author-howgillFrancis-freebo

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-23 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader zip2carrel process, and the input was a Zip file locally cached with the name input-file.zip. Documents in the Zip file have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 40 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 1,690,308 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 42,257 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 96. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

god, christ, lord, will, shall, spirit, one, things, may, people, power, man, men, many, now, yet, us, church, made, life, light, truth, come, world, say, true, law, though, day, forth, every, time, great, words, faith, false, way, without, must, another, let, worship, earth, called, good, neither, even, apostles, word, sin

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are The memorable works of a son of thunder and consolation namely that true prophet and faithful servant of God and sufferer for the testimony of Jesus, Edward Burroughs, who dyed a prisoner for the word of God in the city of London, the fourteenth of the twelfth moneth, 1662., The dawnings of the gospel-day and its light and glory discovered by Francis Howgil., and The papists strength, principles, and doctrines (which they are sworn to preach, from the Councel of Trent, by the Popes authority, and after confirmed by the last General Assembly at Rouen, 1571, all which they have sworn to perform) answered and confuted furthermore their principles and doctrines answered and confuted, as they were laid down in two or three severall papers, by R.W. papist, lately sent from Holland : also a challenge to the pope and all his adherents to choose out of all his dominions some cardinals, fryers, or Jesuits to try their bread and wine, after consecration (by watching on their side and on our side) to prove that if afterward they have consecrated it, whether the bread and wine doth not loose its taste and savour, and so not the body and blood of Christ : also a paper to all them that fast and afflict themselves who are in the will-worship and voluntary humility : also some quæries to all the papists upon earth to be answered in writing and sent to them, which all sects upon the earth call Quakers / by George Fox..

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

every one, made manifest, every man, brought forth, false prophets, christ jesus, true church, one another, lord god, jesus christ, holy ghost, god will, living god, lord will, let us, apostles dayes, may see, eternal life, hundred years, early english, english books, take heed, false prophet, conscience sake, first covenant, primitive times, bear witness, may come, shall come, books online, good conscience, bring forth, taken away, whole world, lord jesus, will come, called quakers, many things, must needs, towards god, make war, true light, false church, holy spirit, holy men, will see, given forth, true god, true religion, page images

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are The inheritance of Jacob discovered. After his return out of Ægypt: and the leading of the Lord to the land of promise, declared, and some information of the way thither. Or a word of exhortation to all professors in England, Scotland and Ireland, and to all the world where this shall come, wherein the common salvation is declared, in which the saints believed; and deceit discovered and made manifest. Published in love to all the honest hearted in the nations, in love and bowels of compassion to your soules. Also a few words of exhortation to the rulers of England, and Ireland. / By a servant of Jesus Christ who delighteth in his masters worke. Francis Howgill. The fiery darts of the divel quenched; or, Something in answer to a book called, a second beacon fired, presented to the Lord Protector, and the Parliament, and subscribed by Luke Fawne, John Rothwel, Samuel Gellibrand, Thomas Underhill, Joshua Kirton, Nathaniel Web. Wherin, their lies and slanders are made manifest against the innocent, and those books which have been published by them they call Quakers, owned and vindicated, and all the rest which is in that book disowned, and their deceite laid open; how they have perverted the truth and our words in those books which they cry out of as blasphemy, that the truth may not suffer under the reproach of the heathen. / By one who is a witnesse for the truth against Gog and Magog, called after the flesh, Francis Howgil. Also something in answer to a booke called a voice from the Word of the Lord, by one John Griffith, against us, whom the world calls Quakers, wherein his false accusations is denied, and he proved to be a slanderer, and the truth cleared from his scandals. By one who is a witnesse against the deceits of the world, called Edward Burrough., and The common salvation contended for, and the faith which was once delivered to the saints· Or, An answer to a book called a plain answer to eighteen queries of Iohn Whitehead, put forth by William Kays, who calls himself minister of the Gospel at Stokesly; wherein he hath perverted the faith once delivered to the saints, and pleads for those things which the Scripture declares against, and so he is made manifest, not to be a minister of the everlasting Gospel, but preachesanother [sic] Gospel. The queries laid down, and the substance of his answer, with a reply to his answer. / By one who is a friend to all, who wait for the appearance of Iesus Christ without sin to salvation, known to the world by the name. Francis Howgill..

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

god, lord, christ, spirit, church, law, tcp, scripture, saints, nations, gospel, doctrine, priests, nation, earth, apostles, thou, testimony, power, ministers, life, lamb, hath, father, faith, christians, world, truth, son, quakers, prophets, people, light, jews, covenant, city, beast, apostacy, worship, way, tythes, teachers, seed, scriptures, righteousness, religion, pope, peace, love, kingdom

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be god, and Truth defended. Or, Certain accusations answered, cast upon us who are called Quakers; by the teachers of the world, and the people of this generation. With a cleare discovery, who are the false prophets, and when they came in. And who they are that deny Christ, and that preach another gospel. And who deny the scriptures, churches, ministers, and magistrates, whereby the magistrates and people of this nation may see they justifie that which the scripture condemns, and condemne that which the holy men of God justified. / By a servant of the Lord, whose name in the flesh is, Edward Burrough. is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

1. god - The memorable works of a son of thunder and consolation namely that true prophet and faithful servant of God and sufferer for the testimony of Jesus, Edward Burroughs, who dyed a prisoner for the word of God in the city of London, the fourteenth of the twelfth moneth, 1662.
2. god - The glory of the true church, discovered, as it was in its purity in the primitive time also, a manifestation how and when the apostacy came, and how long it hath continued in the Church of Rome, proved to be in it, because she differs in doctrin & practice from the Church of Christ in the Apostles dayes : published for this end, that people may be informed, and their understandings opened to discern of the times and seasons, and see the difference between the lambs wife and the mother of harlots / by one who desires that all may come to the knowledge of the truth and be saved, and walk in the light of the Lord, Francis Howgill.
3. law - Oaths no gospel ordinance but prohibited by Christ being in answer to A. Smallwood, D.D. to his book lately published, being a sermon preached at Carlile, 1664, wherein he hath laboured to prove swearing lawful among Christians, his reasons and arguments are weighed and answered, and the Doctrines of Christ vindicated against the conceptions and interpretations of men, who would make it void / by a sufferer for Christ and his doctrine, F.H.

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

1. god, lord, hath - The memorable works of a son of thunder and consolation namely that true prophet and faithful servant of God and sufferer for the testimony of Jesus, Edward Burroughs, who dyed a prisoner for the word of God in the city of London, the fourteenth of the twelfth moneth, 1662.
2. god, christ, hath - The glory of the true church, discovered, as it was in its purity in the primitive time also, a manifestation how and when the apostacy came, and how long it hath continued in the Church of Rome, proved to be in it, because she differs in doctrin & practice from the Church of Christ in the Apostles dayes : published for this end, that people may be informed, and their understandings opened to discern of the times and seasons, and see the difference between the lambs wife and the mother of harlots / by one who desires that all may come to the knowledge of the truth and be saved, and walk in the light of the Lord, Francis Howgill.
3. god, thou, hath - Some of the misteries of Gods kingdome declared, as they have been revealed by the spirit through faith for the information of all such who have erred for lack of knowledge in their judgements, and have perished for lack of understanding ... : also for the confirmation of such who are made partakers of the like precious faith / by one who is made partaker of the riches of his grace, and of the salvation which is in Christ Jesus revealed through the spirit, called Francis Howgill.
4. said, text, tcp - Liberty of conscience asserted and several reasons rendred why no outward force nor imposition ought to be used in matters of faith and religion with several sayings collected from the speeches and writings of King James and King Charles the First / John Crook, Samuel Fisher, Francis Howgill, Richard Hubberthorne.
5. swearing, christ, law - Oaths no gospel ordinance but prohibited by Christ being in answer to A. Smallwood, D.D. to his book lately published, being a sermon preached at Carlile, 1664, wherein he hath laboured to prove swearing lawful among Christians, his reasons and arguments are weighed and answered, and the Doctrines of Christ vindicated against the conceptions and interpretations of men, who would make it void / by a sufferer for Christ and his doctrine, F.H.

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

things, people, man, men, light, power, day, hath, truth, time, words, way, thing, life, self, sin, name, scripture, scriptures, heart, spirit, end, hearts, saints, faith, others, death, selves, none, glory, works, religion, work, doth, part, ▪, world, nothing, worship, one, blood, thee, years, dayes, witness, peace, word, enemies, art, place

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, be, are, have, was, were, do, been, had, made, come, did, say, said, let, called, know, make, see, being, hath, given, brought, give, believe, take, according, set, received, done, put, came, deny, receive, speak, comes, bring, go, taken, concerning, sent, live, am, read, swear, stand, seen, judge, gave, call

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

god, christ, lord, thou, hath, spirit, 〉, ◊, church, 〈, law, world, power, life, earth, gospel, apostles, doctrine, ye, ●, christians, word, father, truth, jesus, nations, righteousness, faith, rome, ministers, hast, heaven, kingdom, men, holy, son, beast, conscience, ministry, king, covenant, england, c., authority, r., nation, devil, judgment, tythes, light

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

you, it, his, they, he, them, your, their, i, him, we, thy, us, our, my, thee, her, me, themselves, its, himself, she, ye, one, theirs, yours, ours, mine, thou, u, ts, ''s, ●, s, itself, vvith, thyself, ourselves, mself, l, hitherto, herself, ay, yourself, yo, ws, worke, sho, secul, pe

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

many, such, true, own, great, false, other, same, good, more, first, manifest, contrary, much, pure, whole, evil, free, holy, outward, eternal, old, vain, dead, everlasting, spiritual, perfect, little, poor, high, wicked, present, full, saith, able, last, very, former, blind, particular, faithful, new, carnal, visible, natural, righteous, least, ignorant, few, subject

not, so, then, now, up, forth, even, yet, ever, therefore, also, more, never, out, down, again, only, in, as, away, all, here, thus, thereof, at, much, well, off, just, there, together, before, long, rather, very, first, truly, still, else, far, further, indeed, once, too, no, on, whatsoever, forever, most, over

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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