War on terror - Wikipedia War on terror From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from War on Terror) Jump to navigation Jump to search International military campaign that started after the 11 September 2001 attacks This article is about the international military campaign. For other uses, see War on terror (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018) The neutrality of this article's title, subject matter, and/or the title's implications, is disputed. This is a dispute over the neutrality of viewpoints or other implications of the title, or the subject matter within its scope, rather than the actual facts stated. Wikipedia articles may have only one unique title; the use of the current title does not imply an endorsement of that title. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Multiple theaters are described yet none are particularly detailed and definitions of terrorism related activities must be tightened up. Please help improve this article if you can. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) War on terror Clockwise from top left: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks; American infantry in Afghanistan; an American soldier and Afghan interpreter in Zabul Province, Afghanistan; explosion of an Iraqi car bomb in Baghdad. Date 11 September 2001–present[note 1][note 2] (19 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) Location Global Status Ongoing[12][13] Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (since 1998):[note 3] Drone strikes being conducted by U.S. Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen is declared on 31 March 2011 Insurgency escalates into a full-scale civil war by 2014 American-led intervention in Afghanistan (since 2001): Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan Destruction of al-Qaeda camps Taliban insurgency Transfer of combat roles to Afghan Armed Forces U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement US and Taliban Peace Agreement in 2020 Iraqi conflict (since 2003): Iraq War (2003–2011) Overthrow of the Ba'ath Party government in Iraq Execution of Saddam Hussein Death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in June 2006 Free elections Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Rise and fall of ISIL Continued ISIL insurgency Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present): Low-level insurgency[14] Elimination of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Al-Qaeda, Haqqani Network and other terrorist groups presence in Pakistan[15][16][17] Large number of terrorists killed while some fled to Afghanistan[18] Killing of Osama bin Laden West African airstrikes in Nigeria Other: OEF Horn of Africa OEF Philippines OEF Trans Sahara OEF Caribbean and Central America Belligerents United Nations countries:  United States  United Kingdom  France  Russia NATO members:  Albania  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Croatia  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Montenegro  Netherlands  North Macedonia  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Turkey Other Co-belligerent countries:  Afghanistan  Bahrain  Cameroon  Egypt  India  Iran  Iraq  Jordan  Lebanon  Libya  Mali  Mozambique  Nigeria  Togo  Senegal  Sierra Leone  Niger  Liberia  Ivory Coast  Guinea-Bissau  Guinea  The Gambia  Cape Verde  Burkina Faso  Benin  Chad  Burundi  Gabon  Rwanda  Tanzania  South Africa  Uganda  Sweden  Pakistan  Philippines  Australia  New Zealand  Thailand  Japan  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Singapore  South Korea  Georgia  Ukraine  Kazakhstan  Uzbekistan  Tajikistan  Kyrgyzstan  Turkmenistan  Mongolia  Republic of Ireland  Malaysia  El Salvador  Tonga  Indonesia  Brunei  Vietnam  Saudi Arabia  Somalia  United Arab Emirates  Yemen International missions: NATO—ISAF Resolute Support Mission Operation Enduring Freedom Allies Northern Alliance Multi-National Force – Iraq Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations) Terrorist groups: Al-Qaeda Lashkar al-Zil AQAP Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen) AQIM AQIS al-Shabaab Tahrir al-Sham Khorasan[1] Nusrat al-Islam AQKB Abdullah Azzam Brigades Tawhid al-Jihad (Gaza Strip) Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades Imam Shamil Battalion Islamist lone wolves ISIL Sinai Province Libya Province Jund al-Khilafah Khorasan Province Yemen Province[2] Boko Haram Caucasus Province ISS Abu Sayyaf Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade IMU MIT Afghan Taliban Pakistani Taliban Other groups: East Turkestan Islamic Movement Osbat al-Ansar Haqqani network TNSM Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Lashkar-e-Taiba Lashkar-e-Omar Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Hizbul Mujahideen Ansaru Mullah Dadullah Front Fidai Mahaz Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) Islamic Jihad Union Masked Brigade Jaish-e-Mohammed Ahrar ash-Sham Fatah al-Islam Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid Jaish al-Islam Indian Mujahideen Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group Soldiers of Egypt Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Rajah Sulaiman movement Salafia Jihadia Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) Ansar al-Sharia (Morocco) Ansar al-Sharia (Egypt) Ansar al-Sharia (Yarmouk Area) Turaifie group Abu Sayyaf[3] Jemaah Islamiyah[4] Al-Qaeda in the Malay Archipelago Al-Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique) JTJ (until 2004) Free Aceh Movement (until 2005) al-Qaeda in Iraq (until 2006) Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (until 2007) Tunisian Combatant Group (until 2011) Islamic State of Iraq (until 2013) MOJWA (until 2013) Ansar al-Islam (until 2014) Jundallah[5] Tehreek-e-Khilafat[6] (until November 2014) Hizbul Islam (until 2014) Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until March 2015)[7] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015) Ansar al-Sharia (Syria) (until 2016) Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (until 2016) Caucasus Emirate (until 2016) Al-Nusra Front (until 2017) Harakat Sham al-Islam (until 2017) Jund al-Aqsa (until 2017) Ansar Dine (until March 2017)[8] Al-Mourabitoun (until March 2017)[8] Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (until May 2017)[9][10][11] Maute Group (until 2017) Islamic Emirate of Waziristan (until 2017/2018) Ansar al-Sharia (Derna, Libya) (until 2018) Rajah Sulaiman Movement (until ?) Islamic Jihad of Yemen (until ?) Black Banner Organization (until ?) Iraqi Baath Party loyalists Commanders and leaders Joe Biden (President 2021–present) Boris Johnson (Prime Minister 2019–present) Emmanuel Macron (President 2017–present) Vladimir Putin (President 2000–08, 2012–present) Former leaders George W. Bush (President 2001–09) Barack Obama (President 2009–17) Donald Trump[19] (President 2017–21) Tony Blair (Prime Minister 1997–07) Gordon Brown (Prime Minister 2007–10) David Cameron[20] (Prime Minister 2010–16) Theresa May (Prime Minister 2016-19) Jacques Chirac (President 1995–07) Nicolas Sarkozy (President 2007–12) François Hollande (President 2012–17) Dmitry Medvedev (President 2008–12, Prime Minister 2012–20) Other leaders Muhammadu Buhari (President 2015–present) Mahamadou Issoufou (President 2011–present) Idriss Deby (President 1990–present) Paul Biya (President 1982–present) Abdelmadjid Tebboune (President 2019–present) Abdelaziz Djerad (Prime Minister 2019–present) Mohammed VI (King 1999–present) (King of Morocco) Mohamed Ould Ghazouani (President 2019–present) Kais Saied (President 2019–present) Macky Sall (President 2012–present) Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (President 2015–present) Andrzej Duda (President 2015–present) Justin Trudeau (Prime Minister 2015–present) Joko Widodo (President 2014–present) Jacinda Ardern (Prime Minister 2017–present) Angela Merkel (Chancellor 2005–present) Giuseppe Conte (Prime Minister 2018–present) Pedro Sánchez (Prime Minister 2018–present) King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (King 2015–present) (King of Saudi Arabia) Crown Prince Mohammed bin Nayef Al Saud (Crown Prince 2015–present) (Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia) Imran Khan (Prime Minister 2018–present) Arif Alvi (President 2018–present) Narendra Modi (Prime Minister 2014–present) Xi Jinping (General Secretary 2012–present) Scott Morrison (Prime Minister 2018-present) Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister 2009–present) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Prime Minister 2003–14, President 2014–present) Uhuru Kenyatta (President 2013–present) Commander-in-chief of Kenya Defence Forces Rodrigo Duterte (President 2016–present) Ali Khamenei (Supreme Leader 1989–present) All Various World Leaders Other former leaders Olusegun Obasanjo (President 1999–2007) Umaru Yar'Adua (President 2007–2010) Goodluck Johnathan (President 2010–2015) Gerhard Schröder (Chancellor 1998–2005) Silvio Berlusconi (Prime Minister 2001–2006 and 2008–2011) Romano Prodi (Prime Minister 2006–2008) Mario Monti (Prime Minister 2011–2013) Enrico Letta (Prime Minister 2013–2014) Matteo Renzi (Prime Minister 2014–2016) Paolo Gentiloni (Prime Minister 2016–2018) Mariano Rajoy[21](Prime minister 2011–2018) King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (King 1981–2004) (King of Saudi Arabia) King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (King 2004 –2011) (King of Saudi Arabia) Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Crown Prince 2011 –2012) (Former Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia) Pervez Musharraf[note 4] (President 1999–2008) Asif Ali Zardari (President 2008–2013) Mamnoon Hussain (President 2013–2018) Nawaz Sharif (Prime Minister 2013–2017) Shahid Khaqan Abbasi (Prime Minister 2017–2018) Manmohan Singh (Prime Minister 2004–2014) Jiang Zemin (General Secretary 1989–2002) Hu Jintao (General Secretary 2002–2012) John Howard (Prime Minister 1996–2007) Kevin Rudd (Prime Minister 2007–2010, 2013) Julia Gillard (Prime Minister 2010-2013) Tony Abbott (Prime Minister 2013–2015) Malcolm Turnbull (Prime Minister 2015–2018) Aleksander Kwaśniewski (President 1995–2005) Lech Kaczyński (President 2005–2010) Bronisław Komorowski (President 2005–2015) Ehud Barak (Prime Minister 1999–2001) (Prime minister of Israel) Ariel Sharon (Prime Minister 2001–2006) (Prime Minister of Israel) Ehud Olmert (Prime Minister 2006–2009) (Prime Minister of Israel) Jean Kahwaji (Commander-in-Chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces) Mwai Kibaki (President 2002–2013) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (President 2001–2010) Benigno Aquino III (President 2010–2016) All Various Former World Leaders al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden † (Founder and first Emir of al-Qaeda) Ayman al-Zawahiri (Current Emir of al-Qaeda) Saif al-Adel (al-Qaeda Military Chief) Abu Musab al-Zarqawi † (Emir of al-Qaeda in Iraq) Ilyas Kashmiri † (Commander of Lashkar al-Zil) Qasim al-Raymi † (Emir of AQAP) Abdelmalek Droukdel † (Emir of AQIM) Mokhtar Belmokhtar (Emir of AQWA) Asim Umar † (Emir of AQIS) Ahmad Umar (Emir of al-Shabaab) Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Emir of al-Nusra Front) Muhsin al-Fadhli † (Leader of Khorasan Group)[22] ISIL Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (2nd and current leader of ISIL) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † (Former leader of ISIL) Abu Ala al-Afri † (Deputy Emir of ISIL)[23][24] Abu Muslim al-Turkmani † (Deputy Leader, Iraq)[25] Abu Suleiman al-Naser † (Head of War Council)[26] Abu Mohammad al-Adnani † (Spokesperson for ISIL) Abu Omar al-Shishani † (Senior ISIL commander) Abu Nabil al-Anbari † (ISIL Emir of North Africa) Abu Abdullah al-Filipini † (ISIL Emir of Southeast Asia) Mohammed Abdullah (ISIL Emir of Derna) Ali Al Qarqaa (ISIL Emir of Nofaliya) Hafiz Saeed Khan †[27] (ISIL Emir of Wilayat Khorasan) Usman Ghazi[28][29] Abubakar Shekau[30] (Emir of Boko Haram) Taliban Mohammed Omar (1st Supreme Commander of the Taliban)(2001-2013) Akhtar Mansour † (2nd Supreme Commander of the Taliban) Hibatullah Akhundzada (Current & 3rd Supreme Commander of the Taliban) Quetta Shura (Senior Taliban council) Abdul Ghani Baradar Obaidullah Akhund † Mohammad Fazl Dadullah Akhund † Tehrik-i-Taliban Maulana Fazlullah (Emir of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan) Haqqani Network Jalaluddin Haqqani † (leader of the Haqqani network) Sirajuddin Haqqani East Turkestan Islamic Movement Abdul Haq  †(Emir of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement) Abdullah Mansour (Emir of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement) Casualties and losses 800,000+ people killed[31] At least 37 million people displaced[32] The war on terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism and U.S. War on Terror, is an international military campaign launched by the United States government after the September 11 attacks.[33] The targets of the campaign are primarily Sunni Islamic fundamentalist armed groups located throughout the Muslim world, with the most prominent groups being Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, the Taliban, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, and the various franchise groups of the former two organizations. The naming of the campaign uses a metaphor of war to refer to a variety of actions that do not constitute a specific war as traditionally defined. U.S. president George W. Bush first used the term "war on terrorism" on 16 September 2001,[34][35] and then "war on terror" a few days later in a formal speech to Congress.[36][37] In the latter speech, George Bush stated, "Our enemy is a radical network of terrorists and every government that supports them."[37][38] The term was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with al-Qaeda. The term was immediately criticised by such people as Richard B. Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and more nuanced terms subsequently came to be used by the Bush administration to publicly define the international campaign led by the U.S.[33] While it was never used as a formal designation of U.S. operations in internal government documentation,[39] a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal was issued. U.S. President Barack Obama announced on 23 May 2013 that the Global War on Terror was over, saying the military and intelligence agencies will not wage war against a tactic but will instead focus on a specific group of networks determined to destroy the U.S.[40] On 28 December 2014, the Obama administration announced the end of the combat role of the U.S.-led mission in Afghanistan.[41] However, the U.S. continued to play a major role in the War in Afghanistan, and in 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump expanded the American military presence in Afghanistan.[42] The rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) led to the global Operation Inherent Resolve, and an international campaign to destroy ISIL. According to a 2020 study conducted under the auspices of the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, the several wars initiated by the United States in its war against terror have caused the displacement, conservatively calculated, of 37 million people.[43][44] Criticism of the war on terror focused on its morality, efficiency, and cost; some, including later president Barack Obama,[45][46][47][48] objected to the phrase itself as a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives,[49] reduce civil liberties,[50] and infringe upon human rights. Critics also assert that the term "war" is not appropriate in this context (much like the term "War on Drugs") since terror is not an identifiable enemy and it is unlikely that international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.[51] Contents 1 Etymology 1.1 History of use of the phrase and its rejection by the U.S. government 1.2 The rhetorical war on terror 2 Background 2.1 Precursor to the September 11 attacks 2.2 September 11 attacks 3 U.S. objectives 3.1 U.S. allies in the Middle East 4 Afghanistan 4.1 Operation Enduring Freedom 4.2 Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan 4.3 International Security Assistance Force 5 Iraq 5.1 Iraqi no-fly zones 5.2 Operation Iraqi Freedom 5.3 Operation New Dawn 6 Pakistan 6.1 Baluchistan 7 Trans-Sahara (Northern Africa) 7.1 Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara 8 Horn of Africa and the Red Sea 8.1 Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa 9 Philippines 9.1 Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines 10 Yemen 11 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 11.1 Operation Inherent Resolve (Syria and Iraq) 11.2 Islamic State of Lanao and the Battle of Marawi 11.3 Operation Pacific Eagle – Philippines 11.4 Libyan War 11.5 American military intervention in Cameroon 12 Other military operations 12.1 Operation Active Endeavour 12.2 Fighting in Kashmir 13 International military support 14 Terrorist attacks and failed plots since 9/11 14.1 Al-Qaeda 15 Post 9/11 events inside the United States 16 Transnational actions 16.1 "Extraordinary rendition" 16.2 Rendition to "Black Sites" 16.2.1 Criticism of American Media's Withholding of Coverage 16.2.2 Prison ships 16.3 Guantanamo Bay detention camp 17 Casualties 17.1 Total terrorist casualties 18 Costs 19 Aftermath 19.1 Terrorist attacks and plots 19.1.1 The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) 19.1.2 Al-Qaeda 19.2 Terrorist casualties 20 Criticism 21 Anti-terror campaigns by other powers 22 See also 23 Notes 24 References 25 Further reading 26 External links Etymology The phrase war on terror has been used to specifically refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U.S., U.K. and their allies against organizations and regimes identified by them as terrorist, and usually excludes other independent counter-terrorist operations and campaigns such as those by Russia and India. The conflict has also been referred to by names other than the War on Terror. It has also been known as: World War III[52] World War IV[53] (assuming the Cold War was World War III) Bush's War on Terror[54] The Long War[55][56] The Forever War[57] The Global War on Terror[58] The War Against al-Qaeda[59] The War 'of' Terror[60] (From the perspective of individuals who experience the conflicts brought on by continual foreign and domestic intervention as the source of "terror".) History of use of the phrase and its rejection by the U.S. government In 1984, the Reagan administration, which had significantly expanded the CIA-run program of funding the mujaheddin militants in Afghanistan, employed the term "war against terrorism" to pass legislation aimed at countering terrorist groups in the wake of the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing that killed 241 U.S. and 58 French peacekeepers.[61] In 2017, U.S. Vice President Mike Pence called the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing "the opening salvo in a war that we have waged ever since—the global war on terror."[62] The concept of the U.S. at war with terrorism may have begun on 11 September 2001 when Tom Brokaw, having just witnessed the collapse of one of the towers of the World Trade Center, declared "Terrorists have declared war on [America]."[63] On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, U.S. president George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an ostensibly unscripted comment when answering a journalist's question about the impact of enhanced law enforcement authority given to the U.S. surveillance agencies on Americans' civil liberties: "This is a new kind of—a new kind of evil. And we understand. And the American people are beginning to understand. This crusade, this war on terrorism is going to take a while. And the American people must be patient. I'm going to be patient."[34][64] Shortly after, the White House said the president regretted use of the term crusade, as it might have been misunderstood as referring to the historical Crusades; the word crusade was not used again.[65] On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, George Bush said, "Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated."[66][37] In April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase "war on terror" as they found it to be less than helpful.[67] This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller. In her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5 said that the 9/11 attacks were "a crime, not an act of war. So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror."[68] Letter from Barack Obama indicating appropriation of Congressional funds for "Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism" U.S. president Barack Obama rarely used the term, but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he stated: "Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred."[69] In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from "Global War on Terror" to "Overseas Contingency Operation" (OCO).[70] In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid the use of the term and instead to use "Overseas Contingency Operation".[70] Basic objectives of the Bush administration "war on terror", such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place.[71][72] In May 2010, the Obama administration published a report outlining its National Security Strategy. The document dropped the Bush-era phrase "global war on terror" and reference to "Islamic extremism," and stated, "This is not a global war against a tactic—terrorism, or a religion—Islam. We are at war with a specific network, al-Qaeda, and its terrorist affiliates who support efforts to attack the United States, our allies, and partners."[46] In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, speaking at Oxford University, stated that the war against al-Qaeda would end when the terrorist group had been weakened so that it was no longer capable of "strategic attacks" and had been "effectively destroyed." At that point, the war would no longer be an armed conflict under international law,[73] and the military fight could be replaced by a law enforcement operation.[74] Johnson had been contemplating the question of "When does the war end?" ever since the Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, Ike Skelton, had posed that question to him several years earlier.[75] In May 2013, two years after the assassination of Osama bin Laden, Barack Obama delivered a speech that employed the term global war on terror put in quotation marks (as officially transcribed by the White House): "Now, make no mistake, our nation is still threatened by terrorists. ... But we have to recognize that the threat has shifted and evolved from the one that came to our shores on 9/11. ... From our use of drones to the detention of terrorist suspects, the decisions that we are making now will define the type of nation—and world—that we leave to our children. So America is at a crossroads. We must define the nature and scope of this struggle, or else it will define us. We have to be mindful of James Madison's warning that "No nation could preserve its freedom in the midst of continual warfare." ... In Afghanistan, we will complete our transition to Afghan responsibility for that country's security. ... Beyond Afghanistan, we must define our effort not as a boundless "global war on terror," but rather as a series of persistent, targeted efforts to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America. In many cases, this will involve partnerships with other countries." Nevertheless, in the same speech, in a bid to emphasize the legality of military actions undertaken by the U.S., noting that Congress had authorised the use of force, he went on to say, "Under domestic law, and international law, the United States is at war with al Qaeda, the Taliban, and their associated forces. We are at war with an organization that right now would kill as many Americans as they could if we did not stop them first. So this is a just war—a war waged proportionally, in last resort, and in self-defense."[47][48] The rhetorical war on terror Because the actions involved in the war on terrorism are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism,' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse."[76] Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that "the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage".[77] Administration officials also described "terrorists" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil.[78] Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.[79] Both the term and the policies it denotes have been a source of ongoing controversy, as critics argue it has been used to justify unilateral preventive war, human rights abuses and other violations of international law.[80][81] Background Precursor to the September 11 attacks See also: Islamic terrorism and List of Islamist terrorist attacks The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced back to the Soviet–Afghan War (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Afghan mujahideen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of "Afghan Arab" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance.[82] In a 1993 interview, bin Laden himself said that, “Personally neither I nor my brothers saw evidence of American help."[83] In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year.[84] In August 1996, Bin Laden declared jihad against the United States.[85] In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatwā, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel;[86][87] in May al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.[88][89] On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans.[90] In retaliation, U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC,[91][92] although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare facility. The plant produced much of the region's antimalarial drugs[93] and around 50% of Sudan's pharmaceutical needs.[94] The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.[93] Next came the 2000 millennium attack plots, which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport. On 12 October 2000, the USS Cole bombing occurred near the port of Yemen, and 17 U.S. Navy sailors were killed.[95] September 11 attacks Main article: September 11 attacks On the morning of 11 September 2001, nineteen men hijacked four jet airliners, all of them bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the jet airliners, they told the passengers that they had a bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the jet airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history, and many previous hijacking attempts had been resolved with the passengers and crew escaping unharmed after obeying the hijackers.[96][97] The hijackers – members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell[98] – intentionally crashed two jet airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third jet airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. The fourth jet airliner crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the jet airliners, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House or the U.S. Capitol. None of the flights had any survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.[99] Fifteen of the nineteen were citizens of Saudi Arabia, and the others were from the United Arab Emirates (2), Egypt, and Lebanon.[100] On 13 September, for the first time ever, NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which commits each member state to consider an armed attack against one member state to be an armed attack against them all.[101] The invocation of Article 5 led to Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour. On 18 September 2001, President Bush signed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists passed by Congress a few days prior, the authorization is still active and has been used to justify numerous military actions. U.S. objectives   NATO   Trans-Sahara initiative   Major military operations (Afghanistan • Pakistan • Iraq • Somalia • Yemen)   Other allies involved in major operations Major terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda and affiliated groups: 1. 1998 United States embassy bombings • 2. September 11 attacks • 3. Bali bombings 2002• 4. Madrid bombings 2004 • 5. London bombings 2005 • 6. Mumbai attacks 2008 The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or "AUMF" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the September 11 attacks. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or individuals. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973. The George W. Bush administration defined the following objectives in the War on Terror:[102] Defeat terrorists such as Osama bin Laden, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and destroy their organizations Identify, locate and demolish terrorists along with their organizations Reject sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists End the state sponsorship of terrorism Establish and maintain an international standard of responsibility concerning combating terrorism Strengthen and maintain the international effort to combat terrorism Function with willing and able states Enable weak states Persuade reluctant states Compel unwilling states Intervene and dismantle material support for terrorists Abolish terrorist sanctuaries and havens Reduce the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit Establish partnerships with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence of terrorism Win the war of ideals Protect U.S. citizens and interests at home and abroad Integrate the National Strategy for Homeland Security Attain domain awareness Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical, physical, and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad Implement measures to protect U.S. citizens abroad Ensure an integrated incident management capacity U.S. allies in the Middle East Further information: List of terrorist incidents in Saudi Arabia and Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks Further information: Category:Counter-terrorism in Israel Israel has been fighting groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad, which it considers terrorist movements acting as proxies for Iran. In 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush said that Israel's war on terrorist group Hezbollah was part of war on terror.[103] Saudi Arabia witnessed multiple terror attacks from different groups such as Al-Qaeda, whose leader, Osama Bin Laden, declared war on the Saudi government. On 16 June 1996, the Khobar Towers bombing killed 19 U.S. soldiers. In 2006 a United States District Court held that Iran, a Shiite power, was responsible, and that it had used as a proxy the militant Saudi Hezbollah al-Hijazi, affiliated to the Lebanese Hezbollah, and whose leader Ahmed al-Mughassil was arrested two decades later as the mastermind of the attack, that was executed by 12 Saudi Shiite militants, and one Lebanese. Iran has denied responsibility[104][105] Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom Campaign streamer awarded to units who have participated in Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Enduring Freedom is the official name used by the Bush administration for the War in Afghanistan, together with three smaller military actions, under the umbrella of the Global War on Terror. These global operations are intended to seek out and destroy any al-Qaeda fighters or affiliates. Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present) See also: List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001–present) On 20 September 2001, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban government of Afghanistan, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, to turn over Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country or face attack.[37] The Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's link to the September 11 attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such a trial in an Islamic Court.[106] The U.S. refused to provide any evidence. U.S. Army soldier of the 10th Mountain Division in Nuristan Province, June 2007 Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.[107][108] In March 2002, the U.S. and other NATO and non-NATO forces launched Operation Anaconda with the goal of destroying any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of Afghanistan. The Taliban suffered heavy casualties and evacuated the region.[109] An American soldier in Afghanistan's Khost Province The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002.[110] Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all.[111] Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces.[112] In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits the United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024.[113] The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw;[114] with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO,[115] and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory.[116] In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan.[117] Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name "Operation Freedom's Sentinel".[118] International Security Assistance Force Main article: International Security Assistance Force Map of countries contributing troops to ISAF as of 5 March 2010. Major contributors (over 1000 troops) in dark green, other contributors in light green, and former contributors in magenta. The NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was created in December 2001 to assist the Afghan Transitional Administration and the first post-Taliban elected government. With a renewed Taliban insurgency, it was announced in 2006 that ISAF would replace the U.S. troops in the province as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (later reinforced by Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations. The monthly supply of cargo containers through Pakistani route to ISAF in Afghanistan is over 4,000 costing around 12 billion in Pakistani Rupees.[119][120][121][122][123] Iraq Further information: Iraq War and the War on Terror Iraq had been listed as a State sponsor of terrorism by the U.S. since 1990,[124] when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. Iraq had also been on the list from 1979 to 1982; it was removed so that the U.S. could provide material support to Iraq in its war with Iran. Hussein's regime had proven to be a problem for the UN and Iraq's neighbors due to its use of chemical weapons against Iranians and Kurds in the 1980s. Iraqi no-fly zones Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War—in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively. U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands for "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.[125] In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox, during December 1998, Iraq announced that it would no longer respect the no-fly zones and resumed its attempts to shoot down U.S. aircraft. Operation Iraqi Freedom Main article: Iraq War A British C-130J Hercules aircraft launches flare countermeasures before being the first coalition aircraft to land on the newly reopened military runway at Baghdad International Airport The Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air campaign, which was immediately followed by a U.S.-led ground invasion. The Bush administration cited UNSC Resolution 1441, which warned of "serious consequences" for violations such as Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction. The Bush administration also stated the Iraq war was part of the War on Terror, a claim later questioned and contested. The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003, when a combined force of British, U.S. and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr.[126] Baghdad, Iraq's capital city, fell to U.S. troops in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved.[127] On 1 May 2003, Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended.[128] However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The rebellion, which included al-Qaeda-affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders were Islamists and claimed to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past.[129] Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003 and was executed in 2006. In 2004, the insurgent forces grew stronger. The U.S. launched offensives on insurgent strongholds in cities like Najaf and Fallujah. In January 2007, President Bush presented a new strategy for Operation Iraqi Freedom based upon counter-insurgency theories and tactics developed by General David Petraeus. The Iraq War troop surge of 2007 was part of this "new way forward", which along with U.S. backing of Sunni groups it had previously sought to defeat has been credited with a widely recognized dramatic decrease in violence by up to 80%.[citation needed] In 2011, all American troops were withdrawn from Iraq, terminating Operation NEW DAWN. Operation New Dawn The war entered a new phase on 1 September 2010,[130] with the official end of U.S. combat operations. The last U.S. troops exited Iraq on 18 December 2011.[131] Pakistan Main article: Pakistan's role in the War on Terror See also: Pakistan–United States relations, Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism, Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Drone strikes in Pakistan, and Death of Osama bin Laden Following the September 11 attacks, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush. Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other U.S. administration officials met with Musharraf. On 19 September 2001, Musharraf addressed the people of Pakistan and stated that, while he opposed military tactics against the Taliban, Pakistan risked being endangered by an alliance of India and the U.S. if it did not cooperate. In 2006, Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the U.S., and revealed in his memoirs that he had "war-gamed" the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan.[132] On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organizations would not be allowed to resurface under any new name. He said, "the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations. It was not taken under any foreign influence".[133] In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the groups on 12 January.[134] Later that year, the Saudi born Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint U.S.-Pakistan raids. Zubaydah is said to have been a high-ranking al-Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps.[135] Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the following two years, namely Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who is known to have been a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who at the time of his capture was the third highest-ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the September 11 attacks. In 2004, the Pakistan Army launched a campaign in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan's Waziristan region, sending in 80,000 troops. The goal of the conflict was to remove the al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the area. After the fall of the Taliban regime, many members of the Taliban resistance fled to the Northern border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army had previously little control. With the logistics and air support of the United States, the Pakistani Army captured or killed numerous al-Qaeda operatives such as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, wanted for his involvement in the USS Cole bombing, the Bojinka plot, and the killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. The United States has carried out a campaign of drone attacks on targets all over the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. However, the Pakistani Taliban still operates there. To this day it is estimated that 15 U.S. soldiers were killed while fighting al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants in Pakistan since the War on Terror began.[136] Osama bin Laden, who was of many founders of al-Qaeda, his wife, and son, were all killed on 2 May 2011, during a raid conducted by the United States special operations forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan.[137] The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war. In the three years before the September 11 attacks, Pakistan received approximately US$9 million in American military aid. In the three years after, the number increased to US$4.2 billion, making it the country with the maximum funding post 9/11. Baluchistan Various NGOs have reported human rights violations in committed by Pakistani armed forces. Approximately 18,000 Baluch residents are reportedly missing and about 2000 have been killed.[138] Brahamdagh Bugti, leader of the Baloch Republican Party, stated in a 2008 interview that he would accept aid from India, Afghanistan, and Iran in defending Baluchistan against Pakistani aggression.[139] Pakistan has repeatedly accused India of supporting Baloch rebels,[140][141] and David Wright-Neville writes that outside Pakistan, some Western observers also believe that India secretly funds the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA).[142] Trans-Sahara (Northern Africa) Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) is the name of the military operation conducted by the U.S. and partner nations in the Sahara/Sahel region of Africa, consisting of counter-terrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian government's request and deployed troops into the region. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali.[143] Horn of Africa and the Red Sea Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa See also: Somalia War (2006–2009), Somali Civil War (2009–present), Piracy off the coast of Somalia, and Drone strikes in Somalia This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom was titled OEF-HOA. Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect militant activities in the region and to work with willing governments to prevent the reemergence of militant cells and activities.[144] In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier.[145] It contains approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and special operations forces (SOF) and coalition force members, Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150). Task Force 150 consists of ships from a shifting group of nations, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and affecting the United States' Operation Iraqi Freedom. Included in the operation is the training of selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia in counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics and providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the armed forces of Chad, Niger, Mauritania and Mali. However, the War on Terror does not include Sudan, where over 400,000 have died in an ongoing civil war. On 1 July 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western governments that the al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there.[146] The Prime Minister of Somalia claimed that three "terror suspects" from the 1998 United States embassy bombings are being sheltered in Kismayo.[147] On 30 December 2006, al-Qaeda deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri called upon Muslims worldwide to fight against Ethiopia and the TFG in Somalia.[148] On 8 January 2007, the U.S. launched the Battle of Ras Kamboni by bombing Ras Kamboni using AC-130 gunships.[149] On 14 September 2009, U.S. Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe. Witnesses claim that helicopters used for the operation launched from French-flagged warships, but that could not be confirmed. A Somali-based al-Qaida affiliated group, the Al-Shabaab, has verified the death of "sheik commander" Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan along with an unspecified number of militants.[150] Nabhan, a Kenyan, was wanted in connection with the 2002 Mombasa attacks.[151] Philippines Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines U.S. Special Forces soldier and infantrymen of the Philippine Army In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups.[152] The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan.[153] The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called "Operation Smiles". The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a "Hearts and Minds" program.[154][155] Joint Special Operations Task Force – Philippines disbanded in June 2014,[156] ending a successful 12-year mission.[157] After JSOTF-P had disbanded, as late as November 2014, American forces continued to operate in the Philippines under the name "PACOM Augmentation Team", until 24 February 2015.[158][159] By 2018, American operations within the Philippines against terrorist was renamed Operation Pacific Eagle, which involves as many as 300 advisers.[160] Yemen Main articles: Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen and Drone strikes in Yemen The United States has also conducted a series of military strikes on al-Qaeda militants in Yemen since the War on Terror began.[161] Yemen has a weak central government and a powerful tribal system that leaves large lawless areas open for militant training and operations. Al-Qaeda has a strong presence in the country.[162] On 31 March 2011, AQAP declared the Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen after its captured most of Abyan Governorate.[163] The U.S., in an effort to support Yemeni counter-terrorism efforts, has increased their military aid package to Yemen from less than $11 million in 2006 to more than $70 million in 2009, as well as providing up to $121 million for development over the next three years.[164] Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Operation Inherent Resolve (Syria and Iraq) Main articles: Operation Inherent Resolve, Military intervention against ISIL, and List of wars and battles involving ISIL Further information: Timeline of the Iraq War (2014), Spillover of the Syrian Civil War, American-led intervention in Syria, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) Tomahawk missiles being fired from USS Philippine Sea and USS Arleigh Burke at IS targets in Syria In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda's organization, the Iraqi franchise, known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL), taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict.[165] Due to their extreme brutality and a complete change in their overall ideology, Al Qaeda's core organization in Central Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their affiliates to cut off all ties with this organization.[166] Many analysts[who?] believe that because of this schism, Al Qaeda and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of the world's most powerful terrorist organization.[167] The Obama administration began to re-engage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS starting on 10 August 2014.[168] On 9 September 2014, President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, citing the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, and thus did not require additional approval from Congress.[169] The following day on 10 September 2014 President Barack Obama made a televised speech about ISIL, which he stated: "Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy, ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy".[170] Obama has authorized the deployment of additional U.S. Forces into Iraq, as well as authorizing direct military operations against ISIL within Syria.[170] On the night of 21/22 September the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria.[citation needed] In October 2014, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Defense considers military operations against ISIL as being under Operation Enduring Freedom in regards to campaign medal awarding.[171] On 15 October, the military intervention became known as "Operation Inherent Resolve".[172] Islamic State of Lanao and the Battle of Marawi With the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), jihadist offshoots sprung up in regions around the world, including the Philippines. The Maute group, composed of former Moro Islamic Liberation Front guerrillas and foreign fighters led by Omar Maute, the alleged founder of a Dawlah Islamiya, declared loyalty to ISIL and began clashing with Philippine security forces and staging bombings. On 23 May 2017, the group attacked the city of Marawi, resulting in the bloody Battle of Marawi that lasted 5 months. After the decisive battle, remnants of the group were reportedly still recruiting in 2017 and 2018.[173][174] Operation Pacific Eagle – Philippines On 1 September 2017, US Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis designated Operation Pacific Eagle – Philippines (OPE-P) as a contingency operation to support the Philippine government and the military in their efforts to isolate, degrade, and defeat the affiliates of ISIS (collectively referred to as ISIS-Philippines or ISIS-P) and other terrorist organisations in the Philippines.[175] Libyan War Main articles: Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014), Libyan Civil War (2014–present), and American intervention in Libya (2015–present) An AV-8B Harrier takes off from the flight deck of USS Wasp during Operation Odyssey Lightning, 8 August 2016. NBC News reported that in mid-2014, ISIS had about 1,000 fighters in Libya. Taking advantage of a power vacuum in the center of the country, far from the major cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, ISIS expanded rapidly over the next 18 months. Local militants were joined by jihadists from the rest of North Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. The force absorbed or defeated other Islamist groups inside Libya and the central ISIS leadership in Raqqa, Syria, began urging foreign recruits to head for Libya instead of Syria. ISIS seized control of the coastal city of Sirte in early 2015 and then began to expand to the east and south. By the beginning of 2016, it had effective control of 120 to 150 miles of coastline and portions of the interior and had reached Eastern Libya's major population center, Benghazi. In spring 2016, AFRICOM estimated that ISIS had about 5,000 fighters in its stronghold of Sirte.[176] However, the indigenous rebel groups who had staked their claims to Libya and turned their weapons on ISIS—with the help of airstrikes by Western forces, including U.S. drones, the Libyan population resented the outsiders who wanted to establish a fundamentalist regime on their soil. Militias loyal to the new Libyan unity government, plus a separate and rival force loyal to a former officer in the Qaddafi regime, launched an assault on ISIS outposts in Sirte and the surrounding areas that lasted for months. According to U.S. military estimates, ISIS ranks shrank to somewhere between a few hundred and 2,000 fighters. In August 2016, the U.S. military began airstrikes that, along with continued pressure on the ground from the Libyan militias, pushed the remaining ISIS fighters back into Sirte, In all, U.S. drones and planes hit ISIS nearly 590 times, the Libyan militias reclaimed the city in mid-December.[176] On 18 January 2017, ABC News reported that two USAF B-2 bombers struck two ISIS camps 28 miles (45 km) south of Sirte, the airstrikes targeted between 80 and 100 ISIS fighters in multiple camps, an unmanned aircraft also participated in the airstrikes. NBC News reported that as many as 90 ISIS fighters were killed in the strike, a U.S. defense official said that "This was the largest remaining ISIS presence in Libya," and that "They have been largely marginalized, but I am hesitant to say they have been eliminated in Libya."[176] American military intervention in Cameroon In October 2015, the U.S. began deploying 300 soldiers[177] to Cameroon, with the invitation of the Cameroonian government, to support African forces in a non-combat role in their fight against ISIS insurgency in that country. The troops' primary missions will revolve around providing intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights.[178] Other military operations Operation Active Endeavour Main article: Operation Active Endeavour Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of NATO started in October 2001 in response to the September 11 attacks. It operates in the Mediterranean and is designed to prevent the movement of militants or weapons of mass destruction and to enhance the security of shipping in general.[179] Fighting in Kashmir Main article: Kashmir conflict Political map: the Kashmir region districts In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue.[180][181] While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence.[182][183] In 2002, The Christian Science Monitor published an article claiming that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were "thriving" in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with the tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence.[184] A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[185] U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies.[186] Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government.[187] India also argued that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan.[188] While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.[189] In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda.[190][191] Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member,[192] while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda.[193] Waziristan had now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants, who were now fighting NATO in support of Al-Qaeda.[194] On 8 July 2012, Al-Badar Mujahideen, a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, on the conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for a mobilization of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir.[195] International military support Main articles: Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom and Multi-National Force – Iraq See also: Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2008 and Afghan War order of battle 2012 The United Kingdom is the second largest contributor of troops in Afghanistan The invasion of Afghanistan is seen to have been the first action of this war, and initially involved forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Afghan Northern Alliance. Since the initial invasion period, these forces were augmented by troops and aircraft from Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand and Norway amongst others. In 2006, there were about 33,000 troops in Afghanistan. On 12 September 2001, less than 24 hours after the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty and declared the attacks to be an attack against all 19 NATO member countries. Australian Prime Minister John Howard also stated that Australia would invoke the ANZUS Treaty along similar lines.[196] In the following months, NATO took a broad range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, "[The] EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism."[197] NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour. Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan was also engaged in the Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (a.k.a. Waziristan War or North-West Pakistan War). Supported by U.S. intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.[198] Terrorist attacks and failed plots since 9/11 Al-Qaeda Main articles: al-Qaeda and Timeline of al-Qaeda attacks Since 9/11, Al-Qaeda and other affiliated radical Islamist groups have executed attacks in several parts of the world where conflicts are not taking place. Whereas countries like Pakistan have suffered hundreds of attacks killing tens of thousands and displacing much more. The 2002 Bali bombings in Indonesia were committed by various members of Jemaah Islamiyah, an organization linked to Al-Qaeda. The 2003 Casablanca bombings were carried out by Salafia Jihadia, an Al-Qaeda affiliate. After the 2003 Istanbul bombings, Turkey charged 74 people with involvement, including Syrian Al-Qaeda member Loai al-Saqa. The 2004 Madrid train bombings in Spain were "inspired by" Al-Qaeda, though no direct involvement has been established. The 7 July 2005 London bombings in the United Kingdom were perpetrated by four homegrown terrorists, one of whom appeared in an edited video with a known Al-Qaeda operative, though the British government denies Al-Qaeda involvement. Al Qaeda claimed responsibility for the 11 April 2007 Algiers bombings in Algeria. The 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack in the United Kingdom was carried out by a pair of bombers whose laptops and suicide notes included videos and speeches referencing Al-Qaeda, though no direct involvement was established. The 2009 Fort Hood shooting in the United States was committed by Nidal Malik Hasan, who had been in communication with Anwar al-Awlaki, though the Department of Defense classifies the shooting as an incidence of workplace violence. Morocco blames Al-Qaeda for the 2011 Marrakech bombing, though Al-Qaeda denies involvement. The 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings in France were committed by Mohammed Merah, who reportedly had familial ties to Al-Qaeda, along with a history of petty crime and psychological issues. Merah claimed ties to Al-Qaeda, though French authorities deny any connection. To date, no one has been convicted for the 2012 U.S. Consulate attack in Benghazi in Libya, and no one has claimed responsibility. Branches of Al-Qaeda, Al-Qaeda affiliates, and individuals "sympathetic to Al-Qaeda" are blamed. There may also have been several additional planned attacks that were not successful. 2004 financial buildings plot (The United States and the United Kingdom) 21 July 2005 London bombings (United Kingdom) 2006 Toronto terrorism plot (Canada) 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot involving liquid explosives carried onto commercial airplanes 2006 Hudson River bomb plot (United States) 2007 Fort Dix attack plot (United States) 2007 London car bombs (United Kingdom) 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot (United States) 2009 Bronx terrorism plot (United States) 2009 New York City Subway and United Kingdom plot (The United States and the United Kingdom) 2009 Northwest Airlines Flight 253 bombing plot (United States) 2010 Stockholm bombings (Sweden) 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt (United States) 2010 cargo plane bomb plot (United States) 2010 Portland car bomb plot (United States) 2011 Manhattan terrorism plot (United States) 2013 VIA Rail Canada terrorism plot (Canada) Post 9/11 events inside the United States Main article: Patriot Act Further information: Detentions following the September 11 attacks, Aftermath of the September 11 attacks, and NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007) See also: Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013) § 2000s, and Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present) A U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement helicopter patrols the airspace over New York City In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11, the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed] The Justice Department launched the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System for certain male non-citizens in the U.S., requiring them to register in person at offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources (discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times). Global telecommunication usage, including those with no links to terrorism,[199] is being collected and monitored through the NSA electronic surveillance program. The Patriot Act is still in effect. Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched.[200] Also, governing bodies in many communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act. John Walker Lindh was captured as an enemy combatant during the United States' 2001 invasion of Afghanistan In a speech on 9 June 2005, Bush said that the USA PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges against more than 400 suspects, more than half of whom had been convicted. Meanwhile, the ACLU quoted Justice Department figures showing that 7,000 people have complained of abuse of the Act. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) began an initiative in early 2002 with the creation of the Total Information Awareness program, designed to promote information technologies that could be used in counter-terrorism. This program, facing criticism, has since been defunded by Congress. By 2003, 12 major conventions and protocols were designed to combat terrorism. These were adopted and ratified by many states. These conventions require states to co-operate on principal issues regarding unlawful seizure of aircraft, the physical protection of nuclear materials, and the freezing of assets of militant networks.[201] In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws.[202] Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. In the same year, the United States Department of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a planning document, by the name "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism", which stated that it constituted the "comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the Armed Forces of the United States...including the findings and recommendations of the 9/11 Commission and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense". On 9 January 2007, the House of Representatives passed a bill, by a vote of 299–128, enacting many of the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission The bill passed in the U.S. Senate,[203] by a vote of 60–38, on 13 March 2007 and it was signed into law on 3 August 2007 by President Bush. It became Public Law 110–53. In July 2012, U.S. Senate passed a resolution urging that the Haqqani Network be designated a foreign terrorist organization.[204] The Office of Strategic Influence was secretly created after 9/11 for the purpose of coordinating propaganda efforts but was closed soon after being discovered. The Bush administration implemented the Continuity of Operations Plan (or Continuity of Government) to ensure that U.S. government would be able to continue in catastrophic circumstances. Since 9/11, extremists made various attempts to attack the United States, with varying levels of organization and skill. For example, vigilant passengers aboard a transatlantic flight prevented Richard Reid, in 2001, and Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, in 2009, from detonating an explosive device. Other terrorist plots have been stopped by federal agencies using new legal powers and investigative tools, sometimes in cooperation with foreign governments.[citation needed] Such thwarted attacks include: The 2001 shoe bomb plot A plan to crash airplanes into the U.S. Bank Tower (aka Library Tower) in Los Angeles The 2003 plot by Iyman Faris to blow up the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City The 2004 Financial buildings plot, which targeted the International Monetary Fund and World Bank buildings in Washington, D.C., the New York Stock Exchange and other financial institutions The 2004 Columbus Shopping Mall Bombing Plot The 2006 Sears Tower plot The 2007 Fort Dix attack plot The 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot The New York Subway Bombing Plot and 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt The Obama administration has promised the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, increased the number of troops in Afghanistan, and promised the withdrawal of its forces from Iraq. Transnational actions "Extraordinary rendition" Alleged "extraordinary rendition" illegal flights of the CIA, as reported by Rzeczpospolita[205] CIA's Extraordinary Rendition and Detention Program – countries involved in the Program, according to the 2013 Open Society Foundation's report on torture.[206][207] After the September 11 attacks, the United States government commenced a program of illegal "extraordinary rendition," sometimes referred to as "irregular rendition" or "forced rendition," the government-sponsored abduction and extrajudicial transfer of a person from one country to transferee countries, with the consent of transferee countries.[208][209][210] The aim of extraordinary rendition is often conducting torture on the detainee that would be difficult to conduct in the U.S. legal environment, a practice known as torture by proxy. Starting in 2002, U.S. government rendered hundreds of illegal combatants for U.S. detention, and transported detainees to U.S. controlled sites as part of an extensive interrogation program that included torture.[211] Extraordinary rendition continued under the Obama administration, with targets being interrogated and subsequently taken to the US for trial.[212] The United Nations considers one nation abducting the citizens of another a crime against humanity.[213] In July 2014 the European Court of Human Rights condemned the government of Poland for participating in CIA extraordinary rendition, ordering Poland to pay restitution to men who had been abducted, taken to a CIA black site in Poland, and tortured.[214][215][216] Rendition to "Black Sites" In 2005, The Washington Post and Human Rights Watch (HRW) published revelations concerning kidnapping of detainees by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and their transport to "black sites," covert prisons operated by the CIA whose existence is denied by the US government. The European Parliament published a report connecting use of such secret detention Black Sites for detainees kidnapped as part of extraordinary rendition (See below). Although some Black Sites have been known to exist inside European Union states, these detention centers violate the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the UN Convention Against Torture, treaties that all EU member states are bound to follow.[217][218][219] The U.S. had ratified the United Nations Convention Against Torture in 1994.[220] According to ABC News two such facilities, in countries mentioned by Human Rights Watch, have been closed following the recent publicity with the CIA relocating the detainees. Almost all of these detainees were tortured as part of the "enhanced interrogation techniques" of the CIA.[221] Criticism of American Media's Withholding of Coverage Major American newspapers, such as "The Washington Post," have been criticized for deliberately withholding publication of articles reporting locations of Black Sites. The Post defended its decision to suppress this news on the ground that such revelations "could open the U.S. government to legal challenges, particularly in foreign courts, and increase the risk of political condemnation at home and abroad." However, according to Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting "the possibility that illegal, unpopular government actions might be disrupted is not a consequence to be feared, however—it's the whole point of the U.S. First Amendment. ... Without the basic fact of where these prisons are, it's difficult if not impossible for 'legal challenges' or 'political condemnation' to force them to close." FAIR argued that the damage done to the global reputation of the United States by the continued existence of black-site prisons was more dangerous than any threat caused by the exposure of their locations.[222] The complex at Stare Kiejkuty, a Soviet-era compound once used by German intelligence in World War II, is best known as having been the only Russian intelligence training school to operate outside the Soviet Union. Its prominence in the Soviet era suggests that it may have been the facility first identified—but never named—when the Washington Post's Dana Priest revealed the existence of the CIA's secret prison network in November 2005.[223] The journalists who exposed this provided their sources and this information and documents were provided to The Washington Post in 2005. In addition, they also identified such Black Sites are concealed: Former European and US intelligence officials indicate that the secret prisons across the European Union, first identified by the Washington Post, are likely not permanent locations, making them difficult to identify and locate. What some believe was a network of secret prisons was most probably a series of facilities used temporarily by the United States when needed, officials say. Interim "black sites"—secret facilities used for covert activities—can be as small as a room in a government building, which only becomes a black site when a prisoner is brought in for short-term detainment and interrogation. The journalists went on to explain that "Such a site, sources say, would have to be near an airport." The airport in question is the Szczytno-Szymany International Airport. In response to these allegations, former Polish intelligence chief, Zbigniew Siemiatkowski, embarked on a media blitz and claimed that the allegations were "... part of the domestic political battle in the US over who is to succeed current Republican President George W Bush," according to the German news agency Deutsche Presse Agentur.[224] Prison ships The United States has also been accused of operating "floating prisons" to house and transport those arrested in its War on Terror, according to human rights lawyers. They have claimed that the US has tried to conceal the numbers and whereabouts of detainees. Although no credible information to support these assertions has ever come to light, the alleged justification for prison ships is primarily to remove the ability for jihadists to target a fixed location to facilitate the escape of high value targets, commanders, operations chiefs etc.[225] Guantanamo Bay detention camp Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray, January 2002 The U.S. government set up the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in 2002, a United States military prison located in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.[226] President Bush declared that the Geneva Convention, a treaty ratified by the U.S. and therefore among the highest law of the land, which protects prisoners of war, would not apply to Taliban and al-Qaeda detainees captured in Afghanistan.[227] Since inmates were detained indefinitely without trial and several detainees have allegedly been tortured, this camp is considered to be a major breach of human rights by Amnesty International.[228] The detention camp was set up by the U.S. government on Guantanamo Bay since the military base is arguably not legally domestic US territory and thus was a "legal black hole."[229][230] Most prisoners of Guantanamo were eventually freed without ever being charged with any crime, and were transferred to other countries.[231] Casualties Main articles: Casualties of the Iraq War and Coalition casualties in Afghanistan According to Joshua Goldstein, an international relations professor at the American University, The Global War on Terror has seen fewer war deaths than any other decade in the past century.[232] There is no widely agreed on figure for the number of people that have been killed so far in the War on Terror as it has been defined by the Bush Administration to include the war in Afghanistan, the war in Iraq, and operations elsewhere. The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War and the Physicians for Social Responsibility and Physicians for Global Survival give total estimates ranging from 1.3 million to 2 million casualties.[233] Another study from 2018 by Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs puts the total number of casualties of the War on Terror in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan between 480,000 and 507,000.[234] A 2019 Brown University study places the number of direct deaths caused by the War on Terror at over 800,000 when Syria and Yemen are included, with the toll rising to 3.1 million or more once indirect deaths are taken into account.[235] A 2020 report from Brown University's "Costs of War" project concluded that over 37 million people have been displaced by the wars fought by the United States since the September 11 attacks.[236] Some estimates for regional conflicts include the following: Play media Footage of leaked Apache gunship strike in Baghdad, July 2007 Iraq: 62,570 to 1,124,000 Iraq Body Count project documented 185,044 to 207,979 dead from 2003 to 2020 with 288,000 violent deaths including combatants in total. 110,600 deaths in total according to the Associated Press from March 2003 to April 2009.[237] 151,000 deaths in total according to the Iraq Family Health Survey.[238] Opinion Research Business (ORB) poll conducted 12–19 August 2007 estimated 1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq War. The range given was 946,000 to 1,120,000 deaths. A nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household (living under their roof) were killed due to the Iraq War. 22% of the respondents had lost one or more household members. ORB reported that "48% died from a gunshot wound, 20% from the impact of a car bomb, 9% from aerial bombardment, 6% as a result of an accident and 6% from another blast/ordnance."[239][240][241] Between 392,979 and 942,636 estimated Iraqi (655,000 with a confidence interval of 95%), civilian and combatant, according to the second Lancet survey of mortality. A minimum of 62,570 civilian deaths reported in the mass media up to 28 April 2007 according to Iraq Body Count project.[242] 4,431 U.S. Department of Defense dead (941 non-hostile deaths), and 31,9994 wounded in action during Operation Iraqi Freedom. 74 U.S. Military Dead (36 non-hostile deaths), and 298 wounded in action during Operation New Dawn as of 4 May 2020[243] Operation Inherent Resolve: 95 U.S. Military Deaths, 227 wounded in action as of May 6, 2020[244] Afghanistan: between 10,960 and 249,000[245] Main article: Civilian casualties of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) 16,725–19,013 civilians killed according to Cost of War project from 2001 to 2013[246] According to Marc W. Herold's extensive database,[247] between 3,100 and 3,600 civilians were directly killed by U.S. Operation Enduring Freedom bombing and Special Forces attacks between 7 October 2001 and 3 June 2003. This estimate counts only "impact deaths"—deaths that occurred in the immediate aftermath of an explosion or shooting—and does not count deaths that occurred later as a result of injuries sustained, or deaths that occurred as an indirect consequence of the U.S. airstrikes and invasion. In an opinion article published in August 2002 in the magazine The Weekly Standard, Joshua Muravchik of the American Enterprise Institute,[248] questioned Professor Herold's study entirely by one single incident that involved 25–93 deaths. He did not provide any estimate his own.[249] In a pair of January 2002 studies, Carl Conetta of the Project on Defense Alternatives estimates that "at least" 4,200–4,500 civilians were killed by mid-January 2002 as a result of the war and Coalition airstrikes, both directly as casualties of the aerial bombing campaign, and indirectly in the resulting humanitarian crisis. His first study, "Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties?",[250] released 18 January 2002, estimates that, at the low end, "at least" 1,000–1,300 civilians were directly killed in the aerial bombing campaign in just the three months between 7 October 2001 to 1 January 2002. The author found it impossible to provide an upper-end estimate to direct civilian casualties from the Operation Enduring Freedom bombing campaign that he noted as having an increased use of cluster bombs.[251] In this lower-end estimate, only Western press sources were used for hard numbers, while heavy "reduction factors" were applied to Afghan government reports so that their estimates were reduced by as much as 75%.[252] In his companion study, "Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war",[253] released 30 January 2002, Conetta estimates that "at least" 3,200 more Afghans died by mid-January 2002, of "starvation, exposure, associated illnesses, or injury sustained while in flight from war zones", as a result of the war and Coalition airstrikes. In similar numbers, a Los Angeles Times review of U.S., British, and Pakistani newspapers and international wire services found that between 1,067 and 1,201 direct civilian deaths were reported by those news organizations during the five months from 7 October 2001 to 28 February 2002. This review excluded all civilian deaths in Afghanistan that did not get reported by U.S., British, or Pakistani news, excluded 497 deaths that did get reported in U.S., British, and Pakistani news but that were not specifically identified as civilian or military, and excluded 754 civilian deaths that were reported by the Taliban but not independently confirmed.[254] According to Jonathan Steele of The Guardian between 20,000 and 49,600 people may have died of the consequences of the invasion by the spring of 2002.[255] 2,046 U.S. military dead (339 non-hostile deaths), and 18,201 wounded in action.[256] A report titled Body Count put together by Physicians for Social Responsibility, Physicians for Global Survival, and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) concluded that between 185,000–249,000 people had been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan.[245] Pakistan: Between 1467 and 2334 people were killed in U.S. drone attacks as of 6 May 2011. Tens of thousands have been killed by terrorist attacks, millions displaced. Main articles: Drone attacks in Pakistan and Terrorism in Pakistan Somalia: 7,000+ In December 2007, The Elman Peace and Human Rights Organization said it had verified 6,500 civilian deaths, 8,516 people wounded, and 1.5 million displaced from homes in Mogadishu alone during the year 2007.[257] USA 1 June 2009, Pvt. William Andrew Long was shot and killed by Abdulhakim Muhammad, while outside a recruiting facility in Little Rock AR.[258][259] On 5 November 2009, Nidal Malik Hasan shot and killed 13 people and wounded more than 30 others at Fort Hood, Texas.[260] Total casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan This table shows a comparison of total casualties between the two main theaters of the War on Terror – Iraq (since 2003) and Afghanistan (since 2001) – up until October 2018, as conducted by Brown University.[261] Iraq Afghanistan U.S. military deaths 4,550 2,401 U.S. contractor deaths 3,793 3,937 National military and police deaths 41,726 58,596 Allied troop deaths 323 1,141 Civilian deaths 182,272—204,575 38,480 Opposition fighters deaths 34,806—39,881 42,100 Journalist and media worker deaths 245 54 Humanitarian and NGO worker deaths 62 409 Total deaths 267,792—295,170 147,124 Total American casualties from the War on Terror (this includes fighting throughout the world):[262][263][264][265][266] Military and civilian Casualties U.S. military killed 7,008[256] U.S. military wounded 50,422[256] U.S. DoD civilians killed 16[256] U.S. civilians killed (includes 9/11 and after) 3,000 + U.S. civilians wounded/injured 6,000 + Total Americans killed (military and civilian) 10,008 + Total Americans wounded/injured 56,422 + The United States Department of Veterans Affairs has diagnosed more than 200,000 American veterans with PTSD since 2001.[267] Total terrorist casualties The total number of terrorist/insurgent/militant deaths since the commencement of the War on Terror in 2001 is generally estimated as being well into the hundreds of thousands, with hundreds of thousands of others captured or arrested. Iraq: In Iraq, some 26,544 insurgents were killed by the American-led coalition and the Iraqi Security Forces from 2003 to 2011.[268] 119,752 suspected insurgents were arrested in Iraq from 2003 to 2007 alone, at which point 18,832 suspected insurgents had been reported killed;[269] applying this same arrested-to-captured ratio to the total number of insurgents killed would equate to approximately 26,500 insurgents killed and 168,000 arrested from 2003 to 2011. At least 4,000 foreign fighters (generally estimated at 10-20% of the insurgency at that point) had been killed by September 2006, according to an official statement from Al-Qaeda in Iraq.[270] Insurgent casualties in the 2011-2013 phase of the Iraqi conflict numbered 916 killed, with 3,504 more arrested. Afghanistan Insurgent and terrorist deaths in Afghanistan are hard to estimate. Afghan Taliban losses are most likely of a similar scale to Afghan National Army and Police losses; that is around 62,000 from 2001 to the end of 2018.[271] In addition, Al-Qaeda's main branch and ISIS's Afghanistan branch are each thought to have lost several thousand killed there since 2001.[272][273] Pakistan The War in Northwest Pakistan resulted in the deaths of 28,900+ militants from 2004 to 2018, with an unknown number captured, per the Pakistani government.[274][275] The majority of these were killed in engagements with the Pakistan Armed Forces. However, thousands were also killed in American drone strikes. Other theaters The December 2006 to January 2009 Ethiopian-led intervention in Somalia resulted in the deaths of 6,000 to 8,000 Islamist insurgents, according to the Ethiopian government.[276][277] The Kenyan Defence Forces claimed another 700+ insurgents killed in their own intervention of October 2011 to May 2012.[278] American drone strikes, air strikes, and special forces ground raids in Somalia killed between 1,220 and 1,366 militants up to July 2019, according to the New American Foundation.[279] Over 1,600 Islamic State fighters (Abu Sayyaf having sworn allegiance to ISIS in 2014) were killed by government forces in the Philippines from 2014 to 2017 alone.[280] From April 2009 to March 2019, Russian military and police (primarily in the North Caucasus) killed 2,329 and captured 2,744 insurgents of the Caucasus Emirate and related groups.[281] Costs The War on Terror, spanning decades, is a multitrillion-dollar war. According to the Costs of War Project at Brown University's Watson Institute, the War on Terror will have cost $5.6 trillion for operations between 2001 and 2018 plus anticipated future costs of veterans' care.[282] According to the Soufan Group in July 2015, the U.S. government was spending $9.4 million per day in operations against ISIS in Syria and Iraq.[283] A March 2011 Congressional report[284] estimated war spending through the fiscal year 2011 at $1.2 trillion, and future spending through 2021 (assuming a reduction to 45,000 troops) at $1.8 trillion. A June 2011 academic report[284] covering additional areas of war spending estimated it through 2011 at $2.7 trillion, and long-term spending at $5.4 trillion including interest.[note 5] In direct spending, the United States Department of Defense reports spending $1.547 trillion from 2001 to February 2020 in war costs in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan.[285] Expense CRS/CBO (billions US$):[286][287][288] Watson (billions constant US$):[289] FY2001–FY2011 War appropriations to DoD 1208.1 1311.5 War appropriations to DoS/USAID 66.7 74.2 VA Medical 8.4 13.7 VA disability 18.9 Interest paid on DoD war appropriations 185.4 Additions to DoD base spending 362.2–652.4 Additions to Homeland Security base spending 401.2 Social costs to veterans and military families to date 295–400 Subtotal: 1,283.2 2,662.1–3,057.3 FY2012–future FY2012 DoD request 118.4 FY2012 DoS/USAID request 12.1 Projected 2013–2015 war spending 168.6 Projected 2016–2020 war spending 155 Projected obligations for veterans' care to 2051 589–934 Additional interest payments to 2020 1,000 Subtotal: 454.1 2043.1–2388.1 Total: 1737.3 4705.2–5445.4 Aftermath Terrorist attacks and plots The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) Main articles: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and List of terrorist incidents linked to ISIL 2013 Reyhanlı bombings in Turkey that led to 52 deaths and the injury of 140 people. 2014 Canadian parliament shootings, an ISIL-inspired attack on Canada's Parliament, resulting in the death of a Canadian soldier, as well as that of the perpetrator. 2015 Porte de Vincennes siege perpetrated by Amedy Coulibaly in Paris, which led to four deaths and the injury of nine others. 2015 Corinthia Hotel attack on 27 January in Libya that resulted in 10 deaths. 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings on 20 March that led to the death of 142 and injury of 351 people.[290] 2015 Curtis Culwell Center attack on 3 May 2015 that resulted in the injury of one security officer. November 2015 Paris attacks on the 13th that left at least 137 dead and injured at least 352 civilians caused France to be put under a state of emergency, close its borders and deploy three French contingency plans.[291] Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks,[292] with French President François Hollande later stated the attacks were carried out "by the Islamic state with internal help".[293] 2015 San Bernardino attack on 2 December 2015, two gunmen attacked a county building in San Bernardino, California killing 16 people and injuring 24 others.[294] 2016 Brussels bombing on 22 March 2016 two bombing attacks, first at Brussels Airport and the second at the Maalbeek/Maelbeek metro station, killed 35 people and injured more than 300.[295] 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting on 12 June 2016 a gunman opened fire at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida killing 50 people and wounding 53 others. It was the second worst mass shooting in U.S. history.[296] As well as a thwarted 2014 mass-beheading plot in Australia. Al-Qaeda The gunmen in the 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris identified themselves as belonging to Al-Qaeda's branch in Yemen. Terrorist casualties American forces (mostly via drone strikes) killed between 846 and 1,609 terrorists in Yemen (mostly AQAP members) up to June 2019, according to a variety of media organizations including the Bureau of Investigative Journalism and the New America Foundation.[297] An Emirati spokesman for the Saudi-led coalition intervening in Yemen claimed that they had killed 1,000 Al-Qaeda linked militants and captured 1,500 up to August 2018.[298] From 2014 to the end of 2017, the United States government stated that over 80,000 Islamic State insurgents had been killed by American and allied airstrikes from 2014 to the end of 2017, in both Iraq and Syria. The majority of these strikes occurred within Iraq.[299] ISIS deaths caused by the Iraqi Security Forces in this time are uncertain, but were probably significant. Over 26,000 ISF members were killed fighting ISIS from 2013 to the end of 2017,[300] with ISIS losses likely being of a similar scale. Criticism Main article: Criticism of the War on Terror See also: United States war crimes Participants in a rally, dressed as hooded detainees Criticism of the War on Terror addressed the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives,[49] reduce civil liberties,[50] and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs) since there is no identifiable enemy and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.[51] Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that "terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a "war on terror", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen. With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage, Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West.[301] There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy,[302][303] media-induced hysteria,[304] and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America's reputation internationally.[305] Anti-terror campaigns by other powers In the 2010s, China has also been engaged in its own War on Terror, predominantly a domestic campaign in response to violent actions by Uyghur separatist movements in the Xinjiang conflict.[306] This campaign was widely criticized in international media due to the perception that it unfairly targets and persecutes Chinese Muslims,[307] potentially resulting in a negative backlash from China's predominantly Muslim Uighur population. Xi Jinping's government has imprisoned up to 2 million Uyghurs and other Muslim ethnic minorities in Xinjiang re-education camps, where they are reportedly subject to abuse and torture.[308][309] Russia has also been engaged on its own, also largely internally focused, counter-terrorism campaign often termed a war on terror, during the Second Chechen War, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus, and the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.[310] Like China's war on terror, Russia has also been focused on separatist and Islamist movements that use political violence to achieve their ends.[311] See also Islam portal United States portal Politics portal AfPak Appeal to fear Attacks on U.S. consulate in Karachi Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Cold War Culture of fear Foreign policy of the United States Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Islamic terrorism in Europe List of military operations in the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Nuclear terrorism Pakistan–United States relations Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Timeline of the War on Terror Timeline of United States military operations History of the United States at War United States and state terrorism Notes ^ Origins date back to the 1980s. ^ The main phase has been ongoing since 7 October 2001 ^ Origins date back to the early 1990s. ^ Former army chief. ^ Among costs not covered by these figures are off-DoD spending beyond 2012, economic opportunity costs, state and local expenses not reimbursed by the federal government, nor reimbursements made to foreign coalition allies for their expenses. 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Retrieved 18 December 2005. ^ "The Raw Story | Soviet-era compound in northern Poland was site of secret CIA interrogation, detentions". www.rawstory.com. ^ "Former Polish intelligence chief who says report on CIA detention site part of US domestic battle admitted CIA had access to facility". The Raw Story. ^ Duncan Campbell; Richard Norton-Taylor (2 June 2008). "US accused of holding terror suspects on prison ships". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 July 2010. ^ Guantanamo Bay prisoners plant seeds of hope in secret garden Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 29 April 2006 ^ James P. Pfiffner, "Power Play: The Bush Presidency and the Constitution," (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008), p. 146–149 ^ Guantanamo and Illegal Detention Archived 15 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International. Retrieved 3 November 2016 ^ The Independent, 9 May 2010, "Exclusive: Caught in America's Legal Black Hole" ^ Steyn, Johan, "Guantanamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole" The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 53, no. 1, 2004, pp. 1–15. JSTOR ^ "Machtwechsel in Amerika: Zehn Guantánamo-Gefangene nach Oman überstellt". 16 January 2017 – via Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. ^ Goldstein, Joshua S. "Think Again: War". Foreign Policy Magazine, 15 August 2011. ^ "Doctors' group says 1.3 million killed in U.S. 'War on Terror'". Digital Journal. 25 March 2015. ^ "US 'war on terror' has killed over half a million people: study". Al Jazeera. 9 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018. ^ "Analysis Finds U.S.-Led Wars Since 9/11 Killed 801,000 at a Cost of $6.4 Trillion". Democracy Now!. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019. ^ "At Least 37 Million People Have Been Displaced by America's War on Terror". The New York Times. 8 September 2020. ^ Associated Press, 14 October 2009 ^ Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group; Alkhuzai, A. H; Ahmad, I. J; Hweel, M. J; Ismail, T. W; Hasan, H. H; Younis, A. R; Shawani, O; Al-Jaf, V. M; Al-Alak, M. M; Rasheed, L. H; Hamid, S. M; Al-Gasseer, N; Majeed, F. A; Al Awqati, N. A; Ali, M. M; Boerma, J. T; Mathers, C (2008). "Iraq Family Health Survey". New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (5): 484–493. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0707782. PMID 18184950. ^ "More than 1,000,000 Iraqis murdered". Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2007.. September 2007. Opinion Research Business. PDF report: Opinion.co.uk Archived 25 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Poll: Civilian Death Toll in Iraq May Top 1 Million". Common Dreams. Retrieved 14 September 2014. ^ "Greenspan Admits Iraq was About Oil, As Deaths Put at 1.2 Million". Common Dreams. Retrieved 14 September 2014. ^ "IraqBodyCount". IraqBodyCount. 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Retrieved 15 February 2013. ^ 597 killed in 2003,[2], 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[3] 652 killed in May 2004,[4] 45 killed in March 2009,[5] 676 killed in 2010,[6] and 590 killed in 2011,[7] thus giving a total of 26,544 dead ^ "Insurgent body count documents released." Stars and Stripes. 1 October 2007. Number of convictions not specified. ^ "4,000 fighters killed, 'al-Qaida in Iraq' tape says." The Guardian. September 28, 2006. ^ Rod Nordland; Mujib Mashal (26 January 2019). "U.S. and Taliban Edge Toward Deal to End America's Longest War". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 January 2019. ^ "In Afghanistan, al-Qaeda is working more closely with the Taliban, Pentagon says". the Washington post. 6 May 2016. ^ Seldin, Jeff (18 November 2017). "Afghan Officials: Islamic State Fighters Finding Sanctuary in Afghanistan". VOA News. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 November 2017. ^ "Database – KPK from 2005 to present". Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ "Database – FATA from 2005 to present". Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ "Ethiopian army accomplished 75% of mission in Somalia – Zenawi". SudanTribune article. Archived from the original on January 2, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2011. ^ Ignatius, David (May 13, 2007). "Ethiopia's Iraq". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2007. ^ "KDF: We have killed 700 militants". Daily Nation. 7 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ U.S. Air Strikes, Drone Strikes, and Ground Raids in Somalia. New America Foundation. Retrieved August 19, 2019. ^ See civil conflict in the Philippines. ^ 270 killed and 453 captured (2009),[8] Archived 20 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine 349 killed and 254 captured (2010),[9] Archived 19 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine 384 killed and 370 captured (2011),[10] 391 killed and 461 captured (2012),[citation needed] 260 killed (2013),[citation needed] and 88 captured[citation needed] 259 killed and 445 captured (2014),[11] 172 killed (2015),[12] Archived 17 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine 162 killed and 377 captured (2016),[13] Archived 4 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 82 killed and 296 captured (2017),[14] Archived 27 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine[15] Archived 27 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine total reported 2,329 killed and 2,744 captured ^ Engelhardt, Tom (18 May 2018). "America's 'War on Terror' Has Cost Taxpayers $5.6 Trillion". The Nation. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ "TSG IntelBrief: Terrorism in the Horn of Africa". New York, NY: The Soufan Group. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015. ^ a b Daniel Trotta (29 June 2011). "Cost of war at least $3.7 trillion and counting". Reuters. Retrieved 25 June 2012. ^ "Estimated Cost to Each U.S. Taxpayer of Each of the Wars in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria" (PDF). ^ Amy Belasco (16 July 2010). "The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 2011". Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012. ^ K. Alan Kronstadt (6 February 2009). "Pakistan-U.S. Relations". Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012. ^ Congressional Research Service (11 February 2011). "Long-Term Implications of the 2011 Future Years Defense Program". Retrieved 25 June 2012. ^ Eisenhower Study Group (2011). "Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Anti-Terrorism Operations". Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ Ghobari, Mohammed; Mukhashaf, Mohammed (20 March 2015). Aboudi, Sami; Fahmy, Omar; El Gamal, Rania; Graff, Peter; Stonestreet, John (eds.). "Suicide bombers kill 137 in Yemen mosque attacks". Reuters. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ "Paris attacks: Suspect on the run as terror raids end in failure — latest news". Telegraph. Retrieved 16 November 2015. ^ "L'organisation État islamique revendique les attentats de Paris" (in French). France 24. 14 November 2015. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Paris attacks: Hollande blames Islamic State for 'act of war'". BBC News. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (5 December 2015). "Islamic State Says 'Soldiers of Caliphate' Attacked in San Bernardino". The New York Times. ^ Rankin, Jennifer; Henley, Jon (22 March 2016). "Islamic State claims attacks at Brussels airport and metro station". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ "ISIS claims responsibility for Orlando mass shooting". CBS News. 12 June 2016. ^ See List of drone strikes in Yemen. ^ "UAE aims to wipe out Yemen Al Qaeda branch". Dawn. Retrieved 14 August 2018. ^ "Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves". The Straits Times. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "Over 26,000 Iraqi soldiers killed in 4 year war with ISIS." 13 December 2017. ^ Williams, Shirley. "The seeds of Iraq's future terror". The Guardian, 28 October 2003. ^ "American Hegemony: How to Use It, How to Lose It by Gen. William Odom" (PDF). Retrieved 27 February 2014. ^ Obama's Muslim Speech, The New York Times, by Madeleine Albright, retrieved on 25 April 2016 "According to Muslim speakers at such events, one fact stands out: When the cold war ended, America needed an enemy to replace Communism and chose Islam...Mr. Obama's dilemma is that no speech, however eloquent, can disentangle U.S.-Muslim relations from the treacherous terrain of current events in places such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and the Middle East...Muslims desire respect and respect demands frankness. We cannot pretend that American soldiers and aircraft are not attacking Muslims." Archived from the original ^ Lustick, Ian S. (2006) [1 September 2006]. Trapped in the War on Terror. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3983-6. ^ "America's Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project". Pew Research Center. 14 March 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ^ "China's 'War on Terror': September 11 and Uighur Separatism". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 10 September 2015. ^ Simon Denyer (19 September 2014). "China's war on terror becomes all-out attack on Islam in Xinjiang". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2015. ^ "Saudi crown prince defended China's imprisonment of a million Muslims in internment camps, giving Xi Jinping a reason to continue his 'precursors to genocide'". Business Insider. 23 February 2019. ^ "Saudi crown prince defends China's right to fight 'terrorism'". al-Jazeera. 23 February 2019. ^ "How the War on Terrorism Did Russia a Favor". Time. 19 September 2011. ^ Cohen, Ariel. "Russia, Islam, and the War on Terrorism" (PDF). Retrieved 29 November 2015. Further reading Sergei Boeke, Transitioning from Military Interventions to a Long-Term Counter-Terrorism Policy (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2014) Coughlin, Stephen (2015). Catastrophic Failure: Blindfolding America in the Face of Jihad. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1511617505. Jackson, Richard. Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counter-Terrorism. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press, 2005. ISBN 0719071216. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: War on terror White House information about the War on Terrorism CIA and the War on Terrorism U.S. National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism, 2006 Articles relating to the War on Terror v t e War on Terror War in Afghanistan (2001–2016) Iraq War (2003–2011) Symbolism of terrorism Participants Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Anwar al-Awlaki Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans 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Act of 2007 September 11 attacks State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq CAGE Portals: Terrorism · War v t e al-Qaeda Leadership Ayman al-Zawahiri Saif al-Adel Khalid Batarfi Abu Mohammad al-Julani Ahmad Umar Iyad Ag Ghaly Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil Abu Ubaidah Yusef al-Annabi Former leadership Killed Osama bin Laden (killing) Mohammed Atef Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Midhat Mursi Khalid Habib Rashid Rauf Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan Abdullah Said al Libi Saleh al-Somali Abu Ayyub al-Masri Abu Omar al-Baghdadi Saeed al-Masri Hamza al-Jawfi Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali Ilyas Kashmiri Fazul Abdullah Mohammed Atiyah Abd al-Rahman Anwar al-Awlaki Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil Haitham al-Yemeni Abu Hamza Rabia Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah Hassan Ghul Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti Said Bahaji Omar al-Faruq Abu Laith al-Libi Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi Abu Yahya al-Libi Abu Khalid al-Suri Ahmed Abdi Godane Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah Adam Yahiye Gadahn Nasir al-Wuhayshi Muhsin al-Fadhli Abu Khalil al-Madani Abu Khayr al-Masri Ibrahim al-Asiri Hamza bin Laden Asim Umar Qasim al-Raymi Abdelmalek Droukdel Khalid al-Aruri Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah Abu Muhsin al-Masri Captured Mamdouh Mahmud Salim Wadih el-Hage Khalid al-Fawwaz Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Walid bin Attash Riduan Isamuddin Ali al-Bahlul Ahmed Ghailani Abu Faraj al-Libi Mustafa Setmariam Nasar Abdul Hadi al Iraqi Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani Younis al-Mauritani Sulaiman Abu Ghaith Abu Anas al-Libi   Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (died) Abu Ubaidah al-Masri (died) Mahfouz Ould al-Walid (left) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (expelled) Timeline of attacks 1998 United States embassy bombings 2000 USS Cole bombing 2001 September 11 attacks 2002 Bali bombings 2004 Madrid train bombings 2005 London bombings 2007 Algiers bombings 2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing 2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 2013 In Amenas hostage crisis 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting 2015 Garissa University College attack 2015 Bamako hotel attack 2016 Ouagadougou attacks 2016 Grand-Bassam shootings 2016 Bamako attack Wars Soviet–Afghan War Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) First Chechen War Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) Second Chechen War War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Iraq War Somali Civil War War in North-West Pakistan (drone strikes) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Syrian Civil War Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Houthi insurgency in Yemen Affiliates al-Shabaab (Somalia) al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen) al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (North Africa) Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Egypt) al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (Indian Subcontinent) Tahrir al-Sham (Syria) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (Mali) Charity organizations Benevolence International Foundation al-Haramain Foundation Media Al Qaeda Handbook Al Neda As-Sahab Fatawā of Osama bin Laden Inspire Al-Khansaa Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit Management of Savagery Voice of Jihad Qaedat al-Jihad Global Islamic Media Front Video and audio Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri USS Cole bombing Related Safe houses v t e People who have been called "high-value detainees" in the War on Terror Captives transferred to Guantanamo Bay from CIA black sites Mustafa al-Hawsawi Ahmed Ghailani Ramzi bin al-Shibh Walid bin Attash Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri Abu Zubaydah Abu Faraj al-Libbi Ammar al-Baluchi Riduan Isamuddin (Hambali) Mohamad Farik Amin Mohammed Nazir Bin Lep Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Majid Khan Gouled Hassan Dourad Abdul Hadi al Iraqi Abdul Rahim al-Sharqawi Captives unaccounted for Musaad Aruchi Abu Yasir Al Jaza'iri Died in custody Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi v t e United States articles History By event Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Founding Fathers Continental Congress Continental Association Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Confederation Period American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 / 1896–1954 / 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2008) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic 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members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial District courts Courts of appeals Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple 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e Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion Turner's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks–Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa Riot Bonus Army Puerto Rican revolts 1960s civil unrest Kent State shooting Los Angeles riots Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War First Fiji expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs invasion Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Tanker War Invasion of Panama 1986 bombing of Libya Gulf War 1993 missile strikes on Iraq Somali Civil War 1996 missile strikes on Iraq 1998 bombing of Iraq Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni Civil War Related List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime-change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror v t e Post–Cold War conflicts in Africa North Africa Egypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–present) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present) Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) South Sudanese Civil War Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan Crisis First Libyan Civil War (2011) Factional violence (2011–2014) Second Libyan Civil War (2014–present) Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) Western Sahara War 2020 clashes Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian Revolution (2010–2011) West Africa Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Religious violence in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Mali Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995) Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009) Tuareg rebellion (2012) Mali War (2012–present) Others Sierra Leone conflicts Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS intervention in the Gambia (2017) Western Togoland Rebellion Central Africa DR Congo First Congo War (1996–97) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) Kivu conflict (2004–present) M23 rebellion Kamwina Nsapu rebellion Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Batwa–Luba clashes Others Angolan conflicts Cabinda War Angolan Civil War Cameroonian conflicts Anglophone problem Anglophone Crisis Republic of the Congo conflicts First Civil War (1993–1994) Second Civil War (1997–1999) Conflict in the Pool Department Pool War Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) Central African Republic conflicts Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Under the Djotodia administration Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) East Africa Ethiopia Oromo conflict Eritrean War of Independence Insurgency in Ogaden Second Afar insurgency Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray War Somalia Somali Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts in Kenya Somali-Kenyan conflict Likoni Massacres Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes South Sudan Heglig Crisis Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Civil War (2013–2020) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994) Genocide Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts Civil War (1993–2005) Unrest (2015–2018) Southern Africa Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivian conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambican conflicts Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2019) Islamist insurgency in Mozambique Related topics War on Terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions {{European conflicts}} {{Asian conflicts}} {{Conflicts in the Americas}} Bougainville conflict (Australian continent) v t e Post–Cold War conflicts in Asia South Asia India Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) Insurgency in Khyber 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