United States Space Force - Wikipedia United States Space Force From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Space service branch of the United States Armed Forces For the unified combatant command, see United States Space Command. United States Space Force Seal of the United States Space Force Founded 20 December 2019 (1 year, 1 month) (As independent service) 1 September 1982 (38 years, 4 months) (As Air Force Space Command)[1] Country  United States Type Space force Role Space security Combat power projection Space mobility and logistics Information mobility Space domain awareness Size 2,501 guardians[2][3] 13,590 assigned airmen[2][4] 77 spacecraft[5] Part of Department of the Air Force Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.[1] Motto(s) Semper Supra "Always above"[6] March "The U.S. Space Force March" (interim)[7] Anniversaries 20 December Website www.spaceforce.mil Commanders Commander-in-Chief President Joe Biden Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin Secretary of the Air Force John P. Roth (acting) Chief of Space Operations Gen John W. Raymond Vice Chief of Space Operations Gen David D. Thompson Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force CMSSF Roger A. Towberman Insignia Flag Space Force Delta Service patch Part of a series on the Space program of the United States Space policy NASA NOAA NRO SPACECOM USSF Human spaceflight programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle–Mir ISS Commercial Crew Constellation Artemis Robotic spaceflight programs CRS Defense Support Explorers GLS Large Strategic Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Mariner Mars Exploration New Millennium Pioneer Planetary Missions Discovery New Frontiers Solar System Exploration Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor USA Vanguard Viking Voyager X-37 Launch vehicles Antares Atlas Agena Centaur LV-3B V Delta II IV Heavy Falcon 9 Heavy Redstone Juno I Mercury Saturn I IB V Shuttle-Derived SLS Space Shuttle Titan II GLV IIIE IV Vanguard Astronauts Mercury Gemini Apollo Space Shuttle v t e The United States Space Force (USSF) is the space service branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, and is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services and is the world's first and, as of 2021, only independent space force.[8][9] The U.S. Space Force traces its roots to the beginning of the Cold War, with the first Air Force space programs starting in 1945. In 1954, the Western Development Division, under General Bernard Schriever, was established as the first dedicated space organization within the U.S. Armed Forces and continues to exist as the Space Force's Space and Missile Systems Center. The Air Force's space forces were organized under several different major commands until they were unified under Air Force Space Command, which was established on 1 September 1982. U.S. space forces first began conducting combat support operations in the Vietnam War, and continued to provide satellite communications, weather, and navigation support during the 1982 Falklands War, 1983 United States invasion of Grenada, 1986 United States bombing of Libya, and 1989 United States invasion of Panama. The first major employment of space forces culminated in the Gulf War, where they proved so critical to the U.S.-led coalition, that it is sometimes referred to as the first space war. The first discussions of creating a military space service occurred in 1958, with the idea being considered by President Reagan as well in 1982. The 2001 Space Commission argued for the creation of a Space Corps between 2007 and 2011 and a bipartisan proposal in the U.S. congress would have created a Space Corps in 2017. On 20 December 2019, the United States Space Force Act, part of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2020, was signed, creating an independent space service by renaming and reorganizing Air Force Space Command into the United States Space Force. The U.S. Space Force is organized as a military service branch within the Department of the Air Force (not to be confused with the U.S. Air Force, its sister service), one of the three military departments within the Department of Defense. The Space Force, through the Department of the Air Force, is headed by the secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the secretary of defense, and is appointed by the president with Senate confirmation.[10] In terms of personnel count, it is the smallest U.S. armed service within the U.S. Department of Defense. The Space Force consists of 2,501 personnel, and operates 77 spacecraft, including the Boeing X-37B spaceplane and the Global Positioning System satellite constellation. The military head of the Space Force is the chief of space operations (CSO). The chief of space operations is also the most senior Space Force officer, unless a Space Force officer is serving as either the chairman or vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The chief of space operations exercises supervision over the Space Force's units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Space Force operating forces are assigned to the unified combatant commands, predominantly to United States Space Command. The U.S. Space Force is a distinct entity from United States Space Command, which is the unified combatant command for space operations. Contents 1 Mission 2 Organization 2.1 Structure 2.1.1 Space Staff 2.1.2 Space Operations Command 2.1.3 Space and Missile Systems Center 2.2 Locations 3 Partnerships with other organizations 3.1 United States Space Command 3.2 United States Air Force 3.3 National Reconnaissance Office 3.4 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 4 Personnel 4.1 Rank structure 4.1.1 Officer corps 4.1.2 Enlisted corps 4.2 Uniforms 4.3 Badges, awards, and decorations 5 Equipment 6 Budget 7 History 7.1 Air Force military space program (1945–2019) 7.2 Independent Space Force (2019–present) 7.2.1 Proposals 7.2.2 Establishment 8 Reception 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Mission The United States Space Force Act codified the Space Force would be organized, trained, and equipped to "provide freedom of operation for the United States in, from, and to space" and "provide prompt and sustained space operations," with its stated duties enumerated as to "protect the interests of the United States in space, deter aggression in, from, and to space, and conduct space operations."[11] On 10 August 2020, the Space Force released its capstone doctrine, Spacepower: Doctrine for Space Forces, further expanding on its enumerated missions and duties. In Spacepower, the Space Force defined its three cornerstone responsibilities, which it articulates as why spacepower is vital to U.S. prosperity and security, as to provide freedom of action in the space domain, enable joint lethality and effectiveness, and provide independent options to U.S. national leadership capable of achieving national objectives. Spacepower establishes the Space Force's five core competencies, which articulate how spacepower is employed, as space security, combat power projection, space mobility and logistics, information mobility, and space domain awareness. Spacepower lists the seven spacepower disciplines required for the core competencies as orbital warfare, space electromagnetic warfare, space battle management, space access and sustainment, military intelligence, cyber operations, and engineering and acqusitions.[12] Organization Organization of the United States Space Force within the Department of Defense The United States Space Force falls under the Department of the Air Force, under civilian leadership of the secretary of the Air Force (SecAF) and under secretary of the Air Force. The most senior Space Force officer is the chief of space operations (CSO), unless a Space Force general is serving as the chairman or vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The secretary of the Air Force and chief of space operations are responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Space Force so that it is ready for operation under the commanders of the unified combat commands. The Space Force field organizations consist of three different echelons of command: field commands, deltas or garrisons, and squadrons. Field commands align with specific mission focuses and are led by a lieutenant general or major general. Deltas and garrisons are organized around a specific function, such as operations or training, in the case of a delta, or installation support, in the case of a garrison, and are led by a colonel. Squadrons are focused on specific tactics and are led by a lieutenant colonel.[13] Structure Main article: Structure of the United States Space Force Space Staff The Space Staff, also known as the Office of the Chief of Space Operations or Headquarters, United States Space Force, serves as service's highest staff and headquarters element, is located at the Pentagon. The Space Staff is overseen by the chief of space operations (CSO), who holds the rank of general and is responsible for organizing, training, and equipping the Space Force and serves as the principle advisor to the secretary of the Air Force on the Space Force. In addition to their service role, they serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, providing advice to the president of the United States and secretary of defense[14] The vice chief of space operations (VCSO), also holding the rank of general, serves as the deputy to the chief of space operations and is responsible for overseeing, integrating space policy and guidance, and coordinating space-related activities for the U.S. Space Force and Department of the Air Force.[15] The chief master sergeant of the Space Force (CMSSF) is the most senior enlisted member of the Space Force, unless an enlisted guardian is serving as the senior enlisted advisor to the chairman. The CMSSF provides direction for and represents the interests of the Space Force's enlisted corps, while also acting as a personal advisor to the chief of space operations and secretary of the Air Force on issues relating to the welfare, readiness, morale, utilization, and development of members of the Space Force.[16] Support to the Space Staff is managed by the director of staff, who holds the rank of lieutenant general and is responsible for the staff action, protocol, information technology and administration, resources, and total force integration groups. They are also responsible for synchronizing policy, plans, positions, procedures, and cross functional issues for the U.S. Space Force headquarters staff.[17] Parallel to the director of staff are three deputy chiefs of space operations. The deputy chief of space operations for personnel and logistics, also known as the chief human capital officer, leads the S1/4 staff directorate and is a civilian member of the senior executive service. The deputy chief of space operations for operations, cyber, and nuclear, also known as the chief operations officer, leads the S2/3/6/10 staff directorate and is a lieutenant general, responsible for Space Force operations, intelligence, sustainment, cyber, and nuclear operations support.[18] The deputy chief of space operations for strategy, plans, programs, requirements, and analysis, also known as the chief strategy and resourcing officer, leads the S5/8/9 staff directorate and is a lieutenant general, responsible for Space Force strategies, requirements, and budget.[19] The chief technology and innovation officer is a civilian member of the senior executive service[20] Title Office Current holder Service leadership Chief of space operations CSO Gen John W. Raymond Vice chief of space operations VCSO Gen David D. Thompson Chief master sergeant of the Space Force CMSSF CMSSF Roger A. Towberman Space Staff Director of staff Lt Gen Nina M. Armagno Deputy chief of space operations for personnel and logistics / chief human capital officer S1/4 Patricia Mulcahy Deputy chief of space operations for operations, cyber, and nuclear / chief operations officer S2/3/6/10 Lt Gen B. Chance Saltzman Director of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance S2 Maj Gen Leah G. Lauderback Deputy chief of space operations for strategy, plans, programs, requirements, and analysis / chief strategy and resourcing officer S5/8/9 Lt Gen William J. Liquori Jr. Director of Plans and Programs S8 Brig Gen Jennifer L. Grant Chief technology and innovation officer Maj Gen Kimberly A. Crider (acting) Space Operations Command Main article: Space Operations Command Space Operations Command deltas and garrisons. Space Operations Command (SpOC) is the United States Space Force's first field command and commanded by a lieutenant general. Space Operations Command was established on 21 October 2020 by redesignating Headquarters United States Space Force, which itself was redesignated from Headquarters Air Force Space Command on 20 December 2019 when the Space Force was established. Currently the Space Force's sole field command, Space Operations Command is primarily responsible for space operations, cyber operations, intelligence operations, and the administration of Space Operations Command bases and serves as the Space Force service component to United States Space Command. It is responsible for 9 space mission deltas, two garrisons, and two wings.[21] Space Operations Command West is responsible for executing space warfighting operations and is led by a major general who is also the deputy commander of Space Operations Command and the commander of U.S. Space Command's Combined Force Space Component Command, which SpOC West serves as the headquarters for. Space Operations Command West was redesignated from the original Space Operations Command upon the current Space Operations Command's standup on 21 October 2020. This first SpOC was itself redesignated from Air Force Space Command's Fourteenth Air Force on 20 December 2020.[21] Space Operations Command is also temporarily responsible for a number of units that are intended to become part of different field commands upon their activation. Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional) is intended to form the core of Space Training and Readiness Command when the field command is established in 2021. The 30th Space Wing and 45th Space Wing, responsible for launch and range operations, are intended to join with the Space and Missile Systems Center to form Space Systems Command when it is established.[21] Name Function Headquarters Commander Space Operations Command Space, cyber, and intelligence operations, and combat support Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Lt Gen Stephen N. Whiting Space Operations Command West Space warfighting operations Vandenberg Air Force Base, California Maj Gen DeAnna M. Burt Space mission deltas Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional) Space training, test and evaluation, and doctrine development Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Space Delta 2 Space domain awareness Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Space Delta 3 Space electronic warfare Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Space Delta 4 Missile warning Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado Space Delta 5 Command and control Vandenberg Air Force Base, California Space Delta 6 Cyberspace operations Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado Space Delta 7 Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Space Delta 8 Satellite communication and navigation warfare Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado Space Delta 9 Orbital warfare Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado Garrisons and wings Peterson-Schriever Garrison Mission and medical support Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Buckley Garrison Mission and medical support Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado 30th Space Wing Space launch, Western Range administration, and mission and medical support Vandenberg Air Force Base, California 45th Space Wing Space launch, Eastern Range administration, and mission and medical support Patrick Space Force Base, Florida Space and Missile Systems Center Main article: Space and Missile Systems Center The Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) is the United States Space Force's development and acquisitions center and commanded by a lieutenant general. The Space and Missile Systems Center is the oldest military space organization in the United States Armed Forces, being established on 1 July 1954 as Air Research and Development Command's Western Development Division under General Bernard Schriever. It went through a number of iterations, being redesignated as the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division in 1957, Air Force Systems Command's Space Systems Division in 1961, the Space and Missile Systems Organization in 1967, the Space Division in 1979, regaining the name of the Space Systems Division in 1990, before assuming its current designation of the Space and Missile Systems Center under Air Force Materiel Command in 1992, before being transferred from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command in 2001. The Space and Missile Systems Center is responsible for 6 directorates, 1 division, and 1 air base group.[22] The Space and Missile Systems center is intended to become the core of Space Systems Command, a field commanded intended to combine the Space Force's acquisitions, engineering, research and development, and launch activities under one organization.[21] Name Function Headquarters Commander Space and Missile Systems Center Research and development, acquisitions, and engineering Los Angeles Air Force Base, California Lt Gen John F. Thompson Directorates and divisions Advanced Systems and Development Directorate Advanced systems development Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico Global Positioning Systems Directorate Global Positioning System acquisition, development, launch, and sustainment Los Angeles Air Force Base, California Launch Enterprise Directorate Space launch vehicle acquisition and operations Los Angeles Air Force Base, California Military Satellite Communications Directorate Military satellite communications acquisition, development, launch, and sustainment Los Angeles Air Force Base, California Range and Network Systems Division Launch and test range system and Air Force Satellite Control Network modernization, sustainment, development and support Los Angeles Air Force Base, California Remote Sensing Systems Division Overhead persistent infrared and weather satellite acquisition, development, launch, and sustainment Los Angeles Air Force Base, California Space Logistics Directorate Space logistics, maintenance, supply, sustaining engineering Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Space Superiority Systems Directorate Develop, deliver, and sustain space control capabilities Los Angeles Air Force Base, California Air base groups 61st Air Base Group Mission and medical support Los Angeles Air Force Base, California Locations Former Air Force Space Command bases have not been officially transferred to the United States Space Force from the United States Air Force, however the Space Force has taken over operational control of these bases through its garrisons.[23] On 9 December 2020, Patrick Air Force Base and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida were the first Space Force installations renamed, becoming Patrick Space Force Base and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[24] The Space Force operates six primary bases, seven smaller stations, and one air base in Greenland.[25] It also has ten units based outside the contiguous United States in Greenland, the United Kingdom, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia atoll, Alaska, Hawaii, and Guam.[26] Installation Major units and functions Location Garrison Field command Space Force bases Buckley Air Force Base Space Delta 4 (missile warning), Aerospace Data Facility-Colorado, Joint Overhead Persistent Infrared Center Aurora, Colorado Buckley Garrison SpOC Los Angeles Air Force Base Space and Missile Systems Center (acquisitions, engineering, and research and development) El Segundo, California 61st Air Base Group SMC Patrick Space Force Base 45th Operations Group (space launch and range management), 23rd Space Operations Squadron (satellite control network) Brevard County, Florida 45th Space Wing SpOC Peterson Air Force Base North American Aerospace Defense Command, Northern Command, Space Command, Space Operations Command, Space Delta 2 (space domain awareness), Space Delta 3 (space electronic warfare), Space Delta 7 (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance), Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional), 319th Combat Training Squadron (advanced space training), Detachment 1, Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center, National Security Space Institute (advanced space education) Colorado Springs, Colorado Peterson-Schriever Garrison SpOC Schriever Air Force Base Joint Task Force-Space Defense and National Space Defense Center, Space Delta 6 (cyberspace operations), Space Delta 8 (satellite communications and navigation warfare), and Space Delta 9 (orbital warfare), 3rd Space Experimentation Squadron, 17th Test Squadron, 25th Space Range Squadron, 527th Space Aggressors Squadron, Detachment 1, United States Air Force Warfare Center, 705th Combat Training Squadron Operating Location-Alpha Falcon, Colorado Peterson-Schriever Garrison SpOC Vandenberg Air Force Base Combined Force Space Component Command and Space Operations Command West, Combined Space Operations Center and Space Delta 5 (command and control), 30th Operations Group (space launch and range management), 18th Space Control Squadron (space domain awareness), 21st Space Operations Squadron (satellite control network), 533d Training Squadron (undergraduate space training) Santa Barbara County, California 30th Space Wing SpOC Space Force stations Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 45th Operations Group (space launch and range management) Cape Canaveral, Florida 45th Space Wing SpOC Cape Cod Air Force Station 6th Space Warning Squadron (missile warning and space domain awareness) Barnstable County, Massachusetts Buckley Garrison SpOC Cavalier Air Force Station 10th Space Warning Squadron (missile warning and space domain awareness) Cavalier, North Dakota Buckley Garrison SpOC Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station Missile Warning Center, NORAD and NORTHCOM alternate command center Colorado Springs, Colorado Peterson-Schriever Garrison SpOC Clear Air Force Station 13th Space Warning Squadron (missile warning and space domain awareness) Clear, Alaska Buckley Garrison SpOC Kaena Point Air Force Station Detachment 3, 21st Space Operations Squadron (satellite control network) Honolulu County, Hawaii Peterson-Schriever Garrison SpOC New Boston Air Force Station 23rd Space Operations Squadron (satellite control network) New Boston, New Hampshire Peterson-Schriever Garrison SpOC Thule Air Base 12th Space Warning Squadron (missile warning and space domain awareness), Detachment 1, 23rd Space Operations Squadron (satellite control network) Qaanaaq, Greenland Peterson-Schriever Garrison (821st Air Base Group) SpOC Partnerships with other organizations United States Space Command Main article: United States Space Command Seal of United States Space Command. United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) is the unified combatant command for all military space operations, while the United States Space Force is the military service responsible for organizing, training, and equipping the majority of forces for U.S. Space Command. The Space Force's service component to Space Command is Space Operations Command, providing the majority of space forces. U.S. Space Command also consists of smaller amounts of forces from the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, and United States Air Force. This mirrors the relationship between the Space Force's predecessor, Air Force Space Command, and U.S. Space Command (and between 2002 and 2019, United States Strategic Command).[27] United States Air Force Main article: United States Air Force Service mark of the United States Air Force. The United States Space Force and United States Air Force are both coequal sister service branches under the United States Department of the Air Force, a civilian-led military department under the Department of Defense. The Space Force's direct antecedent, Air Force Space Command, was an Air Force major command and Air Force space professionals worked throughout Air Education and Training Command, Air Combat Command, Air Force Materiel Command and the rest of the Air Force's major commands. Prior to the creation of Air Force Space Command in 1982, Air Force space assets were spread across Air Force Systems Command for launch and acquisitions, Aerospace Defense Command (until it's inactivation in 1979), and Strategic Air Command and the first predecessor of the Space Force, the Western Development Division, was established in 1954 under the Air Force's Air Research and Development Command.[28] The Space Force derivates most of its support personnel from the Air Force, being provided civil engineers, security forces, logistics, contracting, finance, and medical personnel who are then assigned to Space Force garrisons. The Space Force and Air Force also share the same service secretary and military department, along with common commissioning sources and training programs such as the United States Air Force Academy, Air University, and Air Force Basic Military Training. [29] National Reconnaissance Office Main article: National Reconnaissance Office Seal of the National Reconnaissance Office. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) is a Department of Defense agency and a member of the United States Intelligence Community, responsible for designing, building, launching, and maintaining intelligence satellites. The National Reconnaissance Office was established in 1961 as a joint agency between the United States Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency, being declassified in 1992.[30] The Space Force performs NRO space launches and consists of 40% of the agency's personnel.[31][32][33] A number of proposals have been put forward, including by the Air Force Association and retired Air Force Lieutenant General David Deptula, to merge the National Reconnaissance Office into the United States Space Force, transforming it into a Space Force Intelligence, Reconnaissance, and Surveillance Command and consolidating the entire national security space apparatus in the Space Force.[34][35][36] National Aeronautics and Space Administration Main article: NASA Logo of NASA. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the United States government responsible for civil spaceflight. NASA and the Space Force's predecessors in the Air Force have a long-standing cooperative relationship, with the Space Force supporting NASA launches out of Kennedy Space Center, to include range support and rescue operations from Task Force 45. [37] NASA and the Space Force also partner on matters such as space domain awareness and planetary defense operations.[38] Space Force members can also be NASA astronauts, with Colonel Michael S. Hopkins, the commander of SpaceX Crew-1, commissioned into the Space Force from the International Space Station on 18 December 2020.[39][40][41] Personnel On 20 December 2019, all members of the former Air Force Space Command were assigned to the United States Space Force. Members of the United States Army, and United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force are also to be detailed to the Space Force.[42] There are currently 16,000 individuals assigned to the Space Force.[4] Air Force space airmen began transferring to the Space Force in FY 2020, while Army space soldiers and Navy space sailors and space marines will begin transferring in FY 2022.[43] The Space Force is creating career tracks for Space Force Core Organic specialties, including space-specific operations, intelligence, engineering, acquisitions, science, and cyber/communications. Support specialties, such as legal, medical, civil engineering, logistics, financial management, security forces, and public affairs will be detailed by the Air Force to support the Space Force.[43] Space Force service-members are known as guardians. The title of guardian has a long history in space operations, tracing its heritage to Air Force Space Command's 1983 motto, Guardians of the High Frontier.[44] It was announced to commemorate the Space Force's first birthday by Vice President Mike Pence on 18 December 2020. Previously, they were referred to as space professionals.[45] Rank structure Main article: United States Space Force rank insignia Officer corps The United States Air Force Academy commissioned the first 86 Space Force lieutenants on 18 April 2020 from the members of the class of 2020. The Space Force inherited its current officer rank structure from the Air Force, and was set to roll out its new officer rank structure in August 2020, however, the inclusion of a late amendment that would require the Space Force to adopt the Navy's rank structure was introduced in the House of Representative's version of the National Defense Authorization Act, resulting in the Space Force delaying the release of its final officer rank structure until the National Defense Authorization Act is reconciled and passed. The final version of the National Defense Authorization Act removed any requirement for the Space Force to adopt naval ranks. [46][47] The United States Air Force Academy is considered the premier commissioning source for Space Force officers through its Space Force detachment and Cadet Space Operations Squadron. On 18 April 2020, the United States Air Force Academy graduated the Space Force's first eighty-six new second lieutenants. [48] Space Force officers are commissioned through the United States Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps programs at civilian universities, and Air Force Officer Training School at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.[49] The United States Air Force Academy is considered the premier commissioning route for Space Force officers, having a Space Force detachment which provides Space Force training, immersion, and mentorship to cadets, the Cadet Space Operations Squadron flying FalconSAT-series of satellite since 1997, and its Department of Astronautics being the oldest in the world, established in 1958.[50][51][52][53] Space Force officers attend Air University at Maxwell Air Force Base for professional military education, which has a number of space-specific programs including the Space Gray Rhinos program at Squadron Officer School for captains, the Schriever Space Scholars program at Air Command and Staff College for majors, and the West Space Seminar at Air War College for lieutenant colonels and colonels. [54][55] A small number of Space Force and Air Force officers also attend the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies.[56] Space Force officers specialties include:[57][58][59] 13S - Space operations officer 13SA - Orbital warfare officer 13SB - Space electronic warfare officer 13SD - Space battle management officer 13SE - Space access and sustainment officer 14N - Intelligence officer 17 - Cyberspace warfare operations officer 17C - Cyberspace warfare operations commander 17D - Warfighter communications operations officer 17S - Cyberspace effects operations officer 62 - Developmental engineer field 62E - Developmental engineer 62S - Materiel leader 63 - Acquisition field 63A - Acquisitions manager 63G - Senior materiel leader-lower echelon 63S - Materiel leader US DoD pay grade Officer candidate O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 O-10 Special grade NATO code OF(D) OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 OF-10 Insignia Various Not established Service dress uniform OCP uniform Title Cadet / Officer trainee Second lieutenant First lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant colonel Colonel Brigadier general Major general Lieutenant general General Abbreviation Cdt / OT 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen Enlisted corps Vice chief of space operations General David D. Thompson swears in the first four enlisted Space Force recruits at the Baltimore Military Entrance Processing Station, Maryland on 20 October 2020. Chief of space operations General John W. Raymond and chief master sergeant of the Space Force Roger A. Towberman perform a transfer ceremony for 300 Space Force personnel at the Pentagon on 15 September 2020. The Space Force swore in its first 7 enlisted recruits on 20 October 2020, graduating basic military training on 10 December 2020. The Space Force performs its basic training through Air Force Basic Military Training at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas, with the inclusion of space-specific curriculum, while still training alongside Air Force recurits.[60] The Space Force's Forrest L. Vosler Non-Commissioned Officer Academy, operating under Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional), at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, provides enlisted professional military education for Space Force technical sergeants. The Space Force is in the process of standing up a separate enlisted professional military education program and enlisted professional military education center with curriculum focused on Space Force doctrine, values, and competences at the specific ranks of specialist 4, technical sergeant, senior master sergeant, and chief master sergeant.[61] Space Force enlisted specialties include:[57][62][59] 1C6 - Space systems operations specialist 1N - Intelligence specialist 1N0 - All source intelligence analyst 1N1 - Geospatial intelligence analyst 1N2 - Signals intelligence analyst 1N4 - Fusion analyst 1N8 - Targeting analyst 3D - Cyberspace support specialist 3D0 - Cyberspace operations specialist 3D1 - Cyberspace support specialist US DoD pay grade E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 NATO code OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8 OR-9 Service dress uniform No insignia OCP uniform Title Specialist 1 Specialist 2 Specialist 3 Specialist 4 Sergeant Technical sergeant Master sergeant First sergeant Senior master sergeant First sergeant Chief master sergeant First sergeant Command chief master sergeant Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force Abbreviation Spc1 Spc2 Spc3 Spc4 Sgt TSgt MSgt[note 1] SMSgt[note 1] CMSgt[note 1] CMSSF SEAC ^ a b c The Space Force does not have separate first sergeant ranks. These special ranks are instead positional billets denoted by a diamond within the upper field, and are senior to their non-diamond counterparts. Uniforms Main article: Uniforms of the United States Space Force Chief of space operations General John W. Raymond wearing the service dress uniform during the U.S. Space Command change of command ceremony. Chief of space operations General John W. Raymond debuting the Space Force's configuration of the OCP uniform. While the Space Force is currently in the process of designing and testing its own unique mess dress, service dress, and physical training uniforms. In the interim period, the Space Force has adopted the Air Force's set of mess dress, service dress, and physical training uniforms.[63] The mess dress uniform is worn during official formal evening functions and state occasions and consists of a blue mess dress coat, blue trousers with a 7/8th inch satin blue trouser stripe, white dress shirt, with a satin blue cummerbund and bow tie. Rank is worn on blue shoulder boards for officers and on the sleeves for enlisted. Officers wear a 1/2 inch silver braid on the sleeve, while general officers wear a 3/4 silver braid. Miniature medals and badges are worn in mess dress.[64] The service dress uniform, also known as the class A uniform, consists of the blue service dress coat worn over the service blues uniform. The service dress coat is worn with a silver name tag, ribbons, silver U.S. lapel insignia, and full sized badges. Metal officer rank is worn on the epaulets, while enlisted rank is worn on the sleeve. Officers wear 1/2 inch blue braid on the sleeve, while general officers wear 1 1/2 inch blue braid. The service blue uniform, also known as the class B uniform, consists of either a long-sleeve or short-sleeve light blue shirt, blue trousers, with a blue belt with silver buckle and a blue tie may be worn. The service blue uniform is worn with a plastic blue nametag and badges. Officer rank is worn on blue shoulder mark, while enlisted rank is sewn on the sleeve. Authorized outerwear includes the lightweight blue jacket, topcoat, and all-weather coat. Authorized headwear includes the service cap with a silver Great Seal of the United States and flight cap. Field grade and general officer service caps include additional clouds and darts on the cap visor, while the chief of space operations is authorized a ring of clouds and darts around the service cap.[64] Space Force cadets at the Air Force Academy wear the same uniform as Air Force cadets, however, in their distinctive blue and white parade dress uniforms they wear a platinum sash in place of the gold sash worn by Air Force cadets.[65] The United States Space Force has adopted the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) uniform as its combat uniform, sharing it with the United States Army and United States Air Force. The Space Force is distinguished by the use of embroidered space blue thread for name tape, service tape, rank insignia (except for major and second lieutenant, which use spice brown), and badges, and wears a full color United States flag on the left sleeve. The U.S. Space Force, field command, delta, school or other headquarters patch is worn on the left sleeve, while the unit of assignment patch is worn on the right sleeve. The Extended Cold Weather Clothing System (ECWCS) is authorized with wear with the OCP uniform. The Space Force has also authorized the wear of the legacy digital tigerstripe pattern Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) until its phase out on 1 April 2021.[66][67] The service's announcement that it was adopting the OCP uniform generated some criticism on social media, with some uses questioning if the Space Force would be deployed to the forest moon of Endor, referencing the camouflage uniforms worn by Rebel Alliance soldiers in Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, however the Space Force stated that adopting the OCP uniform will save the costs of designing and producing an entirely new one, and that Space Force troops deploy on the ground alongside Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force personnel.[68] Badges, awards, and decorations Main articles: Badges of the United States Space Force and Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force The basic (top), senior (middle), and command (bottom) ratings of the Space Operations Badge. Members of the United States Space Force wear occupational badges on their uniforms to indicate job specialty. They may also wear previously earned badges, occupational badges, or badges awarded by sister services.[64] Space Force occupational badges are the Space Operations Badge, for 13S space operations officers and 1C6 enlisted space systems specialists, the Intelligence Badge, for 14N intelligence officers and 1N enlisted intelligence specialists, the Cyberspace Operator Badge for 17X cyberspace operations officers and the Cyberspace Support Badge for enlisted 3DX cyberspace support specialists, and the Acquisition and Financial Management Badge for 62X developmental engineer officers and 63X acquisitions manager officers.[64][57] As part of the United States Department of the Air Force, the United States Space Force and United States Air Force share the same awards and decorations or same variations of awards and decorations.[69] Equipment As of mid-2019, in reference to actual satellites in orbit being operated and controlled by the then-AFSPC, the Air Force reported that there were four Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications; one ATRR; five Defense Meteorological Satellite Program; six Defense Satellite Communications System satellites; five Defense Support Program; 31 Global Positioning System satellites; four GSSAP; five Milstar communications; seven Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS, infra-red, launch warning); two SBSS; and seven WGS.[70] The Boeing X-37B and its low-profile missions also represent a significant U.S. orbital asset. The fifth and latest X-37 mission, USA-277, was launched on 7 September 2017, and was the longest X-37 mission to date,[71] landing on 27 October 2019 after 780 days in orbit.[72][73] Budget The proposed Fiscal Year 2021 budget for the Space Force would transfer over $15 billion from the Air Force.[74] United States Space Force Budget[74] 2020 2021 (proposed) Operation & Maintenance $40,000,000 $2,608,400,000 Procurement - $2,446,100,000 Research, Development, Test & Evaluation - $10,327,600,000 Total $40,000,000 $15,382,100,000 The 2021 Department of Defense Budget requests $1.6 billion for three National Security Space Launch vehicles.[75] $1.05 billion of this budget will fund three launches: AFSPC-36, AFSPC-87 and AFSPC-112.[76] The United States Space Force is reported to be working closely with commercial leaders in the space domain such as Elon Musk (SpaceX) and Jeff Bezos (Blue Origin) to determine their capability in serving the mission. According to Lt. General David Thompson, the United States Space Force is already in contracting talks with Blue Origin.[77] The budget includes $560 million to upgrade the launch systems of Blue Origin, Northrop Grumman, and United Launch Alliance.[76] Further, the 2021 DOD budget requests $1.8 billion for two Lockheed Martin Global Positioning System (GPS) III systems and other projects to fulfill the Space Superiority Strategy.[75] The GPS III system, first launched on 23 December 2018, is the latest GPS system from contractor Lockheed Martin; the GPS III system has improved anti-jamming capabilities and is three times more accurate than current GPS systems.[78] The FY 2021 Budget also includes $2.5 billion allocated to the Next-Generation Overhead Persistent Infrared (Next-Gen OPIR) satellite constellation as part of a DOD wide increase on missile defense capacity to defend from threats such as North Korea.[74] The Next-Gen OPIR constellation will provide the U.S. military with a resilient worldwide missile warning system.[79] This new generation of satellites will work in tandem with the existing Space Based Overhead Persistent Infrared System (SBIRS); production of the SBIRS will conclude in 2022 and the first Next-Gen OPIR satellite is expected to be delivered in 2025.[76] History Main article: History of the United States Space Force Air Force military space program (1945–2019) General Bernard Schriever, father of the United States Space Force and military space. Air Force Space Command shield Following the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. Early military space development was begun within the United States Army Air Forces by General Henry H. Arnold, who identified space as a crucial military arena decades before the first spaceflight. Gaining its independence from the Army on 18 September 1947, the United States Air Force began development of military space and ballistic missile programs, while also competing with the United States Army and United States Navy for the space mission.[80] In 1954, the Air Force created its first space organization, the Western Development Division, under the leadership of General Bernard Schriever. The Western Development Division and its successor organization, the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, were instrumental in developing the first United States military launch vehicles and spacecraft, competing predominantly with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency under the leadership of General John Bruce Medaris and former German scientist Wernher von Braun. The launch of Sputnik 1 spurred a massive reorganization of military space and the 1958 establishment of the Advanced Research Projects Agency was a short-lived effort to centralized management of military space, with some fearing it would become a military service for space, with authorities being returned to the services in 1959. The establishment of NASA in 1958, however, completely decimated the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, resulting in the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division serving as the primary military space organization. In 1961, the Air Force was designated as the Department of Defense's executive agent for space and Air Research and Development Command was reorganized into Air Force Systems Command, with the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division being replaced by the Space Systems Division - the first Air Force division solely focused on space. In the 1960s, military space activities began to be operationalized, with Aerospace Defense Command taking control of missile warning and space surveillance on behalf of NORAD, Strategic Air Command assuming the weather reconnaissance mission, and Air Force Systems Command operating the first generations of communications satellites on behalf of the Defense Communications Agency. In 1967, the Space Systems Division and Ballistic Missiles Division were merged to form the Space and Missile Systems Organization, which began to develop the next generation of satellite communications, space-based missile warning, space launch vehicles and infrastructure, and the predecessor to the Global Positioning System. Space forces also saw their first employment in the Vietnam War, providing weather and communications support to ground and air forces.[81] "Space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man. And only if the United-States occupies a position of preeminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theatre of war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space, any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea." — John F. Kennedy, speech at Rice University, 12 September 1962[82] The disjointed nature of military space forces across three military commands resulted in a reevaluation of space force organization within the Air Force. In 1979, the Space and Missile Systems Organization was split, forming the Space Division, and in 1980, Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated and its space forces transferred to Strategic Air Command. Resulting from internal and external pressures, including an effort by a congressman to rename the Air Force into the Aerospace Force and the possibility that President Reagan would direct the creation of a space force as a separate military branch, the Air Force directed the formation of Air Force Space Command in 1982. During the 1980s, Air Force Space Command absorbed the space missions of Strategic Air Command and the launch mission from Air Force Systems Command. Space forces provided space support during the Falklands War, United States invasion of Grenada, the 1986 United States bombing of Libya, Operation Earnest Will, and the United States invasion of Panama. The tactical employment of space forces culminated in the Gulf War, where space forces proved so critical to the U.S.-led coalition, that it is sometimes referred to as the first space war.[83] Following the end of the Gulf War, the Air Force came under intense congressional scrutiny by seeking to artificially merge its air and space operations into a seamless aerospace continuum, without regard for the differences between space and air. The 2001 Space Commission criticized the Air Force for institutionalizing the primacy of aviation pilots over space officers in Air Force Space Command, for stifling the development of an independent space culture, and not paying sufficient budgetary attention to space. The Space Commission recommended the formation of a Space Corps within the Air Force between 2007 and 2011, with an independent Space Force to be created at a later date. The September 11 attacks derailed most progress in space development, resulting in the inactivation of United States Space Command and beginning a period of atrophy in military space. The only major change to occur was the transfer of the Space and Missile Systems Center from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command. Following the inactivation of U.S. Space Command in 2002, Russia and China began developing developing sophisticated on-orbit capabilities and an array of counter-space weapons, with the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test of particular concern as it created 2,841 high-velocity debris items, a larger amount of dangerous space junk than any other space event in history. On 29 August 2019, United States Space Command was reestablished as a geographic combatant command.[84] Independent Space Force (2019–present) Proposals U.S. Space Force logo used from 20 December 2019 on public social media accounts[85][86] The first real attempt to centralize the military space organizations occurred in 1958, with the Advanced Research Projects Agency sometimes being described as, and feared by its detractors that it would become, a fourth military service. While the 1981 proposal to rename the United States Air Force into the United States Aerospace Force was not an attempt to create a space service branch, it did mark a clear attempt by congress to increase the profile of space within the service, which it rejected. The possibility that President Reagan would announce the creation of the Space Force as an independent service in 1982 spurred the Air Force to establish Air Force Space Command. The 1990s saw a number of proposals for an independent space force, including one by Air Force Space Command Lieutenant Colonel Cynthia A.S. McKinley in 2000 which called for the establishment of a United States Space Guard.[87][88] The most notable proposal for an independent Space Force was by the 2001 Space Commission, which called for the creation of a Space Corps within the Air Force between 2007 and 2011, and the establishment of an independent Space Force after that. The Space Commission was established by Congress after it became concerned that the Air Force was seeking to artificially merge its air and space operations into a seamless aerospace continuum, without regard for the differences between space and air.[89][88] Ultimately, due to the September 11 attacks, a Space Force was not established.[90] The United States' national security space organization actually regressed, with United States Space Command being inactivated in 2002, subsumed into United States Strategic Command. The Allard Commission report, unveiled in the wake of the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test, called for a reorganization of national security space, however many of its recommendations were not acted upon by the Air Force.[90] Growing impatient with the Air Force, who they felt was more interested in jet fighters than space, Representatives Jim Cooper (D-TN) and Mike Rogers (R-AL) unveiled a bipartisan proposal in the House of Representatives to establish the United States Space Corps as a separate military service within the Department of the Air Force, with the commandant of the Space Corps as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. This proposal was put forward to separate space professionals from the Air Force, give space a greater cultural focus, and help develop a leaner and faster space acquisitions system. This was done due to congressional concern that the space mission had become subordinate to the Air Force's preferred air dominance mission and that space officers were being treated unfairly within the Air Force, with Representative Rogers noting that in 2016 none of the 37 Air Force colonels selected for promotion to brigadier general were space officers and that only 2 of the 450 hours of Air Force professional military education were dedicated to space.[91] The proposal passed in the House of Representatives, but was cut from the final bill in negotiations with the U.S. Senate.[92] Following the defeated of the proposal in the senate, both Representatives Cooper and Rogers heavily critcized Air Force leadership for not taking threats in space seriously and continued resistance to reform. The Space Corps proposal was, in large part, spurred on by the development of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force and the Russian Space Forces.[93][90] The Space Corps proposal gained new life, when at a June 2018 meeting of the National Space Council, President Donald Trump directed the Department of Defense to begin the necessary processes to establish the U.S. Space Force as a branch of the Armed Forces.[94] On 19 February 2019, Space Policy Directive 4 was signed, initially calling for the placement of the U.S. Space Force within the Department of the Air Force, before later creating and transferring the service to the Department of the Space Force.[95] Legislative provisions for the Space Force were included in the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act, which was signed into law on 20 December 2019. The Space Force was established as the sixth armed service branch, with Air Force General John "Jay" Raymond, the commander of Air Force Space Command and U.S. Space Command, becoming the first chief of space operations.[96] On 14 January 2020, Raymond was officially sworn in as chief of space operations by Vice President Mike Pence.[97] Establishment Launch of AEHF-6 on an Atlas V rocket, which was the first space launch for the U.S. Space Force as an independent service. On 20 December 2019, Air Force Space Command was redesignated as the United States Space Force and its commander, General John W. Raymond was sworn in as its first chief of space operations. On 20 December, its first organizational change occurred when Secretary of the Air Force Barbara Barrett redeisgnated Air Force Space Command's Fourteenth Air Force as Space Operations Command.[98] All of Air Force Space Command's 16,000 active duty and civilian personnel were assigned to the new service.[99] Major organizational changes during the first year included replacing its space wings and operations groups with deltas and garrisons on 24 July 2020 and announcing its field command structure, merging wings and groups into deltas and numbered air forces and major commands into field commands. The Space Force announced that its field commands would be Space Operations Command, Space Systems Command, and Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM). Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional) absorbed former Air Education and Training Command and Air Combat Command space units, preparing for the activation of STARCOM. Space Delta 2 became the space domain awareness delta, replacing the 21st Operations Group; Space Delta 3 became the space electronic warfare delta, replacing the 721st Operations Group; Space Delta 4 became the missile warning delta, replacing 460th Operations Group and absorbing the ground-based missile warning radars of the 21st Operations Group; Space Delta 5 became the command and control delta, replacing the 614th Air Operations Center; Space Delta 6 became the cyberspace operations delta, replacing the 50th Network Operations Group; Space Delta 7 became the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance delta, replacing Air Combat Command's 544th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group; Space Delta 8 became the satellite communication and navigation warfare delta, replacing the 50th Operations Group; Space Delta 9 became the orbital warfare delta, replacing the 750th Operations Group; the Peterson-Schriever Garrison became responsible for the base administration of Peterson Air Force Base, Schriever Air Force Base, Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station, Thule Air Base, New Boston Air Force Station, and Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station, replacing the 21st Space Wing and the 50th Space Wing; the Buckley Garrison became responsible for the base administration of Buckley Air Force Base, Cape Cod Air Force Station, Cavalier Air Force Station, and Clear Air Force Station, replacing the 460th Space Wing.[100] On 21 October 2020, Space Operations Command was established as its first field command, replacing headquarters Air Force Space Command. The first Space Operations Command (redesignated Fourteenth Air Force) was redesignated as Space Operations Command-West and its air and space lineage was split between the Air Force and the Space Force.[101] Unveiling of the flag of the United States Space Force on 15 May 2020 in the Oval Office. On 3 April 2020, Chief Master Sergeant Roger A. Towberman, formerly command chief of Air Force Space Command, transferred to the Space Force as the Senior Enlisted Advisor of the Space Force, becoming its second member and first enlisted member. On 18 April 2020, 86 graduates of the United States Air Force Academy became the first group of commissioned second lieutenants in the U.S. Space Force, becoming the 3rd to 88th members of the Space Force.[102][103] On 16 July 2020, the Space Force selected 2,410 space operations officers and enlisted space systems operators to transfer to the Space Force, with the first back recommissioning or reenlisting on 1 September. The Space Force swore in its first 7 enlisted recruits on 20 October 2020, graduating basic military training on 10 December 2020 and its first Officer Training School candidates commissioned on 16 October.[104][105] The Space Force also commissioned its first astronaut, with Colonel Michael S. Hopkins, the commander of SpaceX Crew-1, swearing into the Space Force from the International Space Station on 18 December 2020.[106][107][108] During the first year major symbols were also unveiled, with the Seal of the United States Space Force approved on 15 January 2020 and was revealed on 24 January 2020, the flag of the United States Space Force debuted at signing ceremony for the 2020 Armed Forces Day proclamation on 15 May 2020, the Space Force Delta symbol and motto of Semper Supra released on 22 July 2020, and the official service title of Guardian announced on 18 December 2020.[109][110][111][112] The first Air Force instillations were renamed to Space Force instillations on 9 December 2020, with Patrick Air Force Base and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station renamed as Patrick Space Force Base and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[113] In September 2020, the Space Force and NASA signed a memorandum of understanding formally acknowledging the joint role of both agencies. This new memorandum replaced a similar document signed in 2006 between NASA and Air Force Space Command.[114][115] On October 20, 2020, the first seven guardians enlisted directly into the Space Force.[116] The Space Force's first combat operations as a new service included providing early warning of Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force missile strikes against U.S. troops at Al Asad Airbase on 7 January 2020 through the 2nd Space Warning Squadron's Space Based Infrared System.[117] The Space Force also monitored Russian Space Forces spacecraft which had been tailing U.S. government satellites.[118] Reception Emblems of the Russian Space Forces (top) and People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force (bottom). The Space Force itself had mixed reception within policy think tanks. The Center for Strategic and International Studies supported the creation of the new service, arguing that it was needed to consolidate national security space responsibilities, which in 2016 was spread out across 60 different organizations. They also argued that Space Force was needed to develop space strategy and doctrine, and ensure space agencies are not overlooked.[119] The Heritage Foundation also supported the creation of the Space Force, citing the existence of anti-satellite threats from China and Russia and the creation of the Russian Aerospace Forces and reoganization of the Russian Space Forces, and the Chinese People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force in 2015.[120] The Project on Government Oversight opposed the creation of a space force, arguing that centralizing military assets resulted in more duplication and led to inter-service tension.[121] The United States Department of Defense estimated that establishing Space Force would cost $13 billion over 5 years.[121] The Cato Institute argued the creation of a Space Force was premature, due to uncertainty about its military and international impacts.[122] The idea of a space force was popular with Trump supporters, and Trump's presidential campaign sold unofficial space force merchandise – a practice criticized by former White House ethics czar Norman Eisen and chairman of the House Armed Services Committee Adam Smith.[123] The creation of Space Force resulted in some jokes, memes, and controversies online.[124][125] Late night talk show hosts such as Jimmy Kimmel and Stephen Colbert joked about the idea.[126] A comedy television show, Space Force, has a plot involving the establishment of a United States Space Force.[127] The Space Force has been accused of being a "vanity project" for President Trump, despite it being debated since the 1990s as a means to counter Chinese and Russian military threats in space. Trump falsely claimed in 2018 to have created the idea of Space Force saying "... nobody even thought about the Space Force before him...", while in reality it was first proposed by representatives Jim Cooper and Mike Rogers in 2017.[128] A number of cultural items released by the Space Force resulted in comparisons to science fiction franchises, and sometimes criticism, on social media. Its adoption of the OCP uniform resulted in comparisons to Rebel Alliance soldiers on Endor in Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, the delta on its seal and emblem was compared to the Starfleet symbol from Star Trek, and naming their personnel "guardians" resulted in comparisons to the Marvel film Guardians of the Galaxy (and, to an extent, Bungie's Destiny). The Space Force responded that the Army and Air Force also wear OCP's and that it would save money, that the delta symbol has a long history of use by military space forces that predates Star Trek, and that the title "guardian" was derived from Air Force Space Command's 1983 motto "Guardians of Space."[129][130][131] See also List of US Space Force installations Space Force Association Space National Guard Russian Space Forces People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Strategic Defense Initiative Militarisation of space Women in the United States Space Force References ^ a b "U.S. Space Force Fact Sheet". Spaceforce.mil. United States Space Force. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019. ^ a b Beynon, Steve (27 August 2020). "Space Force unveils first set of regulations — how to wear the camouflage uniform". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 4 September 2020. Space Force has 90 troops, with Towberman being the only enlisted member. 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"Report to the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization" (PDF). csis.org. Retrieved 11 May 2019. ^ a b c https://aerospace.csis.org/commanding-space/ ^ "Congressman Rogers: A space corps is 'inevitable'". SpaceNews.com. 2 December 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019. ^ "Space Corps Crashes to Earth in Negotiated Defense Bill". Defensetech.org. 8 November 2017. ^ https://spacenews.com/chairman-rogers-space-corps-needed-more-than-ever-air-force-in-denial/ ^ "Remarks by President Trump at a Meeting with the National Space Council and Signing of Space Policy Directive-3". White House. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018. ^ "Space Policy Directive 4". spaceforce.mil. ^ CNN, Ryan Browne (20 December 2019). "With a signature, Trump brings Space Force into being". CNN. Retrieved 21 January 2020. ^ "New Space Force uniforms are camo, but why?". ABC12.com. CNN\Gray News. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020. ^ "14th Air Force now designated as U.S. Space Operations Command". UPI. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2020. ^ "The Space Force is officially the sixth military branch. Here's what that means". Air Force Times. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019. ^ https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2287005/space-force-begins-transition-into-field-organizational-structure/ ^ https://spacenews.com/space-force-stands-up-operations-command-in-colorado-springs/ ^ Erwin, Sandra (18 April 2020). "U.S. Space Force adds 86 new officers after academy graduation". SpaceNews.com. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ "U.S. Space Force adds 86 new officers after academy graduation". SpaceNews. 18 April 2020. ^ "Space Force enlists first trainees, sends to bootcamp". United States Space Force. ^ https://www.aetc.af.mil/News/Article/2385305/ots-commissions-first-space-force-officers/ ^ "Space Force members can go to the moon, if they're picked by NASA". SpaceNews. 1 October 2020. ^ "NASA's Crew-1 commander to be sworn into U.S. Space Force from the International Space Station". SpaceNews. 28 October 2020. ^ https://www.axios.com/astronaut-mike-hopkins-space-force-7891a73d-33a8-4b3f-8437-72f502ecce37.html ^ "Fact Sheet". Spaceforce.mil. Retrieved 4 April 2020. ^ Cathey, Libby (15 May 2020). "Trump presented with Space Force flag by military officials in Oval Office". ABC News. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/12/18/guardians-of-galaxy-pence-announces-name-of-space-force-members.html ^ "Space Force Debuts New Delta Logo, Motto". 22 July 2020. ^ https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2020/12/09/vice-president-pence-announces-official-name-change-patrick-space-force-base/6506564002/ ^ "Memorandum of Understanding Between The National Aeronautics And Space Administration and The United States Space Force" (PDF). nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "NASA, US Space Force Establish Foundation for Broad Collaboration". spaceforce.mil. USSF. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "Space Force enlists first trainees to bootcamp". United States Space Force. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/01/07/exclusive-how-the-space-force-foiled-an-iranian-missile-attack-with-a-critical-early-warning/ ^ https://time.com/5779315/russian-spacecraft-spy-satellite-space-force/ ^ "Why We Need a Space Force". www.csis.org. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ https://www.heritage.org/defense/commentary/the-space-force-coming-heres-why-the-us-needs-it ^ a b "Space Force: A Historical Perspective". Project On Government Oversight. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/space-force-ahead-its-time-or-dreadfully-premature#conclusion ^ "The US Space Force Has a Rough Launch on the Internet". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ "The US Space Force Has a Rough Launch on the Internet". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 30 December 2020. The only headlines Space Force has made so far have come amid jokes, memes, and controversies. ^ "Smith Statement on "Space Force" Proposal and Politicization of the Military". House Armed Services Committee - Democrats. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ "Jimmy Kimmel on Space Force: 'Michael Bay is on board to direct'". the Guardian. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/tv/netflix-comedy-space-force-shows-real-military-branch-s-struggle-n1217786 ^ https://www.defensenews.com/space/2021/01/13/can-biden-solve-the-space-forces-public-relations-crisis/ ^ "New Space Force Uniforms Mocked for Camo Design". 18 January 2020. ^ "U.S. Space Force says its new seal is not a Starfleet knockoff". SpaceNews.com. Retrieved 4 April 2020. ^ Morales, Christina (19 December 2020). "The Newest Guardians of the Galaxy Are Run by the U.S. Military". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 December 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Space Force. Library resources about United States Space Force Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Official website "US Space Force Recruitment Video". US Space Force via Storyful. 6 May 2020. 20170622 Markup of HR2810 FY18NDAA — Strategic Forces (ID: 106134) U.S. House Armed Services Committee on YouTube H.R.2810 — National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 — House version, United States Congress S.1519 — National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 — Senate version, United States Congress Final Report on Organizational and Management Structure for the National Security Space Components of the Department of Defense v t e  United States Space Force Leadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Space Staff Chief of Space Operations Vice Chief of Space Operations Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force Oversight House Armed Services Committee Strategic Forces subcommittee Senate Committee on Armed Services Strategic Forces subcommittee Structure Field commands / Direct reporting units Space Operations Command Space and Missile Systems Center Deltas / Garrisons / Wings Space Delta 2 Space Delta 3 Space Delta 4 Space Delta 5 Space Delta 6 Space Delta 7 Space Delta 8 Space Delta 9 Space Training and Readiness Delta Provisional Peterson-Schriever Garrison Buckley Garrison 30th Space Wing 45th Space Wing Squadrons 527th Space Aggressor Squadron 4th Space Control Squadron 5th Space Control Squadron 16th Space Control Squadron 18th Space Control Squadron 20th Space Control Squadron 3rd Space Experimentation Squadron 2nd Space Launch Squadron 5th Space Launch Squadron 1st Space Operations Squadron 2nd Space Operations Squadron 3rd Space Operations Squadron 4th Space Operations Squadron 21st Space Operations Squadron 22nd Space Operations Squadron 23rd Space Operations Squadron 25th Space Range Squadron 2nd Space Warning Squadron 6th Space Warning Squadron 7th Space Warning Squadron 10th Space Warning Squadron 11th Space Warning Squadron 12th Space Warning Squadron 13th Space Warning Squadron 17th Test Squadron 533rd Training Squadron 328th Weapons Squadron Locations Space Force Bases Buckley Los Angeles Patrick Peterson Schriever Vandenberg Space Force Stations Cape Canaveral Cape Cod Cavalier Cheyenne Mountain Clear Kaena Point New Boston Thule Personnel and training Awards and decorations Badges Ranks Training Academy Reserve Officer Training Corps Officer Training School Basic Military Training Uniforms History and traditions Air Force Space Command Delta Flag History Seal Space Force Association Former wings 21st Space Wing 50th Space Wing 460th Space Wing v t e  United States Armed Forces Military budget of the United States Book Category A MC N AF SF CG Navbox A MC N AF SF CG Leadership Commander-in-chief: President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff: Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress: Committees on Armed Services: Senate House Active duty four-star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater–Nichols Act Organization Military departments Department of Defense (Secretary): Department of the Army (Secretary) Department of the Navy (Secretary) Department of the Air Force (Secretary) Department of Homeland Security (Secretary) Service branches and heads Army (Chief of Staff) Marine Corps (Commandant) Navy (Chief of Naval Operations) Air Force (Chief of Staff) Space Force (Chief of Space Operations) Coast Guard (Commandant) Reserve components Reserves: A MC N AF CG National Guard: A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Africa Central European Indo-Pacific Northern Southern Space Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units: A MC N AF SF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Civil affairs History: A MC N AF SF CG Timeline Colonial World War II By ancestry African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans History centers Army Center of Military History Marine Corps History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency War artists Army Art Program Air Force Art Program Personnel Training Service academies: A (prep) MC/N (prep) AF/SF (prep) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A MC/N AF/SF Officer candidate/training school: A MC N AF/SF Warrant officer: A MC MEPS ASVAB Enlisted recruit training: A MC N AF/SF CG Other education Uniforms Uniforms: A MC N AF SF CG Awards & decorations: Inter-service A MC/N AF/SF CG Foreign International Devices Badges: Identification A MC N AF SF CG Ranks Officer: A MC N AF SF CG Warrant officers Enlisted: A MC N AF SF CG Other Oath: Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes: Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers: A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty/Rating/Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General's Corps Military Health System/TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains: A MC N AF CG Equipment A MC: vehicles weapons other N AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew-served weapons Vehicles (active) Sea All watercraft Ships: A N (active) AF CG MSC Weapons: N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics (designations) Flags: A MC N AF SF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs: Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force SF = Space Force CG = Coast Guard v t e United States Department of Defense Headquarters: The Pentagon Lloyd Austin, Secretary of Defense David Norquist, Deputy Secretary of Defense Lisa Hershman, Chief Management Officer Office of the Secretary of Defense (including Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities) Deputy Secretary of Defense Deputy's Advisory Working Group Office of Net Assessment Special Access Program Oversight Committee Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Defense Contract Management Agency Defense Logistics Agency Defense Threat Reduction Agency Office of Economic Adjustment Defense Acquisition University Defense Acquisition Board Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Innovation Unit Defense Microelectronics Activity Defense Technical Information Center Department of Defense Test Resource Management Center Missile Defense Agency Space Development Agency Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Defense Security Cooperation Agency Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) Defense Contract Audit Agency Defense Finance and Accounting Service Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Defense Commissary Agency Department of Defense Education Activity Defense Human Resources Activity (Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute * Defense Travel Management Office * Defense Civilian Personnel Advisory Service) Defense Health Agency Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency Defense Information Systems Agency (White House Communications Agency) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency/Central Security Service (Director/Chief) Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Defense Media Activity (American Forces Press Service, American Forces Radio and Television Service, Stars and Stripes, The Pentagon Channel) General Counsel of the Department of Defense Defense Legal Services Agency (Office of Military Commissions) Chief Management Officer of the Department of Defense Pentagon Force Protection Agency Washington Headquarters Services (White House Military Office) Military Departments Department of the Army Secretary of the Army The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Army Assistant Secretary for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology Assistant Secretary for Civil Works Assistant Secretary (Financial Management and Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs General Counsel of the Army The Administrative Assistant The Army Staff: Chief of Staff of the Army Vice Chief of Staff of the Army Sergeant Major of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 Chief of Chaplains Judge Advocate General Provost Marshal General Surgeon General U.S. Army field organizations: see Structure of the United States Army Department of the Navy Secretary of the Navy The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Navy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) General Counsel of the Navy Judge Advocate General Naval Criminal Investigative Service Naval Inspector General Headquarters Marine Corps: Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Chaplain U.S. Marine Corps field organizations: see Organization of the United States Marine Corps Office of the Chief of Naval Operations: Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Director of Naval Reactors Chief of Chaplains Chief of Naval Personnel Surgeon General United States Navy field organizations: see Structure of the United States Navy Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Air Force Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management & Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment & Logistics) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) General Counsel of the Department of the Air Force Air Force Office of Special Investigations The Air Staff: Chief of Staff of the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Chief of Chaplains Chief of Safety Chief Scientist Judge Advocate General Surgeon General U.S. Air Force field organizations: Major Commands Direct Reporting Units Field Operating Agencies Space Staff: Chief of Space Operations United States Space Force field organizations Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Joint Requirements Oversight Council Director of the Joint Staff Joint Staff National Military Command Center Alternate National Military Command Center National Defense University Joint Personnel Recovery Agency Combatant Commands Africa Command Central Command European Command Northern Command Indo-Pacific Command Southern Command Space Command Cyber Command Special Operations Command Strategic Command Transportation Command National Guard Bureau Chief of the National Guard Bureau Air National Guard Army National Guard Office of the Inspector General Defense Criminal Investigative Service v t e NATO Allied Air Command Structure Combined Air Operations Centre NATO air and space forces Albanian Air Force Belgian Air Component Bulgarian Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Croatian Air Force Czech Air Force Royal Danish Air Force Estonian Air Force French Air and Space Force German Air Force Hellenic Air Force Hungarian Air Force Italian Air Force Latvian Air Force Lithuanian Air Force Montenegrin Air Force Royal Netherlands Air Force North Macedonia Air Brigade Royal Norwegian Air Force Polish Air Force Portuguese Air Force Romanian Air Force Slovak Air Force Slovenian Air Force and Air Defence Spanish Air Force Turkish Air Force Royal Air Force United States Air Force United States Space Force v t e Uniformed services of the United States Armed Forces United States Army United States Marine Corps United States Navy United States Air Force United States Space Force United States Coast Guard Non-armed uniformed services National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps v t e Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space launch Space policy Australia China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Space warfare Space force Militarisation of space Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Communications satellite Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut commercial Life-support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space toilet Space tourism Space colonization Space diving Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo–Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle–Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Artemis Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Space psychology Psychological and sociological effects Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Space capsule Orbital module Reentry capsule Service module Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self-replicating spacecraft Space telescope Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous Interplanetary Interstellar Intergalactic Space launch Direct ascent Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station Pass Mission control center Space agencies  CoNAE  ASA  ASA  AEB  CSA  CNSA  ESA  CNES  DLR  ISRO  LAPAN  ISA  ISA  ASI  AEM  JAXA  NADA  KARI  SUPARCO  Roscosmos  SNSA  SSAU  UKSA  NASA/USSF   Category   Portal   WikiProject v t e Public-sector space agencies Africa ASAL GSSTC NARRS ESSTI NASRDA SANSA Americas North America CSA AEM NASA USSF South America CONAE ABE AEB DCTA INPE ITA CCE ABAE IVIC Asia Central Asia KazCosmos TNSA East Asia CNSA CALT CAST CCF CGWIC COSTIND NSPO JAXA ISAS NAL NASDA NICT USEF NADA KARI SaTReC South Asia SPARRSO ISRO Antrix Corp DoS NRSC SUPARCO Southeast Asia LAPAN MYSA PhilSA SSTA GISTDA Southwest Asia MAKA1 IAIO ISA SAHA ISA NCSR GORS TÜBİTAK UZAY UAESA (MBRSC) Europe ALR ArmCosmos MAKA1 BSA1 BelSPo SRTI CSO DTU Space ECSS ESA EUMETSAT EUSC CNES DLR HSC HSO ASI Luxinnovation SRON NSC PSA ROSA Roscosmos1 SRI1 VKO SSP INTA SNSA SSO TÜBİTAK UZAY UKSA SSAU1 Oceania ASA CSIRO NZSA World APSCO COSPAR IAA INTELSAT Interkosmos Intersputnik UNCOPUOS UNOOSA See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program Authority control LCCN: no2019051349 VIAF: 40155563945613000194 WorldCat Identities: lccn-no2019051349 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Space_Force&oldid=1003649875" Categories: Military ranks of the United States Space Force United States Space Force Military space program of the United States Military units and formations established in 2019 2019 establishments in the United States Uniformed services of the United States United States Armed Forces service branches Space units and formations of the United States Hidden categories: CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from May 2020 Use American English from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Commons category link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read View source View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item 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