Chinese language and varieties in the United States - Wikipedia Chinese language and varieties in the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Chinese language are spoken throughout the United States, many of the Chinese live in Chinatowns, like this one in downtown Manhattan. Chinese languages; the third-most spoken after English and Spanish Chinese speakers in the US Year Speakers 1960a 89,609 1970a 190,260 1980[1] 630,806 1990[2] 1,319,462 2000[3] 2,022,143 2010[4] 2,808,692 ^a Foreign-born population only[5] Chinese languages, mostly Cantonese, are collectively the third most-spoken language in the United States, and are mostly spoken within Chinese-American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California and New York.[6] Over 2 million Americans speak varieties of Chinese, with Mandarin becoming increasingly common due to immigration from mainland China and to some extent Taiwan.[6] Despite being called dialects or varieties, Cantonese, Taishanese, and Mandarin etc. are not mutually intelligible. When asked census forms and surveys, respondents will only answer with "Chinese".[7] According to data reported on the 2000 US Census long-form, 259,750 people spoke "Cantonese", with 58.62% percent residing in California and the next most with 16.19% in New York.[8] The actual number of Cantonese speakers was probably higher. In the 1982-83 school year, 29,908 students in California were reported to be using Cantonese as their primary home language. Approximately 16,000 of these students were identified as limited English proficient (LEP).[9] According to data reported on the 2000 US Census long-form, 84,590 people spoke "Taiwanese Hokkien".[10] The county with the most Hokkien speakers was Los Angeles County with 21,990 (0.250% of County population) followed by Orange County with 5,855 (0.222% of County population). The county with the highest percentage of Hokkien speakers was Calhoun County, Texas at 0.845% (160) followed by Fort Bend County, Texas at 0.286% (935) and Los Angeles County, California. According to data collected from 2005-2009 by the American Community Survey, 76,822 people spoke Taiwanese Hokkien.[11] In New York City, although Standard Mandarin Chinese is spoken as a native language among only ten percent of Chinese speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect and is replacing Cantonese as their lingua franca.[12] In addition, immigration from Fujian, particularly Fuzhou is bringing an increasingly large number of Eastern Min speakers. Wu varieties like Shanghainese and Suzhounese, and the mutually unintelligible Wenzhounese are now spoken by a minority of recent Chinese immigrants hailing from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai.[citation needed] Although Chinese Americans grow up learning English, some teach their children Chinese for a variety of reasons including preservation of an ancient civilization, preservation of a unique identity, pride in their cultural ancestry, desire for easy communication with them and other relatives, and the perception that Chinese will be a useful language as China's economic strength increases. Cantonese, historically the language of most Chinese immigrants, was the third most widely spoken non-English language in the United States in 2004.[6][page needed] Many Chinese schools have been established to accomplish these goals. Most of them have classes only once a week on the weekends, however especially in the past there have been schools that met every day after normal school. A 2006 survey by the Modern Language Association found that Chinese accounted for 3% of foreign language class enrollment in the United States, making it the seventh most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States. Most Chinese as foreign language classes teach simplified characters and Standard Mandarin Chinese.[13] Chinese (all varieties) speakers by states in 2000[14] State Chinese speakers California 815,386 New York 374,627 Texas 91,500 New Jersey 84,345 Massachusetts 71,412 Illinois 65,251 About 40% of all Chinese-speakers in the United States live in California. Chinese language(s) spoken at home according 2005-2009 American Community Survey[15] Name Number of speakers Margin of error Speaks English "very well" Margin of error Total 2,896,766 13,255 1,600,886 8,527 "Chinese" 1,867,485 13,875 1,054,885 8,578 Hakka 1,350 307 840 263 "Kan, Hsiang" 50 65 (D) (D) Cantonese 458,840 6,487 257,625 4,433 Mandarin 487,250 7,953 240,810 5,571 Foochow 1,450 455 1,175 418 Hokkien 77,675 2,687 44,140 1,939 Wu 2,670 466 1,375 287 See also[edit] Chinese American References[edit] ^ "Appendix Table 2. Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 6, 2012. ^ "Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990". United States Census Bureau. 1990. Retrieved July 22, 2012. ^ "Language Spoken at Home: 2000". United States Bureau of the Census. Retrieved August 8, 2012. ^ "2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 14, 2012. ^ "Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970". United States Census Bureau. March 9, 1999. Retrieved August 6, 2012. ^ a b c Lai, H. Mark (2004). Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0458-1. ^ Who are “Chinese” Language Speakers in the United States? A Subgroup Analysis with Census Data North Cooc*! Department of Special Education The University of Texas at Austin Genevieve Leung Department of Rhetoric and Language Asian Pacific American Studies University of San Francisco ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "A Handbook for Teaching Cantonese-Speaking Children" (PDF). Files.eric.ed.gov. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Census Data / API Identities - Research & Statistics - Resources Publications Research Statistics - Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence". Api-gbv.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ García, Ofelia; Fishman, Joshua A. (2002). The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017281-X. ^ "Languages in the U.S. Educational System - About World Languages". aboutworldlanguages.com. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ "Table 5.Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. February 25, 2003. Retrieved October 3, 2012. ^ "How many Albanian speakers are in the United States?". Mongabay.com. Retrieved October 4, 2017. v t e Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct. English Dialects of American English African-American English Vernacular American Indian English Appalachian English Baltimore English Boston English Cajun English California English Chicano English General American English High Tider English Inland Northern American English Miami English Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English Maine English Midland American English New England Englishes Eastern Western New Mexican Englishes New Orleans English New York City English New York Latino English Northern American English North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English Pacific Northwest English Pennsylvania Dutch English Philadelphia English Puerto Rican Englishes Southern American English Older Texan English Transatlantic English Upper Michigan English Utah Mormon English Western American English Western Pennsylvania English Yeshiva English Oral Indigenous languages Families Algic Abenaki Arapaho Blackfoot Cheyenne Cree Fox Malecite-Passamaquoddy Massachusett Menominee Mi'kmaq Munsee Ojibwe Potawatomi Shawnee Yurok Etchemin Gros Ventre Loup Nawathinehena Mahican Miami-Illinois Mohegan-Pequot Nanticoke Narragansett Pamlico Powhatan Quiripi Unami Wiyot Austronesian Chamorro Hawaiian Refaluwasch Samoan Tokelauan Caddoan Arikara Caddo Wichita Kitsai Chinookan Kathlamet Tsinúk Upper Chinook Chumashan Barbareño Cruzeño Obispeño Purisimeño Ventureño Dené– Yeniseian Ahtna Deg Xinag Dena'ina Gwich’in Hän Hupa Jicarilla Koyukon Lower Tanana Mescalero-Chiricahua Navajo Tanacross Tolowa Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana Western Apache Cahto Eyak Holikachuk Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie Lipan Mattole Plains Apache Tsetsaut Tututni Upper Umpqua Wailaki Eskaleut Inuit Inupiat Aleut Alutiiq Central Alaskan Yup'ik Central Siberian Yupik Chevak Cup’ik Iroquoian Cayuga Cherokee Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Osage Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Erie Neutral Huron Nottoway Susquehannock Wenrohronon Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya Northern Kalapuya Yoncalla Keresan Cochiti Pueblo San Felipe–Santo Domingo Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos Western Keres Acoma Pueblo Laguna Pueblo Maiduan Konkow Maidu Nisenan Chico Muskogean Alabama Chickasaw Choctaw Koasati Mikasuki Muscogee Apalachee Palaihnihan Achumawi Atsugewi Plateau Penutian Nez Perce Sahaptin Klamath Molala Pomoan Central Pomo Eastern Pomo Kashaya Southeastern Pomo Southern Pomo Northeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Salishan Coeur d'Alene Columbia-Moses Halkomelem Klallam Lushootseed Nooksack North Straits Salish Okanagan Salish Thompson Twana Cowlitz Lower Chehalis Quinault Tillamook Upper Chehalis Siouan Assiniboine Crow Dakota Hidatsa Kansa Lakota Mandan Omaha–Ponca Quapaw Stoney Winnebago Biloxi Catawba Chiwere Mitchigamea Moneton Ofo Tutelo-Saponi Woccon Tanoan Jemez Kiowa Picuris Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Piro Pueblo Tsimshianic Coast Tsimshian Uto-Aztecan Comanche Hopi Ivilyuat Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño Mono Northern Paiute O'odham Serrano Shoshoni Timbisha Tübatulabal Ute-Chemehuevi Yaqui Cupeño Tongva Wakashan Makah Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Wintu Yuk-Utian Central Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Tule-Kaweah Yokuts Valley Yokuts Bay Miwok Buena Vista Yokuts Coast Miwok Gashowu Yokuts Kings River Yokuts Lake Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Palewyami Plains Miwok Yuman– Cochimí Cocopah Havasupai–Hualapai Ipai Kumeyaay Maricopa Mojave Quechan Tiipai Yavapai Others Isolates Haida Karuk Kutenai Siuslaw Washo Yuchi Zuni Chitimacha Tonkawa Mixed or Trade Languages Chinook Jargon Michif Mohawk Dutch Manual Indigenous languages Hand Talk Anishinaabe Sign Language Blackfoot Sign Language Cheyenne Sign Language Cree Sign Language Navajo Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Isolates Hawai'i Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Keresan Pueblo Navajo Family Sign Language Oral settler languages French Louisiana Métis Missouri Muskrat New England German Pennsylvania Dutch Hutterite Plautdietsch Bernese Alsatian Texas Spanish Caló (Chicano) Isleño New Mexican Puerto Rican Manual settler languages Francosign American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Puerto Rican Sign Language BANZSL Samoan Sign Language Kentish Martha's Vineyard Sign Language Isolates Sandy River Valley Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Immigrant languages (number of speakers in 2010 in millions) Spanish (37) Chinese (3) French (2) Tagalog (1.6) Telugu (0.39) Vietnamese (1.4) German (1.1) Korean (1.1) Arabic (0.9) Russian (0.9) Italian (0.7) Portuguese (0.7) Polish (0.6) Hindi (0.6) Persian (0.4) Urdu (0.4) Gujarati (0.4) Japanese (0.4) Greek (0.3) Serbo-Croatian family (0.3) Armenian (0.2) Khmer (0.2) Hmong (0.2) Hebrew (0.2) Laotian (0.2) Yiddish (0.2) Romanian (0.1) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_language_and_varieties_in_the_United_States&oldid=1000402354" Categories: Chinese-American culture Chinese language by country Languages of the United States Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title Use American English from January 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use mdy dates from January 2019 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2016 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 23:21 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement