Of the perspicuity of Scripture, and rules for interpretation of it a sermon preached at St. Martins in the Fields, Mar. 2, 1695/6, being the third of the lecture for this present year, founded by the Honourable Robert Boyle, Esquire / by John Williams ... Williams, John, 1636?-1709. 1696 Approx. 41 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 18 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2005-12 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A66404 Wing W2712 ESTC R38654 17881144 ocm 17881144 106696 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. 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Sermons, English -- 17th century. 2005-01 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2005-01 Aptara Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-05 Emma (Leeson) Huber Sampled and proofread 2005-05 Emma (Leeson) Huber Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion Of the Perspicuity of Scripture , and Rules for Interpretation of it . A SERMON Preached at St. Martins in the Fields , Mar. 2. 1695 / 6. BEING THE Third of the LECTURE For this Present YEAR , Founded by the Honourable ROBERT BOYLE , Esquire . By JOHN WILLIAMS , D. D. Chaplain in Ordinary to His Majesty . LONDON : Printed for Ri. Chiswell , and Tho. Cockerill , Sen r & Jun r : At the Rose and Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard ; and at the Three Legs in the Poultrey . MDCXCVI . ACTS XVII . 11 , 12. These were more noble than those in Thessalonica , in that they received the word with all readiness of mind , and Searched the Scriptures daily , whether those things were so . Therefore many of them believed . THESE Words are the Character of the Bereans , to whom St. Paul and Silas Preached the Gospel , being drove from Thessalonica , a Neighbouring City of Macedonia , by the Fury of the Unbelieving Jews , that accused them of doing things contrary to the Decrees of Caesar , and by this means set all that City in an uproar . But how hardly soever they were used there , they found a better Treatment from the Bereans , of whom St. Luke saith , that they were more noble , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 more ingenuous , than those in Thessalonica , in that they received the word with all readiness of mind , and Searched the Scriptures daily , whether those things were so , &c. In which Words : 1. We are Directed to the Rule , by which all Points of Faith are to be Determined ; and that is the Scriptures . 2. There is the Capacity all Persons are in to judge of that Rule ; for the Words are spoken indifferently of the Jews in Berea , the Auditory , to whom St. Paul Preached ; that they Searched . 3. Here are the Qualifications of such as would judge aright , and they are Sincerity and Diligence : They were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 more candid , and they Searched the Scriptures daily . 4. There is the way and means which are to be used in the Interpretation of the Rule ; and that is by comparing the Doctrine with Scriptures ; there they Searched , whether those things were so . 5. There is the Success of this course , Therefore many of them believed . I have already Treated of the Three First of these in the foregoing Sermon , and have shewed the Scriptures to be the Rule of Faith ; that it is the privilege of all to repair to that Rule for satisfaction ; and that by Searching , they may arrive thereby to a Knowledge and understanding of that Rule . And I shall now proceed to the way of Interpretation , and the Consideration of the course that is to be taken for the better understanding of the Scriptures . In Discoursing upon which , 1. I shall premise some things with reference both to the Perspicuity and Difficulties of Scripture ; for it must be acknowledged that the Sacred Books have a mixture of both . 2. I shall lay down such Rules , as may be of use for the better Interpretation of it . As to the former I premise , 1. When we speak of the Scriptures , we take it for granted that the Translation of it , generally speaking , renders the true sense of the Original ; that is , the Original and Translation are to him that understands both , as it were but one Book ; and so again to him that understands the Translation only , it is the same as if he understood the Original . And that this is so , is evident ; because all Translations ( though not Expositions ) of what Language , Church , or Age soever , do for the most part agree : And if a Catena or Draught were made of them , as there was of the Ancient Versions , it would appear so to be , beyond all Contradiction . So that if any Stranger utterly unacquainted with the Christian Doctrine , or the Translations , but skill'd in those Languages , should compare them , he would be able to say that the Book was the same , and only differ'd in the Language ; as the Ancient , viz. The Greek , and Arabick , and Syriack ; or Modern , viz. English , French , German , or Italian , &c. And let Men differ as they will in their particular Opinions , let them be Jews , as were the Translators of the Septuagint ; Apostates , as was Aquila ; Marcionites , as Theodotion ; Ebionites , as Symmachus . Yet unless in those points in which they industriously corrupt the Text to serve a cause , and wilfully and apparently depart from the Original , there is a general consent among them in the main . Which is a clear proof , 2. That the Scriptures were Wrote so as to be understood ; for else how could different Translators , unacquainted with the Language or Writings of each other , so exactly hit upon the same rendition of it ? And indeed it would be too bare fac'd a Reflection upon Almighty God , by whose Direction and Inspiration the Scripture was Wrote ( as I have shewed ) to suppose that such a Book thus proceeding from so Divine a hand ; and upon so noble a Design as the Revelation of God's Will to Man , should labour under such a defect as the Compositions of Men of common Understanding are not guilty of . Certainly it is as possible to Write so as to be understood , as it is to Speak and be understood ; and since Writing is but a kind of Speech , Speech may as well be supposed unintelligible as Writing ; and if it were so , both the pleasure and benefit of Conversation would be prevented and lost . And what a presumption is it to deny that to God which we give to Men ; and that when we grant that Men not only can , but do express their Thoughts plainly upon occasion by Writing , that God either has not that Power , or Will ; but where he pretends to declare his Will to Mankind , it should , as God saith to Job 38. 2. darken counsel by words without knowledge ; and Write so as not to be understood , which is to Write to no purpose , but only to fill the World with contention , as if what is call'd Revelation were not to send Peace , but in the Letter of it , a Sword of strife among Mankind ? If we own God for the Author , we must say , that the Scriptures were Wrote that they might be understood . 3. We may suppose further , that at the time when the Scriptures were Written , they were intelligible by those that were Cotemporaries with the Writers , and understood the Language they were Written in . Which was a great advantage they had above all After-Ages ; for there is no Nation but what has peculiar Customs , to which Forms of Speech often relate ; nor is there any Language which hath not Idiotisms and Phrases of their own ; and therefore where these are not to be understood , or are not observed , the sense is lost or prejudiced , and perplexed , as I shall presently shew . 4. We may reasonably conclude , that what had no immediate reference to the persons then in being , nor to the Ages , and Customs , and Proprieties then in use , but contained common matters , and was Clothed in common Forms of Speech , was intelligible to others that did not live in those Ages , and generally as intelligible as to those that did . Such is the Decalogue , which may be understood by us in this Age as well as those that were at Mount Sinai at the first delivering of it . 5. The Scriptures being to continue to the World's End , and , generally speaking , being written for the use of all Men of all Ages and Nations , they must consequently be Intelligible in the main , and capable of being understood by all persons in all times ; or else they were written in vain : For to what purpose should they be preserved , or should they oblige Mankind to read them , if they were not to be understood ? 6. I may say , that in Fact the Scriptures are plain in all things that are intended for the use of all , and that are necessary for all to know , in point of Faith or Practice . Such are , ( 1. ) All the Principles of Natural Religion , such as the Being of a God , and his Creation of all things ; the Worship to be given to him , the Government of the World by Providence ; the Immortality of the Soul , and a State of Rewards and Punishments in another Life . These every one may understand as he reads them in Scripture , and which no man can read , but he must find out and understand . ( 2. ) Such is the History of Providence , that is God's prospering the good and punishing wicked Nations ; his preserving a Church under all the Storms of the most violent Persecutions : His carrying on the train of Prophecies through all interruptions ; and accomplishing them at the time , and after the manner long before prefixed . These are matters of Fact , and what are obvious to all in the reading of them . ( 3. ) Such is matter of pure Revelation , and especially that which concerns the Redemption of Mankind by Jesus Christ. As to his Person , that he was before the Worlds , which were made by him : That in the fulness of time , according to the Ancient Predictions , he became Man , and was made Flesh : That he wrought Miracles in Confirmation of his Mission from God , and of the Doctrine he Taught and Professed to receive from the Father : That he was Crucified and Died as a Sacrifice for the Sins of all Mankind : That he rose again the Third Day from the Dead , and ascended into Heaven : That he sent down the Holy Spirit , and continues at the Right Hand of God to be our Mediator ; and that we are with respect to that Mediation , to offer up all our Prayers in his Name to the Father : And that he is to come at the End of the World to Judgment , and shall raise the Dead , and Summon them all before his Tribunal . ( 4. ) Of the like kind are all the Proofs and Confirmations of the Doctrine of our Saviour before spoken of under another Character ; such are Prophecies and Miracles . Prophecies , which though sometimes obscure in point of Phrase , yet there are those that are without difficulty ; as that of Josiah and Cyrus by Name , that of the place of our Saviour's Birth , the Stock and Lineage , the Tribe and Family he should proceed from ; the time he should sufferin &c. And the other Attestation by Miracles is too evident to be insisted upon . ( 5. ) Of this sort are the terms of Salvation ; among those things which are plainly set down in Scripture ; we may find whatever relates to Faith and Manners of Life : And in these two are comprehended all that is necessary to Salvation . So that whatever is not plainly set down in Scripture , or evidently inferr'd from it , is not necessary to Salvation . Now I am apt to think , that no person that comes unprejudiced , I mean not prepossess'd with contrary Principles , or corrupt Affections , but must needs own the Scripture to be clear in the points before rehearsed , if so be he reads it with an ordinary Diligence and Care. But will it be said , Are there not obscurities allowed to be in Scripture , and difficulties which are not to be surmounted ? And what is a clearer proof of this , than the different Expositions we meet with , and the different Opinions Men espouse , and therefore espouse them because they conceive them to be the dictates of Holy Writ ? 1. I Answer , That is no Objection against it ; for then there can be nothing certain , if the calling it in question will render it uncertain . 2. This indeed has been an Argument set up to overthrow the Authority of Scripture , and some have been so impertinent as to make use of the various Constructions and Significations of Words , to serve this impious cause . And so among other things , one quotes that Saying of Quintilian , There are innumerable kinds of words of ambiguous and various signification ; so that it seemed to some of the Philosophers , that there was no word that doth not signify many things . But if this be a reason why the Scripture is obscure , and the sense not attainable , then it is common with that to all Books whatsoever , not excepting even that Book which the Author thought so well of , as to publish for the Information of the World. If this were of any force , then it would be to no more purpose to speak than to write ; because the words we use are capable of different senses , as well as what we write . This is a way of arguing that proves too much , and goes too far , and serves no more than an argument that falls short , and comes not up to the Case in hand . This would make the Divine Oracles like those of the Devil , to be no other than Aenigma's and Riddles , as if , in the New coined Phrase of the Members of the Romish Church , they were but the Various figures of Ink upon a Book : Or served to no other use than white Paper , to Write what you will upon , and make what sense out of it that a fruitful Brain can invent . 3. Though there are obscurities in Scripture , it falls upon such points as are not in themselves necessary , and not necessary to all ; and notwithstanding which , a person may be saved though he dye ignorant of them , or of the sence of those Scriptures which contain them . For there is no greater sign of their not being necessary , than that they are not what we can understand , or are not plainly to be found in Scripture . 4. Though there are obscurities in Scripture , yet they are nothing in comparison to the plain Texts of it ; and which no more hinder us from understanding the plain , than the Spots in the Sun prevent us of the Light of it . The Obscurities are like the various Readings , of little consequence , and importance , ( as I have shewed ) and nothing comparable to what remains intire and perspicuous . They are only some things that are hard to be understood . But how many are the plain and intelligible , and especially of things necessary to Salvation ? 5. When , I say , there are Obscurities in Scripture , and that they fall upon less necessary points , I grant that even those obscure parts are not without their use ; it being here , as in the Heavens , where the Cloudy Stars that scatter a faintish light through the Galaxy or Milky-way , though not discernible but by a Telescope ; yet ( if we may judge of what we do not know of Nature , by what we do ) have their use , and by their Influences , without doubt , serve a Noble design . So though the Obscure Texts of Scripture afford a dim light in comparison , and what we can at present give but a slender account of ; yet we our selves have sometimes perceived , when we have come by searching to understand any of them , that we understood not before , that they prove of very great advantage ; as they serve to confirm the plain , and do give light to those that were otherwise , and were it not for the light given by these , would have remained obscure . And indeed , Almighty God has so wisely ordered it , that as there are some Works in Nature we do understand , and some we do not ; some serve a lesser , and some a greater end : So has he also temper'd the body of Scripture together , the difficult with the easy , the obscure with the plain , the less necessary with the greater , that our industry may be excited by our endeavour to understand them ; and our labour be rewarded by the understanding of them : That we may Search as the Bereans here did , and upon our Searching , may , as they , come to believe and understand , or be confirmed in our belief of them . Toward the better understanding of which , 2. I shall direct to some Rules that may be of singular use to us in our Search and Enquiry . 1. Where in the first place it is advisable , that we be very conversant in the Sacred Text ; and as the Bereans , search it daily ; by which means much of the obscurity will wear off ; and the Phrase , and Style , and way of arguing will be more evident , and the matter of it make not only the stronger impression on our minds , but be clear'd up also insensibly to us . We see how much difficulties are lessened by practice , as it is in learning the Alphabet , and the first Principles of any Language or Science ; and when we in the beginning struggled with our selves , and used a kind of force to bend our minds to it , by degrees the difficulties abated , and we became complete Masters of the matter that lay before us . So it is in reading the Scriptures , where by use we are wonderfully let into the meaning of them . For this reason it was that the Prophets were read in the Synagogue every Sabbath-day , as is implied , Act. 13. 27. And why also the Scriptures were read as well when not understood as when they were ; according to the practice of the Eunuch . For to what purpose would it have been for him when alone , without an Interpreter , to have read Isaias the Prophet upon such an obscure Argument , if by reading it he might not have been some help to himself , and by degrees have attained to a further understanding of it more or less ? And I dare appeal to any that have taken this course , and have daily read , and read them with the like impartiality as other Books , and much more where they have read them with the reverence and attention due to Divine Oracles , whether they have not found the difficulties lessen upon their hands . And if such as daily read those Books with these and the like Qualifications , would but account with themselves for all the difficulties assoyl'd and solved this way , without any other assistance , it would be no unpleasant or unprofitable reflection . 2. Although it be of this advantage to read the Scriptures in course , as was usual in publick in the Synagogues , and in private among persons piously disposed : Yet it would add much to the rendring the abstruser parts more easy and intelligible , if they began with the plainest , either for Duty or Matter , and then proceeded to the more obscure . For this is a reducing things into a strict and natural method ; and is like the beginning with the beginning of a Book wrote in that way , and so gradually proceeding as we are led along from point to point , from Proposition to Proposition , till we come to the end of that , and the difficulties together . The Scripture I own is far from being Wrote after this humane and artificial method , but in a way Extraordinary and Divine : and is among other reasons , composed after the manner in which it is , that we may be obliged to use a befitting industry in searching into the meaning of it ; and 't is certainly one part of that industry so to order it , that as there is this difference plainly to be observed in Scripture , so we would thus make an advantage of it by beginning with Words and things easy to be understood , before we attempt to understand what is in a sphere for the present above our capacity ; for such have need of milk , and not of strong meat , which belongeth to them that are of full age , even those who by reason of use have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil ; and I will add , between things plain and abstruse , more necessary and less , certain and doubtful . 3. Another Rule for the understanding of Scripture , is to be well acquainted with the principal design , and the chief Subject of it , whether as to Faith or Practice : For from thence doth arise what is usually called the Analogy of Faith ; and which will be a Standard upon all occasions to have recourse to . For what Sense is to things sensible , and Reason to things meerly reasonable , that is the Analogy of Faith to all Interpretations , and according to whose Arbitration they must stand and fall : Of this the Apostle gives an Instance as to Faith , 1 John 4. 2 , 3. Hereby know ye the Spirit of God ; every Spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh , is of God. And every Spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh , is not of God. And if there should be any place of Scripture that such Hereticks would produce in their favour , we may peremptorily conclude , that the meaning they would force upon it , is no more the meaning of that Scripture , than that can be the Spirit of God , which confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh . 4. For the better understanding of Scripture , it is a proper way to compare Scripture with Scripture , the Old Testament with the New , the obscure with the plain . For that which is obscure and difficult in one place , is usually explained and made clear in another , as St. Austin , in the Book before quoted , observes . Toward the more useful Application of this Rule , it may be convenient to enquire from whence the Difficulties and Obscurities in Scripture do arise ; Whether from the Sublimity of the Matter ; the Proprieties of Language ; the Relation that one thing has to another , as Types ; the Modes and Forms of Speech in Matters Prophetical or Figurative ; which we may be helped in by this way of comparison . When I have just before said , that there is no greater sign of the matter 's being unnecessay , than when it is what we cannot understand , or is not plainly to be found in Scripture : I mean thereby , not the matter or thing spoken of , but the Proposition : For the Proposition may be a plain and a very intelligible Proposition , when the matter of it is inexplicable , and above our understanding . As the Proposition , God is a Spirit , is a plain Proposition , and as easy to be understood in respect of its Sence and Meaning , as that a Triangle is a Figure consisting of Three Angles ; but the matter is vastly different ; for who can tell what a Spirit is , or can give as adequate a Definition of it , as he can of a Triangle ? And yet the Proposition before-recited of God's being a Spirit , is as plain to be understood , and as necessary to be believed ; as if it were in its Nature plain , and Intelligible , and that we as perfectly knew what a Spirit is , as we know what a Triangle is : And therefore the Obscurities arising from such Sublimity of the matter , are not to be brought here to account ; for they can never be made plainer to us than they are , till our Understandings are Elevated and raised up to them . 'T is a Spirit alone that can tell what a Spirit is , and 't is God only knows himself . And though now we have it as plainly Revealed that God is a Spirit , as that God is ; yet we must be contented neither to have an adequate Notion of God , unless we were as God , nor also the like Notion of a Spirit , till we become Spirits our selves . When I say again , That it is a sign of the matter 's being unnecessary , that it is not plainly to be found in Scripture ; thereby is meant what is plain to such as Search , Enquire and Compare , and know how to argue from it : And if by Search and Enquiry , by comparing and arguing , it comes to be plain , I may as well so call it , as if it was in so many words therein expressed . There is a very convincing Argument of a Future State in the Scripture quoted by our Saviour , when God saith , I am the God of Abraham , &c. from whence our Saviour with great strength infers , God is not the God of the Dead but of the Living ; and so those that he is the God of , are alive . But though the force of the Argument is now very evident , by the light our Saviour gives to it , yet I believe few would have observed it without that Direction , or to be sure without taking that Method of comparing Scripture with Scripture . For it is by that Rule , ( 1. ) We come to understand the Idiotisms and Proprieties of the Language in which the Scripture was Written ; and without attending to which , we shall fall very much short of attaining to the sence of it . These Idiotisms are common , with the Hebrew , to all Languages , and so are no otherwise to be understood , than by a strict Observation of them . As for Example , Without this Key , how irreconcileable would it be to other Texts , to have it said , God would have mercy and not sacrifice ; and that our Saviour should require his Disciples , not to labour for that meat which perisheth ; and that the Apostle should forbid Women the adorning themselves with the outward adorning of plaiting the hair , and wearing of gold , or of putting on of apparel ? All of which were notwithstanding allow'd , and some requir'd elsewhere . But now if we attend to the Genius of the Hebrew , and compare one Scripture with the other , we shall find , that the Jews having no Degrees of comparison , were wont to express comparisons by Antitheses or Negatives ; and then the sence of the Negative Not , is not so much ; as labour not , that is , not so much for the meat that perisheth , as for that which endureth to everlasting life , &c. And if this be observed , we shall find there is no contradiction , when in one place Sacrifices are requir'd , and in another , that God would have mercy and not sacrifice ; when in one place , it is commanded to work with their own hands ; and in another , labour not for the meat that perisheth , &c. ( 2. ) By this way of comparison we come to understand the Figurative Phraseology or manner of Expression in Scripture , and we shall find that such are not to be understood in a proper and literal , but allusive sence . As for Instance ; God is in Scripture said to have Eyes and Hands , Ears and Bowels , which are terms belonging to a Natural and Human Body : And also to Laugh , and to be Angry , and to Repent , which are passions belonging to Mankind . And yet we read also , that God is a Spirit , and so hath not a Body , nor any of the parts belonging to it : And that he is not as man that he should repent ; and neither is nor can be subject to those Infirmities and Passions which belong to us . And therefore when such Bodily or Mental Affections and Properties are imputed in words to him , it is in a figurative and improper sence , and which are spoken of him after the manner of Men , and in condescension to our Infirmity , who are not able to conceive of him as , and according to what he is in himself . So that it would be a gross piece of folly , for the sake of such Figurative Expressions ( as Theodoret saith of Audaeus ) to conceive of God as a Corporeal Being ; which is to say , he is not a Spirit , and so to make the Scripture inconsistent with it self . Another instance of this kind , is the Assertion of our Saviour , This is my Body ; which being a Sacramental as well as Figurative Phrase of Speech , recourse must be had to the like Institutions in Scripture , and to what has the nearest resemblance to it ; and that is the Passover , the Jewish Sacrament , and , as I may so say , their Lord's Supper . Now when we read in the Law , of the Lord 's Passover , and that they roasted and eat the Passover , we easily conceive that by it they meant not the Angel's passing over the Houses of the Children of Israel ( which gave occasion to the Phrase ) ; but the Lamb , which was the Memorial and the Representation of it . So when in Correspondence hereto , we read of our Saviour , that at the Institution of the Lord's Supper , he said of the Bread , This is my Body ; and that he broke the Bread , and they eat of it ; we can reasonably no more understand that his Natural Body was then actually broken , and that they did eat his very Body , than we can understand , that when the Jews roasted and eat the Passover , they roasted and eat the Angel that passed over the Houses where the Blood was sprinkled . And therefore what was improperly and figuratively spoken of the one , was after the same manner spoken of the other , and alike to be understood . Indeed such Figures and Modes of Speech , are as soon understood , for the most part , as plain and literal Propositions . As when our Saviour is called a Lamb , a Door , a Shepherd , a Vine , he was no more really such , nor are such Phrases any more literally to be understood , than that Herod was a Fox , and the Pharisees Vipers , because they were so called by our Saviour : And therefore as our Saviour's Auditors as soon understood him , when he spoke after this Figurative , as if in the plainest and literal Phrase of it ; so one would think they should , and we may be as certain they did understand our Saviour , when he said , This is my Body , not of a proper human Body , but only by way of Representation , according to the nature of the thing , and those places to which this had an immediate reference . ( 3. ) By this way of comparison we come to understand the Typical Phrase of Scripture ; which of it self is , like the Types , obscure . There is a great Conformity between the Old Testament and the New , and especially as to what is the main Subject of the Mosaical Law , the Types , Ceremonies , and Rites of it : And where there is this Correspondence and Conformity , we must for the understanding of the one , borrow light from the other . And therefore when the like Forms of Speech are us'd in the New Testament , as are in the Old , it is to be supposed that we are well acquainted with the Old ; or that we must have recourse to that for the understanding of the New : Of this the Epistle to the Hebrews is an Instance , the Phraseology of which is mostly Legal and Ritual ; and so we must be acquainted with those Rites , or the Modes of speaking , to understand it . I shall here content my self with a particular or two of this sort . It is a known case , and very usual in the Old Testament , in the Levitical or Prophetical part of it , to call a Sin-offering by the name Sin , or in the Translation of the Septuagint , for Sin. Now this is an Elliptical way of Expression , very customary in those and other Languages ; but what is customary and significant in one , yet if Translated into another , oft-times looks absurdly ; and so it is necessary in such a Translation to supply it by what was before understood , but not expressed ; as it is in the Cases abovesaid . Thus for instance , Hebr. 9. 28. 'T is said our Saviour Christ was once offer'd to bear the Sins of many ; and unto them that look for him , shall he appear the second time without Sin unto Salvation . But thus he appear'd the first time , he was then without Sin ; and therefore here according to the Subject the Apostle is discoursing upon , it is to be supplied after this manner , without a Sin-offering . So it is , Hebr. 10. 8. and 2 Cor. 5. 21. So we have it according to the latter Phrase of the Septuagint , Rom. 8. 3. God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh , and for Sin condemned Sin in the flesh . For Sin , is a Phrase rough and abrupt ; but if we add to it by a Sacrifice for Sin , it is very agreeable and intelligible . Now when there is this Mystical Relation , and the Gospel has a respect in its Phrase and manner of speaking , to the Types and Ceremonies of the Law , the Antitype is to be explained by the Type , the New by the Old. ( 4. ) By this way of comparison , we become acquainted with the Prophetical way of Writing , and may understand what without it would be obscure . I have just before observed the Relation that is between the Law and the Gospel ; and that if we would understand the Gospel , it is fit to repair to the Law , as to the Phrase of it ; and if we would understand the Law in its noblest sence , we must repair to the Gospel . And from this Relation between these Two is it , that the Prophecies of Scripture , especially as to the Future State of the Church under the Gospel , are clothed in the Phrase of the Mosaical Institutions and Rites . Thus the Success of the Gospel , and the Enlargement of the Christian Church , is described under such Characters . Isai. 2. 2. 3. It shall come to pass in the last days , that the Mountain of the Lord's House shall be established in the top of the Mountains , and all Nations shall flow unto it . Isai. 66. 23. It shall come to pass from one New-moon to another , and from one Sabbath to another , all flesh shall come to Worship before me at Jerusalem , v. 20. which , and the like Phrases were no more literally to be fulfilled , than that we shall eat Bread in the Kingdom of Heaven . But now as the Happiness of the Future State is often described by such Phrases as belong to this present state , and not to that which they are literally applied to : So the Prophecies concerning the state of the Church under the Gospel , are frequently exemplified under such Resemblances and Forms of Speech as suited the People of the Jews , for whose immediate use they were wrote ; and notwithstanding which , neither they nor others could possibly be led into such a mistake , as to think that such should the Kingdom of the Messias be , as those Expressions verbally signified ; when it was evident from the Prophecies of Scripture , that that Legal State was to be abolished , and also that several of the things in the nature of them were unpracticable . As for example ; when it was said , that from one New-moon to another , and from one Sabbath to another , that is , Monthly and Weekly , all Nations should come up to Worship the Lord at Jerusalem . And therefore in the Explication of such Phrases , we must not consider what they exactly signify in their first and original use , but to what purpose they serve and are applied ; and if so we do , we shall lightly as soon understand the New heaven and the New earth , which St. Peter speaks of , 2 Pet. 3. 13. as the Heaven and the Earth in the First Chapter of Genesi● : And as well shall we understand Babylon and Euphrates in the Mystical sence of the Apocalypse , as we do in the Historical Books of Scripture . But above all , there is nothing doth so lay open the Secrets and Mysteries of Prophecy , as the Event ; for by that means , where it is fulfilled , it is as clear as if it had been Historically related . And as if we look back from the Event to the Prediction , we the better understand that Prediction , which without the Knowledge and Observation of the Event we could not perhaps have understood : So by comparing what yet remains to be fulfilled , with what has been already fulfilled , we have a useful key for the understanding of the one by the other ; the obscure by the plain , and what we do not know the meaning of , by what we do . Thus , for instance , we may understand the Prophetical Schemes of Speech , concerning the destruction of a Nation , by comparing one of the Testaments with the other ; or what is to be fulfilled with what has been fulfilled . So when in the Old Testament we find it Prophetically threatned of Babylon , Idumea , Egypt , &c. that the Stars of Heaven , and the Constellations thereof shall not give their light — that all the Host of Heaven shall be dissolved , and fall down as the Leaf of a Vine — And when that we read in Daniel , the little Horn cast down some of the Host and of the Stars to the ground , and stamped upon them : We have a key to unlock the Mysterious Expressions of the same kind in the New Testament . As when 't is said ( if it be to be understood of the destruction of Judea ) that the Sun shall be darkned , and the Moon shall not give her light , and the Stars shall fall from Heaven ; and that a third part of the Sun , Moon , and Stars shall be darkned , &c. it is to be understood after the same manner as the other . Now by a reflection upon the state of those Nations abovesaid , as well as the nature of the thing , we find all intended in those Mystical Expressions was , That these Nations should be utterly destroyed , and all Orders and Degrees of men , represented by the Sun , Moon and Stars , should be dissolved : And therefore accordingly are we in the Prophetical passages in the New Testament , to understand those Phrases and Forms of Speech the like way . It would be endless to prosecute this Argument as far as it will bear ; for then I might go through the 134 Rules of Franciscus Ruizius ; but what I have here laid down is sufficient to help and direct us , generally speaking , in the Interpretation of such Forms of Speech , which often render the sense of Scripture difficult . But God be thanked , there is little of this in comparison of what is plain and easy , and in which the main of a Christian's Duty is concerned . This the experience of every one that is at all conversant in those sacred Books , will confirm , to the silencing of all Cavils , which some men of Wit , and others of Design , may pretend to the contrary . For I dare confidently say , That no one can plead ignorance against his Duty , or that he failed in it , because the sacred Pages are not to be understood . What! will such dare to refer their cause to the Judgment-day , and be willing to be determined to Life or Death , to Salvation or Damnation , as they can make this good ? Will they put Eternity upon this issue , and insist upon it , That they could not know what they were to believe or do , because the Scriptures that should have informed and directed them , were obscure , uncertain , and unintelligible ? If they will not offer this by way of relief or mitigation , then 't is plain that all the cry of Obscurities , and Difficulties , and Uncertainties , are but pitiful shifts , and sorry pretences . There are plain places and Books enough and enough , to silence all such presumptuous and arrogant Cavillers . If we will believe our own Eyes , and credit our own Understandings , the Scripture is plain in all that is necessary for us to know ; and if we do according to what that teaches , and we may learn from it , we shall never be wanting in all necessary qualifications for that Everlasting happiness which is therein revealed , and for the promoting of which it was written . Which God grant to us all through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen . FINIS . ERRATA . PAge 5. Line 19. r. he should . p. 9. l. 19. del . of Life . p. 13. l. 5. after them . del . ( . ) . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A66404-e190 John 5. ●9 . V. Just. Mart. Dial. cum Tryph. & Tertul. contr . Jud. c. 9. Aug. de Doct. Christ. l. 2. Philos. Scipturae Interp. C. 3. n. 16. & n. 25. &c. 4. Serm. Fourtb and Sixth of the last Year . 2 Pet. 3. 16. Act. 8. 30 , 31. Hebr. 5. 12. 14. P. 12. Mat. 22. 32. Hos. 6. 6. Mat. 9. 13. Joh. 6. 27. 1 Pet. 3. 13. 1 Thes. 4. 11. Haeret. Fabul . l. 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 1 Cor. 10 , 11. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lev. 4. 3 , 8. Isai. 53. 10. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Isai. 13. 10. 34. 4. Ezek. 32. 7. Dan. 8. 10. Matt. 29. 12. Revel . 8. 12. Gen. 37. 9. Regulae Intelligendi Scripturas Sacras . Par. 1550.