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Find sources: "Time in the United States" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Time in the United States Map of U.S. time zones since November 2007 Current time Atlantic 10:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh] Eastern 9:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh] Central 8:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh] Mountain 7:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh][a] Pacific 6:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh] Alaska 5:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh] Hawaii–Aleutian 4:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh][b] Samoa 3:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh] Chamorro 12:07 pm, January 30, 2021 [refresh] Time in the United States, by law, is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states, territories and other US possessions, with most of the United States observing daylight saving time (DST) for approximately the spring, summer, and fall months. The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. Official and highly precise timekeeping services (clocks) are provided by two federal agencies: the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (an agency of the Department of Commerce); and the United States Naval Observatory (USNO). The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services, which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment. Contents 1 History 1.1 From GMT to UTC 2 United States and regional time zones 2.1 Zones used in the contiguous U.S. 2.2 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S. 2.3 Zones used in U.S. territories 2.4 Minor Outlying Islands 2.5 Antarctic research stations 3 Boundaries between the zones 3.1 Eastern–Central boundary 3.2 Central–Mountain boundary 3.3 Mountain–Pacific boundary 4 Daylight saving time (DST) 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History[edit] 1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries different from today See also: Standard time in the United States Before the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States, many towns and cities set their clocks to noon when the sun passed their local meridian, pre-corrected for the equation of time on the date of observation, to form local mean solar time. Noon occurred at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long-distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph. The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved.[1] American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s. Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a serious problem for people traveling by train (sometimes hundreds of miles in a day), according to the Library of Congress. Train drivers must recalculate their own clock in order to know departure time. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from. Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, but this was only a partial solution to the problem.[1] Weather service chief Cleveland Abbe introduced four standard time zones for his weather stations, an idea which he offered to the railroads.[2] Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18, 1883, in Chicago, IL, when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities.[3][4] In October 1884, the International Meridian Conference at Washington, D.C. adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom. The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the world's time standard. The U.S. time-zone system grew from this, in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian.[1] From GMT to UTC[edit] In 1960, the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which became the new international civil time standard. UTC is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0°.[5] UTC does not observe daylight saving time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community. UTC is one of several closely related successors to GMT. United States and regional time zones[edit] Standard time zones in the United States and other regions are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260.[6] The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs, if observed. It is ultimately the authority of the secretary of transportation, in coordination with the states, to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time.[7] As of August 9, 2007, the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC.[8] Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich (GMT). Only the full-time zone names listed below are official; abbreviations are by common use conventions, and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones. The United States and its surrounding areas use nine standard time zones. As defined by U.S. law[9] they are: Time Zone DST Standard Atlantic (not observed) UTC−04:00 Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands Eastern UTC−04:00 UTC−05:00 Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia; Partially: Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Tennessee; No DST observed, not defined by 15 U.S.C. §260: Navassa Island, Bajo Nuevo Bank, Serranilla Bank Central UTC−05:00 UTC−06:00 Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Wisconsin; Partially: Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas Mountain UTC−06:00 UTC−07:00 Arizona (no DST outside of Navajo Nation), Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming; Partially: Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas Pacific UTC−07:00 UTC−08:00 California, Nevada, Washington (state); Partially: Idaho, Oregon Alaska UTC−08:00 UTC−09:00 Partially: Alaska Hawaii‑Aleutian UTC−09:00 UTC−10:00 Hawaii (no DST observed in Hawaii); Partially: Alaska; No DST observed, not defined by 15 U.S.C. §260: Johnston Atoll American Samoa (not observed) UTC−11:00 American Samoa; Not defined by 15 U.S.C. §260: Jarvis Island, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef   (not observed) UTC−12:00 Not defined by 15 U.S.C. §260: Baker Island, Howland Island   (not observed) UTC+12:00 Not defined by 15 U.S.C. §260: Wake Island Chamorro (not observed) UTC+10:00 Guam, Northern Mariana Islands Zones used in the contiguous U.S.[edit] From east to west, the four time zones of the contiguous United States are: Eastern time zone (Zone R), which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley. Central time zone (Zone S), which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, and most of the Great Plains. Mountain time zone (Zone T), which comprises roughly the states and portions of states that include the Rocky Mountains and the western quarter of the Great Plains. Pacific time zone (Zone U), which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast, plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle. Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.[edit] Alaska Time Zone (UTC−09:00; Zone V), which comprises most of the state of Alaska. Hawaii-Aleutian time zone (no daylight saving in Hawaii, UTC−10:00; zone W), which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain (west of 169°30′W). Zones used in U.S. territories[edit] Samoa Time Zone (UTC−11:00; Zone X), which comprises American Samoa. Chamorro Time Zone (UTC+10:00; Zone K), which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Atlantic Time Zone (UTC−04:00; Zone Q), which comprises Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Minor Outlying Islands[edit] Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. §260 and exist in waters defined by nautical time. In practice, military crews may simply use Zulu time (UTC±00:00) when on these islands. Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC−12:00, while Wake Island is in UTC+12:00. Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line, it can, for example, be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island. Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Kingman Reef (UTC−11:00); Johnston Atoll (UTC−10:00); and Navassa Island, Bajo Nuevo Bank, and Serranilla Bank (UTC−05:00). Antarctic research stations[edit] See also: Time in Antarctica In Antarctica, the U.S. research facility Palmer Station is in UTC−03:00, while McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station use UTC+12:00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand. Boundaries between the zones[edit] (Described from north to south along each boundary.) Eastern–Central boundary[edit] Marker showing the border of Wayne County, Kentucky, and the eastern time zone Time in Indiana: red and pink counties belong to the central time zone. roughly follows the border between Wisconsin (to the south and west) and the Upper Peninsula (U.P.) of Michigan (to the north and east); the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (namely Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties) observe central time, all other counties in the U.P. observe eastern time follows Lake Michigan divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state follows the border between Illinois (west) and Indiana (east) divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville, Kentucky running from northwest to southeast. divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee, except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee, from the rest of Tennessee. follows the border between Alabama (west) and Georgia (east), although Phenix City, Alabama and some nearby towns unofficially observe eastern time. divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee, Florida. Central–Mountain boundary[edit] divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state divides South Dakota roughly in half divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado (Greeley, Hamilton, Sherman, and Wallace counties) from the rest of the state (three other counties which border Colorado—Cheyenne, Morton, and Stanton counties—observe central time) follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Oklahoma (east) (although the zone legally begins at the Oklahoma–New Mexico state line, Kenton in extreme northwestern Cimarron County, Oklahoma unofficially observes mountain time) follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Texas (east) divides El Paso County, Hudspeth County, and a portion of northwestern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas Mountain–Pacific boundary[edit] follows the border between northern Idaho (to the west) and northwestern Montana (to the east) turns west at 45°33.46′N 114°33.89′W / 45.55767°N 114.56483°W / 45.55767; -114.56483 (just south of Nez Perce Pass), and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins, where the Salmon River turns north. This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone, except for the small loop described next. turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border (at 45°51.3′N 116°47.5′W / 45.8550°N 116.7917°W / 45.8550; -116.7917). This loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River. turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east) to the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon to its western border, where it turns south follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45° (42°27′ N), where it turns east, and returns to the Oregon/Idaho border turns south and follows the border between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east) turns east and follows the border between Idaho (north) and Nevada (south) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W. turns south and follows the border between Nevada (west) and Utah (east), except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada, and putting it in the mountain time zone. Jackpot, Nevada, just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles (40 km) west of the time zone south turn, also observes mountain time, on an unofficial basis. follows the border between Nevada (west) and Arizona (east) follows the border between California (west) and Arizona (east), mostly defined by the Colorado River, to the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Daylight saving time (DST)[edit] Main article: Daylight saving time in the United States Daylight saving time (DST) begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on these ending dates: Year Start End 2021 Mar 14 Nov 7 2022 Mar 13 Nov 6 2023 Mar 12 Nov 5 2024 Mar 10 Nov 3 2025 Mar 9 Nov 2 2026 Mar 8 Nov 1 2027 Mar 14 Nov 7 2028 Mar 12 Nov 5 2029 Mar 11 Nov 4 In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966, each state has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory: Most use the standard time for their zone (or zones, where a state is divided between two zones), except for using daylight saving time during the summer months. Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October. Two subsequent amendments, in 1986 and 2005, have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November. Arizona time zones Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year. However: The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory, including the portion that lies in Arizona. But the Hopi Nation, which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona, does not observe DST. (See map inset right.) In 2005, Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2, 2006, that placed the entire state on daylight saving time (see Time in Indiana). Before then, Indiana officially used standard time year-round, with the following exceptions: The portions of Indiana that were on central time observed daylight saving time. Also, some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on eastern time (ET), but did (unofficially) observe DST. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time (DST) for an additional month beginning in 2007. Previous DST change dates include: Year Start End 2006 Apr 2 Oct 29 2007 Mar 11 Nov 4 2008 Mar 9 Nov 2 2009 Mar 8 Nov 1 2010 Mar 14 Nov 7 2011 Mar 13 Nov 6 2012 Mar 11 Nov 4 2013 Mar 10 Nov 3 2014 Mar 9 Nov 2 2015 Mar 8 Nov 1 2016 Mar 13 Nov 6 2017 Mar 12 Nov 5 2018 Mar 11 Nov 4 2019 Mar 10 Nov 3 2020 Mar 8 Nov 1 See also[edit] Date and time notation in the United States Daylight saving time in the United States East Coast bias Effects of time on North American broadcasting History of time in the United States List of time zones by U.S. state Lists of time zones Permanent time observation in the United States Speaking clock#United States Notes[edit] ^ Time in Arizona (besides the Navajo Nation): 7:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh] ^ Time in Hawaii: 4:07 pm, January 29, 2021 [refresh] References[edit] ^ a b c "Why Do We Have Time Zones?". ^ Debus, Allen G. (1968). World Who's Who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present (1st ed.). Chicago, IL: A. N. Marquis Company. p. 2. ISBN 0-8379-1001-3. ^ "Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)—time, facts, history". greenwichmeantime.com. Retrieved April 18, 2019. ^ "The Central Standard Building". Open House Chicago. Retrieved November 9, 2019. ^ Guinot, Bernard (August 2011). "Solar time, legal time, time in use". Metrologia. 48 (4): 181–185. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/48/4/s08. ^ 15 USC §260. ^ "15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX—STANDARD TIME". ^ Public Law 110–69—America COMPETES Act (August 9, 2007). Sec. 3013) ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 External links[edit] Official website North American time zone border data and images wikisource:Code of Federal Regulations/Title 49/Subtitle A/Part 71 Standard Time Law 15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX—STANDARD TIME (also at wikisource:United States Code/Title 15/Chapter 6/Subchapter IX) Interactive map of US time zones USA capital time and time zones v t e Time in the Americas North America Caribbean Central America Northern America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands v t e Time in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands History of standard time Permanent time observation Standard Time Act of 1918 Uniform Time Act of 1966 Energy Policy Act of 2005 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=996361037" Categories: Time in the United States Geography of the United States Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from January 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2019 Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Русский Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 03:43 (UTC). 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