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	Western (genre)

	
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Multimedia genre of stories set primarily in the American Old West




"Westerns" redirects here. For other uses, see Western (disambiguation).

"Western movies" redirects here. For The Olympics song, see Western Movies.

  
Justus D. Barnes in Western apparel, as "Bronco Billy Anderson", from the silent film The Great Train Robbery (1903), the second Western film and the first one shot in the United States



Western is a genre of fiction set primarily in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th century in the Western United States, which is styled the "Old West". Its stories commonly center on the life of a nomadic cowboy or gunfighter[1] armed with a revolver and a rifle who rides a horse. Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear broad-brimmed and high-crowned Stetson hats, neckerchief bandannas, vests, spurs, cowboy boots, and buckskins (alternatively dusters). Recurring characters include the aforementioned cowboys, Native Americans, Spaniards, Mexicans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, gamblers, soldiers (especially mounted cavalry, such as buffalo soldiers), and settlers (farmers, ranchers, and townsfolk). The ambience is usually punctuated with a Western music score, including American and Spanish/Mexican folk music such as country, Native American music, New Mexico music, and rancheras.

Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a "mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West."[2] Specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways, wilderness, and isolated military forts of the Wild West.

Common plots include:


	The construction of a railroad or a telegraph line on the wild frontier.
	Ranchers protecting their family ranch from rustlers or large landowners, or who build a ranch empire.
	Revenge stories, which hinge on the chase and pursuit by someone who has been wronged.
	Stories about cavalry fighting Native Americans.
	Outlaw gang plots.
	Stories about a lawman or bounty hunter tracking down his quarry.


Many Westerns use a stock plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution, which is often dispensed through a shootout or quick-draw duel.[3][4][5]

The Western has been recognized as the most popular Hollywood film genre of the early 20th century through the 1960s. Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Ford's landmark Western film Stagecoach (1939) became one of the biggest hits of that year, and made John Wayne a mainstream movie star. The popularity of Westerns continued to grow in the 1940s, with the release of films such as The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), My Darling Clementine (1946), Fort Apache (1948), and Red River (1948). The 1950s have been described as the "Golden Age of the Western," and saw the release of films such as Broken Arrow (1950), High Noon (1952), Shane (1953), Wichita (1955),  The Searchers (1956), and Rio Bravo (1959). Notable Western films released in the 1960s include Cat Ballou (1965), The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), The Wild Bunch (1969), and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969).[6] 

Classic Westerns such as these have been the inspiration for various films about Western-type characters in contemporary settings, such as Junior Bonner (1972), set in the 1970s, and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005), set in the 21st century.


Play media
  
The Great Train Robbery (1903)



Contents


	1 Themes
	2 Film
	2.1 Characteristics
	2.2 Subgenres
	2.2.1 Classical Western
	2.2.2 Acid Western
	2.2.3 Charro, Cabrito or Chili Westerns
	2.2.4 Comedy Western
	2.2.5 Contemporary Western or Neo-Western
	2.2.6 Electric Western
	2.2.7 Epic Western
	2.2.8 Euro-Western
	2.2.9 Fantasy Western
	2.2.10 Florida Western
	2.2.11 Greek Western
	2.2.12 Horror Western
	2.2.13 Dacoit Western
	2.2.14 Martial arts Western (Wuxia Western)
	2.2.15 Meat pie Western
	2.2.16 Northwestern
	2.2.17 Ostern
	2.2.18 Pornographic Western
	2.2.19 Ramen Western
	2.2.20 Revisionist Western
	2.2.21 Science fiction Western
	2.2.22 Space Western
	2.2.23 Spaghetti Western
	2.2.24 Documentary Western
	2.2.25 Snow Western
	2.2.26 Weird Western
	2.2.27 Australian Western



	2.3 Genre studies
	2.4 Influences



	3 Literature
	4 Television
	5 Visual art
	6 Other media
	6.1 Anime and manga
	6.2 Comics
	6.3 Games
	6.4 Radio dramas
	6.5 Web series



	7 See also
	8 References
	9 Further reading
	10 External links





Themes[edit]

  
The Lone Ranger; a famous heroic lawman who was with a cavalry of six Texas Rangers until they were all killed but him. He preferred to remain anonymous, so he resigned and built a sixth grave that supposedly held his body.  He fights on as a lawman, wearing a mask, for, "Outlaws live in a world of fear.  Fear of the mysterious."



The Western genre sometimes portrays the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature in the name of civilization or the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original, Native American, inhabitants of the frontier.[1]  The Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–"frontier justice"–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are often played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them (e.g., True Grit has revenge and retribution as its main themes). This Western depiction of personal justice contrasts sharply with justice systems organized around rationalistic, abstract law that exist in cities, in which social order is maintained predominately through relatively impersonal institutions such as courtrooms. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, usually a cowboy or a gunfighter.[1]  A showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns.

In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the literary descendants of the knights errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances.[1] Like the cowboy or gunfighter of the Western, the knight errant of the earlier European tales and poetry was wandering from place to place on his horse, fighting villains of various kinds and bound to no fixed social structures, but only to their own innate code of honor. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress. Similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture.

The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, although some notable examples (e.g. the later Westerns of John Ford or Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, about an old hired killer) are more morally ambiguous. Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Western films generally have specific settings such as isolated ranches, Native American villages, or small frontier towns with a saloon. Oftentimes, these settings appear deserted and without much structure. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West: it is the place to go for music (raucous piano playing), women (often prostitutes), gambling (draw poker or five card stud), drinking (beer or whiskey), brawling and shooting. In some Westerns, where civilization has arrived, the town has a church, a general store, a bank and a school; in others, where frontier rules still hold sway, it is, as Sergio Leone said, "where life has no value".


Film[edit]

Characteristics[edit]

  
Gary Cooper in Vera Cruz



The American Film Institute defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle and the demise of the new frontier."[7]  The term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine.[8] Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form.[9]  Western films commonly feature protagonists such as cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as semi-nomadic wanderers who wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, and buckskins, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival–and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.[citation needed]

Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era (1894-1927). With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns,[10] leaving the genre to smaller studios and producers. These smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. By the late 1930s, the Western film was widely regarded as a "pulp" genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by major studio productions such as Dodge City starring Errol Flynn, Jesse James with Tyrone Power, Union Pacific with Joel McCrea, Destry Rides Again featuring James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich, and the release of John Ford's landmark Western adventure Stagecoach, which became one of the biggest hits of the year. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream screen star in the wake of a decade of headlining B Westerns. Wayne had been introduced to the screen ten years earlier as the leading man in director Raoul Walsh's spectacular widescreen The Big Trail, which failed at the box office in spite of being shot on location across the American West including the Grand Canyon, Yosemite, and the giant redwoods, due in part to exhibitors' inability to switch over to widescreen during the Great Depression. After the Western's renewed commercial successes in the late 1930s, the popularity of the Western continued to rise until its peak in the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.[11]


  
Western set at Universal Studios in Hollywood



Western films often depict conflicts with Native Americans. While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray the "Injuns" as dishonorable villains, the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment.  Other recurring themes of Westerns include Western treks (e.g. The Big Trail) or perilous journeys (e.g. Stagecoach) or groups of bandits terrorizing small towns such as in The Magnificent Seven.

Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, as in other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, or Wyoming. These settings gave filmmakers the ability to depict vast plains, looming mountains and epic canyons. Productions were also filmed on location at movie ranches.[citation needed]

Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film. After the early 1950s, various wide screen formats such as Cinemascope (1953) and VistaVision used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular Western landscapes. John Ford's use of Monument Valley as an expressive landscape in his films from Stagecoach (1939) to Cheyenne Autumn (1965) "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans".[2]


Subgenres[edit]

	
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Dan Duryea in Along Came Jones



Author and screenwriter Frank Gruber described seven plots for Westerns:[12][13]


	Union Pacific story. The plot concerns construction of a railroad, a telegraph line, or some other type of modern technology or transportation. Wagon train stories fall into this category.
	Ranch story. The plot concerns threats to the ranch from rustlers or large landowners attempting to force out the proper owners.
	Empire story. The plot involves building a ranch empire or an oil empire from scratch, a classic rags-to-riches plot.
	Revenge story. The plot often involves an elaborate chase and pursuit by a wronged individual, but it may also include elements of the classic mystery story.
	Cavalry and Indian story. The plot revolves around "taming" the wilderness for white settlers.
	Outlaw story. The outlaw gangs dominate the action.
	Marshal story. The lawman and his challenges drive the plot.


Gruber said that good writers used dialogue and plot development to develop these basic plots into believable stories.[13] Other subgenres include:


	Spaghetti Westerns
	epic Westerns
	singing cowboy Westerns
	comedy Westerns such as:
	Along Came Jones (1945), in which Gary Cooper spoofed his Western persona
	The Sheepman (1958), with Glenn Ford poking fun at himself
	Cat Ballou (1965), with a drunk Lee Marvin atop a drunk horse.
	Blazing Saddles (1974)


	Contemporary or Neo-Western films such as:
	Brokeback Mountain (2005)
	No Country for Old Men (2007)
	Rango (2011)




In the 1960s and 1970s, the Western was reinvented with the revisionist Western.[14]


Classical Western[edit]

  
John Wayne in The Comancheros (1961)



The first known Western narrative film is the British short Kidnapping by Indians, made by Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn, England, in 1899.[15][16] The Great Train Robbery (1903, based on the earlier British film A Daring Daylight Burglary), Edwin S. Porter's film starring Broncho Billy Anderson, is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and William K. Everson point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to The Great Train Robbery. " Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre."[17] The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first cowboy star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from Tom Mix and William S. Hart.[18]

The Golden Age of the Western is epitomized by the work of several directors, most prominent among them, John Ford (My Darling Clementine, The Horse Soldiers, The Searchers). Others include: Howard Hawks (Red River, Rio Bravo, El Dorado), Anthony Mann (Man of the West, The Naked Spur, The Tin Star,The Man from Laramie), Budd Boetticher (Seven Men from Now, Comanche Station, The Tall T, Ride Lonesome), King Vidor (Man without a Star, Duel in the Sun), Jacques Tourneur, (Canyon Passage, Wichita, Stranger on Horseback, Great Day in the Morning, Stars in My Crown), Delmer Daves (The Hanging Tree, 3:10 to Yuma), William Wellman (Westward the Women), Allan Dwann (Silver Lode), Samuel Fuller (Forty Guns), John Sturges (The Magnificent Seven, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, Last Train from Gun Hill), Nicolas Ray (Johnny Guitar), Marlon Brando (One-Eyed Jacks) and Robert Aldrich (Vera Cruz, The Last Sunset,  Ulzana's Raid).[19]


Acid Western[edit]

Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum refers to a makeshift 1960s and 1970s genre called the Acid Western,[20] associated with Dennis Hopper, Jim McBride, and Rudy Wurlitzer, as well as films like Monte Hellman's The Shooting (1966), Alejandro Jodorowsky's bizarre experimental film El Topo (The Mole) (1970),[20] and Robert Downey Sr.'s Greaser's Palace (1972).[20] The 1970 film El Topo is an allegorical cult Western and underground film about the eponymous character, a violent black-clad gunfighter, and his quest for enlightenment. The film is filled with bizarre characters and occurrences, use of maimed and dwarf performers, and heavy doses of Christian symbolism and Eastern philosophy. Some Spaghetti Westerns also crossed over into the Acid Western genre, such as Enzo G. Castellari's mystical Keoma (1976), a Western reworking of Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal (1957).

More recent Acid Westerns include Alex Cox's film Walker (1987) and Jim Jarmusch's film Dead Man (1995). Rosenbaum describes the Acid Western as "formulating a chilling, savage frontier poetry to justify its hallucinated agenda"; ultimately, he says, the Acid Western expresses a counterculture sensibility to critique and replace capitalism with alternative forms of exchange.[21]


Charro, Cabrito or Chili Westerns[edit]

Charro Westerns, often featuring musical stars as well as action, have been a standard feature of Mexican cinema since the 1930s. In the 1930s and 1940s, these were typically films about horsemen in rural Mexican society, displaying a set of cultural concerns very different from the Hollywood meta-narrative, but the overlap between "charro" movies and Westerns became more apparent in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Some examples are Ismael Rodríguez's Los Hermanos del Hierro (1961), Jorge Fons's Cinco Mil Dólares de Recompensa and Arturo Ripstein Tiempo de Morir. The most important is Alberto Mariscal, great author of El tunco Maclovio, Todo por nada, Los marcados, El juez de la soga and La chamuscada [22][23]


Comedy Western[edit]

This subgenre is imitative in style in order to mock, comment on, or trivialize the Western genre's established traits, subjects, auteurs' styles, or some other target by means of humorous, satiric, or ironic imitation or parody. A prime example of Comedy Western includes The Paleface (1948), which makes a satirical effort to "send-up Owen Wister's novel The Virginian and all the cliches of the Western from the fearless hero to the final shootout on main street. The result was The Paleface (1948) which features a cowardly hero known as 'Painless' Peter Potter (Bob Hope), an inept dentist who often entertains the notion that he's a crack sharpshooter and accomplished Indian fighter".[24]


Contemporary Western or Neo-Western[edit]

Also known as Neo-Westerns, these films have contemporary U.S. settings, and they utilize Old West themes and motifs (a rebellious anti-hero, open plains and desert landscapes, and gunfights). These films have been on the rise since the release of Joel and Ethan Coen's No Country for Old Men (2007). For the most part, they still take place in the American West and reveal the progression of the Old West mentality into the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This subgenre often features Old West-type characters struggling with displacement in a "civilized" world that rejects their outdated brand of justice. Taylor Sheridan's filmography can be used as a template to identify what it means to be a neo-western film,[25] with three identifying themes. First is the lack of rules, with morals guided by the character's or audience's instincts of right and wrong rather than by governance. The second is characters searching for justice. The third theme, characters feeling remorse, connects the neo-western film to the broader Western genre, reinforcing a universal theme that consequences come with actions.[25] 

Examples include Nicholas Ray's  The Lusty Men (1952); John Sturges's Bad Day at Black Rock (1955); Lonely Are the Brave, screenplay by Dalton Trumbo (1962), Hud, starring Paul Newman (1963); The Getaway (1972); Junior Bonner (1972); Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974); Hearts of the West starring Jeff Bridges (1975); Alan J. Pakula's Comes a Horseman (1978); J. W. Coop (1972), directed/co-produced/co-written by and starring Cliff Robertson; Flashpoint (1984); Extreme Prejudice (1987); Robert Rodríguez's El Mariachi (1992),  Desperado (1995) and Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003); John Sayles's Lone Star (1996); The Way of the Gun (2000); Down in the Valley (2005);  Tommy Lee Jones's The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005); Ang Lee's Brokeback Mountain (2005); Wim Wenders's Don't Come Knocking (2005); Joel and Ethan Coen's No Country for Old Men (2007); Rambo: Last Blood (2019); El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie (2019); Nomadland (2020); the television shows Justified (2010–2015) and Longmire (2012-2017); Hell or High Water (2016) and Wind River (2017), both written by Taylor Sheridan; and the superhero film Logan (2017). Call of Juarez: The Cartel is an example of a Neo-Western video game. Likewise, the television series Breaking Bad, which takes place in modern times, features many examples of Western archetypes. According to creator Vince Gilligan, "After the first Breaking Bad episode, it started to dawn on me that we could be making a contemporary western. So you see scenes that are like gunfighters squaring off, like Clint Eastwood and Lee Van Cleef—we have Walt and others like that."[26]

The precursor to these[citation needed] was the radio series Tales of the Texas Rangers (1950–1952), with Joel McCrea, a contemporary detective drama set in Texas, featuring many of the characteristics of traditional Westerns.


Electric Western[edit]

The 1971 film Zachariah starring John Rubinstein, Don Johnson and Pat Quinn was billed as the "first electric Western."[27] The film featured multiple performing rock bands in an otherwise American West setting.[27]

Zachariah featured appearances and music supplied by rock groups from the 1970s, including the James Gang[27] and Country Joe and the Fish as "The Cracker Band."[27] Fiddler Doug Kershaw had a musical cameo[27] as does Elvin Jones as a gunslinging drummer named Job Cain.[27]

The independent film Hate Horses starring Dominique Swain, Ron Thompson and Paul Dooley billed itself as the "second electric Western."[28]


Epic Western[edit]

The epic Western is a subgenre of the Western that emphasizes the story of the American Old West on a grand scale. Many epic Westerns are commonly set during a turbulent time, especially a war, as in Sergio Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), set during the American Civil War, or Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), set during the Mexican Revolution. One of the grandest films in this genre is Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), which shows many operatic conflicts centered on control of a town while utilizing wide scale shots on Monument Valley locations against a broad running time. Other notable examples include The Iron Horse (1924), Duel in the Sun (1946), The Searchers (1956), Giant (1956), The Big Country (1958), Cimarron (1960), How the West Was Won (1962), Duck, You Sucker! (1971), Heaven's Gate (1980), Dances with Wolves (1990), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), Django Unchained (2012) and  The Revenant (2015).


Euro-Western[edit]

Euro-Westerns are Western genre films made in Western Europe. The term can sometimes, but not necessarily, include the Spaghetti Western subgenre (see below). One example of a Euro Western is the Anglo-Spanish film The Savage Guns (1961). Several Euro-Western films, nicknamed Sauerkraut Westerns[29] because they were made in Germany and shot in Yugoslavia, were derived from stories by novelist Karl May and were film adaptations of May's work. One of the most popular German Western franchises was the Winnetou series, which featured a Native American Apache hero in the lead role. Also in Finland, only a few western films have been made, the most notable of which could be the 1971 low-budget western comedy The Unhanged, directed, written and starred by Spede Pasanen.

Some new Euro-Westerns emerged in the 2010s, including Kristian Levring's The Salvation, Martin Koolhoven's Brimstone, and Andreas Prochaska's The Dark Valley.


Fantasy Western[edit]

Main article: Weird West

Fantasy Westerns mixed in fantasy settings and themes, and may include fantasy mythology as background. Some famous examples are Stephen King's The Stand and The Dark Tower series of novels, the Vertigo comics series Preacher, and Keiichi Sigsawa's light novel series, Kino's Journey, illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi.


Florida Western[edit]

Florida Westerns, also known as Cracker Westerns, are set in Florida during the Second Seminole War. An example is Distant Drums (1951) starring Gary Cooper.


Greek Western[edit]

According to the naming conventions after Spaghetti Western, in Greece is also referred to as "fasolada Western" (Greek: φασολάδα = bean soup, i.e. the so called national dish of Greece). Notable example is Blood on the Land (1966) which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.[30]


Horror Western[edit]

Main article: Weird West

A developing subgenre,[citation needed] with roots in films such as Curse of the Undead (1959) and Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966), which depicts the legendary outlaw Billy the Kid fighting against the notorious vampire. Another example is The Ghoul Goes West, an unproduced Ed Wood film to star Bela Lugosi as Dracula in the Old West.[citation needed]  Recent examples include the films Near Dark (1987) directed by Kathryn Bigelow which tells the story about a human falling in love with a vampire, From Dusk till Dawn (1996) by Robert Rodriguez deals with outlaws battling vampires across the border, Vampires (1998) by John Carpenter tells about a group of vampires and vampire hunters looking for an ancient relic in the west, Ravenous (1999), which deals with cannibalism at a remote US army outpost; The Burrowers (2008), about a band of trackers who are stalked by the titular creatures; and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012). Undead Nightmare (2010), an expansion to Red Dead Redemption (2010) is an example of a video game in this genre, telling the tale of a zombie outbreak in the Old West. Bone Tomahawk (2015) one of the most recent entries in the genre received wide critical acclaim for its chilling tale of cannibalism but, like many other movies in the genre, it wasn't a commercial success.


Dacoit Western[edit]

Main article: Dacoit Western

The Bollywood film Sholay (1975) was often referred to as a "Curry Western".[31] A more accurate genre label for the film is the "Dacoit Western", as it combined the conventions of Indian dacoit films such as Mother India (1957) and Gunga Jumna (1961) with that of Spaghetti Westerns. Sholay spawned its own genre of "Dacoit Western" films in Bollywood during the 1970s.[32] 

The first Western films made in India – Kalam Vellum (1970, Tamil), Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971, Telugu), Mappusakshi (Malayalam),[citation needed] Ganga (1972, Tamil), and Jakkamma (1972, Tamil) - were based on Classic Westerns. Thazhvaram (1990), the Malayalam film directed by Bharathan and written by noted writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair, perhaps most resembles the Spaghetti Westerns in terms of production and cinematic techniques. Earlier Spaghetti Westerns laid the groundwork for such films as Adima Changala (1971) starring Prem Nazir, a hugely popular "zapata Spaghetti Western film in Malayalam, and Sholay (1975) Khote Sikkay (1973)  and Thai Meethu Sathiyam (1978) are notable Curry Westerns. Kodama Simham (1990), a Telugu action film starring Chiranjeevi and Mohan Babu was one more addition to the Indo Western genre and fared well at the box office. It was also the first South Indian movie to be dubbed in English as Hunters of the Indian Treasure[33]

Takkari Donga (2002), starring Telugu Maheshbabu, was applauded by critics but an average runner at box office. Quick Gun Murugun (2009), an Indian comedy film which spoofs Indian Western movies, is based on a character created for television promos at the time of the launch of the music network Channel [V] in 1994, which had cult following.[34] Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam (2010), a Western adventure comedy film, based on cowboy movies and paying homages to the John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Jaishankar, was made in Tamil. Laal Kaptaan (2019) is an Indo western starring Saif Ali Khan which is set during of rise of British Empire in India.


Martial arts Western (Wuxia Western)[edit]

While many of these mash-ups (e.g., Billy Jack (1971) and its sequel The Trial of Billy Jack (1974)) are cheap exploitation films, others are more serious dramas such as the Kung Fu TV series, which ran from 1972 to 1975. Comedy examples include the Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson collaboration Shanghai Noon (2000). Further sub-divisions of this subgenre include  Westerns based on ninjas and samurais (incorporating samurai cinema themes), such as Red Sun (1971) with Charles Bronson, Alain Delon and Toshiro Mifune.


Meat pie Western[edit]

Main article: Meat pie Western
 
The Meat pie Western (a slang term which plays on the Italo-western moniker "Spaghetti Western"[35]) is a Western-style movie or TV series set in Australia, especially the Australian Outback or the Australian Bush.[36] Films such as Rangle River (1936), The Kangaroo Kid (1950),The Sundowners (1960), Ned Kelly (1970), The Man from Snowy River (1982)  and The Proposition (2005) are all representative of the genre.[37]


Northwestern[edit]

The Northern genre is a subgenre of Westerns taking place in Alaska or Western Canada. Examples include several versions of the Rex Beach novel, The Spoilers (including 1930's The Spoilers, with Gary Cooper, and 1942's The Spoilers, with Marlene Dietrich, Randolph Scott and Wayne); The Far Country (1954) with James Stewart; North to Alaska (1960) with Wayne;  Death Hunt (1981) with Charles Bronson; and The Grey Fox (1983) with Richard Farnsworth.


Ostern[edit]

Main article: Ostern

Ostern films, also known as "Eastern" or "Red Western" films, were produced in the Soviet Union and Socialist Eastern Europe. They were popular in Communist Eastern European countries and were a particular favorite of Joseph Stalin.

"Red Western" films usually portrayed the American Indians sympathetically, as oppressed people, fighting for their rights, in contrast to American Westerns of the time, which frequently portrayed the Indians as villains. Osterns frequently featured Gypsy or Turkic people in the role of the Indians, due to the shortage of authentic Indians in Eastern Europe.

Gojko Mitić portrayed righteous, kind-hearted and charming Indian chiefs (e.g., in Die Söhne der großen Bärin (1966), directed by Josef Mach). He became honorary chief of the Sioux tribe when he visited the United States, in the 1990s, and the television crew accompanying him showed the tribe of one of his films. American actor and singer Dean Reed, an expatriate who lived in East Germany, also starred in several Ostern films.

"Eastern" films typically replaced the Wild West setting with by an Eastern setting in the steppes of the Caucasus. Western stock characters, such as "cowboys and Indians", were also replaced by Caucasian stock characters, such as bandits and harems. A famous example of the genre was White Sun of the Desert, which was popular in the Soviet Union.[38]


Pornographic Western[edit]

Pornographic Westerns use the Old West as a background for stories primarily focused on erotica. The three major examples of the porn Western film are Russ Meyer's nudie-cutie Wild Gals of the Naked West (1962), and the hardcore A Dirty Western (1975) and Sweet Savage (1979). Sweet Savage starred Aldo Ray, a veteran actor who had appeared in traditional Westerns, in a non-sex role. Among videogames, Custer's Revenge (1982) is an infamous example, considered to be one of the worst video games of all time.


Ramen Western[edit]

First used in the publicity of the film Tampopo, the term 'Ramen Western' is a play on words using a national dish as a prefix like Spaghetti Western or Meat Pie Western. The term is used to describe Western style films set in Asia. Examples include The Drifting Avenger, Break the Chain, Millionaires Express, East Meets West[disambiguation needed], Thai movies Tears of the Black Tiger and Dynamite Warrior, Let the Bullets Fly, Unforgiven (2013 film), Marlina the Murderer in Four Acts, Buffalo Boys, The Good, the Bad and the Weird and Sukiyaki Western Django.[39]


Revisionist Western[edit]

After the early 1960s, many American filmmakers began to question and change many traditional elements of Westerns, and to make Revisionist Westerns that encouraged audiences to question the simple hero-versus-villain dualism and the morality of using violence to test one's character or to prove oneself right. This is shown in Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969). One major revision was the increasingly positive representation of Native Americans, who had been treated as "savages" in earlier films. Examples of such revisionist Westerns include Ride the High Country (1962), Richard Harris' A Man Called Horse (1970), Little Big Man (1970), Soldier Blue (1970), Man in the Wilderness (1971), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), Dances with Wolves (1990) and Dead Man (1995). A few earlier Revisionist Westerns gave women more powerful roles, such as Westward the Women (1951) starring Robert Taylor.  Another earlier work encompassed all these features, The Last Wagon (1956). In it, Richard Widmark played a white man raised by Comanches and persecuted by whites, with Felicia Farr and Susan Kohner playing young women forced into leadership roles.


Science fiction Western[edit]

The science fiction Western places science fiction elements within a traditional Western setting. Examples include Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1965) and The Valley of Gwangi (1969), the latter featuring cowboys and dinosaurs. John Jakes's "Six Gun Planet" takes place on a future planet colonized by people consciously seeking to recreate the Old West (with cowboys riding robot horses...) [1][permanent dead link]. The movie Westworld (1973) and its sequel Futureworld (1976), Back to the Future Part III (1990), Wild Wild West (1999), Cowboys & Aliens (2011), and the television series Westworld (2016, based on the movie).  Fallout: New Vegas (2010) is an example of a video game that follows this format, with futuristic technology and genetic mutations placed among the Western themes and desert sprawl of the Mojave Wasteland.


Space Western[edit]

The Space Western or Space Frontier is a subgenre of science fiction which uses the themes and tropes of Westerns within science fiction stories. Subtle influences may include exploration of lawless frontiers in deep space, while more overt influences may feature literal cowboys in outer space who use ray guns and ride robotic horses. Examples include the American television series BraveStarr (which aired original episodes from September 1987 to February 1988) and Firefly (created by Joss Whedon in 2002), and the films Battle Beyond the Stars (1980), which is a remake of The Magnificent Seven; Outland (1981), which is a remake of High Noon; and Serenity (2005, based on the Firefly TV series). Another example is the Japanese anime series Cowboy Bebop. The classic Western genre has also been a major influence on science fiction films such as the original Star Wars movie of 1977, with 2018's Solo: A Star Wars Story and 2019's Star Wars: The Mandalorian more directly featuring Western tropes. Famously Gene Roddenberry pitched the concept of the TV show Star Trek as a "Wagon Train to the stars."


Spaghetti Western[edit]

Main articles: Spaghetti Western and Zapata Western

During the 1960s and 1970s, a revival of the Western emerged in Italy with the "Spaghetti Westerns" also known as "Italo-Westerns". The most famous of them is The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), the third film of the Dollars Trilogy.  Many of these films are low-budget affairs, shot in locations (for example, the Spanish desert region of Almería) chosen for their inexpensive crew and production costs as well as their similarity to landscapes of the Southwestern United States. Spaghetti Westerns were characterized by the presence of more action and violence than the Hollywood Westerns. Also, the protagonists usually acted out of more selfish motives (money or revenge being the most common) than in the classical Westerns.[40] Some Spaghetti Westerns demythologized the American Western tradition, and some films from the genre are considered revisionist Westerns. For example, the Dollars Trilogy itself has much different tropes than "standard Westerns", demythologizing the Sheriff figure (in A Fistful of Dollars and For a Few Dollars More), putting both the Union and the Confederacy in ambiguously moral positions (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly), and not featuring Native Americans (except for a brief mention in A Fistful of Dollars).


  
Clint Eastwood as the ambiguously-named protagonist of the Dollars Trilogy (marketed as "the Man with No Name") in a publicity image of A Fistful of Dollars, a film by Sergio Leone



The Western films directed by Sergio Leone were felt by some to have a different tone than the Hollywood Westerns.[41] Veteran American actors Charles Bronson, Lee Van Cleef and Clint Eastwood[41] became famous by starring in Spaghetti Westerns, although the films also provided a showcase for other noted actors such as James Coburn, Henry Fonda, Rod Steiger, Klaus Kinski, and Jason Robards. Eastwood, previously the lead in the television series Rawhide, unexpectedly found himself catapulted into the forefront of the film industry by Leone's A Fistful of Dollars (the first in the Dollars Trilogy).[41]


Documentary Western[edit]

The Documentary Western is a subgenre of Western based films/television shows that explore the non-fiction elements of the historical and contemporary American West. Ken Burns The West is an example of a series based upon a historical storyline whereas films like Cowboys: A Documentary Portrait provide a non-fiction portrayal of modern working cowboys in the contemporary West.


Snow Western[edit]

The Snow Western subgenre is a Western based during midwinter to late winter, and set in the continental United States. It is a more rare Western, as most focus during warm weather or areas where it doesn't snow. Popular films of this subgenre are Andre de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), Sergio Corbucci's The Great Silence  (1968), Sydney Pollack's Jeremiah Johnson (1972), Nevada Express (1975), Quentin Tarantino's The Hateful Eight (2015) and Alejandro González Iñárritu's The Revenant.


Weird Western[edit]

Main article: Weird West

The Weird Western subgenre blends elements of a classic Western with other elements. The Wild Wild West television series, television movies, and 1999 film adaptation blend the Western with steampunk. The Jonah Hex franchise also blends the Western with superhero elements. The film Western Religion (2015), by writer and director James O'Brien, introduces the devil into a traditional wild west setting. The Old Man Logan (2008-2009) graphic novel combines the elements of superhero and post-apocalyptic fiction with Western.


Australian Western[edit]

The Australian Western genre borrows from US traditions but often features Indigenous Australians in the role Native Americans.  The Tracker is a archetypal of this form of Australian Western, with signature scenes of harsh desert environments, and exploration of the themes of rough justice, exploitation of the Aboriginals and the thirst for justice at all costs.  Others in this category include Quigley Down Under, The Proposition, Kangaroo (1952 film), Lucky Country (film) and Sweet Country.

Mystery Road is an example of a modern Australian western, and Mad Max has inspired many futurist dystopian examples of the Australian western such as The Rover.


Genre studies[edit]

  
Tom Mix in Mr. Logan, U.S.A., c. 1919



In the 1960s, academic and critical attention to cinema as a legitimate art form emerged. With the increased attention, film theory was developed to attempt to understand the significance of film. From this environment emerged (in conjunction with the literary movement) an enclave of critical studies called genre studies. This was primarily a semantic and structuralist approach to understanding how similar films convey meaning.

One of the results of genre studies is that some[who?] have argued that "Westerns" need not take place in the American West or even in the 19th century, as the codes can be found in other types of films. For example, a very typical Western plot is that an eastern lawman heads west, where he matches wits and trades bullets with a gang of outlaws and thugs, and is aided by a local lawman who is well-meaning but largely ineffective until a critical moment when he redeems himself by saving the hero's life. This description can be used to describe any number of Westerns, but also other films such as Die Hard (itself a loose reworking of High Noon) and Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, which are frequently cited examples of films that do not take place in the American West but have many themes and characteristics common to Westerns. Likewise, films set in the American Old West may not necessarily be considered "Westerns."


Influences[edit]

Being period drama pieces, both the Western and samurai genre influenced each other in style and themes throughout the years.[42] The Magnificent Seven was a remake of Akira Kurosawa's film Seven Samurai, and A Fistful of Dollars was a remake of Kurosawa's Yojimbo, which itself was inspired by Red Harvest, an American detective novel by Dashiell Hammett.[43] Kurosawa was influenced by American Westerns and was a fan of the genre, most especially John Ford.[44][45]

Despite the Cold War, the Western was a strong influence on Eastern Bloc cinema, which had its own take on the genre, the so-called "Red Western" or "Ostern". Generally these took two forms: either straight Westerns shot in the Eastern Bloc, or action films involving the Russian Revolution and civil war and the Basmachi rebellion.[citation needed]

An offshoot of the Western genre is the "post-apocalyptic" Western, in which a future society, struggling to rebuild after a major catastrophe, is portrayed in a manner very similar to the 19th-century frontier. Examples include The Postman and the Mad Max series, and the computer game series Fallout. Many elements of space travel series and films borrow extensively from the conventions of the Western genre. This is particularly the case in the space Western subgenre of science fiction. Peter Hyams' Outland transferred the plot of High Noon to Io, moon of Jupiter. 

More recently, the space opera series Firefly used an explicitly Western theme for its portrayal of frontier worlds. Anime shows like Cowboy Bebop, Trigun and Outlaw Star have been similar mixes of science fiction and Western elements. The science fiction Western can be seen as a subgenre of either Westerns or science fiction. Elements of Western films can be found also in some films belonging essentially to other genres. For example, Kelly's Heroes is a war film, but action and characters are Western-like.


  
John Wayne (1948)



The character played by Humphrey Bogart in noir films such as Casablanca and To Have and Have Not—an individual bound only by his own private code of honor—has a lot in common with the classic Western hero. In turn, the Western has also explored noir elements, as with the films Pursued and Sugar Creek.[citation needed]

In many of Robert A. Heinlein's books, the settlement of other planets is depicted in ways explicitly modeled on American settlement of the West. For example, in his Tunnel in the Sky settlers set out to the planet "New Canaan", via an interstellar teleporter portal across the galaxy, in Conestoga wagons, their captain sporting mustaches and a little goatee and riding a Palomino horse—with Heinlein explaining that the colonists would need to survive on their own for some years, so horses are more practical than machines.[citation needed]

Stephen King's The Dark Tower is a series of seven books that meshes themes of Westerns, high fantasy, science fiction and horror. The protagonist Roland Deschain is a gunslinger whose image and personality are largely inspired by the "Man with No Name" from Sergio Leone's films. In addition, the superhero fantasy genre has been described as having been derived from the cowboy hero, only powered up to omnipotence in a primarily urban setting. The Western genre has been parodied on a number of occasions, famous examples being Support Your Local Sheriff!, Cat Ballou, Mel Brooks's Blazing Saddles, and Rustler's Rhapsody.[citation needed]

George Lucas's Star Wars films use many elements of a Western, and Lucas has said he intended for Star Wars to revitalize cinematic mythology, a part the Western once held. The Jedi, who take their name from Jidaigeki, are modeled after samurai, showing the influence of Kurosawa. The character Han Solo dressed like an archetypal gunslinger, and the Mos Eisley cantina is much like an Old West saloon.[46]

Meanwhile, films such as The Big Lebowski, which plucked actor Sam Elliott out of the Old West and into a Los Angeles bowling alley, and Midnight Cowboy, about a Southern-boy-turned-gigolo in New York (who disappoints a client when he doesn't measure up to Gary Cooper), transplanted Western themes into modern settings for both purposes of parody and homage.[47]


Literature[edit]

Main article: Western fiction

Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West, most commonly between the years of 1860 and 1900. The first critically recognized Western was The Virginian (1902) by Owen Wister."Classic Wild West Literature". Other well-known writers of Western fiction include Zane Grey, from the early 1900s, Ernest Haycox, Luke Short, and Louis L'Amour, from the mid 20th century. Many writers better known in other genres, such as Leigh Brackett, Elmore Leonard, and Larry McMurtry, have also written Western novels. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1960s, due in part to the shuttering of many pulp magazines, the popularity of televised Westerns, and the rise of the spy novel. Readership began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s and reached a new low in the 2000s. Most bookstores, outside of a few Western states, now only carry a small number of Western novels and short story collections.[48]

Literary forms that share similar themes include stories of the American frontier, the gaucho literature of Argentina, and tales of the settlement of the Australian Outback.


Television[edit]

Main articles: Westerns on television and List of westerns on television

  
James Garner and Jack Kelly in Maverick (1957)



Television Westerns are a subgenre of the Western. When television became popular in the late 1940s and 1950s, TV Westerns quickly became an audience favorite.[49] Beginning with re-broadcasts of existing films, a number of movie cowboys had their own TV shows. As demand for the Western increased, new stories and stars were introduced. A number of long-running TV Westerns became classics in their own right, such as: The Lone Ranger (1949-1957), The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1955-1961), Cheyenne (1955-1962), Gunsmoke (1955-1975),  Maverick (1957-1962), Have Gun – Will Travel (1957-1963), Wagon Train (1957-1965), Sugarfoot (1957-1961), The Rifleman (1958-1963), Rawhide (1959-1966), Bonanza (1959-1973),  The Virginian (1962-1971), and The Big Valley (1965-1969). The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp was the first Western television series written for adults,[50] premiering four days before Gunsmoke on September 6, 1955.[51][52]

The peak year for television Westerns was 1959, with 26 such shows airing during primetime. At least six of them were connected in some extent to Wyatt Earp: The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, Tombstone Territory, Broken Arrow, Johnny Ringo, and Gunsmoke.[53] Increasing costs of American television production weeded out most action half hour series in the early 1960s, and their replacement by hour-long television shows, increasingly in color.[54] Traditional Westerns died out in the late 1960s as a result of network changes in demographic targeting along with pressure from parental television groups. Future entries in the genre would incorporate elements from other genera, such as crime drama and mystery whodunit elements. Western shows from the 1970s included Hec Ramsey, Kung Fu, Little House on the Prairie, McCloud, The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams, and the short-lived but highly-acclaimed How the West Was Won that originated from a miniseries with the same name. In the 1990s and 2000s, hour-long Westerns and slickly packaged made-for-TV movie Westerns were introduced, such as: Lonesome Dove (1989) and Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. As well, new elements were once again added to the Western formula, such as the Western-science fiction show Firefly, created by Joss Whedon in 2002. Deadwood was a critically acclaimed Western series which aired on HBO from 2004 through 2006. Hell on Wheels, a fictionalized story of the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad, aired on AMC for five seasons between 2011 and 2016. Longmire was a Western series that centers on Walt Longmire, a sheriff in fictional Absaroka County, Wyoming. Originally aired on the A&E network from 2012 to 2014 it was picked up by Netflix in 2015 until the show's conclusion in 2017. 


  
"As Wild felled one of the redskins by a blow from the butt of his revolver, and sprang for the one with the tomahawk, the chief's daughter suddenly appeared. Raising her hands, she exclaimed, 'Go back, Young Wild West. I will save her!'" (1908)



Visual art[edit]

Main article: Artists of the American West

A number of visual artists focused their work on representations of the American Old West. American West-oriented art is sometimes referred to as "Western Art" by Americans. This relatively new category of art includes paintings, sculptures, and sometimes Native American crafts. Initially, subjects included exploration of the Western states and cowboy themes. Frederic Remington and Charles M. Russell are two artists who captured the "Wild West" on canvas.[55] Some art museums, such as the Buffalo Bill Center of the West in Wyoming and the Autry National Center in Los Angeles, feature American Western Art.[56]


Other media[edit]

The popularity of Westerns extends beyond films, literature, television, and visual art to include numerous other media forms.


Anime and manga[edit]

With anime and manga, the genre tends towards the Science fiction Western [e.g., Cowboy Bebop (1998 anime), Trigun (1995-2007 manga), and Outlaw Star (1996-1999 manga)]. Although contemporary Westerns also appear, such as Kōya no Shōnen Isamu, a 1971 shōnen manga about a boy with a Japanese father and a Native American mother, or El Cazador de la Bruja, a 2007 anime television series set in modern-day Mexico. Part 7 of the manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is based in the American Western setting. The story follows racers in a transcontinental horse race, the "Steel Ball Run" race. Golden Kamuy (2014-present) shifts its setting to 1900s Hokkaido, having the Ainu people instead of Native Americans, as well having other recognizable western tropes.


Comics[edit]

Western comics have included serious entries, (such as the classic comics of the late 1940s and early 1950s (namely Kid Colt, Outlaw, Rawhide Kid, and Red Ryder) or more modern ones as Blueberry), cartoons, and parodies (such as Cocco Bill and Lucky Luke). In the 1990s and 2000s, Western comics leaned toward the Weird West subgenre, usually involving supernatural monsters, or Christian iconography as in Preacher. However, more traditional Western comics are found throughout this period (e.g., Jonah Hex and Loveless).


Games[edit]

Western arcade games, computer games, role-playing games, and video games are often either straightforward Westerns or Western Horror hybrids.  Some Western themed-computer games include The Oregon Trail (1971), Mad Dog McCree (1990), Sunset Riders (1991), Outlaws (1997), Desperados series (2001–), Red Dead series (2004-), Gun (2005) and Call of Juarez series (2007-). Other video games adapt the Science fiction Western or Weird West subgenres such as Fallout (1997), Gunman Chronicles (2000), Darkwatch (2005), the Borderlands series (2009–), Fallout: New Vegas (2010), and Hard West (2015).


Radio dramas[edit]

Western radio dramas were very popular from the 1930s to the 1960s.  Some popular shows include The Lone Ranger (first broadcast in 1933), The Cisco Kid (first broadcast in 1942), Dr. Sixgun (first broadcast in 1954), Have Gun–Will Travel (first broadcast in 1958), and Gunsmoke (first broadcast in 1952).[57]


Web series[edit]

Westerns have been showcased in short episodic web series. Examples include League of STEAM, Red Bird and Arkansas Traveler.


See also[edit]

	Dime Western
	Wild West shows
	List of Western computer and video games
	List of Western fiction authors
	Lists of Western films
	Western lifestyle



References[edit]


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Newman, Kim (1990). Wild West Movies. Bloomsbury.

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Cowie, Peter (2004). John Ford and the American West. New York: Harry Abrams Inc. ISBN 978-0-8109-4976-8.

	^ Agnew, Jeremy. December 2, 2014. The Creation of the Cowboy Hero: Fiction, Film and Fact, p. 88, McFarland. 
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Adams, Cecil (2004-06-25). "Did Western gunfighters really face off one-on-one?". Straight Dope. Retrieved October 4, 2014. June 25, 2004

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"Wild Bill Hickok fights first western showdown". History.com. July 21, 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.

	^ Indick, William. The Psychology of the Western. Pg. 2. McFarland, Aug 27, 2008

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"America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2010-06-06.

	^ McMahan, Alison; Alice Guy Blache: Lost Visionary of the Cinema; New York: Continuum, 2002; 133

	^ Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1950.

	^ New York Times Magazine (November 10, 2007).

	^ Indick, William. The Psychology of the Western. Pg. 2 McFarland, Aug 27, 2008. 

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Bandy, Mary Lea; Kevin Stoehr (2012). Ride, Boldly Ride: The Evolution of the American Western. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-520-25866-2.

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"Kidnapping by Indians". BFI. Retrieved 1 November 2019.

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Fenin, George N.; William K. Everson (1962). The Western: From Silents to Cinerama. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 47.

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"Bronco Billy Anderson Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. 1971-01-21. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-15.

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battam@icloud.com, Robbie Battam. "Classical Western | OnCamera Studio". oncamera.net.au. Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-26.

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Rosenbaum, Jonathan (April 25, 2013). "Responding to some questions about "Acid Westerns" and DEAD MAN". Jonathanrosenbaum.net. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

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Rosenbaum, Jonathan (June 26, 1996). "Acid Western: Dead Man". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.

	^ Rashotte, Ryan Narco Cinema: Sex, Drugs, and Banda Music in Mexico's B-Filmography Palgrave Macmillan, 23 April 2015

	^ p. 6 Figueredo, Danilo H. Revolvers and Pistolas, Vaqueros and Caballeros: Debunking the Old West ABC-CLIO, 9 Dec 2014

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Stafford, Jeff. "The Paleface (1948)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 25 September 2018.

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Teti, Julia (January 2, 2018). "How Taylor Sheridan's Films Define The Neo-Western". The Playlist. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.

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"Contemporary Western: An interview with Vince Gilligan". News. United States: Local iQ. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.

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Greenspun, Roger (January 25, 1971). "Zachariah (1970) Screen: 'Zachariah,' an Odd Western". The New York Times.

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Hate Horses - Official Trailer. YouTube. 2015.

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Brookeman, Christopher & British Film Institute (1993). The BFI Companion to the Western. A. Deutsch. p. 118.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

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"Το ελληνικό γουέστερν και η υποψηφιότητα στο Hollywood για όσκαρ, στην κατηγορία καλύτερης ξενόγλωσσης ταινίας!" [The Greek Western and its Hollywood nomination for Oscar, in Best Foreign Language Film category!]. ellinikoskinimatografos.gr (in Greek). April 14, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2019.

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"Weekly Classics: Bollywood's Curry Western". dawn.com. Archived from the original on 2014-06-05.

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Teo, Stephen (2017). Eastern Westerns: Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood. Taylor & Francis. p. 122. ISBN 9781317592266.

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"Hunters of the Indian Treasure". Archived from the original on 2017-02-05.

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Frayling, Christopher (1998). Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone. IB Tauris.

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Billson, Anne (September 15, 2014). "Forget the Spaghetti Western – try a Curry Western or a Sauerkraut one". The Daily Telegraph.

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	^ Western on IMDb

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	^ [Guinn, Jeff. The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral and How it Changed the American West (First hardcover ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 
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	^ Kisseloff, J. (editor) The Box: An Oral History of Television

	^ 
Buscombe, Edward (1984). "Painting the Legend: Frederic Remington and the Western". Cinema Journal. pp. 12–27.

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Goetzmann, William H. (1986). The West of the Imagination. New York: Norton.

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"Old Time Radio Westerns". otrwesterns.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-19.




Further reading[edit]

	Buscombe, Edward, and Christopher Brookeman. The BFI Companion to the Western (A. Deutsch, 1988)
	Everson, William K. A Pictorial History of the Western Film (New York: Citadel Press, 1969)
	Kitses, Jim. Horizons West: The Western from John Ford to Clint Eastwood (British Film Institute, 2007).
	Lenihan, John H. Showdown: Confronting Modern America in the Western Film (University of Illinois Press, 1980)
	Nachbar, John G. Focus on the Western (Prentice Hall, 1974)
	Simmon, Scott. The Invention of the Western Film: A Cultural History of the Genre's First Half Century (Cambridge University Press, 2003)


External links[edit]

		Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westerns, Wild West in art and Native Americans in art.


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	Most Popular Westerns at Internet Movie Database
	Western Writers of America website
	The Western, St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture, 2002
	I Watch Westerns, Ludwig von Mises Institute
	Film Festival for the Western Genre website
	Western Filmscript Collection . Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.


		v
	t
	e


American frontier

	c. 1650 to 1912

	Notable people	
	Explorers
and pioneers	
	John Bozeman
	Jim Bridger
	Tomás Vélez Cachupín
	William Clark
	Davy Crockett
	John C. Frémont
	Liver-Eating Johnson
	Meriwether Lewis
	Joe Mayer
	William John Murphy
	John Wesley Powell
	Juan Rivera
	Levi Ruggles
	Jedediah Smith
	Jack Swilling
	Trinidad Swilling
	Ora Rush Weed
	Henry Wickenburg
	Brigham Young




	Native Americans	
	Black Hawk
	Black Kettle
	Bloody Knife
	Chief Joseph
	Cochise
	Crazy Horse
	Geronimo
	Irataba
	Mangas Coloradas
	Manuelito
	Massai
	Quanah Parker
	Red Cloud
	Sacagawea
	Sitting Bull
	Ten Bears
	Touch the Clouds
	Tuvi
	Victorio




	Lawmen	
	Elfego Baca
	Charlie Bassett
	Roy Bean
	Morgan Earp
	Virgil Earp
	Wyatt Earp
	Henry Garfias
	Pat Garrett
	Jack Helm
	"Wild Bill" Hickok
	Bat Masterson
	"Mysterious Dave" Mather
	Bass Reeves
	George Scarborough
	John Selman
	John Horton Slaughter
	William "Bill" Tilghman
	James Timberlake
	Harry C. Wheeler




	Outlaws	
	Billy the Kid
	Dalton Gang
	Black Bart
	"Curly Bill" Brocius
	Butch Cassidy
	Billy Clanton
	Ike Clanton
	Bill Dalton
	Bill Doolin
	Bill Downing
	John Wesley Hardin
	Johnny Ringo
	Jesse James
	Tom Ketchum
	Frank McLaury
	Tom McLaury
	Joaquin Murrieta
	Cochise County Cowboys
	Belle Starr
	Soapy Smith
	Sundance Kid
	Cole Younger




	Soldiers
and scouts	
	Frederick Russell Burnham
	Kit Carson
	"Buffalo Bill" Cody
	Texas Jack Omohundro
	James C. Cooney
	George Crook
	George Armstrong Custer
	Alexis Godey
	Samuel P. Heintzelman
	Tom Horn
	Calamity Jane
	Luther Kelly
	Ranald S. Mackenzie
	Charley Reynolds
	Philip Sheridan
	Al Sieber




	Others	
	John Jacob Astor
	William H. Boring
	Jonathan R. Davis
	George Flavel
	C. S. Fly
	John Joel Glanton
	George E. Goodfellow
	Doc Holliday
	Andrew Jackson
	Zephaniah Kingsley
	Seth Kinman
	Nat Love
	Sylvester Mowry
	Emperor Norton
	Annie Oakley
	Sedona Schnebly
	Thomas William Sweeny
	Jack Swilling







	Native Americans	
	Apache
	Arapaho
	Arikara
	Assiniboine (Nakota)
	Blackfoot
	Cahuilla
	Cayuse
	Cheyenne
	Chinook
	Chippewa (Ojibwe)
	Caddo
	Cocopah
	Comanche
	Crow
	Dakota
	Five Civilized Tribes
	Hidatsa
	Hopi
	Hualapai
	Kickapoo
	Kiowa
	Ktunaxa
	Kumeyaay
	Lakota
	Mandan
	Maricopa
	Modoc
	Mohave
	Muscogee
	Navajo
	Nez Perce
	Northern Paiute
	Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)
	Pawnee
	Pend d'Oreilles
	Pima
	Pueblo
	Seminoles
	Shoshone
	Sioux
	Southern Paiute
	Tohono O'odham
	Tonkawa
	Umpqua
	Ute
	Washoe
	Yaqui
	Yavapai
	Yuma (Quechan)




	Frontier culture	
	American bison
	Barbed wire
	Boot Hill
	Cattle drive
	Cowboy poetry
	Cattle rustling
	Cow town
	Fast draw
	Ghost town
	Gunfights
	Homesteading
	Land rush
	Manifest destiny
	Moonshine
	One-room schoolhouse
	Rodeo
	Stagecoach
	Train robbery
	Vigilante justice
	Western saloon
	Tack piano


	Westward expansion
	Wild West shows




	Transport
and trails	
	Barlow Road
	Bozeman Trail
	Butterfield Trail
	California Trail
	Chisholm Trail
	Great Platte River Road
	Great Western Cattle Trail
	Lolo Pass
	Meek Cutoff
	Mormon Trail
	Oregon Trail
	Pony Express
	Santa Fe Trail
	Southern Emigrant Trail
	Tanner Trail
	First Transcontinental Railroad




	Folklore	
	Dead man's hand
	Dime novel
	John Henry
	Johnny Kaw
	Long Tom's treasure
	Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
	Lost Ship of the Desert
	Montezuma's treasure
	Paul Bunyan
	Pecos Bill
	Seven Cities of Gold




	Gold rushes	
	Black Hills Gold Rush
	California Gold Rush
	Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
	Klondike Gold Rush
	Pike's Peak Gold Rush




	Gunfights	
	Battle of Coffeyville
	Battle of Lincoln
	Frisco shootout
	Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
	Long Branch Saloon gunfight
	Variety Hall shootout




	Military conflicts	
	Battle of the Alamo
	Battle of Glorieta Pass
	Battle of the Little Bighorn
	Battle of San Jacinto
	Battle of Washita River
	Bear Flag Revolt
	Chimayó Rebellion
	First Battle of Adobe Walls
	Indian Wars
	Mexican War
	Sand Creek massacre
	Seminole Wars
	Texas Revolution
	Wounded Knee Massacre




	Range wars
and feuds	
	Earp-Clanton feud
	Johnson County War
	Lincoln County War
	Mason County War
	Pleasant Valley War
	Sheep Wars
	Sutton–Taylor feud




	Lists	
	Arizona Rangers
	Cowboys and cowgirls
	Gangs
	Gunfights
	Lawmen
	Mountain men
	Outlaws
	Timeline of the American Old West




	Influence	
	Cuisine of the Western United States
	Chuckwagon
	Californian
	Native American
	New Mexican
	New Mexico chile
	Pacific Northwestern
	Rocky Mountain Oysters
	Tex-Mex


	Gothic Western
	Weird West
	Western genre
	Western lifestyle
	Western music
	New Mexico
	Red Dirt
	Tejano
	Texas country


	Western wear
	Cowboy boots
	Cowboy hat
	Jeans
	Snap fastener






	
	Places	
	Alaska	
	Anchorage
	Iditarod
	Nome
	Seward
	Skagway




	Arizona Territory	
	Canyon Diablo
	Fort Grant
	Prescott
	Phoenix
	Tombstone
	Tucson
	Yuma




	California	
	Bakersfield
	Fresno
	Jamestown
	Los Angeles
	Sacramento
	San Diego
	San Francisco




	Colorado	
	Creede
	Denver
	Telluride
	Trinidad




	Dakota Territory	
	Bismarck
	Deadwood
	Fargo
	Pine Ridge
	Rapid City
	Yankton




	Florida Territory	
	Angola
	Negro Fort
	Pensacola
	Prospect Bluff
	St. Augustine
	St. Marks
	Tallahassee




	Idaho Territory	
	Fort Boise
	Fort Hall




	Illinois	
	Fort Dearborn




	Kansas	
	Abilene
	Dodge City
	Ellsworth
	Hays
	Leavenworth
	Wichita




	Missouri	
	Independence
	Kansas City
	St. Louis


	




	Montana Territory	
	Billings
	Bozeman
	Deer Lodge
	Fort Benton
	Fort Peck
	Helena
	Livingston
	Missoula
	Virginia City




	Nebraska	
	Chadron
	Fort Atkinson
	Fort Robinson
	Nebraska City
	Ogallala
	Omaha
	Valentine




	Nevada	
	Carson City
	Virginia City
	Reno




	New Mexico Territory	
	Alamogordo
	Albuquerque
	Cimarron
	Fort Sumner
	Gallup
	Las Vegas
	Lincoln
	Mesilla
	Mogollon
	Roswell
	Santa Fe
	Tucumcari




	Oklahoma Territory
and Indian Territory	
	Broken Arrow
	Fort Sill
	Oklahoma City




	Oregon Territory	
	Astoria
	The Dalles
	La Grande
	McMinnville
	Oregon City
	Portland
	Salem
	Vale




	Texas	
	Austin
	Abilene
	El Paso
	Fort Worth
	Gonzales
	Lubbock
	San Antonio




	Utah Territory	
	Salt Lake City




	Washington Territory	
	Everett
	Port Townsend
	Seattle
	Vancouver




	Wyoming Territory	
	Fort Bridger
	Fort Laramie










	
	 Category
	 United States Portal
	 Commons







	
	v
	t
	e


American folklore

	Folk heroes	
	Br'er Rabbit
	Casey Jones
	Daniel Boone
	Davy Crockett
	Geronimo
	John Henry
	Johnny Appleseed
	Mike Fink
	Molly Pitcher
	Ola Värmlänning
	Paul Bunyan
	Santa Claus




	Idiomatic figures	
	Joe Sixpack
	 Jody
	Cooter Brown
	 Jack Robinson
	 Kilroy
	Sam Hide
	Uncle Sam




	Fearsome critters	
	Agropelter
	Axehandle hound
	Ball-tailed cat
	Belled buzzard
	Cactus cat
	Fur-bearing trout
	Gillygaloo
	Glawackus
	Goofus bird
	Gumberoo
	Hidebehind
	Hodag
	Hoop snake
	Hugag
	Jackalope
	Jersey Devil
	Joint snake
	Sidehill gouger
	Snallygaster
	 Snipe
	 Snow snake
	Splintercat
	Squonk
	Teakettler
	Wampus cat




	Ghosts and witches	
	Bell Witch
	Lincoln's ghost
	White Lady
	Ghosts of the American Civil War




	Legends	
	Bloodstopping
	Campfire story
	Confederate gold
	Fountain of Youth
	Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
	Lost Ship of the Desert
	 Madstone
	Mercy Brown vampire incident
	Mothman
	Seven Cities of Gold
	Tailypo




	Literary folk heroes	
	Alfred Bulltop Stormalong
	Annie Christmas
	Brother Jonathan
	Casey at the Bat
	Cordwood Pete
	Evangeline
	Febold Feboldson
	Ichabod Crane
	Joe Magarac
	Johnny Kaw
	Kemp Morgan
	Mose Humphrey
	Ole Pete
	Pecos Bill
	Rip Van Winkle
	Tony Beaver
	Windwagon Smith







	
	v
	t
	e


 Animation industry in the United States

	Companies/studios	
	Active	
	Majors	
	Universal Pictures 
(NBCUniversal)	
	DreamWorks Animation
	DreamWorks Animation Television
	DreamWorks Classics
	Big Idea Entertainment
	Harvey Films
	Jay Ward Productions




	Illumination
	Universal Animation Studios







	Paramount Pictures 
(ViacomCBS)	
	MTV Animation
	Nickelodeon Animation Studio
	Nickelodeon Digital


	Paramount  Animation







	Warner Bros. 
(WarnerMedia)	
	Cartoon Network Studios
	Williams Street


	 Crunchyroll Studios
	Rooster Teeth Animation
	Warner Bros. Animation
	Warner Animation Group









	Walt Disney Studios 
(The Walt Disney Company)	
	20th Century Animation
	20th Animation
	Blue Sky Studios


	Industrial Light & Magic
	Lucasfilm Animation
	Marvel Animation
	Walt Disney Animation Studios
	Disney TV Animation
	Pixar









	Sony Pictures 
(Sony Entertainment)	
	Aniplex of America (95%)
	Funimation (95%)
	Sony Pictures Animation
	Sony Pictures Imageworks











	9 Story USA
	Augenblick Studios
	Bento Box Entertainment
	Blur Studio
	Cartuna
	Cartoon Pizza
	Charlex
	Digital Domain
	Film Roman
	Floyd County Productions
	Fred Wolf Films
	Frederator Studios
	Frederator Films


	Fuzzy Door Productions
	Hasbro
	Allspark Animation


	Kinofilm
	Klasky Csupo
	Laika
	Little Airplane Productions
	Man of Action Studios
	Mattel Creations
	Mexopolis
	Mondo Media
	6 Point Harness


	Netflix Animation
	Noble
	Parallax Studio
	Powerhouse Animation Studios
	Prana Studios
	Psyop
	Radical Axis
	Reel FX Creative Studios
	Renegade Animation
	Rough Draft Studios
	Screen Novelties
	SD Entertainment
	ShadowMachine
	Splash Entertainment
	Sprite Animation Studios
	Stoopid Buddy Stoodios
	Tau Films
	Threshold Entertainment
	Titmouse, Inc.
	Vanguard Animation
	Wild Canary Animation
	World Events Productions
	Worker Studio



	Defunct	
	70/30 Productions
	Adventure Cartoon Productions
	Adelaide Productions
	Amblimation
	Animation Collective
	Animation Lab
	Animation Magic
	Cambria Productions
	Chorion
	Silver Lining Productions
	Circle 7 Animation
	Crest Animation Productions
	Curious Pictures
	DePatie–Freleng Enterprises
	DIC Entertainment
	Disneytoon Studios
	DNA Productions
	Famous Studios
	Filmation
	Fleischer Studios
	Fox Animation Studios
	Golden Films
	Hanna-Barbera
	Jetlag Productions
	Kroyer Films
	Laugh-O-Gram Studio
	Marvel Productions
	MGM Animation
	MGM Animation/Visual Arts
	MGM Cartoons
	Pacific Data Images
	PorchLight Entertainment
	Rankin/Bass Productions
	Ruby-Spears
	Saban Entertainment
	Screen Gems
	Skellington Productions
	Soup2Nuts
	Spümcø
	Sullivan Bluth Studios
	Sunbow Entertainment
	Terrytoons
	United Productions of America
	Van Beuren Studios
	Walter Lantz Productions
	Warner Bros. Cartoons
	Will Vinton Studios
	Zodiac Entertainment






	Industry associations	
	The Animation Guild, I.A.T.S.E. Local 839
	ASIFA-Hollywood




	Awards	
	Academy Awards
	Annie Awards
	Daytime Emmy Award
	Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
	Primetime Emmy Award




	History	
	Silent era
	Golden age
	World War II


	Television era
	Modern era




	Genres	
	Animated Infomercial
	Animated sitcom
	Buddy film
	Comedy-drama
	Superhero fiction
	Western




	Related topics	
	American comics
	History of American comics
	Tijuana bible


	Humorous Phases of Funny Faces
	Flash animation




	
	 Category







	
	v
	t
	e


Film genres

	By style	
	Action
	Arthouse
	Heroic bloodshed
	Hong Kong action


	Adventure
	Survival


	Art
	Biographical
	Christian
	Comedy
	Black
	Commedia all'italiana
	Commedia sexy all'italiana
	Bromantic
	Dramedy
	Gross out
	Horror
	Parody
	Mo lei tau
	Thriller
	Remarriage
	Romantic
	Sex
	Screwball
	Silent
	Slapstick


	Cyberpunk
	Japanese


	Documentary
	Animated
	Docudrama
	Mockumentary
	Mondo
	Pseudo
	Semi
	Travel


	Drama
	Calligrafismo
	Dramedy
	Historical
	Legal
	Melodrama
	Korean




	Erotic
	Commedia sexy all'italiana
	Pink
	Sexploitation
	Thriller


	Educational
	Social guidance
	Epic
	Sword-and-sandal


	Experimental
	Exploitation
	see Exploitation film template


	Fantasy
	Comedy
	Contemporary
	Fairy tale
	Fantastique
	High
	Historical
	Magic realism
	Science


	Film noir
	Neo-noir
	Pulp noir
	Tech noir


	Gothic
	Romance
	Southern
	Space
	Suburban
	Urban


	Horror
	Body
	Cannibal
	Chinese horror
	Comedy
	Eco
	Fantastique
	Found footage
	German underground
	Ghost
	Giallo
	Holiday
	Japanese horror
	Korean horror
	Lovecraftian
	Mumblegore
	Natural
	New French Extremity
	Psycho-biddy
	Psychological
	Religious
	Science fiction
	Slasher
	Splatter
	Satanic


	Mumblecore
	Mumblegore


	Musical
	Backstage
	Jukebox
	Musicarello
	Operetta
	Sceneggiata


	Mystery
	Giallo
	Occult detective


	Pop culture fiction
	Pornographic
	Hardcore pornography
	Softcore pornography


	Propaganda
	Reality
	Romantic
	Comedy
	Bromantic


	Fantasy
	Gothic
	Paranormal
	Thriller


	Science fiction
	Comedy
	Fantastique
	Fantasy
	Gothic
	Horror
	Military
	New Wave
	Parallel universe
	Planetary romance
	Space opera
	Steampunk
	Tokusatsu
	Western


	Slice of life
	Thriller
	Comedy
	Conspiracy
	Erotic
	Financial
	Giallo
	Legal
	New French Extremity
	Political
	Psychological
	Romantic
	Techno


	Transgressive
	Cinema of Transgression
	Extreme cinema
	New French Extremity


	Trick




	By theme	
	Animals
	Beach party
	Body swap
	Buddy
	Buddy cop
	Female


	Cannibal
	Chicano
	Colonial
	Coming-of-age
	Concert
	Crime
	Gangster
	Gentleman thief
	Gokudō
	Gong'an
	Heist
	Heroic bloodshed
	Hood
	Mafia
	Mafia comedy
	Mumbai underworld
	Poliziotteschi
	Yakuza


	Dance
	Disaster
	Apocalyptic


	Drug
	Psychedelic
	Stoner


	Dystopian
	Ecchi
	Economic
	Ethnographic
	Exploitation
	Blaxploitation
	Mexploitation
	Turksploitation


	Extraterrestrial
	Food and drink
	Funny animal
	Gendai-geki
	Ghost
	Goona-goona epic
	Gothic
	Romance
	Southern
	Space
	Suburban
	Urban


	Girls with guns
	Harem
	Hentai
	Lolicon
	Shotacon
	Tentacle erotica


	Homeland
	Isekai
	Jidaigeki
	Samurai


	Kaitō
	LGBT
	Yaoi
	Yuri


	Luchador
	Magical girl
	Martial arts
	Bruceploitation
	Chopsocky
	Gun fu
	Kung fu
	Ninja
	Wuxia


	Mecha
	Anime


	Monster
	Giant monster
	Jiangshi
	Kaiju
	Mummy
	Vampire
	Werewolf
	Zombie
	Zombie comedy




	Mountain
	Mouth of Garbage
	Muslim social
	Nature
	Environmental issues


	Opera
	Outlaw biker
	Ozploitation
	Partisan film
	Pirate
	Prison
	Women


	Race
	Rape and revenge
	Road
	Rubble
	Rumberas
	Sexploitation
	Bavarian porn
	Commedia sexy all'italiana
	Mexican sex comedy
	Nazi exploitation
	Pornochanchada
	Nunsploitation
	Sex report


	Shomin-geki
	Slavery
	Slice of life
	Snuff
	South Seas
	Sports
	Spy
	Eurospy


	Superhero
	Surfing
	Swashbuckler
	Sword-and-sandal
	Sword and sorcery
	Travel
	Trial
	Vigilante
	War
	Anti-war
	Euro War
	Submarine


	Western
	Acid
	Florida
	Meat pie
	Northern
	Ostern
	Revisionist
	Space
	Spaghetti
	Weird






	By movement 
 or period	
	Absolute
	American Eccentric Cinema
	New Objectivity
	Australian New Wave
	Auteur films
	Berlin School
	Bourekas
	Brighton School
	British New Wave
	Kitchen sink realism


	Budapest school
	Calligrafismo
	Cannibal boom
	Cinéma du look
	Cinema Novo
	Cinema of Transgression
	Cinéma pur
	Commedia all'italiana
	Czechoslovak New Wave
	Documentary Film Movement
	Dogme 95
	Erra Cinema
	European art cinema
	Film gris
	Free Cinema
	French New Wave
	German Expressionist
	German underground horror
	Nigerian Golden Age
	Grupo Cine Liberación
	Heimatfilm
	Hollywood on the Tiber
	Hong Kong New Wave
	Iranian New Wave
	Italian futurist
	Italian neorealist
	Japanese New Wave
	Kammerspielfilm
	L.A. Rebellion
	Lettrist
	Mumblecore
	Neorealist
	New French Extremity
	New German
	New Generation
	New Hollywood
	New Nollywood
	New Queer
	No wave
	Nuevo Cine Mexicano
	Parallel cinema
	Persian Film
	Poetic realist
	Polish Film School
	Poliziotteschi
	Praška filmska škola
	Prussian film
	Pure Film Movement
	Remodernist
	Romanian New Wave
	Spaghetti Western
	Socialist realist
	Social realist
	Kitchen sink realism


	Soviet Parallel
	Structural
	Surrealist
	Sword-and-sandal
	Telefoni Bianchi
	Third Cinema
	Toronto New Wave
	Vulgar auteurism
	Yugoslav Black Wave




	By demographic	
	Adult
	Black
	Children and family
	Anime


	Men
	Seinen
	Stag


	Teen
	Shōnen
	Shōjo


	Women
	Chick flick
	Josei






	By format,
 technique,
 approach,
 or production	
	3D
	Actuality
	Animation
	Anime
	Cartoon
	Computer
	Stop-motion
	Traditional


	Anthology
	Art
	B movie
	Black-and-white
	Blockbuster
	Bollywood
	Masala


	Cinéma vérité
	Classical Hollywood cinema
	Collage
	Color
	Compilation
	Composite
	Computer screen
	Cult
	midnight movie


	Database cinema
	Docufiction
	Ethnofiction
	Experimental
	Abstract


	Feature
	Featurette
	Film à clef
	Film-poem
	Found footage
	Grindhouse
	Hyperlink cinema
	Independent
	Guerrilla filmmaking


	Interstitial art
	Live action
	animation


	Lollywood
	Low-budget
	Major studio
	Making-of
	Message picture
	Meta-film
	Mockbuster
	Musical short
	Mythopoeia
	Neorealist
	No-budget
	One-shot
	Paracinema
	Participatory
	Poetry
	Postmodernist
	Reverse motion
	Satire
	Sceneggiata
	Semidocumentary
	Serial
	Shinpa
	Short
	Silent
	Socialist realist
	Sound
	Underground
	Video nasty
	Vulgar auteurism
	Z movie














Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_(genre)&oldid=1002622948#Film"


		Categories: 	Western (genre)
	American frontier
	Culture of the Western United States
	Film genres
	Fiction by genre
	Genres
	Western United States in fiction
	Works set in the 19th century


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