. We Equip Everything from a Canoe to a Cruiser. We guarantee every Tuttle engine to be right as far as it is humanly possible to have it, before it leaves our shop. Any defective part will be replaced by us at any time. Write for Catalog, now TUTTLE MOTOR CO., 144 State Street, CANASTOTA, N. Y. 71 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World No Metal Touches the Skin Pad Garters 25 and 50¢ Everywhere - or by mail Pioneer Suspender Co Philadelphia "A CUBE MAKES A CUP TRADE MARK If You Have Had To make a cup of delicious, tempting Steero Bouillon takes but a moment. Just drop a Steero Cube into a cup and add boiling water. "STEERO TRADE MARK) Bouillon Cubes Made by American Kitchen Products Co., New York will please you as they do every one who tries them, because of their convenience and quality. Send for Free Samples and prove that this is so. If your grocer or druggist can not supply, send 35c for box of 12 Cubes, postpaid. Tins of 50 and 100 Cubes are more economical for bousebold use. Distributed and Guaranteed by Schieffelin & Co., 207 William Street New York the services of a Simplex Electric Toaster-you know that it is the Best of Toasters as well as a desirable ad- dition to every well-appointed dining- room. If you have yet to gain that pleasure-we shall be glad to send you the Story of the Toaster-for those who do not know-Ask for a “Toast to the Toaster." SIMPLEX ELECTRIC HEATING CO. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Monadnock Block 612 Howard Street Chicago San Francisco *STEERO" POUILLON DOMETRISKETCHEN PAGODETE STEERO STEE90 ASTESRO TEER STEERD TEURO Under Food Law, Serial No. 1 Woodworth reads Woodworth Treads are Automobile tire protectors made of chrome leather studded with steel rivets. They are held on the tire by circular rings on each side, made of coil springs: joined by turnbuckle screws, which enable one to easily adjust the tread to different makes of tires. The coil springs take up all slack, keeping the treads always tight and smooth, absolutely pre- venting them from becoming loose to chafe or heat the tire. They do not affect the resiliency or easy-riding qualities of tires. Guaranteed to give good results in every way. Woodworth Treads prevent skidding and punctures and reduce your tire cost one-half. Sold by all first-class dealers. Send for 1911 catalogue and free booklet –"Preservation of Auto Tires." LEATHER TIRE GOODS CO., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Canadian Factory, Niagara Falls, Ont. Peduce Your Tite Cost 72 DUD ENGLISH FLOOR WAX - McClure's—The Marketplace of the World "Coming events cast their shadows before" Health, Good Digestion and Pleasure in store “The World's Best Table Water" Put up Only in NEW Sterilized Bottles ON White Rock Floors Made Beautiful CINCIN Old English taak Done in an Hour AS.BOYLEB: 9 Done for a Year Your home can be made more attractive. You can do it with Old English Floor Wax, which is easily applied with a cloth and, if put on according to directions, gives a finish that will last a year, because it contains more of the hard (expensive) imported wax. That is why, on floors, furniture or woodwork, Floor WW ax gives the rich, subdued lustre famous in the Old English finish; and that is why Old English outlasts other finishes. A pound goes much farther than a pound of ordinary wax. A 50-cent can covers a large room. If it wears thin anywhere, say in front of your door, you can put a little wax just on that spot — with other than wax finish you would have to refinish the whole floor. Send for Free Sample and the Book “BEAUTIFUL FLOORS—Their Finish and Care,” which treats on these subjects: Finishing New Floors Cleaning and Polishing Finishing Dance Floors A.S. BOYLE Finishing Old Floors Care of Waxed Floors Finishing Furniture & CO. Hardwood Floors Kitchen, Pantry and Interior Woodwork Pine Floors Send Booklet Bathroom Floors Stopping Cracks and Free Sample Removing Varnish, etc. so I can try Old A. S. BOYLE & CO., 1913 W. 8th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio English at home. Use “Brightener” occasionally to clean, polish and preserve all Name....... waxed, varnished or shellaced finishes, whether floors or furniture. SAMPLE FREE-it's a boon to every good housekeeper, Address My Dealer is......... 73 McClure's — The Marketplace of the World The EVERETT PIANO One of the three great Pianos of the World The John Church Company Cincinnati New York Chicago Owners of The Everett Piano Co, Boston What Kind of Refrigerator Service Have You? Residence of Col. G. G. Pabst, Milwaukee, Wis. Saving the ice is a very commendable thing for a refrig- erator to do-Saving your health is of much greater importance, but the most important of all is the continuous twenty- four hour service of convenience—help in keeping uncooked foods -chilling salads, jellies, desserts, etc., that McCray Refrigerators give; in preserving individual flavors and aromas; in im- parting a delightful thirst-satisfying coolness that makes the good things better and the crisp things snappier, more appetizing and McCray Refrigerators deliciously stimulating. are built in many sizes and kinds to supply perfect refrigeration for every purpose as described in the following illustrated booklets : No. A. H. Built-to-order for Residences, No. 87 Reg. ular Models for Residences, No. 48 for Hotels, Clubs and Institutions, No. 72 for Florists, No. 67 for Grocers, No. 59 for Meat Markets. The one you are interested in will be sent free on request. McCray Refrigerator Co. 279 Lake Street Kendallville, Ind. Display Rooms and Agencies in all Principal Cities McCray Refrigerator No. 7652 Built-to-order for Col. G. G. Pabst 75 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World AN EXQUISITE EXAMPLE OF WILBUR FLAVOR Vilburs CHOCOLATE BUDS Other Wilbur Creations are : Velour - American Milk — Dessert - Sweet Clover Chocolate — and Wilbur's Cocoa. H. O. WILBUR & SONS, Inc., Mfrs., Philadelphia, Pa. Wilbur's Velour Chocolate ROWE’S BED HAMMOCK GLOUCESTER RUDORY T RUBDRY KENNIS PLAYERS, golfers, oarsmen, walkers - all like the glow of vitality which fol- lows a RUBDRY rub-down (dry friction or cold bath) after the hours of exercise. THE NEW Bath Towel Guaranteed for 14 years RUBDRY Bath Towels are made in 5 sizes (each in an individual box): 39c, 53c, 73c, 85c and $1.25. We recommend the 53c (medium) and 85c (large) sizes as giving best values. Get a pair (53c or 85c size) of RUBDRY Towels today from your drygoods man, druggist or men's furnisher-or direct from us-and begin to cnjoy the real luxury of a rub-down. 1 Sample washcloth. 4c to pay postage. Demonstration chart free. RUBDRY TOWEL CO., 189 So. Angell Street, Providence, R.I. BATH TOWELS for Verandas, Porches, Lawns, Indoors The Perfect Couch for Outdoor Sleeping A Rowe Hammock has hung for 8 or 10 summers on a porch within 200 feet of the Atlantic Ocean. Last season a visitor re- ferred to it as your new hammock." 40 years' experience show that Rowe's Hammocks give 10 years of continuous ont-of-door service. As far as the signs of wear go, you can't tell whether a Rowe Hammock has been used 6 n onths or 6 years. It is made by sailmakers on the model we supplied for years to the U.S. Navy. It is made from duck that is 60 per cent. to 200 per cent, stronger than that in others, and sewn with thread that is twice as strong. It has sewing and bracing that no other maker has learned the need of. It is handsome, but severely plain-no showiness, just solid merit. Our Khaki is permanent in color: will not soll clothing. A very few first-class stores are licensed to sell our hammocks. If not conveniently situated, you should buy direct from us. Delivery prepald, ready for hanging. WRITE FOR DESCRIPTIVE BOOKLET Small silk name-label on every Rowe Hammock E. L. ROWE & SON, Inc., Sailmakers and Ship Chandlers 542 Wharf Street, GLOUCESTER, Mass. The BEST is true economy Higgin All-Metal Screens Higgin All-Metal Weather Strip Neat and durable. Never warp. Never shrink. Always air-tight. Never wears out. Window never sticks. Branches in all large cities. Look for 'Higgin" in your telephone book. If not there, write us direct. Catalog free. THE HIGGIN MFG. co. 305-325 E. Fifth St., NEWPORT, KY. 76 - On the Dining Table LEA & PERRINS NATURAL APERIENT WATER McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Both private and public, in this and all civilized countries SAUCE THE ORIGNAL WORCESTERSHIRE Has come into universal use. The rare ingre- dients used in its preparation are grateful to the palate and peculiarly acceptable to every one. It aids digestion and deliciously flavors more dishes than any other table sauce in use. Try it on Soups, Fish, Hot and Cold Meats, Chops, Steaks, Chafing Dish Cooking and Welsh Rarebits. A Wonderful Appetizer. Assists Digestion. John Duncan's Sons, Agents, New York TYPEWRITERS IMPROVES THE FIGURE. A FACTORY REBUILT G THE BEST We save you money on all makes of typewriters and give a guarantee for servie and condition, as strong As the original makers. We can do this for we operate the oldest, largest and best equipped factory in the world. Our Factory Rebuilt 1 ypewriters" are honestly and thor- oughly rebullt from top to bottom by skilled workmen. You Can Save $25 to $50 By buying our "Factory Rebuilt Typewriters," and be sure of perfect satisfaction. The machines are highly polished, japanned and nic's elec-perfect in quality, condition and looks, and serviceable and emcient in every way. This "Trade Mark” guarantees for one year against any defect in workmanship or materials. Write for fllustrated catalogue and address of nearest branch store, American Writing Machine Company BOTTLED AT THE SPRINGS, BUDA PEST, HUNGARY, 345 Broadway, New York. "APENTA” Dioxogen A cut, wound or any break in the skin may cause trouble if neglected. The application of Dioxogen prevents simple accidents from becoming serious; Dioxogen destroys harmful germ-life, thus preventing infection; it is always efficient and is safe for children as well as grown-ups” to use. Descriptive booklet, describing many toilet as well as emergency uses, and introductory 2-oz. bottle, will be sent free upon request. The Oakland Chemical Co., 91 Front Street, New York One of 100 Uses-for Cuts and Wonnd, 77 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World that if you Rich, Red Blood Tingling Through Your System Nerves like iron-and an appetite like a farm hand. Does that appeal to you? Are you tired of being “always tired"-nervous, irrit- able— tired of having your doctor tell you don't knock off and rest you'll go to pieces? Are you willing to let the Davis Electric Medical Battery bring back to you the bounding health and buoyancy of youth? Electricity is the world's greatest restorer--and the Davis Elec- tric Medical Battery is the world's most remarkable discovery for administering it to the human system. It is not a toy-not a mechanical vibrator but a therapeutical instrument of highest merit-endorsed and used by most promi- nent physicians. It is extremely simple operates on the ordi- nary lighting circuit. Absolutely without shock or unpleasant sensation - a child can use it. Write today for booklet. Also our interesting proposition to agents. The Davis Electric Company Main Office and Factory, 208 Davis Building, Parkersburgh, W. Va. $380 Made in Six Hours This and better has been done operating the " Circling Wave"-the catchy riding device that pleases both old and young. A moderate investment gives you a healthy and profitable business of your own-gives you independence. Operate the "Circling Wave." at County Fairs-Old Home Weeks-Carnivals, etc. You will make big money from the start. For price and catalogue write ARMITAGE & GUINN 31 Mill Street, Springville, Erie Co., N. Y., U. S. A. Demonstrator Agents Wanted in Every Community 16-ft. Steel Launch $ $96 Complete with Engine, Ready to Run 18-20-23-27 foot Launches at proportionate prices. All launches tested and fitted with Detroit two cycle reversible engines with speed controlling lever-simplest engine made- starts without cracking-has only 3 moving parts anyone can run it. Steel Row- boats $20.00. All boats fitted with air-tight compartments-cannot sink, leak or rust- need no boathouse. We are the largest manufacturers of pleasure boats in the world and sole owners of the patents for the manufacture of rolled steel, lock seamed, steel sats. Orders filled the day they are receised. Write for Free Illustrated Catalog and testimonials of 10.000 satisfied uters. Dlichigan Steel Boat Co., 1260 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich., U.S.A. (30) ORIGINAL-GENUINE Delicious, Invigorating MALTED MILK The Food-Drink for all ages. Better than Tea or Coffee. Rich milk and malted-grain extract, in powder. A quick lunch. Keep it on your sideboard at home. Avoid Imitations — Ask for Ask for “ HORLICK’S” – Everywhere HORLICK'S 78 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Write for Our Free Book on Home Refrigeration $8,000 to $10,000 YEARLY IMPROVED RIDING GALLERY This book tells how to select the Home Refrigerator, how to know the poor from the good, how to keep down Ice bills, how to keep a Refrigerator sani- tary and sweet-lots of things you should know before buying any Refrigerator. It also tells all about the “Monroe" with food compartments made in one piece of Always sold DIRECT solid, unbreakable and at Factory Prices, Cash or Monthly Payments. White Porcelain Ware, over an inch thick, with every corner rounded-no cracks or crevices anywhere, and as easy to keep clean as a china bowl. GERSCHELL SPILLMANCO NORTH TONAWANDANY U.S.A. CAN BE OPERATED BY STEAM OR ELECTRICITY The Monroe The leading hospitals use the “Mon- roe" exclusively, and it is found in a large majority of the best homes. The “Monroe" is never sold in stores, Fach but direct from the factory to you on our Compartment liberal trial offer, Freight Prepaid. a solid piece Easy Payments. We are making a Porcelain radical departure this year from our Ware rule of all cash with order, and sell the “Monroe" on our liberal credit terms, to all desiring to buy that way. Just say "Send Monroe Book" on a postal card and it will go to you by next mail. Monroe Refrigerator Co., Station C, Lockland, Ohio Make Money Out of Others' Fun Pleasing the Public Pays Big Profits and own- ers of our fa nous attractions frequently make from $8,000 to $10,00) every year. We make everything in the Riding Gallery line, fron a hand- power Merry-Go-Round to the highest grade Carousselles. Pring in hundreds of dollars daily. It is a delightful. attractive, hig paying. healthful business. Just the thing for the man who can't stand indoor work, or is not fit for heavy work. Just the business for the man who has some money and wants to invest it to the best advantage. Our goods are the finest appearing, easiest running, and most attrac- tive line manufactured. They are simple in construction and require no special knowledge to operate. If you want to get into a money-making business, write to-day for catalogue and particulars. HERSCHELL-SPILLMAN CO. Park Amusement Outfitters 220 Sweeney Street, N. Tonawanda, N. Y., U. S. A. MAILED Boat and Engine Book FREE Vapo resolene. (ESTABLISHED 1879) for Whooping Cough, Croup, Asthma, Sore Throat, Coughs, Bronchitis, Colds, Diphtheria, Catarrh. Just like a 30-Footer Do not think of Buying a Launch or Engine only until you see our Handsome Book smaller WHICH EXPLAINS FOUR WONDERFUL LAUNCH BARGAINS Only $121 for this complete 16-ſt. Launch-3 H. P., guaranteed self-start- ing Engine. wecdless Wheel and kndder. Result of 30 years' experience. Money back if not as represented. Write for free catalog today. Special Bargains in Weco reversible, self-starting engines to those building or buying their own hulls. Engine controlled by one lever, C. T. WRIGHT ENGINE CO., 1207 Canal St., Greenville, Mich. Used while yon sleep" GE. DUPONTICO DUPONT BRUSHES Look for the ELEPHANT on every Brush, A simple, safe and effective treatment avoiding drugs. Vaporized Cresolene stops the paroxysms of Whooping Cough and relieves Croup at once. It is a boon to sufferers from Asthma. The air rendered strongly antiseptic, inspired with every breath, makes breathing easy, soothes the sore throat and stops the cough, assuring restful nights. Cresolene relieves the bronchial complications of Scarlet Fever and Measles and is a valuable aid in the treatinent of Diphtheria. Cresolene's best recommendation is its 30 years of successful use. Send us postal for Descriptive Booklet. For Sale by All Druggists Try Cresolene Antiseptic Throat Tablets for the irri- tated throat, composed of slippery elm bark, licorice, sugar and Cresolene. They can't harın you. of your druggist or from us, ioc in stamps. THE VAPO-CRESOLENE CO., 62 Cortlandt St., New York or Leeming-Miles Building, Montreal, Canada finest toilet brushes made- being made of the best :: skilled labor, in an absolutely clean and sanitary factory, the largest and most complete in the world. Obtainable in hun- dreds of styles and sizes, real ebony, bone pearl, ivory, for the bair, teeth, face, bands, etc. If not at your dealer's write us. E. DUPONT & CO. Paris, Beauvais, London N. Y.orfice,43 W.33d St. DUPONT PARIS 80 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World CUNN SECTIONAL BOOKCASES OFFICE GUNN WRITE FOR ALOGUE Which LASETTAND RAMSOE of its unvarying quality, the purity of its ingredients, Let us solve your library problem at the least expense. Get our new handsome catalogue N, illustrated in colors. Our prices are lower than others with quality guaranteed. Be sure you know about our Sanitary Clawfoot, Mission and Standard styles, and what our exclusive features mean to you ---- absence of iron bands; easily taken apart for economical moving; easily removable non-binding doors. Sold by dealers or direct. Gunn Furniture Company 13 Victoria St., Grand Rapids, Mich. Makers of Gunn Office Deske and Filing Devices Multi-Kopy Ordinary Good Carbon for at From the standpoint of economy which ought you to use? But then, not so much from the saving end of it, eitber, but for the quality of the results, the only way to be sure is to use the right medium- Perfect Cold Cream TRADE BEST FOR COMPLEXION cially those who really know, are recommending Daggett & Ramsdell's Perfect Cold Cream and writ- MARK ing volumes in newspapers and magazines regarding its benefits to the skin. It is called "Perfect" because Its coples are clean, clear, distinct; non-fading and non-smulting. They are permanent, no ma.ter under what conditioas they are subjected (those of ordinary the extreme cleanliness and care with which it is carbon paper are not.) made, its unequalled benefits to the skin, the delicacy Send for Sample Sheet, Free-Use it to copy 100 of its perfume and its keeping properties. It removes letters. Make 20 copies at one writing. Compare the dust, grime and impurities from the pores after mo- copies with the one you bave now, In writing kindly mention your name, firm's name and dealer's name. toring, traveling, shopping or housework. It soothes I! desired, mention business, for then we can give and heals sunburn and other skin troubles. It is definite data as well. guaranteed NOT to make hair grow. Tubes 10, 25c, and 50c; Jars 35c, 50c, 85c and $1.85. Sarwari red in six varieties. The following list gives Made in black, blue, purple, green and Write for names of varieties and manifolding powers: Regular Finish: Lt. Wt., 23; Medlum, 8; FREE SAMPLE Billing, 6. Hard Finish: Lt. Wt., 16; Me- dium; 6 Billing, 4. and know by your own experience the supe- F. S. WEBSTER CO., 342 Congress St., Doston, Mass. riority of "Perfect" Cold Cream. Address letters to Home Office Address Dept. B. SALES OFFICES: New York, 396-8 Broadway DAGGETT & RAMSDELL Chicago, 211 Madison St.; Phlladelphia, 908 Walnut St. Pittsburg 432 Diamond St. D. & R. Bldg., New York DO YOU Worn Out 100 letters Want? 20, letters Daggett & Ramsdell's Carbon Paper TRAVELER'S SIZE (OLD REM Cewe CA COLD CE 158SOLLES Witt's Can for Ashes and Garbage Witt's outlasts 2 ordinary cans Witt's galvanized, corrugated steel can stands hard knocks -is fire and rustproof, clean and sanitary, keeps in the smells, keeps out dogs, cats, rats and flies. Look for the yellow label Witt's and the name Witt stamped in the top and bottom. None genuine without it. Three sizes of both can and pail. If your dealer hasn't them, write us and we will see that you are supplied. Address Dept. 4. THE WITT CORNICE CO. Dept. 4, 2118-2124 Winchell Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio Look For The Yellow Label 81 McClure's—The Marketpiace of the World SACREMICAL LABORATOR DURING 1910, 2.623.412 CHICLETS WERE SOLD EACH DAY Chiclets REALLY DELIGHTFUL The Dainty Mint Covered Candy Coated Chewing Gum Chiclels Strong in favor, but not offensive. A delicate morsel, refreshing the mouth and throat and allaying after- dinner or after-smoking distress. The refinement of chewing gum for people of refinement. It's the peppermint the true mint. For Sale at all the Better Sort of Stores 54 the Ounce and in 54,104 and 25¢ Packets SEN-SEN CHICLET COMPANY METROPOLITAN TOWER,NEW YORK Teen My three thou- sand styles of electric lighting glass are the result of over thirty years' experience in working out difficult lighting problems. I make a special globe or shade for every lighting effect, just as I make a special lamp-chimney for every burner. My lamp-chimneys are made of Macbeth Pearl Glass,” and bear my name. They make the lamp do its best. My Index shows the right chimney for every lamp. Free. MACBETH Macbeth-Evans Glass Company Pittsburgh CHICAGO: PHILADELPHIA: 178 East Lake Strert 42 South Eighth Street New York: 19 West 30th Street PHICE 25CENTS Children like Sanito!. SANTOL Reg. U. 8. Pat Off, TOOTH provide Sanitol Tooth POWDER They will brush their teeth eagerly if you PI Powder. The flavor delights them-theanti- septic properties clean and preserve their teeth. CLEANSES THE TEETH PURIFIES THE BREATH SANITO , 82 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World PURE • PLAIN Takes Perfect Safe Drinking Water Care of Both Food and Water for Your Children To let your children drink water with ice in it is very dangerous. Any physician will tell you so. Run no risk of typhoid or other dis- eases-have an abundance of safe, sweet and deli- ciously cold water always on tap, in the Built-In, por- celain-lined Water Cooler of the Automatic Refrigerator. Below is a picture of this cooler and its porcelain cover, before placed in re- frigerator, Positively pro- tects your water against distasteful food flavors or contamination of any kind. Occu- pies space wasted in other refrigerators. Requires no extra ice. Saves ice, in fact, as none needs to be chipped off. Our special Bottle Holder accommodates one or two gallon bottles of spring water. A wonderful convenience for city homes. In case you don't care for either Bottle Holder or Water Cooler the AUTOMATIC REFRIGERATOR without these features is still the most complete, suc- . cessful and economical of refrigerators. Its eight insulating walls and inside circulation keep foods colder and dryer-hence, longer and better. The Automatic is so economical of ice, that in one season it will easily save all il costs more than an inferior re- frigerator and continue saving you money for many years. Your choice of zinc, enamel and genuine Por- After its purity and celain linings. Sizes to suit every need and every pocket book. Iced from outside if desired. See the wholesomeness, the Automatic at your dealer's. But right now drop us a line mentioning his name, and we'll send you our most distinguishing feature of new 68-page catalog, telling all about the Automatic. ILLINOIS REFRIGERATOR COMPANY 630 Wall Street, Morrison, Mlinois TO DEALERS: Our exclusive Agency Proposition will interest wide-awake dealers. Write for it. SPARKLING KNOX GELATINE At birth, this splendid little rosy-cheeked girl (Ruth Ellen Smith, of Wenat- chee, Washing- ton), was put on is the hundreds of ways in which it can be used. It improves the soups, sauces and gravics-garnishes the meats-makes de- licious jellies, salads and candies-gives fineness to the ices and ice creams. EASTER EGG DESSERT 22 box Knox Sparkling Gelatine 12 cup sugar 12 cup cold water 1 teaspoonful vanilla 2 cups milk or cream, scalded Soften gelatine in cold water 5 minutes; dissolve in hot milk; add sugar and flavoring; wash 12 large eggs; make pin bole in one end of each shell, larger opening in other end, shaking out contents from shell; rinse shells clean and drain; pour chilled but liquid pudding through funnel into shells; set them upright in broken ice. When ready to serve, remove shells and arrange contents in nest of orange, lemon or wine jelly; or spun sugar may be used for nest. The pink color may be dissolvedl in the bot mixture, imparting a tint to the eggs. Serve with whipped cream. Recipe Book FREE "Dainty Desserts for Dainty People,"contain- ing recipes for Desserts, Salads, Puddings, Ices, Ice No Eskay's Food Knox SPARKLING She has always been as robust and healthy as her picture, at 4%2 years, shows her to be. FREE SAMPLE of Eskay's Food (ten feed. ings), also a copy of our helpful book, "How to Care for the Baby." Smith, Kline & French Co. 443 Arch St. Philadelphia trated in colors, sent FREE GELATINE KO JORNSTOERUSA for your grocer's name. GIGHEST MEDAL WERLUSTAID/ Pint sample for 2c stamp CHARLES B. KNOX CO and your grocer's name. CHAS. B. KNOX CO. 101 Knox Avenue Johnstown, NY, Branch Factory: Montreal, Canada 84 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World w BLUE LABEL KETCHUP GUARANTEED FREE FROM ARTIFICIAL COLLA CONTAINS OF 1% BENZOATE SODA NOTICE PRESEAVERS CURTICE BROTHERS ROCHESTER NYU.S.A. OTHERS ATICE Keeps After it is Opened. Made from red-ripe tomatoes, carefully selected and washed in clean water. Cooked just a little, that the natural flavor may be retained. Seasoned delicately with pure spices, Put up in sterilized bottles. Contains only those ingredients recognized and endorsed by the U. S. Government. Visitors are always welcome to inspect our spotlessly clean kitchens. Insist on Blue Label Soups, Canned Vege- tables, Fruits, Meals, Jams and Jellies Send for Booklet "Original Menus" Mailed Free. CURTICE CROTHERS CO., Rochester, N. Y. BLUE LABEL TOMATO KETCHUP CURTICE BROTHERS CO. Ya TOU fections at home, or at your friend's in Boston, or visiting your cousin in Pensacola. Wherever you are, wherever you may travel, you will find the green Whitman signs and a Whitman agency— usually the leading drug store. There you can buy AGENCY Whitmani Whitman's CHOCOLATE CONNECTIONS Fussy Package For Fastidious Folks Chocolates with hard centers and nut centers, and all the other Whitman special- ties, only one step away from the makers. Each agency supplied direct. Whitman service is as "care full” as Whitman's candies. Every Whitman package must be absolutely perfect or it must not be sold to you. Should any package for any reason prove disappointing, the Whitman agent is authorized to replace it or refund your money. Should you fail to find the Whitman agent we will send. prepaid, the Fussy Package at $1.00 a pound, Honey White Nougat, Chocolate Covered Mint Marshmallows or Chocolate Covered Maraschino Cherries at 50c a package. Write for booklet "Suggestions" describing the Whitman Service and Specialties. STEPHEN F. WHITMAN & SON, Inc. Established 1842. Philadelphia, U. S. A. Makers of Whitman's Instantaneous Chocolate. **(A sample mailed for ten cents) 2015 Care Whitman's 85 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World THE Self-Inking Rotary Neostyle Individual Libraries With Unlimited Possibilities of Growth To have one's books appropriately housed, but within easy reach, where they can be enjoyed without interrup- tion, and without encroaching on the liberty or pleasure of others, is the secret of the Individual Library idea. For the young people at home, or away at school, their books and favorite authors; for the guest room, den, living room, hall; for any room, no matter what the size of your book collec- tion may be-there is a style or combination in Globe:Wernicke Elastic Bookcases exactly suited to your needs; yet possessing un- limited possibilities for home decoration or future growth. The Unit Construction of Globe: Wernicke bookcases lends itself perfectly to the individual requirements of all, or any room. Made in a wide diversity of styles and finishes Globe. Wernicke "elastic" bookcases will har- monize with any interior fittings desired. They are Easy to Arrange or Rearrange and as the number of books increase, or additional units become necessary, new and artistic combinations may be easily and quickly created. Globe: Wernicke bookcase units and dupli- cates at any future time will be found on sale in 1500 principal towns and cities. Where not rep- resented, we will ship on approval, freight paid. Write today for complete catalogue illustrated in color and a copy of "The World's Best Books" - both mailed free Address Dept. M. The Globe: Wernicke Co. Cincinnati, U.S.A. will print sixty letters a minute Important information can be put into the mail in an hour for hundreds of buyers. Dictate first copy, and the Neostyle and your office help will do the rest. The Neostyle also prints all kinds of office forms. With it you not only cut down the printer's bill but save money and get more business. For booklet and price, write Neostyle Co. 30 Reade Street, New York 109 Franklin St., Boston 232 W. Randolph St., Chicago TAKE 86 “THE MARKET PLACE OF THE WORLD REPRESENTS ALL INDUSTRIES Rates for advertisements in this department $2.15 per agate line. 14 lines to an inch. No advertisement less than seven lines accepted. Address "The Market Place of the World.” Eastern Office: 44 E. 23d St., New York. Western Office: 142 Dearborn St., Chicago Send Your Old Carpet Detroit Marine Engine New Rugs Five Years We Will Make You are the solo Only 8 Demonstrator Agents judge of the ea. Moving wanted in every gine and its boating community. Parts. merits. 25.000 Sipeoul wholesale price satisfied users. on the first outfit sold. Greatest Engine Single eyl, 2-8h pus Bargain ever offer doubleoyl, 8-20 b. P- ed. Nothing com- Starts with 4 eyl, 20-50 out oranking Suitable for any boat, plicated or liable Reverses whilo la C.200 to cruiser Also to get out ot order motion. railroad track car. AU Waterproof ignition engines complete with system. Money refunded if you are not satisfled. bont fittings Free Catalog Detroit Engine Works, 1260 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich. Beautiful designs to your taste - Plain, Fancy, Oriental - At for any parlor. Guaranteed to wear ten years. Rugs, 500 and Up Ourg 1s the largest factory of its kind in America. Established 37 years. Originators of OLSON FLUFF BUG. (Grand Prizes at 3 World's Fairs.) We Pay Freight Old carpets are worth money; don't throw yours away. FREE Write today for book of designs in colors, prices and full informa- tion. LATHES Olson Rug Co., For Electrical and Experi- mental Works. For Gunsmiths and Tool Makers. For Gen- eral Machine Shop Work. For Bicycle Repairing. Der Send for Lathe Catalogue and Prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 200 Ruby Street, Rockford, III. 133 Laflin Street, Chicago, Ill. THE CLIPPER KILL THE RATS! Join the thousands who are using the wonderful bacterio- logical preparation discovered and prepared by Dr. Jean Danysz of the Pasteur Institute, Paris. DANYSZ VIRUS There are three things that destroy your lawns, Dandelions, Buck Plantain and Crab Grass. In one season the clipper will drive them all out. CLIPPER LAWN MOWER CO., Box No. 8, Dixon, III. (DANNIS VIRUS) Deadly to rats and mouselike rodents but harmlegs to other animals, birds, and human beings. The rodents die in the open. Usect with striking success in England, France, Russia, Holland and the United States. USE-A small house, one tube: ordinary dwelling, three to six tubes ; for each five thousan.I square feet flour space in factories, one duzen. PRICE-1 tube 75c, three tubes $1.75, per dozen, $6.00. INDEPENDENT CHEMICAL COMPANY, Dept. 4 72 Front Street, New York City S T A L L M AN'S DRESSER TRUNK Let our catalog tell what an improvement it is. How easy to get at anything. How quickly packed. How useful in small room as chiffonier. Holds as much as a good box trunk. Costs no more. Strong- est made; hand riveted. So good that we ship it C. O. D. subject to examination. Send 2c stamp today for that catalog. F. A. STALLMAN. 62 East Spring Street, Colnmbus, Ohio WHEEL CHAIRS WE MAKE OVER 70 TYLES Catalogne B" illustrates and describes (free). G.E.SARGENT CO. 287 Fourth Ave. New York. 88 Kenyon YAKE DOWN HOUSE McClure's—The Marketplace of the World “THE MARKET PLACE OF THE WORLD'' REPRESENTS ALL INDUSTRIES Red Cedar Chest--- A Unique Gift Own a Summer Home Moth, Dust, Damp Proof Direct from Factory Piedmont Chests A strong, cozy, portable house for are built offragrant outing or a permanent home. Warm Southern Red Ceclar. They com- n in winter-cool in summer. Ideal bine beauty and for seashore or mountains. One sea- usefulness. Pro. son's expense at summer resort pays tects furs and cloth. ing avainst moths for it. Put up in a few hours by anyone. Frame of without camphor, seasoned lumber-covering of Kenyon Heavy and pay for them- selves by Saving Duty Fabric. Weather-proof, vermin-proof, cold storage expen fire-proof. Perfectly ventilated. Attractive, and abso- ses. We prepay lutely sanitary. Complete in every detail. All sizes, freight from factory thome. Write today for our catalog showing many other stvles and prices. 1 to 5 rooms Guaranteed for 3 Years Piedmont Red Cedar Chest Co., Dept. 21, Statesville, N.C. Will last 10 years with ordinary care. Get a Kenyon Take-Down House- go where you like. Write for hand- some new catalog and our low factory prices. Dealers Wanted. THE R. L. KENYON CO. Bronze Propeller and Stuffing Box included Dept. 32 Waukesha, Wis. 30-Day Trial Famous on the great Lakes and Both Coasts. Guar. anteed as specified, or money reiunded. Catalogue gives every detail of mterial and build, and tells why .00 BUYS THIS we sell so low. Write for it and testimonials. Equally low prices on 5, 6, 10. 15 h.p. Special Offer to Demonstrators Gile Boat & Engine Co., 321 Filer St., Ludington, Mich. Rich, artistic and durable furniture at half retail price. Similar suites in stores costs $75 and up. Our 400 PLANS FOR $1.00 price, shipped K. D., finished com- plete, only $39. By doing the as- (and 25c for postage) sembling and finishing you make this big saving. It's easy and sim- If you intend to build send for ple. No furniture equals Grand our 400 designs of houses, cot- Rapids quality in style or value. Decide now to possess this suite. It tages and bungalows from $300 to will delight you, brighten and fresh- $12,000 and save money. en your dining room, make meal time more enjoyable. Chairs to match if you J. H. DAVERMAN & SON want them. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for free catalog 40 full of bar- 1441 Murray Block gains-handsomely pictured. Discover GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. how reasonably you can furnish your home with 'Home-Built," furniture. Grand Rapids Furniture Mfg. Co. 40 Fulton St., Grand Rapids, Mich. In the land of 3h-p. Gile Boat Engine $42 $39.00 Dining Room Suite SARANAC LAKE, N. Y. Hodith Best grade cedar canoe for $20 We sell direct, saving you $20.00 on a canoe. AN canoes cedar and copper fastened. We make all sizes and styles, also power canoes. Write for free cat- alog giving prices with retailer's profit cut out. We are the largest manufseturers of canoes in the world. DETROIT BOAT CO., 106 Bellevue Ave., Detroit, Mich. ELECTRIC This PRICE made of Onk, Anished.golden, 44" long, $12.00 JAT VACTORY roll front, paper cabinet, eto, shows We sell itas low price to le- troduce our OFFICE FURNITURE-Deskus, Chair. Tables, Fuer, Book Casos, ato, ASK POR PRICES AND CATALOG No. 235. We make TPHOLSTERED FURNITURE-Turkish and Oda WE ALSO Rookaro, Parlor & LibraryBultes, Davenport à Couches in Oak &M MARE hogany, Flanders, mission & regular. Covered in best leather money OPCRA Hats are will buy-tery pleco guaranteed. Ask for prices & Ostalog No 125. LOOCLAN LEI. STAFFORD MFA. CO., 242 Adams Bl., Chicago, I. Pleasure. You ought to know more about Saranac Lake which has the climate, sports, amusements, club life, hotel life and cottage life. Booklet. Board of Trade. GOODS FOR EVERYBODY. World's headquarters for Dynamos, Motors, Fans, Toys, Railways, Batteries, Belts, Bells, Pocket Lamps. Telephones, House Lighting Plants. Books. If it's electricwe haveit. Undersell all. Fortune foragents. Big Cat. 4 cts. OHIO ELECTRIC WORKS, Cleveland, Ohio. PRINT FOR YOURSELF Cards, circulars, book, newspaper. Press $5, Larger $18, Rotary S60. Save money. Print for others, big proft.All easy, rules sent. Write factory for press catalog, TYPE, cards, paper. EXCELSIOR THE PRESS CO. Meriden, Connecticut Chairs & Tricycles For Invalids and Cripples Worthington Co. 416 Cedar St., Elyria, O. ALL AND PALMER MOTORS 2 AND 4 CYCLE LAUNCHES TYPEWRITERS MAKES Catalogue M Free of Motors. 6n.P 2 CYLINDER MOTOR 598.00 Catalogue B Free of Boats. ENGINES FROM 2 TO 40 H.P.. PALMER BROS., IN STOCK Cos Coe, CONN. All the Standard Machines SOLD or RENTED ANT- WHERE atto % 'F'R'S PRICES, allowing RENTAL TO APPLY ON PRICE. Shipped with privilegon examination. Write for Illustrated Catalog H, TYPEWRITER EMPORIUM, 92-94 Lake St., CHICAGO A Perfect Portable Typewriter for $18 Bennett The Bennett Portable is the handiest typewriter in existence. Weighs but 4% lbs. and slips into your grip or pocket, ready to turn out neat work on train, at hotels or anywhere. High grade construction; made by experts in the Elliott-Fisher Billing Machine Factory. Guaranteed fully. Standard keyboard, 84 Characters. Low priced because simply made of few parts. Put the Bennett to a 10 Day Practical Test You can be business-like in your correspondence no matter where you are. Let us send you catalog, samples of work and our 10 day free trial offer. Send us your request today. M. D. Bennett Typewriter Co., 366 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 90 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Note the Steel Binding clinched on the inside. No rivets to work loose or shear off. ATLAS The Strongest Trunk in the World The strongest trunks are, of necessity, built with metal edges, these are the parts that get the bumps. But there is a new and better way of attaching the edging than by nails and rivets, which are sure to be “sheared off" by wear. Atlas Binding is cold-rolled steel, fastened by clips clinched on the inside, making a binding that cannot break or drop off. The “Atlas" is a real traveler--a trunk that not only looks the part, but acts it-a trunk you can point to with pride anywhere, any time—a trunk built to stand the hard knocks of careless baggagemen. If your dealer cannot supply you, we will gladly send an illustrated catalog giving full information of the various sizes and styles. Kindly mention his name. BELBER TRUNK & BAG CO. 120 Columbia Ave., Philadelphia Automobile Luggage If interested in the newest ideas, ask for our special catalogs. ATLAS Tap the Air for Nitrates and Cut Your Fertilizer Bill in Half High-Bred Nitrogen-Gathering Bacteria put on the This Bottle does the Seed will do all the Work DON'T pay big prices for nitrate fertilizers. Don't waste the time and labor needed to spread them. Let nitrogen-gathering bacteria do the work for you at a mere fraction of the cost and practically no extra work. Here is the making of all the nitrates you want at a cost of $2.00 an acre. If you want the earliest and biggest sweet and garden peas of all your neighbors treat the seeds with work for an Acre. FARMO GERM High-Bred Nitrogen-Gathering Bacteria Farmogerm is a pure culture of nitrogen-gathering bacteria that have been carefully selected and bred up to a state of strong vitality and great nitrogen-fixing power, That is our guaranty. Farmogerm is a jelly-like culture, put up in specially sealed bottles, guaranteed to reach you in perfect condition and to keep for months. It is Ready to Use on Your Seeds Just mix with water and moisten the seed or spray on soil or young plants. The bacteria will increase rapidly, by the millions, in the soil, and draw nitrogen from the unlimited supply in the air, feeding it to the growing crop and storing it in the soil for future crops. For use on Allalla, Clover, Peas, Beans, and all legumes. Get Our Free Book AT and reports from high authorities and many farmers We can prove every claim. The U. S. Dept. of Agriculture states that the pure culture method of soil inoculation has "come to stay.' Order Now if you want to plant at once, or spray on what you have planted. Acre size $2.00-Garden size, for Peas, Beans and Sweet Peas, in mixed culture, 50c. White Clover also in 500.-size. Mention what crop you want it for when ordering. We pay postage or express charges to you. EARP-THOMAS FARMOGERM CO., BLOOMFIELD, N. J. EURPIS 92 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World TRY OUR OUR SPRING BED 30 NIGHTS ON APPROVAL Foster's IDEAL Spring is the original double-deck spring. (The inventor's hand- coiled model, made 23 years ago, and used regularly since then, is still very comfortable and without sag. ) To prove that our perfected model is the best spring bed made, we offer you Foster's IDEAL Spring If it fails to prove the most comfortable, hygienic, and durable bed made, our dealer will take it back, and the trial will 20 TRADE MARK NOST WPD SY FOSTER BROS MEG.CO. UTIGNY 30 NIGHTS ON APPROVAL Brass "IDEAL" On Each not have cost you anything. Guaranteed Name Genuino for your lifetime. Booklet and nearest Plate IDEAL dealer's name on request. FOSTER BROS. MFG. CO. Utica, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. R Pro bocho God Ju Dobao A Great Horse Story “KATE and QUEEN” By Prof. Jesse Beery King of Horse Trainers Delicately Scented With Violets Mennen's Violet Talcum Toilet Powder appeals to those who prefer a delicately scented Toilet Powder. It is absolutely pure, and is the only Powder that has the scent of fresh cut Parma Violets. Sold everywhere or mailed for 25 cents Sample box for 4c. stamps GERHARD MENNEN CO, Newark, N. J. MENNEN'S Equals "Black Beau- "Queen" ty" in human interest -surpasses it in practicability. "Kate" a victim of poor handling is vividly con- trasted with "Queen," who was more for- tunate. You sympathize with one-rejoice with the other-even as you sigh for the slum waif and laugh with the child of fortune. Prof. Beery has skillfully woven into this intense- ly interesting and true story, many valuable sugges- tions for handling horses—a result of a lifetime's experience. Special Offer to Horsemen Prof. Beery desires that every horse owner, train- er, breeder-everyone interested in horses-men or women-should read this great story. To make it possible, for a short time he offers every interested person a copy worth $1.00 for the remarkably low price of 25c Postpaid If you have even a passing interest in horses: If you own, train or breed them you will gather from it a fund of knowledge worth many times the small price. Send for a copy today. Enclose stamps or coin. FREE Withe, each book, we send FREE & beautiful colored picture of Queen-oil painting effect- suitable for framing. Order today. PROF. JESSE BEERY, Box 511, Pleasant Hill, O. MENNEN'S PMOLETTALGUN ol BORATED VIOLET TOILET. POWDER TALCUM FINANTO AND ADVOS GOURO NENND CHER I WANT BORATED Toilet Powder 946 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS WATER WHAT The water that keeps you well. causes rheumatism, gout, and Bright's disease? Why do stones form in the kidneys and gall-duct? Why is there so much sickness in winter and early spring? Doctors tell us it is largely because people do not drink the right kind of water, and enough of it. There's a spring in Virginia that sends up a delightful water,-pure, clear and soft, but with hardly any peculiar taste. You might drink it for years without noticing any- thing about it, unless it occurred to you to wonder why you never had trouble with your liver, kidneys, or bladder,—no gout, no rheumatism, no dyspepsia, no headaches, no diges- tive or nervous troubles, such as your friends complain of. Quite likely you might not think of the water as the cause at all. Most people are not wise enough to keep on drinking when it merely keeps them well. In fact, people rarely ask what makes them well until they get sick. Are you wise enough to use Buffalo Lithia Springs Water merely because when you do you stay well? BUFFALO WATER LITHIA SPRINGS NATURES BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS WATER IS a natural mineral water, from the his- toric Buffalo Lithia Springs in Vir. ginia. It is known the world over for its peculiar medicinal powers, especially in rheumatism, gout, gravel, diabetes, Bright's disease, gall-stones, and all diseases caused by uric acid. It is bottled in a modern sanitary plant right at the springs, just as it bubbles from the rock, pure and unadulterated, under the direction of a competent bacteriologist. MATERIA It is put up in new sterilized half. gallon bottles, which are never refilled. Each cork bears a SEAL with this TRADE-MARK stamped on it. It is sold everywhere by leading druggists, grocers, and mineral water dealers. Write TO-DAY for booklet telling what this water has done for people with your trouble. If not on sale near you, write us, give ing your dealer's name, and we will see that you are supplied. Guaranteed under the Pure Food and Drug act, June 30, 1906. Serial No. 15,055. MEDICA BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS WATER CO BUFFALO LITHIA 94C McClure's—The Marketplace of the World “Silver Plate that Wears'' THE 1847 GIRL CHILDREN All Over the World Are Clothed by Best & Co. Give due con- sideration to the matter of design, but be guided in the selection of silverplate by the re- putation for quality. 1847 ROGERS BROS. TAPLE is the heaviest grade oftriple-plate, backed by the guarantee of the largest makers of silverware. In beauty and variety of design the patterns are un- excelled. The most representative Children's Establish- ment to be found on either hemisphere. Making an exclusive specialty of the Complete Outfitting of the Young Carrying not only immense assortments of every article of Junior Attire, but offering original styles and exclusive novelties impossible to find elsewhere. An establishment complete in its merchandise and most cosmopolitan in its ideas. Prepared at all times to furnish Infants' and Children's Wear, in weights and materials adapted for all climates and countries. Extending its service to all parts of the world through its expertly conducted Mail Order Bureau, which gives every order received by letter, the same personal and careful attention accorded to all who visit the store. An incomparable establishment in all that con- stitutes a reliable, satisfactory and adequate place for parents to outfit children. Send for illustrated catalogue "D-33." When next in need of any article of cloth- ing for Infant, Child, Miss or Youth, write us and we will gladly show you how quickly and completely we can supply any and every need in Junior Wear. MERIDEN BRITANNIA COMPANY (International Silver Co., Successor) Meriden, Conn. Now York Chleago San Francisco Hamilton, Canada SPRING CATALOGUE FREE to all interested in the Outfitting of the Young from Infancy to 20 years of age. Profusely illustrated and describes many of our distinctive styles and best | values in Clothing, Millinery, Hats, Shoes, Under- wear, Hosiery, Layettes. Copy mailed, post-paid, upon request. Please address your letter to Dept. 5. Fifth Avenue at 35th St. - New York 940 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Barcalo Beds Stand the the Hammer Test Malleable Iron Corners Absolutely Unbreakable 02 ile Wome See This Test- And the Barcalo 35-Year Guarantee Barcalo Brass and Iron Beds are unbreakable. The Hammer Test proves that the corner- the weakest point in ordinary beds—is the strongest part of the Barcalo Bed. The Barcalo 35-year Guarantee means that if your Barcalo breaks you get a new bed. A twelve-ply English lacquer finish makes Barcalo beauty permanent-fresh and glossy for years. See the comprehensive Barcalo line-so complete that you're sure to find the style and price you're looking for. Choose springs as you do beds-inspection and test prove the quality of GUARANTEED Barcalo Imperial Springs. NOT TO BREAK The trade-mark“ Barcalo-Buffalo ” is a positive identification of Barcalo Beds. Insist upon its being on the bed you buy. Send for the Barcalo Style Book. We'll send it free—also the name of your Barcalo dealer. BARCALO MFG. CO., Dept. D-9, Buffalo, N. Y. BARC MALLEABLE 3 Barcalo Buffalo Instruction Book "On the Work" Finishing Samples FREE PRICE 25 Reliable Salesmen calling on the trade can greatly increase their incomes by carrying as a side line the Rapid Computer Adding Machine This simple, little, accurate com- puter costs only $25.00—a fraction of the price of key machines, and does everything they do except print. Does its work perfectly in any position -at any angle. User can rest it on any desk or on book page alongside column of figures he wishes to add. It's a wonder as a saver of 00000000 time and errors. Capacity, 9,999,999.99. We send it out on 5 Days' Free Trial and authorize purchaser to send it back at our expense if it doesn't do all that we claim for it. For Catalog, terms, etc., address RAPID COMPUTER CO., 2128 Tribune Bldg., Chicago Here's the best book ever published on artistic wood finishing, the work of famous experts, illustrated in 5 colors. For a limited time only we will mail it free and pay postage to anyone in- terested in the latest and most artistic way of refinishing old furniture. wood-work and foors. We have sent a liberal supply of free samples of answer - ing this ad, ask for Book “K-4" Johnson's Wood Dye and Under - Lac (better than shellac and varnish) to all the leading dealers who handle paint for your use. If your dealer hasn't samples, send us his name and we will mail them to you FREE. S. C. Johnson & Son Racine, Wis. "The Wood Finishing Authorities" 94e McClure's—The Marketplace of the World The Jnuinrible “It eats IT EATS Thorough House Cleaning 0 Invincible RENOVATOR DIRT can be achieved only by a strong and continuous inrush of air a rush of air that never fluctuates or "jumps.” The Invincible Centrifugal Fan is the only method devised which insures a steady volume of air powerful enough to get all the dust and dirt all the time without injuring the most delicate fabrics. You will never realize the luxury of a dustless home until you use the ELECTRIC RENOVATOR Silent Dustless Simple The Invincible has proven its worth by years of success in hundreds of homes and public buildings. A masterpiece of mechanical construction. Every part is 1911 thoroughly tested. Every ma- MODEL chine tested as a whole before it leaves the factory. Sold on a guarantee. No Valves No Gears No Wearing Parts Invincible Stationary Plant Made in six sizes. The only air- cleaning plant operating on the famous centrifugal fan principle. Write for Booklet 1 nvincible Portable Ma- chines. Four sizes-for the home - the mansion-the hall, hotel or building. The moderate-priced machine of proven efficiency. Valuable illustrated booklets on air-cleaning Address Dept. C Electric Renovator Manufacturing Co. 2135 Farmers Bank Building PITTSBURGH, PA. sent free on request. Is your next suit Or Overcoat the fan Blacho to be a Stein Bloch"? This Label Meanis 56 Wholesale Sailor ROCHESTER, NY Years of Knowing How 948 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Turn on YOUR Search-Light you will discover the necessity of FAULTIE PAJAMAS & NIGHT-SHIRTS for Lounging Luxury, Doze-time Comfort and More Restful Sleep. "FAULTLESS” DAY-SHIRTS are our response to a demand from those who, knowing our nightwear, desire a dayshirt of equal superior- ity. Ask your dealer. The “Bed-Time-Book” and the "Day-Shirt-Book,"giving interest- ing details, sent Free. E.ROSENFELD&CO. Dept. D. Baltimore, Md. TRADE MARK MULLINS Steel Motor Boats Simply can't sink-air chambers like life-boats. Hulls of puncture-proof steel plates-can't warp, waterlog, crack, split, dry out or open at the seams. Unlike wooden boats, they cannot leak. Can't be gnawed by worms. Have light, simple, powerful motors, that won't stall at any speed--start like an automobile engine-ONE MAN CONTROL and famous Mullins Silent Under Water Exhaust. 12 models -16 to 26 ft., 3 to 30 horse power. Handsome Boat Book-Free Complete Line of Row Boats and Duck Boats-$22 to $39 Send to-day for handsomest boat book ever printed. Illustrated in colors. Details of famous Mullins line. Amazing prices this year. Investigate. Get free book. THE W. H. MULLINS CO., 101 Franklin St., Salem, Ohio 941 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Banishes Night Fear Says Detective Wm. J. Burns “RECENTLY. I obtained one of your Savage Automatic Pistols and thoroughly tested it yesterday at Police Head- quarters Target Practice, in the presence of a number of gentlemen among whom were police officials of the City of Chicago, and was surprised, as were those present, with the ease and accuracy with which it could be fired. “ In my opinion the Savage Automatic Pistol is the greatest weapon ever invented for the protection of the home, because a woman can shoot it as expertly as a crack shot. It banishes night fear.” Many great gun men have made similar comments on the new Savage Automatic including such as Col. W. F. Cody, “Buffalo Bill,” Dr. Carver, W. A. Pinkerton, Walter Duncan, Major Sylvester; and Bat Masterson has even written a book about it, entitled “The Tenderfoot's Turn." Sent free. If you want to do the best thing you ever did for your home, you'll get a Savage Automatic before tonight. Savage Arms Co., 714 Savage Avenue, Utica, N. Y. WM. J. BURNS was famous in the San Francisco graft inveg. tigation, noted Monroe counterfeiting case, etc. Wm. J. Burns National Detective Agency protects Am. Bankers' Assn., over 11,000 banks. THE NEW SAVAGE AUTOMATIC You Can Take Pictures on a Day Like This! That is, if your lens is right. The lens is the soul of your camera. Ordinary lenses will take ordinary pictures under favorable conditions. Are you satisfied with that? Or would you like the best results under all conditions? If so, you should know the GOERZ LENSES Universally used by war photographers and professionals, who must be sure of their results. They can easily be fitted to the camera you now own. Send for Our Book on "Lenses and Cameras" of the greatest value to any one interested in good photography. C. P. Goerz American Optical Co. 317A East 34th Street New York City Hall Park, N. Y. 94k McClure's—The Marketplace of the World בררו S:טואה ופרס O. NEW YORK & ARRO RUBBERSET TOOTH BRUSHES 354 TRADE MARK PRICE BRISTLES GRIPPED IN HARD RUBBER RUBBERSET TRADE MARK PENDING w HANDLES AT ALL STORES Kelly Springfield 34X4 Automobile Tires There can be no substitute for quality in an automobile tire, any more than there can be a substitute for knowledge of road requirements and how to meet them. Under the name, Kelly-Springfield, knowledge and quality combine to make a tire as perfect as a motor car tire can be made. On my 40 h.p. Locomobile, I have driven a Kelly-Springfield Tire over 12,000 miles and I know these tires give a greater mileage than any other make I have tried. 1. H. DOWNES, of Carter Garage Co., New York City. Specify Kelly-Springfield Tires on your automobile. They cost no more than any first-class lire and are better Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. 20 Vesey Street, New York Branch Offices: New York, Chicago, Philadelphia Boston, St. Louis, Detroit, Cincinnati, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Akron, Ohio 94P McClure's—The Marketplace of the World ops A Few Dollars Reserves This Boat For You A family launch that will stand the hard MARVELOUS value in a beautiful classy DID YOU Get One of These Last Year ? If so, you know its good points already If not, order one at once from your dealer and qualify for that class of Considerate Motorists who are popular with the people and who get the most enjoyment out of their cars. Ask for knocks, safe as the day is long and built as Shell Lake Boats are always built. A Boat You Can Trust. The key note of this boat in design, construction and motor equipment has been safety. She is as good for the novice as for the experienced water man, yet nothing of style has been sacrificed, nothing lacking in class -you will never be ashamed of her no matter what your company. Will carry eight people all the speed you need. The Price is a Marvel. Send today for full details of construc- tion and our Special Bargain Offer. Shell Lake Boat Company Member National Boat and Engine Company, Salesrooms: Dept. 10, Shell Lake, Wis. Chicago New York Philadelphia Detroit Bufalo * JERICHO the Pertec Boston Seattle TO PEDAL Motor Car Signal, that "Warns Without Offense." Its strong claims are distinctiveness, efficiency and superiority as an agreeable warning signal-and it makes good every time. There's a size for every car, at $7, $8. $9. $10. according to requirements. No trouble to attach No maintenance cost. The Exhaust Blows It. THE RANDALL-FAICHNEY CO. Boston, U. S. A. We make B-Line OIL and GREASE GUNS too WRITE FOR BOOKLET 18 un OUT HOW TO RUN AN AUTO For Automobile Tops GENUINE Pantaso te LEATHER AUTOMOBILES CAUTION TO PURCHASERS OF TOPS Pantasote JEHOMANS PRACTICAL TREATISE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS "Homans' Self Propelled Vehicles" gives full details on successful care, handling and how to locate trouble. Beginning at the first prin- ciples necessary to be known, and th ward to the prin- SELF ciples used in every part of a Motor Car. PROPELLED It is a thorough 1911 course VEHICLES in the Science of Automobiles, highly approved by manufac- turers, owners, operators and repairmen. Contains over 400 illustrations and diagrams, making every detail clear. written in plain language. Handsomely bound. PRICE $2 POSTPAID APPROVAL OFFER AND DIAGRAMS The only way the practical merit of this MANUAL can be given is by an examination of the book itself, which we will submit for examination, to be paid for or returned, after looking it over. Upon receipt of the following agree- ment, the book will be forwarded. No money in advance required, sign and return. Theo. Audel & Co., 63 Fifth Ave., New York Kindly mall me copy of Homans' Automobiles, and, !! found satisfactory, I will immediately remit you $2.00, or return the book to you. Name. Occupation. Address McClure's is a top material of recognized high and uniform quality and a product made only by us. Many unscrupulous dealers mis- represent as PANTASOTE cheap inferior materials to increase their profits—at the purchaser's expense. To the average person these substitutes when new look somewhat like Pantasote. See that this Dealers re- TO USE THIS label is on LABEL ON ceived these MATERIAL NOT labels free the top to with every prevent yard, leaving fraudulent no excuse for IS A PENAL not using OFFENSE substitution. them. PANTASOTE is superior to mohairs for many reasons-two in particular, the impossibility of cleaning them and the ruination of their interlining gum of very impure rubber by exposure to grease or sunlight, just as are tires. Send aastal fir booklet ou eop materials, and samples. TRADE EDITION AEVISED MARK Pantasole AUDEL&CO. THE PANTASOTE CO. 30 BOWLING GREEN BLDG. NEW YORK 96 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Goodyear No-Rim-Cut Tires Are 10% Oversize That's another advantage in No- Rim-Cut construction. That extra size which we give without extra cost-adds 10 per cent to the carrying capacity. Ordinary Clincher Tire This shows the clincher tire fitted on the same It adds 25 per cent to the tire standard rim. This, until lately, has been almost mileage. the universal type of tire. With this type the removable rim flanges must be set to curve inward-to grasp hold of the hooks in the tire. And those thin flanges digging into the tire cause all the ruin of rim-cutting. Note how they also contract the tire. That's why No-Rim-Cut tires, fitting the same rim, cao be made 10 per cent larger. No-Rim-Cut Tire The reason for all is our patented feature—126 This shows how Goodyear No-Rim-Cut tires fit braided piano wires vulcanized into the tire base. any standard rim for quick-detachable tires. Also These contract under air pressure, so the tire is demountable rims. held to the rim by a pressure of 134 pounds to the No-Rim-Cut tires have no hooks on the base. inch. They do not need to be hooked to the rim. Not The tire base is thus made unstretchable in the even tire bolts are needed. only practical way. Hooks and tire bolts are made So the removable rim flanges are set to curve unnecessary. Rim-cutting is made impossible, and outward. The tire when deflated rests on the the tires can be made oversize. The result, on the rounded edge, and rim-cutting is made average, is to cut tire bills in two. impossible. Last year these patented tires cost 20 per cent The flare of the tire begins right at the rim base. more than standard clincher tires. Yet our sales We can make the tire 10 per cent oversize and trebled in a single year. This year they cost noth- still fit the same rim. And we do it. ing extra, and 85 per cent of our demand is for the That 10 per cent oversize No-Rim-Cut type. Sixty-four takes care of the extras leading motor car makers -the top, glass front, gas have contracted for Good. tank, gas lamps, extra tires, year No-Rim-Cut tires. And etc.- the things that over- motorists this year will save load most tires. With millions of dollars because the average car it will save No-Rim-Cut Tires of this Goodyear invention. the owner 25 per cent of his With or Without Non-Skid Tread Ask for our latest Tire tire bills. Book. GOOD YEAR THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, Fifteenth St., AKRON, OHIO Branches and Agencies in All the Principal Cities We Make All Sorts of Rubber Tires Canadian Factory: Bowmanville, Ontario Main Canadian Office: Toronto, Ontario (275) 100 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World REP ANCHER TIRE REPUBLIC STAGGARD TREAD The Tire Perfect SMOOTH RIDING-PERFECT TRACTION-NON-SKIDDING IMITATED BUT NEVER EQUALED OUR BOOK "THE TIRE PERFECT" tells why Republic Staggard Tread Tires cannot skid-are safesi-give longer and better service and are more economical than any others. Write for it THE REPUBLIC RUBBER COMPANY, YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO SEPT. 18-22, 1905 Branches and Agencies in the Principal Cities REPUBLIC STAGGARD TREAD PATENTED 102 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World LET'S STRIKE AN ELMORE BALANCE Five-Passenger Touring Model 36-B, 50 H. P., $1750 Let us see what the Elmore owner gains and what he happily escapes. You can't call this a “Gain and Loss” account, because the Elmore owner wins both ways. The Emore Owner Valveless Two-Cycle I. I. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. The Elmore Valveless High Duty Motor secures the maximum efficiency of each one of its four cylinders by means of its patented Gas Distributer. The Elmore owner has an engine which does not choke up with carbon, but which is self-cleaning and sweet- running, year after year, with no worry upon that score. The Elmore owner has an engine that has a power stroke from each cylinder at each crank shaft revo- lution; giving virtually continuous power. The Elmore owner has a four-cylinder motor which pro- duces as many power impulses as could be given by an eight-cylinder motor with valves, could such a valved motor be produced. The Elmore owner, by reason of this unequalled fre- quency of power impulses, can drive at lower speed when on high gear than is possible with any other car. The Elmore owner has a motor with four related cylinders. He has, not in effect but in fact, a single valveless power unit with four pistons whose every outward stroke is a power stroke. The Elmore owner escapes all valve troubles; never sees a bill for “ Time, adjusting valves," on his garage ac- count; doesn't have to repair or replace small outer parts. The Elmore owner thus escapes the carbon troubles which are inseparable from a valved motor, and which require a four-cycle engine to be taken down for frequent scraping. The Elmore owner thus escapes the jerky and less con- tinuous power impulses of a four-cycle engine, which can furnish only one-half as many power impulses per revolution. The Elmore owner therefore escapes all vatve grief, yet has more power impulses than have yet been found practicable in the construction of four-cycle engines. The Elmore owner thus escapes constant shifting of gears on streets congested by heavy traffic and in negotiating hills or sandy stretches of highway. The Elmore owner sees in the four-cycle engine simply an assembly of valved cylinders, each of which is a se parate unit, subject to all the trouble that its in- dividual valves can furnish. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. Hadn't you better look into this before you buy any car? The Elmore, you know, has the prestige of twelve years of success behind it. We are not offering you an experiment. Write today for the 1911 literature. Roadster Model 25, 30 H. P., $1200. Touring Model 25, 30 H. P., $1250. Demi-Tonneau (Detachable) Four-Passenger Touring Model 36-B, 50 H. P., $1750. ELMORE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 404 Amanda Street, Clyde, Ohio - 104 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World HARTFORD United States Tires The bringing together, in one working group, of all the engineering skill and experience and secret processes which have made famous the four brands of automobile tires now manufactured and sold by the United States Tire Company, insures better tire service-greater mileage service and reduced tire expense-for motorists everywhere. These four famous tires Continental Hartford G&J Morgan & Wright have, as individual makes, achieved commanding recognition among the world's foremost tires. But under the new arrangement the strongest points of each of these brands the private methods of manufacturing that have brought each to the front in the tire field-will now be embodied in all United States tires. It must be plain to every motorist that tires which embody the best known methods of four of the world's leading tire manufacturers must prove superior to tires made under ordi- nary conditions and with ordinary laboratory and manufactur- ing facilities. United States Tires are emphatically America's Predominant Tires Selling at the same price asked for other kinds These tires will continue to be sold under the same four well-known brand names, Continental, G & J, Hartford and Morgan & Wright, and will include eight styles of tread and three styles of fastening--the widest rạnge of selection ever offered the motorist. “A Personal Message to Motorists," containing detailed infor- mation and illustrations of the immense plants, together with complete price list, will be sent on request. United States Tire Company, New York Branches, Agencies or Dealers Everywhere CONTINENTAL 105 McClure's-The Marketplace of the World Manning- Coffee Percolators Bowman Tea Ball Tea Pots po Sectional view of Percolator showing its operation. ERSUND LOFTED 4. FERIE LOETEL Transparent 47 view of Tea Ball Tea Pot showing Ball raised after tea is brewed The Manning - Bowman Percolators are a long The Manning-Bowman Tea Ball Tea Pots have advance over ordinary percolators. Starting with not the mussiness of the cup tea ball. The tea cold water, they make coffee of a superior flavor ball is raised or lowered without removing cover and as quickly as other percolators starting with of pot-all done by the knob. Tea made in this hot water. The coffee is ready to serve before pot is more delicious, and no matter how long it the water boils. Simple, easy to clean, no valves, stands, after the ball is raised, it will not become no clogging. any stronger. Made in solid copper, aluminum, nickel or silver plate. At leading dealers. Write for Free Recipe Book and Catalogue No.D. 11 MANNING, BOWMAN & CO., Meriden, Connecticut. Also Makers of Manning.Bowman Chafing Dishes with "Ivory" Enameled Food Pans, Eclipse Bread Makers, Alcohol Gas Stoves, Urn Coffee Percolators, Tea Ball Tea Uras, Chafing Dish Accesscries, ete. $7052 Buys This $159 Dining Suite in Quartered White Oak "COME-PACKT" SECTIONAL 2: FURNITURE SA Lowest cash store prices as follows: No. 429 Buffet with Beveled French Plate Mirror $42.00 No. 428 China Cabinet, similar Mirror(glass extra) 42.00 No. 345 45. in. Pedestal Table, with 3 leaves, top and pedestal lock included 47.00 No. 100 Carver's Chair 5.50 No. 100 Diners (Five). 22.50 $159.00 "Come-Packt" price : 70.50 Which Price ? Dealer's price, “Big Six” Catalog Saves OVER HALF Write for our big catalog with six money saving depart- ments; over 200 pieces of Mission and Bungalow Furniture, Willo. Veave Furniture, Cluny Lace Curtains, Mission Lamps, etc. MAILED FREE. COME - PACKT FURNITURE CO. 405 Edwin Street, ANN ARBOR, MICH. CAS Putman Boots. THEY'RE MADE TO MEASURE The World's Standard Go on like a glove and fit all over. We have made boots for Sportsmen, Prospectors, Civil and Mining Engineers &c. longer than any other boot makers and KNOW HOW. Putman Boots sell all over the world and have justly earned the slogan, “The World's Standard”. Where not sold by dealers we ship the Genuine Putman Boots direct to you. Catalog of over 50 styles of boots at all prices, and self measurement blanks sent free. Al- so Indian Tanned Moosehide Moccasins. Cut shows a 14 inch boot, hand sewed, water-proofed, black or brown color, made to your measure and delivered in the U. S., Canada or Mexico for........... $8.00 H. J. PUTMAN & Co. 28 HENNEPIN AVE. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. 108 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World R-WALLACE SILVER BRIDES TABLE Saxon Anttern Marquette Pattere TRADE MARK TRADE MARK RW M&S STERLING THE spirit of the silversmith's craft finds its most graceful expression in these patterns. Each piece is in itself a true work of art. It is such ware as R. WALLACE Sterling that imparts its own atmosphere of charm and distinction to the table it graces. But, besides beauty of design and execution, there is also sound worth and serviceability. The designs are many and varied. Ask to see them at your dealer's or write us. *1835 R WALLACE" Silver plate that Resists wear Discrimination never fails to direct the careful purchaser to the ware that satisfies. 1835 R. WALLACE Silver Plate has an additional plate on the parts most exposed to wear. Users know the value of such a quality. They discriminate. Numerous designs of exceptional beauty and of Sterling character. Any piece of silver, bearing the 1835 R. WALLACE trade mark that does not give positive satisfaction in any household will be replaced. A postcard will bring you our valuable book, "The Dining Room, its Decorations and Entertaining' including “How to Set the Table" by Mrs. Rorer. You will find a number of instructive points on entertaining and inexpensive ways of setting the table for many special anniversaries and events. R. WALLACE & SONS MFG. CO. Wallingford, Conn. New York Chicago San Francisco London ROYES STERONG Box 23 21835 R:WALLACE Silver plate 109 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World arvia Preserves Roads Prevents Dust Hazel Avenue, Buena Park, Chicago, Ill., constructed with Tarvia X. Adding to the Life of Macadam Ordinary macadam belongs to the past. | devices simply make the dust too heavy to It is not adequate to meet the demands of rise. They have little or no bonding or pre- modern automobile traffic. servative properties. It must be discarded or tarviated. Tarvia is made in three grades:- A tarviated road costs a little more than Tarvia X, for road construction. ordinary macadam but lasts so much longer Tarvia A, for use in surfacing old roads that the addition of the Tarvia is more than and keeping them dustless. paid for in the reduction of maintenance. Tarvia B, for dust suppression on old Tarvia makes a firm elastic matrix around roads. the stone, filling all voids, excluding water, Road Engineers, road authorities, auto- and resisting pulverization of the surface. mobile owners and residents along macadam For an old road that cannot be rebuilt or roads are invited to send for our booklet. resurfaced, the "sprinkling” or “surface" Address nearest office. treatment known as “ Tarvia B” treatment is highly effective. One treatment will give BARRETT MANUFACTURING CO. excellent results for a season, or even longer, New York Chicago depending upon the amount of traffic. This Philadelphia Boston treatment is quite inexpensive. St. Louis Cleveland Pittsburg Cincinnati B Tarvia gets at the original causes of road Kansas City Minneapolis waste and disintegration. Oils and other New Orleans Seattle London, Eng. TRADE MARK 111 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World E CONGO 2. PLY hasowu Tras ENDUR NEVER LEAK ROOFING Guaranteed Under Bond To Last Until 1921. CONGO ROOFING ANO Ne vom National Sareg Compang CONGO ROOFING Guarantee Bond TER How long will it last? That is the question you want answered when you buy roofing. Congo Roofing will last ten years—that is guaranteed. We realize that guarantees ordinarily mean very little because they are not actually enforcible. Either they are not legally binding, or the difficulties of proving a case are overwhelming. You will find a genuine Surety Bond in the center of every roll of Congo Roofing. It goes into effect after you have laid Congo on your roof and returned the guarantee to us properly filled in ready for signature. The guarantee on 2-ply and 3-ply Congo is for ten years. Our primary motive in establishing the guarantee plan is to show people that we mean what we say. We want statement stand as a plain unvarnished fact. We don't want people to say "Ten years?—Probably they mean seven.” We want people to realize that we mean ten years and hence this positive guarantee! Congo is easy to lay. It comes in handy rolls of 216 square feet and is simply unrolled on the roof and nailed down. Nails, cement and gilvanized rust-proof caps are supplied free of charge packed in the center of each roll. Copy of the Guarantee Dond and a Sample of Congo and booklet will be sent free on request. Fac-simile of 10 Year Bond our to The only way in which a definite and enforcible guarantee could be given was by the aid of a Surety Company, and accord- ingly we have arranged with the National Surety Company of New York, one of the great Surety Companies of the United States with assets of $2,000,000 and over, to issue a Genuine Surety Bond with every roll of Congo Roofing. Congoleum for Flooring and Wainscoting We should like to send every reader of this paper a sample of Congoleum. It is fitted for use in homes, stores, offices, around billiard tables and in busy passageways. It is a perfect imitation of light and golden oak. Its surface has a high polish. It is un- usually durable. The price is very low. Write for samples and further details. UNITED ROOFING & MANUFACTURING COMPANY PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO KANSAS CITY SAN FRANCISCO 112 McClure's -The Marketplace of the World TH HOSE who would like to know how they can have an unlimited supply of hot water in their homes, from any hot water faucet in the house, will be interested in this:-- There is a wonderful automatic gas water heater called the Ruud (pro- nounce it “Rude”). It isn't an ugly thing that is hitched on the bath tub, nor is it a device for heating the water in your range boiler—nor do you have to light it and put it out. The Ruud is down cellar! No, you don't The How and Why of have to go near it. All you have to do to the RUUD get hot water is to turn any hot water The Ruud is governed by two valves. faucet. The Ruud takes care of itself. The pressure valve—that turns the gas Opening the faucet automatically lights the on in the burners whenever a faucet gas in the Ruud and the water is heated as is opened and shuts off the gas when it flows through the hot copper coils. the faucet is closed. Suppose you come in late some evening the gas when the water is heated to a The temperature valve-which turns off from a spin in the motor car, or tired from certain temperature and lights the gas overwork at the office, think of the luxury when it starts to run cooler than a of a restful, sleep inviting, piping hot bath. certain temperature. Each valve is independent of the Next morning there is hot water just the other and consequently never fails to same, even if the maid is washing in tue do its work. laundry-the supply is inexhaustible. Here is the entire operation. It is useless to tell of the luxury of plenty A tiny pilot light is burning-some- where a hot water faucet is opened of hot water. The fact that you can get the pressure valve turns on the gas it is the important thing. and it is lighted by the pilot light and If you want to know how it heats the copper coils through which the water flows. works we will tell you in When the water gets too hot, the tem- another column, but the perature regulator turns off the gas. most satisfactory way is to It is quite some time before the coils go where they sell the start to cool, but when they do, the Ruud and see it work. temperature regulator automatically turns on the gas again. Look in the telephone book This is a great saving, for no more and see if we have a branch gas is burned than sufficient to heat in your town-if not, the gas the water used. company has the Ruud and So the gas lights and goes out at will gladly show it in opera- intervals—the water is hot as long as it runs, and when you turn off the tion. Send for free descrip- faucet the pressure valve shuts off the tive booklet. gas and the Ruud stops work. RUUD MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Dept. A, Pittsburgh, Pa. Branch Offices in all principal aties. 117 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World The Man and the Factories Behind the Steger Piano The Largest Piano Factory in the World Steger supremacy is the cumulative result of the musical knowledge and creative genius of generations of a family of master piano builders applied to the attainment of a lofty ideal for art's sake. The many thousands in use fully attest to the incomparable singing quality, sonority, depth and permanency of tone of remarkable sweetness--the superior materials and workmanship the proven durability of Steger & Sons Pianos and Player Pianos. Steger & Sons Pianos and Player Pianos FREE The True Representatives of Supreme Piano Satisfaction We want every music lover to have our hand- somely illustrated Free Catalog, a real necessity 19 Story to those contemplating the purchase of a piano. Steger Building The Steger & Sons Piano is in a class by itself-each instrument is the supreme effort of an enormous corps of expert piano builders—under the personal supervision of Mr. John V. Steger, the greatest master piano builder the world has ever known in the largest piano factory in the world at Steger, Ill. - the town founded by Mr. Steger. The Steger & Sons Pianos and Player Pianos are de- livered anywhere in the United States free of charge. The greatest piano value offered, within the easy reach of all. Our Easy Payment Plans Make Buying Easy Liberal allowance made for old pianos. Write us today for new Catalog-it is yours for the asking-and will give you some wonderful information. Steger & Sons Steger Bldg., Chicago, Ill. -- - - - - 118 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Have You Ever Felt the Charm of the Farm? 000000 0000 0000000000 Get these Guides to the Higher Life. Check off those you want. CLIMB THE FENCE TODAY. It costs you nothing. PROF. SHAW ON MINNESOTA PROF. SHAW ON NO. DAKOTA GOV. BURKE ON NO. DAKOTA WESTERN NO. DAKOTA PROF. SHAW ON MONTANA WHAT MONTANA HAS TO OFFER MONTANA, THE TREASURE STATE SHIELDS RIVER VALLEY, MONTANA BITTER ROOT VALLEY, 'MONTANA Eastern WASHINGTON and Northern IDAHO: The Inland Empire YAKIMA VALLEY, WASHINGTON KITTITAS VALLEY, WASHINGTON SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON KING OF THE LAND OF FORTUNE (The Apple) APPLE GROWING in the NORTHWEST FROM OFFICE TO ORCHARD THROUGH the FERTILE NORTHWEST LIST OF LAND DEALERS GOVERNMENT LAND PAMPHLET INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITIES (Please ask only for those in which you are Interested; write name and address plainly.) L. J. BRICKER, Gen. Immigration Agent, Northern Pacific Railway, St. Paul, Minn. Send me books as checked: Have you ever gone out and clambered over a rail fence into a field of golden grain? Have you ever smelt the dark soil, the sweet clover, the fragrant hay, the ripened fruit? Have you ever gone into the orchard when the cider press was working and drunk from the great earthen jar? No?—Then you haven't lived. Now clamber over that rail fence of business or home cares today, long enough to get and read some of the Northern Pacific books listed here. See the pictures of that Fertile Land of Fortune, Northwest—the Fruitful Valleys of the Northern Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota. Learn how men and women make money, enjoy the climate and grow healthy as well as wealthy raising apples and other fruits, vegetables, alfalfa (the new wonder food for man and beast), grains, poultry, bees, hogs, sheep and cows. Then go back to the sixteenth floor of your sky- scraper and be happy if you can. But remember: orchardists, farmers, dairymen, are the happiest mortals living. They're not working—in the Northwest-as hard as you are. They produce. They're independent. NOR PAC TEIG YELLOWSTONE LINE PARK A. M. CLELAND, Gen'l Pass'r Agent, ST. PAUL 120 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World F American Woolen Company Wm.M.Wood. President. “ OF THE PEOPLE” BECAUSE: We are responsible for the welfare of thirty thou- sand American workmen, who rely on our annual pay-roll exceeding $13,000,000. “ BY THE PEOPLE” BECAUSE: We are accountable to over twelve thousand stockholders, whose investment receives due share in our acquired profits. “ FOR THE PEOPLE” BECAUSE: Through our organization, the American people employ their methods and their machinery to manufacture annually more than fifty million yards of dependable fabrics, at a price that would be impossible on any smaller scale of production. It is your co-operation which enables us to produce this cloth. Will you in turn demand it ? Order the Cloth as well as the clothes. AMERICAN WOOLEN COMPANY OF NEW YORK, CAMERICE J. CLIFFORD WOODHULL, Selling Agent, American Woolen Bldg., 18th to 19th St., on 4th Ave., N. Y. WOOLEA BARO 127 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World RENABISCO 3 NATIONAL BISCUIT COMPANY Like Narcissus NABISCO Sugar Wafers Suggest the fragrance of Spring blossoms, sweetness, goodness,' and purity. NABISCO is the dessert confection of perfection-ideal with ices or beverages. In ten cent tins Also in twenty-five cent tins CHOCOLATE TOKENS-a sweet dessert confection covered with creamy, rich chocolate. NATIONAL BISCUIT COMPANY 129 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World In the Better Built Homes You Find Alabastine Walls Alabastine is more beautiful, durable and has every advantage in appearance and dura- sanitary than any other wall coating. It bility. Lasts longer, does not chip, peel or permits more artistic and individual deco rub off when properly applied and is abso- ration than wall paper or paint and costs far lutely sanitary. The soft, water-color tints less. It is too superior to compare with are exquisite, refined and correct-and Ala- any kind of kalsomine. Costs a trille more ba:tine walls can be kept in best condition for the material-no more to put on-and at least expense. Alabastine The Beautiful, Durable Wall Tint is specified by architects and decorators as lar Tints, 550. Library slips in Every the ideal foundation for all future decorat Package. ing, for a new coat can be applied directly Our experts furnish-free of charge- over the old without the expense of wash special color plans and designs, also sup- ing the old Alabastine of the walls. Its ply stencils, to meet your individual needs. eficiency has been proven for over a quarter This exceptional service-only obtainable of a century in city and country homes, in the larger Art Centers-is offered freely churches, schools, hotels, stores, apartment to all Alabastine users. and office buildings. Every practical painter and decorator Alabastine covers more wall surface per should be an Alabastine pound than any other decorating material Man. If yours is not- and is the easiest to use. Requires no ex write to us or the names pensive oil to mix-simply cold water of the men in your town applied with a good lat wall brush. Full who use Alabastine with Alabasline Five Pound Packages: White, 50c; Regu best results. Alabastine Company Grand Rapids, Mich., 442 Grandville Road New York City, Desk 42, 105 Water Street ALABASTINE The Sanilary Wall Coating ISO-ZW Alabastine is the only slig Sanibuy and coat Wall Cooting Alabastine Company 132 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Standard" up 19 GUARANTEED PLUMBING FIXTURES ECAUSE "Standard" Guaranteed Plumbing Fixtures possess every attribute of perfect sanitary equipment, they insure comfort and economy, and enhance a building's value. The “Standard" Bath illustrated above, tiles into the wall and floor, allowing absolutely no space for moisture or dirt. There is no occasion to clean under or back of it, and water splashed on the walls drains into the bath. This fixture is being rapidly adopted by those who appreciate the utmost beauty and refinement and the highest degree of sanitation. Genuine "Standard" fixtures for the home and for Schools, Office Buildings, Public Institutions, etc., are identified by the Green and Gold Label with one excep- tion. There are two classes of our Guaranteed Baths, the Green and Gold Label Bath and the Red and Black Label Bath. "The Green and Gold Label Bath is triple enameled. It is guaranteed for five years. The Red and Black Label Bath is double enam- eled. It is guaranteed for two years. If you would avoid dissatisfaction and expense, install guaranteed fixtures. All fixtures purporting to be "Standard" are spurious unless they bear our guarantee label. Send for a copy of our beautiful book “Modern Bathrooms." It will prove of invaluable assistance in the planning of your bath- room, kitchen or laundry. Many model rooms are illustrated costing from $78 to $600. This valuable book is sent for 6c. postage. Standard Sanitary Mfg.Co. Dept. E PITTSBURGH, PA. OFFICES AND SHOWROOMS- New York: 35-37 West 31st St.; Chicago: 415 Ashland Block; Philadelphia: 1128 Walnut St.; Toronto, Can.: 59 Rich. mond St., E.; Pittsburgh: 949 Penn Ave.; St. Louis: 100-2 N. Fourth St.; Nashville: 315-317 Tenth Ave., So.; New Orleans: Cor. Baronne and St. Joseph Sts.; Montreal, Can : 215 Coristine Building: Boston: John Hancock Building: Louisville: 319-23 W. Main St.: Cleveland: 648-652 Huron Road, s, E.; London: 53 Holborn Viaduct, E. C.; Houston, Tex.: Preston and Smith Streets; San Francisco: 1303-04 Metropolis Bank Building, 133 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World Overland Judge the Car the Efficiency of the A Bird's Eye View The more efficient a plant is—the more exacting-thorough, accurate and painstaking its methods of production are—the article it manufactures is bound to measure up in accordance. And the plant that operates on the largest and most modern scale can naturally produce its product at a minimum cost. That stands to reason. The Overland plants are the largest and most thoroughly and modernly equipped of their kind in the world. Employed here are over 4,000 of the most skilled men known to the trade. The factories and machinery represent an investment of millions. No motor car plant in the world can compete with the Overland. And for just this reason the Overland is the most finished, most dependable and most inexpensive car that money and brains ever produced. All this is directly due to the Overland advanced methods of economical pro- duction. Every part of every Over- land is made in the Overland plants. We make what others are forced to buy. The motor and all of its parts — the frame — crank shafts — springs — axles — steering gears — transmission, etc.- in fact, everything from the small- Model 46, 4 Cylinders, 20 H. P., 96 Inch Wheel Base, $850 est bolts to the big. handsome body is made by Overland men in Overland factories. 126 Central Avenue 136 McClure's—The Marketplace of the World GELUS in which it is incorporated a There is a harmony of craftsmanship in the combining of these three pianos with the Angelus which is of priceless value to the purchaser. Our ability and care to build the only perfect piano-player has been matched by the most able and unsparing effort on the part of the makers of these pianos to perfectly adapt them to receive the ANGELUS, In all three instruments the ANGELUS is the Rit Accel same. The wonderful PHRASING LEVER, the most important aid to musical expression ever conceived; the MELODY BUTTONS giving infinite control of tone volume; the new GRADUATING MELODANT (Patented) al- lowing melody to be emphasized or accompani- ment to be subdued at will; the SUSTAINING PEDAL DEVICE, giving sustained tonal effects; the DIAPHRAGM PNEUMATICS, duplicating SOFT OS MELODANT a the resilient touch of the human fingers, and the ARTISTYLE MUSIC ROLLS which indicate proper expression, all these indispensable ANGELUS features are embodied in these in- MANUAL struments. SUSTAINING PEDAL Why strive to tell all at this reading—when the full story of ANGELUS artistic superiority can be learned only by years of association with it, and its best telling must be in realization by owners themselves after they actually possess and enjoy the ANGELUS? Our Agent in your city will gladly demonstrate to you the un. limited musical possibilities of the ANGELUS and quote you liberal terms of payment with or without the exchange of your present piano. In Canada, the Gourlay-Angelus and Angelus Piano THE WILCOX & WHITE COMPANY Regent House, Regent St., London Business Established 1877 MERIDEN, CONN. 139 MCCLURES CORNELL UNIVERSIT MAGAZINE DECEMBER 1910 FIFTEEN CENTS eloof BEGINNING A NEW SERIAL BY MRS HUMPHRYRP erese WARD eros THE CASE OF ROOL MCCLURES VAGNZINE APR 1491 APRIL 1911 FIFTEEN CENTS ARNOLD BENNETT EDITH WYATT PERCEVAL GIBBON DETECTIVE BURNS MRS. HUMPHRY WARD TRANK X LEYENDECKER