Paul Revere's Ride - Wikipedia Paul Revere's Ride From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Paul Revere's Ride (poem)) Jump to navigation Jump to search Poem by Longfellow For the historical event on which the poem is based, see Paul Revere's Midnight Ride. For 1931 painting by the American artist Grant Wood, see The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (painting). "Paul Revere's Ride" was first published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1861. "Paul Revere's Ride" is an 1860 poem by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow that commemorates the actions of American patriot Paul Revere on April 18, 1775, although with significant inaccuracies. It was first published in the January 1861 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. It was later retitled "The Landlord's Tale" in Longfellow's 1863 collection Tales of a Wayside Inn. Contents 1 Overview 2 Composition and publication history 3 Analysis 4 Critical response 4.1 Modern 5 Historical impact 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Overview[edit] The poem is spoken by the landlord of the Wayside Inn and tells a partly fictionalized story of Paul Revere. In the poem, Revere tells a friend to prepare signal lanterns in the Old North Church (North End, Boston) to inform him whether the British will attack by land or sea. He would await the signal across the river in Charlestown and be ready to spread the alarm throughout Middlesex County, Massachusetts. The unnamed friend climbs up the steeple and soon sets up two signal lanterns, informing Revere that the British are coming by sea. Revere rides his horse through Medford, Lexington, and Concord to warn the patriots. Composition and publication history[edit] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1860, the year he wrote "Paul Revere's Ride", painted by Thomas Buchanan Read Longfellow was inspired to write the poem after visiting the Old North Church and climbing its tower on April 5, 1860. He began writing the poem the next day.[1] It was first published in the January 1861 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. It was later re-published in Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn as "The Landlord's Tale" in 1863.[2] The poem served as the first in a series of 22 narratives bundled as a collection, similar to Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and was published in three installments over 10 years.[3] Longfellow's family had a connection to the historical Paul Revere. His maternal grandfather, Peleg Wadsworth, was Revere's commander on the Penobscot Expedition.[4] Analysis[edit] When the poem was written in 1860, America was on the verge of Civil War. Longfellow first came forward publicly as an abolitionist in 1842 with the publication of his Poems on Slavery. Though he admitted the book made little impact,[5] it was written for his best friend, Charles Sumner, an activist abolitionist politician with whom he would continue to share common cause on the issues of slavery and the Union. "Paul Revere's Ride" was published in the January 1861, issue of The Atlantic magazine on December 20, 1860, just as South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States.[6] The poem was meant to appeal to Northerners' sense of urgency and, as a call for action, noted that history favors the courageous.[7] Longfellow, who often used poetry to remind readers of cultural and moral values,[8] warns at the end of the poem of a coming "hour of darkness and peril and need", implying the breakup of the Union, and suggests that the "people will waken and listen to hear" the midnight message again.[9] By emphasizing common history, he was attempting to dissolve social tensions.[10] The phrase "Hardly a man is now alive" was true as one of the last men alive at the time had only recently died. Jonathan Harrington, the young fifer for Lexington's militia during the battles of Lexington and Concord, died at the age of 96 in 1854, a few years before the poem was written.[11] The poem fluctuates between past and present tense, sometimes in the same sentence, symbolically pulling the actions of the Revolution into modern times and displaying an event with timeless sympathies.[12] Longfellow's poem is not historically accurate but his "mistakes" were deliberate. He had researched the historical event, using works like George Bancroft's History of the United States, but he manipulated the facts for poetic effect.[13] He was purposefully trying to create American legends, much as he did with works like The Song of Hiawatha (1855) and The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858).[14] Critical response[edit] Modern[edit] 1940s illustration of Paul Revere's ride Modern critics of the poem emphasize its many historical inaccuracies. For example, the poem depicts the lantern signal in the Old North Church as meant for Revere, but actually the signal was from Revere: the historical Paul Revere did not receive the lantern signal, but actually was the one who ordered it to be set up. The poem also depicts Revere rowing himself across the Charles River when, in reality, he was rowed over by others. He also did not reach Concord that night.[15] Another inaccuracy is a general lengthening of the time frame of the night's events. The majority of criticism, however, notes that Longfellow gave sole credit to Revere for the collective achievements of three riders (as well as other riders, whose names do not survive to history). In fact, Revere and William Dawes rode (via different routes) from Boston to Lexington to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams that British soldiers were marching from Boston to Lexington to arrest Hancock and Adams and seize the weapons stores in Concord. Revere and Dawes rode toward Concord, where the militia's arsenal was hidden; they were joined by Samuel Prescott, a doctor who lived in Concord and happened to be in Lexington. Revere, Dawes, and Prescott were stopped by British troops in Lincoln on the road to Concord. Prescott and Dawes escaped, but Revere was detained and questioned and then escorted at gunpoint by three British officers back to Lexington.[16] Of the three riders, only Prescott arrived at Concord in time to warn the militia there. Historical impact[edit] Paul Revere (1940) by Cyrus Edwin Dallin, North End, Boston, Massachusetts. The Old North Church is visible in the background. Longfellow's poem is credited with creating the national legend of Paul Revere, a previously little-known Massachusetts silversmith.[9] Upon Revere's death in 1818, for example, his obituary did not mention his midnight ride but instead focused on his business sense and his many friends.[17] The fame that Longfellow brought to Revere, however, did not materialize until after the Civil War amidst the Colonial Revival Movement of the 1870s.[18] In 1875, for example, the Old North Church mentioned in the poem began an annual custom called the "lantern ceremony" recreating the action of the poem.[19] Three years later, the Church added a plaque noting it as the site of "the signal lanterns of Paul Revere".[20] Revere's elevated historical importance also led to unsubstantiated rumors that he made a set of false teeth for George Washington. Revere's legendary status continued for decades and, in part due to Longfellow's poem, authentic silverware made by Revere commanded high prices. Wall Street tycoon J. P. Morgan, for example, offered $100,000 for a punch bowl Revere made.[21] In 1883, Boston held a national competition for an equestrian statue of Revere. It was won by Cyrus Edwin Dallin, although his model was not accepted until 1899, and the statue was not dedicated until 1940. It stands in "Paul Revere Plaza," opposite the Old North Church. In 1896 Helen F. Moore, dismayed that William Dawes had been forgotten, penned a parody of Longfellow's poem: 'Tis all very well for the children to hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere; But why should my name be quite forgot, Who rode as boldly and well, God wot? Why should I ask? The reason is clear— My name was Dawes and his Revere.[22] For a long time, historians of the American Revolution as well as textbook writers relied almost entirely on Longfellow's poem as historical evidence[citation needed] – creating substantial misconceptions in the minds of the American people. In re-examining the episode, some historians in the 20th century have attempted to demythologize Paul Revere almost to the point of marginalization.[citation needed] While it is true that Revere was not the only rider that night, that does not refute the fact that Revere successfully completed the first phase of his mission to warn Adams and Hancock. Other historians have since stressed Revere's importance, including David Hackett Fischer in his book Paul Revere's Ride (1995), a scholarly study of Revere's role in the opening of the Revolution. In 2007, the United States Postal Service (USPS) issued a commemorative stamp with images referencing the poem. Longfellow is represented by a painting by artist Kazuhiko Sano.[23] References[edit] Citations ^ Triber, Jayne E. A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998: 1. ISBN 1-55849-294-1 ^ "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere". Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2006-05-03. ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 230. ISBN 0-8070-7026-2. ^ Fischer, David Hackett. Paul Revere's Ride. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994: 289. ISBN 0-19-509831-5 ^ Irmscher, Christoph. Longfellow Redux. University of Illinois, 2006: 60. ISBN 978-0-252-03063-5 ^ Lepore, Jill, "Paul Revere’s Ride Against Slavery", Op-ed, The New York Times, December 18, 2010 (December 19, 2010 p. WK8 NY ed.). Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ Bundy, Carol. The Nature of Sacrifice: A Biography of Charles Russell Lowell, Jr., 1835–64. Macmillan, 2005: 185–186. ISBN 978-0-374-12077-1 ^ Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007: 630. ISBN 978-0-19-507894-7 ^ a b Gioia, Dana. "On "Paul Revere's Ride" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2006-05-03. ^ Sorby, Angela. Schoolroom Poets: Childhood, Performance, and the Place of American Poetry, 1865–1917. Lebanon, NH: University of New Hampshire Press, 2005: 25. ISBN 1-58465-458-9 ^ Tourtellot, Arthur (2000). Lexington and Concord. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 268. ISBN 0-393-32056-1. ^ Sorby, Angela. Schoolroom Poets: Childhood, Performance, and the Place of American Poetry, 1865–1917. Lebanon, NH: University of New Hampshire Press, 2005: 19–20. ISBN 1-58465-458-9 ^ Fischer, David Hackett. Paul Revere's Ride. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994: 331. ISBN 0-19-509831-5 ^ Ruland, Richard and Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature. New York: Viking, 1991: 109. ISBN 0-670-83592-7 ^ Gale, Robert L. A Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2003: 244. ISBN 0-313-32350-X ^ "A Letter From Paul Revere". ^ Roark, Elisabeth L. Artists of Colonial America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003: 127. ISBN 0-313-32023-3 ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 231. ISBN 0-8070-7026-2. ^ Fischer, David Hackett. Paul Revere's Ride. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994: 334. ISBN 0-19-509831-5 ^ Sorby, Angela. Schoolroom Poets: Childhood, Performance, and the Place of American Poetry, 1865–1917. Lebanon, NH: University of New Hampshire Press, 2005: 15. ISBN 1-58465-458-9 ^ Axelrod, Alan. The Real History of the American Revolution: A New Look at the Past. New York: Sterling Publishing, 2007: 82. ISBN 9781402740862 ^ "Paul Revere Heritage Project". ^ "Post Office Honors Bowdoin Alumnus". Further reading[edit] Tourtellot, Arthur (2000). Lexington and Concord. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32056-1. External links[edit] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Paul Revere's Ride Original text of "Paul Revere's Ride" by The Atlantic Discussion of "Paul Revere's Ride" by the Maine Historical Society "Paul Revere's Ride" lesson plan Archived 2009-05-04 at the Wayback Machine by the National Endowment for the Humanities "Spotty History, Maybe, but Great Literature"—The Wall Street Journal on "Paul Revere's Ride" "150 Years of 'Paul Revere's Ride': About the Poem" Paul Revere’s Ride public domain audiobook at LibriVox v t e Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Novels Hyperion (1839) Kavanagh (1849) Poetry "A Psalm of Life" (1838) "Excelsior" (1841) "The Village Blacksmith" (1841) "The Wreck of the Hesperus" (1842) Poems on Slavery (1842) Evangeline (1847) The Song of Hiawatha (1855) The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) "The Children's Hour" (1860) "Paul Revere's Ride" (1860) "The Saga of King Olaf" (1863) Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) "Christmas Bells" (1863) "The Sermon of St. Francis" (1875) Related Ernest Wadsworth Longfellow (son) Alice Mary Longfellow (daughter) Stephen Longfellow (father) Peleg Wadsworth (grandfather) Wadsworth-Longfellow House Longfellow House "Whom the gods would destroy" Longfellow Bridge Richard Bonython (ancestor) v t e Paul Revere Cultural depictions "Paul Revere's Ride" "The British Are Coming" The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Equestrian statue of Paul Revere The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History Life Apollos Rivoire Paul Revere House Revere bells Revere Copper Company Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule History Paul Revere's Midnight Ride Penobscot Expedition Sons of Liberty Other USS Paul Revere (APA-248) Paul Revere Mall Paul Revere Park Revere, Massachusetts Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Revere%27s_Ride&oldid=1003390018" Categories: American poems Poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Poems about the American Revolution 1861 poems 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Cultural depictions of Paul Revere Works originally published in The Atlantic (magazine) Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with LibriVox links Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Brezhoneg Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2021, at 19:24 (UTC). 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