A sermon preached before the King and Queen at White-Hall, February the 25th, 1693/4 being the first Sunday in Lent / by John Lord Archbishop of Canterbury.
         Tillotson, John, 1630-1694.
      
       
         
           1694
        
      
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             A sermon preached before the King and Queen at White-Hall, February the 25th, 1693/4 being the first Sunday in Lent / by John Lord Archbishop of Canterbury.
             Tillotson, John, 1630-1694.
          
           [1], 39 p.
           
             Printed for Brabazon Aylmer ... and William Rogers ...,
             London :
             MDCXCIV [1694]
          
           
             "Published by Their Majesties special command.
             Reproduction of original in the Huntington Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Bible. -- N.T. -- Titus III, 2 -- Sermons.
           Lenten sermons.
           Sermons, English -- 17th century.
        
      
    
     
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           THE
           Archbishop
           of
           
           CANTERBURY's
           SERMON
           BEFORE
           THE
           KING
           and
           QUEEN
           AT
           WHITE-HALL
           February
           the
           25
           th
           1693
           /
           4.
           
        
         
           Being
           the
           first
           Sunday
           in
           Lent.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           A
           SERMON
           Preached
           before
           the
           KING
           and
           QUEEN
           AT
           WHITE-HALL
           February
           the
           25
           th
           1693
           /
           4.
           
        
         
           Being
           the
           first
           Sunday
           in
           Lent.
           
        
         
           By
           JOHN
           Lord
           Archbishop
           of
           Canterbury
           .
        
         
           
             Published
             by
             Their
             Majesties
             Special
             Command
             .
          
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             Brabazon
             Aylmer
          
           ,
           at
           the
           
             Three
             Pigeons
          
           in
           Cornhil
           :
           and
           
             William
             Rogers
          
           ,
           at
           the
           Sun
           in
           Fleetstreet
           ,
           MDCXCIV
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           A
           SERMON
           Preached
           before
           the
           KING
           and
           QUEEN
           .
        
         
           
             TITUS
             III.
             2.
             
          
           
             To
             speak
             evil
             of
             no
             man.
             
          
        
         
           GENERAL
           Persuasives
           to
           Repentance
           and
           a
           good
           Life
           ,
           and
           Invectives
           against
           Sin
           and
           wickedness
           at
           large
           ,
           are
           certainly
           of
           good
           use
           to
           recommend
           Religion
           and
           Virtue
           ,
           and
           to
           expose
           the
           deformity
           and
           danger
           of
           a
           Vicious
           course
           .
           But
           it
           must
           be
           acknowledged
           on
           the
           other
           hand
           ,
           that
           these
           general
           Discourses
           do
           not
           so
           immediately
           tend
           to
           reform
           the
           Lives
           of
           men
           :
           Because
           they
           fall
           among
           the
           Croud
           ,
           but
           do
           not
           touch
           the
           Consciences
           of
           particular
           Persons
           in
           so
           sensible
           and
           awakening
           a
           manner
           as
           when
           we
           treat
           of
           particular
           Duties
           and
           Sins
           ,
           and
           endeavour
           to
           put
           men
           upon
           the
           practice
           
           of
           the
           one
           and
           to
           reclaim
           them
           from
           the
           other
           ,
           by
           proper
           Arguments
           taken
           from
           the
           Word
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           from
           the
           nature
           of
           particular
           Virtues
           and
           Vices
           .
        
         
           The
           general
           way
           is
           ,
           as
           if
           a
           Physician
           ,
           instead
           of
           applying
           particular
           Remedies
           to
           the
           Distemper
           of
           his
           Patient
           ,
           should
           entertain
           him
           with
           a
           long
           discourse
           of
           Diseases
           in
           general
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           pleasure
           and
           advantages
           of
           Health
           ;
           and
           earnestly
           persuade
           him
           to
           be
           well
           ;
           without
           taking
           his
           particular
           Disease
           into
           consideration
           ,
           and
           prescribing
           Remedies
           for
           it
           .
        
         
           But
           if
           we
           would
           effectually
           reform
           men
           ,
           we
           must
           take
           to
           task
           the
           great
           and
           common
           disorders
           of
           their
           Lives
           ,
           and
           represent
           their
           faults
           to
           them
           in
           such
           a
           manner
           as
           may
           convince
           them
           of
           the
           evil
           and
           danger
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           put
           them
           upon
           the
           endeavour
           of
           a
           cure
           .
        
         
           And
           to
           this
           end
           I
           have
           pitched
           upon
           one
           of
           the
           common
           and
           reigning
           Vices
           of
           the
           Age
           ,
           Calumny
           and
           evil-speaking
           ;
           by
           which
           men
           contract
           so
           much
           guilt
           to
           themselves
           ,
           and
           create
           so
           much
           trouble
           to
           others
           :
           And
           from
           which
           ,
           it
           is
           to
           be
           feared
           ,
           few
           or
           none
           are
           wholly
           free
           .
           For
           
             who
             is
             he
          
           ,
           saith
           the
           Son
           of
           
             Sirach
             ,
             that
             hath
             not
             offended
          
           
           
             with
             his
             tongue
             ?
             In
             many
             things
             ,
          
           saith
           
             St.
             James
             ,
             we
             offend
             all
             :
             And
             if
             any
             man
             offend
             not
             in
             word
             ,
             the
          
           
           
             same
             is
             a
             perfect
             man.
          
           
        
         
         
           But
           how
           few
           have
           attain'd
           to
           this
           perfection
           ?
           And
           yet
           unless
           we
           do
           endeavour
           after
           it
           ,
           and
           in
           some
           good
           measure
           attain
           it
           ,
           all
           our
           pretence
           to
           Religion
           is
           vain
           :
           so
           the
           same
           Apostle
           tells
           us
           ,
           If
           
           
             any
             man
             among
             you
             seemeth
             to
             be
             religious
             ,
             and
             bridleth
             not
             his
             tongue
             ,
             but
             deceiveth
             his
             own
             heart
             ,
             that
             man's
             Religion
             is
             vain
             .
          
        
         
           For
           the
           more
           distinct
           handling
           of
           this
           Argument
           ,
           I
           shall
           reduce
           my
           Discourse
           to
           these
           Five
           Heads
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           I
           shall
           consider
           the
           nature
           of
           this
           Vice
           and
           wherein
           it
           consists
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           I
           shall
           consider
           the
           due
           extent
           of
           this
           Prohibition
           ,
           
             to
             speak
             evil
             of
             no
             man.
             
          
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           I
           shall
           shew
           the
           evil
           of
           this
           practice
           ,
           both
           in
           the
           Causes
           and
           Effects
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           I
           shall
           add
           some
           further
           Considerations
           to
           dissuade
           men
           from
           it
           .
        
         
           Fifthly
           ,
           I
           shall
           give
           some
           Rules
           and
           Directions
           for
           the
           prevention
           and
           cure
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           I.
           I
           shall
           consider
           
             what
             this
             Sin
             or
             Vice
             of
             evil-speaking
             ,
          
           
           
             here
             forbidden
             by
             the
             Apostle
             ,
             is
             :
          
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           not
           to
           defame
           and
           slander
           any
           man
           ,
           not
           to
           
             hurt
             his
             reputation
          
           ,
           as
           the
           Etymology
           of
           the
           word
           doth
           import
           .
           So
           that
           this
           Vice
           consists
           in
           saying
           things
           of
           others
           which
           tend
           to
           their
           disparagement
           
           and
           reproach
           ,
           to
           the
           taking
           away
           or
           lessening
           of
           their
           reputation
           and
           good
           Name
           .
           And
           this
           ,
           whether
           the
           things
           said
           be
           true
           or
           not
           .
           If
           they
           be
           false
           ,
           and
           we
           know
           it
           ,
           then
           it
           is
           downright
           Calumny
           ;
           and
           if
           we
           do
           not
           know
           it
           ,
           but
           take
           it
           upon
           the
           report
           of
           others
           ,
           it
           is
           however
           a
           Slander
           ;
           and
           so
           much
           the
           more
           injurious
           ,
           because
           really
           groundless
           and
           undeserved
           .
        
         
           If
           the
           thing
           be
           true
           ,
           and
           we
           know
           it
           to
           be
           so
           ,
           yet
           it
           is
           a
           defamation
           and
           tends
           to
           the
           prejudice
           of
           our
           neighbour's
           reputation
           :
           And
           it
           is
           a
           fault
           to
           say
           the
           evil
           of
           others
           which
           is
           true
           ,
           unless
           there
           be
           some
           good
           reason
           for
           it
           besides
           :
           Because
           it
           is
           contrary
           to
           that
           charity
           and
           goodness
           which
           Christianity
           requires
           to
           divulge
           the
           faults
           of
           others
           ,
           though
           they
           be
           really
           guilty
           of
           them
           ,
           without
           necessity
           or
           some
           other
           very
           good
           reason
           for
           it
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           it
           is
           evil-speaking
           and
           the
           Vice
           condemn'd
           in
           the
           Text
           ,
           whether
           we
           be
           the
           first
           Authors
           of
           an
           ill
           Report
           ,
           or
           relate
           it
           from
           others
           ;
           because
           the
           man
           that
           is
           evil
           spoken
           of
           is
           equally
           defam'd
           either
           way
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           whether
           we
           speak
           evil
           of
           a
           man
           to
           his
           face
           ,
           or
           behind
           his
           back
           :
           The
           former
           way
           indeed
           seems
           to
           be
           the
           more
           generous
           ,
           but
           yet
           is
           a
           great
           Fault
           ,
           and
           that
           which
           we
           call
           reviling
           :
           The
           latter
           is
           more
           mean
           and
           base
           ,
           and
           that
           which
           we
           properly
           call
           Slander
           or
           backbiting
           .
        
         
         
           And
           lastly
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           done
           directly
           and
           in
           express
           terms
           ,
           or
           more
           obscurely
           and
           by
           way
           of
           oblique
           insinuation
           ;
           whether
           by
           way
           of
           downright
           reproach
           ,
           or
           with
           some
           crafty
           preface
           of
           commendation
           :
           For
           so
           it
           have
           the
           effect
           to
           defame
           ,
           the
           manner
           of
           address
           does
           not
           much
           alter
           the
           case
           :
           The
           one
           may
           be
           more
           dextrous
           ,
           but
           is
           not
           one
           jot
           less
           faulty
           :
           For
           many
           times
           the
           deepest
           Wounds
           are
           given
           by
           these
           smoother
           and
           more
           artificial
           ways
           of
           Slander
           ;
           as
           by
           asking
           questions
           ,
           
             Have
             you
             not
             heard
             so
             and
             so
             of
             such
             a
             man
             ?
             I
             say
             no
             more
             ,
             I
             only
             ask
             the
             question
             :
          
           Or
           by
           general
           intimations
           ,
           that
           
             they
             are
             loth
             to
             say
             what
             they
             have
             heard
             of
             such
             a
             one
             ,
             are
             very
             sorry
             for
             it
             ,
             and
             do
             not
             at
             all
             believe
             it
             ,
          
           if
           you
           will
           believe
           them
           :
           And
           this
           many
           times
           without
           telling
           the
           thing
           ,
           but
           leaving
           you
           in
           the
           dark
           to
           suspect
           the
           worst
           .
        
         
           These
           and
           such
           like
           Arts
           ,
           though
           they
           may
           seem
           to
           be
           tenderer
           and
           gentler
           ways
           of
           using
           mens
           reputation
           ,
           yet
           in
           truth
           they
           are
           the
           most
           malicious
           and
           effectual
           methods
           of
           Slander
           ;
           because
           they
           insinuate
           something
           that
           is
           much
           worse
           than
           is
           said
           ,
           and
           yet
           are
           very
           apt
           to
           create
           in
           unwary
           men
           a
           strong
           belief
           of
           something
           that
           is
           very
           bad
           ,
           though
           they
           know
           not
           what
           it
           is
           .
           So
           that
           it
           matters
           not
           in
           what
           fashion
           a
           Slander
           is
           dress'd
           up
           ,
           if
           it
           tend
           to
           defame
           a
           man
           and
           to
           diminish
           his
           Reputation
           ,
           it
           is
           the
           Sin
           forbidden
           in
           the
           Text.
           
        
         
         
           II.
           We
           will
           consider
           
             the
             extent
             of
             this
             Prohibition
          
           
           
             to
             speak
             evil
             of
             no
             man
          
           ;
           and
           
             the
             due
          
           bounds
           and
           limitations
           of
           it
           .
           For
           it
           is
           not
           to
           be
           understood
           absolutely
           ,
           to
           forbid
           us
           to
           say
           any
           thing
           concerning
           others
           that
           is
           bad
           .
           This
           in
           some
           cases
           may
           be
           necessary
           and
           our
           duty
           ,
           and
           in
           several
           cases
           very
           fit
           and
           reasonable
           .
           The
           Question
           is
           ,
           in
           what
           Cases
           by
           the
           general
           Rules
           of
           Scripture
           and
           right
           Reason
           we
           are
           warranted
           to
           say
           the
           evil
           of
           others
           that
           is
           true
           ?
        
         
           In
           general
           ,
           we
           are
           not
           to
           do
           this
           without
           great
           reason
           and
           necessity
           ;
           as
           ,
           for
           the
           prevention
           of
           some
           great
           evil
           ,
           or
           the
           procuring
           of
           some
           considerable
           good
           to
           our selves
           ,
           or
           others
           .
           And
           this
           I
           take
           to
           be
           the
           meaning
           of
           that
           advice
           of
           the
           Son
           of
           
             Sirach
             ,
             whether
             it
             be
             to
             a
             friend
             or
             a
             foe
             ,
             talk
             not
             of
             other
             mens
             lives
             ;
             and
             if
             thou
             canst
             without
             offence
             reveal
             them
             not
             ,
          
           
           that
           is
           ,
           if
           without
           hurt
           to
           any
           body
           thou
           canst
           conceal
           them
           ,
           divulge
           them
           not
           .
        
         
           But
           because
           this
           may
           not
           be
           direction
           sufficient
           ,
           I
           shall
           instance
           in
           some
           of
           the
           principal
           Cases
           wherein
           men
           are
           warranted
           to
           speak
           evil
           of
           others
           ,
           and
           yet
           in
           so
           doing
           do
           not
           offend
           against
           this
           Prohibition
           in
           the
           Text.
           
        
         
           First
           ,
           It
           is
           not
           only
           lawful
           ,
           but
           very
           commendable
           ,
           and
           many
           times
           our
           duty
           to
           do
           this
           in
           order
           to
           the
           probable
           amendment
           of
           the
           person
           of
           whom
           
           evil
           is
           spoken
           .
           In
           such
           a
           case
           we
           may
           tell
           a
           man
           of
           his
           faults
           privately
           ;
           or
           where
           it
           may
           not
           be
           so
           fit
           for
           us
           to
           use
           that
           boldness
           and
           freedom
           ,
           we
           may
           reveal
           his
           faults
           to
           one
           who
           is
           more
           fit
           and
           proper
           to
           reprove
           him
           ,
           and
           will
           probably
           make
           no
           other
           use
           of
           this
           discovery
           but
           in
           order
           to
           his
           amendment
           .
           And
           this
           is
           so
           far
           from
           being
           a
           breach
           of
           charity
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           one
           of
           the
           best
           testimonies
           of
           it
           .
           For
           perhaps
           the
           party
           may
           not
           be
           guilty
           of
           what
           hath
           been
           reported
           of
           him
           ,
           and
           then
           it
           is
           a
           kindness
           to
           give
           him
           the
           opportunity
           of
           vindicating
           himself
           :
           Or
           if
           he
           be
           guilty
           ,
           perhaps
           being
           privately
           told
           of
           it
           he
           may
           reform
           .
           In
           this
           Case
           the
           Son
           of
           Sirach
           adviseth
           to
           reveal
           mens
           faults
           ,
           Admonish
           
           
             a
             friend
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             it
             may
             be
             he
             hath
             not
             done
             it
             ,
             and
             if
             he
             have
             done
             it
             ,
             that
             he
             do
             it
             no
             more
             :
             admonish
             a
             friend
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             he
             hath
             not
             said
             it
             ,
             and
             if
             he
             have
             ,
             that
             he
             speak
             it
             not
             again
             :
             admonish
             a
             friend
             ,
             for
             many
             times
             it
             is
             a
             slander
             ;
             and
             believe
             not
             every
             tale
             .
          
        
         
           But
           then
           we
           must
           take
           care
           that
           this
           be
           done
           out
           of
           kindness
           ,
           and
           that
           nothing
           of
           our
           own
           passion
           be
           mingled
           with
           it
           ;
           and
           that
           under
           pretence
           of
           reproving
           and
           reforming
           men
           we
           do
           not
           reproach
           and
           revile
           them
           ,
           and
           tell
           them
           of
           their
           faults
           in
           such
           a
           manner
           as
           if
           we
           did
           it
           to
           shew
           our
           authority
           rather
           than
           our
           charity
           .
           It
           requires
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           address
           and
           gentle
           application
           so
           to
           manage
           the
           business
           of
           Reproof
           ,
           as
           not
           to
           irritate
           and
           exasperate
           
           the
           person
           whom
           we
           reprove
           ,
           instead
           of
           curing
           him
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           This
           likewise
           is
           not
           only
           lawful
           but
           our
           duty
           ,
           when
           we
           are
           legally
           called
           to
           bear
           witness
           concerning
           the
           fault
           and
           crime
           of
           another
           .
           A
           good
           man
           would
           not
           be
           an
           accuser
           ,
           unless
           the
           publick
           good
           ,
           or
           the
           prevention
           of
           some
           great
           evil
           should
           require
           it
           .
           And
           then
           the
           plain
           reason
           of
           the
           thing
           will
           sufficiently
           justify
           a
           voluntary
           accusation
           :
           otherwise
           it
           hath
           always
           among
           well-manner'd
           People
           been
           esteemed
           very
           odious
           for
           a
           man
           to
           be
           officious
           in
           this
           kind
           ,
           and
           a
           forward
           Informer
           concerning
           the
           misdemeanours
           of
           others
           .
           Magistrates
           may
           sometimes
           think
           it
           fit
           to
           give
           encouragement
           to
           such
           persons
           ,
           and
           to
           set
           one
           bad
           man
           to
           catch
           another
           ,
           because
           such
           men
           are
           fittest
           for
           such
           dirty
           work
           :
           But
           they
           can
           never
           inwardly
           approve
           them
           ,
           nor
           will
           they
           ever
           make
           them
           their
           friends
           and
           confidents
           .
        
         
           But
           when
           a
           man
           is
           call'd
           to
           give
           testimony
           in
           this
           kind
           in
           obedience
           to
           the
           Laws
           ,
           and
           out
           of
           reverence
           to
           the
           Oath
           taken
           in
           such
           Cases
           ,
           he
           is
           so
           far
           from
           deserving
           blame
           for
           so
           doing
           ,
           that
           it
           would
           be
           an
           unpardonable
           fault
           in
           him
           to
           conceal
           the
           truth
           ,
           or
           any
           part
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           It
           is
           lawful
           to
           publish
           the
           faults
           of
           others
           ,
           in
           our
           own
           necessary
           defence
           and
           vindication
           .
           When
           a
           man
           cannot
           conceal
           another's
           faults
           without
           betraying
           
           his
           own
           innocency
           ,
           no
           charity
           requires
           a
           man
           to
           suffer
           himself
           to
           be
           defamed
           to
           save
           the
           reputation
           of
           another
           man.
           
             Charity
             begins
             at
             home
          
           ,
           and
           though
           a
           man
           had
           never
           so
           much
           goodness
           he
           would
           first
           secure
           his
           own
           good
           name
           ,
           and
           then
           be
           concern'd
           for
           other
           men's
           .
           We
           are
           
             to
             love
             our
             neighbour
             as
             our selves
          
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           love
           of
           our selves
           is
           the
           Rule
           and
           measure
           of
           our
           love
           to
           our
           neighbour
           :
           And
           therefore
           first
           ,
           otherwise
           it
           could
           not
           be
           Rule
           .
           And
           it
           would
           be
           very
           well
           for
           the
           World
           ,
           if
           our
           charity
           would
           rise
           thus
           high
           ;
           and
           no
           man
           would
           hurt
           another
           man's
           reputation
           ,
           but
           where
           his
           own
           is
           in
           real
           danger
           .
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           This
           also
           is
           lawful
           for
           caution
           and
           warning
           to
           a
           third
           person
           ,
           that
           is
           in
           danger
           to
           be
           infected
           by
           the
           company
           ,
           or
           ill
           example
           of
           another
           ;
           or
           may
           be
           greatly
           prejudiced
           by
           reposing
           too
           much
           confidence
           in
           him
           ,
           having
           no
           knowledge
           or
           suspicion
           of
           his
           bad
           qualities
           :
           But
           even
           in
           this
           case
           we
           ought
           to
           take
           great
           care
           that
           the
           ill
           character
           we
           give
           of
           any
           man
           be
           spread
           no
           further
           than
           is
           necessary
           to
           the
           good
           end
           we
           designed
           in
           it
           .
        
         
           Besides
           these
           more
           obvious
           and
           remarkable
           Cases
           ,
           this
           Prohibition
           doth
           not
           I
           think
           hinder
           but
           that
           in
           ordinary
           conversation
           men
           may
           mention
           that
           ill
           of
           others
           which
           is
           already
           made
           as
           publick
           as
           it
           well
           can
           be
           :
           Or
           that
           one
           friend
           may
           not
           in
           freedom
           speak
           to
           another
           of
           the
           miscarriage
           of
           
           a
           third
           person
           ,
           where
           he
           is
           secure
           no
           ill
           use
           will
           be
           made
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           that
           it
           will
           go
           no
           further
           to
           his
           prejudice
           :
           Provided
           always
           ,
           that
           we
           take
           no
           delight
           in
           hearing
           or
           speaking
           ill
           of
           others
           :
           And
           the
           less
           we
           do
           it
           ,
           though
           without
           any
           malice
           or
           design
           of
           harm
           ,
           still
           the
           better
           ;
           because
           this
           shews
           that
           we
           do
           not
           feed
           upon
           ill
           reports
           and
           take
           pleasure
           in
           them
           .
        
         
           These
           are
           the
           usual
           Cases
           in
           which
           it
           may
           be
           necessary
           for
           us
           to
           speak
           evil
           of
           other
           men
           .
           And
           these
           are
           so
           evidently
           reasonable
           that
           the
           Prohibition
           in
           the
           Text
           cannot
           with
           reason
           be
           extended
           to
           them
           .
           And
           if
           no
           man
           would
           allow
           himself
           to
           say
           any
           thing
           to
           the
           prejudice
           of
           another
           man's
           good
           name
           ,
           but
           in
           these
           and
           the
           like
           Cases
           ,
           the
           tongues
           of
           men
           would
           be
           very
           innocent
           ,
           and
           the
           World
           would
           be
           very
           quiet
           .
           I
           proceed
           in
           the
        
         
           IIId
           place
           ,
           to
           consider
           
             the
             evil
             of
             this
             Practice
          
           ,
           
           both
           in
           the
           Causes
           and
           the
           Consequences
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           We
           will
           consider
           the
           Causes
           of
           it
           .
           And
           it
           commonly
           springs
           from
           one
           or
           more
           of
           these
           evil
           Roots
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           One
           of
           the
           deepest
           and
           most
           common
           Causes
           of
           evil-speaking
           is
           ill-nature
           and
           cruelty
           of
           disposition
           :
           And
           by
           a
           general
           mistake
           
             ill
             nature
          
           passeth
           for
           Wit
           ,
           as
           Cunning
           doth
           for
           Wisdom
           ;
           though
           in
           truth
           
           they
           are
           nothing
           akin
           to
           one
           another
           ,
           but
           as
           far
           distant
           as
           Vice
           and
           Virtue
           .
        
         
           And
           there
           is
           no
           greater
           evidence
           of
           the
           bad
           temper
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           than
           the
           general
           proneness
           of
           men
           to
           this
           Vice.
           For
           (
           as
           our
           Saviour
           says
           )
           
             out
             of
             the
             abundance
             of
             the
             heart
             the
             mouth
             speaketh
             .
          
           And
           therefore
           men
           do
           commonly
           incline
           to
           the
           censorious
           and
           uncharitable
           side
           :
           which
           shews
           Human
           nature
           to
           be
           strangely
           distorted
           from
           its
           original
           rectitude
           and
           innocency
           .
           The
           Wit
           of
           man
           doth
           more
           naturally
           vent
           it self
           in
           Satyr
           and
           censure
           ,
           than
           in
           praise
           and
           Panegyrick
           .
           When
           men
           set
           themselves
           to
           commend
           ,
           it
           comes
           hardly
           from
           them
           ,
           and
           not
           without
           great
           force
           and
           straining
           ;
           and
           if
           any
           thing
           be
           fitly
           said
           in
           that
           kind
           ,
           it
           doth
           hardly
           relish
           with
           most
           men
           :
           But
           in
           the
           way
           of
           Invective
           ,
           the
           Invention
           of
           men
           is
           a
           plentiful
           and
           never-failing
           Spring
           :
           And
           this
           kind
           of
           Wit
           is
           not
           more
           easie
           than
           it
           is
           acceptable
           :
           It
           is
           greedily
           entertained
           and
           greatly
           applauded
           ,
           and
           every
           man
           is
           glad
           to
           hear
           others
           abused
           ,
           not
           considering
           how
           soon
           it
           may
           come
           to
           his
           own
           turn
           to
           lie
           down
           and
           make
           sport
           for
           others
           .
        
         
           To
           speak
           evil
           of
           others
           ,
           is
           almost
           become
           the
           general
           entertainment
           of
           all
           Companies
           :
           And
           the
           great
           and
           serious
           business
           of
           most
           Meetings
           and
           Visits
           ,
           after
           the
           necessary
           Ceremonies
           and
           Complements
           are
           over
           ,
           is
           to
           sit
           down
           and
           backbite
           
           all
           the
           World.
           'T
           is
           the
           Sawce
           of
           Conversation
           ,
           and
           all
           Discourse
           is
           counted
           but
           flat
           and
           dull
           which
           hath
           not
           something
           of
           picquancy
           and
           sharpness
           in
           it
           against
           some
           body
           .
           For
           men
           generally
           love
           rather
           to
           hear
           evil
           of
           others
           than
           good
           ,
           and
           are
           secretly
           pleas'd
           with
           ill
           reports
           ,
           and
           drink
           them
           in
           with
           greediness
           and
           delight
           :
           Though
           at
           the
           same
           time
           they
           have
           so
           much
           Justice
           ,
           as
           to
           hate
           those
           that
           propagate
           them
           ;
           and
           so
           much
           Wit
           ,
           as
           to
           conclude
           that
           these
           very
           persons
           will
           do
           the
           same
           for
           them
           in
           another
           Place
           and
           Company
           .
        
         
           But
           especially
           ,
           if
           it
           concerns
           one
           of
           another
           Party
           ,
           and
           that
           differs
           from
           us
           in
           matters
           of
           Religion
           ;
           in
           this
           Case
           ,
           all
           Parties
           seem
           to
           be
           agreed
           that
           they
           do
           God
           great
           service
           in
           blasting
           the
           reputation
           of
           their
           Adversaries
           :
           And
           though
           they
           all
           pretend
           to
           be
           Christians
           ,
           and
           the
           Disciples
           of
           Him
           who
           taught
           nothing
           but
           kindness
           and
           meekness
           and
           charity
           ;
           yet
           it
           is
           strange
           to
           see
           with
           what
           a
           savage
           and
           murderous
           disposition
           they
           will
           flie
           at
           one
           another's
           Reputation
           and
           tear
           it
           in
           pieces
           :
           And
           whatever
           other
           Scruples
           they
           may
           have
           ,
           they
           make
           none
           to
           bespatter
           one
           another
           in
           the
           most
           bitter
           and
           slanderous
           manner
           .
        
         
           But
           if
           they
           hear
           any
           good
           of
           their
           Adversaries
           ,
           with
           what
           nicety
           and
           caution
           do
           they
           receive
           it
           ?
           how
           many
           objections
           do
           they
           raise
           against
           it
           ?
           and
           with
           what
           coldness
           do
           they
           at
           last
           admit
           it
           ?
           It
           
           
             is
             very
             well
          
           ,
           say
           they
           ,
           
             if
             it
             be
             true
             :
             I
             shall
             be
             glad
             to
             hear
             it
             confirm'd
             .
             I
             never
             heard
             so
             much
             good
             of
             him
             before
             .
             You
             are
             a
             good
             man
             your self
             ,
             but
             have
             a
             care
             you
             be
             not
             deceived
             .
          
        
         
           Nay
           it
           is
           well
           ,
           if
           to
           balance
           the
           matter
           ,
           and
           set
           things
           even
           ,
           they
           do
           not
           clap
           some
           infirmity
           and
           fault
           into
           the
           other
           Scale
           ,
           that
           so
           the
           Enemy
           may
           not
           go
           off
           with
           flying
           Colours
           .
        
         
           But
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           every
           man
           is
           a
           good
           and
           substantial
           Author
           of
           an
           ill
           Report
           .
           I
           do
           not
           apply
           this
           to
           any
           one
           sort
           of
           men
           ,
           though
           all
           are
           to
           blame
           in
           this
           way
           ;
           
             Iliacos
             intra
             muros
             peccatur
             ,
             &
             extra
             .
          
           To
           speak
           impartially
           ,
           the
           Zealots
           of
           all
           Parties
           have
           got
           a
           
             scurvy
             trick
          
           of
           lying
           for
           the
           Truth
           .
        
         
           But
           of
           all
           sorts
           of
           People
           ,
           I
           have
           observed
           the
           Priests
           and
           Bigots
           of
           the
           Church
           of
           Rome
           to
           be
           the
           ablest
           in
           this
           way
           ,
           and
           to
           have
           the
           strongest
           Faith
           for
           a
           lusty
           Falshood
           and
           Calumny
           .
           Others
           will
           bandy
           a
           false
           Report
           ,
           and
           toss
           it
           from
           one
           hand
           to
           another
           ;
           but
           I
           never
           knew
           any
           that
           would
           so
           hug
           a
           Lye
           and
           be
           so
           very
           fond
           of
           it
           .
           They
           seem
           to
           be
           described
           by
           
             St.
             John
          
           in
           that
           expression
           in
           the
           Revelation
           ,
           
             whosoever
             loveth
             and
             maketh
             a
             lye
             .
          
        
         
           Another
           shrewd
           sign
           that
           ill-nature
           lies
           at
           the
           root
           of
           this
           Vice
           is
           ,
           that
           we
           easily
           forget
           the
           good
           that
           is
           said
           of
           others
           ,
           and
           seldom
           make
           mention
           
           of
           it
           ;
           but
           the
           contrary
           sticks
           with
           us
           ,
           and
           lies
           uppermost
           in
           our
           memories
           ,
           and
           is
           ready
           to
           come
           out
           upon
           all
           occasions
           :
           And
           which
           is
           yet
           more
           ill-natur'd
           and
           unjust
           ,
           many
           times
           when
           we
           do
           not
           believe
           it
           our selves
           we
           tell
           it
           to
           others
           ,
           with
           this
           charitable
           Caution
           
             that
             we
             hope
             it
             is
             not
             true
             :
          
           But
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           we
           give
           it
           our
           Pass
           ,
           and
           venture
           it
           to
           take
           its
           fortune
           to
           be
           believed
           or
           not
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           charity
           of
           those
           into
           whose
           hands
           it
           comes
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           Another
           Cause
           of
           the
           commonness
           of
           this
           Vice
           is
           ,
           that
           many
           are
           so
           bad
           themselves
           ,
           in
           one
           kind
           or
           other
           .
           For
           to
           think
           and
           speak
           ill
           of
           others
           is
           not
           only
           a
           bad
           thing
           ,
           but
           a
           sign
           of
           a
           bad
           man.
           Our
           
             B.
             Saviour
          
           ,
           speaking
           of
           the
           evil
           of
           the
           
             last
             days
          
           ,
           gives
           this
           as
           the
           reason
           of
           the
           great
           decay
           of
           Charity
           among
           men
           ,
           
             because
             iniquity
             shall
          
           
           
             abound
             ,
             the
             Love
             of
             many
             shall
             wax
             cold
             .
          
           When
           men
           are
           bad
           themselves
           ,
           they
           are
           glad
           of
           any
           opportunity
           to
           censure
           others
           ,
           and
           are
           always
           apt
           to
           suspect
           that
           evil
           of
           other
           men
           which
           they
           know
           by
           themselves
           .
           They
           cannot
           have
           a
           good
           opinion
           of
           themselves
           ,
           and
           therefore
           are
           very
           unwilling
           to
           have
           so
           of
           any
           body
           else
           ;
           and
           for
           this
           reason
           they
           endeavour
           to
           bring
           men
           to
           a
           level
           ,
           hoping
           it
           will
           be
           some
           justification
           of
           them
           if
           they
           can
           but
           render
           others
           as
           bad
           as
           themselves
           .
        
         
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           Another
           source
           of
           this
           Vice
           is
           Malice
           and
           Revenge
           .
           When
           men
           are
           in
           heat
           and
           Passion
           they
           do
           not
           consider
           what
           is
           true
           ,
           but
           what
           is
           spiteful
           and
           mischievous
           ;
           and
           speak
           evil
           of
           others
           in
           revenge
           of
           some
           injury
           which
           they
           have
           received
           from
           them
           :
           And
           when
           they
           are
           blinded
           by
           their
           Passions
           they
           lay
           about
           them
           madly
           and
           at
           a
           venture
           ,
           not
           much
           caring
           whether
           the
           evil
           they
           speak
           be
           true
           or
           not
           .
           Nay
           many
           are
           so
           Devilish
           ,
           as
           to
           invent
           and
           raise
           false
           Reports
           on
           purpose
           to
           blast
           mens
           Reputation
           .
           This
           is
           a
           Diabolical
           temper
           ,
           and
           therefore
           
             St.
             James
          
           tells
           us
           that
           the
           slanderous
           
             Tongue
             is
             set
             on
             fire
             of
             Hell
             :
          
           And
           the
           Devil
           hath
           his
           very
           Name
           from
           Calumny
           and
           false
           accusation
           ;
           and
           it
           is
           his
           Nature
           too
           ,
           for
           he
           is
           always
           ready
           to
           stir
           up
           and
           foment
           this
           evil
           spirit
           among
           men
           :
           Nay
           ,
           the
           Scripture
           tells
           us
           that
           he
           hath
           the
           malice
           and
           impudence
           to
           accuse
           good
           men
           before
           God
           ;
           as
           he
           did
           Job
           ,
           charging
           him
           with
           Hypocrisie
           to
           God
           himself
           ;
           Who
           ,
           he
           knows
           ,
           
             does
             know
             the
             hearts
             of
             all
             the
             children
             of
             men
             .
          
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           Another
           Cause
           of
           evil-speaking
           is
           Envy
           .
           Men
           look
           with
           an
           evil
           eye
           upon
           the
           good
           that
           is
           in
           others
           ,
           and
           think
           that
           their
           Reputation
           obscures
           them
           ,
           and
           that
           their
           commendable
           qualities
           do
           stand
           in
           their
           light
           ;
           and
           therefore
           they
           do
           what
           they
           can
           to
           cast
           a
           cloud
           over
           them
           ,
           that
           the
           bright
           shining
           of
           their
           Vertues
           may
           not
           scorch
           them
           .
           This
           makes
           them
           greedily
           to
           entertain
           ,
           and
           industriously
           to
           
           publish
           any
           thing
           that
           may
           serve
           to
           that
           purpose
           ,
           thereby
           to
           raise
           themselves
           upon
           the
           Ruins
           of
           other
           mens
           Reputation
           :
           And
           therefore
           assoon
           as
           they
           have
           got
           an
           ill
           Report
           of
           any
           good
           man
           by
           the
           end
           ,
           to
           work
           they
           presently
           go
           to
           send
           it
           abroad
           by
           the
           first
           Post
           :
           For
           the
           string
           is
           always
           ready
           upon
           their
           Bow
           to
           let
           fly
           this
           Arrow
           with
           an
           incredible
           swiftness
           ,
           through
           City
           and
           Countrey
           ;
           for
           fear
           the
           innocent
           man's
           justification
           should
           overtake
           it
           .
        
         
           Fifthly
           ,
           Another
           Cause
           of
           evil
           speaking
           is
           Impertinence
           and
           Curiosity
           ;
           an
           itch
           of
           talking
           and
           medling
           in
           the
           affairs
           of
           other
           Men
           ,
           which
           do
           no
           wise
           concern
           them
           .
           Some
           persons
           love
           to
           mingle
           themselves
           in
           all
           business
           ,
           and
           are
           loth
           to
           seem
           ignorant
           of
           so
           important
           a
           piece
           of
           News
           as
           the
           faults
           and
           follies
           of
           men
           ,
           or
           any
           bad
           thing
           that
           is
           talk'd
           of
           in
           good
           Company
           .
           And
           therefore
           they
           do
           with
           great
           care
           pick
           up
           ill
           Stories
           ,
           as
           good
           matter
           of
           discourse
           in
           the
           next
           Company
           that
           is
           worthy
           of
           them
           :
           And
           this
           perhaps
           not
           out
           of
           any
           great
           malice
           ,
           but
           for
           want
           of
           something
           better
           to
           talk
           of
           ,
           and
           because
           their
           Parts
           lie
           chiefly
           that
           way
           .
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           Men
           do
           this
           many
           times
           out
           of
           wantonness
           and
           for
           diversion
           .
           So
           little
           do
           light
           and
           vain
           men
           consider
           ,
           that
           a
           man's
           Reputation
           is
           too
           great
           and
           tender
           a
           Concernment
           to
           be
           jested
           withal
           ;
           and
           that
           a
           slanderous
           Tongue
           
             bites
             like
             a
             Serpent
          
           ,
           and
           
             wounds
             like
             a
             Sword.
          
           For
           what
           can
           be
           more
           barbarous
           ,
           
           next
           to
           sporting
           with
           a
           man's
           Life
           ,
           than
           to
           play
           with
           his
           Honour
           and
           Reputation
           ,
           which
           to
           some
           men
           is
           dearer
           to
           them
           than
           their
           Lives
           ?
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           cruel
           pleasure
           which
           some
           men
           take
           in
           worrying
           the
           Reputation
           of
           others
           much
           better
           than
           themselves
           ;
           and
           this
           only
           to
           divert
           themselves
           and
           the
           Company
           .
           Solomon
           compares
           this
           sort
           of
           men
           to
           distracted
           persons
           ;
           
             As
             a
             mad
             man
          
           ,
           saith
           he
           ,
           
             who
             casteth
             firebrands
             ,
             arrows
             and
             Death
             ,
             so
             is
             the
             man
             that
             deceiveth
             his
             neighbour
          
           ;
           the
           LXX
           .
           render
           it
           
             so
             is
             the
             man
             that
             defameth
             his
             neighbour
             ,
             and
             saith
             am
             I
             not
             in
             sport
             ?
          
           Such
           ,
           and
           so
           bad
           are
           the
           Causes
           of
           this
           Vice.
           I
           proceed
           to
           consider
           ,
           in
           the
        
         
           Second
           place
           ,
           the
           ordinary
           but
           very
           pernicious
           Consequences
           and
           Effects
           of
           it
           ;
           both
           to
           Others
           ,
           and
           to
           our Selves
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           To
           Others
           ;
           the
           Parties
           I
           mean
           that
           are
           slandered
           .
           To
           them
           it
           is
           certainly
           a
           great
           injury
           ,
           and
           commonly
           a
           high
           Provocation
           ,
           but
           always
           matter
           of
           no
           small
           grief
           and
           trouble
           to
           them
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           certainly
           a
           great
           injury
           ,
           and
           if
           the
           evil
           which
           we
           say
           of
           them
           be
           not
           true
           ,
           it
           is
           an
           injury
           beyond
           imagination
           ,
           and
           beyond
           all
           possible
           reparation
           .
           And
           though
           we
           should
           do
           our
           utmost
           endeavour
           afterwards
           towards
           their
           Vindication
           ,
           yet
           that
           makes
           but
           very
           little
           amends
           ;
           because
           the
           Vindication
           seldom
           reacheth
           so
           far
           as
           the
           Reproach
           ,
           and
           
           because
           commonly
           men
           are
           neither
           so
           forward
           to
           spread
           the
           Vindication
           ,
           nor
           is
           it
           so
           easily
           received
           after
           ill
           impressions
           are
           once
           made
           .
        
         
           I
           will
           add
           one
           thing
           more
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           an
           Injury
           that
           descends
           to
           a
           man's
           Children
           and
           Posterity
           ;
           because
           the
           good
           or
           ill
           Name
           of
           the
           Father
           is
           derived
           down
           to
           them
           ;
           and
           many
           times
           the
           best
           thing
           he
           hath
           to
           leave
           them
           is
           the
           Reputation
           of
           his
           unblemish'd
           Virtue
           and
           Worth
           :
           And
           do
           we
           make
           no
           Conscience
           to
           rob
           his
           innocent
           Children
           of
           the
           best
           part
           of
           this
           small
           Patrimony
           ,
           and
           of
           all
           the
           kindness
           that
           would
           have
           been
           done
           them
           for
           their
           Father's
           sake
           ,
           if
           his
           Reputation
           had
           not
           been
           so
           undeservedly
           stain'd
           ?
           Is
           it
           no
           Crime
           by
           the
           breath
           of
           our
           mouth
           at
           once
           to
           blast
           a
           man's
           Reputation
           ,
           and
           to
           ruin
           his
           Children
           ,
           perhaps
           to
           all
           Posterity
           ?
           Can
           we
           make
           a
           jest
           of
           so
           serious
           a
           matter
           ?
           Of
           an
           Injury
           so
           very
           hard
           to
           be
           repented
           of
           as
           it
           ought
           ,
           because
           in
           such
           a
           Case
           no
           Repentance
           will
           be
           acceptable
           without
           Restitution
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           in
           our
           power
           .
           And
           perhaps
           it
           will
           undo
           us
           in
           this
           World
           to
           make
           it
           ,
           and
           if
           we
           do
           it
           not
           ,
           will
           be
           our
           Ruin
           in
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           I
           will
           put
           the
           Case
           at
           the
           best
           ,
           that
           the
           matter
           of
           the
           Slander
           is
           true
           ;
           yet
           no
           man's
           Reputation
           is
           considerably
           stained
           ,
           though
           never
           so
           deservedly
           ,
           without
           great
           harm
           and
           damage
           to
           him
           .
           And
           it
           is
           great
           odds
           but
           the
           matter
           by
           passing
           through
           several
           hands
           is
           aggravated
           beyond
           truth
           ,
           every
           
           one
           out
           of
           his
           bounty
           being
           apt
           to
           add
           something
           to
           it
           .
        
         
           But
           ,
           besides
           the
           Injury
           ,
           it
           is
           commonly
           a
           very
           high
           Provocation
           .
           And
           the
           consequence
           of
           that
           may
           be
           as
           bad
           as
           we
           can
           imagine
           ,
           and
           may
           end
           in
           dangerous
           and
           desperate
           Quarrels
           .
           This
           reason
           the
           wise
           Son
           of
           Sirach
           gives
           why
           we
           should
           defame
           no
           man
           :
           
             Whether
             it
             be
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             to
             a
             friend
             or
             a
             foe
             ,
          
           
           
             talk
             not
             of
             other
             mens
             lives
             .
             For
             he
             hath
             heard
             and
             observed
             thee
             ,
          
           that
           is
           ,
           one
           way
           or
           other
           it
           will
           probably
           come
           to
           his
           knowledge
           ,
           
             and
             when
             the
             time
             cometh
             he
             will
             shew
             his
             hatred
             ,
          
           that
           is
           ,
           he
           will
           take
           the
           first
           opportunity
           to
           revenge
           it
           .
        
         
           At
           the
           best
           ,
           it
           is
           always
           matter
           of
           Grief
           to
           the
           person
           that
           is
           defam'd
           :
           And
           Christianity
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           
             best-natur'd
             Institution
          
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           forbids
           us
           the
           doing
           of
           those
           things
           whereby
           we
           may
           
             grieve
             one
             another
          
           .
           A
           man's
           good
           name
           is
           a
           tender
           thing
           ,
           and
           a
           wound
           there
           sinks
           deep
           into
           the
           spirit
           even
           of
           a
           wise
           and
           good
           man
           :
           And
           the
           more
           innocent
           any
           man
           is
           in
           this
           kind
           ,
           the
           more
           sensible
           is
           he
           of
           this
           hard
           usage
           ;
           because
           he
           never
           treats
           others
           so
           ,
           nor
           is
           he
           conscious
           to
           himself
           that
           he
           hath
           deserved
           it
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           The
           Consequences
           of
           this
           Vice
           are
           as
           bad
           or
           worse
           to
           our selves
           .
           Whoever
           is
           wont
           to
           speak
           evil
           of
           others
           gives
           a
           bad
           character
           of
           himself
           ,
           even
           to
           those
           whom
           he
           desires
           to
           please
           ;
           who
           ,
           if
           
           they
           be
           wise
           enough
           ,
           will
           conclude
           that
           he
           speaks
           of
           them
           to
           others
           as
           he
           does
           of
           others
           to
           them
           :
           And
           were
           it
           not
           for
           that
           fond
           partiality
           which
           men
           have
           for
           themselves
           ,
           no
           man
           could
           be
           so
           blind
           as
           not
           to
           see
           this
           .
        
         
           And
           it
           is
           very
           well
           worthy
           of
           our
           consideration
           which
           our
           Saviour
           says
           in
           this
           very
           Case
           ,
           that
           
             with
             what
             measure
             we
             mete
             to
             others
             ,
             it
             shall
             be
             measured
             to
             us
          
           
           again
           ;
           and
           that
           many
           times
           
             heaped
             up
          
           ,
           and
           
             running
             over
          
           .
           For
           there
           is
           hardly
           any
           thing
           wherein
           Man-kind
           do
           use
           more
           strict
           justice
           and
           equality
           ,
           than
           
             in
             rendering
             evil
             for
             evil
             ,
             and
             railing
             for
             railing
             .
          
        
         
           Nay
           ,
           Revenge
           often
           goes
           further
           than
           words
           .
           A
           reproachful
           and
           slanderous
           speech
           hath
           cost
           many
           a
           man
           a
           Duel
           ,
           and
           in
           that
           the
           loss
           of
           his
           own
           Life
           ,
           or
           the
           Murther
           of
           another
           ,
           perhaps
           with
           the
           loss
           of
           his
           own
           Soul
           :
           And
           I
           have
           often
           wonder'd
           that
           among
           Christians
           this
           matter
           is
           no
           more
           laid
           to
           heart
           .
        
         
           And
           though
           neither
           of
           these
           great
           mischiefs
           should
           happen
           to
           us
           ,
           yet
           this
           may
           be
           inconvenient
           enough
           many
           other
           ways
           .
           For
           no
           man
           knows
           in
           the
           chance
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           the
           mutability
           of
           human
           affairs
           ,
           whose
           kindness
           and
           good-will
           he
           may
           come
           to
           stand
           in
           need
           of
           before
           he
           dies
           .
           So
           that
           did
           a
           man
           only
           consult
           his
           own
           safety
           and
           quiet
           ,
           he
           ought
           to
           refrain
           from
           
             evil-speaking
             .
             What
             man
             is
             he
             ,
          
           saith
           the
           
           
             Psalmist
             ,
             that
             desireth
             life
             ,
             and
             loveth
             many
             days
             ,
             that
             he
             may
             see
             good
             :
             keep
             thy
             tongue
             from
             evil
             ,
             and
             thy
             lips
             from
             speaking
             falshood
             .
          
        
         
         
           But
           there
           is
           an
           infinitely
           greater
           Danger
           hanging
           over
           us
           from
           God.
           If
           we
           allow
           our selves
           in
           this
           evil
           practice
           ,
           all
           our
           Religion
           is
           good
           for
           nothing
           .
           So
           
             St.
             James
          
           expresly
           tells
           us
           ,
           
             If
             any
             man
             among
             you
             seemeth
          
           
           
             to
             be
             religious
             ,
             and
             bridleth
             not
             his
             tongue
             ,
             but
             deceiveth
             his
             own
             heart
             ,
             that
             man's
             Religion
             is
             vain
             .
          
           And
           St.
           Paul
           puts
           Slanderers
           and
           Revilers
           amongst
           those
           that
           
             shall
             not
             inherit
             the
             kingdom
             of
             God.
          
           And
           our
           
             B.
             Saviour
          
           
           hath
           told
           us
           ,
           that
           
             by
             our
             words
             we
             shall
             be
             justified
             ,
             and
             by
             our
             words
             we
             shall
             be
             condemned
             .
          
           To
           which
           I
           will
           add
           the
           counsel
           given
           us
           by
           the
           
             Wise-man
             ,
             Refrain
          
           
           
             your
             tongue
             from
             backbiting
             ,
             for
             there
             is
             no
             word
             so
             secret
             that
             shall
             go
             for
             nought
             ,
             and
             the
             mouth
             that
             slandereth
             slayeth
             the
             Soul.
          
           I
           proceed
           in
           the
        
         
           IV
           th
           place
           ,
           to
           add
           
             some
             further
             Arguments
             and
          
           
           
             Considerations
             to
             take
             men
             off
             from
             this
             Vice
             :
          
           As
        
         
           First
           ,
           That
           the
           use
           of
           Speech
           is
           a
           peculiar
           Prerogative
           of
           Man
           above
           other
           Creatures
           ,
           and
           bestowed
           upon
           him
           for
           some
           excellent
           end
           and
           purpose
           :
           That
           by
           this
           Faculty
           we
           might
           communicate
           our
           thoughts
           more
           easily
           to
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           consult
           together
           for
           our
           mutual
           comfort
           and
           benefit
           :
           Not
           to
           enable
           us
           to
           be
           hurtful
           and
           injurious
           ,
           but
           helpful
           and
           beneficial
           to
           one
           another
           .
           The
           Psalmist
           calls
           our
           Tongue
           our
           Glory
           ;
           therewith
           we
           
             praise
             God
          
           and
           
             bless
             men
          
           :
           Now
           to
           bless
           is
           to
           speak
           well
           of
           any
           ,
           and
           to
           wish
           them
           well
           .
           So
           that
           we
           pervert
           the
           use
           of
           
           Speech
           and
           turn
           our
           glory
           into
           shame
           ,
           when
           we
           abuse
           this
           Faculty
           to
           the
           injury
           and
           reproach
           of
           any
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           Consider
           how
           cheap
           a
           kindness
           it
           is
           to
           speak
           well
           ,
           at
           least
           not
           to
           speak
           ill
           of
           any
           .
           A
           good
           word
           is
           an
           easy
           obligation
           ,
           but
           not
           to
           speak
           ill
           requires
           only
           our
           Silence
           ,
           which
           costs
           us
           nothing
           .
           Some
           instances
           of
           Charity
           are
           chargeable
           ,
           as
           to
           relieve
           the
           wants
           and
           necessities
           of
           others
           :
           The
           expence
           deters
           many
           from
           this
           kind
           of
           charity
           .
           But
           were
           a
           man
           never
           so
           covetous
           ,
           he
           might
           afford
           another
           man
           his
           good
           word
           ;
           at
           least
           he
           might
           refrain
           from
           speaking
           ill
           of
           him
           :
           especially
           if
           it
           be
           consider'd
           how
           dear
           many
           have
           paid
           for
           a
           slanderous
           and
           reproachful
           word
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           Consider
           that
           no
           quality
           doth
           ordinarily
           recommend
           one
           more
           to
           the
           favour
           and
           good-will
           of
           men
           ,
           than
           to
           be
           free
           from
           this
           Vice.
           Every
           one
           desires
           such
           a
           man's
           friendship
           ,
           and
           is
           apt
           to
           repose
           a
           great
           trust
           and
           confidence
           in
           him
           :
           And
           when
           he
           is
           dead
           ,
           men
           will
           praise
           him
           ;
           and
           next
           to
           Piety
           towards
           God
           ,
           and
           Righteousness
           to
           men
           ,
           nothing
           is
           thought
           a
           more
           significant
           commendation
           ,
           than
           that
           he
           was
           never
           ,
           or
           very
           rarely
           heard
           to
           speak
           ill
           of
           any
           .
           It
           was
           a
           singular
           Character
           of
           a
           
             Roman
             Gentleman
             ,
             Nescivit
             quid
             esset
             maledicere
             ,
             he
             knew
             not
             what
             it
             was
             to
             give
             any
             man
             an
             ill
             word
             .
          
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           Let
           every
           man
           lay
           his
           hand
           upon
           his
           heart
           ,
           and
           consider
           how
           himself
           is
           apt
           to
           be
           affected
           
           with
           this
           usage
           .
           Speak
           thy
           Conscience
           Man
           ,
           and
           say
           whether
           ,
           as
           bad
           as
           thou
           art
           ,
           thou
           wouldst
           not
           be
           glad
           to
           have
           every
           man's
           ,
           especially
           every
           good
           man's
           ,
           good
           word
           ?
           And
           to
           have
           thy
           faults
           conceal'd
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           be
           hardly
           spoken
           of
           ,
           though
           it
           may
           be
           not
           altogether
           without
           truth
           ,
           by
           those
           whom
           thou
           didst
           never
           offend
           by
           word
           or
           deed
           ?
           But
           with
           what
           face
           or
           reason
           dost
           thou
           expect
           this
           from
           others
           ,
           to
           whom
           thy
           carriage
           hath
           been
           so
           contrary
           ?
           Nothing
           surely
           is
           more
           equal
           and
           reasonable
           than
           that
           known
           
             Rule
             ,
             What
             thou
             wouldst
             have
             no
             man
             do
             to
             thee
             ,
             that
             do
             thou
             to
             no
             man.
             
          
        
         
           Fifthly
           ,
           When
           you
           are
           going
           to
           speak
           reproachfully
           of
           others
           ,
           consider
           whether
           you
           do
           not
           lie
           open
           to
           just
           reproach
           in
           the
           same
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           kind
           .
           Therefore
           give
           no
           Occasion
           ,
           no
           Example
           of
           this
           barbarous
           usage
           of
           one
           another
           .
        
         
           There
           are
           very
           few
           so
           innocent
           and
           free
           either
           from
           infirmities
           or
           greater
           faults
           ,
           as
           not
           to
           be
           obnoxious
           to
           reproach
           upon
           one
           account
           or
           other
           ;
           even
           the
           wisest
           ,
           and
           most
           virtuous
           ,
           and
           most
           perfect
           among
           men
           have
           some
           little
           vanity
           ,
           or
           affectation
           which
           lays
           them
           open
           to
           the
           raillery
           of
           a
           mimical
           and
           malicious
           wit
           :
           Therefore
           we
           should
           often
           turn
           our
           thoughts
           upon
           our selves
           ,
           and
           look
           into
           that
           part
           of
           the
           Wallet
           which
           men
           commonly
           fling
           over
           their
           shoulders
           and
           keep
           behind
           them
           ,
           that
           they
           may
           not
           see
           their
           own
           Faults
           :
           And
           when
           
           we
           have
           searched
           that
           well
           ,
           let
           us
           remember
           our
           
             Saviour's
             Rule
             ,
             He
             that
             is
             without
             sin
             ,
             let
             him
             cast
             the
             first
             stone
             .
          
        
         
           Lastly
           consider
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           in
           many
           Cases
           as
           great
           a
           charity
           to
           conceal
           the
           evil
           you
           hear
           and
           know
           of
           others
           ,
           as
           if
           you
           relieved
           them
           in
           a
           great
           necessity
           .
           And
           we
           think
           him
           a
           hard-hearted
           man
           that
           will
           not
           bestow
           a
           small
           Alms
           upon
           one
           in
           great
           want
           .
           It
           is
           an
           excellent
           Advice
           which
           the
           Son
           of
           Sirach
           gives
           to
           this
           purpose
           ,
           
             Talk
             not
             of
             other
             mens
             lives
             :
             If
             thou
          
           
           
             hast
             heard
             a
             word
             ,
             let
             it
             die
             with
             thee
             ;
             and
             be
             bold
             it
             will
             not
             burst
             thee
             .
          
           I
           shall
           in
           the
        
         
           V
           th
           and
           last
           place
           ,
           
             give
             some
             Rules
             and
             Directions
          
           
           
             for
             the
             prevention
             and
             cure
             of
             this
             great
             evil
             among
             men
             .
          
        
         
           
             First
             ,
             Never
             say
             any
             evil
             of
             any
             man
             ,
             but
             what
             you
             certainly
             know
             .
          
           When
           ever
           you
           positively
           accuse
           and
           endite
           any
           man
           of
           any
           Crime
           ,
           though
           it
           be
           in
           private
           and
           among
           Friends
           ,
           speak
           as
           if
           you
           were
           upon
           your
           Oath
           ,
           because
           God
           sees
           and
           hears
           you
           .
           This
           not
           only
           Charity
           ,
           but
           Justice
           and
           regard
           to
           Truth
           do
           demand
           of
           us
           .
           He
           that
           easily
           credits
           an
           ill
           Report
           is
           almost
           as
           faulty
           as
           the
           first
           inventer
           of
           it
           .
           For
           though
           you
           do
           not
           make
           ,
           yet
           you
           commonly
           propagate
           a
           Lye.
           Therefore
           never
           speak
           evil
           of
           any
           upon
           
             common
             Fame
          
           ,
           which
           for
           the
           most
           part
           is
           false
           ,
           but
           almost
           always
           uncertain
           whether
           it
           be
           true
           or
           not
           .
        
         
         
           Not
           but
           that
           is
           a
           fault
           ,
           in
           most
           Cases
           ,
           to
           report
           the
           evil
           of
           men
           which
           is
           true
           ,
           and
           which
           we
           certainly
           know
           to
           be
           so
           :
           But
           if
           I
           cannot
           prevail
           to
           make
           men
           wholly
           to
           abstain
           from
           this
           fault
           ,
           I
           would
           be
           glad
           to
           compound
           with
           some
           Persons
           ,
           and
           to
           gain
           this
           point
           of
           them
           however
           ;
           because
           it
           would
           retrench
           nine
           parts
           in
           ten
           of
           the
           evil-speaking
           that
           is
           in
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           Before
           you
           speak
           evil
           of
           any
           man
           ,
           consider
           whether
           he
           hath
           not
           obliged
           you
           by
           some
           real
           kindness
           ,
           and
           then
           it
           is
           a
           bad
           return
           to
           speak
           ill
           of
           him
           who
           hath
           done
           us
           good
           .
           Consider
           also
           ,
           whether
           you
           may
           not
           come
           hereafter
           to
           be
           acquainted
           with
           him
           ,
           related
           to
           him
           ,
           or
           obliged
           by
           him
           whom
           you
           have
           thus
           injured
           ?
           And
           how
           will
           you
           then
           be
           ashamed
           when
           you
           reflect
           upon
           it
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           have
           reason
           also
           to
           believe
           that
           he
           to
           whom
           you
           have
           done
           this
           injury
           is
           not
           ignorant
           of
           it
           ?
        
         
           Consider
           likewise
           ,
           whether
           in
           the
           change
           of
           Human
           affairs
           ,
           you
           may
           not
           some
           time
           or
           other
           come
           to
           stand
           in
           need
           of
           his
           favour
           ;
           and
           how
           incapable
           this
           carriage
           of
           yours
           towards
           him
           will
           render
           you
           of
           it
           ?
           And
           whether
           it
           may
           not
           be
           in
           his
           power
           to
           revenge
           a
           spiteful
           and
           needless
           word
           by
           a
           shrewd
           turn
           ?
           So
           that
           if
           a
           man
           made
           no
           conscience
           of
           hurting
           others
           ,
           yet
           he
           should
           in
           prudence
           have
           some
           consideration
           of
           himself
           .
        
         
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           Let
           us
           accustom
           our selves
           to
           pity
           the
           Faults
           of
           men
           and
           to
           be
           truly
           sorry
           for
           them
           ,
           and
           then
           we
           shall
           take
           no
           pleasure
           in
           publishing
           them
           .
           And
           this
           common
           Humanitie
           requires
           of
           us
           ,
           considering
           the
           great
           infirmities
           of
           humane
           Nature
           ,
           and
           that
           we
           our selves
           also
           are
           liable
           to
           be
           tempted
           :
           Considering
           likewise
           ,
           how
           severe
           a
           Punishment
           every
           Fault
           and
           miscarriage
           is
           to
           it self
           ;
           and
           how
           terribly
           it
           exposeth
           a
           man
           to
           the
           wrath
           of
           God
           ,
           both
           in
           this
           World
           and
           the
           other
           .
           He
           is
           not
           a
           good
           Christian
           ,
           that
           is
           not
           heartily
           sorry
           for
           the
           faults
           even
           of
           his
           greatest
           Enemies
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           be
           so
           ,
           he
           will
           discover
           them
           no
           further
           than
           is
           necessarie
           to
           some
           good
           end
           .
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           Whenever
           we
           hear
           any
           man
           evil-spoken
           of
           ,
           if
           we
           know
           any
           good
           of
           him
           let
           us
           say
           that
           .
           It
           is
           always
           the
           more
           humane
           and
           the
           more
           honourable
           part
           to
           stand
           up
           in
           the
           defence
           and
           vindication
           of
           others
           ,
           than
           to
           accuse
           and
           bespatter
           them
           .
           Possibly
           the
           good
           you
           have
           heard
           of
           them
           may
           not
           be
           true
           ,
           but
           it
           is
           much
           more
           probable
           that
           the
           evil
           which
           you
           have
           heard
           of
           them
           is
           not
           true
           neither
           :
           However
           ,
           it
           is
           better
           to
           preserve
           the
           credit
           of
           a
           bad
           man
           ,
           than
           to
           stain
           the
           Reputation
           of
           the
           innocent
           .
           And
           if
           there
           were
           any
           need
           that
           a
           man
           should
           be
           evil-spoken
           of
           ,
           it
           is
           but
           fair
           and
           equal
           that
           his
           good
           and
           bad
           Qualities
           should
           be
           mention'd
           together
           ;
           otherwise
           he
           may
           
           be
           strangely
           misrepresented
           ,
           and
           an
           indifferent
           Man
           may
           be
           made
           a
           Monster
           .
        
         
           They
           that
           will
           observe
           nothing
           in
           a
           Wise
           man
           ,
           but
           his
           oversights
           and
           follies
           ;
           nothing
           in
           a
           Good
           man
           ,
           but
           his
           failings
           and
           infirmities
           ;
           may
           make
           a
           shift
           to
           render
           a
           very
           wise
           and
           good
           man
           very
           despicable
           .
           If
           one
           should
           heap
           together
           all
           the
           passionate
           Speeches
           ,
           all
           the
           froward
           and
           imprudent
           Actions
           of
           the
           best
           Man
           ;
           all
           that
           he
           had
           said
           ,
           or
           done
           amiss
           in
           his
           whole
           Life
           ,
           and
           present
           it
           all
           at
           one
           view
           ,
           concealing
           his
           Wisdom
           and
           Vertue
           ;
           the
           Man
           in
           this
           Disguise
           would
           look
           like
           a
           Mad-man
           or
           a
           Furie
           :
           And
           yet
           if
           his
           Life
           were
           fairly
           reported
           ,
           and
           just
           in
           the
           same
           manner
           it
           was
           led
           ;
           and
           his
           many
           and
           great
           Virtues
           set
           over
           against
           his
           failings
           and
           infirmities
           ,
           he
           would
           appear
           to
           all
           the
           World
           to
           be
           an
           admirable
           and
           excellent
           Person
           .
           But
           how
           many
           and
           great
           soever
           any
           man's
           ill
           Qualities
           are
           ,
           it
           is
           but
           just
           that
           with
           all
           this
           heavy
           load
           of
           Faults
           he
           should
           have
           the
           due
           praise
           of
           the
           few
           real
           Virtues
           that
           are
           in
           him
           .
        
         
           Fifthly
           ,
           That
           you
           may
           not
           speak
           ill
           of
           any
           ,
           do
           not
           delight
           to
           hear
           ill
           of
           them
           .
           Give
           no
           countenance
           to
           busy-bodies
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           love
           to
           talk
           of
           other
           men's
           Faults
           :
           Or
           if
           you
           cannot
           decently
           reprove
           them
           because
           of
           their
           Qualitie
           ,
           then
           divert
           the
           discourse
           some
           other
           way
           ;
           or
           if
           you
           cannot
           
           do
           that
           ,
           by
           seeming
           not
           to
           mind
           it
           you
           may
           sufficiently
           signifie
           that
           you
           do
           not
           like
           it
           .
        
         
           Sixthly
           ,
           Let
           every
           man
           mind
           himself
           ,
           and
           his
           own
           Duty
           and
           Concernment
           .
           Do
           but
           endeavour
           in
           good
           earnest
           to
           mend
           thy self
           ,
           and
           it
           will
           be
           work
           enough
           for
           one
           Man
           ,
           and
           leave
           thee
           but
           little
           time
           to
           talk
           of
           others
           .
           When
           Plato
           withdrew
           from
           the
           Court
           of
           Dionysius
           ,
           who
           would
           fain
           have
           had
           a
           famous
           Philosopher
           for
           his
           Flatterer
           ,
           they
           parted
           in
           some
           unkindnes
           ,
           and
           Dionysius
           bade
           him
           not
           to
           speak
           ill
           of
           him
           when
           he
           was
           return'd
           into
           
             Greece
             ;
             Plato
          
           told
           him
           ,
           
             he
             had
             no
             leisure
             for
             it
          
           ;
           meaning
           that
           he
           had
           better
           things
           to
           mind
           ,
           than
           to
           take
           up
           his
           thoughts
           ,
           and
           talk
           with
           the
           faults
           of
           so
           bad
           a
           man
           ,
           so
           notoriously
           known
           to
           all
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           Let
           us
           set
           a
           watch
           before
           the
           door
           of
           our
           lips
           ,
           and
           not
           speak
           but
           upon
           consideration
           :
           I
           do
           not
           mean
           to
           speak
           finely
           ,
           but
           fitly
           .
           Especially
           when
           thou
           speakest
           of
           others
           ,
           consider
           of
           whom
           ,
           and
           what
           thou
           art
           going
           to
           speak
           :
           Use
           great
           Caution
           and
           circumspection
           in
           this
           matter
           :
           Look
           well
           about
           thee
           ;
           on
           every
           side
           of
           the
           thing
           ,
           and
           on
           every
           person
           in
           the
           Company
           ,
           before
           thy
           words
           slip
           from
           thee
           ;
           which
           when
           they
           are
           once
           out
           of
           thy
           lips
           ,
           are
           for
           ever
           out
           of
           thy
           power
           .
        
         
         
           Not
           that
           men
           should
           be
           sullen
           in
           company
           ,
           and
           say
           nothing
           ;
           or
           so
           stiff
           in
           conversation
           ,
           as
           to
           drop
           nothing
           but
           Aphorisms
           and
           Oracles
           :
           Especially
           ,
           among
           Equals
           and
           Friends
           ,
           we
           should
           not
           be
           so
           reserved
           as
           if
           we
           would
           have
           it
           taken
           for
           a
           mighty
           favour
           that
           we
           vouchsafe
           to
           say
           any
           thing
           .
           If
           a
           Man
           had
           the
           understanding
           of
           an
           Angel
           ,
           he
           must
           be
           contented
           to
           abate
           something
           of
           this
           excess
           of
           Wisdom
           ,
           for
           fear
           of
           being
           thought
           Cunning.
           The
           true
           Art
           of
           Conversation
           ,
           if
           any
           body
           can
           hitt
           upon
           it
           ,
           seems
           to
           be
           this
           ;
           an
           appearing
           freedom
           and
           opennes
           ,
           with
           a
           resolute
           reservednes
           as
           little
           appearing
           as
           is
           possible
           .
        
         
           All
           that
           I
           mean
           by
           this
           Caution
           is
           ,
           that
           we
           should
           consider
           well
           what
           we
           say
           ,
           especially
           of
           others
           .
           And
           to
           this
           end
           we
           should
           endeavour
           to
           get
           our
           minds
           furnished
           with
           matter
           of
           Discourse
           concerning
           things
           useful
           in
           themselves
           ,
           and
           not
           hurtful
           to
           others
           :
           And
           ,
           if
           we
           have
           but
           a
           mind
           wise
           enough
           ,
           and
           good
           enough
           ,
           we
           may
           easily
           find
           a
           field
           large
           enough
           for
           innocent
           Conversation
           ;
           such
           as
           will
           harm
           no
           body
           ,
           and
           yet
           be
           acceptable
           enough
           to
           the
           better
           and
           wiser
           part
           of
           Mankind
           :
           And
           why
           should
           any
           one
           be
           at
           the
           cost
           of
           playing
           the
           fool
           to
           gratifie
           any
           body
           whatsoever
           .
        
         
         
           I
           have
           done
           with
           the
           Five
           things
           I
           propounded
           to
           speak
           to
           upon
           this
           Argument
           .
           But
           because
           hardly
           any
           thing
           can
           be
           so
           clear
           ,
           but
           something
           may
           be
           said
           against
           it
           ;
           nor
           any
           thing
           so
           bad
           ,
           but
           something
           may
           be
           pleaded
           in
           excuse
           for
           it
           :
           I
           shall
           therefore
           take
           notice
           of
           two
           or
           three
           Pleas
           that
           may
           be
           made
           for
           it
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           Some
           pretend
           mighty
           injury
           and
           provocation
           .
           If
           in
           the
           same
           kind
           ,
           it
           seems
           thou
           art
           sensible
           of
           it
           ;
           and
           therefore
           thou
           of
           all
           men
           oughtest
           to
           abstain
           from
           it
           :
           But
           in
           what
           kind
           soever
           it
           be
           ,
           the
           Christian
           Religion
           forbids
           Revenge
           .
           Therefore
           do
           not
           plead
           one
           Sin
           in
           excuse
           of
           another
           ,
           and
           make
           Revenge
           an
           Apologie
           for
           Reviling
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           It
           is
           alledged
           by
           others
           ,
           with
           a
           little
           better
           grace
           ,
           that
           if
           this
           Doctrine
           were
           practised
           ,
           Conversation
           would
           be
           spoil'd
           ,
           and
           there
           would
           not
           be
           matter
           enough
           for
           pleasant
           discourse
           and
           entertainment
           .
        
         
           I
           answer
           ,
           The
           design
           of
           this
           Discourse
           is
           to
           redress
           a
           great
           evil
           in
           Conversation
           ,
           and
           that
           I
           hope
           which
           mends
           it
           will
           not
           spoil
           it
           .
           And
           however
           ,
           if
           mens
           Tongues
           lay
           a
           little
           more
           still
           ,
           and
           most
           of
           us
           spake
           a
           good
           deal
           less
           than
           we
           do
           ,
           both
           of
           our selves
           and
           others
           ,
           I
           see
           no
           great
           harm
           in
           it
           :
           I
           
           hope
           we
           might
           for
           all
           that
           live
           comfortably
           and
           in
           good
           health
           ,
           and
           see
           many
           good
           dayes
           .
           David
           ,
           I
           am
           sure
           ,
           prescribes
           it
           as
           an
           excellent
           Receipt
           ,
           in
           his
           Opinion
           ,
           for
           a
           quiet
           ,
           and
           cheerful
           ,
           and
           long
           Life
           ,
           to
           refrain
           from
           evil-speaking
           ;
           
             What
             man
             is
          
           
           
             he
             that
             desireth
             life
             ,
             and
             loveth
             many
             dayes
             that
             he
             may
             see
             good
             ?
             Keep
             thy
             tongue
             from
             evil
             ,
             and
             thy
             lips
             from
             speaking
             falsehood
             .
          
        
         
           But
           granting
           that
           there
           is
           some
           pleasure
           in
           Invective
           ,
           I
           hope
           there
           is
           a
           great
           deal
           more
           in
           Innocence
           :
           And
           the
           more
           any
           man
           considers
           this
           ,
           the
           truer
           he
           will
           find
           it
           ;
           and
           whenever
           we
           are
           serious
           ,
           we
           our selves
           cannot
           but
           acknowledg
           it
           .
           When
           a
           man
           examines
           himself
           impartially
           before
           the
           Sacrament
           ,
           or
           is
           put
           in
           mind
           upon
           a
           Death-bed
           to
           make
           reparation
           for
           Injuries
           done
           in
           this
           kind
           ,
           he
           will
           then
           certainly
           be
           of
           this
           mind
           and
           wish
           he
           had
           not
           done
           them
           .
           For
           this
           certainly
           is
           one
           necessary
           qualification
           for
           the
           
             B.
             Sacrament
          
           ,
           that
           we
           
             be
             in
             love
             and
             charitie
             with
             our
             neighbours
          
           ;
           with
           which
           temper
           of
           mind
           this
           qualitie
           is
           utterly
           inconsistent
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           There
           is
           yet
           a
           more
           specious
           Plea
           than
           either
           of
           the
           former
           ,
           that
           men
           will
           be
           encouraged
           to
           do
           ill
           if
           they
           can
           escape
           the
           tongues
           of
           men
           ;
           as
           they
           would
           do
           ,
           if
           this
           Doctrin
           did
           effectually
           take
           place
           :
           Because
           by
           this
           means
           one
           great
           restraint
           from
           doing
           evil
           would
           be
           taken
           away
           ,
           
           which
           these
           good
           men
           who
           are
           so
           bent
           upon
           reforming
           the
           World
           ,
           think
           would
           be
           great
           pity
           .
           For
           many
           who
           will
           venture
           upon
           the
           displeasure
           of
           God
           ,
           will
           yet
           abstain
           from
           doing
           bad
           things
           for
           fear
           of
           reproach
           from
           Men
           :
           Besides
           ,
           that
           this
           seems
           the
           most
           proper
           punishment
           of
           many
           Faults
           which
           the
           Laws
           of
           men
           can
           take
           no
           notice
           of
           .
        
         
           Admitting
           all
           this
           to
           be
           true
           ,
           yet
           it
           does
           not
           seem
           so
           good
           and
           laudable
           a
           way
           to
           punish
           one
           Fault
           by
           another
           .
           But
           let
           no
           man
           encourage
           himself
           in
           an
           evil
           way
           with
           this
           hope
           ,
           that
           he
           shall
           escape
           the
           censure
           of
           men
           :
           when
           I
           have
           said
           all
           I
           can
           ,
           there
           will
           ,
           I
           fear
           ,
           be
           evil-speaking
           enough
           in
           the
           World
           to
           chastise
           them
           that
           do
           ill
           :
           And
           though
           we
           should
           hold
           our
           peace
           ,
           there
           will
           be
           bad
           tongues
           enow
           to
           reproach
           men
           with
           their
           evil
           doings
           .
           I
           wish
           we
           could
           but
           be
           persuaded
           to
           make
           the
           Experiment
           for
           a
           little
           while
           ,
           whether
           men
           would
           not
           be
           sufficiently
           lash'd
           for
           their
           Faults
           ,
           though
           we
           sate
           by
           and
           said
           nothing
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           there
           is
           no
           need
           at
           all
           that
           good
           men
           should
           be
           concern'd
           in
           this
           odious
           Work.
           There
           will
           alwayes
           be
           offenders
           and
           Malefactours
           enow
           to
           be
           the
           Executioners
           to
           inflict
           this
           punishment
           upon
           one
           another
           .
           Therefore
           let
           no
           man
           presume
           upon
           Impunitie
           on
           the
           one
           hand
           ;
           and
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           let
           no
           man
           despair
           but
           that
           this
           busines
           will
           be
           sufficiently
           done
           one
           way
           
           or
           other
           .
           I
           am
           very
           much
           mistaken
           ,
           if
           we
           may
           not
           safely
           trust
           an
           ill-natur'd
           World
           that
           there
           will
           be
           no
           failure
           of
           Justice
           in
           this
           kind
           .
        
         
           And
           here
           ,
           if
           I
           durst
           ,
           I
           would
           fain
           have
           said
           a
           word
           or
           two
           concerning
           that
           more
           publick
           sort
           of
           Obloquy
           by
           Lampoons
           and
           Libells
           ,
           so
           much
           in
           fashion
           in
           this
           wittie
           Age.
           But
           I
           have
           no
           mind
           to
           provoke
           a
           very
           terrible
           sort
           of
           men
           .
           Yet
           thus
           much
           I
           hope
           may
           be
           said
           without
           offence
           ,
           that
           how
           much
           soever
           men
           are
           pleas'd
           to
           see
           others
           abused
           in
           this
           kind
           ,
           yet
           it
           is
           alwayes
           grievous
           when
           it
           comes
           to
           their
           own
           turn
           :
           However
           I
           cannot
           but
           hope
           that
           every
           man
           that
           impartially
           considers
           must
           own
           it
           to
           be
           a
           fault
           of
           a
           very
           high
           nature
           to
           revile
           those
           whom
           God
           hath
           placed
           in
           Authority
           over
           us
           ,
           and
           
             to
             slander
             the
             footsteps
             of
             the
             Lords
             Anointed
             :
          
           Especially
           since
           it
           is
           so
           expresly
           written
           ,
           
             Thou
             shalt
             not
             speak
             evil
             of
             the
             Rulers
             of
             thy
             People
             .
          
        
         
           Having
           represented
           the
           great
           evil
           of
           this
           Vice
           ,
           it
           might
           not
           now
           be
           improper
           to
           say
           something
           to
           those
           who
           suffer
           by
           it
           .
           Are
           we
           guilty
           of
           the
           evil
           said
           of
           us
           ?
           let
           us
           reform
           ,
           and
           cut
           off
           all
           occasions
           for
           the
           future
           ;
           and
           so
           turn
           the
           malice
           of
           our
           Enemies
           to
           our
           own
           advantage
           ,
           and
           defeat
           their
           ill
           intentions
           by
           making
           so
           good
           an
           use
           of
           it
           :
           And
           then
           it
           will
           be
           well
           for
           us
           to
           have
           been
           evil
           spoken
           of
           .
        
         
         
           Are
           we
           innocent
           ?
           We
           may
           so
           much
           the
           better
           bear
           it
           patiently
           ;
           imitating
           herein
           the
           Pattern
           of
           our
           
             B.
             Saviour
             ,
             who
             when
             he
             was
             reviled
             ,
             reviled
             not
             again
             ,
             but
             committed
             himself
             to
             him
             that
             judgeth
             righteously
             .
          
        
         
           We
           may
           consider
           likewise
           ,
           that
           though
           it
           be
           a
           misfortune
           to
           be
           evil-spoken
           of
           ,
           it
           is
           their
           fault
           that
           do
           it
           ,
           and
           not
           ours
           ;
           and
           therefore
           should
           not
           put
           us
           into
           Passion
           ,
           because
           another
           man's
           being
           injurious
           to
           me
           is
           no
           good
           reason
           why
           I
           should
           be
           uneasie
           to
           my self
           .
           We
           should
           not
           revenge
           the
           injuries
           done
           to
           us
           ,
           no
           not
           upon
           them
           that
           do
           them
           ,
           much
           less
           upon
           our selves
           .
           Let
           no
           man's
           Provocation
           make
           thee
           to
           lose
           thy
           Patience
           .
           Be
           not
           such
           a
           fool
           ,
           as
           to
           part
           with
           any
           one
           Virtue
           because
           some
           men
           are
           so
           malicious
           as
           to
           endeavour
           to
           rob
           thee
           of
           the
           Reputation
           of
           all
           the
           rest
           .
           When
           men
           speak
           ill
           of
           thee
           ,
           do
           as
           Plato
           said
           he
           would
           do
           in
           that
           case
           ;
           
             live
             so
             ,
             as
             that
             no
             body
             may
             believe
             them
             .
          
        
         
           All
           that
           now
           remains
           is
           to
           reflect
           upon
           what
           hath
           been
           said
           ,
           and
           to
           urge
           you
           and
           my self
           to
           do
           accordingly
           .
           For
           all
           is
           nothing
           ,
           if
           we
           do
           not
           practise
           what
           we
           so
           plainly
           see
           to
           be
           our
           Duty
           .
           Many
           are
           so
           taken
           up
           with
           the
           deep
           Points
           and
           Mysteries
           of
           Religion
           ,
           that
           they
           never
           think
           of
           the
           common
           Duties
           and
           Offices
           of
           human
           Life
           .
           But
           Faith
           and
           a
           
             good
             Life
          
           are
           so
           far
           from
           clashing
           with
           
           one
           another
           ,
           that
           the
           
             Christian
             Religion
          
           hath
           made
           them
           inseparable
           .
           True
           Faith
           is
           necessary
           in
           order
           to
           a
           
             good
             Life
          
           ,
           and
           a
           
             good
             Life
          
           is
           the
           genuine
           product
           of
           a
           
             right
             Belief
          
           ;
           and
           therefore
           the
           one
           never
           ought
           to
           be
           press'd
           to
           the
           prejudice
           of
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           I
           foresee
           what
           will
           be
           ,
           because
           it
           hath
           so
           often
           been
           said
           in
           the
           like
           case
           ;
           that
           there
           is
           
             not
             one
             word
             of
             Jesus
             Christ
             in
             all
             this
             .
          
           No
           more
           is
           there
           in
           the
           Text.
           And
           yet
           I
           hope
           that
           
             Jesus
             Christ
          
           is
           truly
           preach'd
           ,
           when
           ever
           his
           Will
           and
           Lawes
           ,
           and
           the
           Dutyes
           injoyn'd
           by
           the
           
             Christian
             Religion
          
           are
           inculcated
           upon
           us
           .
        
         
           But
           some
           men
           are
           pleased
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           
             this
             is
             mere
             Moralitie
          
           ,
           I
           answer
           ,
           that
           this
           is
           Scripture-Moralitie
           and
           Christian-Moralitie
           ,
           and
           who
           hath
           any
           thing
           to
           say
           against
           that
           ?
           Nay
           ,
           I
           will
           go
           yet
           further
           ,
           that
           no
           man
           ought
           to
           pretend
           to
           believe
           the
           Christian
           Religion
           ,
           who
           lives
           in
           the
           neglect
           of
           so
           plain
           a
           Duty
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           practice
           of
           a
           Sin
           so
           clearly
           condemn'd
           by
           it
           ,
           as
           this
           of
           evil-speaking
           is
           .
        
         
           But
           because
           
             the
             Word
             of
             God
             is
             quick
             and
             powerful
             ,
             and
             sharper
             than
             a
             two-edged
             Sword
             ,
          
           yea
           sharper
           than
           Calumnie
           it self
           ;
           and
           pierceth
           the
           very
           hearts
           and
           Consciences
           of
           men
           ,
           laying
           us
           open
           to
           our selves
           ,
           and
           convincing
           us
           of
           our
           more
           secret
           as
           well
           as
           our
           more
           visible
           Faults
           ;
           I
           shall
           therefore
           at
           one
           view
           represent
           to
           you
           what
           is
           dispersedly
           said
           concerning
           this
           Sin
           in
           the
           
             H.
             Word
             of
             God.
          
           
        
         
         
           And
           I
           have
           purposely
           reserved
           this
           to
           the
           last
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           more
           persuasive
           and
           penetrating
           than
           any
           Human
           Discourse
           .
           And
           to
           this
           end
           be
           pleas'd
           to
           consider
           in
           what
           company
           the
           
             H.
             Ghost
          
           doth
           usually
           mention
           this
           Sin.
           There
           is
           scarce
           any
           
             black
             Catalogue
          
           of
           Sins
           in
           the
           Bible
           but
           we
           find
           this
           among
           them
           ;
           in
           the
           company
           of
           the
           very
           worst
           Actions
           and
           most
           irregular
           Passions
           of
           men
           .
           
             Out
             of
          
           
           
             the
             heart
          
           ,
           sayes
           our
           
             Saviour
             ,
             proceed
             evil
             thoughts
             ,
             murders
             ,
             adulteries
             ,
             fornications
             ,
             false
             witnes
             ,
             evil-speakings
             .
          
           And
           the
           Apostle
           ranks
           backbiters
           with
           fornicatours
           ,
           and
           murderers
           ,
           and
           
             haters
             of
             God
          
           ;
           and
           with
           
           those
           of
           whom
           it
           is
           expresly
           said
           that
           
             they
             shall
             not
          
           
           
             inherit
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             God.
          
           
        
         
           And
           when
           he
           enumerates
           the
           Sins
           of
           
             the
             last
             times
             ,
             Men
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             shall
             be
             lovers
             of
             themselves
             ,
             covetous
             ,
          
           
           
             boasters
             ,
             evil-speakers
             ,
             without
             natural
             affection
             ,
             perfidious
             ,
             false
             accusers
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           And
           which
           is
           the
           strangest
           of
           all
           ,
           they
           who
           are
           said
           to
           be
           guilty
           of
           these
           great
           Vices
           and
           enormities
           are
           noted
           by
           the
           Apostle
           to
           be
           great
           pretenders
           to
           Religion
           ;
           for
           so
           it
           follows
           in
           the
           next
           words
           ,
           
             having
             a
             form
             of
             godliness
             ,
             but
             denying
             the
             power
             thereof
             .
          
           So
           that
           it
           is
           no
           new
           thing
           for
           men
           to
           make
           a
           more
           than
           an
           ordinary
           profession
           of
           Christianity
           ,
           and
           yet
           at
           the
           same
           time
           to
           live
           in
           a
           most
           palpable
           contradiction
           to
           the
           Precepts
           of
           that
           
             H.
             Religion
          
           :
           As
           if
           any
           pretence
           to
           Mysterie
           and
           I
           know
           not
           what
           extraordinary
           
           attainments
           in
           the
           knowledg
           of
           Christ
           ,
           could
           exempt
           men
           from
           obedience
           to
           his
           Laws
           ,
           and
           set
           them
           above
           the
           Virtues
           of
           a
           good
           Life
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           after
           all
           this
           ,
           do
           we
           hardly
           think
           that
           to
           be
           a
           Sin
           ,
           which
           is
           in
           Scripture
           so
           frequently
           rank'd
           with
           Murther
           and
           Adultery
           and
           the
           
             blackest
             Crimes
          
           ;
           such
           as
           are
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           life
           and
           power
           of
           Religion
           ,
           and
           will
           certainly
           shut
           men
           out
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           God
           ?
           Do
           we
           believe
           the
           Bible
           to
           be
           the
           
             Word
             of
             God
          
           ?
           and
           can
           we
           allow
           our selves
           in
           the
           common
           practice
           of
           a
           Sin
           ,
           than
           which
           there
           is
           hardly
           any
           Fault
           of
           mens
           lives
           more
           frequently
           mention'd
           ,
           more
           severely
           reprov'd
           ,
           and
           more
           odiously
           branded
           in
           that
           
             H.
             Book
          
           ?
        
         
           Consider
           seriously
           these
           
             Texts
             .
             Who
             shall
             abide
          
           
           
             in
             thy
             Tabernacle
             ,
             who
             shall
             dwell
             in
             thy
             holy
             Hill
             ?
             He
             that
             backbiteth
             not
             with
             his
             tongue
             ,
             nor
             taketh
             up
             a
             reproach
             against
             his
             neighbour
             .
          
           Have
           ye
           never
           heard
           what
           our
           Saviour
           says
           ,
           that
           
             of
             every
             idle
             word
             we
             must
             give
             an
             account
             in
             the
             day
             of
             Judgment
          
           ;
           that
           
             by
             thy
             words
             thou
             shalt
             be
             justified
             ,
             and
             by
             thy
             words
             thou
             shalt
             be
             condemn'd
             ?
          
           What
           can
           be
           more
           severe
           than
           that
           of
           St.
           
             James
             ?
             If
             any
             man
             among
             you
             seemeth
             to
             be
             religious
             ,
             and
             bridleth
             not
             his
             tongue
             ,
             that
             man's
             Religion
             is
             vain
             .
          
        
         
           To
           conclude
           :
           The
           Sin
           ,
           which
           I
           have
           now
           warned
           men
           against
           ,
           is
           plainly
           condemn'd
           by
           the
           
             Word
             of
             God
          
           ;
           and
           the
           Duty
           which
           I
           have
           now
           been
           
           persuading
           you
           to
           ,
           is
           easie
           for
           every
           man
           to
           understand
           ,
           not
           hard
           for
           any
           man
           ,
           that
           can
           but
           resolve
           to
           keep
           a
           good
           guard
           upon
           himself
           for
           some
           time
           ,
           by
           the
           grace
           of
           God
           to
           practice
           ;
           and
           most
           reasonable
           for
           all
           Men
           ,
           but
           especially
           for
           all
           Christians
           ,
           to
           observe
           .
           It
           is
           as
           easie
           as
           a
           
             resolute
             silence
          
           ,
           upon
           just
           occasion
           ,
           as
           reasonable
           as
           prudence
           and
           justice
           and
           charitie
           ,
           and
           the
           preservation
           of
           peace
           and
           good-will
           among
           men
           ,
           can
           make
           it
           ;
           and
           of
           as
           necessary
           and
           indispensable
           an
           obligation
           ,
           as
           the
           Authority
           of
           God
           can
           render
           any
           thing
           ,
        
         
           Upon
           all
           which
           Considerations
           let
           us
           every
           one
           of
           us
           be
           perswaded
           to
           take
           up
           David's
           deliberate
           Resolution
           ,
           
             I
             said
             ,
             I
             will
             take
             heed
             to
             my
             wayes
             ,
          
           
           
             that
             I
             offend
             not
             with
             my
             tongue
             .
          
           And
           I
           do
           verily
           believe
           ,
           that
           would
           we
           but
           heartily
           endeavour
           to
           amend
           this
           one
           Fault
           ,
           we
           should
           soon
           be
           better
           men
           in
           our
           whole
           lives
           :
           I
           mean
           ,
           that
           the
           correcting
           of
           this
           Vice
           ,
           together
           with
           those
           that
           are
           nearly
           allied
           to
           it
           ,
           and
           may
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           and
           almost
           with
           the
           same
           resolution
           and
           care
           be
           corrected
           ,
           would
           make
           us
           Owners
           of
           a
           great
           many
           considerable
           Virtues
           ,
           and
           carry
           us
           on
           a
           good
           way
           towards
           perfection
           ;
           it
           being
           hardly
           to
           be
           imagin'd
           that
           a
           man
           that
           makes
           conscience
           of
           his
           Words
           should
           not
           take
           an
           equal
           or
           a
           greater
           care
           of
           his
           Actions
           .
           And
           this
           I
           take
           to
           be
           both
           the
           true
           meaning
           and
           the
           true
           reason
           of
           that
           saying
           of
           St.
           
           James
           ,
           and
           with
           which
           I
           shall
           conclude
           ;
           
             If
             any
             man
             offend
             not
             in
             Word
             ,
             the
             same
             is
             a
             perfect
             man.
             
          
        
         
           
             Now
             the
             God
             of
             peace
             ,
             who
             brought
             again
             from
             the
             dead
             our
             Lord
             Jesus
             Christ
             ,
             the
             great
             Shepherd
             of
             the
             Sheep
             ,
             through
             the
             blood
             of
             the
             everlasting
             Covenant
             ,
             make
             you
             perfect
             in
             every
             good
          
           word
           and
           work
           ,
           to
           do
           his
           will
           ;
           
             working
             in
             you
             alwayes
             that
             which
             is
             well
             pleasing
             in
             his
             sight
             ,
             through
             Jesus
             Christ
             ,
          
           to
           whom
           be
           glory
           for
           ever
           ,
        
         
           Amen
           .
        
         
           THE
           END
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           
             Books
             Published
             by
             his
             Grace
          
           .
           JOHN
           
             Lord
             Arch-Bishop
             of
          
           Canterbury
           .
        
         
           THirty
           Sermons
           and
           Discourses
           upon
           several
           Occasions
           ,
           in
           three
           Volumes
           ,
           in
           Octavo
           .
        
         
           The
           
             Rule
             of
             Faith
          
           ;
           or
           ,
           an
           Answer
           to
           the
           Treatise
           of
           Mr.
           
             J.
             Sergant
          
           ,
           in
           Octavo
           .
        
         
           A
           Discourse
           against
           Transubstantiation
           ,
           8vo
           .
           alone
           price
           3d.
           
        
         
           A
           Persuasive
           to
           frequent
           Communion
           in
           the
           Sacrament
           of
           the
           Lords
           Supper
           ,
           Octavo
           ,
           alone
           price
           3d.
           the
           same
           in
           Twelves
           ,
           bound
           6d
           .
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           at
           
           Lincolns-Inn-Chappel
           on
           the
           31st
           .
           of
           January
           ,
           1688
           ,
           being
           appointed
           for
           a
           Publick
           Thanksgiving
           to
           Almighty
           God
           for
           having
           made
           His
           Highness
           the
           Prince
           of
           Orange
           the
           Glorious
           Instrument
           of
           the
           great
           Deliverance
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           from
           Popery
           and
           Arbitrary
           Power
           ,
           Quarto
           .
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           Queen
           at
           Whitehal
           ,
           on
           Matth.
           5.
           44.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           King
           and
           Queen
           at
           Hampton-Court
           ,
           on
           Luke
           10.
           42.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           Queen
           ,
           on
           Matth.
           25.
           46.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           House
           of
           Commons
           upon
           a
           Monthly
           Fast
           ,
           Eccles
           .
           9.
           11.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           Lord
           Mayor
           at
           Bow-Church
           upon
           a
           Monthly
           Fast
           ,
           Jerem.
           6.
           8.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           Queen
           ,
           on
           Acts
           24.
           16.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           Queen
           at
           
             White
             hall
          
           ,
           upon
           the
           Monthly
           Fast
           ,
           Sept.
           16.
           1691.
           on
           Zech.
           7.
           5.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           Queen
           at
           
             White-hall
             ,
             March
          
           20.
           1691
           /
           2
           ,
           on
           Psalm
           73.
           25.
           
        
         
           A
           Publick
           Thanksgiving
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           King
           and
           Queen
           at
           
             White-hall
             ,
             October
          
           27.
           1692.
           on
           Jerem.
           9.
           23
           ,
           24.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           before
           the
           Queen
           at
           
             White-hall
             ,
             April
          
           9.
           1693
           ,
           Concerning
           the
           Sacrifice
           and
           Satisfaction
           of
           Christ
           ,
           on
           Heb.
           9.
           26.
           
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           Concerning
           the
           Unity
           of
           the
           Divine
           Nature
           ,
           and
           the
           Blessed
           Trinity
           ,
           on
           1
           Timothy
           2.
           5.
           
        
         
           The
           Exact
           Effigies
           of
           his
           Grace
           JOHN
           Lord
           Archbishop
           of
           〈◊〉
           large
           sheet
           of
           Paper
           .
           Curiously
           Ingraven
           
        
         
      
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A62612-e300
           
             Ecclus.
             19.
             16.
             
          
           
             Jam.
             3.
             2.
             
          
           
             Jam.
             1.
             26.
             
          
           
             I.
             
          
           
             II.
             
          
           
             Ecclus.
             19.
             8.
             
          
           
             Ecclus.
             19.
             13
             ,
             14
             ,
             15.
             
          
           
             III.
             
          
           
             Matth.
             24.
             12.
             
          
           
             Ecclus.
             19.
             8
             ,
             9.
             
          
           
             Matth.
             7.
             
          
           
             Psal
             .
             34.
             12
             ,
             13.
             
          
           
             Jam.
             1.
             26.
             
          
           
             1
             Cor.
             6.
             10.
             
          
           
             Wisd
             .
             of
             Solomon
             .
             c.
             1.
             v.
             11.
             
          
           
             IV.
             
          
           
             Ecclus.
             19.
             10.
             
          
           
             V.
             
          
           
             Psal
             .
             34.
             12
             ,
             13.
             
          
           
             Matth.
             15.
             19.
             
          
           
             Rom.
             1.
             29.
             
          
           
             1
             Cor.
             6.
             10.
             
          
           
             2
             Tim.
             3.
             2
             ,
             3.
             
          
           
             Ps
             .
             15.
             1.
             
          
           
             Ps
             .
             31.
             1.