id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 1 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 2 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 4 Wikipedia wikipedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 5 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 6 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 13 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 15 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 16 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 18 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 19 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 20 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 22 Literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 23 § § -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 25 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 26 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 29 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 30 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 31 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 32 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 34 folk folk NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 35 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 38 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 39 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 40 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 41 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 42 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 43 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 44 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 45 opposed oppose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 46 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 47 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 48 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 49 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 50 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 52 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 53 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 54 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 55 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 56 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 57 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 58 transcribed transcribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 1 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 6 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 7 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 8 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 11 folklorists folklorist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 13 varying vary VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 14 descriptions description NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 16 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 17 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 19 folk folk NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 20 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 2 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 2 broad broad JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 3 conceptualization conceptualization NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 4 refers refer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 8 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 9 characterized characterize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 11 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 12 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 15 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 17 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 18 fixed fix VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 19 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 3 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 2 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 4 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 6 legends legend NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 9 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 10 passed pass VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 12 generations generation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 15 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 16 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 4 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 4 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 6 Background background NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 8 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 10 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 11 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 12 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 13 Deaf Deaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 14 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 15 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 16 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 17 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 18 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 19 Bibliography Bibliography NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 20 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 21 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 22 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 23 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 24 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 25 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 26 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 27 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 28 Background[edit Background[edit '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 30 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 31 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 32 literate literate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 33 societies society NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 36 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 38 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 39 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 40 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 41 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 43 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 44 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 45 possess possess VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 46 rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 48 varied varied JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 49 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 50 traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 51 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 52 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 53 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 54 folk folk NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 55 epics epic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 57 folk folk NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 58 narratives narrative NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 59 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 60 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 61 fairy fairy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 62 tales tale NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 63 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 64 fables fable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 67 folk folk NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 68 drama drama NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 69 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 70 proverbs proverb NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 71 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 72 folksongs folksong NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 73 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 74 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 75 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 76 constitute constitute VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 77 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 78 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 79 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 5 80 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 1 Even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 2 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 5 collected collect VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 7 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 9 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 12 folklorists folklorist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 14 paremiographers paremiographer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 17 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 19 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 20 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 21 referred refer VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 25 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 26 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 6 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 2 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 3 genres genre NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 5 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 6 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 7 pose pose VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 8 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 9 challenges challenge NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 11 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 12 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 14 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 15 dynamism dynamism NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 18 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 19 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 20 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 7 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 4 Literate literate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 5 societies society NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 7 continue continue VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 9 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 10 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 11 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 12 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 13 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 15 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 18 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 19 bedtime bedtime JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 20 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 23 informal informal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 24 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 25 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 8 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 2 telling telling NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 4 urban urban JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 5 legends legend NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 8 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 10 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 12 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 13 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 16 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 17 jokes joke NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 19 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 20 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 21 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 22 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 23 slam slam NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 24 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 26 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 27 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 29 televised televise VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 30 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 31 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 32 Russell Russell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 33 Simmons Simmons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 34 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 35 Def Def NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 36 Poetry Poetry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 37 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 38 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 39 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 40 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 42 genre genre NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 44 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 45 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 46 consciously consciously RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 47 shuns shun VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 49 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 50 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 9 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 4 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 5 literatures literature NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 6 forms form VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 8 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 9 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 10 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 11 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 13 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 16 operates operate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 18 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 19 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 21 one one PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 22 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 23 expect expect VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 24 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 26 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 10 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 2 Ugandan Ugandan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 3 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 4 Pio Pio NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 5 Zirimu Zirimu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 6 introduced introduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 8 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 9 orature orature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 12 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 14 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 16 oxymoron oxymoron NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 19 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 20 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 21 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 22 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 23 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 24 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 26 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 28 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 29 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 11 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 5 Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 7 African African NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 8 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 10 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 12 Simon Simon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 13 Gikandi Gikandi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 15 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 17 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 20 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 21 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 22 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 23 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 25 Orature orature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 26 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 27 something something NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 28 passed pass VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 29 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 30 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 32 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 33 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 36 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 37 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 38 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 39 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 40 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 42 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 43 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 44 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 45 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 46 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 47 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 48 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 49 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 51 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 52 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 12 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 1 Where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 2 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 3 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 4 fades fade VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 5 away away RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 7 orality orality NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 8 loses lose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 9 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 10 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 12 dies die VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 13 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 2 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 3 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 6 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 7 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 8 setting setting NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 11 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 13 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 14 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 2 Songs Songs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 4 Politics Politics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 6 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 7 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 9 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 11 Kimani Kimani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 12 Njogu Njogu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 14 Hervé Hervé NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 15 Maupeu Maupeu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 17 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 22 stated state VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 24 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 25 204 204 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 27 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 28 Zirimu Zirimu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 30 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 31 coined coin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 33 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 35 defines define NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 36 orature orature VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 37 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 38 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 40 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 42 utterance utterance NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 44 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 45 aesthetic aesthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 46 means means NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 48 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 49 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 51 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 52 quoted quote VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 53 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 54 Ngũgĩ Ngũgĩ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 55 wa wa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 56 Thiong'o Thiong'o NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 58 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 15 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 1 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 4 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 5 Defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 6 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 7 Idioms idiom NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 9 Alternative Alternative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 10 Forms Forms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 12 Expression Expression NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 14 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 16 Eckhard Eckhard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 17 Breitinger Breitinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 19 Rodopi Rodopi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 21 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 23 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 24 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 27 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 28 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 29 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 30 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 31 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 32 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 33 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 34 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 35 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 36 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 37 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 38 develop develop VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 39 means mean NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 41 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 43 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 44 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 45 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 47 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 48 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 49 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 51 while while NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 16 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 1 We -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 2 tend tend VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 4 regard regard VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 5 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 7 genres genre NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 9 orature orature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 11 belonging belong VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 14 homogeneous homogeneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 15 complex complex NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 17 folklore folklore NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 17 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 1 Building build VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 2 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 3 Zirimu Zirimu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 5 orature orature JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 6 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 8 Mbube Mbube NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 9 Nwi Nwi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 11 Akeeri Akeeri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 12 explained explain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 14 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 15 theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 16 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 18 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 19 capture capture VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 21 explain explain VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 22 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 23 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 25 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 26 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 27 indigenous indigenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 29 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 30 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 32 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 18 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 2 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 5 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 7 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 9 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 10 traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 12 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 13 places place NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 15 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 16 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 18 captured capture VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 20 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 23 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 25 gestures gesture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 27 dance dance NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 31 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 32 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 34 storyteller storyteller NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 37 audience audience NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 19 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 6 Nwi Nwi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 8 Akeeri Akeeri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 20 9 , , , 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vigorous vigorous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 13 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 14 conveyance conveyance NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 15 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 19 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 20 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 21 inclusive inclusive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 23 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 24 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 25 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 27 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 28 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 29 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 31 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 32 sophisticated sophisticated JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 33 writings writing NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 35 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 36 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 38 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 40 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 41 visual visual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 43 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 44 arts art NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 45 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 46 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 47 interact interact VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 48 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 49 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 50 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 52 extend extend VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 53 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 54 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 56 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 57 offer offer VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 58 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 59 expressive expressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 60 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 21 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 2 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 3 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 4 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 5 phrase phrase NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 7 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 9 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 10 exactly exactly RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 11 translates translate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 13 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 14 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 17 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 19 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 20 constitutes constitute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 22 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 23 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 26 understood understand VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 27 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 29 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 30 understood understand VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 32 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 33 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 34 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 35 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 38 lore lore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 39 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 40 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 41 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 42 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 43 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 44 conducts conduct VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 45 profound profound JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 47 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 48 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 49 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 50 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 51 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 52 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 54 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 22 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 3 sense sense NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 5 oral oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 6 lore lore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 9 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 10 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 12 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 13 natural natural RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 16 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 17 storied story VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 18 communications communication NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 20 transmissions transmission NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 22 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 24 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 26 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 28 verbal verbal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 29 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 30 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 32 dawn dawn NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 34 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 36 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 37 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 38 societies society NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 41 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 42 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 43 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 44 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 45 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 46 understood understand VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 47 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 48 putatively putatively RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 49 recognized recognize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 50 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 51 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 52 prior prior RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 53 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 54 recordings recording NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 56 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 57 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 58 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 59 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 60 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 61 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 62 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 63 painting painting NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 64 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 65 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 23 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 1 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 2 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 5 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 7 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 8 CE CE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 9 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 11 antecedents antecedent NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 14 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 15 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 16 circulated circulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 18 Hector Hector NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 19 Munro Munro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 20 Chadwick Chadwick NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 22 Nora Nora NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 23 Kershaw Kershaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 24 Chadwick Chadwick NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 26 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 27 comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 28 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 29 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 31 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 32 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 34 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 37 1932–40 1932–40 NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 24 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 2 1960 1960 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 4 Albert Albert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 5 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 6 Lord Lord NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 7 published publish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 9 Singer Singer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 11 Tales Tales NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 13 1960 1960 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 17 influentially influentially RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 18 examined examine VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 19 fluidity fluidity NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 21 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 22 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 24 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 25 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 27 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 28 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 30 formulaic formulaic NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 32 principles principle NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 33 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 34 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 35 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 36 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 40 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 42 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 43 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 44 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 45 Eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 46 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 47 bards bard NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 48 relating relate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 49 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 50 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 51 narratives narrative NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 25 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 3 1970s 1970 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 8 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 9 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 11 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 14 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 16 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 17 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 18 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 20 anthropologists anthropologist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 22 Finnegan Finnegan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 24 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 26 1977 1977 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 29 Görög Görög NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 31 Karady Karady NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 33 1982 1982 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 36 Bauman Bauman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 38 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 43 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 46 journal journal NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 47 Cahiers Cahiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 48 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 49 Littérature Littérature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 50 Orale Orale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 26 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 2 7 7 LS en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 4 Deaf deaf JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 5 culture[edit culture[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 7 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 8 deaf deaf JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 9 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 10 communicate communicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 11 manually manually RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 12 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 13 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 14 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 17 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 19 traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 21 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 24 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 25 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 27 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 28 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 27 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 1 Stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 3 jokes joke NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 5 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 7 passed pass VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 8 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 10 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 12 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 14 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 15 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 16 medium medium NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 28 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 5 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 6 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 8 Akyn Akyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 9 Archive Archive NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 11 Turkish Turkish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 12 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 13 Narrative Narrative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 14 Ethnopoetics Ethnopoetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 15 Guslar Guslar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 16 Hainteny Hainteny NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 17 Improvisation Improvisation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 18 Intangible Intangible NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 19 Cultural Cultural NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 20 Heritage Heritage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 21 Kamishibai Kamishibai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 22 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 23 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 24 Masterpieces masterpiece NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 27 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 29 Intangible Intangible NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 30 Heritage Heritage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 32 Humanity Humanity NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 33 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 34 epic epic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 35 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 36 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 37 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 38 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 39 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 40 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 41 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 43 formulaic formulaic NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 44 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 45 Orality Orality NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 46 Pantun Pantun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 47 Patha Patha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 48 Seanachai Seanachai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 49 Yukar Yukar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 50 Storytelling Storytelling NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 51 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 52 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 53 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 54 Project Project NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 55 Bibliography[edit Bibliography[edit '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 56 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 57 Finnegan Finnegan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 59 Ruth Ruth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 61 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 64 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 65 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 66 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 67 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 29 68 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 30 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 30 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 30 3 Open Open NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 30 4 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 30 5 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 30 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 1 CC cc NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 2 BY by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 3 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 4 Ong Ong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 6 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 8 1982 1982 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 11 Orality Orality NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 13 Literacy Literacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 16 technologizing technologizing NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 19 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 31 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 32 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 32 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 32 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 32 4 Methuen Methuen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 32 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 32 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 1 Tsaaior Tsaaior NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 3 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 4 Tar Tar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 6 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 10 Webbed web VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 11 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 13 masked mask VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 14 meanings meaning NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 16 Proverbiality proverbiality NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 18 narrative narrative NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 19 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 20 discursive discursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 21 strategies strategy NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 24 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 25 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 26 Niane Niane NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 27 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 28 Sundiata Sundiata NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 29 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 30 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 31 epic epic NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 33 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 34 Mali Mali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 33 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 34 1 Proverbium proverbium NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 34 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 34 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 34 4 319 319 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 34 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1326 34 6 338 338 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 34 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 1 Vansina Vansina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 3 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 5 1978 1978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 9 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 10 Tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 12 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 13 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 15 Achievements achievement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 17 Perspectives Perspectives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 21 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 22 Bernardi Bernardi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 24 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 25 Poni Poni NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 27 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 28 Triulzi Triulzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 30 eds eds VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 33 Fonti Fonti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 34 Orali Orali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 36 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 37 Sources Sources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 39 Sources Sources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 40 Orales Orales NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 35 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 36 1 Milan Milan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 36 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 36 3 Franco Franco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 36 4 Angeli Angeli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 36 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 36 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 36 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 37 1 59–74 59–74 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 37 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 1 Vansina Vansina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 3 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 5 1961 1961 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 8 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 9 Tradition Tradition NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 38 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 39 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 39 2 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 39 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 39 4 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 39 5 Methodology Methodology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 39 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 1 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 3 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 5 Aldine Aldine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 7 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 8 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 9 Kegan Kegan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 10 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 40 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 2 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 5 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 6 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 7 Project Project NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 9 voices voice NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 11 vanishing vanish VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 12 worlds world NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 14 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 16 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 17 References[edit references[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 19 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 21 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 22 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 41 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 42 1 Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 42 2 Britannica Britannica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 42 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 43 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 43 2 Eugenio Eugenio NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 43 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 43 4 Damiana Damiana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 43 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 43 6 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 43 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 43 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 44 1 Philippine Philippine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 44 2 Folk Folk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 44 3 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 44 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 44 5 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 44 6 Anthology anthology NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 44 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 1 Quezon Quezon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 2 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 8 Philippines Philippines NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 9 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 45 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 46 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 46 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 47 1 xxiii xxiii NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 47 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 48 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 48 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1326 48 3 9789715425360 9789715425360 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 48 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 2 Kipchumba Kipchumba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 4 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 6 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 9 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 10 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 13 Marakwet Marakwet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 15 Kenya Kenya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 17 Nairobi Nairobi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 19 Kipchumba Kipchumba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 20 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 49 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 3 1973160064 1973160064 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 5 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 7 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 9 1973160069 1973160069 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 50 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 2 Parker Parker NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 4 Sam Sam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 6 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 51 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 52 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 52 2 Three three CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 52 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 52 4 minute minute NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 52 5 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 52 6 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1326 53 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 53 2 's be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 53 3 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-1326 53 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 53 5 rage rage NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 53 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 53 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 54 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 54 2 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 54 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 2 Auger Auger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 6 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 10 Anthem Anthem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 11 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 13 Literary Literary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 14 Terms Terms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 16 Theory Theory NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 18 Anthem Anthem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 19 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 21 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 23 9780857286703 9780857286703 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 25 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 26 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 27 210 210 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 30 Roscoe Roscoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 32 Adrian Adrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 34 1977 1977 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 37 Uhuru Uhuru NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 38 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 39 Fire fire NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 40 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 41 African African NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 42 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 43 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 44 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 45 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 47 CUP CUP NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 48 Archive Archive NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 50 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 51   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 52 9780521290890 9780521290890 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 53 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 54 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 55 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 55 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 2 Nwi Nwi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 4 Akeeri Akeeri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 6 Mbube Mbube NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 56 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 2 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 3 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 5 Nigeria Nigeria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 8 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 10 Critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 11 Theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 14 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 57 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 58 1 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 58 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 58 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 58 4 Humanities Humanities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 58 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 58 6 Cultural Cultural NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 58 7 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 58 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 59 1 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-1326 59 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 60 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 60 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1326 60 3 2579 2579 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 60 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1326 60 5 0528 0528 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 60 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 2 Barnard Barnard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 4 Alan Alan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 7 Jonathan Jonathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 8 Spencer Spencer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 10 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 12 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 14 Cultural Cultural NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 15 Anthropology Anthropology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 17 Taylor Taylor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 18 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 19 Francis Francis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 21 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 61 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 2 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 4 Look look VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 5 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 6 orature orature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 8 Wiktionary Wiktionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 12 dictionary dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 62 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 1 Media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 2 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 4 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 5 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 7 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 8 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 9 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 10 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 11 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 12 Literacy Literacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 13 Teaching Teaching NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 14 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 15 Reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 16 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 19 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 20 Phonics Phonics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 21 Whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 22 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 23 Dick Dick NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 25 Jane Jane NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 26 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 27 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 29 Teachers Teachers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 31 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 32 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 33 Child child NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 34 Left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 35 Behind Behind NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 36 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 37 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 38 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 39 Adolescent adolescent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 40 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 41 Defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 42 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 43 Functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 44 illiteracy illiteracy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 45 Literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 46 internationally internationally RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 47 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 48 Literacy Literacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 49 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 50 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 52 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 53 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 54 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 55 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 56 Literacy Literacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 57 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 58 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 59 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 60 Literacy Literacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 61 Day Day NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 62 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 63 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 64 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 65 administrative administrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 66 divisions division NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 67 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 68 illiteracy illiteracy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 69 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 70 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 71 contributors contributor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 72 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 73 literacy literacy VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 74 Frank Frank NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 75 Laubach Laubach NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 76 Ruth Ruth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 77 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 78 Colvin Colvin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 79 Paulo Paulo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 80 Freire Freire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 81 Griffith Griffith NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 82 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 83 Marie Marie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 84 Clay Clay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 85 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 86 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 87 Gee Gee NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 88 Brian Brian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 89 Street Street NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 90 Related Related NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 91 concepts concept VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 92 Agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 93 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 94 Aliteracy Aliteracy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 95 Asemic Asemic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 96 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 97 Computer Computer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 98 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 99 Critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 100 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 101 Cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 102 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 103 Data Data NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 104 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 105 Dyslexia Dyslexia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 106 Diaspora Diaspora NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 107 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 108 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 109 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 110 Ecological ecological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 111 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 112 Electracy Electracy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 113 Emergent Emergent NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 114 literacies literacie VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 115 Emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 116 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 117 Financial financial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 118 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 119 Graph Graph NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 120 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 121 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 122 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 123 Information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 124 literacies literacie VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 125 Information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 126 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 127 Information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 128 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 129 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 130 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 131 Literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 132 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 133 Media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 134 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 135 Media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 136 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 137 Mental mental JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 138 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 139 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 140 Numeracy Numeracy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 141 Oracy Oracy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 142 Orality Orality NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 143 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 144 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 145 Post post NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 146 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 147 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 148 Post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 149 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 150 literate literate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 151 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 152 Racial racial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 153 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 154 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 155 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 156 Statistical statistical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 157 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 158 Technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 159 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 160 Transliteracy Transliteracy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 161 Visual visual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 162 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 163 Writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 164 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 165 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 166 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 167 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 168 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 169 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 170 4135284 4135284 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 171 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 172 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 173 LCCN LCCN NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 174 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 175 sh85049705 sh85049705 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 176 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 177 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 178 00566762 00566762 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 179 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 180 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 181 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 182 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oral_literature&oldid=992037077 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=oral_literature&oldid=992037077 NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 183 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 184 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 185 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 186 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 187 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 188 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 189 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 190 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 191 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 192 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 193 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 194 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 195 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 196 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 197 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 198 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 199 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 200 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 201 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 202 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 203 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 204 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 205 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 206 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 207 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 208 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 209 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 210 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 211 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 212 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 213 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 214 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 215 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 216 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 217 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 218 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 219 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 220 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 221 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 222 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 223 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 224 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 225 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 226 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 227 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 228 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 229 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 230 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 231 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 232 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 233 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 234 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 235 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 236 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 237 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 238 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 239 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 240 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 241 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 242 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 243 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 244 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 245 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 246 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 247 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 248 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 249 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 250 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 251 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 252 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 253 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 254 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 255 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 256 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 257 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 258 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 259 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 260 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 261 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 262 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 263 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 264 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 265 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 266 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 267 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 268 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 269 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 270 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 271 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 272 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 273 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 274 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 275 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 276 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 277 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 278 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 279 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 280 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 281 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 282 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 283 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 284 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 285 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 286 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 287 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 288 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 289 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 290 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 291 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 292 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 293 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 294 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 295 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 296 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 297 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 298 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 299 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 300 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 301 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 302 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 303 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 304 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 305 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 306 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 307 বাংলা বাংলা NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 308 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 309 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 310 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 311 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 312 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 313 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 314 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 315 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 316 Frysk Frysk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 317 हिन्दी हिन्दी NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 318 বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 319 মণিপুরী মণিপুরী NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 320 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 321 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 322 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 323 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 324 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 325 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 326 مازِرونی مازِرونی VBP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 327 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 328 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 329 日本語 日本語 NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 330 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 331 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 332 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 333 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 334 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 335 پنجابی پنجابی NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 336 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 337 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 338 සිංහල සිංහල NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 339 سنڌي سنڌي NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 340 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 341 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 342 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 343 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 344 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 345 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 346 српскохрватски српскохрватски JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 347 Sunda Sunda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 348 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 349 தமிழ் தமிழ் , en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 350 اردو اردو VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 351 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 352 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 353 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 354 سرائیکی سرائیکی NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 355 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 356 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 357 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 358 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 359 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 360 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 361 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 362 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 363 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 364 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 365 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 366 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 367 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 368 03:49 03:49 CD en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 369   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 370 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 371 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 372 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1326 63 373 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 64 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 64 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 64 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 64 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 64 5 the the DT 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NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 65 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1326 65 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 65 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 65 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 66 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1326 67 13 statement statement NN