Banking in the United States - Wikipedia Banking in the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Began in the late 1790s First Bank of the United States, the country's first central bank under the US Constitution This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending Credit card Deposit accounts Checking Money-market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUA) Payment and transfer Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer (EFT) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check ACH Network Bill payment United States portal v t e Banking in the United States began in the late 1790s along with the country's founding and has developed into highly influential and complex system of banking and financial services. Anchored by New York City and Wall Street, it is centered on various financial services namely private banking, asset management, and deposit security. The beginnings of the banking industry can be traced to 1790 when the Bank of Pennsylvania was founded to fund the American Revolutionary War. After merchants in the Thirteen Colonies needed a currency as a medium of exchange, the Bank of North America was opened to facilitate more advanced financial transactions. As of 2018, the largest banks the United States were JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, Citigroup, and Goldman Sachs. It is estimated that banking assets were equal to 56 percent of the U.S. economy. As of December 31, 2019, there were 5,177 commercial banks and savings institutions in the U.S.[1] Contents 1 History 2 Regulatory agencies 2.1 Federal Reserve system 2.2 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 2.3 Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 2.4 Office of Thrift Supervision 2.5 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 3 Bank Classification 3.1 National Bank 3.2 State bank 3.3 State non-member bank 3.4 Federal savings association 3.5 State savings association 3.6 Federal savings bank 3.7 FDIC charter class table 4 Bank mergers and closures 5 Banking privacy 6 List of banks 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography History[edit] Main article: History of banking in the United States Merchants traveled from Britain to the United States and established the Bank of Pennsylvania in 1780 to fund the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).[2] During this time, the Thirteen Colonies had not established currency and used informal trade to finance their daily activities.[2] On January 4, 1782, the first commercial bank in the U.S., Bank of North America, opened.[2] In 1791, U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton created the Bank of the United States, a national bank meant to maintain American taxes and pay off foreign debt.[2] President Andrew Jackson closed the bank in 1832 and redirect all bank assets into U.S. state banks.[2] State banks began printing money rapidly sparking run away inflation and leading to the Panic of 1837.[2] Investment banking began in the 1860s with the establishment of Jay Cooke & Company, one of the first issuers of government bonds.[2] In 1863, the National Bank Act was passed to create a national currency, a federal banking system, and make public loans.[2] However at this time not all states had yet formally joined the union. In Oklahoma territory, which did not become a state until 1907, Muskogee mayor H.B. Spaulding resigned in 1902 from his position as vice-president of the Territorial Trust and Surety Company, after his Spaulding Mercantile Company was given a charter to found a private bank. Similarly in 1903 several more private banks were founded. One contemporary banker from Oklahoma defending the vitality of these private non-US banks did note that a small number of bank failures had resulted from a "dip in deposits due to partial crop failure".[3] In 1913 the Federal Reserve was established and began executing monetary policy.[2] The Great Depression saw to the separation between investment and commercial banking known as the "Glass-Steagall Act",[2] but the Act was repealed in 1991 leading to the 2008 financial crisis.[2] Regulatory agencies[edit] Main article: Bank regulation in the United States While most of the countries have only one bank regulator, in the U.S., banking is regulated at both the federal and state level.[4] Depending on its type of charter and organizational structure, a banking organization may be subject to numerous federal and state banking regulations. Unlike Switzerland and the United Kingdom (where regulatory authority over the banking, securities and insurance industries is combined into one single financial-service agency), the U.S. maintains separate securities, commodities, and insurance regulatory agencies—separate from the bank regulatory agencies—at the federal and state level.[5] U.S. banking regulations address privacy, disclosure, fraud prevention, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism, anti-usury lending, and the promotion of lending to lower-income populations. Some individual cities also enact their own financial regulation laws (for example, defining what constitutes usurious lending).[4] Federal Reserve system[edit] Main article: Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States. The central banking system of the United States, called the Federal Reserve system, was created in 1913 by the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to a series of financial panics, particularly a severe panic in 1907.[6][7] Over time, the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System have expanded and its structure has evolved.[8] Events such as the Great Depression were major factors leading to changes in the system.[9] Its duties today, according to official Federal Reserve documentation, are to conduct the nation's monetary policy, supervise and regulate banking institutions, maintain the stability of the financial system and provide financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions.[10] Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation[edit] Main article: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a United States government corporation created by the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, up to $250,000 per depositor per bank. As of November 18, 2010[update], the FDIC insures deposits at 6,800 institutions.[11] The FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness, performs certain consumer-protection functions, and manages banks in receiverships (failed banks). Since the start of FDIC insurance on January 1, 1934, no depositor has lost any insured funds as a result of a bank failure.[12] Office of the Comptroller of the Currency[edit] Main article: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is a U.S. federal agency established by the National Currency Act of 1863 and serves to charter, regulate, and supervise all national banks and the federal branches and agencies of foreign banks in the United States. Thomas J. Curry was sworn in as the 30th Comptroller of the Currency on April 9, 2012.[13] Office of Thrift Supervision[edit] Main article: Office of Thrift Supervision The Office of Thrift Supervision is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of the Treasury. It was created in 1989 as a renamed version of another federal agency (that was faulted for its role in the Savings and loan crisis).[4] Like other U.S. federal bank regulators, it is paid by the banks it regulates. On July 21, 2011, the Office of Thrift Supervision became part of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.[4] Consumer Financial Protection Bureau[edit] Main article: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Bank Classification[edit] There are various classifications and charters that a bank can obtain in the United States and depending on their classification, they may be overseen by the Federal Reserve and supervised by either the FDIC or OCC. National Bank[edit] Main article: National bank (United States) A national bank is a bank that is nationally or federally chartered and is allowed to operate throughout the country in any state. The advantage of holding a National Bank Act charter is that a national bank is not subject to state usury laws intended to prevent predatory lending.[14] (However, see also Cuomo v. Clearing House Association, L. L. C., stating that federal banking regulations do not preempt the ability of states to enforce their own fair-lending laws.)[15] There is currently no federal cap on rates. The federal government only requires that whatever rates, fees, or terms are set by issuers be disclosed to the consumer in accordance with the Truth in Lending Act. A national bank must have "National" or "N.A." in its corporate name. State bank[edit] Main article: State bank (United States) A state bank is a bank that is state chartered meaning that they are only allowed to operate in the state where they are chartered. They are allowed to pick up different customers from other states if they wish but they cannot open a branch in another state without either that specific state charter or a national charter. A state chartered bank cannot have "National" or "Federal" in its name. State non-member bank[edit] These are the same as state chartered banks but are not members of the federal reserve. They are still overseen by the FDIC.[16] Federal savings association[edit] Main article: Federal savings association Federal savings associations should not be confused with national banks which are banks chartered under federal law by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Although the differences between federal thrifts and national banks have diminished as the authorized activities of federal thrifts have expanded to include virtually all traditional banking activities, they are still distinct institutions subject to different regulatory schemes and supervised by different regulators. They are not savings and loan associations and are not members of the Federal Reserve. They are overseen by the OCC and Treasury Department. State savings association[edit] This is the same thing as a federal savings association but are registered under state law. They are overseen by the FDIC. Federal savings bank[edit] Main article: Federal savings bank A federal savings bank is a savings bank that is chartered under and regulated by United States federal law, and administered by the OCC. The FDIC insures deposit accounts in federal savings banks up to prescribed limits. A federal savings bank must have "Federal" or "F.S.B." in its name FDIC charter class table[edit] N = commercial bank, national (federal) charter and Fed member, supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) SM = commercial or savings bank, state charter and Fed member, supervised by the Federal Reserve (FRB) NM = commercial bank, state charter and Fed nonmember, supervised by the FDIC or OCC SB = savings banks, state charter, supervised by the FDIC SA = As of July 21, 2011, FDIC supervised state chartered thrifts and OCC supervised federally chartered thrifts. Prior to that date, state or federally chartered savings associations supervised by the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS). OI = insured U.S. branch of a foreign chartered institution (IBA) Bank mergers and closures[edit] See also: List of bank mergers in the United States Bank mergers happen for many reasons in normal business, for example, to create a single larger bank in which operations of both banks can be streamlined; to acquire another bank's brands; or due to regulators closing the institution due to unsafe and unsound business practices or inadequate capitalization and liquidity. Banks may not go bankrupt in the United States. Depositor accounts are insured up to $250,000 as of October 2008 per individual per bank by the FDIC. Banks that are in danger of failing are either taken over by the FDIC, administered temporarily, then sold or merged with other banks. The FDIC maintains a list of banks showing institutions seized by regulators and the assuming institutions. Banking privacy[edit] Further information: Bank secrecy § United States In the United States, banking privacy and information security is not protected through a singular law nor is it an unalienable right.[4] The regulation of banking privacy is typically undertaken by a sector-by-sector basis.[4] The most prominent federal law governing banking privacy in the U.S. is the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB).[4] This regulates the disclosure, collection, and use of non-public information by banking institutions.[4] Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) serves as the primary protector of banking privacy by fining violators of federal and state banking privacy laws.[4] Unlike banking in Switzerland or other European countries, violations of banking privacy are usually a civil offense not a criminal one.[4] However, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) offers numerous banking privacy provisions within its statutes.[17][18] List of banks[edit] Main article: List of largest banks in the United States According to the FDIC, there were 6,799 FDIC-insured commercial banks in the United States as of February 11, 2014.[11] Every member of the Federal Reserve System is listed along with non-members who are also insured by the FDIC. The five largest banks by assets in 2011 were JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, and Goldman Sachs.[19] See also[edit] Banks portal Credit in the Thirteen Colonies Financial services in the United States Banking in Switzerland Banking in Germany Banking in the United Kingdom References[edit] ^ http://fdic.gov/news/news/press/2020/pr20018.html ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gordon, John Steele (October 8, 2008). "A Short Banking History of the United States". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ Hightower, Michael (2011). Banking in Oklahoma Before Statehood. University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved July 24, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sotto (2014), p. 191 ^ Financial Services Agency (PDF). Government of Japan Financial Services Agency. September 1, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2014. ^ "Born of a panic: Forming the Federal Reserve System". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. August 1, 1988. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2016. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2002). A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II (PDF). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-945466-33-1. Retrieved February 20, 2014. Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve, the nation was plagued with financial crises. At times, these crises led to 'panics', in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits. A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act. Initially created to address these banking panics, the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities, including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy. ^ Rothbard, Murray. A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II. It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. Over the years, its role in banking and the economy has expanded. ^ Patrick, Sue C. (1993). Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s: The Politics of Money and Banking. Garland Press. ISBN 978-0-8153-0970-3. ^ "Mission". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. November 6, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2014. ^ a b "Institution Directory". FDIC. February 11, 2014. Archived from the original on November 13, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2014. ^ "FDIC: Who is the FDIC?". FDIC. January 18, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2014. ^ "OCC: About the OCC". Department of the Treasury. Retrieved February 20, 2014. ^ Beneficial National Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1 (2003). ^ Cuomo v. Clearing House Association, L. L. C., 557 U.S. ___ (Supreme Court of the United States 2009). ^ https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/non-member-banks.asp ^ "Customer Information Protection". www.finra.org. Retrieved July 22, 2018. Protection of financial and personal customer information is a key responsibility and obligation of FINRA member firms. Under the SEC’s Regulation S-P, firms are required to have policies and procedures addressing the protection of customer information and records. This includes protecting against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of customer records and information and against unauthorized access to or use of customer records or information. The rule also requires firms to provide initial and annual privacy notices to customers describing information sharing policies and informing customers of their rights. ^ "Protecting Personal Confidential Information". www.finra.org. Retrieved July 22, 2018. Except for arbitration awards, which are publicly available, the documents and information in FINRA Dispute Resolution case files are confidential. FINRA Dispute Resolution limits access to personal confidential information to FINRA staff members who need it to perform their job functions, and to arbitrators, mediators, or other individuals involved directly in the arbitration or mediation process. Examples of personal confidential information include: ^ Lynch, David J. (April 19, 2012). "Big Banks: Now Even Too Bigger to Fail". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved February 20, 2014. Bibliography[edit] Rothbard, Murray Newton (1983). The Mystery of Banking. New York, N.Y.: Richardson & Snyder. ISBN 978-0-943940-04-5. OCLC 56139773. Rothbard, Murray Newton (2002). A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 0-945466-33-1. OCLC 51205107. Lisa, Sotto (2014). Banking Privacy in the United States. New York City, New York: Hunton & Williams. pp. 191–198. v t e United States articles History By event Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Founding Fathers Continental Congress Continental Association Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Confederation Period American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 / 1896–1954 / 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2008) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890–1945 1946–1991 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States Continental America counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Powers Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial District courts Courts of appeals Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Imperial Presidency Corruption Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade Transportation by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demography Economic issues affluence eviction home-ownership household income income inequality labor unions middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth Education attainment Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Great American Novel Health health care health insurance Holidays Homelessness Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names National symbols Columbia Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Public holidays Race Religion Sexuality / Adolescent Sexuality Social class Society Sports Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home-ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism hair texture intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same-sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Category Portal v t e Banking in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_the_United_States&oldid=997093515" Categories: Banking in the United States History of the United States by topic Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 23:56 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement