id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 1 Federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 2 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 4 Wikipedia wikipedia JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 5 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 6 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 13 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 15 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 16 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 18 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 19 invalidation invalidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 21 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 22 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 23 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 25 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 27 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 28 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 29 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 31 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 34 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 35 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 37 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 38 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 39 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 41 invalidation invalidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 44 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 45 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 46 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 47 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 48 conflicts conflict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 49 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 50 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 51 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 1 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 3 Constitutional constitutional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 4 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 5 1.1 1.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 6 Intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 8 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 9 presumed presume VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 12 deference deference NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 14 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 15 1.2 1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 16 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 17 agency agency NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 18 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 19 guiding guide VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 20 principles principle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 21 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 22 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 24 Congressional congressional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 25 intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 27 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 28 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 29 Express Express NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 30 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 31 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 32 Implied implied JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 33 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 34 2.2.1 2.2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 35 Conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 36 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 37 2.2.2 2.2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 38 Field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 39 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 40 2.3 2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 41 Preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 43 bankruptcy bankruptcy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 44 courts court NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 45 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 46 Distinction distinction NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 47 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 48 commandeering commandeer VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 49 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 50 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 51 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 52 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 53 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 54 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 55 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 56 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 57 Constitutional constitutional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 58 basis[edit basis[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 59 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 60 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 61 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 63 Supremacy Supremacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 64 Clause Clause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 65 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 66 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 67 VI VI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 69 clause clause NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 70 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 71 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 72 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 73 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 74 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 75 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 76 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 77 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 78 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 79 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 80 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 81 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 82 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 83 Laws Laws NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 84 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 85 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 86 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 87 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 88 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 89 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 90 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 91 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 92 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 93 Pursuance Pursuance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 94 thereof thereof RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 95 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 96 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 97 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 98 Treaties Treaties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 99 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 100 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 101 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 102 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 103 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 104 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 105 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 106 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 107 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 108 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 109 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 110 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 111 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 112 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 113 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 114 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 115 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 116 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 117 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 118 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 119 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 120 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 121 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 122 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 123 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 124 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 125 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 126 Judges Judges NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 127 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 128 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 129 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 130 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 131 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 132 bound bind VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 133 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 134 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 135 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 136 Thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 137 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 138 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 139 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 140 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 141 Laws Laws NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 142 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 143 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 144 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 145 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 146 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 147 Contrary Contrary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 148 notwithstanding notwithstanding IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 2 149 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 3 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 4 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 5 stated state VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 7 Altria Altria NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 8 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 9 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 10 Good Good NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 12 555 555 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 13 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 14 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 16 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 20 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 21 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 23 conflicts conflict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 26 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 27 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 28 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 29 trump trump VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 32 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 33 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 36 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 37 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 38 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 39 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 40 Consistent consistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 41 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 42 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 43 command command NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 45 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 46 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 47 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 48 recognized recognize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 49 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 50 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 51 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 52 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 53 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 54 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 55 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 56 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 57 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 58 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 59 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 60 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 61 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 3 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 1 Maryland Maryland NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 2 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 3 Louisiana Louisiana NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 5 451 451 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 6 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 7 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 8 725 725 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 10 746 746 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 12 1981 1981 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 14 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 15 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 16 concurrent concurrent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 17 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 19 subject subject JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 21 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 22 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 24 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 25 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 26 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 29 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 32 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 34 tax tax VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 35 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 36 citizens citizen NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 4 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 4 Intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 6 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 7 presumed presume VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 10 deference deference NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 12 states[edit states[edit ADD en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 14 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 15 Altria Altria NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 16 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 17 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 18 Good Good NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 21 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 22 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 23 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 24 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 26 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 29 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 30 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 31 emption emption JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 32 clause clause NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 34 susceptible susceptible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 36 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 37 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 38 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 39 plausible plausible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 40 reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 42 courts court NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 43 ordinarily ordinarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 45 accept accept VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 47 reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 48 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 49 disfavors disfavor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 50 pre pre VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 51 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 52 emption emption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 5 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 1 Bates Bates NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 2 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 3 Dow Dow NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 4 Agrosciences Agrosciences NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 5 LLC LLC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 7 544 544 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 8 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 9 431 431 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 11 449 449 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 13 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 6 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 2 Wyeth Wyeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 3 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 4 Levine Levine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 6 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 10 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 11 emphasized emphasize VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 12 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 14 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 17 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 18 cornerstones cornerstone NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 21 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 22 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 23 emption emption JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 24 jurisprudence jurisprudence NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 26 First first RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 30 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 32 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 35 ultimate ultimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 36 touchstone touchstone NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 38 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 39 pre pre NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 40 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 41 emption emption JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 42 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 43 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 7 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 1 Medtronic Medtronic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 3 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 4 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 5 Lohr Lohr NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 7 518 518 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 8 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 9 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 10 470 470 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 12 485 485 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 14 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 17 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 18 quotation quotation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 19 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 20 omitted omit VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 23 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 24 Retail Retail NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 25 Clerks Clerks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 26 v. v. CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 27 Schermerhorn Schermerhorn NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 29 375 375 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 30 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 31 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 32 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 34 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 36 1963 1963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 8 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 2 Medtronic medtronic NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 5 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 6 O]ur O]ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 7 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 10 scope scope NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 13 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 14 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 15 pre pre NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 16 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 17 emption emption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 19 guided guide VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 21 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 22 oft oft RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 24 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 25 comment comment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 27 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 28 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 30 Retail Retail NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 31 Clerks Clerks NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 32 v. v. CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 33 Schermerhorn Schermerhorn NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 35 375 375 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 36 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 37 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 39 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 41 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 43 1963 1963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 46 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 47 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 49 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 51 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 52 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 54 ultimate ultimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 55 touch touch NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 56 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 57 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 58 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 59 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 60 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 61 pre pre NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 62 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 63 emption emption JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 64 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 65 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 66 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 9 67 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 1 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 4 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 5 i]n i]n JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 6 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 7 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 8 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 9 emption emption JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 10 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 13 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 15 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 18 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 19 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 20 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 21 legislated legislate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 22 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 25 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 28 States state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 29 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 30 traditionally traditionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 31 occupied occupy VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 32 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 34 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 35 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 36 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 37 start start VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 38 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 40 assumption assumption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 41 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 43 historic historic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 44 police police NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 45 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 48 States States NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 49 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 50 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 51 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 52 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 53 superseded supersede VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 54 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 56 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 57 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 58 unless unless IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 59 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 60 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 61 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 62 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 63 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 64 manifest manifest JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 65 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 66 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 67 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 68 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 10 70 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 1 Lohr Lohr NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 3 518 518 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 4 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 5 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 8 485 485 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 10 quoting quote VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 11 Rice Rice NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 12 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 13 Santa Santa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 14 Fe Fe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 15 Elevator Elevator NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 16 Corp. Corp. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 18 331 331 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 19 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 20 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 21 218 218 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 23 230 230 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 25 1947 1947 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 11 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 3 Reilly Reilly NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 5 533 533 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 6 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 7 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 10 541–542 541–542 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 12 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 13 omitted omit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 16 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 17 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 18 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 19 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 21 said say VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 23 bar bar NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 24 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 25 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 27 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 30 fiel[d fiel[d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 31 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 33 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 34 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 35 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 38 namely namely RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 40 advertising advertising NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 42 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 44 wor[k wor[k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 45 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 46 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 48 assumption assumption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 49 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 51 historic historic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 52 police police NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 53 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 56 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 57 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 58 a]re a]re IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 59 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 60 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 61 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 62 superseded supersede VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 63 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 64 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 65 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 66 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 67 unless unless IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 68 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 69 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 70 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 71 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 72 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 73 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 74 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 75 manifest manifest JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 76 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 77 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 78 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 12 79 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 1 Federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 2 agency agency NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 3 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 4 guiding guide VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 5 principles[edit principles[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 8 Mandatory mandatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 9 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 11 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 12 agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 13 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 15 executive executive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 16 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 18 Cabinet Cabinet NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 19 departments department NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 21 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 22 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 23 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 24 judicially judicially RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 26 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 27 tribunals tribunal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 28 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 29 congressionally congressionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 31 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 32 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 33 regulatory regulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 34 agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 35 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 36 encouraged encourage VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 37 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 38 comply comply VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 40 Executive Executive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 41 Order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 42 13132 13132 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 44 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 45 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 47 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 48 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 49 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 50 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 51 Fed Fed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 13 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 14 1 Reg reg NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 14 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 1 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 3 255 255 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 5 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 6 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 8 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 10 Sec Sec NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 15 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 16 1 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 16 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 17 1 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 17 2 Requirements Requirements NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 17 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 17 4 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 17 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 1 Agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 4 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 5 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 7 preempts preempt VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 8 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 9 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 11 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 12 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 14 strict strict JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 15 accordance accordance NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 17 governing govern VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 18 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 18 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 2 a a LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 4 Agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 5 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 6 construe construe VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 9 regulations regulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 11 otherwise otherwise RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 14 Federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 15 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 17 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 18 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 19 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 20 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 21 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 23 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 24 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 25 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 26 express express JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 27 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 28 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 30 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 32 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 33 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 34 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 35 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 36 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 38 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 39 intended intend VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 40 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 42 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 43 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 45 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 46 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 48 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 50 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 51 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 52 conflicts conflict NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 53 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 55 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 57 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 58 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 59 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 61 Federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 62 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 19 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 2 b b LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 4 Where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 6 Federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 7 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 8 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 10 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 11 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 12 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 15 addressed address VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 17 subsection subsection NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 22 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 23 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 26 agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 27 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 28 construe construe VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 29 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 30 authorization authorization NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 33 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 34 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 36 issuance issuance NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 38 regulations regulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 39 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 40 authorizing authorize VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 41 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 43 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 44 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 45 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 46 rulemaking rulemake VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 47 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 48 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 50 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 52 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 53 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 54 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 55 conflicts conflict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 56 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 58 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 59 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 60 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 61 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 62 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 63 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 64 Federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 65 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 66 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 67 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 68 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 69 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 70 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 71 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 72 conclude conclude VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 73 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 74 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 75 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 76 intended intend VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 77 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 78 agency agency NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 79 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 80 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 81 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 82 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 83 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 84 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 85 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 86 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 20 87 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 2 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 4 Any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 5 regulatory regulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 6 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 8 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 9 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 10 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 12 restricted restrict VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 15 minimum minimum JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 16 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 17 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 19 achieve achieve VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 21 objectives objective NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 24 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 25 pursuant pursuant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 29 regulations regulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 30 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 31 promulgated promulgate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 21 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 2 d d LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 6 agency agency NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 7 foresees foresee VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 9 possibility possibility NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 12 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 13 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 14 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 15 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 17 Federally federally RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 18 protected protect VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 19 interests interest NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 20 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 21 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 22 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 24 regulatory regulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 25 responsibility responsibility NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 28 agency agency NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 29 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 30 consult consult VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 34 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 35 practicable practicable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 37 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 38 appropriate appropriate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 39 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 41 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 42 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 44 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 45 effort effort NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 46 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 47 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 48 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 49 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 50 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 22 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 2 e e LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 6 agency agency NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 7 proposes propose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 9 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 10 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 11 adjudication adjudication NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 13 rulemaking rulemake VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 15 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 16 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 17 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 20 agency agency NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 21 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 22 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 23 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 24 affected affected JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 25 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 27 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 28 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 29 notice notice VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 31 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 32 opportunity opportunity NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 34 appropriate appropriate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 35 participation participation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 38 proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 23 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 1 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 3 Congressional congressional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 4 intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 6 preempt[edit preempt[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 8 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 9 Altria Altria NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 10 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 11 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 12 Good Good NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 15 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 16 reiterates reiterate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 19 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 20 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 21 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 22 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 23 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 24 emptive emptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 25 intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 28 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 29 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 31 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 32 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 34 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 35 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 36 express express JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 37 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 39 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 40 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 41 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 43 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 24 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 2 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 3 v. v. CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 4 Rath Rath NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 5 Packing Packing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 6 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 8 430 430 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 9 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 10 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 11 519 519 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 13 525 525 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 15 1977 1977 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 25 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 1 Express express VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 2 preemption[edit preemption[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 4 Express express VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 5 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 6 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 7 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 8 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 10 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 11 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 12 explicitly explicitly RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 13 confirms confirm VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 14 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 16 intention intention NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 18 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 19 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 20 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 26 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 27 1 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 27 2 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 27 3 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 27 4 Elec Elec NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 27 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 1 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 3 496 496 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 4 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 5 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 7 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 28 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 2 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 4 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 5 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 6 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 8 express express JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 9 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 10 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 11 emption emption JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 12 clause clause NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 15 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 16 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 17 immediately immediately RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 18 end end VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 20 inquiry inquiry NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 21 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 23 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 26 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 28 scope scope NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 30 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 31 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 32 displacement displacement NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 34 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 35 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 36 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 37 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 29 39 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 1 Altria Altria NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 2 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 3 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 4 Good Good NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 5 Implied imply VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 6 preemption[edit preemption[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 8 Implied implied JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 9 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 11 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 13 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 14 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 16 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 17 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 19 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 20 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 30 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 1 Massachusetts Massachusetts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 2 Ass'n Ass'n NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 4 HMOs HMOs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 5 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 6 Ruthardt Ruthardt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 8 194 194 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 9 F.3d F.3d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 10 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 12 179 179 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 14 1st 1st NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 15 Cir Cir NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 31 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 32 1 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 32 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 32 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 1 Conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 2 preemption[edit preemption[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 4 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 6 Supremacy Supremacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 7 Clause Clause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 9 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 10 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 11 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 13 conflicts conflict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 16 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 17 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 19 preempted preempted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 33 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 4 Conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 5 arises arise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 6 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 7 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 9 impossible impossible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 11 comply comply VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 13 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 15 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 17 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 18 regulations regulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 21 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 23 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 24 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 25 interposes interpose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 26 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 30 put put VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 31 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 33 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 36 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 37 obstacle obstacle NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 40 achievement achievement NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 42 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 43 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 44 discernible discernible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 45 objectives objective NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 34 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 4 Actual actual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 5 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 7 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 8 exists exist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 9 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 11 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 14 comply comply VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 16 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 17 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 18 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 20 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 21 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 24 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 26 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 27 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 28 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 29 forbids forbid VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 30 something something NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 31 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 32 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 33 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 34 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 35 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 2 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 4 Obstacle obstacle NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 6 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 8 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 11 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 14 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 15 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 16 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 17 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 19 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 20 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 23 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 24 exists exist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 25 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 27 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 28 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 29 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 30 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 31 obstacle obstacle NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 34 accomplishment accomplishment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 36 execution execution NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 39 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 40 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 42 objectives objective NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 44 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 36 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 5 Sperry Sperry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 6 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 7 Florida Florida NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 9 373 373 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 10 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 11 379 379 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 13 1963 1963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 17 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 18 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 19 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 20 determined determine VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 23 patent patent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 24 agent agent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 25 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 26 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 29 licensed licensed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 30 attorney attorney NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 32 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 33 authorized authorize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 35 practice practice VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 36 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 38 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 39 Patent Patent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 40 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 41 pursuant pursuant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 42 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 44 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 45 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 46 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 47 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 48 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 49 barred bar VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 50 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 51 Florida Florida NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 52 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 53 continuing continue VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 54 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 55 practice practice VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 56 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 57 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 58 patent patent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 59 agent agent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 60 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 61 Florida Florida NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 62 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 63 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 64 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 65 Florida Florida NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 66 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 67 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 68 determined determine VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 69 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 70 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 71 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 72 guilty guilty JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 73 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 74 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 75 unauthorized unauthorized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 76 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 77 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 78 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 37 79 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 2 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 3 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 4 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 5 affirmed affirm VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 7 constitutionality constitutionality NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 10 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 11 authorizing authorize VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 13 Patent Patent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 14 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 16 regulate regulate VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 17 patent patent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 18 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 20 finding find VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 22 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 24 scope scope NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 26 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 27 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 28 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 30 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 32 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 34 exercise exercise VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 35 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 36 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 37 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 39 Patent Patent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 40 Clause Clause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 42 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 43 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 44 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 45 violate violate VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 47 Tenth Tenth NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 48 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 38 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 4 Minimum minimum JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 5 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 6 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 7 vs. vs. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 8 uniform uniform JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 9 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 10 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 11 Often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 12 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 13 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 16 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 18 frustration frustration NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 20 congressional congressional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 21 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 24 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 25 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 26 standing stand VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 28 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 29 obstacle obstacle NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 31 congressional congressional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 32 intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 39 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 2 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 3 raise raise VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 5 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 7 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 8 congressional congressional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 10 administrative administrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 11 intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 13 passing pass VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 15 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 17 uniformity uniformity NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 19 minimum minimum JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 20 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 21 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 22 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 40 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 1 Congressional congressional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 2 intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 6 allow allow VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 7 States state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 9 pass pass VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 10 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 11 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 12 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 14 establish establish VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 15 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 16 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 17 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 19 minimum minimum JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 20 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 21 achieved achieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 24 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 25 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 26 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 28 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 30 floor floor NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 41 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 4 Alternatively alternatively RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 7 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 10 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 11 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 12 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 15 set set VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 17 uniform uniform JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 18 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 19 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 42 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 4 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 6 Geier Geier NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 7 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 8 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 9 Honda Honda NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 10 Motor Motor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 11 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 13 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 15 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 16 Traffic Traffic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 18 Motor Motor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 19 Vehicle Vehicle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 20 Safety Safety NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 21 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 23 1966 1966 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 24 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 25 auto auto NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 26 manufacturers manufacturer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 28 equip equip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 30 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 31 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 33 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 34 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 35 vehicles vehicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 36 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 37 passive passive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 38 restraints restraint NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 43 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 2 8 8 LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 5 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 6 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 8 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 9 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 11 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 13 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 14 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 15 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 16 empted empted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 17 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 18 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 20 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 21 tort tort NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 22 claims claim NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 23 saying say VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 24 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 26 auto auto NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 27 manufacturer manufacturer NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 29 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 31 compliance compliance NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 32 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 34 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 36 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 37 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 38 nonetheless nonetheless RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 39 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 40 equipped equip VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 42 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 43 automobile automobile NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 44 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 45 airbags airbag NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 46 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 44 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 2 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 3 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 6 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 8 savings saving NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 9 clause clause NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 12 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 14 reflects reflect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 16 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 18 subject subject VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 20 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 23 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 25 uniform uniform JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 26 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 28 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 29 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 30 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 45 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 2 pre pre NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 3 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 4 emption emption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 6 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 7 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 8 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 10 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 11 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 13 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 14 stand stand VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 16 harmony harmony NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 18 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 19 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 21 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 23 intent intent NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 25 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 26 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 28 uncertainty uncertainty NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 30 cost cost NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 33 occasional occasional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 34 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 36 safety safety VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 37 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 38 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 39 too too RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 40 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 41 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 42 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 43 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 44 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 45 cooks cook NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 46 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 47 otherwise otherwise RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 48 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 46 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 5 Field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 6 preemption[edit preemption[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 8 Even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 9 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 11 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 12 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 13 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 15 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 16 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 19 express express JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 20 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 22 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 25 courts court NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 26 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 27 infer infer VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 28 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 29 intention intention NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 31 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 32 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 33 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 34 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 36 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 37 regulatory regulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 38 scheme scheme NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 39 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 40 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 41 pervasive pervasive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 42 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 43 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 44 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 45 occupy occupy VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 47 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 49 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 50 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 51 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 54 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 47 56 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 1 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 2 warrant warrant VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 4 inference inference NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 6 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 7 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 9 intend intend VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 11 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 13 supplement supplement VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 48 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 49 1 Gade Gade NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 49 2 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 49 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 49 4 Solid Solid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 49 5 Wastes Wastes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 49 6 Mgmt Mgmt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 49 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 1 Ass'n Ass'n NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 3 505 505 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 4 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 5 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 7 98 98 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 9 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 50 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 3 Rice Rice NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 4 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 5 Santa Santa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 6 Fe Fe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 7 Elevator Elevator NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 8 Corp. Corp. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 9 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 10 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 13 courts court NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 14 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 15 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 18 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 19 Labor Labor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 20 Relations Relations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 21 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 23 NLRA NLRA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 25 preempts preempt VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 26 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 27 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 28 directed direct VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 29 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 30 conduct conduct NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 31 actually actually RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 32 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 33 arguably arguably RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 34 prohibited prohibit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 36 protected protect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 37 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 39 NLRA NLRA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 40 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 41 conduct conduct VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 42 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 43 intended intend VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 44 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 45 leave leave VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 46 unregulated unregulated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 51 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 52 1 San San NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 52 2 Diego Diego NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 52 3 Bldg Bldg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 52 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 1 Trades Trades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 2 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 3 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 4 Garmon Garmon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 6 359 359 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 7 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 8 236 236 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 10 244 244 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 12 1959 1959 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 15 Machinists machinist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 16 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 17 Wisconsin Wisconsin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 18 Emp Emp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 53 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 54 1 Rel Rel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 54 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 1 Commission Commission NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 3 427 427 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 4 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 5 132 132 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 7 140–48 140–48 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 9 1976 1976 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 55 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 1 Preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 3 bankruptcy bankruptcy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 4 courts[edit courts[edit . en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 7 Bankruptcy Bankruptcy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 8 Code Code NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 12 codified codify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 14 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 15 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 18 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 19 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 20 Code Code NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 24 uniform uniform JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 25 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 26 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 28 governs govern VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 29 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 30 bankruptcy bankruptcy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 31 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 56 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 3 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 4 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 5 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 7 enactment enactment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 10 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 13 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 14 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 57 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 1 Most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 2 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 5 fresh fresh JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 6 start start NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 9 honest honest JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 11 unfortunate unfortunate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 12 debtor debtor NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 14 equality equality NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 16 distribution distribution NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 18 creditors creditor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 58 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 2 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 3 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 4 governs govern VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 6 contracts contract NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 9 contracts contract NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 10 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 11 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 13 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 15 debt debt NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 17 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 20 lot lot NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 22 overlap overlap NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 23 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 24 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 25 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 27 bankruptcy bankruptcy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 59 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 2 overlap overlap NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 4 ripe ripe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 6 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 7 wherever wherever WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 8 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 9 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 10 interferes interfere VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 12 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 14 debtor debtor NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 16 fresh fresh JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 17 start start NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 20 creditor creditor NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 21 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 22 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 24 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 25 distribution distribution NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 60 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 1 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 2 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 5 Hawaii Hawaii NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 8 homeowner homeowner NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 11 sue sue VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 12 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 13 homeowner homeowner NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 14 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 15 association association NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 16 unless unless IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 18 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 19 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 20 fees fee NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 22 paid pay VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 24 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 61 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 2 tremendous tremendous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 3 leverage leverage NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 6 HOA hoa NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 7 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 10 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 11 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 14 preempted preempt VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 62 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 2 homeowner homeowner NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 5 sue sue VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 7 HOA hoa NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 9 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 10 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 12 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 14 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 16 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 17 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 19 bankruptcy bankruptcy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 20 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 63 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 2 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 4 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 5 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 6 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 7 portions portion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 10 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 11 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 14 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 17 unconstitutional unconstitutional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 64 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 2 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 3 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 5 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 7 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 8 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 10 protections protection NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 11 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 13 CalPERS CalPERS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 65 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 4 Distinction distinction NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 6 commandeering[edit commandeering[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 8 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 10 enact enact VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 11 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 12 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 14 supersedes supersede VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 17 preempts preempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 19 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 20 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 22 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 23 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 25 invalid invalid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 66 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 1 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 3 Tenth Tenth NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 4 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 6 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 9 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 11 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 13 forces force VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 15 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 16 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 18 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 19 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 20 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 23 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 25 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 26 otherwise otherwise RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 27 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 67 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 5 distinction distinction NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 6 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 7 commandeering commandeering NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 9 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 11 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 13 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 14 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 15 NCAA NCAA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 18 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 21 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 22 Jersey Jersey NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 23 repealed repeal VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 24 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 25 criminalizing criminalize VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 26 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 27 betting betting NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 28 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 30 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 31 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 32 prevented prevent VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 33 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 34 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 35 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 36 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 37 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 38 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 39 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 40 sponsor sponsor VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 42 operate operate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 44 advertise advertise UH en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 46 promote promote VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 48 license license NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 50 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 51 authorize authorize VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 52 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 53 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 54 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 55 compact compact JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 56 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 57 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 58 gambling gambling NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 68 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 2 12][13][14 12][13][14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 5 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 6 rejected reject VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 8 respondents respondent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 9 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 10 argument argument NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 13 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 14 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 15 authorization authorization JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 16 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 19 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 20 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 22 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 23 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 24 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 26 Supremacy Supremacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 27 Clause Clause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 69 30 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 70 1 Constitution constitution NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 70 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 5 Supremacy Supremacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 6 Clause Clause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 9 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 10 pointed point VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 11 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 17 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 18 grant grant NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 20 legislative legislative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 21 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 23 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 26 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 27 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 28 i]nstead i]nstead UH en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 30 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 31 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 32 provides provide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 34 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 36 decision decision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 71 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 5 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 7 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 8 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 10 validly validly RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 11 preempt preempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 12 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 13 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 17 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 18 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 20 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 23 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 24 conferred confer VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 26 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 29 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 30 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 32 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 33 pointing point VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 36 Supremacy Supremacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 37 Clause Clause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 38 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 39 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 40 do",[17 do",[17 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 41 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 44 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 46 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 47 confers confer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 48 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 49 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 51 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 52 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 53 regulate regulate VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 54 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 56 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 57 States state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 59 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 61 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 62 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 63 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 64 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 65 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 66 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 67 best well RBS en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 68 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 69 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 70 one one NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 71 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 72 regulates regulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 73 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 74 actors actor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 72 75 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 3 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 6 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 7 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 8 outlined outline VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 10 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 11 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 13 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 15 illustrated illustrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 17 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 73 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 2 Mutual Mutual NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 3 Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 4 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 5 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 6 Bartlett Bartlett NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 9 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 11 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 12 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 14 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 15 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 16 enacted enact VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 17 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 18 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 19 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 20 Commerce Commerce NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 21 Clause Clause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 22 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 23 prohibited prohibit VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 24 generic generic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 25 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 26 manufacturers manufacturer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 27 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 28 changing change VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 30 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 32 labeling labeling NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 34 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 35 approved approve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 36 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 38 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 39 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 40 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 42 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 43 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 44 tort tort NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 45 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 46 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 47 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 48 force force VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 49 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 50 hold hold VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 51 liable liable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 52 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 53 generic generic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 54 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 55 manufacturer manufacturer NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 56 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 57 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 58 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 59 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 60 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 61 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 62 FDA FDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 63 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 64 approved approve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 65 label label NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 74 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 4 Express express VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 5 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 7 operates operate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 9 essentially essentially RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 11 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 12 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 15 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 17 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 18 obscured obscure VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 21 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 22 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 24 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 26 framing framing JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 27 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 28 provisions provision NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 75 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 3 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 6 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 7 illustrated illustrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 8 express express JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 9 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 11 Morales Morales NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 12 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 13 Trans Trans NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 14 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 15 Airlines Airlines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 16 concerning concern VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 18 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 21 Airline Airline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 22 Deregulation Deregulation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 23 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 25 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 26 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 28 seemed seem VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 29 directed direct VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 32 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 34 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 37 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 39 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 40 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 41 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 42 T]o t]o NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 43 ensure ensure VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 44 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 46 States States NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 47 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 48 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 49 undo undo VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 50 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 51 deregulation deregulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 52 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 53 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 55 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 56 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 59 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 60 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 61 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 62 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 63 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 64 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 65 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 66 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 67 subdivision subdivision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 68 thereof thereof RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 69 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 70 shall shall MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 71 enact enact VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 72 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 73 enforce enforce VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 74 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 75 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 76 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 77 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 79 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 80 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 81 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 83 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 84 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 85 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 86 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 87 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 88 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 89 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 90 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 91 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 92 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 93 relating relate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 94 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 95 rates rate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 96 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 97 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 98 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 99 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 100 services service NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 101 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 102 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 103 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 104 covered cover VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 105 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 106 air air NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 107 carrier carrier NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 108 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 76 109 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 2 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 3 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 4 appear appear VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 6 operate operate VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 7 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 10 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 16 mistake mistake NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 18 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 19 confused confuse VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 22 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 26 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 27 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 29 phrased phrase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 77 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 2 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 3 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 4 explained explain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 6 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 7 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 9 require require VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 10 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 12 employ employ VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 14 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 15 linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 16 formulation formulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 17 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 18 preempting preempt VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 19 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 20 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 78 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 1 And and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 2 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 3 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 4 look look VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 5 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 7 phrasing phrasing NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 8 employed employ VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 11 Airline Airline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 12 Deregulation Deregulation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 13 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 14 ’s ’s POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 15 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 16 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 18 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 20 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 22 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 23 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 24 operates operate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 25 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 26 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 27 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 28 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 29 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 30 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 32 preemptive preemptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 33 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 79 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 2 confers confer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 4 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 5 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 7 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 9 covered covered JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 10 carriers carrier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 13 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 14 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 16 engage engage VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 18 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 19 conduct conduct NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 20 subject subject JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 21 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 23 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 25 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 27 constraints constraint NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 80 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 3 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 6 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 7 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 8 explained explain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 9 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 10 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 11 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 14 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 15 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 17 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 19 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 20 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 21 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 22 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 26 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 27 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 28 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 30 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 31 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 32 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 33 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 34 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 35 comprehensive comprehensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 36 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 37 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 38 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 39 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 40 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 41 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 42 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 43 room room NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 44 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 45 supplementary supplementary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 46 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 47 legislation legislation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 81 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 3 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 6 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 7 noted note VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 9 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 11 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 13 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 14 sort sort NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 16 abbreviated abbreviate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 17 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 19 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 20 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 21 done do VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 23 express express JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 24 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 26 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 28 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 30 Morales Morales NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 34 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 35 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 36 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 38 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 39 described describe VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 40 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 41 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 42 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 44 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 45 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 46 forbidden forbid VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 48 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 49 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 50 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 51 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 52 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 54 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 55 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 57 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 58 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 59 pre pre VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 60 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 61 empts empt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 82 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 3 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 5 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 9 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 11 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 12 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 13 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 15 involve involve VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 16 congressional congressional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 17 commands command NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 20 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 23 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 25 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 26 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 27 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 28 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 30 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 32 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 33 concerns concern VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 35 clash clash NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 36 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 38 constitutional constitutional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 39 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 41 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 42 ’s ’s POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 43 legislative legislative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 44 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 46 conflicting conflict VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 47 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 48 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 83 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 3 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 6 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 7 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 8 explained explain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 9 why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 10 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 13 applicable applicable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 16 PASPA PASPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 17 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 18 prohibiting prohibiting NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 19 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 21 authorizing authorize VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 22 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 23 betting betting NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 25 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 26 sum sum NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 28 regardless regardless RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 31 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 32 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 33 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 35 Congress Congress NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 37 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 38 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 40 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 41 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 43 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 44 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 45 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 46 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 48 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 49 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 50 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 51 regulates regulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 53 conduct conduct NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 55 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 56 actors actor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 58 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 60 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 84 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 1 Once once IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 4 understood understand VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 8 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 11 PASPA PASPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 12 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 13 prohibiting prohibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 14 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 15 authorization authorization NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 17 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 18 gambling gambling NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 22 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 23 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 24 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 25 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 27 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 28 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 30 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 31 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 32 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 33 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 34 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 35 understood understand VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 38 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 40 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 41 actors actor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 85 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 2 certainly certainly RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 3 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 5 confer confer VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 6 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 7 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 8 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 10 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 11 actors actor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 12 interested interested JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 14 conducting conduct VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 15 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 16 gambling gambling NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 17 operations operation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 86 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 2 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 3 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 5 give give VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 6 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 8 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 9 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 11 engage engage VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 13 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 14 gambling gambling NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 87 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 1 Nor nor CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 2 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 4 impose impose VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 5 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 6 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 7 restrictions restriction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 9 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 10 actors actor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 88 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 3 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 4 citizen citizen NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 6 company company NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 7 started start VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 9 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 10 gambling gambling NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 11 operation operation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 13 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 16 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 17 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 18 authorization authorization NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 20 § § NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 21 3702(1 3702(1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 23 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 26 violated violate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 28 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 29 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 30 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 31 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 32 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 35 civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 36 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 37 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 39 Attorney Attorney NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 40 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 41 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 42 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 43 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 44 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 89 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 3 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 5 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 6 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 7 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 9 understand understand VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 11 provision provision NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 12 prohibiting prohibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 13 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 14 authorization authorization NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 16 anything anything NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 90 17 other other JJ 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also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 7 Intergovernmental intergovernmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 8 immunity immunity NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 9 Paramountcy Paramountcy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 11 Canada Canada NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 14 analogous analogous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 15 doctrine doctrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 17 Canadian canadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 18 constitutional constitutional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 19 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 20 References[edit references[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 22 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 23 Zimmerman Zimmerman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 25 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 92 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 1 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NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 11 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 13 SUNY SUNY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 14 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 16 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 93 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 2 Gibbons Gibbons NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 3 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 4 Ogden Ogden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 6 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 7 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 8 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 10 1824 1824 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 94 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 95 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 95 2 Gade Gade NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 95 3 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 95 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 95 5 Solid Solid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 95 6 Wastes Wastes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 95 7 Mgmt Mgmt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 95 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 1 Ass'n Ass'n NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 3 505 505 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 4 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 5 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 7 98 98 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 9 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 96 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 2 Florida Florida NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 3 Lime Lime NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 5 Avocado Avocado NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 6 Growers Growers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 8 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 9 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 10 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 12 373 373 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 13 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 14 132 132 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 16 142–43 142–43 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 18 1963 1963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 97 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 2 Crosby Crosby NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 3 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 5 Foreign Foreign NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 6 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 7 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 9 530 530 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 10 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 11 363 363 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 13 372–73 372–73 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 15 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 98 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 2 Sperry Sperry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 3 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 4 Florida Florida NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 6 373 373 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 7 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 8 379 379 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 10 1963 1963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 12 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 13 Geier Geier NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 14 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 15 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 16 Honda Honda NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 17 Motor Motor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 18 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 20 529 529 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 21 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 22 861 861 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 24 870 870 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 26 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 27 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 28 Ct Ct NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 29 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 30 1913 1913 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 32 146 146 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 33 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 34 Ed Ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 99 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 100 1 2d 2d LS en-wikipedia-org-4847 100 2 914 914 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 100 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 100 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 100 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 100 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 2 Geier Geier NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 4 529 529 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 5 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 7 864–865 864–865 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 8 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 9 Geier Geier NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 11 529 529 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 12 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 14 871 871 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 15 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 17 Google Google NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 18 Scholar Scholar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 101 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 102 1 scholar.google.com scholar.google.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 102 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 103 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 103 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 103 3 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 103 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 103 5 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 103 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 2 Conant Conant NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 3 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 4 Walters Walters NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 6 309 309 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 7 F.3d f.3d NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 8 629 629 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 10 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 11 Cir Cir NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 104 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 105 1 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 105 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 105 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 105 4 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 105 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 105 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 2 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 3 Vogue Vogue NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 5 Ariane Ariane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 8 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 10 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 106 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 2 Chris Chris NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 3 Christie Christie NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 4 goes go VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 7 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 8 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 10 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 11 betting betting NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 107 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 108 1 CNN CNN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 108 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 6 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 7 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 9 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 109 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 110 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 110 2 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 110 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 110 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 110 5 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 110 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 2 Stern Stern NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 4 Mark Mark NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 5 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 8 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 10 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 111 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 2 Chris Chris NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 3 Christie Christie NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 5 Big Big NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 6 Gamble Gamble NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 9 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 10 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 11 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 12 poised poise VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 14 let let VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 15 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 16 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 17 authorize authorize VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 18 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 19 betting betting NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 112 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 113 1 Slate slate NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 113 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 6 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 7 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 9 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 114 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 2 Schwartz Schwartz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 4 Davis Davis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 6 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 7 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 9 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 115 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 2 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 3 Federalism federalism NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 5 Marijuana Marijuana NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 6 Legalization Legalization NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 9 Limits Limits NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 11 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 12 Power Power NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 14 Regulate regulate VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 15 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 116 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 117 1 Cardozo Cardozo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 117 2 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 117 3 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 117 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 118 1 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 118 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 118 3 567 567 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 118 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 118 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 119 1 SSRN SSRN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 119 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 119 3 2237618 2237618 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 119 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 120 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 120 2 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 120 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 120 4 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 120 5 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 120 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 121 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 121 2 21–24 21–24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 121 3 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 121 4 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 121 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 121 6 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 121 7 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 121 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 122 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 122 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 122 3 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 122 4 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 122 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 122 6 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 122 7 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 122 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 123 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 123 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 123 3 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 123 4 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 123 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 123 6 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 123 7 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 123 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 4 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 5 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 7 quotation quotation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 8 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 9 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 11 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 12 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 14 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 15 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 124 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 4 citing cite VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 5 Mutual Mutual NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 6 Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 7 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 8 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 9 Bartlett Bartlett NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 11 570 570 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 12 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 13 472 472 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 15 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 125 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 126 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4847 126 2 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 126 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 126 4 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 126 5 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 126 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 127 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 127 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 127 3 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 127 4 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 127 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 127 6 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 127 7 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 127 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 2 22–23 22–23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 4 quoting quote VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 5 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 6 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 7 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 8 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 9 App App NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 128 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 129 1 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-4847 129 2 1305(a)(1 1305(a)(1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 129 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 129 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 129 5 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 129 6 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 129 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 4 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 5 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 7 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 8 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 9 quotation quotation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 10 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 11 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 13 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 14 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 16 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 17 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 130 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 4 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 5 punctuation punctuation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 6 altered alter VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 8 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 9 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 11 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 12 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 131 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 4 quoting quote VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 5 Oneok Oneok NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 7 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 8 v. v. IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 9 Learjet Learjet NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 11 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 13 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 14 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 132 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 7 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 8 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 10 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 11 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 133 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 134 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 134 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 134 3 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4847 134 4 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 134 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 134 6 slip slip VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 134 7 op op NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 134 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 135 1 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 135 2 23–24 23–24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 135 3 External External NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 135 4 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-4847 135 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 135 6 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 135 7 Fed Fed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 135 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 136 1 Sav Sav NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 136 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 1 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 2 Loan Loan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 3 Ass'n Ass'n NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 4 v. v. CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 5 Guerra Guerra NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 7 479 479 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 8 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 9 272 272 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 11 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 14 reviewing review VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 15 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 16 doctrine doctrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 137 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 138 1 Buzbee Buzbee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 138 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 138 3 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 138 4 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 138 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 138 6 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 138 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 138 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 139 1 Preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 139 2 choice choice NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 139 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 140 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 140 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 140 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 140 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 9 88805 88805 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 141 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 2 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 3 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 6 Power Power NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 8 Supersede Supersede NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 9 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 10 Regulation Regulation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 142 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 143 1 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 143 2 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 143 3 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 143 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 143 5 ethics ethic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 143 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 144 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 144 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 144 3 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 144 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 144 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 145 1 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 145 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 7 520 520 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 9 23174 23174 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 146 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 2 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 3 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 6 Role Role NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 8 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 10 Local Local NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 11 Laws Laws NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 147 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 1 Technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 3 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 7 Working Working NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 8 Environment Environment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 148 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 149 1 Island Island NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 149 2 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 149 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 150 1 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 150 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 7 55963 55963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 9 446 446 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 151 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 152 1 Morrison Morrison NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 152 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 152 3 Alan Alan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 152 4 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 153 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 153 2 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 153 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 153 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 154 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 154 2 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 154 3 Controversies Controversies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 154 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 154 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 155 1 Fundamentals fundamental NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 155 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 155 3 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 155 4 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 155 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 156 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 156 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 156 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 156 4 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 156 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 9 876405 876405 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 157 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 1 Lively Lively NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 3 Donald Donald NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 4 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 6 Weaver Weaver NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 8 Russell Russell NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 9 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 11 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 158 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 159 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 159 2 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 159 3 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 159 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 159 5 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 159 6 Power Power NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 159 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 159 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 160 1 Contemporary Contemporary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 160 2 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 160 3 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 160 4 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 160 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 161 1 Greenwood Greenwood NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 161 2 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 161 3 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 161 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 7 313 313 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 9 33514 33514 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 162 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 163 1 Henkin Henkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 163 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 163 3 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 163 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 163 5 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 163 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 163 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 164 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 164 2 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 164 3 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 164 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 164 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 165 1 Foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 165 2 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 165 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 165 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 165 5 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 165 6 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 165 7 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 165 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 166 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 166 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 166 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 166 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 9 826098 826098 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 167 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 168 1 Drahozal drahozal UH en-wikipedia-org-4847 168 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 168 3 Christopher Christopher NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 168 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 168 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 168 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 168 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 168 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 169 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 169 2 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 169 3 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 169 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 169 5 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 169 6 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 169 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 169 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 170 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 170 2 supremacy supremacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 170 3 clause clause NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 170 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 171 1 Greenwood Greenwood NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 171 2 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 171 3 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 171 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 7 313 313 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 9 31447 31447 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 172 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 173 1 Perry Perry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 173 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 173 3 Ronen Ronen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 173 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 173 5 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 173 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 173 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 2 Differential Differential NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 3 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 5 Ohio Ohio NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 6 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 7 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 8 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 10 Vol Vol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 174 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 3 discussing discuss VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 4 maritime maritime JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 5 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 7 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 8 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 9 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 10 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 13 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 14 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 15 Articles Articles NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 16 Preamble Preamble NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 17 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 18 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 19 III iii CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 20 IV iv NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 21 V v NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 22 VI VI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 23 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 24 Amendments Amendments NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 25 Ratified Ratified NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 26 Bill Bill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 28 Rights Rights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 29 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 30 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 31 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 32 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 33 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 34 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 35 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 36 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 37 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 38 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 39 1795–1804 1795–1804 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 40 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 41 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 42 Reconstruction Reconstruction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 43 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 44 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 45 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 46 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 47 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 48 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 49 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 50 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 51 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 52 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 53 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 54 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 55 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 56 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 57 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 58 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 59 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 60 Pending pende VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 61 Congressional Congressional NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 62 Apportionment Apportionment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 63 Titles Titles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 64 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 65 Nobility Nobility NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 66 Corwin Corwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 67 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 68 Child Child NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 69 Labor Labor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 70 Past Past NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 71 deadline deadline NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 72 Equal Equal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 73 Rights Rights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 74 District District NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 75 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 76 Columbia Columbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 77 Voting Voting NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 78 Rights Rights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 79 Proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 80 amendments amendment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 81 Balanced balanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 82 budget budget NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 83 amendment amendment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 84 Blaine Blaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 85 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 86 Bricker Bricker NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 87 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 88 Campaign Campaign NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 89 finance finance NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 90 reform reform NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 91 amendment amendment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 92 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 93 amendment amendment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 94 Crittenden Crittenden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 95 Compromise Compromise NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 96 Electoral Electoral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 97 College College NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 98 abolition abolition NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 99 amendment amendment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 100 Equal Equal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 101 Opportunity Opportunity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 102 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 103 Govern Govern NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 104 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 105 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 106 Marriage Marriage NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 107 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 108 Flag Flag NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 109 Desecration Desecration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 110 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 111 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 112 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 113 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 114 Ludlow Ludlow NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 115 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 116 Parental Parental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 117 Rights Rights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 118 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 119 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 120 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 121 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 122 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 123 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 124 Proposed propose VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 125 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 126 Liberty Liberty NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 127 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 128 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 129 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 130 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 131 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 132 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 133 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 134 School School NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 135 Prayer Prayer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 136 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 137 Single Single NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 138 subject subject NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 139 amendment amendment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 140 Victims victim NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 141 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 142 Rights Rights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 143 Amendment Amendment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 144 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 145 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 146 propose propose VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 147 amendments amendment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 148 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 149 ratifying ratify VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 150 conventions convention NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 151 Formation Formation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 152 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 153 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 154 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 155 Confederation Confederation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 156 Mount Mount NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 157 Vernon Vernon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 158 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 159 Annapolis Annapolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 160 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 161 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 162 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 163 Virginia Virginia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 164 Plan Plan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 165 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 166 Jersey Jersey NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 167 Plan Plan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 168 Connecticut Connecticut NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 169 Compromise Compromise NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 170 Three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 171 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 172 fifths fifth NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 173 Compromise Compromise NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 174 Committee Committee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 175 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 176 Detail Detail NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 177 Signing Signing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 178 Independence Independence NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 179 Hall Hall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 180 Syng Syng NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 181 inkstand inkstand VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 182 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 183 Federalist Federalist NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 184 Papers Papers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 185 Anti Anti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 186 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 187 Federalist Federalist NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 188 Papers Papers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 189 Massachusetts Massachusetts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 190 Compromise Compromise NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 191 Virginia Virginia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 192 Ratifying Ratifying NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 193 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 194 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 195 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 196 Circular Circular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 197 Letter Letter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 198 Hillsborough Hillsborough NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 199 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 200 Fayetteville Fayetteville NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 201 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 202 Rhode Rhode NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 203 Island Island NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 204 ratification ratification NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 205 Drafting drafting NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 206 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 207 ratification ratification NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 208 timeline timeline NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 209 Clauses clause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 210 Appointments Appointments NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 211 Appropriations Appropriations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 212 Assistance assistance NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 213 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 214 Counsel Counsel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 215 Case Case NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 216 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 217 Controversy Controversy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 218 Citizenship Citizenship NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 219 Commerce Commerce NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 220 Compact Compact NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 221 Compulsory Compulsory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 222 Process Process NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 223 Confrontation Confrontation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 224 Congressional congressional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 225 enforcement enforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 226 Contract contract NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 227 Copyright copyright NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 228 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 229 Patent Patent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 230 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 231 Jeopardy Jeopardy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 232 Due Due NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 233 Process Process NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 234 Elections Elections NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 235 Equal Equal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 236 Protection Protection NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 237 Establishment Establishment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 238 Exceptions Exceptions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 239 Excessive Excessive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 240 Bail Bail NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 241 Ex Ex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 242 post post NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 243 facto facto FW en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 244 Extradition Extradition NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 245 Free Free NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 246 Exercise Exercise NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 247 Free Free NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 248 Speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 249 Fugitive Fugitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 250 Slave Slave NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 251 Full Full NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 252 Faith Faith NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 253 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 254 Credit Credit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 255 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 256 Welfare Welfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 257 Guarantee Guarantee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 258 Impeachment Impeachment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 259 Import Import NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 260 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 261 Export Export NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 262 Ineligibility Ineligibility NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 263 Militia Militia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 264 Natural Natural NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 265 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 266 born bear VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 267 citizen citizen NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 268 Necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 269 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 270 Proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 271 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 272 States state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 273 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 274 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 275 Test test NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 276 Oath Oath NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 277 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 278 Affirmation Affirmation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 279 Origination Origination NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 280 Pardon Pardon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 281 Petition Petition NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 282 Postal Postal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 283 Presentment presentment JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 284 Presidential presidential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 285 succession succession NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 286 Privileges privilege NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 287 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 288 Immunities Immunities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 289 Privileges Privileges NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 290 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 291 Immunities Immunities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 292 Recess Recess NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 293 appointment appointment NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 294 Recommendation Recommendation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 295 Self Self NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 296 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 297 Incrimination Incrimination NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 298 Speech Speech NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 299 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 300 Debate Debate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 301 Speedy Speedy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 302 Trial Trial NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 303 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 304 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 305 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 306 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 307 Supremacy Supremacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 308 Suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 309 Take take VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 310 Care care NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 311 Takings taking NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 312 Taxing tax VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 313 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 314 Spending Spending NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 315 Territorial Territorial NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 316 Title Title NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 317 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 318 Nobility Nobility NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 319 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 320 Foreign Foreign NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 321 Emoluments Emoluments NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 322 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 323 Treaty Treaty NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 324 Trial Trial NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 325 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 326 Jury Jury NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 327 Vesting vest VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 328 Vicinage Vicinage NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 329 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 330 Powers Powers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 331 Interpretation Interpretation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 332 Balance Balance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 333 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 334 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 335 Concurrent concurrent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 336 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 337 Constitutional constitutional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 338 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 339 Criminal criminal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 340 procedure procedure NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 341 Criminal Criminal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 342 sentencing sentencing NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 343 Dormant Dormant NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 344 Commerce Commerce NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 345 Clause Clause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 346 Enumerated enumerate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 347 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 348 Equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 349 footing foot VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 350 Executive executive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 351 privilege privilege NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 352 Implied implied JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 353 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 354 Incorporation incorporation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 355 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 356 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 357 Bill Bill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 358 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 359 Rights Rights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 360 Judicial Judicial NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 361 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 362 Nondelegation Nondelegation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 363 doctrine doctrine VB en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 364 Plenary plenary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 365 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 366 Preemption Preemption NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 367 Reserved Reserved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 368 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 369 Saxbe Saxbe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 370 fix fix NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 371 Separation separation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 372 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 373 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 374 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 375 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 376 Separation separation NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 377 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 378 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 379 Symmetric symmetric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 380 federalism federalism NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 381 Taxation Taxation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 382 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 383 Unitary Unitary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 384 executive executive NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 385 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 386 Display display NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 387 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 388 legacy legacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 389 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 390 Archives Archives NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 391 Charters Charters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 392 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 393 Freedom Freedom NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 394 Rotunda Rotunda NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 395 Independence Independence NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 396 Mall Mall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 397 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 398 Day Day NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 399 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 400 Gardens Gardens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 401 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 402 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 403 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 404 Scene Scene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 405 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 406 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 407 Signing Signing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 408 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 409 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 410 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 411 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 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en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 434 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 435 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 436 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 437 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 438 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 439   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 440 articles article VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 441 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 442 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 443 event event NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 444 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 445 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 446 Columbian columbian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 447 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 448 Colonial colonial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 449 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 450 Thirteen Thirteen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 451 Colonies Colonies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 452 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 453 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 454 Founding found VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 455 Fathers Fathers NNPS 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en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 475 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 476 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 477 frontier frontier NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 478 Drafting drafting NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 479 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 480 ratification ratification NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 481 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 482 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 483 Bill Bill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 484 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 485 Rights Rights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 486 Federalist Federalist NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 487 Era Era NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 488 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 489 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 490 1812 1812 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 491 Territorial territorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 492 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 493 Mexican mexican JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 494 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 495 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 496 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 497 Civil Civil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 498 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 499 Reconstruction Reconstruction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 500 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 501 Indian Indian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 502 Wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 503 Gilded gild VBD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 504 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 505 Progressive Progressive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 506 Era Era NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 507 Women Women NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 508 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 509 suffrage suffrage JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 510 Civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 511 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 512 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 513 1865–1896 1865–1896 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 514   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 515 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 516 1896–1954 1896–1954 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 517   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 518 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 519 1954–1968 1954–1968 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 520 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 521 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 522 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 523 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 524 Imperialism Imperialism NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 525 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 526 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 527 I i NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 528 Roaring roar VBG en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 529 Twenties Twenties NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 530 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 531 Depression Depression NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 532 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 533 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 534 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 535 home home NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 536 front front JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 537 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 538 Century Century NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 539 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 540 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 541 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 542 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 543 Space Space NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 544 Race Race NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 545 Feminist Feminist NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 546 Movement Movement NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 547 Vietnam Vietnam NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 548 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 549 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 550 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 551 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 552 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 553 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 554 1991–2008 1991–2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 555 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 556 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 557 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 558 Terror Terror NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 559 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 560 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 561 Afghanistan Afghanistan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 562 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 563 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 564 COVID-19 COVID-19 , en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 565 pandemic pandemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 566 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 567 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 568 Outline Outline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 569 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 570 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 571 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 572 Demographic Demographic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 573 Discoveries discovery NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 574 Economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 575 debt debt NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 576 ceiling ceiling NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 577 Inventions invention NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 578 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 579 1890 1890 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 580 1890–1945 1890–1945 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 581 1946–1991 1946–1991 CD 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Park NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 622 Service Service NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 623 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 624 Parks Parks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 625 Regions Regions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 626 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 627 Coast Coast NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 628 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 629 Coast Coast NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 630 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 631 Plains Plains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 632 Gulf Gulf NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 633 Mid Mid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 634 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 635 Atlantic Atlantic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 636 Midwestern Midwestern NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 637 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 638 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 639 Pacific Pacific NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 640 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 641 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 642 Northern 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Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 986 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 987 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 988 Sports Sports NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 989 Theater Theater NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 990 Transportation Transportation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 991 Video Video NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 992 games game VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 993 Visual visual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 994 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 995 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 996 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 997 Affluence affluence NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 998 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 999 Dream Dream NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1000 Educational educational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1001 attainment attainment JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1002 Homelessness Homelessness NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1003 Home Home NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1004 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1005 ownership 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en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1085 Portal Portal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1086 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1087 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1088 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1089 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_preemption&oldid=990866801 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_preemption&oldid=990866801 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1090 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1091 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1092 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1093 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1094 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1095 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1096 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1097 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1098 federal federal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1099 preemption preemption NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1100 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1101 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1102 categories category NNS 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matches match VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1124 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1125 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1126 mdy mdy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1127 dates date VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1128 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1129 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1130 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1131 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1132 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1133 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1134 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1135 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1136 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1137 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1138 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1139 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1140 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1141 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1142 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1143 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1144 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1145 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1146 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1147 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1148 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1149 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1150 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1151 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1152 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1153 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1154 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1155 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1156 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1157 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1158 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1159 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1160 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1161 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1162 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1163 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 175 1164 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP 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Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 178 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4847 178 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4847 178 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 178 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 178 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4847 178 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 178 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-4847 179 13 statement statement NN