The husbandman's jewel directing how to improve land from 10 l. per annum to 50 l. with small charge by planting ... Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. 1695 Approx. 115 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 27 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2005-12 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A45229 Wing H3806 ESTC T36873 11780537 ocm 11780537 49030 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A45229) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 49030) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1485:26) The husbandman's jewel directing how to improve land from 10 l. per annum to 50 l. with small charge by planting ... Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. 52 p. : ill. Printed for G. Conyers ..., London : [1695] Illustrated with woodcuts. Attributed to Gervase Markham by NUC pre-1956 imprints. Imprint date suggested by Wing. Reproduction of original in the Harvard University Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. 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Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Horticulture -- Early works to 1800. Agriculture -- Early works to 1800. 2005-06 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2005-06 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-08 Andrew Kuster Sampled and proofread 2005-08 Andrew Kuster Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion THE HUSBANDMAN'S JEWEL , DIRECTING How to Improve Land from 10l . per Annum , to 50l . with small charge by Planting . Making Cyder as good as Canary , for 5d a Quart or less ; To Improve Land by draining , and by Hemp , Saffron , Liquorice ; To Brew Ale and Beer , make Cyder , Meed , Mum , Metheglin , and other Liquors , to order Bees and Silk-worms ; Destroy Vermin &c , To which are added , the Arts of Angling , Hawking , Fowling , Ringing , &c , Directions to cure all diseases , of Horses , Oxon , Cows , Bulls , Calves , Sheep , Lambs , Goats , Swine , Dogs , Conies , Hares , Poultry and singing Birds at 12d . charge ; To Improve Clover and St. Foin ; To make Table drink for families , both sick and well , at a Farthing a Gallon worth Gold , good against all Distempers ; And to cure all outward Sores or Pains , Aches . &c , at a Penny charge , with divers other matters . LONDON , Printed for G. Conyers , at the Ring in Little Brittain . Price . 1 s. THE Husbandmans Jewel , &c. To Improve Land to 50 or 100 Pound per Acre per Annum . IT 'S evident in many places , especially in the fenny Country , that by draining the fens , that Bogy Lands , not worth 2s an Acre , has been improved to 5 or 6 Pound by Corning , &c , and Mr. Blith , in his Excellent Book of Husbandry , says that if you Plant Boggy Lands , with Willow and Sallow , and such like Aquaticks , draining it first well and deep , it will be worth 5 Pound an Acre tho' before it was not worth 2s an Acre , and in 11 or 12 Years , the Wood on that Land may be worth 60 Pound an Acre . Also in Kent they have improved Ground not worth 6s an Acre , to six Pound by Planting in their Hedge Rows , Fruit Trees , about 16 17 or 20 yards distant , the more Room the better , from one another , and one sort of Fruit or other will prosper ▪ on any Ground , and if you plant 160 Trees , of the best Pipins and Red-streaks on an Acre , it may reasonably be supposed that one with another , they will yeild 320 Bushels , and 20 Bushels of Apples usually makes a Hogshead , so that there will be 16 Hogsheads on an Acre , and these will make 8 Hogsheads of Royal Cyder , which at 2d per Quart , is 2 pound an Hogshead , so that the 8 Hogsheads will yeild 16 Pounds . But this Cyder Royal may be worth 9d per Quart , and then an Acre will amount to near 40 Pound per Acre , and the Grass will grow the between your Trees , or Gooseberry , or Currants may be Planted betwixt , which is best , for the Grass is apt to be sour and bitter , and by this method you may Probably make 8 Pound per Acre more , so that in the whole by a modest computation 50 Pound per Acre may be made , but some affirms that above 140 Pound an Acre may well amount to in a Year , but however the Product , no Question will be very great . Now to make Cyder equal to Canary , to a Bottle of Cyder , Botled in March , put two spoonfuls of the Spirit of Clary , sold at the Apothecarys , and will be about a penny charge , and if you put a little lump of Loaf Sugar , and a spoonful of Brandy , and let it stand about a Week , it will make Cyder resemble Canary , so near , that a well exercised Pallet , shall not know the difference : A Planter Writes that if in March you put a spoonful of Spirit of Clary to your Cyder , it will equal Canary , without any more a doe , but you may strenghten it with ▪ Spirit of Brandy and Clary ▪ and sweeten it , and put in your Ingredients more or less as you think fit , this Spirit is a strong Spirit but very wholesome , and has the perfect flavour of Canary , see more of this by and by , and Read a Book Call'd the way to get Wealth , by making 23 sorts of Wine equal to French , and also to make divers other Liquor , and other Curious Matters ; and also remember that these English Liquors are more wholesome for the Body than French. &c , Every Nation affording that which is most proper for it's Natives , and the great advantage that would accrue to the Nation , by Promoting our own Liquor , may be supposed near a Million a Year , that is spent in Poreign Liquor . Also by Marl and Soil great Improvement In-Land is to be made as appears about the City of London , and what has been done , may by the like good Husbandry be done again . To Improve Land. COnsider from whence the cause of Barrenness proceeds , whether from Heat or Cold : if from Heat and it lye near any River convenient , over flow it , and when it is pretty well soaked , open Trenches to draw it off : then Mud it over with the Casting of some Ditch , Lake , Pond , &c. Instead of Dung , spread the soil when dry , and breaking the lumps in the nature of Dung Harrowing , and after a large Shower of Rain , turn it up with a large Plow and let it lye till some more showers have fallen on it , and then Plow it over again lightly , and sow your Seed and you will have a large Crop , a Third more than usually . If the Ground be Cold , lye low and Moorish , subject to Weeds , Flaggs , Rushes , &c. Make Trenches lower than the Weeds to Drain it thorowly , or it will signify nothing , then marle it over with Marle or Chalk , and let it lye till ▪ the Rain dissolves it , then Plow it in high Land Ridges , that the Water may fall off into the Furrows , turning the soard downwards , that it may Rot more speedily , thus let it lye a Month or six Weeks or more ; then scater over it Wood-Ashes , Sea Coal-Ashes , or Soap-Boilers Ashes ; let them be washed in by the Rain , and then with a Trenching Plough in convenient places draw the Water out of the Furrows , into Water Courses , and then sow the Seed , and in a Year or two the Ground will be good , if not two subject to overflow , and when you have done with it for Corn , lay it Fallow , and by marling it every other Year it will afford Excellent Grass and become good Pasture . To improve pasture if it lye Low and wet , whereby it Chills the Roots , and produces Weeds , &c. Cast on it Hogs Dung , Horse Dung and the Dung of any Fowls , mingled with Slack'd Lime , or Lime Stones , which being well soaked , Plough up the Land , turning down the Green Soard , yet raise the Ridges of the Land but a little sloping , and so run a Trench Cross-ways very deep , or as you see it otherwise convenient , and lay it Fallow ; by this means it will be much dryer , and the next Grass young , sweet and tender . If your Ground be a Burning Sand , then Osie it over ( as before directed ) and if it is troubled with Ant-hills , open them to the bottom , or rather lower , and the wet will drive them away , and if you Scatter Slacked Lime or burnt Pitch and Brimstone on them , and it will kill them . If with Mole-hills , at the end of March , or beginning of April , take their Nests , or set a Pott Trap in the Ground , even with the surface in their Tracts and they 'll fall into it . If the ground is troubled with Gaurse Tansie , Fern , Thistle &c ▪ pull them up , Hoe or strike of the Tops , that the Root that remains being over Charged with Sap may Perish . And to raise immediately a good Soard , and prevent Weeds growing , you must Dung your Grounds , and spreading the Dung suffer the Rain to soak in , levelling the Land with a Rowler , and suffer not heavy Cattle , if it lye Low , to Graze when the Rain has made it soft , for by treading they will spoil it's growing when soft ; and if you intend it for Hay , then no Cattle must come in it after Lady-Day , least by Croping too near the young blades of Grass , they spoile the first cutt , and hinder the latter also . Read more of these things in Blith's Husbandry a Book wrote by Experience , and the only Book of Husbandry Extant , the Fourth Edition with large Aditions . Sold at the Ring in Little Brittain . Price . 3 s , To improve Ground by Hops , Flax , Liquorice and Saffron . FOr a Hop Garden , choose a good mellow Ground , and rich Ground , not two hot , moist nor Cold , well sheltred by Trees from strong Winds that may rend the Vines from the Poles , turn it up deep with a Plough or dig it with a Spade , and cast it up into little hills or Rows , with Alleys betwixt the Hills about two foot distant from each other , then take your best Sprouts , or for want of them the Growth of slips , and making four or five holes in a Hill , crumble in some Mold lightly , and put the slips or Sprouts into the holes , and so cover them up , do this in the beginning of April , observing , if time will permit , the Moon to be in the Increase , and to every Sprout that rises well , fix a Pole and suffer that to twist about it . Observe to set them all Inclinning towards the South , that the Sun may the better compass them , for this is most evident , a bending Pole has more Hops than an upright . And a Gentlemen in York shire , places his Hops in such sort that one Plant may not shadow another , but that his whole Garden receives the fulness and strength of the Sun Beams at once , whereby his Hops are more kindly , and the Bells much larger than any other Hop Ground , whose Poles are erected and stand upright after our ordinary and gross manner . To return I say fix the Pole for them to twist about it , the Pole being 8 or 9 Foot above Ground at least , being full of Snags , for the better supporting the Vine . At Lamas Tide , you will find them Belled and when you find them fit to cut , cut the Vines by the Root and take them off with the Poles into a plain place and gather them , dry them on a Kiln , and Bag them up , an Acre of Hops are sometimes worth 100 Pound . To Improve Land by Flax. PLough up a considerable mellow Ground , and having a good sort of Seed sow it in the middle of April , if possible in the Moons increase , having before improved the Land with fat Soil from the streets , or some Olse place , casting the Seed 2 Bushel to an Acre and when it appears above Ground , whilst young , take care that the Weeds over grow it not , tho when it has out slipt them it needs no Weeding , for the Land being some what moist it will grow to an Extraordinary height ; when ripe , which is known by the Yellowness of the outward Rind , and the swelling of the Seeds , then must you pluck up the Stalks , and bind them up in little bundles , suffering them to dry in the Sun , then lay the bundles in Water , soaking them with heavy weigth , and when you find the Rind loose , then are they steeped enough ▪ then take them out and unloose them , again drying them in the Sun , and strip off the Rind , which you must hackle on Crins of Iron , &c. Fit for use . an Acre well managed , will bear 30 or 40 Pounds worth of Flax , when dressed and ordered to the purpose . Hemp Seed steeped in plain Salt-peter , diluted in Water , and other fit Earthy substance , in its due time , arrived to the Talness that it rather seem'd a Coppice of Wood of 14 Years growth , than plain Hemp. Of Planting and Grafting IN Planting observe when you remove any Tree to mark it in the Rind , that you set it the same way it grew first , bring with you as much of the natural Earth as you can , and over and above , adding a small matter of Dung and fresh Mold , cuting off part of the top Branches , that they may not draw away too much Sap before its well Rooted . In Grafting there are several methods to be observed , and first when you have taken the Scion , which must be from the body of the Tree , and not a top Twig ; You must saw off your Stock , about 3 or 4 Foot above the Ground , then cuting the Twig flat at the great end , but not the Bark off , slit the Stock with a Knife or Chisell , and put in the Scion that both barks may toutch , then with Dung and Clay , well tempred together bind it up close that neither Air nor Bugs can enter and let it continue . Secondly there are some who bore a hole a sloap into the heart of the Tree , and so put the Scion in . Thirdly , they take a Bud from one Tree and slitting the Bark of another Tree ▪ let it in and so close them together . Fourthly there are those that slice off a Bud , or Scion with the intire Bark and plaister , and by opening the Bark of a Branch into another Tree , and all these ways sometimes hit . In Grafting the Fig will grow on a Mulbery , the Apple or Pear , on a Quince or Crab , the Damson on a Wild Thorn , Peach and Cherry upon a Peach , the Apricock on a Plumb , the Wal-nut upon the Ash , the Quince on the Barbary , the Almond on the Philbeart , the Vine upon the Cherry Tree and so of other , which are better and improved by Grafting . To improve Liquorice . LIquorice greatly improves Ground , and is of a lasting quality ; to order it , dig your Ground very deep , then mellow the Mold , and cast it up into Banks , making Alleys between the Banks , being about two Foot high , then take your Crown-slips , and make Holes with a setting Staff , upon the Banks in a line , put in the slips , having first crumbled in some soft Mold , covering all but the Top , and as the Leaves sprout , draw the Earth about them , with a small Hoe , and Water not the Plants , except the Weather be excessive dry , and then but very little , and that in the Evening : and because you can expect but little Benefit of these Plants , the First and Second Year , you may Sow Onions , set Potato's , Beans , Cabbage , or any thing of the like nature between them , and the 3d Year about the beginning , you may draw and dig the Plants , and dry them in a Hot-house , Killn or Stow , and a good Acre of Liquorice will yeild 90 Pound . To improve Saffron . SAffron is a great Improver of Land and will grow in indifferent good Ground , where it is not Stony nor two wet , and in this case having Ploughed your Ground into Ridge Lands , as for Corn or Pease , take your Roots , a Bushell of which will set an Acre , and having drawn a Drill with a large Hoe , place them therein with the spurns downwards , about three Inches assunder , then draw another Drill , so that the Mold of it may coverup the former , and in that place , others in the same manner , and so successively till you have set the Roots , and when they Spring up draw Earth about them , and these set in the beginning of July , and if the weather be exceeding dry , you may sometimes Water the Top Ranges , and in September , the Blew Flowers appears , and in it upon opening three or four Blades of Saffron , which you must observe to gather out Morning and Evening for a Month together , the Flowers Continually encreasing . The Saffron being gathered , made a Kiln about half the bigness of a Bee Hive of Clay and Sticks , and so puting a Gentle Fire of Charcoal under it , tend it by often turning , till you have reduced , three Pound of wet Saffron , to one dry , an Acre may yeild 40 or 50 Pound , the two Crops for the Root will yeild no more , without being renewed or Transplanted . Read more at large of these things in Blith's Husbandry . Of FLAX . FLax will yield 30 or 40 Pound an Acre , Baren Sandy and Heath Ground is best for it , and after Flax , Turnips ; one Acre of good Flax is Accounted worth 3 or 4 Acre of the best Wheat , and the Liquor hath much advanced the goodness thereof . The best time to Sow it is about the beginning of April , presently after a Shower of Rain , some Sow it to the End of May , and some after . A Gentleman Planted 100 Ashes , and Lived to see them Sold for 500 Pound at 50 Years growth . Blith Husbandman page 163. If you cover Cherry , Plums or other Fruit Trees , with a rough Canvas , or other Cloth in Summer , and wetting of the Cloth often , it will keep the Fruit back a long time , that you may have it when others are gone . If you put a Branch of a Cherry , Vine , Apricock , &c. in at a Window , and nail it to the Seeling of the House , Fruit will grow within Doors . A hot Bed of Horse-dung laid a Foot high , and supported on the sides , and Mould laid thereon 3 Fingers deep . If you Sow Cucumber-Seed , Turnip-Seed , Wheat or Pease , it will come up half an Inch above the Ground in two Days ; this is a Notable Experiment . Try also Cherries , Strawberris and other Fruit , that are dear when they are Early . Strawberries water'd once in three Days with Water wherein Sheep Dung is steeped , or Pigeons Dung will come early , a good and Profitable Experiment . Canker'd Fruit Trees . CAuse the Earth to be taken away round it , about four Feet from the Stem , and about 5 or 6 Inches deep , and in room thereof cause Stones to be set close and near together , in dirt taken out of the High-way , instead of Gravel after the manner that Streets are pav'd , and it will Prosper , and bear to admiration ; do the same to other Trees , with a proportionable quantity of Chalk , and ramm it fast about the Trees , and it will have the like Effect as the Paving ; tho' it will not last so long as Paving . To make Trees grow much . WHen any Young Trees , as Ash , Elm , Birch , Oak , but Ash especially , are in their Bodies about two Inches Diameter , which they are at three or four Years growth , then take a piece of a Coat of mail , or some such like Net of small Wier , or Hair Cloth and putting it in the Palm of your Hand , rub it pretty hard , but not to tare off the Bark ; twice in a Year , and you will find such Trees will out grow the rest very much . Mr. Wolridge says , That if our Waste and common Down Grounds were inclosed , it would Feed more Sheep and Cattle by half than they do lying open ; and that in case ten Acre were Sown with Clover-Grass , Turnips , Cole-Seed , Parsely , or the like , they would feed as many Cattle or Sheep , as 100 Acres of the same Land would do that is laid waste . To make Butter better than ordinary , without seting the Milk for Cream . AS soon as the Milk comes from the Cow , and is strained , then Charn it , as usually Cream is done ; also the Cheese made of the Butter Milk will be better than the best two Meal Cheeses that you ever did eat ; and one Pound of this Butter shall be better than a Pound and half of the best Butter made of Cream . Probatum . Hartlib's Legacy . Urine . In Holland they preserve the Cows Urin as carefully as the Dung for their Land ; old Urine is very Excellent for the Roots of Trees , Columella says , That a good Husband may make 10 Load of Dung for every great Beast in his Yard , and as much for every one in his House , and one Load for small Cattle , as Hogs ; this is strang to us , and I believe there are many ill Husbands by this Account . I know a Woman near Canterbury , who saveth in a Pail , all the droppings of Urine , and when the Pail is full sprinkleth it on her Meadow , which causeth the Grass to grow much , at first it looks Yellowish , but after a little time it grow'd so wonderfully , that her Neighbours were like to have accused her of Witchcraft . Hartlib . St. Foin , or Holy Hay , commonly called Cinquefoin . IT S a mighty improver of dry and barren Ground , and excellent for feeding Cattle , in France they sow these Seeds , and Oats a like quantity , on Ground out of Heart , and Mow their Oats only the first Year , that it may root well , yet they may Mow it the first Year , but it s not so well , but the Year following you may , and so for seaven Years , it commonly bears four Loads or more on an Acre ; after seven Years break it up , and Sow it with Corn till it be out of Heart , and then Sow it with St. Foin , as before , for it does not impoverish Land as other Annual Plants do , but enriches it , when the Roots is turn'd up by the Plow ; I have seen it thrive well in England on Chalky Banks , where nothing else would grow , and such dry barren Ground is fittest for it ; ( as moist Rich Land is fit for Clover-Grass and great Trefoil ) ( tho' St. Foin will grow pretty well on all Lands ) and will Flourish , it Rooting deep , when other Grass is Parched by heat ; but wet Lands soon corrupts its Root . For the right managing of it , observe these Rules , or it will come to little . 1. Make your Ground fine , and Kill all other Grass or Plants . for they will choke it . 2. Be not too sparing of Seed , for the more you Sow the thicker it will grow . 3. Expect but seven Years Crop , and then Plow it up , or Sow it again with the same Seed or other Grain . 4. Let not Sheep or other Cattle bite them the First Year . 5. Your best way is to make your Ground Fine , as when you Sow Barly , and Harrow it even , and then to Plow these Seeds in alone , without any other Grain , as Gardners do Pease , but not at so great a distance ; but make your Range about a Foot distance one from another , and they 'l see it Flourish like Green Pease , especially if you draw the Plow through them once or twice that Summer , to destroy Weeds and Grass ; and if you do thus great Clover and other Seeds , may be mow'd twice the first Year . There is another sort at Paris , called La Lucern , which is not inferior to St. Foin , but rather better for dry barren Land , and is to be managed as St. Foin . Thus you may improve barren Ground of 2 or 3s . an Acre , to forty or fifty Shillings an Acre . There is a Grass at Madrington near Salisbury , that is 24 Foot long , with which they feed Hogs . I question not , but if the Seeds of it were fown in Rich Meadows , it will yield Extraordinarily . Mr. Worlidge says , That for Clover-Grass , a Rich light Land , warm and dry , will afford a great Profit : that a Parcel 〈◊〉 Ground , a little above two Acres of Clover-Grase 〈◊〉 Year yielded in May two Load of Hay worth 5 l. the next Crop of Seed was ripe in August , and yielded three great Loads worth 9 l. that Year , the Seed was 300 l. which with the Hay was Valued at 30l besides the after Pasture . Another president is , that on 4 Acres grew 12 Load of Hay at twice Mowing , and 20 Bushel of Seed ; one Load of Hay that was Mowed in May , was worth two Loads of other Hay , and the after Pasture three times better than any other , though four Acres in one Year yielded eighty Pounds . Another . That 6 Acres of Clover , did maintain 6 Months 10 Oxen , 13 Cows , 3 Horses , and 25 Hogs , Valued at 40 l , besides Winter Herbage . It will prosper pretty well on any Ground that is not poor . Clover-Grass lasteth but three Years . An Acre of Ground will take 10 Pound of Clover-Crass-Seed , in Measure about half a Peck . The more you Sow the better ; some have Sown 16 Pound on an Acre with good Success ; let your Seed be the best , and then in March or April Sow your Clover-Grass upon your Barly and Oats being harrowed , or you may Sow it alone , and you may cut it about June the first Year . If you Sow it alone , the best time is about Michaelmas , and about the end of May you may cut the first Crop , the exact time is when it begins to knot , and after feed it with Cattle till January : if you will preserve Seed , expect but two Crops that Year , the first as before , the second must stand till the Seed comes to a dead ripeness . After your Seed is Thrasht the Cattle will Eat the Stalks , but if too Old they will not . After two Years standing , if you let it shed its seed , it will store it with Clover ; and one Acre of this Grass will feed as many Cows as 5 of the other common Grass , and your Milk will be much better , and exceed in quantity , and it fattens well . In Flanders they cut it daily , as your Cattle eat it , and give it under Trees , or in Sheds in Racks . Let not your Cattle at first eat too much of it least they furfeit . When it s throughly dry , in March Thrash it . Of Bees , and how to manage them to great Advantage . BEes are both Delightful and Profitable , if managed with Care , in order to which , I shall give those short Directions . If you have no Stocks of Bees , but 〈…〉 , I advise you first , not to give Money for them , but some other Commodity ; for tho' there be nothing in it but a Superstitious Observation , yet things often dishearten People that are apt to credit such Reports . Having Purchased , you must be sure to carry them gently in a Sheet between two Persons , on a Pole , in the Night-time , that they be not disturbed , nor their Combs disordered ; the best time to remove them is in April , and then carry them to a Pleasant Place , lest they leave you , nor must you immediately open them after you have placed them in your Garden , but wait till they are at rest , which you will know by their ceasing humming ; be sure place them that the Hive Mouth be to the Rising of the Sun , observthat the Air and Water , as also Herbs , Trees and Flowers about them be very Wholsome . Those they much delight in , are Rosemary , Cassia , Thyme , Saffron , Bean-Flowers , Mustand Seed , Flowers , Pinks , Mellilot , Poppy , Roses , and all Sweet Flowers , Herbs and Trees . Those they dislike , are Worm-Seed , wild Cucumbers , Elms , Spurge , Laurel , Southernwood , and all bitter Herbs and Trees , delighting most in Vallies , and near Purling Streams . The best Honey is extracted from Thyme , the next best from Wild Thyme , and the third from Rosemary , tho' there is good Honey where none of these grow : also where your Clovergrass , St. Foin , &c , grows , good and much Honey is produced . Be sure , if you intend to mind Bees , that you be cleanly and sweet , and Eat no stinking things , as Garlick , Onions , &c. least they sting you , and keep their Hives clean from Cobwebs , Moths and other Filth , or they 'l not thrive . Read more of these Matter in Mr. Worlidge , his Compleat Bee-Master , price 6 d. and Rusden of Bees . price 1 s. 6 d. and Butler of Bees , price 1 s. The only three Books Extant on this Subject . All sold at the Ring in Little-Brittain . In the beginning of April Bees begin to Work , and if they stand in a Pleasant place , they will work so chearfully , that they will afford Honey three times in a Summer , viz. the latter end of May , the latter end of July , and the latter end of August , if the Summer be temperate ; tho' if you would have them subsist well in Winter , to take their Honey in May and July is sufficient , If it happen that by reason of the Young Brood , the Hive be overcharged , which by their clustriug about the Mouth of it , and Humming , you may plainly discern ; prepare a New Hive , ready rub'd , with Fennel , Bean-Tops , Thyme , Balm , Marjoram , Bean-Flowers , Milk and Honey , Hyssop , Mallows , and with some of these rub the Hive well , but rather with a Sprig , or Branch of the Tree they swarm on , then dip such Sprig or Branch in Mead , or Honey and Water , or with Milk and Salt , or Salt only ; and when you have rub'd the Hive well with the Herbs , that t is wet , observe the coming out of the Young Bees for several days , especially when the Sun-shines hot on them , least they Swarm on a sudden , and take Wing and Fly away , which is prevented by Ringing on a Warming-Pan or Candle-stick , &c , when you see they are settled either on Tree , Hedge or Ground ; if they settle on the Ground , lay the Hive prepared as before directed over them . If on a Tree , take your Hive rub'd with Sweet Herbs , and let one hold up the Hive , and another with a gentle Hand shake the Bough they hang on , that they may fall into the Hive , them immediately set it on a large Cloth , and take Boughs that are Green , and put just under the place you take the Bees from , and cover them with some more Boughs , and the Corner of The Cloth they stand on , and let it rest till all the Bees are gaue 〈◊〉 . If in a hard Winter Honey fail , then replenish their more with Brown Sugar mixed with Anniseed-Water , till its just Liquid , and by fiting long pieces of 〈◊〉 Cans with it , and then put the Cane gently into the Mouth of the Hive . You may give them also Honey and Raisins after the same manner . Be sure you cover them with warm Housings of Staw , and feed them with Care , and they 'l reward your Pains Bountifully . Thus I have given you the Opinion of several of the best Authors , for the improving of this Noble Insect , and that with as much Brevity as possible . It s said Bees will not Fly away , if you smear the Holes of their Hives with the Dung of a Calf newly Killed , Wicker . Bees will not Fly away , if you bruise the Leaves of the Wild and Garden Olive-Tree together , and about the Evenings anoint their Hives with the Juice , or else with Water and Honey , both the Walls and the Hives . To know if Honey is mixed , or falsified , throw some into the Fire , and that that is false , will not burn clear . Diophans . The best Water for Bees , is That that runs through Stones and Pebbles , and is very clear . This makes them Healthful , and makes good Honey , and you must lay in great Stones and pieces , of Wood for them to pitch upon , when they drink . If you have no Running Water , bring it to them from a Well or Fountain , in Pipes , least they fall Sick with carrying Water . In taking Honey , you ought to leave them a Tenth part , both in Summer and Winter , but in Winter you must take but one third part . Dodymus . How to Order Silk-Worms the right way . THe Silk Worms feed chiefly on Mulberry-Leaves , the scarsity thereof is the cause of their fewness ; some say they will feed on Lettice , Dandelion , Poplar-Trees , Plum Trees and Apple Trees , but I leave the certainty of it to be tryed by Experience ; In the beginning of May , the Mulberry Trees begin to spread their Leaves , and the Silk-worms Eggs , are at it were adapted for a release from their Imprisonment ; that if you lay them in a Window , in the Sun , or keep them in a warm place about you , but keep them warm in the Night , and they will quickly appear in a new form , cut them some Paper full of little holes , and lay over them , and some of your young Mulberry , Leaves over that , these Worms will Easily find the way to the Food , and as fast as Hatched apply themselves to the Leave ; after they betake themselves to the Leaves , place them on Shelves or Tables , at a distant convenient , according to the Number of Worms , and Proportion of place you have for them ; in their feeding thy are four times sick , about twelve or thirteen Days after they are Hatched , and from that time Successively every Eight Days and their sickness , lasteth two or three days , then feed them but little , which is but to Relieve such as are past their sickness , before the rest , and those that do not fall sick so soon ; the time of feeding them is Nine Weeks ; and then feed them twice a Day , laying Leaves over them , and they 'l soon make way through them ▪ and as they grow in bigness , and strength , feed them more Plentifully and oft . Observe the Leaves be clear of Rain or Dew before you give them , in case they be wet , spread them on a Table , you may gather them , and keep them two or three days , in case you live Remote from Mulberry Trees , or the Weather prove bad , rid their Shells often off their Dung , and Remainder of their Leaves , by removing the Worms , when they are fast on new Leaves laid on , for then Easily you may remove the Worms with the Leaves ; A Principal means to preserve them , is keeping clean the Shelves of the Room , also give them some Air in warm Weather , and keep the Room warm in cold Weather , keep them not in a cold moist Room ; nor too near the Tiles or Top of the House : They will look clear of an Amber Colour , when they are feed as long as able , and are then ready to go to Work , therefore with Heath made very clean , make Arches , betwixt their Shelves , or with Lavender , Rosemary-stalks , and upon those the Worms fasten themselves and make their bottom , which is finished in fifteen days , but the best way is to make small Cones of Paper , and with their sharp ends downward , place them in Rows , in each of which put a Worm , as they appear to you to be just going to work , and then they 'l Finish their bottom most Compleat . When their bottoms are Finished , take as many as you intend for Breeders , then lay them by themselves , and in Four or Five days time , the Worms within will Eat their wayout , then put them together on some Piece of old Say , or the backside of old Velvet , or the like , made fast at the Hangings or Wall of the House or on a Tables ; these Flies will then Engender , and the Male having spent himself dyes , and the Female doth the like when she hath Lain her Eggs , then with the point of a Knife , put them on a piece of Say , or old Velvets , keep them in a Box among Woolen Cloaths , till next Spring ; the Female will lay abundance of Eggs , but a few kept for Increase is Sufficient ; the Residue put into an Oven after Baking of Bread , that it be only hot enough to kill the Worms , for their gnawing their way out prejudices the bottom , then take the Bagg , having obtained the bottoms , and having found the end , put twelve or more in a Bason of Water ; where a little Gum Traganth is mixed , and then you will Easily wring them , if you feed them not well , the Silk is small and Easily breaks . Prognosticks of the Weather . HOw to know when it will be fair , for four or five days together which seldoms fails . When the Wind hath been in the North , or North-East , two days , without Rain and sits there the third Day , then go your Journey if the Air be clear . How to know when it is like to Thunder . WHen the Wind hath been South two or three days , and it grow very Hot , or when you see Clouds rise with great high Tops like Towers , as if one Cloud were upon the Top of another , and joyn'd together with black on the nether side , then it is like to be Thunder and Rain suddenly in many places . How to know when it is like to be a wet Spring and Summer , and Danger of Rotting Sheep . If the Eighteen last Days of February , and the Ten first Days of March , prove for the most part Rainy , then the Spring Quarter , and the Summer Quarter are likely Rainy for the most part , this I have Observed , these Forty Years , and found much benifit by it , if a drought enters in that Season , it is like to be so the most part of the Spring Quarter , if not the Summer Quarter too , and by that Reason there will be scarcity of Hay . If October and November be for the most part Rainy and Warm , then is January and February , like to be Cold and Frosty ; on the contrary , if October and November be Frosty and Snow , then January and February , for the most part open Weather . If in the Autumn Quarter ground be Flooded , that ground will Rot Sheep , though you give them never so good Hay . If there be no Floods , in the Spring Quarter and Summer Quarter , then Sheep are not Subject to Rot , in the Autumn nor Winter Quarter . To destroy all sorts of Vermin . TO Kill Rats and Mice , take Wheat Flower and bitter Almonds , and make them into a Past , and lay it into their holes , and it will Kill them . Another , cast Hemlock seed , into their holes , and it will Kill them . To catch Moles , lay a head of Garlick or Onion before the holes , and they will Immediately come forth . To Kill Weasels , Wheat Flower , Sal Armoniack made into a Past , with some Honey , throw it where the Weasels usually come , and they will eat it and it Kills them . To Kill Pismires , Origanum beaten to Powder , and strewed before their holes and it Kills them . To Kill Bugs , or Fleas , take Rue and Wormwood a good quantity , boil them about a quarter of an Hour , then take some common Salt , the more the better and use it as before . To Kill Lice and Nits and to cure Scabby Heads ; Stave saker , and Fresh Butter mixed together , and the Head anointed with it , kills Lice , To Kill Caterpillars , take Lees of Oyl and Ox piss , and boil them together , then cast it upon the Trees or Bushes and it kills them . To preserve Cattle from Flies , take oil wherein Bakeleer hath been boiled , and anoint the Beast with it , and they will not come near them . To make abundance of Cream . TAke a Skiming dish full of the Top of the Milk , add to it four spoonfulls of scraped Sugar , and a drop of good Runnet , then stir them together , that they may thicken a little , then sett it in a warm Place , and a great deal of Cream will rise in an Hours time . To Fatten any sort of Fowl in Fifteen Days . TAke Nettle seed , and Leaves gathered and dryed in their proper Season , beat them to Powder , and make them into Past with Wheat , Bran and Flower , adding a little sweet Olive Oyl , make this up into little Lumps , Coop them up and daily feed them with it , giving them to Drink , Water that Barley hath been boiled in , and they will be fat within the time Proposed . For Burns or Scalds . MIngle Lime Water with Linseed-Oyl , by beating : them well together with a Spoon and with a Feather Dipt in it , anoint the place , grieved till the Fire is gone . To Brew Ale and Beer . AN Ingenious Author says , That we may Brew as good Liquor at London as either York or Nottingham affords , and that our Derby Malt , Water and Hops , is as good as theirs , and that the difference lies only in the Brewing and well Ordering it . 1. He advises to put to one Quarter of Malt 75 Gallons of Liquor , or River-Water , letting it Boil for one Hour , and so proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity , and to every Quarter of Malt half a Pound of Hops ; your Malt being ready in the Mesh-tub , pour so much Water on it as will wet it quite thro' , insomuch that the Mesh may be rais'd in the Tun a considerable hight ; then cover it up with Cloth very close two Hours , preserving the remaining part of the Liquor very hot in the Coopper , if not Boiling . Next the two Hours being expired , work your Mesh with proper Instruments very well , till you can discern no dry Malt in the Mesh ; this done let your Mesh Tun run gently into a convenient Vessel , and when you have let it run about half an Hour , according to the largness of the Mesh , put on the remaining part with a Pail , throwing it all over the Mesh by degrees . 3dly . Your Worts being all gathered and emptied from the Vessel wherein you have gathered it , into the Copper , and the Hops put therein , boil it three Hours at least , then empty your Copper into the back Cooller . 4thly . While your Worts are Milk-warm , clear it in your guile Tun , while it runs clear from dregs ; you may put your dregs into a Flannel Bag , and drain a quantity off clear , and of the Strongest Liquor from them . 5thly . To your Worts 54 Gallons from a quarter of Malt , put two Quarts of good Yeast , and let it work 24 Hours beating it in three or four times a day , according to the Season ; Winter requiring great Care. The Guile being well wrought , Tun it up into well Seasoned Vessels , leaving liberty for it to Work for about half a Day , then bung it up so close . Let your Cask stand undisturbed 6 or 10 Weeks , and it will be Fine and Strong . He says that if by accident it does not Work , a Remedy is ; Take the Whites of two Eggs , and half a quartern of Brandy ▪ beat them well together , and pour them into the Guile ▪ if the Drink is in the Cask , pour it into the Bung , and lay a warm Cloth over it , and in an Hours time it will work briskly . Remember you under-lay you Cloth that you cover your Vessel with , that it may have room to begin to work , then take off the Cloth. Another way , take a quarter of an Ounce of Zinziber Pouder , 2 Ounces of fine Loaf Sugar , mix them well with some of the Liquor being warm , and pour it in . The best time for Brewing is March and October . A way to clear Ale or Beer , tho' never so thick . TAke a Pint of Water , half an Ounce of unslackt Lime mix them well together , let it stand three Hours , and the Lime will settle to the bottom , and the Water as clear as Glass , pour the Water from the sediment , and put into your Ale or Beer , with half an Ounce of Ising-glass well boiled , and in five Hours time or less , the Drink will settle and clear . This quantity will serve a Hogshead . To make Cyder equal to Canary and very cheap . CYder , of which Red Streak is best , is a good Stomach Liquor , purifies the Blood , is Diuretick , and roots out the Scurvy . To make Cyder as good as Canary , you must make Sweets thus . Take 112 Pound of Sugar , Water 8 or 10 Gallons , in which 30 or 40 Eggs are well beaten and dissolved ; put your Sugar into your Kettle or Vessel on a gentle Fire , and put to it 4 Gallons of the Egg Water , stir all about till the Sugar is dissolved , when it boils put in more Egg-water , to keep it from boiling too high ; and thus continue putting one Quart of another for about an Hour , till your Egg-water is spent . But if you prepare your Egg-water in Parcels , to wit 4 Pints at a time , it s the best way , so will the Eggs carry away all the foulness of the Sugar , making it rise in a Scum , and then take it clear ; thus having done , boil it to the consistency of a Syrup , which will be clear and pure and cold , is to be put into your Cyder with a little Coriander seed bruis'd and tied in a Rag , and this Syrup I call sweet . Observe that you may make them of Brown or White Sugar , the White makes your Cyder a pale Colour , and the Brown of an Amber Colour ; the latter may do as well , and this will not stand in 6d a Quart ; put in of this sweet two or three Gallons , more or less as you please , but let your Cyder be rack'd the last time , and past the fermentation before you put it in ; thus mix your sweets and the Spirits you intend to put in together , with a little quantity of Cyder , stir them well together , and put all into the Hogshead of Cyder , stirring them all together 7 or 8 Minutes with all your strength , with a strong Staff at the Bung-hole , then stop it close , and draw none off till three , or four or five Months , and then its fit to Drink . In making it resemble Canary , you must use more sweets and Spirits ; if you put in the Spirits before Permentation , they will evaporate and be lost . That your Cyder thus mixt with sweets and Spirits , may ever drink well , it must first be put up into Wooden Casks , and then kept its due time to incorporate as aforesaid ; you may first make tryal of a Vessel of seven Gallons , putting in three Quarts of Spirits , and two Quarts of sweets ; and after Twelve Weeks it will be as strong and Pleasant as Candry , and then you may Bottle it up . This Liquor will keep in a Cask three Years , if you keep the Cask full , but observe that in eight Weeks time , the Liquor will waste about two Pints , which be sure fill up again with Liquor of the same strength , or stronger ; and thus it will grow better and better . If you chance to keep it too long , and it becomes unpleasant as old Hock , then take one Hogshead of your stale Cyder , and one of Tart New Cyder , before it is quite fine , and mixing them well together . Tunn them up in two other Hogsheads , adding the proportion of Spirits and sweets to the quantity of new Cyder , and then it will be as good as ever it was and speedily fit to drink ▪ Wormwood Cyder . To make this , you do by adding Wormwood to Cyder Royal , as you do to Wines ; and this is Excellent to procure Appetite , and cause Digestion . If you would make Cyder-Royal as strong as French Wine , take a Hogshead of Cyder , and add some part of another Hogshead to it , and Distil off the Spirit ; this Spirit rectifie a second time , and then put into the remaining part of the Hogshead of Cyder , fill up the Hogshead with other fresh Cyder ; stir it about well , and keep it close stopt , except one Day in 9 , 10 , or 20 , you let it lie open 5 Hours , and thus in three Months its fit to drink ▪ and will be as strong as French Wine . To make it as stron● as Canary , add half as much more of the Spirit to 〈◊〉 Hogshead as you did the former , and two or three Gallo●● of sweets more or less , to please the Palate , and it w●●● be as strong as Canary . Experience is gain'd by makin● many Tryals . 1. That Cyder of the strength of French Wine , requires to every Hogshead of Cyder 4 Gallons of Spirits , or Cyder Brandy , which is not a Pint of Spirits to four Quarts of Cyder , 2. The second Cyder of the strength of Canary , requires of Spirits 6 Gallons , or Cyder Brandy , to every Hogshead , that makes about a Pint and a half of Spirits to a Gallon of Cyder , and about three quarters of a Pint of sweets to the like quantity . The Spirit of Cyder is Extracted by Distillation , in a Copper Vesica , Tinn'd within , with its Worm , from Cyder in all respects , as they make S. V. And observe if the Cyder is prickt or acid , it s better for Spirits , and yeilds a larger Quantity then that of the best Cyder . Salmon . I am apt to think , that if you put two Spoonfuls of this sweet , made as aforesaid ; and one Spoonful ▪ of Spirit of Clary , and a spoonful of Spirit of Cyder into a Pottle , it will be very Rich in a Months time , and will not stand in above 6d or 7d a Bottle . Try Experiments , by putting more or less , till you please your Palate . I conceive with Syrup of Clove-gillyflowers or Spirit of it , or any wholesome Spirit or Syrup , you may make what tasted Wine you please . By this Method , Perry , Cherries Currans , Gooseberry Wine , may be made to resemble Canary , and as good and wholesome . Doctor Hartman says he has observed that Brandy , Spirit of Wine or Grain , and other Spirits , if they are Fine may do ; and that he has experienced , that the Spirit of Molosses , Raisons , and the Lees of good Wine , with other Fruits if rectifi'd and drawn fine , are as good ; and that a rectified Spirit of Malt will serve where Spirit of Cyder is not to be had . He says that the first he compleated was , thus , He put six Gallons into a Vessel , two Quarts of Syrups or sweets , and three Quarts of the Spirit of Cyder , which after two or three Months he found to be as strong and Pleasing as Canary . He says further , that twenty eighth Pound of Sugar will make four Gallons of sweets , and so proportionably , and the Whites of 8 or 10 Eggs well stirr'd and put in as before directed . To make Mead. TAke four Pound of Honey , three Gallons of Water , you may put two or four , as you would have it in ●●…ength ; mix or dissolve them , and then let them boil gently , and clarifie with nine or Twelve Whites of Eggs , taking off the Scum , being only Blood-warm ; then add a Pint of Ale-Yeast , or a small Leaven dissolved in a Pint of the Liquor , and let them work , then Tunn it into a Vessel , and being well settled , Bottle it up . Note . 1. That the Liquor ought to be so strong of Honey that it may bear an Egg , and break and boil the shells with the Whites of your Eggs ; for present spending you may put the Juice of two Limons to a Gallon , and you may if you please add Cloves , Cinnamon , Nutmeg , Limon-peel , Ginger , to make it taste according to the Palate , or you may let it alone . Some put Marjoram , Mint , Thyme , Balm , or what other sweet Herbs they like ; let it stand 12 days before you Bottle it , and it will be fine . In a Months Bottleing its fit to drink : if you work it with yeast , have a great care to draw it into Bottles ; presently after the Working is over , as in 14 or 18 Days ; for Working it with Yeast , makes it soon grow stale , sower and dead , before you are aware ; but if you singly work it of it self , and by the Suns help , or a gentle Sand-heat , or B. M. without adding Yeast ▪ or Leaven , it will keep 12 Months , if fill'd to the top , and stopt close ; if you put Spirit of Clovegilly-flowers into it , it makes it a curious Red Colour . To make Pleasant Mead. PUt a Quart of Honey to a Gallon of Water , with about Ten sprigs of Marjorum , and five of Bay , boyl all these well together , and when it is Cold , Bottle it up , and in Ten days you may drink it . To make Metheglin . TAke four Pound of Honey ▪ Water 15 , 18 or 20 Pound more or less , as you would have it in strength , dissolve and mix , then put Mint , Sage ▪ Rosemary , Balm , Thyme , Bay-leaves , Angelica , Savory , Roman wormwood , Geranium Moscatum Origanum , Smallage , of each a handful ; Ginger , Cinamon , Nutmegs , Mace , Cloves , all in gross Powder , and ty'd up in a Bag , of each two Ounces , boil it an Hour , and clarifie with the Shells and Whites of Eggs only , taking off the Scum , then strain it through a Cloth into Wood Vessels , and being Blood-warm or cool , Tunn it up . Note , 1 , Some People will put to every Gallon of Liquor a Pound of Black Currants well bruis'd . 2. Keep your Vessel always near full . 3. Cover the Bung-hole with a Plate of Lead lying loose on , that the Working of the Liquor may lift it up as need requires . 4. That as it works over , you still sill ▪ it up , but not to the Brim , with fresh Liquor of the same fort . 5. That having done working in a Months time , stop the Bung close . You need not work it with Yeast nor Leaven , for it will Work of it self . Some hang the Spices in a Bag , not . Boiling them with it at all . For present Drinking , take the Whites of three Eggs , three spoonfuls of Wheat-Flower , beat them together , and mingle well with your Liquor , and it will presently work , when done , stop it close with Clay tempered with Salt. 6. If for long keeping , put in a Pound of Hops to every Barrel ; in twenty four Weeks draw off the clear into another Barrel , or Bottle it . This will keep many Years . This opens Obstructions , and Cures Consumptions . Salmon . PUNCH . TAke a Quart of Water and a Quarter of a Pint of Brandy , a little Vinegar or Verjuice , or Limon Juice , or Lime Juice , which of them you can get , a little Nutmeg and Sugar , or a little Ginger ; and if you please a little Treacle to Colour it . To make Punch . TAke two Quarts of Water , one Pint of Lime Juice , three quarters of a Pound of fine Sugar , mix and dissolve the Sugar , then put three Pints of choice Brandy ; stir them well together , and grate in a Nutmeg . This Liquor chears the Heart , and revives the Spirits beyond any other Liquor , Moderately drunk it helps Digestion , restores lost Appetite , and makes the Body profoundly Healthful , and able to resist the assaults or all Diseases . Salmon . Juniper Cyder , or Wine to make . PUt 10 or 12 Berries dry'd in a Bottle , or a proportionable quantity to a Hogshead , Ginger may be used with good success , and it makes it brisk ; Dry'd Rosemary put into it makes it Pleasant ; Wormwoom put into Cyder tasts as Wormwood Wine ; Juice of Rasberries , as good as Rasberry Wine ; Elder-berries Juice the same . Clovergilly-flowers dry'd and steep'd in Cyder , gives a rare Tincture and Flavor , and thus you may make Wine of Cyder of any Dry'd-Flowers , Leaves and Roots whatever . Query , whether the Chymical Oyl of Mace , Cloves , Mutmeg , &c. will not do the same , put in with some sweets , as before is directed . Brumswick Mum to make . TAke 63 Gallons of Water , and boil till the third part is consumed , then Brew it with 7 Bushels of Wheat-Malt , and one Bushel of Oatmeal , and one Bushel of ground Beans ; Tunn it , but not too full at first : put 3 Pound of the inner Rind of Firr , of the Tops of Birch , and Firr , of each 14 Ounces , and three Handfuls of Cardus Benedictus dried , two Handfuls of Flower of Rosa Solis , of Betony , Burnet , Marjoram , P●●ny-Royal Flowers , Elder , and with Thyme , of each one Handful and a hall , and three Ounces of seeds of Cardamum , Barberries bruis'd one Ounce . Put them into the Cask , your Liquor having wrought a while with the Herbs , let the Liquor Work over the Vessel as little as you can , fill it up at last , and stop it , and put in then some New Laid-Eggs , the Shells not broke nor crackt ; Stop all close , and Drink it 25 Months Old ; some add , Horse-Radish rasp'd 6 Handfuls , and alike quantity of Water-Cresses , Brooklime , and Wild Parsley . If Mum is carried ▪ by Water , it is the better . Artificial White-wine to make . N. B. REd-streak Cyder 8 Pound , good English Brandy and Spring Water , of each 1 Pound with white Sugar half a Pound , mix and let it gently ferment and meliorate , after some Months it will have Colour and taste of White-wine . Claret Artificial to make . N. B. REd-streak Cyder 8 Pound , English Brandy ( freed from it's flavour ) Spring Water Juice of Bramble-Berrys , of each 1 Pound , white Sugar half a Pound , Roch-Allom about half an Ounce mix and stop it up till it's Fine . Note . Instead of Bramble-Juice you may use Alkanet-Root , which gives a true Claret Colour Salmon . Secrets of Sports . HOw many Changes in Bells , may be Easily told , set down 1 , and under , set down 2 , then Multiply 1 by 2 it is 2 that is 2 Changes in two Bells ; then set down 3 under 2 and Multiply 2 by 3 it is 6 , so there is 6 Changes in 3 Bells , do thus . Then put down 4 under 6 thus , Multiply 6 by 4 , and it is 24. So there is 24 Changes in 4 Bells . ½ 3 / 6 4 / 24 120 Changes in 5 Bells . 720 in 6 Bells . 5040 in 7 Bells . 40320 in 8 Bells . 362880 in 9 Bells . 3628800 in 10 Bells . The Changes in 3 stand thus . 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 3 A cheap Family Drink : A Drink most excellent to be drunk at Meals , or in the Morning , or any time of the Day , for all sorts of People , either Sick or Well , both Winter and Summer , and will not cost a Farthing a Gallon . It s excellent against Stone and Gravel , and for any other Obstruction , it strengthens the whole Body and quenches ▪ Thirst beyond any other Liquor , it begets Chearfulness , extinguishes all Flushings and Vapours , cause good Digestion , purges by Urine powerfully , if a Quart or more be drank in a morning fasting its good against Stone , Gravel and all Griping pains of the Bowels , it clenseth the Stomach and Vessels if furd by Intemperance , it prevents Fumes and Vapours , carrying the Windy matters its proper way , good against shortness of Breath , or any ill habits of the Stomach ; its excellent against Scurvy and Dropsie and is in all respects frendly to nature ; and they that accustome themselves to it , will find more benefit then I have here set down , in Winter , drink it warm as Milk , and in Summer too you may warm it to that degree of Heat you usually do Ale or Beer : which rather betters it than the Contrary . Take a spoonful of ground Oatemeal and temper it with Water as you do to put into broth , then add a Quart of clear Water to it , Brew it 6 or 7 times out of one Cup or Pot into another and it s done . An universal Medicine for all Wounds or diseases . GOD is often pleased to manifest his great Power in things , that seem very little in our esteem , as appears by this Medicine of chew'd white Bread , I was struck by a new shoed Horse on the Shin-bone : my Leg swelled that my Bone was forced to be cut , I lay'd some chew'd white Bread to my Leg when I went to Bed , and next Day the Pain was gone . My Hand was bit through by a mad Dog , I lay'd this to it and Cured it in four Days , I have Cured divers Green Wounds with it , I Applyed it but six times , and Mollifyed a Corn so , that I took it out Core and Root , and it grew no more , I Cured my self of an old Pain in my Shoulder by it , a great swelling in my Throat , Occasioned by a violent Cold , it broak out like the Kings Evel . I Cured it in four Days , a swelled Leg , Putrifyed , and great Holes in it , and all over full of Tulch and Rottenness , that it was conceived to be a Gangren , I Cured with it ; a Pruning Hook stuck through my Thumb-nail and all , I Cured with it , also one run into the Knee with a Rusty . Raper , so Festred , that it was thought it must have been out off ; I Cured one Black and Blew from Elbow to Shoulder by a blow , and many other I Cured ; the quality of it is to stench Blood , draw out Poison , or a Thorn , to ease Pains and heal greeved places , Read more of this and abundance of Curiosities in a Book called the way to get Wealth , by making 23 sorts of English Wine equal to French , Metheglin , Rum , Rack , Coffee , Tea , Mum , Cyder and 40 sorts of Ale in a Minute ; to make Corn produce a treble Crop , to dress Fish , Flesh and Fowl , Accounts cast up of great use to Traders , to Write Letters , Accounts where Coach , Carts and Waggons Inns , to Compound bad Debts , and recover them , and abundance of other Curiosities . Also another Book Intituled the way to save Wealth by living well for 2d a Day , to save Coals , Shoes , Candles , Soap , and Cloth in making a shift , to Angle , order Bees and Silk-worms , Cattle Powltry , &c. to Improve Land by Hops , Flax , Liquorice to destroy Virmin , to speake by Signs ; and 20 in the Room shall know nothing of it , aod by this means ; cheating at Cards is plainly Demonstrated , to feed Horses fatt without Corn , Hay or Grass , with many other Curiosities . Also another Book Intituled a Thousand Notable things , teaching speedily to Read , Write and Indite Letters , to speake any Language speedily , the Laws of the City , Observations in Planting , Gardening , and Grafting , to catch Birds , to Build and save Lime , a cheap way , to take spots out of Cloths , the use of Dullidge-water , to know what Weather will happen , Rules of Health and how to live long , of Moles , Riddles , Dreams , Stories ; to make all sorts of Ink , to make fine Pictures , of Perfuming , Dying , Colouring , with 900 other Curiosities , price of each Book . 1 s. 6d . Sold at the ▪ Ring in Little ▪ Brittain . To cure the Farce or Scurf in a Horse . HAng a Toad about the Neck of a Horle , in a little Bag , and it will Infalibly cure him , it must be a live Toad ; and this I am told cured a Child of the Evil hung about its Neck in a Bag a live , and hang there till it dyes and Stink . The Angler's Instructor . TO be a Compleat Angler observe these things following . 1. His Cloaths ought to be of a dark Colour . 2. Let your Angling Rod be light and taper , and the top prety stiff , and about 4 yards long . 3. The best time to provide Fishing Rods , is from the 11th of December to the middle of January , being then freest from Sap , Hasle , Black Thorn , Crab-Tree and Yewswitches are mostly used . Let your Stocks and Tops be taper and smooth , and each joint neatly suited , bind them together 16 Months with straight poles among them , that they may not wrap . If you use a Firr Angle rub it with Aqua fortis and it gives a curious Chesnut Colour . Proportion your Rods and Lines according as the Rivers , Ponds , &c. are in largeness ; your Lines also must be in strength proportionable to the Fish you expect to catch ; For the colour of the Hair , if there be any difference , I prefer a pale water Green , which you may dye thus ; Take a Bottle of Allom-water , a good handful of Marygolds , boil them till a yellow Scum arises , then put half a pound of green Copperas , and half a pound of Verdigrease , and beat them to powder , put these into the Allom-water , then put in the Hair , set them to cool 12 Hours , then take out the Hair and let it dry . Let your Line for the Artificial Fly be stronger than the Ground Line for the Trout . 5. Your Shot ought to be fastned about a foot from the Hook. Your Float , if a Quill , make thus , Take two soft Goose Quills , cut the Heads of each , about an Inch and a half , then shut them together like a Pin case , fastenwith melted Shoomakers Wax , put a Pill of the same Wax within the end , to keep out Water , with 2 Caps or Rings made of Quill , to slip on each end of the Float , for the Line to go between ; some use a Cork cut like a Pear , and bored thro' with a small hot Iron , then put in a Quill of a fit Proportion , then on a Grindstone rub it smooth . 6 , In the next Place be provided with a Plummet to try the Depth of the Water . 7. Have Bags of Linnen and Woolen for all sorts of Baits , and a little Wherstone to sharpen your Hook and also be provided with a Landing Net , and a Pen-knife , &c. All your Tackling in Order , go to the River , and find a Place , if you can , that hath a gravelly or smooth Bottom , and about 2 or 3 yards in depth , the Stream not too swift , then about a yard from the place you design to Fish at , cast in a quarter of a Peck of Grains , or as many more if you please , dip them first in the River , that they may sink the better , and about an Hour after you may begin to Fish ; for by that time its probable the Fish may have found them . If you have not Sport in an Hour , you may conclude there is none , or else that Pearch and Pike are there , that live on small Fish . 8. Then plumb the Ground , and Fish about 2 Inches from the Bottom ; the best Summer Bait , except in April and May , their Spawning time , when they are not gone , should be large Wheat , ordered as Furmety , which may be kept 15 or 20 days in Water or Beer , putting in fresh as the Skins grows upon it , if you keep it in Water , when you put any in a Box for present Angling , put Wort , or Ale , or Beer , to it a while , or you may boyl good Grain , as Wheat , Malt , &c. in Milk till it 's soft , or in sweet Wort which is full as good , and peel off the outward Rine , which is the Bran , and so use it ; or if you please you may fry it in Milk and Honey , or steep it in strong scented Oyls , as Spike , Amber , Ivy , Polipody , Anise , Turpentine , Oyl of Peter , Assa Faetida . &c. Your Hook thus baited with a Corn , the point covered with a thin Rind , that you may see the White on one side , cast in your Line above the Stream , near the side , the Float being upright , swimming down the Stream , when you see the Float sink , strike prety quick , according to the strength of your Line ; if the Fish is too large , make use of your landing Net , and after the catching 3 or 4 Fishes , cast in a handful of Grains , and now and then lifting the Float above Water , and so you may catch many Fishes . For Ground Angling , use it only Evening and Morning , in hot Sun-shiny Weather ; but if cloudy , at any time of the day . In Winter choose the middle of the Day , and where the Sun shines on your Pace warm , and bait with a little white tail'd Worm found in old rotten Thatch , when you Angle after a shower , endeavour to have the Wind on your Back , coming from South or West , the Sun on your Face . When the Earth is hot and dry , it 's to no purpose to Angle , or when the Rivers are out , or hasty showers much move the Waters , or when the North-East Winds blow strongly and cold . The best time to Angle is , 1. When the Weather is calm and clear , or cool and cloudy , the Wind gently blowing . 2. When a sudden shower has a little mudded the Water , then with a red Worm Angle at the bottom in a Stream , and you will have sport . If you Fish for Carp or Tench , from Sun-rising till 8 or 9 in the Morning , and from four in the Afternoon till Night . Fish bite best at a Fly after a shower that hath not mudded the Water , and the best Months for the Fly are March , April , May and June . Salmon bites best about three in the Afternoon , especially from May to September , and when the Water is clear , and a little Wind , and the Wind bloweth against the Stream . Barbel bites best early in the Morning , and till ten a Clock , from the beginning of May till the beginning of August . Perch bite all Day in cool cloudy Weather , but chiefly from Eight in the Morning till Ten , and from three in the Afternoon till five , Pike bite best about three in the Afternoon , in clear Water and gentle Wind ; August , September , and all Winter he bites all Day long , April , May , June and July , he bites best early in the Morning . Bream bites best from Sun-rise till 8 or 9 , in muddy Water and a brisk Wind , and in Ponds , the higher the Wind the better ; and Fish in the middle of the Pond : In June July and August , in a gentle Stream or nigh it . Roach and Dace bite all Day long , but best at the Top. Gudgeon bites in April , and till he hath spaw'd in May , and generally all the Day long , in or near a gentle Stream ; Angle for him in a gravelly bottom , stirring the Sand with a Pole or Rake , and they 'll bite the better . Flounders bite best April , May , June July , in a swift Stream , and sometimes in a still Deep . Trout bites best in a muddy Water , in dark , cloudy , Windy Weather , from 8 till 10 in the Morning , and from 3 till 4 or 5 in the Afternoon ; March , April , May and June are the chiefest Months . When you catch the first Fish , take out his Belly , and you may see his Stomach , take it out tenderly , for if you bruise it you lose your Labour , and with a sharp Knife cut it open , and you will see what Food he takes at that instant . Keep out of sight when you Fish , and let the Sun be in your Face , or you 'll have but little Sport , for if the Sun is on your Back , your Rod will with its Shadow fright them . To preserve your Hazel Rods from Worm and Rot , rub them twice or thrice a Year with Linseed Oyl , Satlate Oyl , or fresh Butter unsalted , or Tallow , very well inside and outside , if hollow . In Summer time when Cattle come to the Fords , then Dung driveth the Fish to the lower end of the Ford ; then Angle for a Cheven , with baits proper for him . The Eyes of Fishes are an excellent baite for most fort of Fishes . Baits of all sorts . BAits for Salmon , is a great Garden Lobworm or an artificial Fly. Trouts take the Brambling , and all sorts of Worms , and all sorts of Flies Menows , young Frogs , Marsh-worm , Flag-worm , Dock-worm , Cod Baits , Bob , Caterpillars , Wasps , Gentle Bees , Grashopers and Bark-worms . The Umber takes the same Baits , especially the Fly and Cod-bait . The Barbel takes Cheese , Pastes , Gentles , large Worms and salt Beef . The Pearch takes red Worms of all sorts , more especially Branding , and Lob-worms well scoured , also Bobs , Gentles , Cod-baits , Wasps , Menow , and some , all baits except the Fly. Tench takes large Worms , but better if they smell of Tar , which you may put a little to the Worms you fish with before you Angle , letting them lie a short time left they die . Also Paste scented with Tar ; Oyls , Bread , Grain boyl'd soft , Cods-baits , Gentles and Marsh-worms . Carp takes sweet Pastes , Gentles , Worms , Cod-baites , Grait boyled , Bobs and Wasps , and sometimes with a natural Fly. Pike Pastes Gudgeon , Roaches , Dace , Leaches , Smelts , young Frogs , and almost all sorts of Baits except a Fly. Eels take great red Worms , Wasps , Beef , Guts of Fowls , Minows . Gudgeon takes Cod bait , Gentles , Wasps , the natural and artificial Fly. Bleak takes the same bait as the Gudgeon . Dace , Roach and Bleak takes Cod-baits , Worms , Flies , Bobs , Paste , Wasps , Cherries , and all sorts of Worms bred on Trees ; Ant Flies they greedily bite at under Water , near ▪ the Ground 6 Inches . Chevin or Chub takes Bobs , Minow , all sorts of Earth-worms , Flies of all sorts , Cod-baits , young Frogs , Cherries , Bees and Grashoppers at the top of the Water , Cheese , Grain , Beetles , Waspes and Humble-bees . Bream takes red Worms , Paste , Waspes , green Flies , Butterflies , a Grashopper his Legs cut off . Flounders and Shads take red Worms , Waspes and Gentles . Minow , Loach , Miller's thumb or Bull-head , take Worms or Gentles . To make Pastes . TAke Manchet , the fattest old Cheese , Suet of Mutton Kidney , , a little strong Runnet , mix them equally and finely together , then Colour it with a little Turmerick ; this Paste takes Chub , &c. For Carp and Tench , mix Crumbs of Bread with Honey , or take Kidney Suet , as much Cheese , Flower or Manchet , soften it with clarify'd Honey . Cherries , Sheep's Blood , Saffron , and Manchet made with Paste . You may add to any Paste , Assa Foetida , Occulus Indiae , Oyl of Polipody of the Oak , and the Gum of Ivy ; and be sure to all your Pastes add a little Flax or Cotton-wool , to keep your bait from washing off . Man's Fat , and the Fat of the Thigh-bone of a Heron , makes an Oyntment that rarely fails . Paste will keep very long , if you put clarify'd Honey and Virgin 's Wax into it . To Angle with an artificial Fly , that is , a Fly in the likeness of a natural Fly ; you must have Fur , Feathers , Wooll , Down , Silk , Woasted , Bears hair , Camel's hair , Badger's hair , Spaniel's hair , Dog's hair , Sheep's Wooll , Mo-hair , Cow-hair , Camlets , Furs , Hackles or Feathers of a Cocks neck or tail of several Colours , Silk of all Colours , Wyer and Twist , Silver Twist , Gold Twist , Silver and Gold Wyer ▪ ( Read more of these in a Curious Book lately Printed called , The Anglers sure Guide . Sold at the Ring in Little Brittain , ) and the like , suitable and proportionable to the Fly you would imatate . The way to make them , is with soft Wax and Silk , binding first the Wings on , and afterwards shapening the Body and Head , with such Colours as to resemble the Colour of the Fly you design to Angle with , and be sure let the Belly be the same , and wet your Materials e're you go to Work. Use a larger body'd Fly when the Water is muddy or dusky , than in clear Water ; and be sure always keep your Fly in continual motion . When the water is clear and low Angle with a small body'd Fly , with slender wings ; and when the water begins to clear after Rain , and is of a brownish Colour , then use a red or Orange Fly , if the day is clear , then a light coloured one , with a little Body and slender wings ; if the water be dark or a Whey Colour , let your Line be suitable , and twice as long as the Rod. Another way of Angling is called Trouling , which is mostly for Pike ; the baits are Roach , Gudgeon , Dace , Minow , Loach or Frog , put on the Wyer , that the Head being downwards , it may look as if it were playing in the Water , sometimes managing it high , and then low , near the Place that Pike haunts , when he has taken it , give him Line , and he 'll carry it to his Place of Abode , and there paunch it , then range abroad for more , and this you discerning by the Lines Motion , wind it up till the Slackness ceaseth , then with a jerk hook him , observing this , as for all other Fish , that you do it contrary to the Motion of the Fish , and be sure let your Tackle be strong . To Angle for a Pike at the Snap , use a double Spring-hook , for he usually holds the bait so fast betwixt his Teeth , that it 's hard to get it forth , or strike him ; then with a Spring-hook , the Wyer will draw thro' the bait and hook him if your hook be long ; If he lie still , or move slowly after he has taken the bait , and you cannot find which way his Head lies , strike directly upward and you will hardly miss him . He greedily takes a Minow after the same manner . Of the Haunts of Fishes . TO be an experienced or compleat Fisher , at leisure times try all waters where you suppose Fish are . Angle for Perch in gentle Streams of reasonable depth by a hollow Bank. For Salmon , in large , swift Rivers that ebb and flow , gravelly and craggy . For Trouts in purling Brooks , or Rivers very swift , strong , or sandy bottomed . For Carp and Tench in still waters , Ponds muddy , and where Weeds and Roots of Trees are , For Elee , in muddy Rivers and Ponds . For Bream , Pike , or Chub , in fandy or Clay Rivers , Brooks or Ponds , wherein Bull-rushes and Flags grow . For Roach , Dace , Barble and Ruff , in sandy and gravelly deep water , shaded with Trees . For Umber , in clayey Marshes , Streams running swift . For Gudgeon , in small , sandy or gravelly Rivers ; they bite best in Spring . Shad , Peel , Mullet and Flounder Thwait and Scant , are found near the Sea , or in brackish Rivers . counting Ebb and Flow , where the bottom is fine sand or gravelly ; and somtimes all the Fish I have mentioned are found in divers waters , therefore try all waters , as above directed . To keep Baits . RED Worms keep in a bag of Red Cloath , with a handful of chopt Fennel , mixed with half as much fresh black Mould , will preserve and scour them ; or nettles chopt small and put in the bag , or keeping them in moist Moss will do it ; or a Dish-clout dipt in Mutton Suet , and wrap them in it , will keep them well . All other Worms with the Leaves of the Trees they grow on . Cod-baits , Bob and Canter must be kept as you find them . Great white Maggots keep in Sheeps Tallow , and to scour them , put them in a warm Bag made of Blanketting , with Sand. Frogs and Grashoppers , in long Grass and in wet Moss , and when you spend them , cut off the Legs of the Frog , and the Wings of the Grashopper . Flies , use as you take them . Wasps , Hornets and Humble-Bees , dry in an Oven , their Heads dipt in Sheeps Blood , and dry'd again ; then keep them in Boxes for use . Curiosities in Angling . EEls . Take a Bottle of Hay , and put in the middle of it Sheeps Guts or Garbage , then tye it up close with a Cord about the middle , then sink him to the bottom of the River over Night , and leave the Cord out , then when you come next Morning early , pluck out the Bottle suddenly , and you will catch many Eels sticking fast in the sides of the Hay . To bring Fish to the place you desire . Boil clean Water , then put Barley into it , when it bursts : then put Liquorice , a little Mummy and some Honey , and beat them together in a Mortar into a stiff Paste , and boil about the Quantity of a large Nutmeg of this Paste , with a Quart of Barly , till it grows like Glew , then lay it for ground bait , and all the Fish will come to it . An Artificial Cod-bait . MAke the Body of yellow Bees-wax , and the Head of Black Duben , and black Silk , or make the Body of yellow Wash-leather , or Buff , or Shammy , and the Head of black Silk . This bait takes Salmon , Trout , Grayling , Tench , Roach , Chub , Dace , Ruff , Bream , Barble , &c. Of Baits in general . OBserve , that Fish takes such baits freely , as the Season or Months afford ; therefore when you Angle Morning or Evening , beat the Bushes about the Rivers or Ponds , and such Flies as you find there fish withal , or imitate them with an Artificial Fly. And also see what Worms or other Infects sit for baits stick on the Leaves or Grass , or are in the Water , and Fish withal , and you may expect good Sport. To take Fish in the Night with a Light. Take a Glass in shape of an Urinal , very deep , put as much Clay into the bottom of it , as to sink the Mouth of it within an Inch of the Water , floating with pieces of Cork ty'd about the Neck to keep it steady and upright , then place a Candle in it by sticking it in the Clay Socker , anointing the outside of the Glass with Oil of Asper , this will make all the Fish come about it , then with a Net you may take abundance of Fish . Proper Flies for every Month. February . PAlmer Flies , little red Brow , the Silver Hackle the plain Hackle , the Gold Hackle , the great blew dun , the great dun , the dark brown . March. The early bright brown , the little whirling dun , the Thorn-tree Fly , the whitish dun , the little black Gnat , the blew dun , the little bright brown . April . The little dark brown , the small bright brown , the Violet Fly , the great whirling dun , the Horse . flesh Fly , the yellow dun . May. The green Drake , the dun Cow , the black May Fly , the Stone Fly , the little yellow May Fly , the Camlet Fly , the great Drake , the yellow Palmer , the Turky Fly ; the black flat Fly , the little dun , the brown , light the white Gnat , the Cow Lady , the Peacock Fly , the Cow-turd Fly. June . From the 1st to the 24th . The Stone-fly and green Drake , the Barn-fly , the Owl-fly , the purple Hackle , the Flesh-fly , the purple Gold Hackle , the little Flesh-fly , the Ant-fly , the Peacock-fly , the little black Gnat , the brown Gnat , the green Grashopper , the brown Hackle , the dun Grashopper . July . The Orange-fly . the Badgers-fly , the Wasp-fly , the little white dun , the black Hackle , the black brown dun , the Shell-fly . August . The Fern-fly , the late Ant-fly , Harry-long-leg , the white Hackly . September . The late Bagger , the Camel brown Fly. October . The same Flies that were used in March. Artificial Flies how to make them , and the Season they are to be used in . IN April a Stone-fly is in Season , the body of it is made with black Wooll , made yellow under the Wings , and under the Tail , the Wings made of Mallards Feathers . May at the beginning , a ruddy Fly is in Season , make the body of red Wooll wrapt about with blew Silk , the Wings make of the Wing of a Drake and a red Hackle . The yellow or green Fly is made of yellow Wooll , his Wing made of red Hackle and the Wing of a Drake . The dun Fly is made of black Wooll , and sometimes dun , in season in March , his Wings made of Partridge Feathers , black Drake's Feathers , and the Feathers under his Tail. The black Fly in season in May , made of black Wooll , and wrapt about with Peacock's Tail : his Wings the Feather of the Wings , of a brown Capon , with the blew Feathers in his Head. In June the said yellow Fly is in season , made of black Wooll with a yellow List on either side , the Wings of a Buzzard , bound with broken Hemp. Also the Moorish Fly in season in June , made of duskish Wooll , the Wings the black Feathers of a Mall Drake . Also in the middle of June , the Taring Fly made of Bear 's Wooll , the Wings made contrary one against the other of the whitish Feathers of a Mall Drake . In July the Wasp Fly in season , made of black Wooll , wrapt about with yellow Silk ; the Wings made of the Feathers of a Buzzard or Drak . The Shell Fly good in the middle of June , made with greenish Wooll , wrapt about with Pearls of a Peacock's Tail , the Wings made of a Buzzards Feathers . The dark Drake Fly , made of black Wooll , wrapt about with black Silk , in season in August ; the Wings made of the Feathers of a Male Drake with a black Head. The May Fly , made of greenish coloured Cruel or Willow Colour , and darken it in most Places with waxed Silk or ribb'd with a black Hair , or some of them ribb'd with a Silver Thread , and such Wings for the Colour , as you see the Fly , to have at that Season . The Oak Fly , the Body made of Orange paring and black Cruel ; the Wings , the brown of a Mallard's Feathers . To take Pikes . TAke what quantity of blown Bladders you please , and at the mouth of it tie a Line longer or shorter , as the Water is in depth , bait your Hooks Artificially , and put them into the Water , and as the Wind blows them gently , the Pike will strike himself , and make pleasant Diversion , by flouncing about , when spent take him out , the same may be done by tying your Line at the Leg of Ducks or Geese . To take a Pike as he lies sleeping and sunning in fair Weather , with a Loop or Net. MArch and August is the best time : Take a long Pole or Rod that is light and strait , on the small end fasten a running Loop of twisted Horse-hair and Silk , or made of Wyre of a large Compass , which gently draw on him , and when it is 5 or 6 Inches over his Gills , hoist him up , if it is a small Pike , draw it not so far on , make no Noise in walking nor speaking , if he lies so that you cannot conveniently noose him , touch his Tail with the Rod , and he 'll turn as you please ; also with a hand Net , putting it gently under Water , guide it just under him , and lift it softly till you just touch him , and then do it as quick as you can . Baits for Fish . TAke Oculus Indiae , soft Cheese and Honey , and Crumbs of White Bread , make it into a Paste , and throw little Pellets into the Water , and the Fish will swim above the Water . Of FOWLING . LET your Net be made of the best Pack-Thread , well twisted and dry'd , and for great Fowl , let your Meshes be two Inches at least form point to point , the larger the better , provided the Powl cannot creep through . Let the Net be about 2 Fathom deep , and 6 in length , is the best , verge it on each side , and at either end ; extend it with long Poles , that the lower end of the Poles may be fastned with a piece of a Line or two Stakes fast driven into the Ground ; And observe to do this at the Places where Birds feed and haunt in the Mornings , and you may expect Sport. To take Birds with Lime twigs . THus you must make it ; At Midsummer , peel the Bark from the Holli-Trees , and fill a Vessel and put running Water to it ; then boil it over the Fire till the white and grey Bark rise from the green : Take it off the Fire , drain the Water well away , and then separate the Barks , and take the green , lay it on some moist Floor and close Place , and cover it with Weeds , and let it lie about a Fortnight , and in that time it will rot , and turn to a slimy Substance ; and then put it into a Mortar , beat it well , and then take it out and wash it in some running Stream , till the foulness is gone . Then put it in a close Earthen Pot , let it stand five days ; look to its purging , and scum it . When clean , put it into another Earthen pot , and keep close for use . As for your Setting-dog , it must be elected and trained thus ; He must be of good Scent , and love naturally to haunt Fowls , the Land Spaniel is best , being of a good nimble size , and couragious Mettle , which you may know by his Breed ; and being of a good Ranger , &c. Then the first Lesson is to make him crouch and lie down close to the Ground , and it s done by frequent laying him on the Ground , and saying to him , Lie close ; and upon his doing well , give him a bit of something to cat , and if he does not well , chastise him with Words not Blow . Next , To creep to you with his Body , and his Head close to the Ground , by saying , Come nearer , Come nearer , or such Words , to understand and do it , and intice him with shewing Bread , and the like , thrusting down any rising part of his Head or Body , and threatning him roughly if he flies far , with a good jerk or two with a Whip-cord to reclaim his Obstinacy . And repeat his Lessons , and encourage his well doing , and you may exercise him in the Field , as you walk along , calling him from his Ranging to his Duty , and teach him to follow you close at the Heels in a Line or String , without straining . When he is a Year old , and the Season fit , go in the Field , and let him Range obediently . If he babbies or causelesly opens , correct him by lathing him , or by biting the root of his Ears , when you find he approaches the haunt of his Patridge , known by his whining , and willing , but not daring to open . Then speak and hid him take heed , if notwithstanding this he'roln in and spring your Partridge , or opens , and so they escape , then correct him soverely : Then cast him off to another haunt of a Covey , and then if he mend his Error , and you take any by drawing your Net over them swiftly , reward him with the Necks , Heads and Pinions of the Partridge . For your Water Dog , the Instruction above for the Setter will serve any , by fetching a Glove , or the like , and keep him very much under , and to observe your Commands . The longest Barrel is the best Fowling Piece , above 6 Foot long , with an indifferent bore , under an Harquebuse . And observe shooting with the Wind , and side ways , or behind the Fowl , not in their Faces , having your Dog in Command , not to stir till you have shot . Small Birds to take ; A very good way ▪ YOU must take about three handfuls of Wheat Bars , let the straw remain to them about a Foot long , and lime that and not the Ears , then stick them up in Frosty Weather , that the Ear may bend , and your straws bend Archwise , you may do this in Snow , and scatter a little Chaff over it , and fasten down a Bird if you have it , of the same kind you design to take , let the Ears be spread single and then the Birds flocking to pick them , and attempt to fly away , the straw to be sure laps their Wings , and brings the Birds down again , and this way you may , take great Numbers , you may fix them for Sparrows on Barns or Thatch'd Houses , and not only get the Birds , but abundance of Corn by destroying them . Low Belling . This is chiefly practised in open Countries , from October till March , is the properest Seasons , and the manner is as followeth . In an evening about 8 or 9 a Clock , when the Moon does not shine , take a Low Ball of a moderate size , that it may be managed by one man in one Hand , in having a deep and hollow sound , you must also have a Net with small Mashes about 20 yards long , and as broad as four or five Lands may be covered with it , and you must go into Fields where the Stubble has not been much trod ▪ ; but in high and fresh Wheat Stubble is the best . The Bellman must go foremost , and toll it distinctly and dolefully , letting it strike now and then on each side , and you must follow with the Net born up at the four corners , and on each side must be carried a Pan of Live Coles without any blaze , and then pitching your Net where you suppose the Game is : Then make little bundles of Stubble aud set them on a blaze , or carry Links for that purpose ; then with making a noise or hitting the Stubble , rowse the Fowl , if any be under the Net ; So they being entangled you may take them . Then go to another haunt , but you must put out the light of the Stubble whilst you have occasion for it again . In this case the noise of the Low bell astonishes them ; and makes them lie still ; but the Light makes them rise by afrightning them , but be sure you make no other noise till you think your Nets are over them . Batt Fowling the manner of it . OBserve where that Birds roost in great numbers , as they generally do in Stubs , Hedges or Trees ; then go in a dark Night , and have a Wicker with a handle to hold on high , in which Place pieces of Links or great Candles to make a great Light , some have a Pan to make a Fire , and carry it at their Back ; but then one must put Fire on as fast as it burns out , then let one go with a Pole , and beat the contrary side , and two or three be with you , carrying long Boughs ; and when they are unroosted with beating they will come flying about the Light , so that they with the Boughs may easily strike them down , if among Shrubs , as in a wood , let one on each side beat at a pretty distance : This must be done in a pure still Night . To take wild Ducks , Geese , Herns , Sea-Gulls , &c. DRive a Stake into the Ground two or three Foot long just by the Water-side , then take a strong Horse Hair Line with a large hook fastned to it , and bait it with Fish , or Frog , or Guts , &c. And let your Line or Lines lie in the River , and they will swallow it , and so hang that you may take them , some lay in the same manner Snares made of Horse Hair , and often catch them by the Feet as they swim about . Partridge to take . THE first thing yo do is to find the Partridges haunt which is mostly in standing Corn , where they breed , as also in Stubble after the Corn is cut ; but in Wheat Stubble till it is trodden very much , and then they repair to fresh Barley Stubble , and the Furrow among the Clots , long Grass and Brambles , are sometimes their lurking Places . For a Covey of twenty and upwards , in the Winter they sit in dead Grass in upland Meddows , or fog under Hedges ▪ or under the Roots of Trees or among Mole Hills , &c. Their haunts are various and uncertain , and tho' some by the Eye , by distinguishing the Colour from the Ground ; and others by the Ear , by hearing the Cock call after the Hen , and the Hen's answering , and their chattering at joy at meeting ; but to find Partridge the best way , is as you do the Pheasant , by the Pipe or Call and they will come near to you , and count their number and then to your Sport : You must surround your Covey , prepare your Nets , and prick a stick fast in the Ground , and tie the one end to it , and then let your Net fall as you walk briskly round , without stopping , and cover the Partridge ; then rush in and frighten them , and as they rise they are taken . To take them with Bird-lime do thus , you must call first near to their haunts ; if answered , stick your Lime Straws about a Cross in rows at some distance from you ; then call again , and as they come near to you they will be fastened by your Straws , and so become your Prey . This way is used with great success in Stubble Fields , from August to September , and in Wood. To take them with Rods , and in Pastures , do as for the Pheasant . The most pleasing and diverting way of taking Partridges is with a Setting Dog , and he having set them use your Net , and by this Rule and Method ; the Quails , Rails , Moorpoots , &c. Are to be taken and are for Hawk flight too ; And here I make an end of the material part of Fowling . An approved way to dare and take Larks in the day times . GEt Nets in the form of a Hoop or Scoop Net , such as Fishers land Fish with , and it must be made of fine Thread , but a small Tramel Net will do better . Then carry a Lark Hawk , or Hobby upon a Pole into the Field , where the Larks haunt about Harvest time ; then beat them up with a Dog , and observe where the Flocks Light ; then creep as close to them as may be , then on a sudden hold up your Hawk on a Pole , and so soon as ever they perceive him they will be so afraid that you may easily draw your Net over them , and they will not offer to stir , for they are so fearful of the Hobby which pray on them about this Season , that they will rather let you take them than they will offer to rise for fear of the Hobby , and you may continue this Sport till Michaelmas , then the wild Hobby leaves this Country , or that Exercise : and the Lark is more confident and not to be affrighted . How to take Rooks , Jackdaws and most others Birds that pull up and spoil the Corn. TAke thick brown Paper and divide a Sheet into eight parts , and make them up like Sugar Loaves , and then Lime the inside of the Paper with Birdlime ; let them be limed four or five days before you set them , then put some Corn in them , and lay forty or more of them under the Clods of dirt on the Land , early in the Morning before they come to feed , then stand at a distance and you will see most excellent Sport ; for as soon as a Pidgeon , Rooks , Crows , &c. Come to peck out any of the Corn , it will be about his Head , and then he will fly bolt right up very high , and when he is spent , come tumbling dowu as if he had been shot in the Air , and you may take them at Plowing time , when the Crows and Rooks follow the Plow , but you must then put in Maggots and Worms of the largest size . Snares to take Birds and Woodcocks , and how to set them and to make them . TAke a stick of a pretty height , about two Foot high , and stick them slaunting on the sides of the Furrows ; then fasten to them a Horse-Hair Line , and in Moon-shiny Nights when the Corn begins to spring , especially those next the Hedges or Banks , and make a running noose in the Line , hanging about 3 Inches from the Ground , and set severally ; and set them abovt 9 Foot distance from one another . And when Woodcocks come at such Places as are their usual Haunts , the Loop being wide enough , the foremost will run his Head thorough and finding himself entangled by the closing of the Noose , he will neither cry out nor struggle , but stand still till you take him ; but you need not take him presently ; for those that follow , tho' going aside , will turn into the Furrow again , and you may take as many in half an Hour , as you have set Snares , if they much haunt the Places , and these serve for Snipes , near Springs , where they haunt ; but then they must be higher , and take them as they are alighting ; that when they are fastened they cannot reach the Ground , and you must be very ready , or else they will get loose . Of the Stalking Horse and Fowling piece . THE best Fowling Pieces are five Foot and half or six Foot long , with an indifferent Bore under Harquebuss , pound your best sort of Powder , and let your Shot be well siz'd , and not too big ; for then it scatters too much : And if too small it has not weight not strength sufficient to do execution on a large Fowl. In Shooting observe always to Shoot with the Wind if possible , and rather behind the Fowl or side-ways , than full in their Faces ; and ▪ observe you shelter your self behind a Hedge , Bank , Tree , or any thing else that may keep you from the sight of the Fowl ; and be sure to have your Dog at your Heels , and at good Command , not to stir after you have Shot , till you bid him ; but sometimes the Fowls are so shy , there 's no getting a-near them , without a Stalking Horse , which must be some old Jade train'd up for that purpose , who will gently and as you will , walk along with you , but for want of such a live Horse you may cut out the resemblance of one in Canvas , or Match Paper , pasted together a sufficient bredth and length , with Ears , Legs and Tail , and all the Parts proportionable , which you must Paint to the lively Colour of a Horse , and something like Grass at his Nose , and his Head being stooping as Grazing , and you may do this either stuft or flat , but the latter is more easie to carry ; there are other things that are used for shelter in this case , as in woody Places , a Bush in Marshes and Rivers , Bents or Rushes , or such things as grow there : But these being unusual to Motion , you must move them very slowly , or else the Birds will take flight and be gone . To take Birds or Rabits . TAke seed of Letice , Popy , Henbane and Hemlock , or some of them will do , boil them in Dregs of Wine , and then boil some Wheat in it , and strow where they come and it will make them drunk , for Rabits use Oates . Easie and New Invented Plows . The discription of Trenching Plows . SIx or seven Labouring men , in light Ground it is usual to have to follow the Plow , and that at some distance each with their Spades , taking some proportion to cast up the Earth from the bottom of the Fourow , on that was turned over by the Plow . By this means an Acre of Ground may be Plow-trench'd in a day , as well as if it had been wholy done by the Hand ; the Plow going before , and turning in the Sword or Turf , and the Spades coming after and covering it with Earth that is light , makes it fit for divers sorts of Tillage to be Planted in it , this saves a great deal of the Charge of Trenching wholy by the Spade . But there is a Cheaper and easier way to Plow Trench Land , without the Spade at all , and that is , by making your Plow , that it may under cut the Earth , and cast it over , instead of the , usual way of Plowing , for the usual way of Plowing , the Plow is made pointing and is forced under the Sword , and by the spreading of the Plow , and help of the turning board , you force the Earth from - ward which requires much more strength , than if the Plow were made of a bredth proportionable , from the Shares point to it's hinder part , and the Sword or Earth caryed from the bottom , and a turning board cast from - ward ; and then you may either add a second Colter , and share to succeed the former ( fixt to the very same beam ) about 4 or 5 Inches lower , which said second Colter and share will cut and take up another course in the bottom of the Trench , and carry it higher . And then the turning board will throw it on the first Plowing , or else you may make another to cast higher then the first to follow it . Each of these Plows require but half the strength of the common forcing Plow , for that it Cuts Raises , and casts the Earth over without any side forcing at all . You may make this Plow 5 , 6 , or 7 Inches broad , or more according to the Nature of the Ground and strength you design to use , whether 1 , 2 , or 3 , Horses to draw it and it will serve not only to Plow and Plow-Trench Land , but it will also serve to pare off the Turf of Ancient Pasture Land , in order to burn it , for the Foot on which the fore end of the Beam rests , may be made to stand higher or lower as you please to have it ; to the end it may cut thicker or thiner ; and being as broad , will do that sort of work as well as your brest Plow , and with 6 fold ; more speed Worlidge says , he has made a model of it , that answers what is here proposed , and had he an Ingenious Assistant should soon bring it to perfection , but these hints he hopes may prove sufficient . To make a Denshireing Plow . THis must be drawn by one or two Horses . It must have 2 Wheels or Trundles ; If they are low , then let your paring Plow rest on the Axis , but if larger Wheels are found more proper , then fix your paring Plow at some distance under the Axis , and both ways let it have a long stave or handle , that the Labourer by lifting up or pressin down the same , may cause the Turf to pare thin or thick as he likes best , or as the unevenness of the Lands requires , let him Regulate his Labour . This way with one Horse and 2 men , and a Skillfull-man to Regulate and Guide the Plow , you may pare 2 Acres in a Day or more , if the Ground be but smooth and even , but if the Ground is full of Hills , Stumps , &c. It must be done over again , and then 2 men and one Horse may pair the one Acre a Day , as well to the full as with a brest Plow , and more easily and cheap , a fourth part at least both in Charges , and in time an Ingenious Man will quickly a mend any Error such an Instrument may meet with , and it is so Beneficial and easy to be done , that I commend it highly to those that may have occasion . There is lately a Steel-plow , invented by one dwelling in Catteaten-street London ; which with one Man and 2 Horses or 2 Oxen , may be Plow'd any Land whatever , as soon as double the men and Cattle , performed by common Plows , Worlidge says , he has seen the Model , which was well made and true , and Questionless , will far exceed the common or usual Plows , and it may cost 30 or 40s extraordinary being of Steel , it will soon repay it if 2s a Day can be saved by it , there is a French Plow , also much like our double Plow , already described , which carry 2 Furrows at once , the Description and use you have in I Houghtons Collection of Husbandry , to which I refer you . To take Moles , kill , Foxes , &c : Paxamus says , that an Earthen Jug or Pot , large Bely'd , and narrow Necked , and put into it Chaf or Straw , Chopt Rosin , Bees Wax , and some Brimstone , and Ceder-wood , mix them together , then set them on fire ; then put the Neck of the Bottle into one hole , and stop all the holes besides that one , and passages where the Moles pass , your smoak Kills them or drives them away presently . Another . Take white Helibor , or the Bark of Dogs Còle , which you please , powder'd , mix it or them with Wheat-flower , or Barly Meal , or Rye-flower , and with Milk and Wine , make it into a Paste ; put this into their holes , and they eat it and it Kills them . Some keep Cats in Gardens , and tame Wesells , that will destroy them : Some use to fill the Holes with Marking-stone , and wild Cucumber Juice , and pour it into their Holes . Some pour Oyl of Lees into their Holes only ; Pliny . Some set Traps at the mouth of the Holes with Hair. Some with a Bough fastned down in the Ground , take them , or take Pitch , Rosin , and Brimstone , with some loose Tow or Rags , put into an Earth long Neck Pot with a great Belly , Fired and put into their Holes , Stifles them . Or a deep Earthen Pot let in the Ground in their Stracks , just even with the surface of the Earth they fall in and cannot get out ; if this is wisely set , it takes many , especially in Bucking time , which is about March. Another Incredible way . A Mole catcher and his Boy , in 10 Days time in a Ground of 190 Acres , laid down for Tillage , took near three Bushels of Old and Young , by casting up their Nests only , which are always built in a great Heap as big again as the rest easily disern'd , and then presently the Old ones would come to look their Young , which he would snap up presently also , or , if you have a conveniency of Water bring it over the Ground , and it will destroy them as far as it goes . To kill Moles : TO take them in Trenches , spoils much Ground , therefore take a Mole Spear , or Staff , and where you see them cast , go lightly , but not on the side 'twixt them and the Wind , least they hear you , and at the first or second putting up of the Earth , strike them with your Mole Staff downright , and mark which way the Earth falls most , If she cast toward you strike some what over , If she cast up toward the Left-hand strike somewhat on the Right-hand , and so on the contrary , to the casting up . In plain Ground strike down and there let it remain , then take out the Tongue in the Staff , and with the spitle or flat end dig round about your grains to the end thereof , to see if you have Killed her , if you have mist her leave open the Hole , and step a side a little , and perhaps she 'll come to stop the Hole again , for they love but very little Air , and then strike again , but if your miss her , pour into her Hole a Gallon or two of Water and that will make her come out for fear of Drowning , mind them going out in a morning to feed , or coming home when fed , and you may take a great many . To take Moles when you Plow : TAke a she with a large Vessel full of Water , and when you see any new Mole Holes cast up , being opened with the Plow , pour therein Pitchers or large Cans of Water , and that will make them in a little time come out , and thus you may destroy them in Plowed Land or Pasture , in Corn Lands , make Treuches in Spring-time to take them . To take Moles another way . IN March and April , the Ground is soft , and they run shallow , and also after a Rain , and by Bank sides , and in the Rout of Carts and when you see such newly wrought tread it down always softly , and then at her Accustomed Hours , which is usually in Spring time , from about 6 , 8 , and 11 in the Morning , and in the Evening about 3 , or 4 , or 7 , she will stir up the Earth in the said Trenches , and ▪ so go from Trench to Trench , and then watch diligently , and hearken , and you will either hear her or see her at Work , moving the Earth in the Trench , then stop down the broad end of your Staff , cross the Hole behind her , and with your Foot before her , so stop the way behind , with your Staff , and before with your Foot , and this takes her up with your Spattle ; Moles go abroad generally about Sun Rising or soon after , in Dry or Hot Weather , Moles seldom go abroad but in the Morning , but in moist Weather , twice a Day , Forenoon and Afternoon , in Frosty Weather they Work under Trees , and thick Hedges and Bushes , In wet Seasons and in Winter they lye most in wet Banks of Hedges , under the Roots of Trees and , in Hills and come out every Morning to go a broad ( if it is Dry ) 2 or 300 Yards from the Holes , and after an Hour or two feeding return home , then observe where they have been , and there make Trenches or chop the Earth down with the Spattle or broad end of the Mole Staff , which he hath before raised or passed through , and there tread it down with your Foot in your Trenches lightly and the longer the Trenches are the longer she is a pasing through it , make Trenches in the most convenient place in the Ground , if you make them neigh their Holes , it is best to take them going out , or in going home , make their Trenches along by the Hedge-sides or Nigh Banks , and Roots of Trees for that is best . Another . Some say that in Gendering time , if you lead or draw a Bitch Mole in a String a long the Ground , the Buck will Grice her , and so you may Catch them in Pots set in the Ground . Put a dead Mole in their common Haunts , makes them for sake them . Another . The best Instrument to destroy them is made thus . TAke a small Board of about 3 Inches and a half broad , and sive Inches long , on the one side thereof , raise 2 small round Hoops or Arches , and at each end , like unto the two ends , Bail or Hoops of a Carriers Waggons , or a Tilt-Boat , large enough that a Mole may pass through them : in the middle of the Board , make a Hole so big that a Goose-quill may pass through , then is that part Finished , then have in a Readiness , a short Stick , about two Inches an half long , about the bigness that the end thereof may just enter the Hole into the middle of the Board , also you must cut a Hasle , or other Stick about a Yard , or Yard and half long , that being stuck into the Ground , may spring up like unto the Spring they usually set for Fowl , &c. Then make a link of Horse-hair very strong , that will easily slip , and fasten it to the end of the stick that Spring , also have in Readiness , four small hooked sticks , then go to the Forrough or Passage of the Mole , and after you have opened it , fit in the little Board with the bended Hoops downwards , that the Mole when she Passes that way , may go directly through the two , semicircular Hoops , before you fix the Board down , put the Hair spring through the Hole in the middle of the Board , and place it round that it may answer to the two end Hoops , and with the small sticks , and gently put into the Hole to stop the Knot of the Hair spring , place it in the Earth in the Passage , and by thrusting in the four hooked Stick , fasten it , and cover it with Earth , and then when the Mole passeth that way , either the one way or the other by displacing or removing the small Stick that hangs , Perpendicularly downward , the Knot passeth through the Hole , and the spring takes the Mole about the Neck , tho' this description seems tedious , yet this is very plain and easily performed , these Vermin being so very prejudicial even worse to Ground than Swine , I have enlarged the more upon it . And refer you to Mr. Blith's Husbandry , a Book all Husbandmen ought to peruse , being Reprinted with large Additions . To take Foxes . TO take your Foxes , take 2 large Fish Hooks and hang them on Branches of Trees , hang them from the Ground , that the Fox may Leap at it before he can catch it , cover it with Beast Liver , Flesh or Chicken , and when he catches at it the Hook holds him , and when you have baited , drag Raw Flesh a Cross in his usual Paths or Hants unto the Gin , and that Excites him to the place of Distruction . Another . Foxes will eat no Hens that have eaten a Pox Liver . A Spring Trap. TAke a thick Hasle , stick it fast in the Ground , make a string fast to the end of it , and to this string make fast a small short stick with a Nick in the lower end thereof , made on the very upper side thin thereof , the Pole is bound down with it to another stick set in the Ground fast , with a nick likewise under , then open the end of the string , set it in some Dung or where you please , when the Fox plucks the upper string aside , then the Nick slips , and the Pole starts , and holds him up by the Neck . To learn a Dog to stand upright , and Exercise as a Soldier , by taking to the right and left . BEtwixt your Fingers hold a Piece of raw Flesh , and thus you may make him run a Figure of 8 , or Dance the Hay , having a Whip at each end in your Hand , and so off as you swing it he will jump over it . 2. If you would make him go Lame of 2 Legs , or on all four , or cross Leg'd , strike him on the Legs with a small Stick . To make him Pace , Trot or Gallop . ABout his Neck tye a string , holding the end in your Hand with a Whip , lashing to the Left and Right as you please , and thus you may make him Dance on the Rope , stand in the Pillory ; go up a Ladder Backward , and what you please . Let your Dog be Young that you teach , and very Hungry , and when he is Tractable encourage him , and when otherwise beat him well . FINIS .