Isaac Bashevis Singer - Wikipedia Isaac Bashevis Singer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For the 1800s American inventor, see Isaac Singer. Polish-American author Isaac Bashevis Singer Isaac Bashevis Singer in 1969 Born Izaak Zynger (1903-11-11)November 11, 1903 Leoncin, Congress Poland, Russian Empire Died July 24, 1991(1991-07-24) (aged 87) Surfside, Florida, United States Pen name Bashevis, Warszawski (pron. Varshavsky), D. Segal Occupation Novelist, short story writer Language Yiddish Citizenship Poland, United States Genre Fictional prose Notable works The Magician of Lublin A Day of Pleasure Notable awards Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 Signature Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער‎; November 11, 1903[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-American writer[8][9][10] in Yiddish,[11] awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978.[12] The Polish form of his birth name was Icek Hersz Zynger.[13] He used his mother's first name in an initial literary pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded.[14] He was a leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, writing and publishing only in Yiddish. He was also awarded two U.S. National Book Awards, one in Children's Literature for his memoir A Day Of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw (1970)[15] and one in Fiction for his collection A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974).[16] Contents 1 Life 1.1 World War I 1.2 United States 2 Literary career 2.1 The Family Moskat 2.2 Literary influences 2.3 Language 2.4 Illustrators 2.5 Summary 2.6 Film adaptations 3 Beliefs 3.1 Judaism 3.2 Vegetarianism 3.3 Politics 4 Legacy and honors 5 Published works 5.1 Novels 5.2 Short story collections 5.3 Juvenile literature 5.4 Nonfiction 5.5 Autobiographical writings 5.6 Short stories 5.7 Collected works 5.8 Films and stage productions based on Singer's work 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Life[edit] Isaac (right) with his brother Israel Joshua Singer (1930s) Krochmalna Street in Warsaw near the place where the Singers lived (1940 or 1941) Singer's bench in Biłgoraj Commemorative plaque at 1 Krochmalna Street in Warsaw Isaac Bashevis Singer was born in 1903 in Leoncin village near Warsaw, capital of Congress Poland in the Russian Empire - lands that were a part of the Russian partition territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. A few years later, the family moved to a nearby Polish town of Radzymin. The exact date of his birth is uncertain, but most probably it was November 11 a date similar to the one that Singer gave both to his official biographer Paul Kresh,[17] his secretary Dvorah Telushkin,[18] and Rabbi William Berkowitz.[19] The year 1903 is consistent with the historical events that his brother refers to in their childhood memoirs, including the death of Theodor Herzl. The often-quoted birth date, July 14, 1904 was made up by the author in his youth, possibly to make himself younger to avoid the draft.[20] His father was a Hasidic rabbi and his mother, Bathsheba, was the daughter of the rabbi of Biłgoraj. Singer later used her name in his pen name "Bashevis" (Bathsheba's). Both his older siblings, sister Esther Kreitman (1891–1954) and brother Israel Joshua Singer (1893–1944), became writers as well. Esther was the first of the family to write stories.[21] The family moved to the court of the Rabbi of Radzymin in 1907, where his father became head of the Yeshiva. After the Yeshiva building burned down in 1908, the family moved to Warsaw, a flat at Krochmalna Street 10. In the spring of 1914, the Singers moved to No. 12.[22] The street where Singer grew up was located in the impoverished, Yiddish-speaking Jewish quarter of Warsaw. There his father served as a rabbi, and was called on to be a judge, arbitrator, religious authority and spiritual leader in the Jewish community.[23] The unique atmosphere of pre-war Krochmalna Street can be found both in the collection of Varshavsky-stories, which tell stories from Singer's childhood,[24] as well as in those novels and stories which take place in pre-war Warsaw.[25] World War I[edit] In 1917, because of the hardships of World War I, the family split up. Singer moved with his mother and younger brother Moshe to his mother's hometown of Biłgoraj, a traditional shtetl, where his mother's brothers had followed his grandfather as rabbis.[23] When his father became a village rabbi again in 1921, Singer returned to Warsaw. He entered the Tachkemoni Rabbinical Seminary and soon decided that neither the school nor the profession suited him. He returned to Biłgoraj, where he tried to support himself by giving Hebrew lessons, but soon gave up and joined his parents, considering himself a failure. In 1923, his older brother Israel Joshua arranged for him to move to Warsaw to work as a proofreader for the Jewish Literarische Bleter, of which the brother was an editor.[26] United States[edit] In 1935, four years before the Nazis invasion, Singer emigrated from Poland to the United States. He was fearful of the growing threat in neighboring Germany.[27] The move separated the author from his common-law first wife Runia Pontsch and son Israel Zamir (1929–2014); they emigrated to Moscow and then Palestine. The three met again twenty years later in 1955. Singer settled in New York City, where he took up work as a journalist and columnist for The Jewish Daily Forward (פֿאָרװערטס), a Yiddish-language newspaper. After a promising start, he became despondent and for some years felt "Lost in America" (title of his 1974 memoir published in Yiddish; published in English in 1981). In 1938, he met Alma Wassermann née Haimann (1907–1996), a German-Jewish refugee from Munich. They married in 1940, and their union seemed to release energy in him; he returned to prolific writing and to contributing to the Forward. In addition to his pen name of "Bashevis," he published under the pen names of "Warszawski" (pron. Varshavsky) during World War II,[citation needed] and "D. Segal."[28] They lived for many years in the Belnord apartment building on Manhattan's Upper West Side.[29] In 1981, Singer delivered a commencement address at the University at Albany, and was presented with an honorary doctorate.[30] Singer died on July 24, 1991 in Surfside, Florida, after suffering a series of strokes. He was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery, Paramus, New Jersey.[31][32] A street in Surfside, Florida is named Isaac Singer Boulevard in his honor; and so is a city square in Lublin, Poland. The full academic scholarship for undergraduate students at the University of Miami is also named in his honor. Literary career[edit] Singer's first published story won the literary competition of the literarishe bletter and garnered him a reputation as a promising talent. A reflection of his formative years in "the kitchen of literature"[33] can be found in many of his later works. IB Singer published his first novel, Satan in Goray, in installments in the literary magazine Globus, which he had co-founded with his life-long friend, the Yiddish poet Aaron Zeitlin in 1935. The book recounts events of 1648 in the village of Goraj (close to Biłgoraj), where the Jews of Poland lost a third of their population in a wholesale attack by Cossacks. It explores the effects of the seventeenth-century faraway false messiah, Shabbatai Zvi, on the local population. Its last chapter imitates the style of a medieval Yiddish chronicle. With a stark depiction of innocence crushed by circumstance, the novel appears to foreshadow coming danger. In his later work, The Slave (1962), Singer returns to the aftermath of 1648, in a love story between a Jewish man and a Gentile woman. He portrays the traumatized and desperate survivors of the historic catastrophe with even deeper understanding. The Family Moskat[edit] Isaac Bashevis Singer with unknown woman. Singer became a literary contributor to The Jewish Daily Forward only after his older brother Israel died in 1945. That year, Singer published The Family Moskat in his brother's honor. His own style showed in the daring turns of his action and characters, with double adultery during the holiest of nights of Judaism, the evening of Yom Kippur (despite being printed in a Jewish family newspaper in 1945). He was almost forced to stop writing the novel by his editor-in-chief, Abraham Cahan, but was saved by readers who wanted the story to go on.[citation needed] After this, his stories—which he had published in Yiddish literary newspapers before—were printed in the Forward as well. Throughout the 1940s, Singer's reputation grew. Singer believed in the power of his native language and thought that there was still a large audience, including in New York, who longed to read in Yiddish. In an interview in Encounter (February 1979), he claimed that although the Jews of Poland had died, "something—call it spirit or whatever—is still somewhere in the universe. This is a mystical kind of feeling, but I feel there is truth in it." Some of his colleagues and readers were shocked by his all-encompassing view of human nature. He wrote about female homosexuality ("Zeitl and Rickel",[34] "Tseytl un Rikl"), published in The Seance and Other Stories[35]), transvestism ("Yentl the Yeshiva Boy" in Short Friday), and of rabbis corrupted by demons ("Zeidlus the Pope" in Short Friday). In those novels and stories which refer to events in his own life, he portrays himself unflatteringly (with some degree of accuracy) as an artist who is self-centered yet has a keen eye for the sufferings and tribulations of others. Literary influences[edit] Singer had many literary influences; besides the religious texts he studied, he grew up with a rich array of Jewish folktales and worldly Yiddish detective-stories about "Max Spitzkopf" and his assistant "Fuchs".[36] He read Russian, including Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment at the age of fourteen.[37] He wrote in memoirs about the importance of the Yiddish translations donated in book-crates from America, which he studied as a teenager in Bilgoraj: "I read everything: Stories, novels, plays, essays... I read Rajsen, Strindberg, Don Kaplanowitsch, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Maupassant and Chekhov."[37] He studied many philosophers, among them Spinoza,[37] Arthur Schopenhauer,[21] and Otto Weininger.[38] Among his Yiddish contemporaries, Singer considered his older brother to be his greatest artistic example; he was also a life-long friend and admirer of the author and poet Aaron Zeitlin. Of his non-Yiddish-contemporaries, he was strongly influenced by the writings of Knut Hamsun, many of whose works he later translated, while he had a more critical attitude towards Thomas Mann, whose approach to writing he considered opposed to his own.[39] Contrary to Hamsun's approach, Singer shaped his world not only with the egos of his characters, but also using the moral commitments of the Jewish tradition known from his youth and embodied by his father in the stories about Singer's youth. There was a dichotomy between the life his heroes lead and the life they feel they should lead — which gives his art a modernity his predecessors did not express. His themes of witchcraft, mystery and legend draw on traditional sources, but they are contrasted with a modern and ironic consciousness. They are also concerned with the bizarre and the grotesque.[citation needed] Another important strand of his art is intra-familial strife, which he experienced firsthand when taking refuge with his mother and younger brother at his uncle's home in Biłgoraj. This is the central theme in Singer's big family chronicles, such as The Family Moskat (1950), The Manor (1967), and The Estate (1969). Some critics believe these show the influence of Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks; Singer had translated Mann's Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain) into Yiddish as a young writer. Language[edit] Singer always wrote and published in Yiddish. His novels were serialized in newspapers, which also published his short stories. He edited his novels and stories for their publication in English in the United States; these versions were used as the basis for translation into other languages. He referred to his English version as his "second original". This has led to an ongoing controversy whether the "real Singer" can be found in the Yiddish original, with its finely tuned language and sometimes rambling construction, or in the more tightly edited American versions, where the language is usually simpler and more direct.[citation needed] Many of Singer's stories and novels have not yet been translated. In the short story form, in which many critics feel he made his most lasting contributions, his greatest influences were writers Anton Chekhov and Guy de Maupassant, Russian and French, respectively. From Maupassant, Singer developed a finely grained sense of drama. Like those of the French master, Singer's stories can pack enormous visceral excitement in the space of a few pages.[citation needed] From Chekhov, Singer developed his ability to draw characters of enormous complexity and dignity in the briefest of spaces.[citation needed] In the foreword to his personally selected volume of his finest short stories he describes the two aforementioned writers as the greatest masters of the short story form. Illustrators[edit] The artists who have illustrated Singer's novels, short stories, and children's books, include Raphael Soyer, Maurice Sendak, Larry Rivers, and Irene Lieblich. Singer personally selected Lieblich to illustrate two of his books for children, A Tale of Three Wishes and The Power of Light: Eight Stories for Hanukkah, after seeing her paintings at an Artists Equity exhibition in New York City. A Holocaust survivor, Lieblich was from Zamosc, Poland, a town adjacent to the area where Singer was raised. As their memories of shtetl life were so similar, Singer found Lieblich's images ideally suited to illustrate his texts. Of her style, Singer wrote that "her works are rooted in Jewish folklore and are faithful to Jewish life and the Jewish spirit."[citation needed] Summary[edit] Singer published at least 18 novels, 14 children's books, a number of memoirs, essays and articles. He is best known as a writer of short stories, which have been published in more than a dozen collections. The first collection of Singer's short stories in English, Gimpel the Fool, was published in 1957. The title story was translated by Saul Bellow and published in May 1953 in the Partisan Review. Selections from Singer's "Varshavsky-stories" in the Daily Forward were later published in anthologies such as My Father's Court (1966). Later collections include A Crown of Feathers (1973), with notable masterpieces in between, such as The Spinoza of Market Street (1961) and A Friend of Kafka (1970). His stories and novels reflect the world of the East European Jewry in which he grew up. After his many years in America, his stories also portrayed the world of the immigrants and their pursuit of an elusive American dream, which seems always beyond reach. Prior to Singer's winning the Nobel Prize, English translations of dozens of his stories were frequently published in popular magazines such as Playboy and Esquire. They were publishing literary works and included his stories among their best; in turn, he found them to be appropriate outlets for his work. Throughout the 1960s, Singer continued to write on questions of personal morality. Because of the controversial aspects of his plots, he was a target of scathing criticism from many quarters, some of it for not being "moral" enough, some for writing stories that no one wanted to hear. To his critics, he replied, "Literature must spring from the past, from the love of the uniform force that wrote it, and not from the uncertainty of the future."[citation needed] Singer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.[12] Between 1981 and 1989, Singer contributed articles to Moment Magazine, an independent magazine which focuses on the life of the American Jewish community.[40] Film adaptations[edit] His novel Enemies, a Love Story was adapted as a film by the same name (1989) and was quite popular, bringing new readers to his work. He featured a Holocaust survivor who deals with varying desires, complex family relationships, and a loss of faith. Singer's story, "Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy" was adapted into a stage version by Leah Napolin (with Singer), which was the basis for the film Yentl (1983) starring and directed by Barbra Streisand. Alan Arkin starred as Yasha, the principal character in the film version of The Magician of Lublin (1979), which also featured Shelley Winters, Louise Fletcher, Valerie Perrine and Lou Jacobi. In the final scene, Yasha achieves his lifelong ambition of being able to fly, though not quite as the magic trick he had originally planned. Perhaps the most fascinating[41] Singer-inspired film is Mr. Singer's Nightmare or Mrs. Pupkos Beard (1974) directed by Bruce Davidson, a renowned photographer who became Singer's neighbor. This unique film is a half-hour mixture of documentary and fantasy for which Singer wrote the script and played the leading role. The 2007 film Love Comes Lately, starring Otto Tausig, was adapted from several of Singer's stories. Beliefs[edit] Judaism[edit] Singer's relationship to Judaism was complex and unconventional. He identified as a skeptic and a loner, though he felt a connection to his Orthodox roots. Ultimately, he developed a view of religion and philosophy, which he called "private mysticism: Since God was completely unknown and eternally silent, He could be endowed with whatever traits one elected to hang upon Him."[42][43] Singer was raised Orthodox and learned all the Jewish prayers, studied Hebrew, and learned Torah and Talmud. As he recounted in the autobiographical short story "In My Father's Court", he broke away from his parents in his early twenties. Influenced by his older brother, who had done the same, he began spending time with non-religious Bohemian artists in Warsaw. Although Singer believed in a God, as in traditional Judaism, he stopped attending Jewish religious services of any kind, even on the High Holy Days. He struggled throughout his life with the feeling that a kind and compassionate God would never support the great suffering he saw around him, especially the Holocaust deaths of so many of the Polish Jews from his childhood. In one interview with the photographer Richard Kaplan, he said, "I am angry at God because of what happened to my brothers": Singer's older brother died suddenly in February 1944, in New York, of a thrombosis; his younger brother perished in Soviet Russia around 1945, after being deported with his mother and wife to Southern Kazakhstan in Stalin's purges. Despite the complexities of his religious outlook, Singer lived in the midst of the Jewish community throughout his life. He did not seem to be comfortable unless he was surrounded by Jews; particularly Jews born in Europe. Although he spoke English, Hebrew, and Polish fluently, he always considered Yiddish his natural tongue. He always wrote in Yiddish and he was the last notable American author to be writing in this language. After he had achieved success as a writer in New York, Singer and his wife began spending time during the winters in Miami with its Jewish community, many of them New Yorkers. Eventually, as senior citizens, they moved to Miami. They identified closely with the European Jewish community. After his death, Singer was buried in a traditional Jewish ceremony in a Jewish cemetery in Paramus, New Jerey. Vegetarianism[edit] Singer was a prominent Jewish vegetarian[44] for the last 35 years of his life and often included vegetarian themes in his works. In his short story The Slaughterer, he described the anguish of an appointed slaughterer trying to reconcile his compassion for animals with his job of killing them. He felt that the ingestion of meat was a denial of all ideals and all religions: "How can we speak of right and justice if we take an innocent creature and shed its blood?" When asked if he had become a vegetarian for health reasons, he replied: "I did it for the health of the chickens." In The Letter Writer, he wrote "In relation to [animals], all people are Nazis; for the animals, it is an eternal Treblinka,"[45] which became a classic reference in the discussions about the legitimacy of the comparison of animal exploitation with the Holocaust. In the preface to Steven Rosen's Food for Spirit: Vegetarianism and the World Religions (1986), Singer wrote, "When a human kills an animal for food, he is neglecting his own hunger for justice. Man prays for mercy, but is unwilling to extend it to others. Why should man then expect mercy from God? It's unfair to expect something that you are not willing to give. It is inconsistent. I can never accept inconsistency or injustice. Even if it comes from God. If there would come a voice from God saying, "I'm against vegetarianism!" I would say, "Well, I am for it!" This is how strongly I feel in this regard." Politics[edit] Singer described himself as "conservative," adding that "I don't believe by flattering the masses all the time we really achieve much."[46] His conservative side was most apparent in his Yiddish writing and journalism, where he was openly hostile to Marxist sociopolitical agendas. In Forverts he once wrote, "It may seem like terrible apikorses [heresy], but conservative governments in America, England, France, have handled Jews no worse than liberal governments.... The Jew's worst enemies were always those elements that the modern Jew convinced himself (really hypnotized himself) were his friends."[47][11] Legacy and honors[edit] Jewish Book Council for The Slave, 1963[48] Itzik Manger Prize, 1973.[49] National Book Award (United States), 1974 [50] Nobel Prize for Literature, 1978. A street in Surfside, Florida named in his honor A street in New York City named in his honor (W. 86th st.) A street in Leoncin named in his honor (ul. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera) A commemorative plaque attached to a front wall of a building resided by Isaac Singer and his family during their dwelling in Radzymin (ul. Stary Rynek 7, 05-250 Radzymin) A park square in Radzymin named in his honor (skwer im. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera) A city square in Lublin, a hometown of the protagonist of The Magician of Lublin novel, named in writer's honor (pl. Isaaka Singera) A street in Biłgoraj named in his honor (ul. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera). Published works[edit] Note: Publication dates refer to English editions, not the Yiddish originals, which often predate the versions in translation by 10 to 20 years. Novels[edit] Satan in Goray (1935) Eulogy to a Shoelace The Family Moskat (1950) The Magician of Lublin (1960) The Slave (1962) The Manor (1967) The Estate (1969) Enemies, a Love Story (1972) The Wicked City (1972) Shosha (1978) Old Love (1979) Reaches of Heaven: A Story of the Baal Shem Tov (1980) The Penitent (1983) Teibele and Her Demon (1983) (play) The King of the Fields (1988) Scum (1991) The Certificate (1992) [51] Meshugah (1994)[51] Shadows on the Hudson (1997) Short story collections[edit] Gimpel the Fool and Other Stories (1957) The Spinoza of Market Street (1961) Short Friday and Other Stories (1963) The Séance and Other Stories (1968) A Friend of Kafka and Other Stories (1970) The Fools of Chelm and Their History (1973) A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974) — shared the National Book Award, Fiction, with Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon[16] Passions and Other Stories (1975) Old Love (1979) The Collected Stories (1982) The Image and Other Stories (1985) The Death of Methuselah and Other Stories (1988) Juvenile literature[edit] Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories, illustrated by Maurice Sendak (1966) — runner up for the Newbery Medal (Newbery Honor Book)[52] Mazel and Shlimazel, illus. Margot Zemach (1967) The Fearsome Inn, illus. Nonny Hogrogian (1967) — Newbery Honor Book[52] When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw and Other Stories, illus. Margot Zemach (1968) — Newbery Honor Book[52] The Golem, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1969) Elijah the Slave: A Hebrew Legend Retold, illus. Antonio Frasconi (1970) Joseph and Koza: or the Sacrifice to the Vistula, illus. Symeon Shimin (1970) Alone in the Wild Forest, illus. Margot Zemach (1971) The Topsy-Turvy Emperor of China, illus. William Pène du Bois (1971) The Wicked City, illus. Leonard Everett Fisher (1972) The Fools of Chelm and Their History, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1973) Why Noah Chose the Dove, illus. Eric Carle (1974) A Tale of Three Wishes, illus. Irene Lieblich (1975) Naftali and the Storyteller and His Horse, Sus, illus. Margot Zemach (1976) The Power of Light - Eight Stories for Hanukkah, illus. Irene Lieblich (1980) Yentl the Yeshiva Boy, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1983) Stories for Children (1984) – collection Shrew Todie and Lyzer the Miser and Other Children's Stories (1994) The Parakeet Named Dreidel (2015) Nonfiction[edit] The Hasidim (1973) Autobiographical writings[edit] Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1967) [1963], In My Father's Court, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1969), A Day of Pleasure, Stories of a Boy Growing Up In Warsaw, New York: Doubleday. National Book Award, Children's Literature[15] Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1976), A Little Boy in Search of God, New York: Doubleday. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1978), A Young Man in Search of Love, New York: Doubleday. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1981), Lost in America, New York: Doubleday. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1984), Love and exile, New York: Doubleday. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1999), More Stories from My Father's Court, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux Short stories[edit] Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1963), The New Winds, NY. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Spring 1968), Mirra Ginsburg transl., "Zeitl and Rickel", The Hudson Review, 20th Anniversary Issue, 21 (1): 127–37, doi:10.2307/3849538, JSTOR 3849538. Collected works[edit] Singer, Isaac Bashevis (2004), Stavans, Ilan (ed.), Stories, 1, Library of America, ISBN 978-1-931082-61-7. ——— (2004), ——— (ed.), Stories, 2, Library of America, ISBN 978-1-931082-62-4. ——— (2004), ——— (ed.), Stories, 3, Library of America, ISBN 978-1-931082-63-1. Films and stage productions based on Singer's work[edit] Enemies, A Love Story (1989) Love Comes Lately (2007) The Magician of Lublin (1979) Yentl (1983) Mr. Singer's Nightmare or Mrs. Pupkos Beard[53] Fool's Paradise See also[edit] Children's literature portal List of Jewish Nobel laureates List of animal rights advocates Jewish vegetarianism List of Poles Notes[edit] ^ "Is today actually Isaac Bashevis Singer's birthday?". Literary Hub. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ Singer, Isaac Bashevis. "Who Needs Literature?". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ "Authors". Jewish Review of Books. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer, Author at The American Scholar". The American Scholar. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ "Biography". Isaac Bashevis Singer. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer (1903–1991)". Lapham’s Quarterly. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ Singer, Isaac Bashevis (2017-05-24). "Isaac Bashevis Singer". Narrative Magazine. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer | American author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer". Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100507926 (inactive 2021-01-19). Retrieved 2020-11-12.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link) ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer". www.peterowen.com. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ a b "Singer, Isaac Bashevis", The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. ^ a b Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1978), Lecture, Nobel prize. ^ Florence Noiville (2008). Isaac B. Singer: A Life. Northwestern University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0810124820. ^ Several of his professional identification cards using localized spellings and further variants of these names are reproduced in: Wollitz, Seth L. (2001). Staley, Thomas F. (ed.). The Hidden Isaac Bashevis Singer. Literary Modernism Series. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-79147-3. Retrieved 2012-07-28. ^ a b "National Book Awards – 1970". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-08. ^ a b "National Book Awards – 1974". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-26. With essay by Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog. ^ Kresh 1979, p. 390. ^ Telushkin 1997, p. 266. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTelushkin1997 (help) ^ "New York Day by Day;". The New York Times. 1984-09-03. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-21. ^ Tree 2004, pp. 18–19. ^ a b Carr 1992. ^ Leociak, J (2011), Spojrzenia na warszawskie getto. Ulica Krochmalna [Glimpses of the Warsaw Ghetto], Warszawa: Dom Spotkań z Historią, p. 29, OCLC 800883074 ^ a b Singer 1967. ^ Best known: My Father's Court 1966 ^ Die familye Mushkat/The Family Moskat 1950, Shoym 1967/Scum 1991, etc. ^ Singer 1976. ^ Maul, Kristina (2007), Communication and Society in Jewish American Short Stories, GRIN Verlag, p. 19, ISBN 9783638843201. ^ See both bibliographies (given on this page). ^ Horsley, Carter B, "The Belnord", The City Review, archived from the original on 2010-03-30. ^ "University at Albany's 137th Annual Commencement", YouTube (video), May 24, 1981. ^ Strauss, Robert (March 28, 2004). "Sometimes the Grave Is a Fine and Public Place". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-21. Cedar Park Cemetery in Paramus [sic] tends toward performers. Martin Balsam, who won both a Tony and an Oscar, was buried there in 1996. Joe E. Lewis, the comic whose rough life was portrayed by Frank Sinatra in the 1957 movie, The Joker Is Wild, is nearby. (As are two illustrious non-performers, the Nobel Prize writer Isaac Bashevis Singer and the poet Delmore Schwartz.). ^ Pace, Eric (July 26, 1991). "Isaac Bashevis Singer, Nobel Laureate for His Yiddish Stories, Is Dead at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-30. Isaac Bashevis Singer, whose vivid evocations of Jewish life in his native Poland and of his experiences as an immigrant in America won him the Nobel Prize in Literature, died on Wednesday. He was 87 years old and lived in Surfside, Florida. ^ Telushkin 1997, p. 123. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTelushkin1997 (help) ^ Singer 1968. ^ Singer 1968a. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSinger1968a (help) ^ Tree 2004, p. 35. ^ a b c Bashevis 1967. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBashevis1967 (help) ^ Tree 2004, p. 68. ^ Tree 2004, p. 88. ^ Bashevis Singer, Isaac. Moment Magazine. Digital Archives: Opinion Archives. ^ Tree 2004, p. 161. ^ Grace Farrell, Isaac Bashevis Singer: Conversations, p. 236, University Press of Mississippi, 1992. ^ Singer 1984, p. 99. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904–1991)", History of Vegetarianism, IVU, archived from the original on 2008-12-22, retrieved 2009-02-18. ^ Singer 1982, p. 271. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSinger1982 (help) ^ Burgin, Richard; Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Spring 1980), "A Conversation with Isaac Bashevis Singer", Chicago Review, 31 (4): 57, doi:10.2307/25304019, JSTOR 25304019 ^ Hadda 2003, pp. 137–38. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHadda2003 (help) ^ "Past Winners". Jewish Book Council. Archived from the original on 2020-03-08. Retrieved 2020-01-19. ^ Stromberg, David (June 13, 2016). "Rebellion and Creativity: Contextualizing Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Author's Note" to The Penitent". In Geveb: A Journal of Yiddish Studies. ^ 1974 (one of two). ^ a b The Perils of Translation: Isaac Bashevis Singer ^ a b c "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present". Association for Library Service to Children. ALA. Retrieved 2012-04-19. ^ "Warsaw Stories" (various reprints beginning with a version of this biography). Eilat Gordin Levitan. References[edit] Burgess, Anthony (1998), Rencontre au Sommet (in French), Paris: Éd. Mille et une nuits. Richard Burgin. Conversations with Isaac Bashevis Singer. NY: Doubleday, 1985. Carr, Maurice (December 1992), "My Uncle Itzhak: A Memoir of IB Singer", Commentary. Lester Goran. The Bright Streets of Surfside: The Memoir of a Friendship with Isaac Bashevis Singer. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994. Hadda, Janet (1997), Isaac Bashevis Singer: A Life, New York: Oxford University Press. Kresh, Paul (1979), Isaac Bashevis Singer: The Magician of West 86th Street, New York: Dial Press. Roberta Saltzman. Isaac Bashevis Singer: a bibliography of his works in Yiddish and English, 1960–1991. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4315-3 Dorothea Straus. Under the Canopy. New York: George Braziller, 1982. ISBN 0-8076-1028-3 Florence Noiville. Isaac B. Singer, A Life, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006 Dvorah Telushkin. Master of Dreams: A Memoir of Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York: Morrow, 1997. Tree, Stephen (2004), Isaac Bashevis Singer, Munich: DTV Deutscher Taschenbuch, ISBN 978-3423244152. Agata Tuszyńska. Lost Landscapes: In Search of Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Jews of Poland. New York: Morrow, 1998. Hardcover. ISBN 0688122140 via Google Books, preview. Wolitz, Seth L, ed. (2001), The Hidden Isaac Bashevis Singer, Austin: University of Texas Press. Israel Zamir. Journey to My Father, Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York: Arcade 1995. Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm The Roots Are Polish. Toronto: Canadian-Polish Research Institute, 2004. ISBN 0-920517-05-6 External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Isaac Bashevis Singer Official Website Isaac Bashevis Singer at Find a Grave Isaac Bashevis Singer on Nobelprize.org American Masters Singer page at Library of America The Paris Review Interview with Isaac Bashevis Singer Isaac Bashevis Singer Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin Snger's Biography by Florence Noiville at Google Books Singer's Artists[permanent dead link] Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories Video Lecture on Isaac Bashevis Singer: Singer in the Shtetl, the Shtetl in Singer by Dr. Henry Abramson of Touro College South Isaac Bashevis Singer at Library of Congress Authorities, with 161 catalog records Interviews and Videos about Isaac Bashevis Singer[permanent dead link] Finding aid to Isaac Bashevis Singer manuscripts at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. v t e Works by Isaac Bashevis Singer Novels The Family Moskat (1950) Satan in Goray (1955) The Magician of Lublin (1960) The Slave (1962) The Manor (1967) The Estate (1969) The Golem (1969) The Wicked City (1972) Enemies, A Love Story (1972) Shosha (1978) The Penitent (1983) The Certificate (1992) Meshugah (1994) Shadows on the Hudson (1997) Short stories "Gimpel the Fool" (1956) Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories (1966) A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1973) "The Reencounter" (1983) Non-fiction A Day of Pleasure (1969) Rencontre au Sommet (1998) Plays Yentl (1975) Works adapted into films The Magician of Lublin (1979) Yentl (1983) Enemies, A Love Story (1989) Love Comes Lately (2007) Works adapted into operas Fool's Paradise (1994) v t e National Book Award for Fiction (1950–1974) The Man with the Golden Arm by Nelson Algren (1950) Collected Stories of William Faulkner by William Faulkner (1951) From Here to Eternity by James Jones (1952) Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison (1953) The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1954) A Fable by William Faulkner (1955) Ten North Frederick by John O'Hara (1956) The Field of Vision by Wright Morris (1957) The Wapshot Chronicle by John Cheever (1958) The Magic Barrel by Bernard Malamud (1959) Goodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth (1960) The Waters of Kronos by Conrad Richter (1961) The Moviegoer by Walker Percy (1962) Morte d'Urban by J. F. Powers (1963) The Centaur by John Updike (1964) Herzog by Saul Bellow (1965) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967) The Eighth Day by Thornton Wilder (1968) Steps by Jerzy Kosiński (1969) them by Joyce Carol Oates (1970) Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow (1971) The Complete Stories by Flannery O'Connor (1972) Chimera by John Barth (1973) Augustus by John Williams (1973) Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon (1974) A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer (1974) Complete list (1950–1974) (1975–1999) (2000–2024) v t e Recipients of the Bancarella Prize 1950s 1953 Ernest Hemingway 1954 Giovannino Guareschi 1955 Hervé Le Boterf 1956 Han Suyin 1957 Werner Keller 1958 Boris Pasternak 1959 Heinrich Gerlach 1960s 1960 Bonaventura Tecchi 1961 André Schwarz-Bart 1962 Cornelius Ryan 1963 Paolo Caccia Dominioni 1964 Giulio Bedeschi 1965 Luigi Preti 1966 Vincenzo Pappalettera 1967 Indro Montanelli 1968 Isaac Bashevis Singer 1969 Peter Colosimo 1970s 1970 Oriana Fallaci 1971 Enzo Biagi 1972 Alberto Bevilacqua 1973 Roberto Gervaso 1974 Giuseppe Berto 1975 Susanna Agnelli 1976 Carlo Cassola 1977 Giorgio Saviane 1978 Alex Haley 1979 Massimo Grillandi 1980s 1980 Maurice Denuzière 1981 Sergio Zavoli 1982 Gary Jennings 1983 Renato Barneschi 1984 Luciano De Crescenzo 1985 Giulio Andreotti 1986 Pasquale Festa Campanile 1987 Enzo Biagi 1988 Cesare Marchi 1989 Umberto Eco 1990s 1990 Vittorio Sgarbi 1991 Antonio Spinosa 1992 Alberto Bevilacqua 1993 Carmen Covito 1994 John Grisham 1995 Jostein Gaarder 1996 Stefano Zecchi 1997 Giampaolo Pansa 1998 Paco Ignacio Taibo 1999 Ken Follett 2000s 2000 Michael Connelly 2001 Andrea Camilleri 2002 Federico Audisio 2003 Alessandra Appiano 2004 Bruno Vespa 2005 Gianrico Carofiglio 2006 Andrea Vitali 2007 Frank Schätzing 2008 Valerio Massimo Manfredi 2009 Donato Carrisi 2010s 2010 Elizabeth Strout 2011 Mauro Corona 2012 Marcello Simoni 2013 Anna Premoli 2014 Michela Marzano 2015 Sara Rattaro 2016 Margherita Oggero 2017 Matteo Strukul 2018 Dolores Redondo 2019 Alessia Gazzola v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1901–1925 1901: Sully Prudhomme 1902: Theodor Mommsen 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906: Giosuè Carducci 1907: Rudyard Kipling 1908: Rudolf Eucken 1909: Selma Lagerlöf 1910: Paul Heyse 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann 1913: Rabindranath Tagore 1914 1915: Romain Rolland 1916: Verner von Heidenstam 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 1919: Carl Spitteler 1920: Knut Hamsun 1921: Anatole France 1922: Jacinto Benavente 1923: W. B. Yeats 1924: Władysław Reymont 1925: George Bernard Shaw 1926–1950 1926: Grazia Deledda 1927: Henri Bergson 1928: Sigrid Undset 1929: Thomas Mann 1930: Sinclair Lewis 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1932: John Galsworthy 1933: Ivan Bunin 1934: Luigi Pirandello 1935 1936: Eugene O'Neill 1937: Roger Martin du Gard 1938: Pearl S. Buck 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944: Johannes V. Jensen 1945: Gabriela Mistral 1946: Hermann Hesse 1947: André Gide 1948: T. S. Eliot 1949: William Faulkner 1950: Bertrand Russell 1951–1975 1951: Pär Lagerkvist 1952: François Mauriac 1953: Winston Churchill 1954: Ernest Hemingway 1955: Halldór Laxness 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957: Albert Camus 1958: Boris Pasternak 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo 1960: Saint-John Perse 1961: Ivo Andrić 1962: John Steinbeck 1963: Giorgos Seferis 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award) 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968: Yasunari Kawabata 1969: Samuel Beckett 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1971: Pablo Neruda 1972: Heinrich Böll 1973: Patrick White 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1975: Eugenio Montale 1976–2000 1976: Saul Bellow 1977: Vicente Aleixandre 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979: Odysseas Elytis 1980: Czesław Miłosz 1981: Elias Canetti 1982: Gabriel García Márquez 1983: William Golding 1984: Jaroslav Seifert 1985: Claude Simon 1986: Wole Soyinka 1987: Joseph Brodsky 1988: Naguib Mahfouz 1989: Camilo José Cela 1990: Octavio Paz 1991: Nadine Gordimer 1992: Derek Walcott 1993: Toni Morrison 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe 1995: Seamus Heaney 1996: Wisława Szymborska 1997: Dario Fo 1998: José Saramago 1999: Günter Grass 2000: Gao Xingjian 2001–present 2001: V. S. Naipaul 2002: Imre Kertész 2003: J. M. Coetzee 2004: Elfriede Jelinek 2005: Harold Pinter 2006: Orhan Pamuk 2007: Doris Lessing 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio 2009: Herta Müller 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa 2011: Tomas Tranströmer 2012: Mo Yan 2013: Alice Munro 2014: Patrick Modiano 2015: Svetlana Alexievich 2016: Bob Dylan 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro 2018: Olga Tokarczuk 2019: Peter Handke 2020: Louise Glück v t e Veganism and vegetarianism Perspectives Veganism Animal-free agriculture Fruitarianism History Low-carbon diet Raw veganism Nutrition Vegan organic gardening Vegan studies Vegetarianism Economic vegetarianism Environmental vegetarianism History Lacto vegetarianism Orthopathy Ovo vegetarianism Ovo-lacto vegetarianism Cuisine Vegetarian Diet Pyramid Ecofeminism Nutrition By country Lists Vegetarians Vegans Fictional characters Vegetarian festivals Vegetarian organizations Vegetarian restaurants List of vegan media Ethics Secular Animal rights Animal welfare Carnism Deep ecology Environmental vegetarianism Ethics of eating meat Meat paradox Nonviolence Sentientism Speciesism Tirukkuṟaḷ Religious Buddhism Christianity (Seventh-day Adventist Church) Hinduism Sattvic Ahimsa Jainism Judaism Pythagoreanism Rastafari Sikhism Food, drink Agar Agave nectar Coconut burger Coconut milk Fruits Grains cereals legumes Meat analogue List of meat substitutes Miso Mochi Mock duck Nutritional yeast Plant cream Plant milk Quinoa Quorn Seitan Soy yogurt Tempeh Tofu Tofurkey Cheese Vegepet Vegetables Hot dog Vegetarian mark Sausage Beer Wine Veggie burger Groups and events Vegan American Vegan Society Beauty Without Cruelty Food Empowerment Project Go Vegan Movement for Compassionate Living Our Hen House Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Plamil Foods Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme Vegan Awareness Foundation Vegan flag Vegan Ireland Vegan Outreach Vegan Prisoners Support Group Vegan school meal The Vegan Society The Good Food Institute Veganuary Veganz World Vegan Day Vegetarian Boston Vegetarian Society Christian Vegetarian Association European Vegetarian Union French Vegetarian Society Hare Krishna Food for Life International Vegetarian Union Jewish Veg Meat-free days Meatless Monday Friday Fast Order of the Golden Age ProVeg Deutschland ProVeg International ProVeg Nederland Swissveg Toronto Vegetarian Association Vegetarian Federal Union Vegetarian Society Vegetarian Society (Singapore) Veggie Pride Viva! Health World Esperantist Vegetarian Association World Vegetarian Day Companies List of vegetarian and vegan companies Books, reports An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802) Vegetable Cookery (1812) A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813) Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814) Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824) Nature's Own Book (1835) Fruits and Farinacea (1845) What is Vegetarianism? (1886) Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891) Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892) Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895) Figs or Pigs? (1896) Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903) The Meat Fetish (1904) A Fleshless Diet (1910) The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927) Ten Talents (1968) Diet for a Small Planet (1971) The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975) Laurel's Kitchen (1976) Moosewood Cookbook (1977) Fit for Life (1985) Diet for a New America (1987) The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990) Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997) The China Study (2004) Skinny Bitch (2005) Livestock's Long Shadow (2006) The Bloodless Revolution (2006) Eating Animals (2009) Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009) Animal (De)liberation (2016) The End of Animal Farming (2018) Meat Atlas (annual) Films Meet Your Meat (2002) Peaceable Kingdom (2004) Earthlings (2005) A Sacred Duty (2007) Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010) Planeat (2010) Forks Over Knives (2011) Vegucated (2011) Live and Let Live (2013) Cowspiracy (2014) What the Health (2017) Carnage (2017) Dominion (2018) The Game Changers (2018) Magazines Naked Food Satya Vegetarian Times VegNews The Animals' Agenda Academics, physicians Contemporary Elisa Aaltola Carol J. Adams Martin Balluch Neal D. Barnard David Benatar Steven Best Yves Bonnardel T. Colin Campbell Jan Deckers Sue Donaldson Mylan Engel Gidon Eshel Caldwell Esselstyn Michael Allen Fox Gary L. Francione Joel Fuhrman Greta Gaard Valéry Giroux Michael Greger A. Breeze Harper Oscar Horta Melanie Joy Michael Klaper Aph Ko Thomas Lepeltier Andrew Linzey Clair Linzey Reed Mangels John A. McDougall James E. McWilliams Jack Norris David Olivier Dean Ornish David Pearce Tom Regan Richard H. Schwartz Peter Singer William O. Stephens David Sztybel Kim A. Williams Corey Lee Wrenn Laura Wright Historical William Alcott Thomas Allinson William Axon Horace A. Barrows George Bedborough Ernest Bell Rynn Berry Maximilian Bircher-Benner Ernest Bonnejoy Lucius Duncan Bulkley J. L. Buttner Paul Carton George Cheyne Henry S. Clubb Antonio Cocchi Charles W. 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