Black American Sign Language - Wikipedia Black American Sign Language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Dialect of American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Fingerspelling of "BASL" Native to United States Region North America Language family French Sign–based (possibly a creole) American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Language codes ISO 639-3 – Glottolog None Black American Sign Language (BASL) or Black Sign Variation (BSV) is a dialect of American Sign Language (ASL)[1] used most commonly by deaf African Americans in the United States. The divergence from ASL was influenced largely by the segregation of schools in the American South. Like other schools at the time, schools for the deaf were segregated based upon race, creating two language communities among deaf signers: white deaf signers at white schools and black deaf signers at black schools. Today, BASL is still used by signers in the South despite public schools having been legally desegregated since 1954. Linguistically, BASL differs from other varieties of ASL in its phonology, syntax, and vocabulary. BASL tends to have a larger signing space, meaning that some signs are produced further away from the body than in other dialects. Signers of BASL also tend to prefer two-handed variants of signs, while signers of ASL tend to prefer one-handed variants. Some signs are different in BASL as well, with some borrowings from African American English. Contents 1 History 2 Phonology 3 Syntax 4 Lexical variation 4.1 Borrowing from African-American Vernacular English 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References History[edit] Like many educational institutions for hearing children during the 1800s and early 1900s, schools for deaf children were segregated based on race.[2] The first school for the deaf in the United States, the American School for the Deaf (ASD), was founded in 1817 but did not admit any black students until 1952. Of the schools for the deaf that were founded, few admitted students of color.[3] Seeing a lack of educational opportunities for black deaf children, Platt Skinner founded the Skinner School for the Colored Deaf, Dumb, and Blind in 1856 in Niagara Falls, New York. Skinner described his school as "the first effort of its kind in the country ... We receive and instruct those and only those who are refused admission to all other institutions and are despised on account of their color."[4][5] The school moved to Trenton, New Jersey, in 1860. After it closed in 1866,[5][6] no Northern state created an institution for black deaf children. Even after these states outlawed segregation by 1900, integration was sparse, as some institutions allowed black students and others did not.[7][8] After the foundation and success of the American School for the Deaf, many other institutions for the deaf were founded throughout the country. Since schools, particularly in the South, were segregated, many Southern states created separate schools or departments for black deaf children. The first school established for black deaf children below the Mason–Dixon line opened in the District of Columbia in 1857; it remained segregated until 1958. The last Southern state to create an institution for black deaf children was Louisiana in 1938. Black deaf children became a language community isolated from white deaf children, with different means of language socialization, allowing for different dialects to develop. Because the education of white children was privileged over that of black children, oralism—the prominent pedagogical method of the time—was not as strictly applied to the black deaf students. Oralist methods often forbade the use of sign language, so black deaf students had more opportunities to use ASL than did their white peers. Despite the decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional, integration was slow to come. Schools for the deaf were no exception: the last desegregated in 1978, 24 years after the decision.[9][10] As schools began to integrate, students and teachers noticed differences in the way black students and white students signed. Carolyn McCaskill, now professor of ASL and Deaf Studies at Gallaudet University, recalls the challenge of understanding the dialect of ASL used by her white principal and teachers after her segregated school of her youth integrated: "When I began attending the school, I did not understand the teacher and she did not understand me because we used different signs."[11] Carl G. Croneberg was the first to discuss differences between BASL and White ASL in his appendices of the 1965 version of the Dictionary of American Sign Language. Work has continued on BASL since then.[12][13] As deaf education and sign language research continued to evolve, so did the perception of ASL. With the publication of the Dictionary of American Sign Language, ASL began to be recognized as a legitimate language. The greater acceptance of ASL as a language led to standardization and the development of a prestige dialect, which was based upon the signs used at Gallaudet University.[14] Despite this standardization, ASL has regional, distinct accents similar to those of spoken languages.[15] Dialects that are different from the standard one, and especially those spoken by marginalized groups, are often stigmatized.[16] As a non-standard dialect, BASL is stigmatized by signers and considered to be inferior to prestige dialects of ASL.[17] This difference in prestige has led BASL speakers to code switch to a prestige dialect when speaking with different groups of people, despite BASL being mutually intelligible with other dialects of ASL.[18] A study of Southern black signers found that when compared to older signers who attended segregated schools, younger black ASL signers express more positive attitudes toward the dialect. Older signers who attended lower quality schools due to the inequality of "separate but equal" clauses believed that white signing is higher quality because it appears to be more complicated. However, this is likely because the lack of ASL-skilled teachers in the black schools at the time; there is no evidence that white signing is more official or complex than Black ASL. Black signs are typically more like the "standard" signs taught in schools and textbooks. Black signing is also associated with rhythm and expression.[19] Table of states with black deaf schools[20] State White school established Black school or department established Integration Washington, D.C. 1857 1857 (dept.) 1958 North Carolina 1845 1868–1869 1967 Maryland 1868 1872 1956 Georgia 1846 1882 1965 Tennessee 1845 1881 (dept.) 1965 Mississippi 1854 1882 (dept.) 1965 South Carolina 1849 1883 (dept.) 1966 Kentucky 1823 1884 (dept.) 1954–1960 Florida 1885 1885 1965 Texas 1857 1887 1965 Arkansas 1850/1867 1867 1967 Alabama 1858 1868 1968 Missouri 1861 1888 (dept.) 1954 Virginia 1839 1909 1965 Oklahoma 1898 1909 (dept.) 1962 Kansas 1861 1888 (dept.) 1954 Louisiana 1852 1938 1978 West Virginia 1870 1926 1956 Phonology[edit] The gray box represents the typical signing space of ASL. Signers of BASL are more likely to produce signs outside of this area than other signers.[21] When asked, many signers in the South gave anecdotal accounts of differences between the signing of Black and White signers. These differences turned out to be aspects of the differing phonology of BASL. Among these accounts were claims that Black signers had a larger signing space and used more two-handed signs. Investigation into these anecdotes has found correlations.[22] When compared, Black signers were more likely than were White signers to produce signs outside of the typical signing space and to use two-handed signs.[21][23] Adverbs are most likely to use a larger signing space. Less marked forms, such as pronouns, determiners, plain verbs, and nouns, tend to be less likely to be produced outside the typical signing space.[21][24] The selection of two-handed signs over one-handed signs was found to have systematic constraints on their production. When the sign could be produced with one or two hands, Black signers often produced the variant that matched the handedness of the following sign; if the following sign was two-handed, they were more likely to produce a two-handed variant, while if the following sign was one-handed, they were more likely to produce the one-handed variant. The use of innovative one-handed forms, though, even in environments which favored them, did not exceed 50 percent.[25] BASL signers further tend to favor lowered variants of side-of-forehead signs resulting in contact at the cheek. The sign KNOW is usually produced by placing the fingers of a flat hand on the temple, but when lowered the fingers make contact at the cheek.[26][27] Early research showed that BASL signers used these lowered forms at a rate of 53 percent, with grammatical category being the strongest constraint.[28] Other conditioning environments for lowered signs depend on preceding location; for instance, signs produced in front of the body lead to lowered sign variants, while signs produced at the head cause signers to favor non-lowered forms.[29] Syntax[edit] Unlike ASL, BASL allows for the frequent use of syntactic repetition. In a study conducted by McCaskill, of 26 signers (13 Black and 13 White), Black signers had 57 instances of repetition compared to 19 from White signers, and of those 19 instances, 18 were made by a single signer. The use of repetition by BASL signers is considered to be pragmatic rather than as a way to clarify meaning.[30] A study in 2004 by Melanie Metzger and Susan Mather found that Black male signers used constructed action, with or without constructed dialogue, more often than White signers, but never used constructed dialogue by itself.[31] These results were not reproduced in a later study into constructed action and constructed dialogue by McCaskill, which found that Black signers not only used constructed dialogue, but did so more frequently than white signers.[32] Lexical variation[edit] Lexical variation between BASL and other dialects of ASL was first noted in the Dictionary of American Sign Language.[13] In a later study of 34 lexical signs, black signers were found to have 28 signs that White signers did not know.[33] Older signers are more likely to use variant signs than younger signers. Most of these signs, having been developed in segregated schools for the Black Deaf, refer to everyday life. Younger signers of BASL are less likely to use these variants, but when asked about them are aware that older signers have and use these innovative signs.[34] Borrowing from African-American Vernacular English[edit] The bent-v handshape used in the sign STOP TRIPPING A body of work has arisen looking at the similarities between Black American Sign Language and African-American English (AAVE), since both are language varieties marked by their use in African-American communities. In 1998 John Lewis investigated the incorporation of aspects of AAVE into BASL. He reported that, during narrative storytelling by a black signer, there were "Ebonic shifts" marked by shifts in posture and rhythmicity and by incorporating side-to-side head movement. He concluded that this "songified" quality was related to the style of AAE.[35] This finding was not reproduced by McCaskill, which she attributes to the nature of the speech acts: Lewis analyzed a narrative event while McCaskill used natural or elicited data.[36] Lexical borrowing has been seen in BASL signers under age 3, which is likely due to the advances in mass media—younger signers would have more contact with AAE through movies, television, and the Internet.[37] When asked about distinctive features of their signing, Black Deaf signers tended to identify a number of idioms borrowed from AAVE.[38] Some were literal translations, such as I FEEL YOU or GIRL PLEASE, which are signed the standard way but have meanings different from their literal interpretation.[38][39] Other loan words modified existing signs, such as STOP TRIPPING, which took the bent-v handshape of TRIP and moved it up to the head to indicate a new meaning of "stop imagining things".[40] See also[edit] Sociolinguistics of sign languages Varieties of American Sign Language Notes[edit] ^ Ethnologue 2015, American Sign Language ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 8 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, pp. 16–17 ^ Skinner 1859 ^ a b McCaskill, et al. 2011, p.17 ^ Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Area, n.d. ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, pp. 17–18 ^ Douglas 2005, p. 83 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, pp. 19–20 ^ Douglas 2005 ^ McCaskill 2014 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 11 ^ a b Stokoe 1965, pp. 313–19 ^ Hill 2015, pp. 153–155 ^ Walker 1987, p. 31 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 64 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 72 ^ Lewis, et al. 1995 ^ Bayley, Robert; Hill, Joseph C.; McCaskill, Carolyn; Lucas, Ceil (November 1, 2017). "Attitudes towards Black American Sign Language". repository.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2019-01-08. ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 20 ^ a b c McCaskill, et al. 2011, pp. 104–105 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 75 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 86 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 101 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, pp. 82–86 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, pp. 86–87 ^ Lifeprint, n.d. KNOW ^ Lucas, et al. 2002 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, pp. 92–97 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 116 ^ Metzger and Mathers 2004 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 122 ^ Lucas and McCaskill 2014, p. 41 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 150 ^ Lewis, et al. 1998 ^ McCaskill, et al. 2011, p. 133 ^ Lucas, et al. 2015 ^ a b Solomon 2010, p. 10 ^ Lucas, et al. 2015, Figure 3. p. 165 ^ Lucas, et al. 2015, p. 163 References[edit] Douglas, Davison. 2005. Jim Crow Moves North: The Battle over Northern School Segregation, 1865–1954. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60783-4. Hill, Joseph. 2015. Language attitudes in Deaf communities. Sociolinguistics and Deaf Communities ed. by Adam Schembri, and Ceil Lucas, 146–174. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-1-107-66386-2. Lewis, John. 1998. Ebonics in American Sign Language: stylistic variation in African American signers. Deaf Studies V: Towards 2000: Unity and Diversity ed. by C. Carroll. Washington, D.C.: College for Continuing Education, Gallaudet University. ISBN 978-1-893891-09-8. Lewis, John; Carrie Palmer, and Leandra Williams. 1995. Existence of and attitudes towards Black variations of sign language. Communication Forum 4. 17–48. Lucas, Ceil; Robert Bayley; Carolyn McCaskill, and Joseph Hill. 2015. The intersection of African American English and Black American Sign Language. International Journal of Bilingualism 19. 156–168. Lucas, Ceil; Robert Bayley; Mary Rose, and Alyssa Wulf. 2002. Location variation in American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies 2. 407–440. Lucas, Ceil; Robert Bayley, and Clayton Valli. 2001. Sociolinguistic Variation in American Sign Language. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. ISBN 978-1-56368-113-4. Lucas, Ceil, and Carolyn McCaskill. 2014. American Sign Language. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture ed. by Michael Montgomery, and Ellen Johnson, 40–42. 5; Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5806-6. McCaskill, Carolyn. 2014. Black ASL. Video. In ASL with English captions McCaskill, Carolyn; Ceil Lucas; Robert Bayley, and Joseph Hill. 2011. The Hidden Treasure of Black Asl: Its History and Structure. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. ISBN 978-1-56368-489-0. Metzger, Melanie, and Susan Mather. 2004. Constructed Dialogue and Constructed Action in Conversational Narratives in ASL. cited in Lucas, et al. 2002 Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Area. n.d. Site of Dr. P.H. Skinner's and Jarusha Skinner's School for Colored Deaf, Dumb and Blind Children. Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Area. Web. SIL International. 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, ed. by M. Paul Lewis, Gary Simons, and Charles Fennig. 18; Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Web. Skinner, Platt. 1859. The Mute and the Deaf. Niagara City, NY. Solomon, Andrea. 2010. Cultural and Sociolinguistic Features of the Black Deaf Community. Carnegie Mellon. Honors Thesis. Stokoe, William; Dorothy Casterline, and Carl Croneberg. 1965. Appendix D: sign language and dialects. A Dictionary of American Sign Language. Silver Spring, MD: Linstok. ISBN 978-0-932130-01-3. Vicars, William. n.d. ASL University. Lifeprint. Walker, Lou Ann. 1987. A Loss for Words: The Story of Deafness in a Family. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-091425-7. Listen to this article (16 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 18 August 2017 (2017-08-18), and does not reflect subsequent edits. (Audio help · More spoken articles) v t e Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct. 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Muscogee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Plains Apache Ponca Potawatomi Quapaw Seneca Shawnee Tonkawa Wichita Wyandot Yuchi Sign languages American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous English German Spanish Vietnamese Category v t e Sign language List of sign languages List by number of signers Language families[a] Sign languages by family Aboriginal Australian Eltye eltyarrenke Iltyeme iltyeme Rdaka rdaka Manjiljarra Warlmanpa Warramunga Mudburra Ngada Umpila Far North Queensland Western Desert Western Torres Strait Islander Yan-nhaŋu Yir Yoront Yolŋu Djingili Meriam Miriwoong Worora Kinship Arab Sign Egyptian Kuwaiti Libyan Qatari Unified Yemeni Iraqi– Levantine Iraqi Levantine Arabic Jordanian Lebanese Palestinian Syrian Possible Emirati Saudi Omani BANZSL Auslan Papua New Guinean BSL Northern Ireland Fijian MSL NZSL Sāmoan SASL Swedish EriSL Finland-Swedish Portuguese Teckenspråk Viittomakieli Francosign Proto-LSF Algerian DSGS Eesti viipekeel Irish 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Western Torres Strait Islander Yir Yoront Yolŋu Hawaii (USA) Haoilona ʻŌlelo New Zealand NZSL Samoa and American Samoa Samoan South America Argentina Argentine Bolivia Bolivian Brazil Libras Ka'apor Chile Chilean Colombia Colombian Provisle Ecuador Ecuadorian Paraguay Paraguayan Peru Peruvian Sivia Uruguay Uruguayan Venezuela Venezuelan International International Sign Makaton Monastic Signalong ASL Grammar Idioms Literature Profanity Name signs Extinct languages Chilmark Diyari Jaralde Kalkutungu Henniker Sign Language Martha's Vineyard Old French Old Kent Plateau Sign Language Pitha Pitha Sandy River Valley Sign Language Warluwara Linguistics Grammar (ASL) Bimodal bilingualism Cherology Handshape / Location / Orientation / Movement / Expression Mouthing Sign names Fingerspelling American British (two-handed) Catalan Chilean French Hungarian Irish Japanese Korean Polish Russian Serbo-Croatian Spanish Ukrainian Writing ASL-phabet Hamburg Notation System Stokoe notation SignWriting si5s ASLwrite () Language contact Contact sign Indian Signing System Initialized sign Manually coded English Manually coded language in South Africa Manually Coded Malay Mouthing Paget Gorman Sign System Signed Dutch Signed French Signed German Signed Italian Signed Japanese Signed Polish Signed Spanish Signing Exact English Tecknad svenska Bilingual–bicultural education Manually coded language Media Films (list) Television shows (list) Persons Jabbar Baghtcheban Jeanette Berglind Pär Aron Borg Thomas Braidwood Laurent Clerc Abbé de l'Épée Roger Fouts Valerie Sutton Thomas Gallaudet Abbe Sicard William Stokoe Pierre Pélissier Organisations Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada International Center on Deafness and the Arts Mimics and Gesture Theatre World Association of Sign Language Interpreters Miscellaneous Baby sign language CHCI chimpanzee center (Washoe, Loulis) Open Outcry Legal recognition U.S. Army hand and arm signals Monastic sign languages Tactile signing Tic-tac (betting) ^a Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, ASL and BSL both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to French Sign Language. ^b Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages. v t e Francosign languages Proto Proto-LSF Africa Algerian Amslanic Francophone African Ghanaian Moroccan Nigerian Sierra Leonean Danish Malagasy Dutch Gambian Italian Tunisian Americas Libras Chilean Amslanic American Black ASL Bolivian Costa Rican Dominican Jamaican Panamanian Pro-Tactile ASL Puerto Rican Quebec Mexican Mexican Honduran Asia Amslanic Kuala Lumpur Burmese Cambodian Philippine Thai BIM BIM BISINDO Jakarta Yogyakarta Russian Mongolian Europe Catalan Valencian Dutch Estonian French Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Romanian Swiss-German Amslanic Greek Cypriot Austro- Hungarian Austrian Czech Hungarian Slovak Russian Bulgarian Georgian Russian Ukrainian Yugoslav Croatian Kosovar Serbian Slovenian Yugoslav Old Belgian Flemish French Belgian Danish Danish Icelandic Norwegian Oceania Australian-Irish Italics indicate extinct languages Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_American_Sign_Language&oldid=999816265" Categories: American Sign Language French Sign Language family American Sign Language family Deaf culture in the United States Special education in the United States School segregation in the United States African-American culture Languages of the United States Sign languages of the United States Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Languages without Glottolog code Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code Ill-formatted infobox-language images Dialect articles with speakers set to 'unknown' Articles with hAudio microformats Spoken articles AC with 0 elements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية فارسی Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 02:56 (UTC). 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