Harvard University - Wikipedia Harvard University From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States "Harvard" redirects here. For other uses, see Harvard (disambiguation). Harvard University Coat of arms Latin: Universitas Harvardiana Former names Harvard College Motto Veritas (Latin)[1] Motto in English Truth Type Private research university Established 1636; 385 years ago (1636)[2] Academic affiliations NAICU AICUM AAU URA Space-grant Endowment $41.9 billion (2020)[3] President Lawrence Bacow Academic staff ~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[4] Students 20,970 (Fall 2019)[5] Undergraduates 6,755 (Fall 2019)[5] Postgraduates 14,215 (Fall 2019)[5] Location Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W / 42.37444°N 71.11694°W / 42.37444; -71.11694Coordinates: 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W / 42.37444°N 71.11694°W / 42.37444; -71.11694 Campus Urban 209 acres (85 ha) Newspaper The Harvard Crimson Colors   Crimson[4] Athletics NCAA Division I – Ivy League Nickname Harvard Crimson Website harvard.edu Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States[6] and among the most prestigious in the world.[7] The Massachusetts colonial legislature, the General Court, authorized Harvard's founding. In its early years, Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy, although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century, Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among the Boston elite.[8][9] Following the American Civil War, President Charles William Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[10] James B. Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II; he liberalized admissions after the war. The university is composed of ten academic faculties plus the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of academic disciplines for undergraduates and for graduates, while the other faculties offer only graduate degrees, mostly professional. Harvard has three main campuses:[11] the 209-acre (85 ha) Cambridge campus centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.[12] Harvard's endowment is valued at $41.9 billion, making it the largest of any academic institution.[3] Endowment income helps enable the undergraduate college to admit students regardless of financial need and provide generous financial aid with no loans.[13] The Harvard Library is the world's largest academic library system, comprising 79 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.[14][15][16][17] Harvard has more alumni, faculty, and researchers who have won Nobel Prizes (161) and Fields Medals (18) than any other university in the world and more alumni who have been members of the U.S. Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars (375), and Marshall Scholars (255) than any other university in the United States.[18] Its alumni also include eight U.S. presidents and 188 living billionaires, the most of any university. Fourteen Turing Award laureates have been Harvard affiliates. Students and alumni have also won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (46 gold), and they have founded many notable companies. Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 2 Campuses 2.1 Cambridge 2.2 Allston 2.3 Longwood 2.4 Other 3 Organization and administration 3.1 Governance 3.2 Endowment 3.2.1 Divestment 4 Academics 4.1 Teaching and learning 4.2 Research 4.3 Libraries and museums 4.4 Reputation and rankings 5 Student life 5.1 Student government 5.2 Athletics 6 Notable people 6.1 Alumni 6.2 Faculty 7 Literature and popular culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Film 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Main article: History of Harvard University Colonial The seal of the Harvard Corporation, found on Harvard diplomas. Christo et Ecclesiae ("For Christ and Church") is one of Harvard's several early mottoes.[19] Engraving of Harvard College by Paul Revere, 1767 Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it acquired British North America's first known printing press.[20][21] In 1639, it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard, an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 volumes.[22] The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650. A 1643 publication gave the school's purpose as "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."[23] It trained many Puritan ministers in its early years[24] and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model‍—‌many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge‍—‌but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard has never affiliated with any particular denomination, though many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches.[25] Increase Mather served as president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, marking a turning of the college away from Puritanism and toward intellectual independence.[26] 19th century John Harvard statue, Harvard Yard In the 19th century, Enlightenment ideas of reason and free will were widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties.[27]:1–4 When Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and President Joseph Willard died a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the Hollis chair in 1805, and the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency two years later, signaling the shift from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian ideas.[27]:4–5[28]:24 Charles William Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was the crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[29] 20th century Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast.[30] In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate college expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as the female counterpart of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[10] The student body in the early decades of the century was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians." A 1923 proposal by President A. Lawrence Lowell that Jews be limited to 15% of undergraduates was rejected, but Lowell did ban blacks from freshman dormitories.[31][32][33][34] President James B. Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty to make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as at the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in 20th century American education.[35] Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were opened up to bring in a more diverse group of students. No longer drawing mostly from select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics, or Asians.[36] Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Harvard became more diverse.[37] Harvard's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. During World War II, students at Radcliffe College (which since 1879 had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes alongside men.[38] Women were first admitted to the medical school in 1945.[39] Since 1971, Harvard has controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women. In 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.[40] 21st century Drew Gilpin Faust, previously the dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, became Harvard's first woman president on July 1, 2007.[41] She was succeeded by Lawrence Bacow on July 1, 2018.[42] Campuses Cambridge Memorial Hall Memorial Church Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains key administrative offices such as University Hall and Massachusetts Hall; libraries such as Widener, Pusey, Houghton, and Lamont; Memorial Church; academic buildings such as Sever Hall and Harvard Hall; and most freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the "Quad") which housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. Each residential house is a community with undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall, library, and recreational spaces.[43] The houses were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness.[44] Radcliffe Yard, formerly the center of the campus of Radcliffe College and now home to Harvard's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study,[45] is adjacent to the Graduate School of Education and the Cambridge Common. Harvard has several commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.[46][47] Allston See also: Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in Allston,[48] a Boston neighborhood just across the Charles River from the Cambridge campus. The John W. Weeks Bridge, a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses. The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[49] Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[50] In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences will expand into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.[51] The SEC will be adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups as well as collaborations with mature companies.[52] Longwood See also: Longwood Medical and Academic Area The Medical School, School of Dental Medicine, and the School of Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.[12] Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Additional affiliates, most notably Massachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout the Greater Boston area. Other Harvard also owns the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington, D.C., the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, the Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts,[53] the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy,[54] the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,[55] and the Arnold Arboretum in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston. Organization and administration University seal Governance School Founded Harvard College 1636 Medicine 1782 Divinity 1816 Law 1817 Dental Medicine 1867 Arts and Sciences 1872 Business 1908 Extension 1910 Design 1914 Education 1920 Public Health 1922 Government 1936 Engineering and Applied Sciences 2007 Harvard Medical School Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University.[56] There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[57] including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.[58] The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Joint programs with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and edX. Endowment Main article: Harvard University endowment Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $41.9 billion as of 2020.[3] During the recession of 2007–2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[59] The endowment has since recovered.[60][61][62][63][64] About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[65] Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[66] Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.[67] Divestment See also: Financial endowment § Criticism and reforms Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated divesting Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in apartheid South Africa, Sudan during the Darfur genocide, and the tobacco, fossil fuel, and private prison industries.[68][69] In the late 1980s, during the divestment from South Africa movement, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[70][71] The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.[70][72] Academics Teaching and learning Massachusetts Hall (1720), Harvard's oldest building[73] Harvard Yard Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[74] offering 50 undergraduate majors,[75] 134 graduate degrees,[76] and 32 professional degrees.[77] For the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.[77] Main article: Harvard College The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a liberal arts and sciences focus.[74][75] To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.[78] In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[79] Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.[80] Research Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities[81] and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.[74] With the medical school consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,[82] biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[83] The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the National Institutes of Health in 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.[84] Libraries and museums Widener Library anchors the Harvard Library system. The Harvard Library system is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.[14][15][17] According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the world.[15][4] Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library. Henry Moore's sculpture Large Four Piece Reclining Figure, near Lamont Library The Harvard Art Museums comprise three museums. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art, the Busch–Reisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art, and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museum of Natural History includes the Harvard Mineralogical Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the film archive, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, and the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East. Reputation and rankings University rankings National ARWU[85] 1 Forbes[86] 1 THE/WSJ[87] 1 U.S. News & World Report[88] 2 Washington Monthly[89] 2 Global ARWU[90] 1 QS[91] 3 THE[92] 3 U.S. News & World Report[93] 1 National Graduate Rankings[94] Program Ranking Biological Sciences 4 Business 6 Chemistry 2 Clinical Psychology 10 Computer Science 16 Earth Sciences 8 Economics 1 Education 1 Engineering 22 English 8 History 4 Law 3 Mathematics 2 Medicine: Primary Care 10 Medicine: Research 1 Physics 3 Political Science 1 Psychology 3 Public Affairs 3 Public Health 2 Sociology 1 Global Subject Rankings[95] Program Ranking Agricultural Sciences 22 Arts & Humanities 2 Biology & Biochemistry 1 Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems 1 Chemistry 15 Clinical Medicine 1 Computer Science 47 Economics & Business 1 Electrical & Electronic Engineering 136 Engineering 27 Environment/Ecology 5 Geosciences 7 Immunology 1 Materials Science 7 Mathematics 12 Microbiology 1 Molecular Biology & Genetics 1 Neuroscience & Behavior 1 Oncology 1 Pharmacology & Toxicology 1 Physics 4 Plant & Animal Science 13 Psychiatry/Psychology 1 Social Sciences & Public Health 1 Space Science 2 Surgery 1 Among overall rankings, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) has ranked Harvard as the world's top university every year since it was released.[96] When QS and Times Higher Education collaborated to publish the Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the top spot every year and continued to hold first place on THE World Reputation Rankings ever since it was released in 2011.[97] In 2019, it was ranked first worldwide by SCImago Institutions Rankings.[98] Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance (2019–2020) and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.[99] According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named "dream colleges" in the United States, both for students and parents.[100][101][102] Additionally, having made significant investments in its engineering school in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by Times Higher Education.[103] Student life Student demographics (Fall 2019)[104] Undergrad Grad/prof Asian 21% 13% Black 9% 5% Hispanic or Latino 11% 7% White 37% 38% Two or more races 8% 3% International 12% 32% Student government The Harvard Undergraduate Council and the Harvard Graduate Council are the chief organs of student government. Athletics Main article: Harvard Crimson The Harvard Crimson fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the NCAA Division I Ivy League, more than any other college in the country.[105] Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[106] As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.[107] The school color is crimson. Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875.[108] Notable people Alumni Main articles: List of Harvard University people, List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni, and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Please help improve the section by removing excessive or indiscriminate images or by moving relevant images beside adjacent text, in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Over more than three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni have contributed creatively and significantly to society, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs. Harvard's alumni include eight U.S. presidents, 188 living billionaires, 79 Nobel laureates, 7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369 Rhodes Scholars, 252 Marshall Scholars, and 13 Mitchell Scholars.[109][110][111][112] Harvard students and alumni have also won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.[113][114] Notable Harvard alumni include: 2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[115] 6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[116][117] Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (AB, 1821) Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (AB, 1837) 19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)[118] Philosopher, logician, and mathematician Charles Sanders Peirce (AB, 1862, SB 1863) 26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[119] Sociologist and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895) 32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[120] Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College) Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910) Physicist and leader of Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925) Economist and Nobel laureate in economics Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941) Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939) 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[121] 7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968) 45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969) 24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[122] 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College) 14th Chair of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975) 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[123] 17th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979) Founder of Microsoft and philanthropist Bill Gates (College, 1977;[a 1] LLD hc, 2007) 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Elena Kagan (JD, 1986) Former First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama (JD, 1988) Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry Jennifer Doudna (PhD, 1989)[124] 44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[125][126] ^ Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate Faculty Notable present and past Harvard faculty include: Louis Agassiz Danielle Allen Alan Dershowitz Paul Farmer Drew Faust Jason Furman John Kenneth Galbraith Henry Louis Gates Jr. Asa Gray Seamus Heaney Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. William James Timothy Leary Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Greg Mankiw Steven Pinker Michael Porter Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Amartya Sen B. F. Skinner Lawrence Summers Cass Sunstein Cornel West Alfred North Whitehead E. O. Wilson Shing-Tung Yau Robert Reich Lisa Randall Literature and popular culture Tower at the University of Puerto Rico, showing (right) the emblem of Harvard‍—‌the oldest in the United States‍—‌and (left) that of National University of San Marcos, Lima‍—‌the oldest in the Americas The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman has said.[127] Literature The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Absalom! Absalom! (1936) by William Faulkner both depict Harvard student life.[non-primary source needed] Of Time and the River (1935) by Thomas Wolfe is a fictionalized autobiography that includes his alter ego's time at Harvard.[non-primary source needed] The Late George Apley (1937) by John P. Marquand parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;[non-primary source needed] it won the Pulitzer Prize. The Second Happiest Day (1953) by John P. Marquand Jr. portrays the Harvard of the World War II generation.[128][129][130][131][132] Film Harvard's policy since 1970 (after the damage caused by Love Story) has been to permit filming on its property only rarely, so most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are in fact shot elsewhere.[133][134] Love Story (1970) concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard hockey player (Ryan O'Neal) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means (Ali MacGraw): it is screened annually for incoming freshmen.[135][136][137] The Paper Chase (1973)[138] A Small Circle of Friends (1980)[133] See also United States portal 2012 Harvard cheating scandal Academic regalia of Harvard University Gore Hall Harvard College social clubs Harvard University Police Department Harvard University Press Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society I, Too, Am Harvard List of oldest universities in continuous operation List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University Outline of Harvard University Secret Court of 1920 References ^ Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-31450-4. ^ An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636 NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, Quincy, Josiah (1860). History of Harvard University. 117 Washington Street, Boston: Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Co.CS1 maint: location (link), p. 586, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: "Cambridge Birthday". Time. September 28, 1936. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2006.: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." Bicentennial date: Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003). "Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History". Harvard University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006., "Sept. 8, 1836 – Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836." ^ a b c Burstein, Ellen. "Harvard Endowment Returns 7.3 Percent for Fiscal Year 2020". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 29, 2020. ^ a b c "Harvard at a Glance". Harvard University. Retrieved December 26, 2019. ^ a b c "Common Data Set 2019-2020" (PDF). Office of Institutional Research. Harvard University. Retrieved June 23, 2020. ^ Rudolph, Frederick (1961). The American College and University. University of Georgia Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8203-1285-1. ^ Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–481. ISBN 0-19-514457-0. Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes. Spaulding, Christina (1989). "Sexual Shakedown". In Trumpbour, John (ed.). How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire. South End Press. pp. 326–336. ISBN 0-89608-284-9. ... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ... David Altaner (March 9, 2011). "Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports". Bloomberg. Retrieved March 1, 2012. Collier's Encyclopedia. Macmillan Educational Co. 1986. Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636. Newport, Frank. "Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place". Gallup. Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2006). "Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 27, 2020. The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated. Hoerr, John (1997). We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard. Temple University Press. p. 3. Wong, Alia (September 11, 2018). "At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige". The Atlantic. Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads. ^ Story, Ronald (1975). "Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865". Journal of Social History. 8 (3): 94–121. doi:10.1353/jsh/8.3.94. ^ Farrell, Betty G. (1993). Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1593-7. ^ a b "Member Institutions and years of Admission". Association of American Universities. Retrieved August 28, 2010. ^ "Faculties and Allied Institutions" (PDF). Office of the Provost, Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010. ^ a b "Faculties and Allied Institutions" (PDF). Office of the Provost, Harvard University. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013. ^ Kurt, Daniel. "What Harvard Actually Costs". Investopedia. Retrieved July 30, 2020. ^ a b "Harvard Library Annual Report FY 2013". Harvard University Library. 2013. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2015. ^ a b c "The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held". American Library Association. May 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2009. ^ "Speaking Volumes". Harvard Gazette. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. February 26, 1998. Archived from the original on September 9, 1999. ^ a b Harvard Media Relations. "Quick Facts". Retrieved December 12, 2019. ^ Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). "Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College". businessinsider.com. Retrieved November 5, 2020. "Top Producers". us.fulbrightonline.org. Retrieved November 4, 2020. "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. Retrieved November 2, 2020. 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Retrieved October 14, 2020. ^ "Barack Obama: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. Retrieved September 21, 2020. ^ "Barack H. Obama - Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved September 21, 2020. ^ Thomas, Sarah (September 24, 2010). "'Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role". Boston.com. 'In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness.... Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston ... can get this idea that it's all trust fund babies and ivy-covered walls.' ^ King, Michael (2002). Wrestling with the Angel. p. 371. ...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class. ^ Halberstam, Michael J. (February 18, 1953). "White Shoe and Weak Will". Harvard Crimson. The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men. ^ Yardley, Jonathan (December 23, 2009). "Second Reading". The Washington Post.  '...a balanced and impressive novel...' [is] a judgment with which I [agree]. ^ Du Bois, William (February 1, 1953). "Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World". The New York Times. p. BR5. exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest ^ "John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day". Southwest Review. 38. p. 267. So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right. ^ a b Schwartz, Nathaniel L. (September 21, 1999). "University, Hollywood Relationship Not Always a 'Love Story'". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ Sarah Thomas (September 24, 2010). "'Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role". boston.com. ^ "Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years..." Harvard Crimson. June 3, 1996. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 20, 2010). "The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery". The New York Times. ^ Gewertz, Ken (February 8, 1996). "A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'. Movie filmed at Harvard 25 years ago helped to define a generation". Harvard University Gazette. ^ Walsh, Colleen (October 2, 2012). "The Paper Chase at 40". Harvard Gazette. Bibliography Abelmann, Walter H., ed. The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970–1995 (2004). 346 pp. Beecher, Henry K. and Altschule, Mark D. Medicine at Harvard: The First 300 Years (1977). 569 pp. Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries (2d ed.1982). 499 pp. Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. Harvard A to Z (2004). 396 pp. excerpt and text search Bethell, John T. Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century, Harvard University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-674-37733-8 Bunting, Bainbridge. Harvard: An Architectural History (1985). 350 pp. Carpenter, Kenneth E. The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition (1986). 216 pp. Cuno, James et al. Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting (1996). 364 pp. Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives (1992). 380 pp. Hall, Max. Harvard University Press: A History (1986). 257 pp. Hay, Ida. Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum (1995). 349 pp. Hoerr, John, We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard; Temple University Press, 1997, ISBN 1-56639-535-6 Howells, Dorothy Elia. A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979 (1978). 152 pp. Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002 online edition Lewis, Harry R. Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education (2006) ISBN 1-58648-393-5 Morison, Samuel Eliot. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936 (1986) 512pp; excerpt and text search Powell, Arthur G. The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority (1980). 341 pp. Reid, Robert. Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School (1994). 331 pp. Rosovsky, Henry. The University: An Owner's Manual (1991). 312 pp. Rosovsky, Nitza. The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1986). 108 pp. Seligman, Joel. The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School (1978). 262 pp. Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1993). 548 pp. Trumpbour, John, ed., How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire, Boston: South End Press, 1989, ISBN 0-89608-283-0 Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed., Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 337 pp. Winsor, Mary P. Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum (1991). 324 pp. Wright, Conrad Edick. 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5844 LCCN: n78096930 MBP: df56ba9a-780b-4393-9d36-7bb136f6c21b NKC: kn20020322375 NLA: 35176433 NLI: 000060547 SUDOC: 026453169 Trove: 852812 ULAN: 500312819 VcBA: 494/4126 VIAF: 128987800 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n78096930 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University&oldid=1003303030" Categories: Harvard University 1636 establishments in Massachusetts Universities and colleges in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Universities and colleges in Cambridge, Massachusetts Colonial colleges Educational institutions established in the 1630s Private universities and colleges in Massachusetts Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location Webarchive template wayback links CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use American English from February 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2018 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