Eudora Welty - Wikipedia Eudora Welty From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search American short story writer, novelist and photographer Eudora Welty Eudora Welty in 1962 Born Eudora Alice Welty (1909-04-13)April 13, 1909 Jackson, Mississippi, United States Died July 23, 2001(2001-07-23) (aged 92) Jackson, Mississippi, United States Nationality American Occupation Author, photographer Awards Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1973 The Optimist's Daughter National Book Award for Fiction 1983 The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty Eudora Alice Welty (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an American short story writer, novelist and photographer, who wrote about the American South. Her novel The Optimist's Daughter won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973. Welty received numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Order of the South. She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America. Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and is open to the public as a house museum. Contents 1 Biography 2 Photography 3 Writing career and major works 4 Literary criticism related to Welty's fiction 5 Honors 6 Commemoration 7 Works 7.1 Short story collections 7.2 Novels 7.3 Essays 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Resources 12.2 Writings on Biography[edit] Eudora Welty was born in Jackson, Mississippi, on April 13, 1909, the daughter of Christian Webb Welty (1879–1931) and Mary Chestina (Andrews) Welty (1883–1966). She grew up with younger brothers Edward Jefferson and Walter Andrews.[1] Her mother was a schoolteacher. Welty soon developed a love of reading reinforced by her mother, who believed that "any room in our house, at any time in the day, was there to read in, or to be read to."[2] Her father, who worked as an insurance executive, was intrigued by gadgets and machines and inspired in Welty a love of mechanical things. She later used technology for symbolism in her stories and also became an avid photographer, like her father.[3] She attended Central High School in Jackson.[4] Near the time of her high school graduation, Welty moved with her family to a house built for them at 1119 Pinehurst Street, which remained her permanent address until her death. Wyatt C. Hedrick designed the Weltys' Tudor Revival-style home, which is now known as the Eudora Welty House and Garden.[5] The Eudora Welty House Welty studied at the Mississippi State College for Women from 1925 to 1927, then transferred to the University of Wisconsin to complete her studies in English literature. At the suggestion of her father, she studied advertising at Columbia University. Because she graduated in the depths of the Great Depression, she struggled to find work in New York. Soon after Welty returned to Jackson in 1931, her father died of leukaemia. She took a job at a local radio station and wrote about Jackson society for the Memphis newspaper Commercial Appeal.[6] In 1933, she began work for the Works Progress Administration. As a publicity agent, she collected stories, conducted interviews, and took photographs of daily life in Mississippi. She gained a wider view of Southern life and the human relationships that she drew from for her short stories.[7] During this time she also held meetings in her house with fellow writers and friends, a group she called the Night-Blooming Cereus Club. Three years later, she left her job to become a full-time writer.[3] In 1936, she published "The Death of a Traveling Salesman" in the literary magazine Manuscript, and soon published stories in several other notable publications including The Sewanee Review and The New Yorker.[8] She strengthened her place as an influential Southern writer when she published her first book of short stories, A Curtain of Green. Her new-found success won her a seat on the staff of The New York Times Book Review, as well as a Guggenheim Fellowship which enabled her to travel to France, England, Ireland, and Germany.[9] While abroad, she spent some time as a resident lecturer at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, becoming the first women to be permitted into the hall of Peterhouse College.[10] In 1960, she returned home to Jackson to care for her elderly mother and two brothers.[11] After Medgar Evers, field secretary of the NAACP in Mississippi, was assassinated, she published a story in The New Yorker, "Where Is the Voice Coming From?". She wrote it in the first person as the assassin. In 1971, she published a collection of her photographs depicting the Great Depression, titled One Time, One Place. Two years later, she received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel The Optimist's Daughter.[9][12] She lectured at Harvard University, and eventually adapted her talks as a three-part memoir titled One Writer's Beginnings.[3][13] She continued to live in her family house in Jackson until her death from natural causes on July 23, 2001.[14] She is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Jackson. Her headstone has a quote from The Optimist's Daughter: "For her life, any life, she had to believe, was nothing but the continuity of its love."[15] Throughout the 1970s, Welty carried on a lengthy correspondence with novelist Ross Macdonald, creator of the Lew Archer series of detective novels.[16] Photography[edit] While Welty worked as a publicity agent for the Works Progress Administration, she took photographs of people from all economic and social classes in her spare time. From the early 1930s, her photographs show Mississippi's rural poor and the effects of the Great Depression.[17] Collections of her photographs were published as One Time, One Place (1971) and Photographs (1989). Her photography was the basis for several of her short stories, including "Why I Live at the P.O.", which was inspired by a woman she photographed ironing in the back of a small post office. Although focused on her writing, Welty continued to take photographs until the 1950s.[18] Writing career and major works[edit] Welty's first short story, "Death of a Traveling Salesman", was published in 1936. Her work attracted the attention of author Katherine Anne Porter, who became a mentor to her and wrote the foreword to Welty's first collection of short stories, A Curtain of Green, in 1941. The book established Welty as one of American literature's leading lights, and featured the stories "Why I Live at the P.O.", "Petrified Man", and the frequently anthologized "A Worn Path". Excited by the printing of Welty's works in publications such as The Atlantic Monthly, the Junior League of Jackson, of which Welty was a member, requested permission from the publishers to reprint some of her works. She eventually published over forty short stories, five novels, three works of non-fiction, and one children's book. The short story "Why I Live at the P.O." was published in 1941, with two others, by The Atlantic Monthly.[19] It was republished later that year in Welty's first collection of short stories, A Curtain of Green. The story is about Sister and how she becomes estranged from her family and ends up living at the post office where she works. Seen by critics as quality Southern literature, the story comically captures family relationships. Like most of her short stories, Welty masterfully captures Southern idiom and places importance on location and customs.[20] "A Worn Path" was also published in The Atlantic Monthly and A Curtain of Green. It is seen as one of Welty's finest short stories, winning the second-place O. Henry Award in 1941.[21] Welty's debut novel, The Robber Bridegroom (1942), deviated from her previous psychologically inclined works, presenting static, fairy-tale characters. Some critics suggest that she worried about "encroaching on the turf of the male literary giant to the north of her in Oxford, Mississippi—William Faulkner",[22] and therefore wrote in a fairy-tale style instead of a historical one. Most critics and readers saw it as a modern Southern fairy-tale and noted that it employs themes and characters reminiscent of the Grimm Brothers' works.[23] Immediately after the murder of Medgar Evers in 1963, Welty wrote Where Is the Voice Coming From?. As she later said, she wondered: "Whoever the murderer is, I know him: not his identity, but his coming about, in this time and place. That is, I ought to have learned by now, from here, what such a man, intent on such a deed, had going on in his mind. I wrote his story—my fiction—in the first person: about that character's point of view".[24] Welty's story was published in The New Yorker soon after Byron De La Beckwith's arrest. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, The Optimist's Daughter (1972) is believed by some to be Welty's best novel. It was written at a much later date than the bulk of her work. As poet Howard Moss wrote in The New York Times, the book is "a miracle of compression, the kind of book, small in scope but profound in its implications, that rewards a lifetime of work". The plot focuses on family struggles when the daughter and the second wife of a judge confront each other in the limited confines of a hospital room while the judge undergoes eye surgery. Welty gave a series of addresses at Harvard University, revised and published as One Writer's Beginnings (Harvard, 1983). It was the first book published by Harvard University Press to be a New York Times Best Seller (at least 32 weeks on the list), and runner-up for the 1984 National Book Award for Nonfiction.[13][25] In 1992, she was awarded the Rea Award for the Short Story for her lifetime contributions to the American short story. Welty was a charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers, founded in 1987. She also taught creative writing at colleges and in workshops. She lived near Jackson's Belhaven College and was a common sight among the people of her home town. Welty personally influenced several young Mississippi writers in their careers including Richard Ford,[26][27] Ellen Gilchrist,[28] and Elizabeth Spencer.[29] Literary criticism related to Welty's fiction[edit] Welty was a prolific writer who created stories in multiple genres. Throughout her writing are the recurring themes of the paradox of human relationships, the importance of place (a recurring theme in most Southern writing), and the importance of mythological influences that help shape the theme.[citation needed] Welty said that her interest in the relationships between individuals and their communities stemmed from her natural abilities as an observer.[30] Perhaps the best examples can be found within the short stories in A Curtain of Green. "Why I Live at the P.O." comically illustrates the conflict between Sister and her immediate community, her family. This particular story uses lack of proper communication to highlight the underlying theme of the paradox of human connection. Another example is Miss Eckhart of The Golden Apples, who is considered an outsider in her town. Welty shows that this piano teacher's independent lifestyle allows her to follow her passions, but also highlights Miss Eckhart's longing to start a family and to be seen by the community as someone who belongs in Morgana.[3] Her stories are often characterized by the struggle to retain identity while keeping community relationships. Place is vitally important to Welty. She believed that place is what makes fiction seem real, because with place come customs, feelings, and associations. Place answers the questions, "What happened? Who's here? Who's coming?" Place is a prompt to memory; thus the human mind is what makes place significant. This is the job of the storyteller. “A Worn Path” is one short story that proves how place shapes how a story is perceived. Within the tale, the main character, Phoenix, must fight to overcome the barriers within the vividly described Southern landscape as she makes her trek to the nearest town. "The Wide Net" is another of Welty's short stories that uses place to define mood and plot. The river in the story is viewed differently by each character. Some see it as a food source, others see it as deadly, and some see it as a sign that "the outside world is full of endurance".[31] Welty is noted for using mythology to connect her specific characters and locations to universal truths and themes. Examples can be found within the short story "A Worn Path", the novel Delta Wedding, and the collection of short stories The Golden Apples. In "A Worn Path", the character Phoenix has much in common with the mythical bird. Phoenixes are said to be red and gold and are known for their endurance and dignity. Phoenix, the old Black woman, is described as being clad in a red handkerchief with undertones of gold and is noble and enduring in her difficult quest for the medicine to save her grandson. In "Death of a Traveling Salesman", the husband is given characteristics common to Prometheus. He comes home after bringing fire to his boss and is full of male libido and physical strength. Welty also refers to the figure of Medusa, who in "Petrified Man" and other stories is used to represent powerful or vulgar women. Locations can also allude to mythology, as Welty proves in her novel Delta Wedding. As Professor Veronica Makowsky from the University of Connecticut writes, the setting of the Mississippi Delta has "suggestions of the goddess of love, Aphrodite or Venus-shells like that upon which Venus rose from the sea and female genitalia, as in the mound of Venus and Delta of Venus".[32] The title The Golden Apples refers to the difference between people who seek silver apples and those who seek golden apples. It is drawn from W. B. Yeats' poem "The Song of Wandering Aengus". It also refers to myths of a golden apple being awarded after a contest. Welty used the symbol to illuminate the two types of attitudes her characters could take about life.[33] Honors[edit] Welty is presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter in 1980 1941: O. Henry Award, second place, "A Worn Path" 1942: O. Henry Award, first place, "The Wide Net" 1943: O. Henry Award, first place, "Livvie is Back" 1954: William Dean Howells medal for fiction, The Ponder Heart[34] 1968: O. Henry Award, first place, "The Demonstrators” 1969: Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[35] 1973: Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, The Optimist's Daughter[12] 1979: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in Urbana, Illinois[36] 1980: Presidential Medal of Freedom[34] 1981: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Randolph-Macon Woman's College in Lynchburg, Virginia 1983: National Book Award for the first paperback edition of The Collected Works of Eudora Welty[37][a] 1983: Invited by Harvard University to give the first annual Massey Lectures in the History of American Civilization, revised and published as One Writer's Beginnings[3][13] 1983: St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates[38][39] 1985: Achievement Award, American Association of University Women 1986: National Medal of Arts. 1990: A recipient of the Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts, Lifetime Achievement, which was the state of Mississippi's recognition of her extraordinary contribution to American Letters. 1991: National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters[40][41] 1991: Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award.[41][42] The Helmerich Award is presented annually by the Tulsa Library Trust. 1992: Rea Award for the Short Story[43] 1992: PEN/Malamud Award for the Short Story[43] 1993: Charles Frankel Prize, National Endowment for the Humanities[43] 1993: Distinguished Alumni Award, American Association of State Colleges and Universities[43] 1996: Made a Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur by the French government 1998: First living author to have her works published in the prestigious Library of America series[3] 2000: America Award for a lifetime contribution to international writing 2000: Induction into the National Women's Hall of Fame[44] Commemoration[edit] Welty's headstone at Greenwood Cemetery in Jackson, Mississippi In 1990, Steve Dorner named his e-mail program "Eudora", inspired by Welty's story "Why I Live at the P.O."[45] Welty was reportedly "pleased and amused" by the tribute.[46] In 1973, the state of Mississippi established May 2 as "Eudora Welty Day".[47] Each October, Mississippi University for Women hosts the "Eudora Welty Writers' Symposium" to promote and celebrate the work of contemporary Southern writers.[48] Mississippi State University sculpture professor Critz Campbell has designed furniture inspired by Welty, that has been featured in Smithsonian magazine, The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post and Elle magazine, and on the Discovery Channel. A portrait of Eudora Welty hangs in the National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian; it was painted by her friend Mildred Nungester Wolfe. On September 10, 2018, Eudora Welty became the first author honored with a historical marker through the Mississippi Writers Trail. The historical marker was installed at the Eudora Welty House and Garden in Jackson, Mississippi.[49] Works[edit] Short story collections[edit] Death of a Traveling Salesman,1936 A Curtain of Green, 1941 A Worn Path, 1941 The Wide Net and Other Stories, 1943 Music from Spain, 1948 The Golden Apples, 1949 Selected Stories, 1954 The Bride of the Innisfallen and Other Stories, 1955 Thirteen Stories, 1965 The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty, 1980 Moon Lake and Other Stories, 1980 Morgana: Two Stories from The Golden Apples, 1988 Novels[edit] The Robber Bridegroom (novella), 1942 Musical based on the novella Delta Wedding, 1946 The Ponder Heart, 1954[50] The Shoe Bird (juvenile), 1964 Losing Battles, 1970 The Optimist's Daughter, 1972 Essays[edit] The Eye of the Story, 1979 One Writer's Beginnings, 1984 On Writing, 2002 See also[edit] Mississippi literature Notes[edit] ^ Welty's Collected Works won the 1983 award for paperback Fiction. From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Awards history there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including this one. References[edit] Notes[edit] ^ "Eudora Welty Biography". PBS.org. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Welty, p. 841 ^ a b c d e f Johnston, Carol Ann. "Mississippi Writer's Page: Eudora Welty". MWP: University of Mississippi. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Fowler, Sarah (May 1, 2015). "Central High School Class of '65 celebrates reunion". The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved November 18, 2019. ^ "House Archived October 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine". Eudora Welty Foundation. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Makowsky, pp. 341–342 ^ Marrs, p. 52 ^ Marrs, p. 50 ^ a b "House Archived March 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine". Eudora Welty Foundation. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Messud, Claire (July 25, 2001). "Obituary: Eudora Welty". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 2, 2019. ^ Makowsky, p. 342 ^ a b "Fiction". Past winners & finalists by category. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-11-19. ^ a b c "Welty Book is First Harvard U. Best Seller", Edwin McDowell, The New York Times, March 13, 1984, page C16. ^ Makowsky, p. 341 ^ Resting Places ^ Louis Bayard (2015) Review: Eudora Welty and Ross Macdonald, Conjoined by a Torrent of Words, The New York Times JULY 13, 2015, accessed 14 April 2016 ^ T.A. Frail, "Eudora Welty as Photographer", Smithsonian magazine, April 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2013. ^ Rosenberg, Karen (January 14, 2009). "Eudora Welty's work as a young writer: Taking pictures". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2009. ^ Marrs, p. 70 ^ Hauser, Marianne. (November 16, 1941.) "A Curtain of Green". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Makowsky, p. 345 ^ Makowsky, p. 347 ^ Hauser, Marianne. (November 1, 1942.) "Miss Welty's Fairy Tale". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Welty, p. xi ^ "Three Writers Win Book Awards", The New York Times, November 16, 1984, page C32. ^ Waldron, Ann (1998). Eudora Welty: A Writer's Life. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 2–5. ISBN 9780307773883. ^ Adams, Tim. "Interview with Richard Ford". Granta. Retrieved August 15, 2018. ^ Walrdon, Ann (1998). Eudrora Welty: A Writer's Life. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 277. ISBN 9780307773883. ^ Waldron, Ann (1998). Eudora Welty: A Writer's Life. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 134–145, 255, 216, 277. ISBN 9780307773883. ^ Welty, p. 862 ^ Welty, p. 220 ^ Makowsky, p. 349 ^ Makowsky, p. 350 ^ a b Dawidoff, Nicholas. (August 10, 1995.) "At Home with Eudora Welty: Only the Typewriter Is Silent". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter W" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 24, 2014. ^ http://commencement.illinois.edu/assets/docs/Honorary%20Degree%20List.pdf.pdf ^ "National Book Awards – 1983". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-26. (With essay by Robin Black from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.) ^ "Saint Louis Literary Award - Saint Louis University". www.slu.edu. Retrieved March 28, 2018. ^ Saint Louis University Library Associates. "Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award". Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016. ^ "Distinguished Contribution to American Letters". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-11. (With acceptance speech by Welty.) ^ a b Marrs, p. 547 ^ Dana Sterling, "Welty reads to audience at Helmerich award dinner", Tulsa World, December 7, 1991. ^ a b c d Marrs, p. 549 ^ National Women's Hall of Fame, Eudora Welty ^ "Historical Backgrounder Archived November 8, 2002, at the Wayback Machine". Eudora.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Thomas, Jo (January 21, 1997). "For Inventor of Eudora, Great Fame, No Fortune". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2014. ^ "[1]". Mississippi Writers and Musicians, Retrieved March 17, 2012 ^ "Eudora Welty Writers' Symposium" Mississippi University for Women. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ "Eudora Welty gets first marker on Mississippi Writers Trail". The Clarion Ledger. Retrieved June 16, 2020. ^ Adapted by Alice Parker into a two-act opera which premiered in Jackson, Mississippi in September of 1982. The performance was reviewed by Edward Rothstein of The New York Times. Citations[edit] Ford, Richard, and Michael Kreyling, eds. Welty: Stories, Collections, & Memoir. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc., 1998. Print. Makowsky, Veronica. Eudora Welty. American Writers. Ed. Stephen Wagley. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. 343–356. Print. Marrs, Suzanne. Eudora Welty: A Biography. Orlando: Harcourt, Inc., 2005. Print. 50–52. Welty, Eudora. The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1980. ISBN 978-0-15-618921-7. Further reading[edit] Gwin, Minrose. Mourning Medgar: Justice, Aesthetics, and the Local. March 11, 2008. Southern Spaces. Kuehl, Linda (Fall 1972). "Eudora Welty, The Art of Fiction No. 47". The Paris Review. Pollack, Harriet (2016). Eudora Welty's Fiction and Photography: The Body of the Other Woman. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-4870-4. External links[edit] Library resources about Eudora Welty Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Eudora Welty Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Media related to Eudora Welty at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Eudora Welty at Wikiquote Resources[edit] Eudora Welty Foundation Eudora Welty Society Homepage. Includes resources on Eudora Welty and Southern literature. Eudora Welty webpage at The Mississippi Writers Page. Presented by the Department of English at the University of Mississippi. Eudora Welty Small Manuscripts Collection (MUM00471). Collection owned and maintained by the University of Mississippi Department of Archives and Special Collections. Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts Writings on[edit] Write TV Public Television Interview with Welty biographer Suzanne Marrs "Why I Live at the P.O." Fiction Writers Review on Eudora Welty's "Why I Live at the P.O." 1987 Whiting Writers' Award Keynote Speech v t e Eudora Welty Novels The Robber Bridegroom (1942) Delta Wedding (1946) The Ponder Heart (1953) The Shoe Bird (1964) Losing Battles (1970) The Optimist's Daughter (1972) Short stories "A Worn Path" (1940) "Why I Live at the P.O." (1941) "Music from Spain" (1948) Short story collections A Curtain of Green (1941) The Golden Apples (1949) The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty (1980) Non-fiction One Writer's Beginnings (1984) Related Eudora Welty House The Robber Bridegroom (musical) Fellowship of Southern Writers Awards for Eudora Welty v t e National Book Award for Fiction (1975–1999) Dog Soldiers by Robert Stone (1975) The Hair of Harold Roux by Thomas Williams (1975) J R by William Gaddis (1976) The Spectator Bird by Wallace Stegner (1977) Blood Tie by Mary Lee Settle (1978) Going After Cacciato by Tim O'Brien (1979) Sophie's Choice by William Styron (1980) The World According to Garp by John Irving (1980) Plains Song: For Female Voices by Wright Morris (1981) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever (1981) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike (1982) So Long, See You Tomorrow by William Maxwell (1982) The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1983) The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty by Eudora Welty (1983) Victory Over Japan by Ellen Gilchrist (1984) White Noise by Don DeLillo (1985) World's Fair by E. L. Doctorow (1986) Paco's Story by Larry Heinemann (1987) Paris Trout by Pete Dexter (1988) Spartina by John Casey (1989) Middle Passage by Charles Johnson (1990) Mating by Norman Rush (1991) All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy (1992) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx (1993) A Frolic of His Own by William Gaddis (1994) Sabbath's Theater by Philip Roth (1995) Ship Fever and Other Stories by Andrea Barrett (1996) Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier (1997) Charming Billy by Alice McDermott (1998) Waiting by Ha Jin (1999) Complete list (1950–1974) (1975–1999) (2000–2024) v t e National Medal of Arts recipients (1980s) 1985 Elliott Carter Jr. Ralph Ellison Jose Ferrer Martha Graham Louise Nevelson Georgia O'Keeffe Leontyne Price Dorothy Buffum Chandler Lincoln Kirstein Paul Mellon Alice Tully Hallmark Cards, Inc. 1986 Marian Anderson Frank Capra Aaron Copland Willem de Kooning Agnes de Mille Eva Le Gallienne Alan Lomax Lewis Mumford Eudora Welty Dominique de Menil Exxon Corporation Seymour H. Knox II 1987 Romare Bearden Ella Fitzgerald Howard Nemerov Alwin Nikolais Isamu Noguchi William Schuman Robert Penn Warren J. W. Fisher Armand Hammer Sydney Lewis 1988 Saul Bellow Helen Hayes Gordon Parks I. M. Pei Jerome Robbins Rudolf Serkin Virgil Thomson Sydney J. Freedberg Roger L. Stevens Brooke Astor Francis Goelet Obert Clark Tanner 1989 Leopold Adler Katherine Dunham Alfred Eisenstaedt Martin Friedman Leigh Gerdine John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie Walker Hancock Vladimir Horowitz Czesław Miłosz Robert Motherwell John Updike Dayton Hudson Corporation Complete list 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s v t e Inductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame 1970–1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980–1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins 1983 Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary "Mother" Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells-Barnett 1990–1999 1990 Margaret Bourke-White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Putnam Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C. J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon 1996 Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien-Shiung Wu 2000–2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly-Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010–2019 2011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters 2019 Gloria Allred Angela Davis Sarah Deer Jane Fonda Nicole Malachowski Rose O'Neill Louise Slaughter Sonia Sotomayor Laurie Spiegel Flossie Wong-Staal v t e Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918–1925 His Family by Ernest Poole (1918) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington (1919) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1921) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington (1922) One of Ours by Willa Cather (1923) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson (1924) So Big by Edna Ferber (1925) 1926–1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (declined) (1926) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield (1927) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder (1928) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin (1929) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge (1930) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes (1931) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck (1932) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling (1933) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller (1934) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson (1935) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis (1936) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell (1937) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand (1938) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1939) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1940) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow (1942) Dragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair (1943) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin (1944) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey (1945) All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren (1947) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener (1948) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens (1949) The Way West by A. B. Guthrie Jr. (1950) 1951–1975 The Town by Conrad Richter (1951) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk (1952) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1953) A Fable by William Faulkner (1955) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor (1956) A Death in the Family by James Agee (1958) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor (1959) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury (1960) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1961) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor (1962) The Reivers by William Faulkner (1963) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau (1965) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron (1968) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday (1969) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford (1970) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner (1972) The Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty (1973) No award given (1974) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara (1975) 1976–2000 Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow (1976) No award given (1977) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson (1978) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever (1979) The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer (1980) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (1981) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike (1982) The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1983) Ironweed by William Kennedy (1984) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie (1985) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry (1986) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor (1987) Beloved by Toni Morrison (1988) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1989) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos (1990) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike (1991) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley (1992) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler (1993) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx (1994) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields (1995) Independence Day by Richard Ford (1996) Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser (1997) American Pastoral by Philip Roth (1998) The Hours by Michael Cunningham (1999) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (2000) 2001–present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon (2001) Empire Falls by Richard Russo (2002) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides (2003) The Known World by Edward P. Jones (2004) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson (2005) March by Geraldine Brooks (2006) The Road by Cormac McCarthy (2007) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz (2008) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout (2009) Tinkers by Paul Harding (2010) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan (2011) No award given (2012) The Orphan Master's Son by Adam Johnson (2013) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt (2014) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr (2015) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen (2016) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead (2017) Less by Andrew Sean Greer (2018) The Overstory by Richard Powers (2019) The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead (2020) Authority control BIBSYS: 90065011 BNE: XX1010858 BNF: cb119290562 (data) CANTIC: a11134069 GND: 118806661 ISNI: 0000 0001 2118 5241 LCCN: n79038434 LNB: 000143243 NARA: 10581702 NDL: 00460577 NKC: jn19990009051 NLI: 000140970 NLK: KAC199629658 NLP: A11959666 NTA: 068624417 PIC: 266836 PLWABN: 9810583825005606 RKD: 380839 SELIBR: 208139 SNAC: w6154f16 SUDOC: 027333272 Trove: 1010088 ULAN: 500330916 VIAF: 4938026 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79038434 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eudora_Welty&oldid=994368069" Categories: 1909 births 2001 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American women writers 20th-century American photographers American women novelists American women photographers American women short story writers Columbia Business School alumni Deaths from pneumonia Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Infectious disease deaths in Mississippi Mississippi University for Women alumni National Book Award winners National Humanities Medal recipients PEN/Malamud Award winners Writers from Jackson, Mississippi People of the New Deal arts projects Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni Works Progress Administration workers Writers of American Southern literature 20th-century American short story writers Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Novelists from Mississippi 20th-century women photographers Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Commons category link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية تۆرکجه Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2020, at 10:40 (UTC). 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