Joseph Brodsky - Wikipedia Joseph Brodsky From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Russian-American poet Joseph Brodsky Brodsky in 1988 Born Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (1940-05-24)24 May 1940 Leningrad, RSFSR, Soviet Union Died 28 January 1996(1996-01-28) (aged 55) New York City, New York, U.S. Resting place Isola di San Michele, Venice, Veneto, Italy Occupation Poet, essayist Language Russian (poetry),[1] English (prose)[1] Citizenship  Soviet Union (1940–72) Stateless (1972–77)  United States (1977–96) Notable works Gorbunov and Gorchakov (1970) Less Than One: Selected Essays (1986) Notable awards Nobel Prize in Literature (1987) Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Award (1991) Spouse Maria Sozzani ​ (m. 1990)​ Partner Marina Basmanova (1962–1967) Maria Kuznetsova Children Andrei Basmanov (born 1967) Anastasia Kuznetsova (born 1972) Anna Brodskaya (born 1993) Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky[2] (/ˈbrɒdski/; Russian: Ио́сиф Алекса́ндрович Бро́дский [ɪˈosʲɪf ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈbrotskʲɪj] (listen); 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian-American poet and essayist. Born in Leningrad in 1940, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled ("strongly advised" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in the United States with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters. He taught thereafter at Mount Holyoke College, and at universities including Yale, Columbia, Cambridge, and Michigan. Brodsky was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity".[3] He was appointed United States Poet Laureate in 1991.[4] According to Professor Andrey Ranchin of Moscow State University: “Brodsky is the only modern Russian poet whose body of work has already been awarded the honorary title of a canonized classic... Brodsky's literary canonization is an exceptional phenomenon. No other contemporary Russian writer has been honored as the hero of such a number of memoir texts; no other has had so many conferences devoted to them”.[5] Contents 1 Early years 2 Career and family 2.1 Early career 2.2 Denunciation 2.3 United States 3 Work 3.1 Themes and forms 3.2 Influences 4 Awards and honors 5 Works 5.1 Poetry collections 5.2 Essay and interview collections 5.3 Plays 6 In film 7 In music 8 Collections in Russian 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Early years[edit] House Muruzi, Saint Petersburg, where its Brodsky memorial plaque is visible in the middle of the ground floor of the brown building Brodsky was born into a Russian Jewish family in Leningrad. He was a descendant of a prominent and ancient rabbinic family, Schorr (Shor).[6][7] His direct male-line ancestor is Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor. His father, Aleksandr Brodsky, was a professional photographer in the Soviet Navy, and his mother, Maria Volpert Brodskaya, was a professional interpreter whose work often helped to support the family. They lived in communal apartments, in poverty, marginalized by their Jewish status.[8] In early childhood Brodsky survived the Siege of Leningrad where he and his parents nearly died of starvation; one aunt did die of hunger.[9] He later suffered from various health problems caused by the siege. Brodsky commented that many of his teachers were anti-Semitic and that he felt like a dissident from an early age. He noted "I began to despise Lenin, even when I was in the first grade, not so much because of his political philosophy or practice ... but because of his omnipresent images."[10] As a young student, Brodsky was "an unruly child" known for his misbehavior during classes.[11] At fifteen, Brodsky left school and tried to enter the School of Submariners without success. He went on to work as a milling machine operator.[8] Later, having decided to become a physician, he worked at the morgue at the Kresty Prison, cutting and sewing bodies.[8] He subsequently held a variety of jobs in hospitals, in a ship's boiler room, and on geological expeditions. At the same time, Brodsky engaged in a program of self-education. He learned Polish so he could translate the works of Polish poets such as Czesław Miłosz, and English so that he could translate John Donne. On the way, he acquired a deep interest in classical philosophy, religion, mythology, and English and American poetry.[10] Career and family[edit] Early career[edit] So long had life together been, that once the snow began to fall, it seemed unending; that, lest the flakes should make her eyelids wince, I'd shield them with my hand, and they, pretending not to believe that cherishing of eyes, would beat against my palm like butterflies. —from "Six Years Later"," Trans. Richard Wilbur In 1955, Brodsky began writing his own poetry and producing literary translations. He circulated them in secret, and some were published by the underground journal, Sintaksis (Syntax). His writings were apolitical.[10] By 1958 he was already well known in literary circles for his poems "The Jewish cemetery near Leningrad" and "Pilgrims".[12] Asked when he first felt called to poetry, he recollected, "In 1959, in Yakutsk, when walking in that terrible city, I went into a bookstore. I snagged a copy of poems by Baratynsky. I had nothing to read. So I read that book and finally understood what I had to do in life. Or got very excited, at least. So in a way, Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky is sort of responsible." His friend, Ludmila Shtern, recalled working with Brodsky on an irrigation project in his "geological period" (working as a geologist's assistant): "We bounced around the Leningrad Province examining kilometers of canals, checking their embankments, which looked terrible. They were falling down, coming apart, had all sorts of strange things growing in them... It was during these trips, however, that I was privileged to hear the poems "The Hills" and "You Will Gallop in the Dark". Brodsky read them aloud to me between two train cars as we were going towards Tikhvin."[12] In 1960, the young Brodsky met Anna Akhmatova, one of the leading poets of the silver age.[8] She encouraged his work, and would go on to become his mentor.[13] In 1962, in Leningrad, Anna Akhmatova introduced him to the artist Marina Basmanova, a young painter from an established artistic family who was drawing Akhmatova's portrait. The two started a relationship; however, Brodsky's then close friend and fellow poet, Dmitri Bobyshev, was in love with Basmanova. As Bobyshev began to pursue the woman, immediately, the authorities began to pursue Brodsky; Bobyshev was widely held responsible for denouncing him.[9] Brodsky dedicated much love poetry to Marina Basmanova: I was only that which you touched with your palm over which, in the deaf, raven-black night, you bent your head ... I was practically blind. You, appearing, then hiding, taught me to see.[9] Denunciation[edit] In 1963, Brodsky's poetry was denounced by a Leningrad newspaper as "pornographic and anti-Soviet". His papers were confiscated, he was interrogated, twice put in a mental institution[10] and then arrested. He was charged with social parasitism[14] by the Soviet authorities in a trial in 1964, finding that his series of odd jobs and role as a poet were not a sufficient contribution to society.[8][15] They called him "a pseudo-poet in velveteen trousers" who failed to fulfill his "constitutional duty to work honestly for the good of the motherland".[10] The trial judge asked, "Who has recognized you as a poet? Who has enrolled you in the ranks of poets?" – "No one", Brodsky replied, "Who enrolled me in the ranks of the human race?"[10][16] Brodsky was not yet 24. Plaque marking where Brodsky stayed in Vilnius For his "parasitism" Brodsky was sentenced to five years hard labor and served 18 months on a farm in the village of Norenskaya, in the Archangelsk region, 350 miles from Leningrad. He rented his own small cottage, and although it was without plumbing or central heating, having one's own, private space was taken to be a great luxury at the time.[9] Basmanova, Bobyshev, and Brodsky's mother, among others, visited. He wrote on his typewriter, chopped wood, hauled manure, and at night read his anthologies of English and American poetry, including a lot of W. H. Auden and Robert Frost. Brodsky's close friend and biographer Lev Loseff writes that while confinement in the mental hospital and the trial were miserable experiences, the 18 months in the Arctic were among the best times of Brodsky's life. Brodsky's mentor, Anna Akhmatova, laughed at the KGB's shortsightedness. "What a biography they're fashioning for our red-haired friend!", she said. "It's as if he'd hired them to do it on purpose."[17] Brodsky's sentence was commuted in 1965 after protests by prominent Soviet and foreign cultural figures, including Evgeny Evtushenko, Dmitri Shostakovich, and Jean-Paul Sartre as well as Akhmatova.[8][13] Brodsky became a cause célèbre in the West also, when a secret transcription of trial minutes was smuggled out of the country, making him a symbol of artistic resistance in a totalitarian society, much like his mentor, Akhmatova. The suitcase with which Brodsky left his homeland, on June 4, 1972, carrying a typewriter, two bottles of vodka, and a collection of poems by John Donne - today displayed in the Anna Akhmatova Museum, Saint Petersburg Since the stern art of poetry calls for words, I, morose, deaf, and balding ambassador of a more or less insignificant nation that's stuck in this super power, wishing to spare my old brain, put on clothes – all by myself – and head for the main street: for the evening paper. —from "The End of a Beautiful Era" (Leningrad 1969) His son, Andrei, was born on 8 October 1967, and Basmanova broke off the relationship. Andrei was registered under Basmanova's surname because Brodsky did not want his son to suffer from the political attacks that he endured.[18] Marina Basmanova was threatened by the Soviet authorities, which prevented her from marrying Brodsky or joining him when he was exiled from the country.[citation needed] After the birth of their son, Brodsky continued to dedicate love poetry to Basmanova.[9] In 1989, Brodsky wrote his last poem to "M.B.", describing himself remembering their life in Leningrad: Your voice, your body, your name mean nothing to me now. No one destroyed them. It's just that, in order to forget one life, a person needs to live at least one other life. And I have served that portion.[9] Brodsky returned to Leningrad in December 1965 and continued to write over the next seven years, many of his works being translated into German, French, and English and published abroad. Verses and Poems was published by Inter-Language Literary Associates in Washington in 1965, Elegy to John Donne and Other Poems was published in London in 1967 by Longmans Green, and A Stop in the Desert was issued in 1970 by Chekhov Publishing in New York. Only four of his poems were published in Leningrad anthologies in 1966 and 1967, most of his work appearing outside the Soviet Union or circulated in secret (samizdat) until 1987. Persecuted for his poetry and his Jewish heritage, he was denied permission to travel. In 1972, while Brodsky was being considered for exile, the authorities consulted mental health expert Andrei Snezhnevsky, a key proponent of the notorious pseudo-medical diagnosis of "paranoid reformist delusion".[19] This political tool allowed the state to lock up dissenters in psychiatric institutions indefinitely. Without examining him personally, Snezhnevsky diagnosed Brodsky as having "sluggishly progressing schizophrenia", concluding that he was "not a valuable person at all and may be let go".[19] In 1971, Brodsky was invited twice to emigrate to Israel. When called to the Ministry of the Interior in 1972 and asked why he had not accepted, he stated that he wished to stay in the country. Within ten days officials broke into his apartment, took his papers, and on 4 June 1972, put him on a plane for Vienna, Austria.[10] He never returned to Russia and never saw Basmanova again.[9] Brodsky later wrote "The Last Judgement is the Last Judgement, but a human being who spent his life in Russia, has to be, without any hesitation, placed into Paradise."[20][21] In Austria, he met Carl Ray Proffer and Auden, who facilitated Brodsky's transit to the United States and proved influential to Brodsky's career. Proffer, of the University of Michigan and one of the co-founders of Ardis Publishers, became Brodsky's Russian publisher from this point on. Recalling his landing in Vienna, Brodsky commented, I knew I was leaving my country for good, but for where, I had no idea whatsoever. One thing which was quite clear was that I didn't want to go to Israel... I never even believed that they'd allow me to go. I never believed they would put me on a plane, and when they did I didn't know whether the plane would go east or west... I didn't want to be hounded by what was left of the Soviet Security Service in England. So I came to the States.[22] Although the poet was invited back after the fall of the Soviet Union, Brodsky never returned to his country.[10][23] United States[edit] Brodsky teaching at University of Michigan, c. 1972 After a short stay in Vienna, Brodsky settled in Ann Arbor, with the help of poets Auden and Proffer, and became poet-in-residence at the University of Michigan for a year.[22] Brodsky went on to become a visiting professor at Queens College (1973–74), Smith College, Columbia University, and Cambridge University, later returning to the University of Michigan (1974–80). He was the Andrew Mellon Professor of Literature and Five College Professor of Literature at Mount Holyoke College, brought there by poet and historian Peter Viereck.[24] In 1978, Brodsky was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters at Yale University, and on 23 May 1979, he was inducted as a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He moved to New York's Greenwich Village in 1980 and in 1981 received the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation "genius" award.[8] He was also a recipient of The International Center in New York Award of Excellence. In 1986, his collection of essays, Less Than One, won the National Book Critics Award for Criticism and he was given an honorary doctorate of literature from Oxford University.[10] In 1987, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature, the fifth Russian-born writer to do so. In an interview he was asked: "You are an American citizen who is receiving the Prize for Russian-language poetry. Who are you, an American or a Russian?" "I'm Jewish; a Russian poet, an English essayist – and, of course, an American citizen", he responded.[25] The Academy stated that they had awarded the prize for his "all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity". It also called his writing "rich and intensely vital", characterized by "great breadth in time and space". It was "a big step for me, a small step for mankind", he joked.[10] The prize coincided with the first legal publication in Russia of Brodsky's poetry as an exilé. Plaque in honour of Brodsky in Venice In 1991, Brodsky became Poet Laureate of the United States. The Librarian of Congress said that Brodsky had "the open-ended interest of American life that immigrants have. This is a reminder that so much of American creativity is from people not born in America."[10] His inauguration address was printed in Poetry Review. Brodsky held an honorary degree from the University of Silesia in Poland and was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science. In 1995, Gleb Uspensky, a senior editor at the Russian publishing house, Vagrius, asked Brodsky to return to Russia for a tour, but he could not agree.[10] For the last ten years of his life, Brodsky was under considerable pressure from those that regarded him as a "fortune maker". He was a greatly honored professor, was on first name terms with the heads of many large publishing houses, and connected to the significant figures of American literary life. His friend Ludmila Shtern wrote that many Russian intellectuals in both Russia and America assumed his influence was unlimited, that a nod from him could secure them a book contract, a teaching post or a grant, that it was in his gift to assure a glittering career. A helping hand or a rejection of a petition for help could create a storm in Russian literary circles, which Shtern suggests became very personal at times. His position as a lauded émigré and Nobel Prize winner won him enemies and stoked resentment, the politics of which, she writes, made him feel "deathly tired" of it all toward the end.[26] Grave of Brodsky in the Protestant section of the Cimitero di San Michele, Venice, Veneto, Italy In 1990, while teaching literature in France, Brodsky married a young student, Maria Sozzani, who has a Russian-Italian background; they had one daughter, Anna Brodsky, born in 1993. Marina Basmanova lived in fear of the Soviet authorities until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; only after this was their son Andrei Basmanov allowed to join his father in New York.[citation needed] In the 1990s, Brodsky invited Andrei to visit him in New York for three months and they maintained a father-son relationship until Brodsky's death.[citation needed] Andrei married in the 1990s and had three children, all of whom were recognized and supported by Brodsky as his grandchildren; Marina Basmanova, Andrei, and Brodsky's grandchildren all live in Saint Petersburg. Andrei gave readings of his father's poetry in a documentary about Brodsky. The film contains Brodsky's poems dedicated to Marina Basmanova and written between 1961 and 1982.[27] Brodsky died of a heart attack aged 55, at his apartment in Brooklyn Heights, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, a borough of New York City, on January 28, 1996.[10] He had had open-heart surgery in 1979 and later two bypass operations, remaining in frail health following that time. He was buried in a non-Catholic section of the Isola di San Michele cemetery in Venice, Italy, also the resting place of Ezra Pound and Igor Stravinsky.[10] In 1997, a plaque was placed on his former house in St. Petersburg, with his portrait in relief and the words "In this house from 1940 to 1972 lived the great Russian poet, Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky".[28] Brodsky's close friend, the Nobel laureate Derek Walcott, memorialized him in his collection The Prodigal, in 2004. Work[edit] I was born and grew up in the Baltic marshland by zinc-gray breakers that always marched on in twos. —From the title poem in A Part of Speech (1977) Brodsky is perhaps most known for his poetry collections, A Part of Speech (1977) and To Urania (1988), and the essay collection, Less Than One (1986), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award. Other notable works include the play, Marbles (1989), and Watermark (1992), a prose meditation on Venice.[10] Throughout his career he wrote in Russian and English, self-translating and working with eminent poet-translators. Themes and forms[edit] In his introduction to Brodsky's Selected Poems (New York and Harmondsworth, 1973), W. H. Auden described Brodsky as a traditionalist lyric poet fascinated by "encounters with nature, ... reflections upon the human condition, death, and the meaning of existence".[8] He drew on wide-ranging themes, from Mexican and Caribbean literature to Roman poetry, mixing "the physical and the metaphysical, place and ideas about place, now and the past and the future".[29] Critic Dinah Birch suggests that Brodsky's " first volume of poetry in English, Joseph Brodsky: Selected Poems (1973), shows that although his strength was a distinctive kind of dry, meditative soliloquy, he was immensely versatile and technically accomplished in a number of forms."[30] To Urania: Selected Poems 1965–1985 collected translations of older work with new work written during his American exile and reflect on themes of memory, home, and loss.[30] His two essay collections consist of critical studies of such poets as Osip Mandelshtam, W. H. Auden, Thomas Hardy, Rainer Maria Rilke and Robert Frost, sketches of his own life, and those of contemporaries such as Akhmatova, Nadezhda Mandelshtam, and Stephen Spender.[30] A recurring theme in Brodsky's writing is the relationship between the poet and society. In particular, Brodsky emphasized the power of literature to affect its audience positively and to develop the language and culture in which it is situated. He suggested that the Western literary tradition was in part responsible for the world having overcome the catastrophes of the twentieth century, such as Nazism, Communism, and two World Wars. During his term as Poet Laureate, Brodsky promoted the idea of bringing the Anglo-American poetic heritage to a wider American audience by distributing free poetry anthologies to the public through a government-sponsored program. Librarian of Congress James Billington wrote, Joseph had difficulty understanding why poetry did not draw the large audiences in the United States that it did in Russia. He was proud of becoming an American citizen in 1977 (the Soviets having made him stateless upon his expulsion in 1972) and valued the freedoms that life in the United States provided. But he regarded poetry as "language's highest degree of maturity", and wanted everyone to be susceptible to it. As Poet Laureate, he suggested that inexpensive anthologies of the best American poets be made available in hotels and airports, hospitals and supermarkets. He thought that people who are restless or fearful or lonely or weary might pick up poetry and discover unexpectedly that others had experienced these emotions before and had used them to celebrate life rather than escape from it. Joseph's idea was picked up, and thousands of such books have in fact been placed where people may come across them out of need or curiosity.[29] This passion for promoting the seriousness and importance of poetry comes through in Brodsky's opening remarks as the U.S. Poet Laureate in October 1991. He said, "By failing to read or listen to poets, society dooms itself to inferior modes of articulation, those of the politician, the salesman or the charlatan. ... In other words, it forfeits its own evolutionary potential. For what distinguishes us from the rest of the animal kingdom is precisely the gift of speech. ... Poetry is not a form of entertainment and in a certain sense not even a form of art, but it is our anthropological, genetic goal, our evolutionary, linguistic beacon."[29] This sentiment is echoed throughout his work. In interview with Sven Birkerts in 1979, Brodsky reflected: In the works of the better poets you get the sensation that they're not talking to people any more, or to some seraphical creature. What they're doing is simply talking back to the language itself, as beauty, sensuality, wisdom, irony, those aspects of language of which the poet is a clear mirror. Poetry is not an art or a branch of art, it's something more. If what distinguishes us from other species is speech, then poetry, which is the supreme linguistic operation, is our anthropological, indeed genetic, goal. Anyone who regards poetry as an entertainment, as "a read", commits an anthropological crime, in the first place, against himself.[31] Influences[edit] Librarian of Congress Dr James Billington, wrote He was the favored protégé of the great lady of Petersburg, Anna Akhmatova, and to hear him read her poems in Russian in the Library of Congress was an experience to make one's hair stand on end even if one did not understand the Russian language. Joseph Brodsky was the embodiment of the hopes not only of Anna Akhmatova, the last of the great Petersburg poets from the beginning of the century, but also Nadezhda Mandelstam, the widow of another great martyred poet Osip Mandelstam. Both of them saw Joseph as part of the guiding light that might some day lead Russia back to her own deep roots.[29][32] Brodsky also was deeply influenced by the English metaphysical poets from John Donne to Auden. Many works were dedicated to other writers such as Tomas Venclova, Octavio Paz, Robert Lowell, Derek Walcott, and Benedetta Craveri.[29] Brodsky's work is seen to have been vitally enhanced by the work of renowned translators. A Part of Speech (New York and Oxford, 1980), his second major collection in English, includes translations by Anthony Hecht, Howard Moss, Derek Walcott, and Richard Wilbur. Critic and poet Henri Cole notes that Brodsky's "own translations have been criticized for turgidness, lacking a native sense of musicality."[8] Awards and honors[edit] 1978 – Honorary degree of Doctor of Letters, Yale University 1979 – Fellowship of American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters 1981 – John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation award 1986 – Honorary doctorate of literature from Oxford University The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence 1986 – National Book Critics Award for Criticism, for Less Than One (essay collection) 1987 – Nobel Prize 1989 – Honorary doctorate from the University of Essex[33] 1989 – Honorary degree from Dartmouth College[34] 1991 – honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden [35] 1991 – United States Poet Laureate 1991 – Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Award 1993 – Honorary degree from the University of Silesia in Poland Honorary member of the International Academy of Science Works[edit] Poetry collections[edit] 1967: Elegy for John Donne and Other Poems, selected, translated, and introduced by Nicholas William Bethell, London: Longman[36] 1968: Velka elegie, Paris: Edice Svedectvi 1972: Poems, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ardis 1973: Selected Poems, translated from the Russian by George L. Kline. New York: Harper & Row 1977: A Part of Speech[10] 1977: Poems and Translations, Keele: University of Keele 1980: A Part of Speech, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1981: Verses on the Winter Campaign 1980, translation by Alan Myers.–London: Anvil Press 1988: To Urania: Selected Poems, 1965–1985, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1995: On Grief and Reason: Essays, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1996: So Forth: Poems, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1999: Discovery, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2000: Collected Poems in English, 1972–1999, edited by Ann Kjellberg, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2001: Nativity Poems, translated by Melissa Green–New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2020: Selected Poems, 1968-1996, edited by Ann Kjellberg, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux Essay and interview collections[edit] 1986: Less Than One: Selected Essays, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. (Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award) 1992: Watermark, Noonday Press; New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1995: On Grief and Reason: Essays. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2003: Joseph Brodsky: Conversations, edited by Cynthia L. Haven. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi Literary Conversations Series. Plays[edit] 1989: Marbles : a Play in Three Acts, translated by Alan Myers with Joseph Brodsky.–New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1991: Democracy! in Granta 30 New Europe, translated by Alan Myers and Joseph Brodsky. In film[edit] 2008 - A Room And A Half (Russian: Полторы комнаты или сентиментальное путешествие на родину, Poltory komnaty ili sentimental'noe puteshestvie na rodinu), feature film directed by Andrei Khrzhanovsky; a fictionalized account of Brodsky's life. 2015 - Brodsky is not a Poet (Russian: Бродский не поэт, Brodskiy ne poet), documentary film by Ilia Belov on Brodsky's stay in the States. 2018 - Dovlatov (Russian: Довлатов), biographical film about writer Sergei Dovlatov (who was Joseph Brodsky's friend) directed by Aleksei German-junior; film is set in 1971 in Leningrad[37] shortly before Brodsky's emigration and Brodsky plays an important role.[38] In music[edit] The 2011 contemporary classical album Troika includes Eskender Bekmambetov's critically acclaimed,[39][40] song cycle "there ...", set to five of Joseph's Brodsky's Russian-language poems and his own translations of the poems into English.[41] Victoria Poleva wrote Summer music (2008), a chamber cantata based on the verses by Brodsky for violin solo, children choir and Strings and Ars moriendi (1983–2012), 22 monologues about death for soprano and piano (two monologues based on the verses by Brodsky ("Song" and "Empty circle"). Collections in Russian[edit] 1965: Stikhotvoreniia i poemy, Washington, D.C. : Inter-Language Literary Associates 1970: Ostanovka v pustyne, New York: Izdatel'stvo imeni Chekhova (Rev. ed. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1989) 1977: Chast' rechi: Stikhotvoreniia 1972–76, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis 1977: Konets prekrasnoi epokhi : stikhotvoreniia 1964–71, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis 1977: V Anglii, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis 1982: Rimskie elegii, New York: Russica 1983: Novye stansy k Avguste : stikhi k M.B., 1962–1982, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis 1984: Mramor, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis 1984: Uraniia : Novaia kniga stikhov, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis 1989: Ostanovka v pustyne, revised edition, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1989 (original edition: New York: Izdatel'stvo imeni Chekhova, 1970) 1990: Nazidanie : stikhi 1962–1989, Leningrad : Smart 1990: Chast' rechi : Izbrannye stikhi 1962–1989, Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura 1990: Osennii krik iastreba : Stikhotvoreniia 1962–1989, Leningrad: KTP LO IMA Press 1990: Primechaniia paporotnika, Bromma, Sweden : Hylaea 1991: Ballada o malen'kom buksire, Leningrad: Detskaia literatura 1991: Kholmy : Bol'shie stikhotvoreniia i poemy, Saint Petersburg: LP VTPO "Kinotsentr" 1991: Stikhotvoreniia, Tallinn: Eesti Raamat 1992: Naberezhnaia neistselimykh: Trinadtsat' essei, Moscow: Slovo 1992: Rozhdestvenskie stikhi, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta (revised edition in 1996) 1992–1995: Sochineniia, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond, 1992–1995, four volumes 1992: Vspominaia Akhmatovu / Joseph Brodsky, Solomon Volkov, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta 1992: Forma vremeni : stikhotvoreniia, esse, p'esy, Minsk: Eridan, two volumes 1993: Kappadokiia.–Saint Petersburg 1994: Persian Arrow/Persidskaia strela, with etchings by Edik Steinberg.–Verona: * Edizione d'Arte Gibralfaro & ECM 1995: Peresechennaia mestnost ': Puteshestviia s kommentariiami, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta 1995: V okrestnostiakh Atlantidy : Novye stikhotvoreniia, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond 1996: Peizazh s navodneniem, compiled by Aleksandr Sumerkin.–Dana Point, Cal.: Ardis 1996: Rozhdestvenskie stikhi, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta, revised edition of a work originally published in 1992 1997: Brodskii o Tsvetaevoi, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta 1998: Pis'mo Goratsiiu, Moscow: Nash dom 1996 and after: Sochineniia, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond, eight volumes 1999: Gorbunov i Gorchakov, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond 1999: Predstavlenie : novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow 2000: Ostanovka v pustyne, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond 2000: Chast' rechi, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond 2000: Konets prekrasnoi epokhi, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond 2000: Novye stansy k Avguste, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond 2000: Uraniia, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond 2000: Peizazh s navodneniem, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond 2000: Bol'shaia kniga interv'iu, Moscow: Zakharov 2001: Novaia Odisseia : Pamiati Iosifa Brodskogo, Moscow: Staroe literaturnoe obozrenie 2001: Peremena imperii : Stikhotvoreniia 1960–1996, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta 2001: Vtoroi vek posle nashei ery : dramaturgija Iosifa Brodskogo, Saint Petersburg: Zvezda See also[edit] Russia portal Biography portal United States portal Poetry portal List of Jewish Nobel laureates References[edit] ^ a b https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1987/brodsky.html ^ Also known as Josip, Josef or Joseph. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987". Nobelprize. October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 7, 2010. ^ "Poet Laureate Timeline: 1981–1990". Library of Congress. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-01. ^ А. Ранчин, … Критическая масса, 2006, № 2 ^ "Surnames of Rabbinical Families. JewishGen". Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2015-05-26. ^ Finding Our Fathers: A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy By Dan Rottenberg ^ a b c d e f g h i Cole, Henri "Brodsky, Joseph". The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English. Ian Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 1996. ^ a b c d e f g Keith Gessen, "Joseph Brodsky and the fortunes of misfortune", The New Yorker, May 23, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p McFadden, Robert Dennis (1996-01-29). "Joseph Brodsky, Exiled Poet Who Won Nobel, Dies at 55". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-01. ^ Scammell, Michael (18 May 2012). "Pride and Poetry (on Joseph Brodsky: A Literary Life by Lev Loseff)". The New Republic. Retrieved 4 June 2012. ^ a b Shtern, Ludmila (2004). Brodsky: A Personal Memoir. Baskerville Publishers, p. 63. ISBN 978-1-880909-70-6 ^ a b Natalia Zhdanova, "Timelessness: Water Frees Time from Time Itself" Archived 2008-10-03 at the Wayback Machine, Neva News, 1 August 2007. ^ Remnick, David (December 20, 2010). "Gulag Lite". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 October 2011. ^ Cissie Dore Hill (trans.)Remembering Joseph Brodsky Archived 2009-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. Hoover Institution ^ ""А вы учились этому?" Стенограмма суда над Иосифом Бродским" ["Are you trained to do that?" Transcription of Joseph Brodsky court case]. TV Rain. 2014-12-03. Retrieved 2014-12-03. ^ Remnick, David (December 20, 2010). "Gulag Lite". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 October 2011. ^ Russian writers since 1980, Volume 285 of Dictionary of literary biography. Editors Marina Balina, Mark Naumovich Lipovet︠s︡kiĭ. Gale publishers (2004), p. 28 ^ a b Brintlinger, Angela; Vinitsky, Ilya (2007). Madness and the mad in Russian culture. University of Toronto Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8020-9140-6. ^ D. Smirnov-Sadovsky, Song from Underground, Booklet of the Festival "Masterpieces of the Russian Underground", Lincoln Center, New York, USA, January 2003, pp. 16-19 ^ Song from Underground, Wikilivres ^ a b Haven (2006) p84 ^ Loseff, Lev (2010) Joseph Brodsky: A Literary Life, Yale University Press (New Haven, CT) ^ Profile at Mount Holyoke College ^ Gross, Irena. "A Jewish Boy with a Head Full of Russian Rhymes". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 45th Annual Convention, Boston Marriott Copley Place, Boston, MA. Abstract ^ Stern (2004) p. 305 ^ Brodsky, Joseph. "New Stances" Ardis, 1983, USA ^ Stern (2004) p. 330 ^ a b c d e 19 February 1996 "Death of a Poet Laureate: Joseph Brodsky Turned Exile into Inspiration" Library of Congress, obituary ^ a b c "Brodsky, Joseph" The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Edited by Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press. ^ Dingle, Carol (2003) Memorable Quotations: Jewish Writers of the Past p. 22 ISBN 978-0-595-27245-7 ^ Martin, Eden (2007) Collecting Anna Akhmatova. The Caxtonian Vol. 4 April 2007, p. 2 Journal of the Caxton Club Accessed 2010-10-21 ^ "Honorary Graduates". University of Essex. Retrieved 5 November 2014. ^ "Commencement: Dartmouth College". New York Times. June 12, 1989. ^ http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/ ^ Joseph Brodsky Bibliography. nobelprize.org (1987). accessdate=2009-01-01 ^ Алексей Герман-младший приступил к работе над фильмом «Довлатов» // Rossiyskaya gazeta ^ Алексей Герман: Довлатов — это наш миф // RIA Novosti ^ "Poetry and Song to Plumb the Russian Soul's Depths" by Vivien Schweitzer, New York Times (14 February 2008) ^ "Performing Arts: Chamber Orchestra Kremlin" by Joe Banno, Washington Post (p. C9, 18 February 2008) ^ "Troika: Russia's westerly poetry in three orchestral song cycles", Rideau Rouge Records, ASIN: B005USB24A, 2011. Sources[edit] Bethea, David (1994) Joseph Brodsky and the Creation of Exile, Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ) Berlina, Alexandra (2014). Brodsky Translating Brodsky. Bloomsbury (New York; Anna Balakian Prize 2013-2016) Miłosz, Czesław and Haven, Cynthia L. (Ed.) (2006) Czesław Miłosz: Conversations. Includes "Interview between Joseph Brodsky and Czeslaw Milosz". University Press of Mississippi ISBN 978-1-57806-829-6 Loseff, Lev (2010) Joseph Brodsky: a Literary Life, Yale University Press (New Haven, CT) Speh, Alice J (1996) The Poet as Traveler: Joseph Brodsky in Mexico and Rome, Peter Lang (New York, NY) Shtern, Ludmila (2004) Brodsky: A Personal Memoir, Baskerville Publishers ISBN 978-1-880909-70-6 Further reading[edit] Steele, Peter (Mar 1996). "Joseph Brodsky 1940–1996". Tribute. Quadrant. 40 (3): 16–17. External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Joseph Brodsky Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Brodsky. Joseph Brodsky poetry ‘The birds of paradise sing without a needing a supple branch’: Joseph Brodsky and the Poetics of Exile Cordite Poetry Review 19 February 1996 "Death of a Poet Laureate: Joseph Brodsky Turned Exile into Inspiration" Library of Congress, obituary. Sven Birkerts (Spring 1982). ""Joseph Brodsky", interview. The Art of Poetry No. 28". The Paris Review. Interview 29 January 1996 PBS (US) Profile, poems and audio files from the Academy of American Poets. Brodsky Biography and bibliography, Poetry Foundation (US) Petri Liukkonen. "Joseph Brodsky". Books and Writers Joseph Brodsky on Nobelprize.org Written in Stone – Burial locations of literary figures. Joseph Brodsky Papers. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University Brodsky speaks about his life, with translated readings by Frances Horowitz - a British Library sound recording Joseph Brodsky Collection at Mount Holyoke College Works by or about Joseph Brodsky at Internet Archive Joseph Brodsky Collection at Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library, Emory University v t e Joseph Brodsky Books of poetry Poetry and Poems A Stop in a Desert The End of the Belle Époque Part of Speech New Stanzas to Augusta Urania Notes of the Fern Landscape with Flood Collected Poems in English To Urania Poems Gorbunov and Gorchakov On the Independence of Ukraine Cycles of poems Part of speech Twenty Sonnets to Mary Stewart Essays and Speeches In a Room and a Half [ru] Watermark [ru] Less Than One: Selected Essays Translations Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Museums Apartment Museum of Joseph Brodsky House-Museum of Joseph Brodsky [ru] American Office of Joseph Brodsky v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1901–1925 1901: Sully Prudhomme 1902: Theodor Mommsen 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906: Giosuè Carducci 1907: Rudyard Kipling 1908: Rudolf Eucken 1909: Selma Lagerlöf 1910: Paul Heyse 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann 1913: Rabindranath Tagore 1914 1915: Romain Rolland 1916: Verner von Heidenstam 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 1919: Carl Spitteler 1920: Knut Hamsun 1921: Anatole France 1922: Jacinto Benavente 1923: W. B. Yeats 1924: Władysław Reymont 1925: George Bernard Shaw 1926–1950 1926: Grazia Deledda 1927: Henri Bergson 1928: Sigrid Undset 1929: Thomas Mann 1930: Sinclair Lewis 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1932: John Galsworthy 1933: Ivan Bunin 1934: Luigi Pirandello 1935 1936: Eugene O'Neill 1937: Roger Martin du Gard 1938: Pearl S. Buck 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944: Johannes V. Jensen 1945: Gabriela Mistral 1946: Hermann Hesse 1947: André Gide 1948: T. S. Eliot 1949: William Faulkner 1950: Bertrand Russell 1951–1975 1951: Pär Lagerkvist 1952: François Mauriac 1953: Winston Churchill 1954: Ernest Hemingway 1955: Halldór Laxness 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957: Albert Camus 1958: Boris Pasternak 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo 1960: Saint-John Perse 1961: Ivo Andrić 1962: John Steinbeck 1963: Giorgos Seferis 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award) 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968: Yasunari Kawabata 1969: Samuel Beckett 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1971: Pablo Neruda 1972: Heinrich Böll 1973: Patrick White 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1975: Eugenio Montale 1976–2000 1976: Saul Bellow 1977: Vicente Aleixandre 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979: Odysseas Elytis 1980: Czesław Miłosz 1981: Elias Canetti 1982: Gabriel García Márquez 1983: William Golding 1984: Jaroslav Seifert 1985: Claude Simon 1986: Wole Soyinka 1987: Joseph Brodsky 1988: Naguib Mahfouz 1989: Camilo José Cela 1990: Octavio Paz 1991: Nadine Gordimer 1992: Derek Walcott 1993: Toni Morrison 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe 1995: Seamus Heaney 1996: Wisława Szymborska 1997: Dario Fo 1998: José Saramago 1999: Günter Grass 2000: Gao Xingjian 2001–present 2001: V. S. Naipaul 2002: Imre Kertész 2003: J. M. Coetzee 2004: Elfriede Jelinek 2005: Harold Pinter 2006: Orhan Pamuk 2007: Doris Lessing 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio 2009: Herta Müller 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa 2011: Tomas Tranströmer 2012: Mo Yan 2013: Alice Munro 2014: Patrick Modiano 2015: Svetlana Alexievich 2016: Bob Dylan 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro 2018: Olga Tokarczuk 2019: Peter Handke 2020: Louise Glück v t e 1987 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry Donald J. Cram (United States) Jean-Marie Lehn (France) Charles J. Pedersen (United States) Literature Joseph Brodsky (Russia/United States) Peace Óscar Arias (Costa Rica) Physics Johannes Georg Bednorz (Germany) Karl Alexander Müller (Switzerland) Physiology or Medicine Susumu Tonegawa (Japan) Economic Sciences Robert Solow (United States) Nobel Prize recipients 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 v t e Laureates of the Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Robert Rozhdestvensky (1966) Bulat Okudzhava (1967) László Nagy (1968) Mak Dizdar (1969) Miodrag Pavlović (1970) W. H. Auden (1971) Pablo Neruda (1972) Eugenio Montale (1973) Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca (1974) Léopold Sédar Senghor (1975) Eugène Guillevic (1976) Artur Lundkvist (1977) Rafael Alberti (1978) Miroslav Krleža (1979) Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1980) Blaže Koneski (1981) Nichita Stănescu (1982) Sachchidananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya' (1983) Andrei Voznesensky (1984) Yiannis Ritsos (1985) Allen Ginsberg (1986) Tadeusz Różewicz (1987) Desanka Maksimović (1988) Thomas Shapcott (1989) Justo Jorge Padrón (1990) Joseph Brodsky (1991) Ferenc Juhász (1992) Gennadiy Aygi (1993) Ted Hughes (1994) Yehuda Amichai (1995) Makoto Ooka (1996) Adunis (1997) Liu Banjiu (1998) Yves Bonnefoy (1999) Edoardo Sanguineti (2000) Seamus Heaney (2001) Slavko Mihalić (2002) Tomas Tranströmer (2003) Vasco Graça Moura (2004) William S. Merwin (2005) Nancy Morejón (2006) Mahmoud Darwish (2007) Fatos Arapi (2008) Tomaž Šalamun (2009) Lyubomir Levchev (2010) Mateja Matevski (2011) Mongane Wally Serote (2012) José Emilio Pacheco (2013) Ko Un (2014) Bei Dao (2015) Margaret Atwood (2016) Charles Simic (2017) Adam Zagajewski (2018) Ana Blandiana (2019) v t e Poets Laureate / Consultants in Poetry to the Library of Congress Joseph Auslander (1937) Allen Tate (1943) Robert Penn Warren (1944) Louise Bogan (1945) Karl Shapiro (1946) Robert Lowell (1947) Léonie Adams (1948) Elizabeth Bishop (1949) Conrad Aiken (1950) William Carlos Williams (1952) Randall Jarrell (1956) Robert Frost (1958) Richard Eberhart (1959) Louis Untermeyer (1961) Howard Nemerov (1963) Reed Whittemore (1964) Stephen Spender (1965) James Dickey (1966) William Jay Smith (1968) William Stafford (1970) Josephine Jacobsen (1971) Daniel Hoffman (1973) Stanley Kunitz (1974) Robert Hayden (1976) William Meredith (1978) Maxine Kumin (1981) Anthony Hecht (1982) Reed Whittemore (1984) Robert Fitzgerald (1984) Gwendolyn Brooks (1985) Robert Penn Warren (1986) Richard Wilbur (1987) Howard Nemerov (1988) Mark Strand (1990) Joseph Brodsky (1991) Mona Van Duyn (1992) Rita Dove (1993) Robert Hass (1995) Robert Pinsky (1997) Rita Dove, Louise Glück & W. S. Merwin (1999) Stanley Kunitz (2000) Billy Collins (2001) Louise Glück (2003) Ted Kooser (2004) Donald Hall (2006) Charles Simic (2007) Kay Ryan (2008–2010) W. S. Merwin (2010–2011) Philip Levine (2011–2012) Natasha Trethewey (2012–2014) Charles Wright (2014–2015) Juan Felipe Herrera (2015–2017) Tracy K. Smith (2017–2019) Joy Harjo (2019–present) v t e Soviet dissidents Human rights movement in the Soviet Union: Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR Committee on Human Rights in the USSR Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund Moscow Helsinki Group Ukrainian Helsinki Group Lithuanian Helsinki Group‎ Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes Helsinki-86 Memorial Mikhail Agursky Vasily Aksyonov Lyudmila Alexeyeva Andrei Amalrik Chabua Amirejibi Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko Gunārs Astra Mykola Bakay Anna Barkova Vasile Bătrânac Arkadiy Belinkov Nikolai Berdyaev Yuri Bezmenov Larisa Bogoraz Alexander Bolonkin Yelena Bonner Leonid Borodin Vladimir Bougrine Joseph Brodsky Vladimir Bukovsky Valery Chalidze Lev Chernyi Boris Chichibabin Viacheslav Chornovil Lydia Chukovskaya Yuli Daniel Vadim Delaunay Andrey Derevyankin David Devdariani Ivan Drach Yuri Druzhnikov Mustafa Dzhemilev Ivan Dziuba Abulfaz Elchibey Alexander Esenin-Volpin Eliyahu Essas Efim Etkind Benjamin Fain Viktor Fainberg Moysey Fishbein Ilya Gabay Balys Gajauskas Yuri Galanskov Alexander Galich Sultan Galiev Zviad Gamsakhurdia Vladimir Gershuni Alexander Ginzburg Yevgenia Ginzburg Anatoly Gladilin Semyon Gluzman Natalya Gorbanevskaya Pyotr Grigorenko Sergei Grigoryants Vasily Grossman Igor Guberman Tengiz Gudava Paruyr Hayrikyan Ivan Hel Oleksa Hirnyk Mykola Horbal Bohdan Horyn Mykhailo Horyn Grigory Isayev Boris Kagarlitsky Romas Kalanta Sofiya Kalistratova Ihor Kalynets Iryna Kalynets Vitaliy Kalynychenko Dina Kaminskaya Ivan Kandyba Ephraim Kholmyansky Yuliy Kim Nikolai Klyuev Lev Kopelev Boris Korczak Anatoly Koryagin Nahum Korzhavin Merab Kostava Lina Kostenko Sergei Kovalev Zoya Krakhmalnikova Victor Krasin Yuri Kublanovsky Jüri Kukk Anatoly Kuznetsov Eduard Kuznetsov Malva Landa Alexander Lavut Mikhail Leontovich Alexander Lerner Yaroslav Lesiv Eugene Levich Veniamin Levich Eduard Limonov Pavel Litvinov Levko Lukyanenko Nikolay Lossky Kronid Lyubarsky Michail J. Makarenko Vasyl Makukh Guram Mamulia Nadezhda Mandelstam Anatoly Marchenko Valeriy Marchenko Myroslav Marynovych Gregori Maximoff Roy Medvedev Zhores Medvedev Naum Meiman Mykhailo Melnyk Alexander Men Yosef Mendelevitch Vazif Meylanov Andrei Mironov Ion Moraru Viktor Nekipelov Viktor Nekrasov Alexander Nekrich Valeriya Novodvorskaya Vasile Odobescu Alexander Ogorodnikov Yuri Orlov Raisa Orlova Yulian Panich Lagle Parek Boris Pasternak Konstantin Paustovsky Gleb Pavlovsky Zianon Pazniak Yekaterina Peshkova Viktoras Petkus Alexander Piatigorsky Leonid Plyushch Alexandr Podrabinek Grigory Pomerants Vladimir Pribylovsky Dmitri Prigov Anatoly Pristavkin Boris Pustyntsev Irina Ratushinskaya Eliyahu Rips Arseny Roginsky Maria Rozanova Mykola Rudenko Yuly Rybakov Ain Saar Valery Sablin Andrei Sakharov Dmitri Savitski Shmuel Schneurson Victor Serge Efraim Sevela Igor Shafarevich Varlam Shalamov Avital Sharansky Natan Sharansky Vladimir Shelkov Yuriy Shukhevych Danylo Shumuk Andrei Sinyavsky Vladimir Slepak Victor Sokolov Sergei Soldatov Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Pitirim Sorokin Galina Starovoytova Vladimir Strelnikov Aleksandras Štromas Vasyl Stus Nadiya Svitlychna Ivan Svitlichny Vasyl Symonenko Les Tanyuk Alexander Tarasov Valery Tarsis Enn Tarto Lev Timofeev Valentin Turchin Andrei Tverdokhlebov Tatyana Velikanova Tomas Venclova Georgi Vins Georgi Vladimov Vladimir Voinovich Michael Voslenski Anatoly Yakobson Gleb Yakunin Venedikt Yerofeyev Yevgeny Zamyatin Alexander Zinoviev Yosyf Zisels Authority control BIBSYS: 90068118 BNE: XX843889 BNF: cb11894121r (data) CANTIC: a1005442x CiNii: DA01857280 GND: 118660136 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\071179 ISNI: 0000 0001 2277 9965 LCCN: n80022834 LNB: 000026706 MBA: 27cafe48-831c-4cfe-8823-7473f733eb58 NDL: 00463809 NKC: jn19990001110 NLA: 35508786 NLG: 76752 NLI: 000602272 NLK: KAC201421498 NTA: 068558414 PLWABN: 9810585153805606 RERO: 02-A000023149 SELIBR: 179277 SNAC: w6tt580r SUDOC: 026754215 Trove: 978711 VIAF: 31993687 WorldCat 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