Oral literature - Wikipedia Oral literature From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Further information: Literature § Oral literature, and Oral tradition Oral literature or folk literature is a literature that is spoken or sung as opposed to that which is written, though much oral literature has been transcribed.[1] There is no standard definition, as folklorists have varying descriptions for oral literature or folk literature. A broad conceptualization refers to it as literature characterized by oral transmission and the absence of any fixed form. It includes the stories, legends, and history passed from generations in a spoken form.[2] Contents 1 Background 2 History of oral literature 3 Deaf culture 4 See also 5 Bibliography 6 External links 7 References 8 External links Background[edit] Pre-literate societies, by definition, have no written literature, but may possess rich and varied oral traditions—such as folk epics, folk narratives (including fairy tales and fables), folk drama, proverbs and folksongs—that effectively constitute an oral literature. Even when these are collected and published by scholars such as folklorists and paremiographers, the result is still often referred to as "oral literature". The different genres of oral literature pose classification challenges to scholars because of cultural dynamism in the modern digital age. [3] Literate societies may continue an oral tradition — particularly within the family (for example bedtime stories) or informal social structures. The telling of urban legends may be considered an example of oral literature, as can jokes and also oral poetry including slam poetry which has been a televised feature on Russell Simmons' Def Poetry; performance poetry is a genre of poetry that consciously shuns the written form.[4] Oral literatures forms a generally more fundamental component of culture, but operates in many ways as one might expect literature to do. The Ugandan scholar Pio Zirimu introduced the term orature in an attempt to avoid an oxymoron, but oral literature remains more common both in academic and popular writing.[5] The Encyclopaedia of African Literature, edited by Simon Gikandi (Routledge, 2003), gives this definition: "Orature means something passed on through the spoken word, and because it is based on the spoken language it comes to life only in a living community. Where community life fades away, orality loses its function and dies. It needs people in a living social setting: it needs life itself." In Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa, edited by Kimani Njogu and Hervé Maupeu (2007), it is stated (page 204) that Zirimu, who coined the term, defines orature as "the use of utterance as an aesthetic means of expression" (as quoted by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, 1988). According to the book Defining New Idioms and Alternative Forms of Expression, edited by Eckhard Breitinger (Rodopi, 1996, page 78): "This means that any 'oral society' had to develop means to make the spoken word last, at least for a while. We tend to regard all the genres of orature as belonging to the homogeneous complex of folklore." Building on Zirimu's orature concept, Mbube Nwi-Akeeri explained that Western theories cannot effectively capture and explain oral literature, particularly those indigenous to regions such as Africa. The reason is that there are elements to oral traditions in these places that cannot be captured by words such as existence of gestures, dance, and the interaction between the storyteller and the audience.[6] According to Nwi-Akeeri, oral literature is not only a narrative but also a performance. History of oral literature[edit] Lore is seen in societies with vigorous oral conveyance practices to be a general term inclusive of both oral literature and any written literature, including sophisticated writings, as well, potentially, as visual and performance arts which may interact with these forms, extend their expression, or offer additional expressive media. Thus even where no phrase in local language which exactly translates "oral literature" is used, what constitutes "oral literature" as understood today is already understood to be part or all of the lore media with which a society conducts profound and common cultural affairs among its members, orally. In this sense, oral lore is an ancient practice and concept natural to the earliest storied communications and transmissions of bodies of knowledge and culture in verbal form near the dawn of language-based human societies, and 'oral literature' thus understood was putatively recognized in times prior to recordings of history in non-oral media including painting and writing. Oral literature as a concept, after CE 19th century antecedents, was more widely circulated by Hector Munro Chadwick and Nora Kershaw Chadwick in their comparative work on the "growth of literature" (1932–40). In 1960, Albert B. Lord published The Singer of Tales (1960), which influentially examined fluidity in both ancient and later texts and "oral-formulaic" principles being used during composition-in-performance, particularly by contemporary Eastern European bards relating long traditional narratives. From the 1970s, the term "Oral literature" appears in the work of both literary scholars and anthropologists: Finnegan (1970, 1977), Görög-Karady (1982), Bauman (1986) and in the articles of the journal Cahiers de Littérature Orale.[7] Deaf culture[edit] Although deaf people communicate manually rather than orally, their culture and traditions are considered in the same category as oral literature. Stories, jokes and poetry are passed on from person to person with no written medium.[citation needed] See also[edit] Akyn Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative Ethnopoetics Guslar Hainteny Improvisation Intangible Cultural Heritage Kamishibai Korean art Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity National epic Oral poetry Oral history Oral tradition Oral-formulaic composition Orality Pantun Patha Seanachai Yukar Storytelling World Oral Literature Project Bibliography[edit] Finnegan, Ruth (2012), Oral Literature in Africa. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. CC BY edition Ong, Walter (1982), Orality and Literacy: the technologizing of the word. New York: Methuen Press. Tsaaior, James Tar (2010), "Webbed words, masked meanings: Proverbiality and narrative/discursive strategies" in D. T. Niane's Sundiata: an epic of old Mali. Proverbium 27: 319-338. Vansina, Jan (1978), "Oral Tradition, Oral History: Achievements and Perspectives", in B. Bernardi, C. Poni and A. Triulzi (eds), Fonti Orali, Oral Sources, Sources Orales. Milan: Franco Angeli, pp. 59–74. Vansina, Jan (1961), Oral Tradition. A Study in Historical Methodology. Chicago and London: Aldine and Routledge & Kegan Paul. External links[edit] World Oral Literature Project: voices of vanishing worlds, University of Cambridge References[edit] ^ "Oral literature". Encyclopaedia Britannica. ^ Eugenio, Damiana (2007). Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press. pp. xxiii. ISBN 9789715425360. ^ Kipchumba, Paul (2016), Oral Literature of the Marakwet of Kenya, Nairobi: Kipchumba Foundation. ISBN 1973160064, ISBN 978-1973160069. ^ Parker, Sam (16 December 2009). "Three-minute poetry? It's all the rage". The Times. ^ Auger, Peter (2010), The Anthem Dictionary of Literary Terms and Theory, Anthem Press, ISBN 9780857286703, at p. 210, and Roscoe, Adrian (1977), Uhuru's Fire: African Literature East to South, CUP Archive, ISBN 9780521290890 at p. 9. ^ Nwi-Akeeri, Mbube (2017). "Oral Literature in Nigeria: A Search for Critical Theory" (PDF). Research Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. 3. ISSN 2579-0528. ^ Barnard, Alan, and Jonathan Spencer, Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology (Taylor & Francis, 2002). External links[edit] Look up orature in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to Oral literature at Wikimedia Commons v t e Literacy Teaching literacy Reading education in the US Phonics Whole language Dick and Jane National Council of Teachers of English No Child Left Behind Act Family literacy Adolescent literacy Defining literacy Functional illiteracy Literacy internationally International Literacy Association List of countries by literacy rate Literacy in India International Literacy Day List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate Major contributors to literacy Frank Laubach Ruth Johnson Colvin Paulo Freire Griffith Jones Marie Clay James Paul Gee Brian Street Related concepts Agricultural literacy Aliteracy Asemic writing Computer literacy Critical literacy Cultural literacy Data literacy Dyslexia Diaspora literacy Early literacy Ecological literacy Electracy Emergent literacies Emotional literacy Financial literacy Graph literacy Health literacy Information literacies Information literacy Information and media literacy Literacy test Media consumption Media literacy Mental health literacy Numeracy Oracy Orality Oral literature Post-literacy Post-literate society Racial literacy Scientific literacy Statistical literacy Technological literacy Transliteracy Visual literacy Writing Writing system Authority control GND: 4135284-1 LCCN: sh85049705 NDL: 00566762 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oral_literature&oldid=992037077" Categories: Oral literature Oral tradition Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020 Commons category link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Latina Македонски مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский සිංහල سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Svenska தமிழ் اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 سرائیکی Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 03:49 (UTC). 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