Morrison, Missouri. Described by Mitzky, 1893, as healthy, moderate grower, very productive; bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry medium, white with white bloom; skin tough; without pulp, very sweet, pure flavor, delicious; ripens with Concord. =White Delaware.= (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) From C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Described in _Massachusetts Horticultural Society Report_, 1880, as having a small bunch, exceedingly compact; berries very small, round, green with an amber tint in the sun, thin bloom; skin very thick; sweet with not much pulp but pretty hard. White Delaware seedlings have also been produced by John Burr, J. Sacksteder, Dr. J. Stayman, D. B. Woodbury and others. =White Elizabeth.= _Hart's White_; _White Isabella_. Listed by Prince in _Gardener's Monthly_ for 1863. =White English.= Mentioned in the _United States Patent Office Report_ for 1845 as being grown by Sidney Weller, Brinkleyville, North Carolina. =Whitehall.= (Lab.) Supposed to be a chance seedling from Geo. Goodale, of Whitehall, Washington County, New York; first fruited in 1870. Of medium vigor, not very productive, comparatively healthy; stamens reflexed; clusters large, moderately compact, shouldered; berry medium, dark purple or nearly black with thin bloom; pulp tender, melting and sweet; ripens about with Hartford. =White Jewel.= (Rip. Lab.) _Burr's No. 19._ A seedling of Elvira; supposed to be from John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas. Vigorous, hardy and very productive; stamens upright; bunch medium, long, compact; berry medium, round, white with abundant bloom; skin thin, rather tender; pulp very juicy, tender, sweet, sprightly, very good; ripens about with Moore Early. =White Mountain.= From Connecticut; very early. =White Muscadine.= Mentioned in the _United States Patent Office Report_, 1862, in a list of grapes that do well as far north as Burlington, Vermont. =White Musk.= (Lab. Vin.) According to Fuller, 1867, a hybrid from Jacob Moore, of Rochester, New York. Vine resembles Sweetwater but does not require protection; of medium size with insipid flavor. =White Northern Muscat.= (Vin. Lab.) _Culinary Grape_; _White's Northern Muscadine_. A seedling of Brighton fertilized with Muscat; from W. T. White, Troy, Ohio, about 1889. Vigorous, tender, moderately productive; stamens upright; bunch medium size, compact; berries large, nearly round, brownish-green or amber color; skin thick, tough; pulp large, tender, juicy, sweet; high flavor; about ten days earlier than Concord. =White Norton.= (Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Norton; from F. Langendoerfer, Hermann, Missouri. Noted in _Missouri Horticultural Society Report_, 1883, as a slow grower, moderately productive, very hardy; smaller than its parent, of a golden yellow color and a few days earlier. =White Norton.= (Aest. Lab.) _White Virginia Seedling._ Another Norton seedling, probably crossed with some Labrusca; produced by J. Balziger, Highland, Illinois. Strong, hardy; healthy and vigorous; fruit similar to Elvira but better in quality; very late; shows some Labrusca blood. =White Rose.= Received at this Station for testing in 1906 from Miss R. R. Short, Clifton Springs, New York. =White Sugar.= W. R. Prince in _Gardener's Monthly_ for 1863, mentions this variety as a worthless Labrusca. =White Tennessee.= According to _Grape Culturist_, 1871, grown by W. Valiant, of Clarksville, Tennessee, and known by him for about fifty years. Hardy, productive and free from disease. =White Ulster.= (Lab. Vin.) According to _Bushberg Catalogue_, 1894, an amateur variety, raised by A. J. Caywood from a seedling of Ulster crossed with White Concord. =Wilcox.= Mentioned in the _United States Patent Office Report_, 1845, as being grown by Sidney Weller, Brinkleyville, North Carolina. =Wilding.= (Rip. Lab.) A seedling found by Jacob Rommel, Morrison, Missouri. Vigorous, hardy and healthy, moderately productive; stamens reflexed; bunch medium, loose, shouldered; berry medium, round, pale green, almost transparent; skin very thin, and tender; no pulp, juicy, very sweet; very good; ripens with Concord. =Wilkins Seedling.= (Lab.) From O. Fitzalwyn Wilkins, Bridgeburgh, Ontario, about 1895. Described in the _Canadian Horticulturist_, 1898, as follows: Bunch of good size and form; berries white, round, of medium size; skin thin and tender; pulp tender and separates readily from the seeds; flavor agreeable, somewhat foxy, but much sweeter and pleasanter than Concord; early. =Willard.= (Lab.) From E. P. Fisher, Sterling, Kansas; received at this Station for testing in 1905. Described by originator as a vigorous, short-jointed grower, perfectly hardy, sometimes mildews; bunch a little smaller than Concord, compact; berry nearly large, round, red; sweet, without any foxiness; lacks vigor here; tendrils continuous or sometimes intermittent. =Williamson.= (Cand.) A wild variety of Candicans from Williamson County, Texas; collected by T. V. Munson. Stamens reflexed; small bunch with very large, black berry; early. =Williamsport.= Noted in the _Magazine of Horticulture_, 1860, as a new variety originated on the mountain near Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Perfectly hardy, and very prolific. =William Wine.= (Lab. Aest.) Mentioned by S. J. Parker in the _United States Department of Agriculture Report_ for 1864. Cluster small with long peduncle; berry large, round, having "the fox grape perfume mingled with that of a rose." =Willie.= (Lab.) Said to be a seedling of Northern Muscadine crossed with Concord; from L. C. Chisholm, Spring Hill, Tennessee. Vigorous, rampant grower, healthy and very productive; fruit larger than Concord, shouldered, very showy; black with white bloom; pulp vinous and sprightly, no foxiness; excellent wine grape; ripens with or a few days later than Concord. =Willis.= (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from Willis W. Jones, Camargo, Illinois, about 1865. Usually vigorous, as hardy as Concord, healthy, generally quite productive; bunch medium, compact, shouldered, in shape like the Delaware; berry medium, round, pale green or amber-yellow with a slight bloom; pulp tender, very juicy, slightly vinous, sweet, foxy; good; early. =Willis Fredonia.= _Guernsey Grape_; _Jersey Grape_. Origin unknown; grown by John Willis, of Maryland. According to Prince, 1830, a vigorous rampant grower, healthy, very productive; fruit black and pleasant for the table. =Willis Large Black.= _Great Black Muscadine._ An old variety mentioned by Prince in 1830, who says, "according to a traditional account of the Southern Indians, this vine and the White Scuppernong have been in bearing among them for more than five hundred years." Very vigorous; berries very large; foxy. =Wilmington.= (Lab. Vin.) _Wilmington White._ Originated with a Mr. Jeffries, near Wilmington, Delaware, about 1856. Very vigorous, hardy, productive; bunches large, loose, shouldered; berries large, roundish or inclining to oval, greenish-white; tender and not pulpy, sweet and pleasant when properly ripened but requires a long southern season; late. =Winchester.= (Lab. Vin.) _Brackett's Seedling_; _Brackett's Winchester_. A seedling of Union Village; from E. A. Brackett, Winchester, Massachusetts, first fruited in 1858. Vigorous, hardy; bunch large; berry large, round, black, heavy bloom; juicy, sweet, vinous; resembles parent but ripens a week earlier. =Windsor.= Noted by Prince in 1830. Found growing wild twelve miles north of Baltimore, at Windsor, on the plantation of George Fitzhugh. Very luxuriant and productive; clusters large and long; berries round, blue, juicy. =Winedrop.= (Linc. Bourq.) A cross between Post-oak No. 1 and Herbemont by Munson, in 1884. Stamens reflexed; bunch large with small, dark red berry; late. =Wine House.= Noted in _United States Patent Office Report_, 1854. Found growing spontaneously in the vineyard of Frederick Muench. Sweet and aromatic; not very juicy. =Wine King.= (Aest. Linc. Rup. Lab.) A seedling of Winona crossed with America; from Munson, in 1898. Very vigorous, prolific, healthy; stamens erect; cluster large, compact; berry medium, black with blue bloom; very little pulp, tender, very juicy, vinous, rich and sprightly; good. =Winona.= (Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Norton; from Munson, about 1895. Vigorous, productive; stamens upright; cluster large, loose, conical; berries small to medium, black; skin thin, tough; pulp juicy, tender, good; about a week earlier than Norton. =Winslow.= (Rip.?) A seedling raised by Charles Winslow, of Cleveland, Ohio, about 1857. Hardy and productive; bunch medium, long, compact; berries small, round, black; pulp vinous and juicy; resembles Clinton but is less acid; very early. =Winter Wine.= (Simp. Linc. Bourq.) A cross between _Vitis simpsoni_ and Marguerite by Munson in 1898. Stamens reflexed; bunch large with medium-sized black berry; "extra late." =Witt.= (Lab.) A white seedling of Concord; from Michael Witt, of Columbus, Ohio, about 1880. Not very vigorous, hardy, moderately healthy, very productive; clusters medium to large, conical, moderately compact, sometimes shouldered; berries variable in size, usually large, roundish, greenish-white or pale yellow with thin whitish bloom; pulp tender, juicy, vinous, sweet; good; ripens with Concord or a little before. =Woodbury.= (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) _Woodbury White._ A seedling of Delaware from D. B. Woodbury, Paris, Maine, about 1891. Described in _Bushberg Catalogue_, 1894, as resembling Delaware in growth and foliage; bunch medium, compact; berry larger than Delaware, slightly oblong, greenish-white with fine bloom; skin thin, yet tough, almost transparent; juicy, sweet, good; ripens two weeks before Concord; a very good keeper. =Woodbury.= Mentioned in the _United States Department of Agriculture Report_ for 1863, as being on trial in the government experimental garden. =Woodcock Seedling.= Exhibited by H. Woodcock at the Western New York Horticultural Society meeting in 1887. A large red grape, of very good quality; ripens with Delaware. =Woodford.= On trial in the United States Department of Agriculture experimental vineyard in 1860. Vigorous; purple; pulpy, juicy, sweet. =Woodriver.= According to _Bushberg Catalogue_, 1883, originated near Woodriver, Washington County, Rhode Island, by a Mr. Brown. White, very early, fine quality. =Woodson.= From Prince Edward County, Virginia, previous to 1830. Bunch medium, very compact; berry medium red; no pulp, rich; good for table and wine; later than Cunningham. =Wyman.= (Lab. Vin.) _Wyman's Seedling._ Exhibited by Joseph Breck in 1854 at a session of the fruit committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Said to be a seedling of Catawba; berries large, sweet and free of pulp; ripens with or before Isabella. =Wynant.= (Lab. Vin.) According to Mitzky, 1893, a chance seedling grown by D. W. Babcock, Dansville, New York; almost identical with Dutchess. =Wyoming.= Noted in the _United States Patent Office Report_, 1860. Vigorous; black; juicy, somewhat pulpy. =Wylie's Seedlings.= Unnamed seedlings of Dr. A. P. Wylie, of Chester, South Carolina: _No. 4._ A cross between two hybrids. Described by originator in _Bushberg Catalogue_, 1883, as bunch somewhat larger than Lenoir; berry medium, of a clear transparent golden color; finest texture and flavor, resembles White Frontignan; ripens as early as Concord. _Concord and Foreign No. 8._ (Vin. Lab.) Seedling of Concord and Bowood Muscat. Strong grower; foliage Labrusca; cluster very large, loose; berry very large, black, of foreign texture; skin thick; ripens with Catawba. _Delaware and Concord No. 1._ (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Very hardy with Labrusca foliage; a great bearer; bunch and berry medium; skin thick, dark red; juicy, rich and sweet, slightly musky. _Halifax and Delaware No. 30._ (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) The same color as Delaware with bunch of same size and berries one half larger; texture and flavor also much like Delaware; generally more healthy than that variety; a great bearer. _Halifax and Delaware No. 38._ (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Hardy and healthy with Labrusca foliage, not so strong a grower as _No. 30_; dark red in color with purple bloom and superior to _No. 30_ in flavor. _Halifax and Delaware No. 49._ (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A black grape of high vinous flavor. _Halifax and Delaware No. 55._ (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Bunch medium, long, shouldered; berries large, dark blue or purple with a purple bloom; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet, sprightly, high flavored; best. _Halifax and Hamburg No. 11._ (Vin. Lab.) Very productive and healthy; bunch medium; berry medium, black, with thick skin. _Hybrid Scuppernong No. 4._ (Rot.) Exhibited at the American Pomological Society in 1877. Healthy, very productive; bunches medium, compact; berry round, greenish-white; pulp nearly melting, very juicy, sprightly, vinous, with a musky aroma; good. _Hybrid Scuppernong No. 5._ (Rot. Vin.) Parentage, Bland Madeira and Foreign No. 1, crossed with a staminate hybrid Scuppernong produced by impregnating Black Hamburg with Scuppernong. Healthy and hardy; bunch medium; berries large, white, transparent with thin tough skin; almost pulpless, rich, sweet, with a peculiar flavor; as early as Concord. =Xenia.= (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Parentage, Delaware, Goethe and Triumph; from Munson. Vigorous; cluster medium, compact; berry very large, white; skin thin and tough; pulp meaty, tender, sprightly, high flavor; best; very late, with Fern Munson or just before. =Xlnta.= (Linc. Rup. Vin. Lab.). One of Munson's seedlings; America fertilized with R. W. Munson. Vigorous, hardy in Southern States; stamens reflexed; cluster large, cylindrical, shouldered, fairly compact; berries medium to large, globular, black, with little bloom; skin thin; pulp meaty, tender, sprightly; season with or later than Concord. =Yoakum.= (Bourq.) According to _Bushberg Catalogue_, 1894, "resembling the Herbemont, its juice is of deeper color, its foliage is more deeply lobed, but otherwise much inferior; ripening unevenly and being less productive." =Yomago.= (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A cross between Delago and Brilliant, by Munson, about 1894. As grown at this Station, a weak grower, not hardy, variable in productiveness; flowers fertile, bloom late; stamens upright; clusters large, usually single-shouldered, compact; berries large, roundish, black, glossy, covered with heavy blue bloom; skin thin and tender; flesh pale green, tender, spicy, sweet with Post-oak flavor; fair to good; it is doubtful if it will ripen in this locality. =Yonkers.= (Lab.) A Concord seedling; from J. W. Gray, Atwood, Illinois. Hardy, not a strong grower; bunch medium, shouldered, compact; berries large, round, light green; sweet; good; ripens a little before Concord. =York Claret.= (Lab.) According to Prince, 1830, a native cultivated near York, Pennsylvania, where it is much esteemed for wine. Bunches and berries smaller than those of Alexander; without pulp, very juicy, sweet. =York Lisbon.= (Lab. Vin.) Noted by Prince in 1830. Grown around York, Pennsylvania. Resembles Alexander but larger and a little elongated and the pulp is more acid; coarse, pulpy and foxy; some consider it identical with Alexander. =York Madeira.= (Lab. Vin.?) _Baldwin's Early; Black German; Canby's August; German Wine; Large German; Marion Port; Monteith; Shepherd's Port Wine; Small German; Tryon; Wolfe._ An old variety of Isabella type, originated at York, Pennsylvania. Vigorous, generally hardy, productive; cluster medium, compact, shouldered; berries medium, roundish, inclining to oval, black; pulp juicy, sweet, somewhat vinous, pleasant; ripens with Isabella or before. Some consider Marion (II) identical with this variety. =Young America.= (Lab.) Raised by Samuel Miller, of Calmdale, Pennsylvania, about 1860. A seedling of Concord and resembling its parent in color and shape but three weeks later. =Zane.= From a Mr. Zane, Wheeling, West Virginia; found by him growing wild on Wheeling Island. Berry medium, red. =Zelia.= (Lab. Vin.) Parentage, Telegraph crossed with Black Hamburg; from C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Medium in vigor, productive, quite hardy; leaves five-lobed, some indistinctly so, dull green; cluster large, compact; berry very large, black; skin thin, fine bloom; pulp tender, rich, sweet, aromatic; season earlier than Concord. =Zinnia.= (Lab.) Origin unknown. Cluster large, loose, shouldered; berry medium, round, black with a rich bloom. =Zita.= (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from John Sacksteder, Leavenworth, Crawford County, Indiana. Vigorous, productive, healthy; cluster above medium; berry medium, round, yellow. =Zoe.= Mentioned by Campbell in _Garden and Forest_, 1890, as a northern grape attaining its best quality in long seasons. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES WITH ABBREVIATIONS USED In the standard works listed below, the date of copyright has been preferred to that of the title page although where there are several editions from the same copyright they are given, so far as our knowledge permits. This is thought to be more just to the writers as the copyright date is usually a better indication of the time when the book was written than the date of publication. An effort has been made to present a complete bibliography of grape literature in the United States including many books which, owing to their nature, have been of no use in the preparation of this work. In addition there are given all agricultural works and periodicals to which references will be found in the preceding pages. Reports and bulletins of experiment stations and reports of horticultural societies are not included as in each case the abbreviation used is standard and sufficiently full for ready recognition. Only such European works have been included as were found useful in preparing the volume. Adlum A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America and the Best Mode of Making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington: 1823. Second edition, 1828. Allen A Practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine, etc. By J. Fisk Allen. Second edition, Boston: 1848. Third edition, 1853. Amer. Farmer The American Farmer. Baltimore: 1819-1832. Amer. Gard. The American Garden. 1888-1891. American Gardening, New York: 1892-1904. (The American Garden and Popular Gardening were combined in 1892 to form American Gardening.) Am. Hort. An. American Horticultural Annual. A Year Book of Horticultural Progress, etc. New York: 1867-1871. Am. Jour. Hort. The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion. Name changed in 1869 to Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion. Boston: 1867-1871. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. American Pomological Society Report. Issued usually biennially from 1852 to date. Andrae A Guide to the Cultivation of the Grape Vine in Texas, and Instructions for Wine-Making. By E. H. Andrae. Dallas, Texas: 1890. An. Hort. Annals of Horticulture in North America. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Progress. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1889-1893. (Appearing annually.) Antill An Essay on the Cultivation of the Vine, etc. By Edward Antill. (Appearing in Transactions American Philosophical Society.) Philadelphia: 1771. Bailey American Grape Training; An Account of the Leading Forms Now in Use of Training the American Grapes. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1893. Barry The Fruit Garden; A Treatise, etc. By P. Barry. New York: 1851. Revised edition (Barry's Fruit Garden), New York: 1872. Revised edition (Barry's Fruit Garden), New York: 1883. Bolling Sketch of Vine Culture. By Robert Bolling. (Never printed but several manuscript copies were circulated during the latter half of the 18th century. Extracts were published in several periodicals.) Bright Bright's Single Stem Dwarf and Renewal System of Grape Culture, etc. By William Bright. New York: 1860. Second edition, New York: 1861. (Same copyright date as first edition.) Buchanan The Culture of the Grape and Wine-Making. By Robert Buchanan. Cincinnati: 1852-1860 or later. (Eight editions or more.) Budd-Hansen American Horticultural Manual, etc. By J. L. Budd and N. E. Hansen. New York and London: 1903. Busby Journal of a Recent Visit to the Principal Vineyards of Spain and France, etc. By James Busby, Esq. New York and Boston: 1835. Bush. Cat. Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines, etc. By Bush and Son and Meissner. Third edition, St. Louis: 1883. Fourth edition same, St. Louis: 1894. Can. Hort. Canadian Horticulturist. Toronto: 1878 to date. Chorlton The Cold Grapery, from Direct American Practice, etc. By Wm. Chorlton. New York: 1853. Chorlton The American Grape Growers' Guide, etc. By Wm. Chorlton. Many editions. With the exception of a final chapter added to the later editions there are no revisions. New York: 1852-1883. Cole The American Fruit Book, etc. By S. W. Cole. Boston and New York: 1849. Cope Physiography in its Application to Grape Culture. An essay in Saunders' "Both Sides of the Grape Question". De Berneaud The Vine-Dresser's Theoretical and Practical Manual, etc. By Thiebaut de Berneaud. (Translated from the French.) New York: 1829. Denniston Grape Culture in Steuben County, New York. By G. Denniston. Albany: 1865. (In New York Agricultural Society Report, and also as a separate.) Dom. Enc. The Domestic Encyclopedia; or a Dictionary of Facts, etc. By A. F. M. Willich. First American edition with additions by James Mease. In five volumes. (The fifth volume contains an article on grapes by William Bartram and James Mease.) Philadelphia: 1804. Downing The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. By A. J. Downing, 1845. Second edition, same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by Charles Downing, 1857. Second revision, 1869. First appendix, 1872. Second appendix, 1876. Third appendix, 1881. Du Breuil The Thomery System of Grape Culture. (A translation from the French.) New York: No date. Du Breuil Vineyard Culture, etc. By A. Du Breuil. Translated (from the French) by E. & C. Parker, with notes and adaptations by John A. Warder. Cincinnati: 1867. Dufour The American Vine-Dresser's Guide, etc. By John James Dufour. Cincinnati: 1826. Eisen The Raisin Industry, etc. By Gustav Eisen. San Francisco: 1890. Elliott Elliott's Fruit Book, or the American Fruit Growers' Guide, etc. By F. R. Elliott. New York: 1854. Revised edition (same), 1859. Ev. of Nat. Fruits Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1898. Fisher Observations on the Character and Culture of the European Vine, etc. By S. I. Fisher. Philadelphia: 1834. Flagg Three Seasons in European Vineyards, etc. By Wm. J. Flagg. New York: 1869. Floy-Lind. Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden, etc. By George Lindley; edited by John Lindley. American edition with notes and additions by Michael Floy. New York: 1833. Fuller The Grape Culturist; a Treatise, etc. By Andrew S. Fuller. New York: 1864. Same, new and enlarged edition, New York: 1867. Same, new revised and enlarged edition, New York: 1894. Gard. Chron. Gardener's Chronicle, etc. London: 1841 to date. Gar. Mon. Gardener's Monthly, etc. Thomas Meehan, editor. Philadelphia: 1859-1887. Goessman Contribution to the Chemistry of the American Grape Vine. By C. A. Goessman. In Proceedings American Chemical Society, volume 2, and also as separate. Grape Cult. The Grape Culturist, a Monthly Journal, etc. George Husmann, editor. St. Louis: 1869-1871. Grant Manual of the Vine. By C. W. Grant, Iona, N. Y.: 1864. Haraszthy Grape Culture, Wines and Wine-Making, etc. By A. Haraszthy. New York: 1862. Haskell An Account of Various Experiments for the Production of New and Desirable Grapes. Ipswich, Mass.: 1877. Hoare A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on Open Walls. By Clement Hoare. Boston: 1837. Same, Boston: 1840. Same, Boston: 1845. Same, New York: 1847. Hofer Grape Growing. A Simple Treatise on the Single Pole System, etc. By A. F. Hofer. New York: 1878. Hooper Hooper's Western Fruit Book, etc. By E. J. Hooper. Cincinnati: 1857. Horticola The pseudonym of Dr. Charles Siedhof who translated and added notes to Mohr's "The Grape Vine," etc. Horticulturist The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste. Albany, Philadelphia and New York: 1846-1875. Husmann The Cultivation of the Native Grape and Manufacture of American Wines. By George Husmann. New York: 1866. Husmann American Grape Growing and Wine Making. By George Husmann. Fourth edition, New York: 1895. Hyatt Hyatt's Handbook of Grape Culture, etc. By T. Hart Hyatt. San Francisco: 1867. Johnson Rural Economy, etc. By S. W. Johnson. New York: 1806. Keech The Grape Growers' Guide. By J. Keech. Waterloo, N. Y.: 1869. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. A Catalog of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London. First edition, London: 1826. Same, second edition, 1831. Longworth The Cultivation of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine. By N. Longworth. Cincinnati: 1846. Loubat The American Vine Dresser's Guide. By Alphonse Loubat. New York: 1827. Same, 1872. McMahon The American Gardener's Calendar, etc. By Bernard McMahon. Philadelphia: 1806. McMinn A Contribution to the Classification of the Species and Varieties of the Grape Vine. By J. M. McMinn. (An essay appearing in Saunders' "Both Sides of the Grape Question.") McMurtrie Report upon Statistics of Grape Culture and Wine Production in the United States for 1880. By Wm. McMurtrie, United States Department of Agriculture. Washington: 1881. Mag. Hort. Magazine of Horticulture. Published first two years under name American Gardener's Magazine. C. M. Hovey, editor. Boston: 1835-1868. Mead An Elementary Treatise on American Grape Culture and Wine Making. By Peter B. Mead. New York: 1867. Mitzky Our Native Grape, etc. Published by C. Mitzky & Co. Rochester: 1893. Mohr The Grape Vine. A Practically Scientific Treatise on its Management, etc. By Frederick Mohr. Translated from the German by Horticola (Charles Siedhof). New York: 1867. Muench School for American Grape Culture, etc. By Frederick Muench. Translated from the German by Elizabeth H. Cutter. St. Louis: 1865. Munson Classification and Generic Synopsis of the Wild Grapes of North America. By T. V. Munson. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Bulletin 3. Washington: 1890. My Vineyard My Vineyard at Lakeview. By a western grape-grower (A. N. Prentiss). New York: 1866. Persoz New Process for the Culture of the Vine. By Persoz. Translated by J. O. C. Barclay. New York: 1856. Phelps The Vine: Its Culture in the United States, etc. By R. H. Phelps. Hartford: 1855. Phin Open Air Grape Culture, etc. By John Phin. New York: 1862. Same, 1876. Prince A Treatise on the Vine, etc. By William Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. New York: 1830. Rafinesque American Manual of the Grape Vines, etc. By C. S. Rafinesque. Philadelphia: 1830. Rec. of Hort. Woodward's Record of Horticulture. Edited by A. S. Fuller. (An annual). New York: 1866-1868. Reemelin The Vine-Dresser's Manual; An Illustrated Treatise, etc. By Charles Reemelin. New York: 1856. Rural N. Y. Rural New Yorker. Rochester and New York: 1850 to date. Saunders Both Sides of the Grape Question, etc.: Three essays on grape culture by Wm. Saunders, F. J. Cope and J. M. McMinn. Philadelphia: 1860. Siedhof, Charles (See Mohr.) Sou. Agr. Southern Agriculturist, Horticulturist, etc. Charleston: 1828-1846. Speechly A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine, etc. By William Speechly. Dublin: 1791. Spooner The Cultivation of American Grape Vines, etc. By Alden Spooner. Brooklyn: 1846. Story of the Vine The Story of the Vine. By Edward R. Emerson. New York and London: 1901. Strong Culture of the Grape. By W. C. Strong. Boston: 1866. Thomas The American Fruit Culturist. By J. J. Thomas. Published at various places. First edition, 1846; twenty-first edition, 1903. Tomes The Champagne Country. By Robert Tomes. New York: 1867. Traité gen. de vit. Traité general de viticulture, etc. Published under the direction of P. Viala and V. Vermorel assisted by many others. In six volumes. Paris: 1903. Tryon A Practical Treatise on Grape Culture, etc. By J. H. Tryon. Willoughby, Ohio: 1887. Same, second edition, Willoughby, Ohio: 1893. U. S. D. A. Rpt. Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1862 to date. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. Reports of the Agricultural Section of the United States Patent Office: 1837 to 1861. Vineyardist The Vineyardist. Penn Yan, N. Y. Wait Wines and Vines of California, etc. By Frona Eunice Wait. San Francisco: 1889. Warder See Du Breuil. West. Hort. Rev. Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor. Cincinnati: 1850-1853. Woodward Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings. By Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward. New York: 1865. INDEX. (Names of varieties in this index, if accepted names, appear in roman type; if synonyms, in italics.) Abby Clingotten, 433 Ada, 433 Adaptation, 68; influence of air current, 71; of altitude and latitude, 69; of fertility, 70; of insects and fungi, 72; of moisture, 69, 70; of soil, 71; of temperature, 69 Adelaide, 433 Adelia, 433 Adeline, 433 Adirondac, 157 Adlum, John, attempt to establish an experimental farm, 45, 46; book by, 45; life of, 45; quoted, 45, 46, 161; var. found by, 449 Admirable, 433 _Admirable_ (syn. of Fern Munson), 271 _Admiral_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Adobe, 433 _Adobe Land grape_ (syn. of _V. champini_), 124 Advance, 158 Agawam, 158 Aiken, 433 Air currents, 71 Alabama, grapes in, 20 _Alabama_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Alabama_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 369 Albaiis, 433 Albania, 433 Albert, 433 Albino, 433 Alderton, D., var. found by, 466 Aledo, 433 Aletha, 433 Alexander, 17, 45, 50, 160 _Alexander_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Alexander, John, var. found by, 161 Alexander, S. R., var. orig. by, 163 Alexander Winter, 163 _Alexander's_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Alexandria_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 Alfarata, 434 Alice (I), 164 Alice (II), 164 Alice Lee, 434 Allair, 434 Allen, John Fisk, var. orig. by, 166, 461 Allen's Hybrid 56, 57, 165 Alma, 434 Alphonse, 434 Aluwe, 434 Alvey, 434 _Alvey's Lenori_ (syn. of Lenori), 479 _Alvey's Logan_ (syn. of Logan), 481 Amadas and Barlowe, quoted, 30, 31, 51 Amalia, 434 Amanda, 434 Ambecon, 434 Amber, 434 _Amber_ (syn. of Early Amber), 455 Amber Queen, 166 Ambrosia, 167 _Amelia_ (syn. of Amalia), 434 Amerbonte, 434 America, 168 American grapes, characters of, 3, 4, 98, 103, 105; distribution of, 26; early history of, 26 et seq.; resistance to disease, 6; species of, 107 _American grape vine_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 American Hamburg, 434 _American Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 Amersion, 434 Amethyst, 169 Aminia, 170 Amonta, 435 _Amoreaux_ (syn. of Louisiana), 331 _Amoreux_ (syn. of Rulander), 508 Amos, 435 Amy, 435 Andover, 435 Anida, 435 Anna, 435 _Ann Arbor_ (syn. of White Ann Arbor), 523 Annie M., 435 Anthracnose, 87 Antill, Edward, essay by, 15, 40; quoted, 41 Antoinette, 171 Anuta, 435 Arbeka, 435 Archer, 435 _Archer_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Archer, Ellis S., var. orig. by, 435 _Arcott_ (syn. of Cassady), 445 Ariadne, 435 _Arizona grape_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 _Arizonensis_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 Arkansas, grapes in, 54 _Arkansas_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Arkansas_ (syn. of Cynthiana), 228 _Arkansas_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 Arkansaw, 435 Armalaga, 435 Armbrilong, 435 Armlong, 435 Arnold, Charles, life of, 200; var. orig. by, 174, 190, 200, 375, 450 _Arnold's Hybrid No. 1_ (syn. of Othello), 374 _Arnold's No. 2_ (syn. of Cornucopia), 450 _Arnold's No. 5_ (syn. of Autuchon), 173 _Arnold's No. 8_ (syn. of Brant), 190 _Arnold's No. 16_ (syn. of Canada), 199 _Arnott_ (syn. of Cassady), 445 Aroma, 435 Arrold, 436 _Arrott_ (syn. of Cassady), 445 Arthur, J. S., var. found by, 500 _Ash_ (syn. of Ironclad), 306 _Ash-leaved grape_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131 _Ashy grape_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131 _Asiatic Wine grape_ (syn. of _V. vinifera_), 154 Atavite, 436 Atoka, 436 Auburn Pearl, 436 Aughwick, 436 August Coral, 436 August Giant, 172 _August Isabella_ (syn. of Valentine), 519 August Pioneer, 436 Augusta, 436 Augustina, 436 _Australian_ (syn. of Huntingdon), 471 Australis, 436 Auteonello, 436 Autuchon, 173 Avery, John P., var. orig. by, 436 Avery, Seth, var. orig. by, 462 Avery Prolific, 436 Avilla, 436 Ayres, E. J., var. orig. by, 436 Ayres Pride, 436 Azure, 436 Babcock, D. W., var. orig. by, 527 Bacchus, 174 Bachman, Joseph, var. orig. by, 177, 406, 515 Badart, 437 Bailey, 176 Bailey, L. H., cited, 106, 121, 149; life of, 142; quoted, 4, 112, 133, 144; work on Vitis by, 101; writings of, 142 Bailey Prolific, 437 Bailie, 437 Bailie, Samuel, var. orig. by, 437 Baker, 437 Baldwin Lenoir, 437 _Baldwin's Early_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 Baltimore Seedling, 437 Balziger, 437 Balziger, J., var. orig. by, 437 _Balziger's Concord Seedling No. 2_, 437 _Balziger's No. 32_, 437 Banner, 177 Barbara, 437 Bark, taxonomic value of, 105 Barnes, 437 Barnes, Parker, var. orig. by, 437 Baroness, 437 Barry, 177 Barry, Patrick, cited, 350 _Barry's No. 19_ (syn. of Rochester), 388 Bartlett, 437 Bartram, John, life of, 97 Bartram, William, cited, 161, 162; life of, 97; quoted, 4, 67, 139; species compared by, 98; works of, 97 Bashtite, H. T., var. found by, 211 Bates, 437 Bauchman Red Fox, 437 Baxter, 437 Bay State, 437 Beach, 438 Beach, Dr. Soloman, mentioned, 206 Beach, S. A., quoted, 105 _Beach grape_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 Beacon, 179 _Beaconsfield_ (syn. of Champion), 210 Beagle, 438 Beansville, 438 Beaufort, 438 Beauty, 180 Beauty of Minnesota, 438 Beaverdam, 438 Beeby Black, 438 Belinda, 438 Bell, 181 Bellomont, Earl of, cited, 13; quoted, 12 Belton, 438 Belvidere, 438 Belvin, 438 Ben, 438 Ben Hur, 438 Benjamin, 438 Bentham, George, life of, 135; works of, 135 Berckmans, 182 Berckmans, P. J., mentioned, 182 Berks, 439 Berlandier, Jean Louis, life of, 131 Berlaussel, 439 Berlin, 439 _Bermuda vine_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 Bertha, 439 Bertrand, 183 Bessey, C. E., cited, 106 Beta, 439 Bettina, 439 Beverly, Robert, quoted, 8, 33, 38, 39 _Big B Con_ (syn. of Beacon), 179 Big Berry, 439 Big Black, 439 _Big Bunch_ (syn. of Big Berry), 439 Big Cluster, 439 _Big Concord_ (syn. of Jumbo), 475 _Big Extra_ (syn. of Extra), 460 Big Hope, 439 Big Ozark, 439 _Big Red_ (syn. of Collier), 449 _Bird grape_ (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112 Bird's Egg, 439 Bird's-eye rot (See Anthracnose) Bishop, 440 Bishop, D., var. orig. by, 440 Bismarck, 440 Bissell, J. W., cited, 214 Black, Dr. R. B., var. found by, 478 Black Bear, 440 _Black Cape_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Black Claret, 440 Black Cluster, 440 Black Delaware, 440 _Black Delaware_ (syn. of Nectar), 358 Black Defiance, 184 Black Eagle, 185 _Black El Paso_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Black Fox_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _Black German_ (syn. of Marion (I)), 339 _Black German_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 _Black Gibraltar_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Black Grape_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Black Guignard_ (syn. of Guignard), 465 Black Hamburg, 186 Black Hawk, 188 Black Heart, 440 Black Herbemont, 440 Black Imperial, 189 _Black July_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Black July_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Black King, 440 _Black Lenoir_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Black Madeira, 440 _Black Palestine_ (syn. of Orwigsburg), 497 Black Pearl, 189 _Black Portugal_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Black Rose, 440 Black-rot, 86 Black September, 440 _Black Souvignon_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Black Spanish_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Black Spanish_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 369 _Black Spanish Alabama_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 369 Blackstone, 441 Black Taylor, 441 _Black Teneriffe_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Black Tennessee, 441 Black Virginia, 441 Blackwood, 441 Blanco, 441 Bland, 441 _Bland's Fox_ (syn. of Bland), 441 _Bland's grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _Bland's Madeira_ (syn. of Bland), 441 _Bland's Pale Red_ (syn. of Bland), 441 _Bland's Virginia_ (syn. of Bland), 441 Blondin, 441 Blood, 441 Blood, Mr., var. originated by, 441 Blood Black, 441 Blood White, 441 _Bloom_ (syn. of Creveling), 224 _Bloomburg_ (syn. of Creveling), 224 Blue Dyer, 441 _Blue Elsingburg_ (syn. of Elsingburgh), 257 Blue Favorite, 442 _Blue French_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Blue French_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 _Blue grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _Blue Grape_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Blue grape_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 144 _Blue Grape of the South_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Blue Imperial, 442 _Blue Seedling_ (syn. of Bertrand), 183 _Blue Tart_ (syn. of Oporto), 372 _Blue Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Blue Vine Grape_ (syn. of Oporto), 372 Boadicea, 442 _Bocksaugen_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Bogue's Eureka_ (syn. of Eureka (I)), 268 Bokchito, 442 Bolling, Col. Robert, book by, 15; quoted, 40 _Bommerer_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Bonne Madame, 442 Bossung, Jacob P., var. orig. by, 509 Bostwick, Rev. William, mentioned, 54, 83 Bottsi, 442 _Bottsi_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 Boulevard, 442 Bowker, Mr., var. orig. by, 492 Bowman, 442 _Brackett's Seedling_ (syn. of Winchester), 526 _Brackett's Winchester_ (syn. of Winchester), 526 Braddock, 442 Bradley, 442 Braendley, 442 Brand White, 442 Brant, 190 Breck, 442 Breece, J. S., var. orig. by, 436, 451 Bridgewater, 442 Brighton, 191 Brilliant, 193 Broderick, Mr., var. orig. by, 436 Brown, 195 Brown, Mr., var. orig. by, 527 Brown, Jason, var. orig. by, 469 Brown, Wm. B., quoted, 195; var. found by, 195 _Brown French_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 _Brown Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Brown Seedling_ (syn. of Brown), 195 _Brown's Early_ (syn. of Brown), 195 Bruce, Philip Alexander, quoted, 32 Brunk, 443 _Buck Grape_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 Buckley, Samuel Botsford, cited, 128; life of 116, 117 Buist, 443 Buist, H. B., var. orig. by, 443 _Bull_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 Bull, Ephraim W., life of, 221; var. orig. by, 221, 223, 264, 389, 479, 481, 488, 508, 519 _Bull grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 _Bull's Seedling_ (syn. of Concord), 219 _Bullace_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 _Bullace_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _Bullet_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 _Bullet grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 _Bullis_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _Bullit_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _Bullitt_ (syn. of Taylor), 408 Bullitt, Cuthbert, mentioned, 409 Bumper, 443 _Bunch grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 Buncombe, 443 Bundy, 443 Bundy, David, var. orig. by, 217, 443 Burbank, Luther, var. orig. by, 455 _Burgunder_ (syn. of Louisiana), 331 _Burgundy_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Burgundy_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 _Burgundy of Georgia_ (syn. of Pauline), 499 Burlington, 443 Burnet, 443 Burr, John, life of, 251; var. orig. by, 251, 256, 301, 322, 337, 405, 449, 460, 462, 472, 474, 486, 487, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 502, 503, 511, 515, 524 _Burr No. 1_ (syn. of Jewel), 321 _Burr No. 9_ (syn. of Ideal), 301 _Burr No. 47_ (syn. of Leavenworth), 479 _Burr's Early_ (syn. of Jewel), 321 _Burr's No. 15_ (syn. of Paragon), 499 _Burr's No. 19_ (syn. of White Jewel), 524 Burroughs, 443 Burrows, J. G., var. orig. by, 443 _Burrows No. 42C_, 443 Burton Early, 443 _Burton's Early August_ (syn. of Early August), 455 Bush, 443 Bush, Isadore, cited, 119, 180, 208; life of, 119; quoted, 144 _Bush grape_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 _Bush grape of Texas_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113 Bushberg, 443 Bushberg Catalogue, quoted, 189, 236 _Bushy grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 Cabot, 444 Cairnano, 444 _California grape_ (syn. of _V. californica_), 135 _California grape_ (syn. of _V. girdiana_), 136 California, grapes in, 25; raisins in, 67 California region, 61 California Rosea, 444 California White, 444 Calkins, Mr., var. orig. by, 471 Calloway, 444 _Caloosa_ (syn. of _V. cariboea_), 146 _Caloosa grape_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148 Calypso, 444 Camaks, 444 Camaks, James, var. orig. by, 444 Cambridge, 444 Camden, 444 Cameron, John D., var. orig. by, 494 _Campbell_ (syn. of Campbell Early), 196 _Campbell_ (syn. of Early Golden), 456 Campbell, Geo. W., cited, 115; life of, 198; var. orig. by, 198, 413, 439, 475, 495, 500, 503, 523, 549, 550 Campbell Early, 196 _Campbell's Concord Hybrid No. 6_ (syn. of Triumph), 411 _Campbell's Seedling No. 6_ (syn. of Triumph), 411 Canaan, 444 Canada, 199 _Canadian Hamburg_ (syn. of Othello), 374 _Canadian Hybrid_ (syn. of Othello), 374 Canandaigua, 201 Canby, 444 Canby, W., var. orig. by, 444 _Canby's August_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 _Canon grape_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 Canonicus, 444 _Canyon grape_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 _Cape_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Cape_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Cape grape_ (syn. of Alexander), 50 Cape May Prolific, 444 _Cape of Good Hope grape_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 Capital, 444 Captain, 201 _Captraube_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Carlotte, 444 Carman, 202 Carminet, 445 _Carolina_ (syn. of Caroline), 445 Carolina Blue Muscadine, 445 _Carolina Powel_ (syn. of Bland), 441 Caroline, 445 Carpenter, Charles, var. orig. by, 448, 458, 483, 491 _Carpenter's Seedling_ (syn. of Mottled), 491 Carter, 445 _Carter_ (syn. of To-Kalon), 410 Carver, 445 Case, 445 Case, S. D., var. found. by, 451 Case Crystal, 445 Caspar, 445 Caspar, A., var. orig. by, 445 Cassady, 445 Cassady, H. P., var. orig., by, 445 _Cat Bird grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _Cat grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 Catarobe, 445 Catawba, 50, 203 _Catawba Tokay_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Catawissa_ (syn. of Creveling), 224 _Catawissa Bloom_ (syn. of Creveling), 224 Catherine, 445 Catoosa, 445 Cayuga, 208 Caywood, Andrew Jackson, life of, 247; var. orig. by, 247, 272, 358, 381, 414, 420, 445, 471, 480, 483, 487, 490, 524 _Caywood No. 1_, 445 _Caywood No. 50_, 445 Centennial, 208 Central lake district, 72; acreage of, 85; climate of, 82, 83; first plantings in, 83; first shipments from, 84; fungi in, 86, 87; geology of, 81; insects in, 85, 86; pruning and training in, 85; season of, 84, 85; soils of, 82; topography of, 82; wine in, 84 Challenge, 209 _Challenge_ (syn. of Othello), 374 Chambersburg White, 445 Chambril, 445 Champagne, 65; production of in U. S., 65 Champanel, 446 _Champania_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Champin grape_ (syn. of _V. champini_), 124 Champion, 210 Champova, 446 Chandler, 446 Chandler, N. M., var. orig. by, 446 Chapin, 446 Charles, 446 Charles A. Green, 446 _Chas. Downing_ (syn. of Downing), 242 Charlotte, 446 Charlton, 446 Charlton, John, var. orig. by, 446 Charter Oak, 446 Chase, Col. L., var. orig. by, 494, 575 Chautauqua, 211 Chautauqua district, 61, 72; acreage of, 78; care of vineyards in, 79; climate of, 75, 76; first plantings in, 54, 76; first shipments from, 77; geology of, 73; grape juice in, 66; history of, 76 et seq.; insects in, 79; production of grapes in, 79; rank of varieties in, 79; soil of, 74, 75; wine in, 77 Chavoush, 446 Cheowa, 446 Cherokee, 446 _Cherokee_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Cherokee_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Chicago, 446 _Chicken-grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 Chidester, C. P., var. orig. by, 446, 447, 483 _Chidester No. 1_ (syn. of Lyon), 483 Chidester's Seedlings, 446, 447 Childers, James, var. found by, 476 Chillicothe, 447 Chippewa, 447 Chisholm, Dr. L. C., var. orig. by, 235, 334, 435, 443, 447, 463, 478, 525 Chisholm's Seedlings, 447 Chlorosis, 87 Chocolate, 447 Choteau, 448 Christian, Jacob, var. orig. by, 502 _Christie's Improved Isabella_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Christine_ (syn. of Telegraph), 409 Christine, Mr., var. found by, 410 Church Seedling, 448 _Cigar Box_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 _Cigar Box Grape_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Cincinnati Horticultural Society Report, quoted, 370, 371 _Clarence_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Claret, 448 Clarissa, 448 Clark, 448 Clark, B. W., var. orig. by, 361 Clark, Dr., var. orig. by, 506 Clark, J. T. C., var. orig. by, 449, 459 Clark, James W., var. orig. by, 448, 509 Clark Seedling, 448 Clarkes, 448 Classification of Vitis, 107 Claude, 448 Cleary, M. F., var. orig. by, 451 Clement, Asa, var. orig. by, 244 Cleopatra, 448 Clevener, 212 _Clevener_ (syn. of Louisiana), 331 Clifton, 448 Clifton, William, mentioned, 161 _Clifton's Constantia_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 Climax, 448 Clinton, 213 Clinton-Vialia, 448 Cloantha, 448 Cloeta, 216 Clough, James Milton, var. orig. by, 426 Clover Street Black, 448 Clover Street Red, 448 Cluster, 448 Clyde, 449 Cobb, Mr., var. found by, 409 Coble, H. C., var. orig. by, 452 Cochee, 449 Coe, 449 Coffin, J. T., var. orig. by, 485 _Coleman's White_ (syn. of Cuyahoga), 451 Colerain, 217 Colesvine, 449 Collier, 449 Collina, 449 Colorado, 449 Colp, 449 Columbia, 449 _Columbia Bloom_ (syn. of Creveling), 224 _Columbia County_ (syn. of Creveling), 224 Columbian, 449 _Columbian_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Columbian_ (syn. of Columbian Imperial), 218 Columbian Imperial, 218 Columbus, 449 _Common Blue grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 Compacta, 449 _Conckling's Wilding_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Concord, 55, 57, 66, 219 Concord Chasselas, 449 Concord Muscat, 450 Concordia, 450 Conelva, 450 Connecticut, 450 Connecticut Seedling, 450 Conqueror, 450 _Constantia_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Constantia_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Continental_ (syn. of Centennial), 208 Cooke, Dr. Thos. R., var. orig. by, 487 Cooper, Joseph, var. orig. by, 450 Cooper Wine, 450 Copley, C. J., var. orig. by, 442, 444, 448, 450, 452, 453, 482, 488, 498, 508, 523, 529 Copley's Hybrids, 450 Coppermine, 450 Corby, 450 Corby, C. C., var. orig. by, 450, 490 Coriel, 450 Cornelia, 450 Cornucopia, 450 Corporal, 451 Corsican, 451 Cortland, 451 Cotoctin, 451 Cottage, 222 _Courtland_ (syn. of Cortland), 451 Covert, 451 Covert, N. B., var. orig. by, 451 Cowan, 451 Cox, Mr., var. orig. by, 436 Cozy, 451 Craig, 451 Crandall, P. B., var. orig. by, 480 Crans, Peter, mentioned, 344 Crehore, Mrs. Diana, var. orig. by, 240 Creveling, 224 Critic, 451 Croton, 225 Crown, 451 Crystal, 451 Culbert, Dr. W. A. M., var. orig. by, 249, 451, 452, 463, 493, 503, 513 Culbert Seedling, 451 _Culbert's No. 3_ (syn. of Newburgh Muscat), 493 _Culbert No. 5_ (syn. of Golden Berry), 463 _Culbert's Seedling No. 6_ (syn. of Purple Bloom), 503 _Culinary Grape_ (syn. of White Northern Muscat), 524 Cunningham, 227 Cunningham, Jacob, var. orig. by, 228 _Currant grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 Curtis, 451 Curtis, Dr., cited, 236 Curtis, Geo., var. orig. by, 491 Curtis, Mrs., var. orig. by, 464 Cuyahoga, 451 Cuyarano, 452 Cyncon, 452 Cynthiana, 228 Daisy, 230 Dale, Sir Thomas, mentioned, 32 Dana, 452 Dana, Francis, var. orig. by, 452, 494 Danbury, 452 Dankers, Jasper, quoted, 10 Daphne, 452 Dartmouth, 452 Darwin, 452 _David Hall Grape_ (syn. of Logan), 481 Davis, 452 Davkina, 452 Davy, General, mentioned, 206 Dawson, J. H., var. orig. by, 497 De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus, life of, 146; writings of, 146 De Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyrame, life of, 146; writings of, 146; cited, 155 De Grasset, 452 Delago, 452 _Delaware and Clinton No. 1_ (syn. of Berckmans), 182 Delaware, 231 Delaware, grapes in, 34 Delaware, Lord, mentioned, 32; quoted, 6, 9 Delaware Seedling, 452 _Delaware Seedling No. 2_, 453 _Delaware Seedling No. 4_ (syn. of Delaware Seedling), 452 _Delaware Seedling No. 9_, 453 _Delaware Seedling No. 16_, 453 Delawba, 234 D'Elboux, 453 _D'Elboux Seedling_ (syn. of D'Elboux), 453 Delgoethe, 453 Delicious, 453 Delmar, 453 Delmerlie, 453 De Lyon, Abraham, mentioned, 9 Dempsey, P. C., var. orig. by, 443, 453 Dempsey's Seedlings, 453 Denison, 453 Dennis, John, var. found by, 454 Dennis Seedling, 454 Denniston, 454 Denniston, Isaac, var. found by, 454 Department of Agriculture Report, quoted, 396 Dery, Alexis, var. orig. by, 509 Dery, Magloire, var. orig. by, 463 De Soto, 454 Detroit, 454 Devereaux, 235 _Devereaux_ of "Gardening for the South" (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Devereaux_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Devereaux_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 Devereaux, Samuel M., mentioned, 236 _Devereux_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Devereux_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Diamond, 236 _Diamond, Moore_ (syn. of Diamond), 236 Diana, 238 Diana Hamburg, 241 Diaphragm, taxonomic value of, 102 Dickens, Albert, cited, 271 Diller, 454 Dingwall White, 454 Dinkel, 454 _Diogenes_ (syn. of Ironclad), 306 _Dissected vine_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 140 Distribution, factors of, 69 _Diverse Leaved_ (syn. of Texas), 516 Dixie, 454 Dixon, Mr., var. orig. by, 475 _Doan's grape_ (syn. of _V. doaniana_), 137 Dr. Bain, 454 _Dr. Collier_ (syn. of Collier), 449 _Dr. Keller_ (syn. of Keller), 475 Dr. Kemp, 454 Dr. Robinson Seedling, 454 Dr. Warder, 454 Doder, 454 Doder, Mr., var. orig. by, 454 Dog Ridge, 454 Dolle, 455 Don Juan, 242 Donnelly, R. J., mentioned, 210 _Dorchester_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Dorinda, 455 Dorr Seedling, 455 Downing, 242 Downing, A. J., quoted, 56, 163 Downing, Charles, quoted, 191, 195, 341 _Downy Canyon grape_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 _Downy grape_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131 Downy mildew, 86 Dracut Amber, 244 Dry Hill Beauty, 455 _Duck-shot grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 Dufour, 455 Dufour, John James, cited, 163; life of, 17; quoted, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 47, 57, 162 Dunlap, 455 _Dunlap_ (syn. of Lady Dunlap), 478 Dunn, 455 _Dunn_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 Duquett, 455 _Duquett's Seedling_ (syn. of Duquett), 455 Durfee, Dr., var. orig. by, 448 Dutch, American grape culture by, 10 _Dutch Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Dutchess, 246 Eames, Luther, var. orig. by, 455 Eames Seedling, 455 Early, 455 Early Amber, 455 _Early Amber_ (syn. of Dracut Amber), 244 Early August, 455 Early Bird, 456 Early Black, 456 _Early Black_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Early Black July, 456 Early Black Summer Grape, 456 _Early Champion_ (syn. of Champion), 210 Early Concord, 456 Early Daisy, 248 Early Dawn, 249 Early Delmonico, 456 Early Golden, 456 Early Harvest, 456 Early Hudson, 456 Early June, 456 Early Lebanon, 456 Early Malvasia, 456 Early Market, 457 _Early Northern Muscadine_ (syn. of Northern Muscadine), 365 Early Ohio, 249 Early Prolific, 457 Early Purple, 457 Early Vicks, 457 Early Victor, 250 Early Wine, 457 Eastern region, 59, 61 Eaton, 252 Eaton, Calvin, var. orig. by, 253 _Eaton's Seedling_ (syn. of Eaton), 252 Ebony, 457 Echland, 457 Eclipse (I), 254 Eclipse (II), 256 Eden, 457 Edmeston, 457 Edmeston, D. G., var. orig. by, 457 _Edmeston No. 1_ (syn. of Edmeston), 457 Edward, 457 Eggert, H., mentioned, 115 _Eggert's grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 Eichelberger, Thomas, mentioned, 44 Elaine, 457 Elbling, 457 Eleala, 457 Electra, 458 Elizabeth, 458 Elkton, 458 Ellen, 458 Ellwanger and Barry, var. orig. by, 350, 388 _El Paso_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _El Paso_ (syn. of Mission), 489 _El Paso_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 Elpo, 458 _Elsenburgh_ (syn. of Elsinburgh), 257 _Elsinboro_ (syn. of Elsinburgh), 257 _Elsinborough_ (syn. of Elsinburgh), 257 _Elsinburg_ (syn. of Elsinburgh), 257 _Elsingburg_ (syn. of Elsinburgh), 257 Elsinburgh, 257 Elsmere, 458 Elvibach, 458 Elvicand, 258 Elvin, 458 Elvira, 259 _Elvira Seedling No. 8_ (syn. of Etta), 265 Emerald, 458 Emma, 458 Empire State, 261 Enfield, 458 Englemann, George, life of, 131, 132; cited, 106, 118, 123, 128, 132; quoted, 104, 105, 143; work on Vitis by, 100, 101 Engle, C., var. orig. by, 457, 458, 465, 468, 469, 472, 487, 488, 503, 516, 520, 565 Engle's Seedlings, 458 English, American grape culture by, 6 Ensenberger, G. A., var. orig. by, 293, 311, 459, 468, 472, 475, 486 Ensenberger's Seedlings, 459 Eolia, 459 Epurill, 459 Erickson, 459 Erskine, E. M., mentioned, 62; quoted, 53 Essex, 263 Essex County (Mass.) Seedling, 459 Estave, Andrew, mentioned, 8 Estell, Mr., var. orig. by, 506 Estella, 459 Ester, 264 Etawa, 459 Etta, 265 Eudora, 459 Eufala, 459 Eugenia, 459 Eumedel, 459 Eumelan, 266 Eumorely, 460 Eureka (I), 268 Eureka (II), 268 _European grape_ (syn. _V. vinifera_), 154 European grapes, American culture by French, 9; characters of, 3, 4, 155; culture in Virginia, 8; first plantings in America, 6 Eva, 460 Evaline, 460 Evenden, Mr., var. orig. by, 483 _Everbearing grape_ (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112 Everett, 460 Ewing, 460 _Ewing's Seedling_ (syn. of Ewing), 460 Excelsior, 269 Exquisite, 460 Extra, 460 Faith, 270 _Fall grape_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130 Fallwicke, 460 Fallwicke, Joseph, var. orig. by, 460 _False Scuppernong_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 Fancher, 460 _Fancher_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Fanny Hoke, 460 Farmers Club, 460 Farrell, 460 Farrell, D., var. found by, 460 Far West, 461 Fay, Elijah, mentioned, 54; life of, 76 Fay, Lincoln, mentioned, 77 Feemster, 461 Feemster Favorite, 461 Fena, 461 _Fern_ (syn. of Fern Munson), 271 Fern Munson, 271 Fidia, 79, 80 _Fidia viticida_ (See Fidia) Fisher, E. P., var. orig. by, 514, 522, 525 Fisk, 461 Fitchburg, 461 Flea-beetle, 80 _Fleish Traube_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Flickwir, 461 Flora, 461 Florence, 272 Florence, 461 Florida, grapes in, 30 _Florida Bird grape_ (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112 _Florida grape_ (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112 Flower of Missouri, 461 Flowers, 461 Fluke, Newton K., var. orig. by, 461 Fluke's Hybrids, 461 Folsom, S., var. orig. by, 268 _Foreign grape_ (syn. of _V. vinifera_), 154 Foster, 461 Fox, 461 _Fox_ (syn. of Fitchburg), 461 Fox grape, 39, 41 _Fox grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _Fox grape_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149 _Fox grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 _Fox grape of the Northern States_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _Fox grape of the South_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 Foxy, defined, 4 _Frakenthaler_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Fraker, William A., var. found by, 436 _Framboisier_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Framingham, 461 Frances E. Willard, 462 _Franc's Hybrid_ (syn. of Hybrid Franc), 300 _Frankendale_ (syn. Black Hamburg), 186 _Frankenthaler gros noir_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Franklin, 462 Fredonia, 462 _Free Black_ (syn. of Fitchburg), 461 French, American grape culture by, 9 _French Grape_ (syn. of Craig), 451 _French grape_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 _French Grape_ (syn. of Franklin), 462 Fritz, 462 Frost, 462 _Frost_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Frost grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _Frost grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _Frost-grape_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 Fruit, taxonomic value of, 103 Gaertner, 272 Gallup Seedling, 462 Gandy, R. W., var. orig. by, 500 Garber, 462 Garber, J. B., var. orig. by, 433, 462, 485, 494 Garber Red Fox, 462 _Garber's Albino_ (syn. of Albino), 433 _Garber's Red-Fox_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Garber's White_ (syn. of Albino), 433 Gardner, Mr., var. orig. by, 466 Garfield, 462 Garnet, 462 Garrigues, 462 Gassman, 462 Gauger, 462 Gazelle, 462 _Gelbholziger Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 General Pope, 462 Genesee, 463 Geneva, 274 Georgia, grapes in, 9, 54 Gerbig, A. V., var. orig. by, 463 _Gerbig No. 2_, 463 _Gerbig No. 10_, 463 _German Grape_ (syn. of Marion (II)), 341 German Seedling, 463 _German Wine_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 Giant, 463 _Giant Leaf_ (syn. of Riesenblatt), 506 Gibb, 463 Gibbs, Mrs. Isabella, mentioned, 308 _Gibb's grape_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Gibralter_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Gilbert, Garret, var. orig. by, 463 Gilbert's White Shonga, 463 Gill Wylie, 463 Gilt Edge, 463 Glenfeld, 275 _Globe_ (syn. of Sage), 395 Godard, Francis, var. orig. by, 479 Goethe, 276 Goff, 277 Goff, E. S., var. orig. by, 278 Gold Coin, 280 Gold Dust, 463 Golden Beauty, 463 Golden Berry, 463 Golden Clinton, 463 Golden Concord, 464 Golden Drop, 281, 464 Golden Gem, 464 Golden Grain, 464 _Golden Pocklington_ (syn. of Pocklington), 379 Goldstein, 464 _Goldstein's Early_ (syn. of Goldstein), 464 Good Adle, 464 Goodale, Geo., var. orig. by, 524 Goodhue, C. H., var. orig. by, 498 Goodman, 464 Governor Ireland, 464 Governor Ross, 464 Graham, 464 Graham, W., var. orig. by, 464 Grant, Dr. C. W., life of, 304; var. orig. by, 304, 312 Grape districts of New York, 72 Grape fruit worm, 80, 81 Grape-growers, early, in United States, 48 Grape-growing, development of, 58; rank of, in states, 72; specialization of, 59; status of in 1830, 47, 48, 49; status of in 1859, 53, 55; status of in 1880, 59; status of in 1890, 59, 61 Grape juice, 66 Grape leaf-hopper, 80 Grape regions, 59, 60 Grape-vine flea-beetle, 80 Grape-vine fidia, 79 Grapes, adaptation of, 68; culture by Dutch, 10; culture by English, 6, 7; culture by Spaniards, 6; culture by Swedes, 10; early history of, 26; evolution of, 36; accounts of by early explorers, 29; classification of, 107, 108; improvement of, 28; evolution of, 26; first records of, 29; habitat of, 27; means of distribution of, 27; native, 39; value of, 36; self-fertility of, 104; self-sterility of, 104; soil for, 71; wild, as index to grape regions, 28; wild, in North America, 26 Gravel, 464 Gravestock, John, var. orig. by, 449 Gray, Asa, cited, 106 Gray, J. W., var. orig. by, 528 Gray, W. C., var. orig. by, 464 _Gray Delaware_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 Gray's Seedlings, 464 Grayson, 464 _Great Black Muscadine_ (syn. of Willis Large Black), 525 _Great Cluster_ (syn. of Big Berry), 439 Greeley, Horace, mentioned, 222; quoted, 220 Green Castle, 464 Green Early, 281 Greene, O. J., var. found by, 281 Greene, William E., var. found by, 417 Green, William E., var. orig. by, 456, 490 _Green Mountain_ (syn. of Winchell), 425 _Green Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 _Green Scuppernong_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 Green Ulster, 465 Greer, 465 Grein Extra Early, 465 Grein Golden, 282 Grein, Nicholas, var. orig. by, 283, 349, 465 _Grein No. 7_ (syn. of Grein Extra Early), 465 _Grein's No. 1_ (syn. of Missouri Riesling), 349 _Grein's No. 2_ (syn. of Grein Golden), 282 Grein's Seedlings, 465 Grevaduly, 465 Greverson, 465 Grote, 465 Grove, 465 _Guernsey Grape_ (syn. of Willis Fredonia), 525 Guesta, 465 Guignard, 465 _Guignardia bidwellii_ (See Black-rot) Guinevra, 465 Gula, 465 Gulch, 465 _Gulch grape_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 _Gulch grape_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 Gunn, Ward D., var. found by, 164 Hadden, Mr., var. orig. by, 465 Hadden Seedling, 465 Hagar, 466 _Hagar_ (syn. of Alvey), 434 Halifax, 466 Halifax Seedling, 466 Hall, 466 Hall, Mr., var. orig. by, 466 Hall, David, var. orig. by, 466 _Haltica chalybea_ (See Grape-vine flea-beetle) Hamill Seedling, 466 Hamilton, 466 _Hampton Court Vine_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Hanover_ (southern) (syn. of Isabella), 307 Hardy Chasselas, 466 Hariot, Thomas, cited, 31 Harmer, 466 Harmer Seedling, 466 Harmonists, grape culture by, 19, 20 Harrell, 466 Harrell, Obed, var. orig. by, 466, 495 Harriet Beecher, 466 Harris, 466 _Harris_ (syn. Lenoir), 328 Harris, Mr., var. found by, 466 Harrison, 466, 467 _Hart_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Hart_ (syn. of Lincoln), 480 Hart, Joseph, var. orig. by, 435, 458 Hartford, 284 _Hart's White_ (syn. of White Elizabeth), 523 _Hartford Prolific_ (syn. of Hartford), 284 Harvard Seedling, 467 Harvey, Dr., var. orig. by, 434 Harwood, 467 Harwood, Major, var. orig. by, 467 Hasbrouck, Eli, var. orig. by, 435 Haskell, George, var. orig. by, 467, 508 Haskell, N. R., var. orig. by, 467 Haskell's Seedlings, 467 Haskew, 467 Hattie, 467 Hatton, 467 Hattus, 467 Hawkins, Captain John, cited, 30 Hawkins, D. J., mentioned, 365 Hawkins, William, var. orig. by, 467, 468 _Hawkins No. 3_, 467 _Hawkins No. 10_, 468 Hayes, 286 Headlight, 287 Hearthenge, 468 _Heart-leaved vitis_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _Heath_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 Helen, 468 Helen Keller, 468 Helpfer, 468 Hencke, Ludwig, var. orig. by, 461, 479, 487, 508 Henderson, G., var. orig. by, 483 Henrico, 468 Henry, 468 _Hensell's Long Island_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Henshaw, 468 Herald, 468 Herbemont, 288 Herbemont, Nicholas, cited, 329; mentioned, 290, 309 _Herbemont Madeira_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 Herbemont Seedling, 468 Herbert, 291 Hercules, 293 Heriulfusson, Biarni, mentioned, 29 Hermann, 294 _Hermann Jaeger_ (syn. of Jaeger), 314 Hero, 468 Hertia, 468 Hertlein, John, var. orig. by, 449 Hettie, 468 Heunis, 468 Hewitt, Alexander, quoted, 9 Hexamer, 469 Hexamer, Dr., var. orig. by, 469 Hiawasse, 469 _Hickman_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 Hicks, 295 Hidalgo, 296 Higginson, Francis, quoted, 12 Highland, 297 _Hilgarde_ (syn. of Fern Munson), 271 _Hill Grape of Ohio_ (syn. of Collina), 449 Hine, 469 _Hine Seedling_ (syn. of Hine), 469 History, of Old World grape, 1 Hoag, C. L., var. orig. by, 361 Hobbs, O. T., var. orig. by, 497 Hock, 469 Hofer, A. F., var. orig. by, 469 _Hofer Seedling No. 2_, 469 Holmes, 469 Honey, 469 _Honey_ (syn. of Raabe), 504 Honey Dew, 469 Hooker, 469 Hopeon, 469 Hopherbe, 469 Hopican, 470 Hopkins, 470 Hopkins, Mr., var. orig. by, 516 _Hopkins Early Red_ (syn. of Wyoming), 431 Horner, 470 Horner, Joe, var. orig. by, 470 Hosford, 299 Hosford, George, var. orig. by, 299, 439 _Hosford's Mammoth Seedling_ (syn. of Hosford), 299 _Hosford's Seedling_ (syn. of Hosford), 299 Hoskins, A., var. orig. by, 470 Hoskins Seedling, 470 Houghton, Francis, var. orig. by, 444 Howell, 470 Hubbard Seedless, 470 Huber, 470 Huber, Theophile, var. orig. by, 339, 433, 434, 437, 439, 454, 457, 458, 468, 471, 472, 484, 516, 519 Huber's Seedlings, 470, 471 _Hudler_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Hudson, 471 Hudson River district, 72, 88; acreage of, 88; climate of, 89; diseases in, 92; early plantings in, 89, 90; early viticulturists in, 90; first plantings in, 55; geology of, 88; packing and shipping in, 91, 92; rain-fall in, 89; training and pruning in, 91; varieties in, 90, 91 Hueber, Lewis, var. orig. by, 496 Huguenots, 38 Hulings, Dr., mentioned, 258 Hulkerson's Seedlings, 471 Humboldt, 471 _Hunt_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 Hunt, R. A., var. found by, 250 Hunt, R. H., var. found by, 371 Hunterville, 471 Huntingdon, 471 Husmann, 471 Husmann, G., cited, 115, 221; quoted, 114 _Husson_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 Hutchinson, 471 Hutporup, 471 _Hybride de Concord No. 6_ (syn. of Triumph), 411 Hybrid, first Labrusca-vinifera, 56 Hybrid Franc, 300 Hyde, Wilkes, var. orig. by, 471 Hyde Black, 471 Hyde Eliza, 471 Icterida, 472 Ida, 472 Ideal, 301 Iden, 472 _Iden_ (syn. of Lake), 478 Illinois, grapes in, 53, 54 Illinois City, 472 Illinois Early, 472 Illinois Prolific, 472 _Imitation Hamburg_ (syn. of Union Village), 415 Imlay, Mr., mentioned, 326 Imperial, 302 _Imperial_ (syn. of Columbian Imperial), 218 Improved Purple Fox, 472 _Improved Warren_ (syn. of Harwood), 467 Indiana, 472 Indiana, grapes in, 20, 54 Indian Field, 472 Infloresence, taxonomic value of, 102 International, 472 Iola, 472 Iona, 302 Iowa, 472 Iowa, grapes in, 61 Iowa Excelsior, 472 Iris, 472 Ironclad, 306 Irvin October, 472 Irving, 473 Isabella, 50, 307 _Isabella Regia_ (syn. of Pierce), 500 Isabella Seedling, 310 _Isabelle d'Amerique_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Israella, 311 _Italian wine grape_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 Ithaca, 473 Ives, 312 Ives, Henry, var. orig. by, 313 _Ives' Maderia_ (syn. of Ives), 312 _Ives' Maderia Seedling_ (syn. of Ives), 312 _Ives' Seedling_ (syn. of Ives), 312 _Ives' Seedling Maderia_ (syn. of Ives), 312 _Jac_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Jac_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 Jacent, 473 _Jack_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Jack_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 _Jacques_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Jacques_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 _Jacquet_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 _Jacquet_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Jacquez_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Jacquez_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 Jaeger, 314 Jaeger, Hermann, cited, 115; var. found by, 461; var. orig. by, 455, 473, 474, 481, 492, 523 _Jaeger, Herman_ (syn. of Jaeger), 314 _Jaeger No. 50_ (syn. of Longworth), 481 _Jaeger No. 56_ (syn. of Dufour), 455 _Jaeger No. 70_ (syn. of Munson), 492 Jaeger's Seedlings, 473 James, 315 James, J. H., var. orig. by, 474 James Seedling, 474 Janesville, 316 Jane Wylie, 474 _Janie Wylie_ (syn. of Jane Wylie), 474 Jaques, John, mentioned, 89 Jefferson, 317 Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, 45, 161 Jeffries, Mr., var. orig. by, 526 Jelly, 474 Jemina, 474 Jennie May, 474 Jennings, 474 _Jersey Grape_ (syn. of Willis Fredonia), 525 Jessica, 320 Jessie, 474 Jesuits, 17 Jeter, 474 Jewel, 321 _Jewell_ (syn. of Jewel), 321 Joen, 474 _Joe's Mariole_ (syn. of Mariole), 485 John Burr, 474 Johnson, 474 Johnson, David, var. orig. by, 498 Johnson, J., mentioned, 206 Johnson, S. W., cited, 17; quoted, 44 Jolly, 474 Joly, 474 Jonathan, 474 Jones, Calvin, quoted, 51, 400 Jones, Judge J. B., var. found by, 184 Jones, W. W., var. orig. by, 435, 468, 525 _Jones Perfumed_ (syn. of Carolina Blue Muscadine), 445 Joplin, J., var. orig. by, 474 Joplin's Peaks of Otter, 474 _Jordan_ (syn. of Moyer), 354 Jordan Large Blue, 475 _Jordan's Blue_ (syn. of Jordan Large Blue), 475 Joseph Henry, 475 Josselyn, John, quoted, 35 Judd, 475 Judge, 475 Judge Miller, 475 July, 475 _July Sherry_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 July Twenty-fifth, 475 Jumbo, 475 _Jumbo_ (syn. of Columbian Imperial), 218 _June Grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia præcox_), 121 Juno, 475 Juno's Sister, 475 Kalamazoo, 475 Kalista, 475 Kansas July, 475 Kay Seedling, 475 _Kay's Seedling_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 Keller, 475 Keller White, 475 _Keller's White_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Kelley, Datus, var. orig. by, 485 Kellog, 476 Kelly, W. B., var. orig. by, 467 Kemp, 476 Kendall, 476 Kenena, 476 Kenrick's Native, 476 Kensington, 322 Kentucky, 476 Kentucky, grapes in, 17, 54 Kentucky wine, 476 Ketchum, 476 _Keuka_ (syn. of Neff), 492 Keuka Lake, first plantings about, 54 Key to species of Vitis, 107, 108 Keystone, 476 Kiamichi, 476 Kilvington, 476 King, 324 _King_ (syn. of Golden Clinton), 463 King Philip, 476 Kingsessing, 476 Kingsessing, Edward G., var. orig. by, 462 King William, 476 Kinney, I., var. orig. by, 476, 477 Kinney's Seedlings, 476, 477 Kiowa, 477 Kitchen, 477 _Kittredge_ (syn. of Ives), 312 Kniffin, William, mentioned, 91 Kniffin system of training, 91 Knob Mountain, 477 Knox, Rev. J., var. orig. by, 504 Koeth, A., var. orig. by, 442 Kosomo, 477 Kramer, J. C., var. orig. by, 438, 477 Kramer Seedling, 477 Krause, 477 Kready, John, var. orig. by, 248, 456, 476 Kruger, 477 Labe, 477 Labrusca, origin of the name, 149 Lacon, 477 Laconia, 477 La Crissa, 477 Ladies, 477 _Ladies Choice_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 Lady, 325 Lady Charlotte, 477 Lady Dunlap, 478 Lady Helene, 478 Lady Washington, 327 Lady Younglove, 478 Lake, 478 _Lake_ (syn. of Iden), 472 _Lama_ (syn. of Laura), 478 La Marie, 478 Lane, Ralph, cited, 31 Langendoerfer, F., var. orig. by, 295, 524 _Languedoc_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Langworthy, L. B., var. found by, 214 La Reine, 478 Large Berry, 478 _Large Blue English_ (syn. of Cape May Prolific), 444 _Large German_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 Large Leaf, 478 Larrowe, Hon. Jacob, mentioned, 83 La Salle, 478 Laughlin, 478 Laughlin, W. R., var. orig. by, 478 Laura, 478 _Laura Beverly_ (syn. of Creveling), 224 Laussel, 478 Lavega, 478 Lawrence, 478 Laws, John, var. orig. by, 474 Lawson, 479 Lawson, John, life of, 36; quoted, 37 Leader, 479 Leaf-hopper (See Grape leaf-hopper) _Leather-Leaf grape_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148 Leavenworth, 479 Leaves, taxonomic value of, 105, 106 _Lebanon Seedling_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Le Conte, John Eaton, life of, 144; work on Vitis by, 100; writings of, 144 Legaux, Peter, cited, 42; life of, 16; mentioned, 15, 18, 161, 162 _Lehigh_ (syn. of Berks), 439 Lehman, 479 Lehman, William, var. orig. by, 479 Leif the Lucky, 29, 30 Lemosy, Mr., cited, 367 Lenoir, 328 _Lenoir_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Lenoir_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 Lenori, 479 Leon, 479 _Lespeyre_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Letovey, 479 Lewis, 479 Lexington, 479 Lida, 479 Lightfoot, 479 Lightfoot, W. H., var. orig. by, 434, 435, 438, 444, 479, 489, 514 _Lightfoot Seedling No. 34_, 479 Lightfoot's Seedlings, 479 _Lilac_ (syn. of Shurtleff Seedling), 512 Limington White, 479 Linceola, 479 Lincoln, 480 _Lincoln_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Lincoln_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Lincoln County_ (syn. of Lincoln), 480 Lincoln Downer, 480 Lincrup, 480 Lincy, 480 Lindell, 480 Linden, 480 Lindley, 329 Lindley, John, mentioned, 330 Lindmar, 480 Linelvi, 480 Linherbe, 480 Linley, 480 Linn, 480 Linn Queen, 480 Linnaeus, Carolus, life of, 149, 150; quoted, 118, 151, 155 Linville, Robert, var. orig. by, 459 Little Blue, 480 Little Giant, 481 _Little grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _Little Mountain grape_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130 Little Ozark, 481 Livingston, 481 Lizzie, 481 Lobata, 481 Logan, 481 London Company, 6, 7 Long, 481 _Long_ (syn. of Cunningham), 227 _Long_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Long, Col. James, var. found by, 481 Long John, 481 _Long No. 2_ (syn. of Cunningham), 227 Longfellow, quoted, 204 _Long's_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 _Long's Arkansas_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 Longworth, 481 Longworth Monster, 481 Longworth, Nicholas, books by, 23; grapes imported by, 23; life of, 22, 23; mentioned, 206, 236, 340, 416; var. found by, 370; var. orig. by, 481 _Longworth No. 20_ (syn. of Longworth), 481 _Longworth's Ohio_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Longworth's Ohio_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 Loomis' Honey, 481 Looney, C. S., var. orig. by, 482 Looney Seedling, 482 Lorain, 482 Loretto, 482 Loubat, Alphonse, mentioned, 24 Loudon, F. W., var. orig. by, 281, 316, 446, 474, 482 Loudon Seedling, 482 Louisa, 482 Louise, 482 Louisiana, 331 Louisiana, grapes in, 13 Louisville, 482 _Louisville Seedling_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Lowell Globe, 482 Lucile, 332 Lucky, 482 Luckyne, 482 Lucy Winton, 482 Luders, 482 Luffborough, 482 Lugawana, 482 _Lugiana nera_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Lukfata, 482 Lulie, 482 Lum, H. B., var. orig. by, 478 Luna, 482 Lutie, 334 Lycoming, 483 Lydia, 483 Lyman, 483 Lyon, 483 _Lyon_ (syn. of Presly), 502 Mabel, 483 _MacCandless_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _MacCandless_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 _McCowan_ (syn. of Cowan), 451 McDonald's Ann Arbor, 483 _McGowan_ (syn. of Cowan), 451 Macedonia, 483 McKay, E. A., mentioned, 83 _McKee_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 McKinley, 483 McKinley, J. S., var. orig. by, 218 _McLean_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _McLean_ (syn. of Lincoln), 480 McLean, Dr. Wm., var. orig. by, 480 _McLure_ (syn. of Mrs. McLure), 491 McMahon, Bernard, cited, 44 McMurtrie, Dr. William, mentioned, 59 McNeil, 483 _McOwen_ (syn. of Cowan), 451 McPike, 335 McPike, H. G., var. orig. by, 336 Madeira, 483 _Madeira_ (syn. of Black Madeira), 440 _Madeira of York, Pa._ (syn. of Alexander), 160 Madeline, 483 _Madison County_ (syn. of Long), 481 Magee, 484 Magee, George J., cited, 275; var. found by, 275 Magnate, 336 Magnificent, 484 Maguel, Francis, cited, 32 Maguire, 484 _Mahogany_ (syn. of Mahogany Colored), 484 Mahogany Colored, 484 Main, 484 Main, Mr., var. orig. by, 484 Maine, grapes in, 13 Malinda, 484 _Malvasier_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Malvin, 484 _Mammoth_ (syn. of Sage), 395 _Mammoth Catawba_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Mammoth Globe_ (syn. of Carter), 445 _Mammoth Sage_ (syn. of Sage), 395 Manhattan, 484 Manito, 337 Manockanock, 484 Mansfield, 484 Manson, 484 Marguerite, 484 Marie Louise, 338 Marine's Seedlings, 485 Marine, William M., var. orig. by, 461, 466, 476, 479, 482, 484, 485, 487, 489, 493, 496, 505 Mariole, 485 Marion (I), 339 Marion (II), 341 _Marion Port_ (syn. of Marion (I)), 33 _Marion Port_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 Marique, 485 Marker, 485 Marsala, 485 Marshall, Humphrey, life of, 96; quoted, 151; writings of, 96 Martha, 341 Marvin, D. S., var. orig. by, 208, 209, 405, 444, 451, 464, 470, 474, 478, 485, 509, 510, 521 Marvina, 485 Marvin's Seedlings, 485 Mary, 485 Mary Ann, 485 Mary Favorite, 485 Mary Mark, 486 Maryland, grapes in, 9, 10, 18 Maryland Purple, 486 Mary Wylie, 486 Mason, 486 Mason, Mrs. E., var. orig. by, 486, 507 Mason, B., var. orig. by, 486 Mason Renting, 486 _Mason's Seedling_ (syn. of Mason), 486 Massachusetts, grapes in, 12 Massachusetts White, 486 Massasoit, 343 Matchless, 486 Mathews, Professor, var. orig. by, 472 Mathilde, 486 _Matlock_ (syn. of Miles), 488 Mauston, 486 Maxatawney, 344 May Red, 486 Mead, John, mentioned, 84 Mead, John, var. orig. by, 486 Mead Seedling, 486 _Mead's Seedling_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Meanko, 487 Mease, Dr. James, life of, 42, 43; mentioned, 45; paper by, 43 Medora, 487 _Meisch_ (syn. of Mish), 489 Melasko, 487 Memory, 487 Mendota, 487 Meno, 487 Merceron, 487 _Merceron_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Merceron, F. E., var. orig. by, 487, 499 Mericadel, 487 Merrimac, 345 Meta, 487 Metis, 487 Metternich, 487 Mianna or Mienna, 487 Michaux, André, cited, 126; life of, 108; quoted, 118; works of, 108 Michaux, F. André, life of, 108; works of, 108 Michigan, 488 _Michigan_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Michigan, grapes in, 61 Middle region, 59, 60, 61 Middlesex, 488 _Mignonette vine_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 Miland, 488 Mildew (See Downy and Powdery mildew) Miles, 488 Millardet, 488 Millardet, cited, 102, 233, 368 Miller, 488 Miller, J. B., var. orig. by, 463 Miller, Samuel, var. orig. by, 188, 342, 460, 482, 483, 488, 529 _Miller No. 1_ (syn. of Martha), 341 _Miller's No. 2_ (syn. of Eva), 460 _Miller's No. 3_ (syn. of Macedonia), 483 _Miller's No. 4_ (syn. of Black Hawk), 188 Miller's Seedlings, 488 Millington, 488 Millington, Dr., var. found by, 488 Millington, Mrs., var. orig. by, 498 Millington White, 488 Mills, 347 Mills, W. H., var. orig. by, 348, 478 Mineola, 488 Miner, T. B., var. orig. by, 172, 418, 433, 436, 438, 442, 444, 459, 472, 479, 480, 489, 507 Miner's Seedlings, 489 Mingo, 489 Minnehaha, 489 Minnesota, 489 Minnesota Mammoth, 489 Minnie, 489 _Minor's Seedling_ (syn. of Venango), 520 Miriam, 489 Mish, 489 Mission, 489 Missouri, 489 Missouri, grapes in, 52 Missouri Bird Eye, 490 _Missouri Bird's Eye_ (syn. of Elsinburgh), 257 _Missouri grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 Missouri Muscadine, 490 Missouri Riesling, 349 _Missouri Seedling_ (syn. of Missouri), 489 Modena, 490 Moffats, 490 _Mohrendutte_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Moltke, 490 Monarch, 490 Monard, 490 Monlintawba, 490 Monroe, 350 Montclair, 490 Montefiore, 351 _Monteith_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 Montisella, 490 Montour, 490 Montreal, 490 Moore, Captain John B., var. orig. by, 286, 353, 456, 465 Moore, Jacob, life of, 192; var. orig. by, 192, 237, 241, 274, 448, 466, 514, 524 Moore, Rev. Archer, var. orig. by, 209, 450 Moore Early, 353 _Moore's Diamond_ (syn. of Diamond), 236 _Moore's No. 31_ (syn. of Hayes), 286 Morin, 490 Morneberg, J. G., var. orig. by, 461 Morrell, Mr., var. orig. by, 490 Morrell Seedling, 490 Morse, 491 Morton, Thomas, quoted, 35 Mosher, S., mentioned, 206 Mottier, John E., var. orig. by, 523 _Mottier_ (syn. of Purple Marion), 504 Mottled, 491 Mountain, 491 _Mountain grape_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130 _Mountain grape_ (syn. of _V. monticola_), 116 _Mountain grape of Texas_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113 Mount Lebanon, 491 Moyer, 354 _Moyer's Early Red_ (syn. of Moyer), 354 Mrs. McLure, 491 Mrs. Munson, 491 Mrs. Stayman, 491 Muench, 491 Muench, F., var. orig. by, 376, 471, 511, 521 Multiple, 491 Muncie, 491 _Muncy_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Muncy Black, 491 _Muncy Pale Red_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Munier, 491 Munson, 492 Munson, Thomas Volney, cited, 105, 106, 114, 118, 124, 128, 134, 143, 149, 233, 267, 271, 287, 290, 331; life of, 122; quoted, 122, 126, 216; var. orig. by, 122, 169, 170, 176, 179, 181, 194, 202, 216, 259, 271, 280, 287, 296, 315, 337, 385, 393, 394, 421, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 463, 464, 465, 470, 471, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 525, 526, 528; work on Vitis by, 101 Munson, W. K., var. found by, 324 _Munson's No. 13_ (syn. of Striped Ruby), 515 _Munson's No. 21_ (syn. of Bell), 181 _Munson No. 22_ (syn. of Gold Dust), 463 _Munson's No. 29_ (syn. of Old Gold), 495 _Munson's No. 33_ (syn. of Red Bird), 505 _Munson No. 45_ (syn. of Linelvi), 480 _Munson No. 47_ (syn. of Red Eagle), 385 _Munson's No. 76_ (syn. of Fern Munson), 271 _Munson No. 81_ (syn. of Jaeger), 314 _Munson's No. 107_ (syn. of Multiple), 491 _Munson's No. 111_ (syn. of Sweetey), 515 _Munson's No. 130_ (syn. of Texas Highland), 516 _Munson's No. 181_ (syn. of Texas), 516 _Munson's Riparia_ (syn. of _V. longii microsperma_), 123 _Munson's Riparia_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 Murdock, 492 Murdock, Judge, var. orig. by, 492 Murry, William, mentioned, 206 Muscadine Superior, 492 _Muscadine_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 _Muscadine grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 Muscat, 492 Muscat Catawba, 492 Muscat Hamburg, 356 Musky, defined, 4 _Mustang_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _Mustang grape_ (syn. of _V. candicans_), 147 _Mustang grape_ of Chapman (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112 Mylitta, 492 Nahab, 492 Naomi, 357 Nashua, 492 Native grape, 39, 41, 42, 43; described by Prince, 49; evolution of, 36; habitat of, 27; means of distribution of, 27; value of, 36 Naumkeag, 492 Nazro, 492 Nazro, Henry, var. orig. by, 492 _Neal grape_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 Nebraska, 492 Nectar, 358 Neff, 492 Neff, Mr., var. orig. by, 492 _Neil grape_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 Nell, 492 Nelson, 492 Nelson, Roger, var. orig. by, 492 Neosho, 492 Neponset, 493 Nerluton, 493 _Neva_ (syn. of Neva Munson), 493 Neva Munson, 493 Neverfail, 493 Newark, 493 New Buda, 493 Newburgh, 493 Newburgh Muscat, 493 New England, grapes in, 12, 13, 34, 35; wine in, 13 _New Hanover_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 New Haven, 493 _New Haven Red_ (syn. of New Haven), 493 New Jersey, grapes in, 53 Newman, 493 Newman, C. C., cited, 111, 400 New Mary, 493 New Netherland, grapes in, 11 Newport, 493 Newton, 493 Newtonia, 494 New York, champagne in, 65; grapes in, 10, 11, 12, 23, 24, 53, 54; grape districts of, 72 et seq.; viticulture in, 68; wine in, 11, 12 Niagara, 359 Niagara district, 72; acreage of, 92; climate of, 93; diseases in, 94; geology of, 92; markets of, 93; soil of, 93 Nicholson, James, var. orig. by, 468 Nicolls, mentioned, 11 Nimalba, 494 Nina, 494 Ninekah, 494 Nizola, 494 _No. 93 A_ (syn. of Imperial), 302 Noah, 362 Nonantum, 494 Nonpareil, 494 Nora, 494 Norfolk, 364 _Norfolk Muscat_ (syn. of Norfolk), 364 Norseman, account of grapes by, 29 North America, 494 _North California grape_ (syn. of _V. californica_), 135 North Carolina, 494 North Carolina, grapes in, 38, 54 _North Carolina Muscadine_ (syn. of Mary Ann), 485 _North Carolina Seedling_ (syn. North Carolina), 494 North Carolina White, 494 North Star, 495 _Northern aestivalis_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 145 _Northern Fox Grape_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 Northern Light, 494 Northern Muscadine, 365 Northern Muscat, 495 _Northern Summer grape_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 145 Norton, 366 _Norton_ (syn. of Cynthiana), 228 Norton, Dr. D. N., mentioned, 367 Norton, E. Q., quoted, 27 _Norton's Seedling_ (syn. of Norton), 366 _Norton Virginia_ (syn. of Cynthiana), 228 _Norton's Virginia_ (syn. of Norton), 366 _Norton's Virginia Seedling_ (syn. of Cynthiana), 228 _Norton's Virginia Seedling_ (syn. of Norton), 366 Norwood, 369 Noyes, Dr., mentioned, 215 Nuttall, Thomas, quoted, 56, 57; life of 98; writings of, 98 Obed, 495 Oberon, 495 Occidental, 495 Octavia, 495 Odart, Count, quoted, 144 Offer, 495 Ohio (I), 369 Ohio (II), 371 _Ohio_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Ohio, grapes in, 22, 52, 53, 54 _Ohio Cigar Box_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Ohio Claret, 495 Oklahoma, grapes in, 61 Oktaha, 495 Old Ford, 495 Old Gold, 495 _Oldhouse_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Old House Grape_ (syn. of Harris), 466 Old Hundred, 495 Old World grape, 19, 24; failure in America, 29; habitat of, 1 history of, 1, et seq. Olita, 495 Olitatoo, 496 Olmstead, 496 Olympia, 496 Omega, 496 _Omega_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Onderdonk, 496 Onderdonk, G., var. orig. by, 455 Oneida, 371 Oneovem, 496 One Seed, 496 Onondaga, 496 Ontario, 496 _Ontario_ (syn. of Union Village), 415 Onyx, 496 Opal, 496 Oporto, 372 Oriental, 373 Oriole, 497 Orphan Boy, 497 Orwigsburg, 497 Osage, 497 Osceola, 497 Osee, 497 Oskaloosa, 497 Osmond, 497 Oswego, 497 Othello, 374 Otoe, 497 Ouachita, 498 Owego, 498 Owens White, 498 Owens, Wm., var. orig. by, 498 Owosso, 498 Ozark, 376 Ozark Seedling, 498 Pacific region, 59; development of, 60, 61 Pagan, 498 _Paign's Isabella_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Pale, Tennis, mentioned, 34 _Pale Wooded Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Palermo, 498 _Palmate grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _Palmate-leaved grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _Palmate-leaved vine_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _Palmated leaves_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 Palmer, 498 Palmetto, 498 _Palmetto-leaved grape_ (syn. of _V. simpsoni_), 149 Pamlico, 498 Paradox, 498 Paragon, 498, 499 _Parker_ (syn. of Ithaca), 473 Parker, Dr. S. J., cited, 431 Parker Rocky Mountain Seedling, 499 Parmentier, M., mentioned, 23, 24 Parry, cited, 134 Pattison, 499 Pauline, 499 Paultne, 499 Pawnee, 499 Paxton, 499 _Payne's Early_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Peabody, 377 Peake, E. M., var. found by, 384 Pearl, 499 Pearson, A. W., cited, 306 _Pearson's Ironclad_ (syn. of Ironclad), 306 Pedee, 499 Peerless, 500 Peggy, 500 Pell, G. T., var. orig. by, 500 Pell's Illinois, 500 Penn, William, mentioned, 10 Pennsylvania, grapes in, 19, 44, 53, 54 Peola, 500 Perfection, 377 Perfume, 500 Perkins, 378 Perkins, Jacob, var. orig. by, 378 Perry, 500 Peter Wylie, 500 _Peter Wylie No. 1_ (syn. of Peter Wylie), 500 _Petit Noir_ (syn. of Adelia), 433 Phelps, J. S., var. orig. by, 448 Phinney, Elias, var. found by, 437 Phylloxera, 5 _Phylloxera vastatrix_ (See Phylloxera) Pierce, 500 _Pigeon grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _Pine-wood grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 140 Pioneer, 500 Piper, D. J., var. orig. by, 475, 513 Piqua, 500 Pittsburg Seedling, 500 Pizarro, 500 Planchette, 501 Planchon, Jules Emile, cited, 106, 124, 126, 131; life of, 124 Planet, 501 Plant lice (See Phylloxera) Plantagenet, Beauchamp, quoted, 34 _Plasmopara viticola_ (See Downy mildew) Pliny, cited, 2 _Plum grape_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 Plymouth, 501 _Plymouth White_ (syn. of Plymouth), 501 Pocklington, 379 Pocklington, John, var. orig. by, 380, 455 Pocohontas Red, 501 Poeschel Mammoth, 501 Poeschel, William, var. orig. by, 461, 501 Pollock, 501 Pollock, Mr., var. orig. by, 501 _Polychrosis viteana_ (See Grape fruit worm) Pond, Samuel, var. orig. by, 501 Pond's Seedling, 501 Ponroy, 501 Pontotoc, 501 Porup, 501 _Possum grape_ (syn. of _V. baileyana_), 129 _Possum grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _Post-oak grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 52, 140 Post-oak No. 1, 501 Post-oak No. 2, 501 Post-oak No. 3, 501 Potter, 501 _Potter's Early_ (syn. of Potter), 501 _Potter's Seedling_ (syn. of Potter), 501 _Potter's Sweet_ (syn. of Potter), 501 Poughkeepsie, 381 _Poughkeepsie Red_ (syn. of Poughkeepsie), 381 Powdery mildew, 86 _Powell_ (syn. of Bland), 441 Prairie State, 502 Prentiss, 382 Prentiss, J. W., mentioned, 83; var. orig. by, 383 President, 502 _President Lyon_ (syn. of Presly), 502 Presly, 502 _Pres. Lyon_ (syn. of Lyon), 483 Primate, 502 _Prince Edward_ (syn. of Cunningham), 227 Prince Nurseries, 48 Prince, William Robert, cited, 121; life of, 21, 22; quoted, 57, 161; writings of, 22 Pringle, C. G., var. orig. by, 281, 464, 477, 484, 520 Professor Brunk, 502 _Prof. Curtis' grape_ (syn. of _V. caribæa_), 146 Professor Gulley, 502 Professor Hillgard, 502 Profitable, 502 Profusion, 502 Progress, 502 Prolific, 503 Prolific Chicken Grape, 503 Provost, Paul H., mentioned, 233 Provost White, 503 Prunella, 503 Pukwana, 503 Pulaski, 503 Pulliat, 503 Pulliat, M., var. orig. by, 503 Pulpless, 503 _Pungo of N. C._ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Purity, 503 Purple Bloom, 503 Purple Favorite, 503 _Purple Favorite_ (syn. of Blue Favorite), 442 _Purple Fox_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _Purple Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Purple Hamburgh of Troy_ (syn. of Troy), 518 Purple Marion, 504 _Purple Urbana_ (syn. of Logan), 481 Pursh, cited, 128 Putnam, 504 Putnam, J. A., var. orig. by 164, 333, 467 Quassaic, 504 _Queen Loretto_ (syn. of Loretto), 482 Queen of Sheba, 504 Quinnebang, 504 Quintina, 504 Raabe, 504 Raabe, Peter, var. orig. by, 504 _Raabe's Honey_ (syn. of Raabe), 504 _Raabe's No. 3_ (syn. of Raabe), 504 Raabe's seedlings, 504 _Raccoon grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 Rachel, 504 Racine, 504 Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, book by, 47; life of, 99; quoted, 42, 47, 113; works of, 99 Ragan, 504 Raisin, 504 _Raisin de cassis_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Raisin de Cote, 505 _Raisin du Cap_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Raisin Fraise_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Raisin Framboise_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Raisins, how made, 67 Ramsey, 505 Randall, 505 _Randall_ (syn. of Agawam), 159 Randall, Mr., var. orig. by, 505 Raritan, 505 Rautenberg, F. E. L., var. orig. by, 434, 440, 446, 448, 467, 490, 505, 506 Rautenberg's Seedlings, 505 Ravenel, H. W., cited, 114; mentioned, 206 Ravesies, Frederick, quoted, 21 _Ray's Victoria_ (syn. of Victoria), 520 Read, M. A., var. orig. by, 505 Read, William H., var. orig. by, 320, 355, 416, 480 Read Seedling, 505 _Read's Hybrid_ (syn. of Lincoln), 480 _Reagan_ (syn. of Ragan), 504 Rebecca, 383 Red Bird, 505 _Red Bland_ (syn. of Bland), 441 Red Eagle, 385 _Red Elben_ (syn. of Louisiana), 331 _Red Elben_ (syn. of Rulander), 508 _Red Fox_ (syn. of V. labrusca), 150 Red Giant, 505 _Red grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _Red Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Red Jacket, 505 Red Juice, 505 Red Leaf, 505 _Red Lenoir_ (syn. of Pauline), 499 _Red Muncy_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Red Riesling, 505 _Red Riesling_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 _Red River_ (syn. of Cynthiana), 228 Red Rover, 505 _Red Scuppernong_ (syn. of Bland), 441 Red Sheperd, 506 Red Sweet Water, 506 Regal, 386 Regina, 506 Regions of grape growing, 59 Reichenbach, John, var. orig. by, 461, 462 Reinecke, 506 Reinike, 506 Reisinger, Andrew, mentioned, 54, 83; var. orig. by, 448 Reliance, 506 Rentz, 506 Rentz, Sebastian, var. orig. by, 506 _Rentz Seedling_ (syn. of Rentz), 506 Requa, 387 Rhenish, 506 Rhode Island, grapes in, 13 _Riatz_ (syn. of Rentz), 506 Rice, A. F., var. orig. by 407, 484, 502 Richards, Paul, mentioned, 11, 12 Richmond, 506 _Richmond Villa Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Ricketts, James H., life of, 318, 319; quoted, 269; var. orig. by, 158, 169, 175, 242, 243, 257, 262, 269, 298, 302, 318, 319, 327, 357, 377, 402, 433, 434, 435, 455, 462, 464, 478, 493, 500, 501, 504, 505, 508, 519, 522 _Ricketts' Delaware Seedling No. 1_ (syn. of Raritan), 505 _Ricketts' Delaware Seedling No. 2_ (syn. of Putnam), 504 _Ricketts' No. 1_ (syn. of Downing), 242 _Ricketts' No. 37_ (syn. of Highland), 297 Riehl, E. A., var. orig. by, 255, 506 _Riehl's New Early Grape_ (syn. of Eclipse), 254 _Riehl's No. 10_ (syn. of Eclipse), 254 Riehl's Seedlings, 506 Riesenblatt, 506 _Riesling_ (syn. of Missouri Riesling), 349 _Riverbank_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _River grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Riverside grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Roanoke_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 Roanoke Red, 506 Robert Wylie, 506 Robeson, 507 Robeson, Mr., var. orig. by, 507 Robeson Seedling, 507 Robinson Unnamed Seedling, 507 Robusta, 507 Rochester, 388 _Rock grape_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113 _Rock House Indian_ (syn. of Waterloo), 521 Rockingham, 507 Rockland Favorite, 507 Rockwood, 389 Roe, E. P., var. orig. by, 514 Roenbeck, 507 Roenbeck, Fred, var. orig. by, 439, 440, 462, 478 Rogers, A. D., quoted, 392 Rogers, Edward Staniford, life of, 390; var. orig. by, 158, 170, 178, 263, 273, 276, 292, 330, 343, 346, 387, 390, 397, 424, 507, 508 Rogers' Hybrids discussed, 390 _Rogers' No. 1_ (syn. of Goethe), 276 _Rogers' No. 3_ (syn. of Massasoit), 343 _Rogers' No. 4_ (syn. of Wilder), 423 _Rogers' No. 5_, 507 _Rogers' No. 9_ (syn. of Lindley), 329 _Rogers' No. 13_, 507 _Rogers' No. 14_ (syn. of Gaertner), 272 _Rogers' No. 15_ (syn. of Agawam), 159 _Rogers' No. 19_ (syn. of Merrimac), 345 _Rogers' No. 22_ (syn. of Salem), 397 _Rogers' No. 24_, 507 _Rogers' No. 28_ (syn. of Requa), 387 _Rogers' No. 32_, 508 _Rogers' No. 39_ (syn. of Aminia), 170 _Rogers' No. 41_ (syn. of Essex), 263 _Rogers' No. 43_ (syn. of Barry), 178 _Rogers' No. 44_ (syn. of Herbert), 291 _Rogers' No. 53_ (syn. of Salem), 397 Rombrill, 508 Rommel, 393 Rommel, Jacob, life of, 352; var. orig. by, 180, 260, 265, 270, 352, 434, 440, 441, 453, 456, 470, 475, 499, 518, 523, 525 _Rommel's Amber_ (syn. of Amber), 434 _Rommel's Etta_ (syn. of Etta), 265 _Rommel's No. 3_ (syn. of Etta), 265 _Rommel's No. 19_ (syn. of Black Taylor), 441 _Rommel's Taylor Seedling No. 10_ (syn. of Pearl), 499 _Rommel's Taylor Seedling No. 14_ (syn. of Montefiore), 351 Root worm (See Fidia) Rosalie, 508 Roscoe, 508 Rose, 508 Rose, Alfred, var. orig. by, 167 Rose, Henry, mentioned, 84 Rose, Reuben, var. orig. by, 475 _Rose Colored Delaware_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 _Rose Grape_ (syn. of Bland), 441 _Rose of Tennessee_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Roslyn, 508 Roswither, 508 Rot (See Black-rot) _Rothrock of Prince_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Royal Isabella_ (syn. of Pierce), 500 Ruby, 508 Ruckland, 508 _Ruff_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 Rulander, 508 _Rulander_ (syn. of Louisiana), 331 Rupel, 509 Rupert, 509 Rustler, 509 Rusty Coat, 509 Rutland, 509 R. W. Munson, 394 Ryckman, G. E., cited, 78 _Saccharissa_ (syn. of La Crissa), 477 _Sacks of Wine_ (syn. of Harwood), 467 Sacksteder, J., var. orig. by, 475, 477, 478 _Sacrissa_ (syn. of La Crissa), 477 Sage, 395 Sage, Henry E., var. found by, 395 Saginaw, 509 St. Albans, 509 St. Augustine, 509 St. Catherine, 509 _St. Genevieve_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _St. Genevieve_ (syn. of Louisiana), 331 _St. Genevieve_ (syn. of Rulander), 508 St. Hilaire, 509 St. John, 509 St. Louis, 396 _Sainte-Helene_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Salabra, 510 Salado, 510 Salem, 397 Salisbury, E. S., var. orig. by, 516 _Salisbury Violet_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Sally, 510 Salt Creek, 510 Saluda, 510 _Saluda_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Salzer Earliest, 510 Salzer, John A., var. orig. by, 510 Samuels, 510 Samuels, M. M., var. orig. by, 520 Sanalba, 510 Sanborn, Jos. N., var. orig. by, 477 Sanbornton, 510 _Sanbornton_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Sanborton_ (syn. of Sanbornton), 510 _Sand-beach grape_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113 _Sand grape_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 _Sand grape_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113 San Jacinto, 510 Sanmelaska, 510 Sanmonta, 510 Sanrubra, 510 Santa Clara, 511 _Saratoga_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Saratoga_ (syn. of Fancher), 460 Saunders, Dr. William, var. orig. by, 323, 458 Saxe White Seedling, 511 Saxe, W. H., var. orig. by, 511 Schenck White, 511 Schiller, 511 Schmitz Seedling, 511 Scholl, Mrs., mentioned, 205 Schoonemunk, 511 Schraidt, Casper, var. orig. by, 190 _Schraidt's Seedling_ (syn. of Black Pearl), 189 Schroeder, Dr. H., var. orig. by, 437 _Schuylkill_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 _Schuylkill_ (syn. of Orwigsburg), 497 _Schuylkill Muscadel_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Schuylkill Muscadell_ (syn. of Alexander), 50 _Schuylkill Muscadine_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Schwarzeblauer Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Schwarzer Gutedel_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Schwarzwelscher_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Scott, 511 _Scott_ (syn. of Ironclad), 306 Scott, Colonel, mentioned, 306 Scott, Gen. John, var. orig. by, 511 Scuppernong, 399 _Scuppernong_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 Scuppernong, origin of the word, 51 Secretary, 402 Secunda, 511 Seedlin, 511 _Seedling No. 502_ (syn. of Paradox), 498 Seeds, taxonomic value of, 103 Seelye, C. W., var. orig. by, 505 _Segar Box_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Segar Box_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370 Segessman, G., var. orig. by, 511 Self-fertility, 104, 105 Self-sterility, 104, 105 Selma, 511 Senasqua, 403 Seneca, 511 Septimia, 512 Seward, 512 Sex, taxonomic value of, 104 _Shaker_ (syn. of Union Village), 415 Shala, 512 Sharon, 512 _Sharon_ (syn. of Cayuga), 208 Sharp Beak, 512 Shelby, 404 Shelley, Daniel, var. orig. by, 512 Shelley Seedling, 512 Shephard, Orlando, mentioned, 83 Shepherd, Mr., mentioned, 340 _Shepherd's Port Wine_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 Sheppard, J, N., var. orig. by, 512 Sheppard Delaware, 512 Sheppard, 512 Sherman, 512 _Sherry_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Sherry of the South_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Sheruah, 512 Shirland, W. W., mentioned, 83 Short, Miss R. R., var. orig. by, 524 Shull, J., var. orig. by, 512 _Shull No. 2_, 512 Shurtleff, Dr. S. A., var. orig. by, 512 Shurtleff Seedling, 512 Shuttleworth, mentioned, 148 Siglar, 513 Silkyfine, 513 Silvain, 513 Silver Dawn, 513 Simpson, J. H., mentioned, 113 Simpson, R., var. orig. by, 511 _Simpson's grape_ (syn. of _V. simpsoni_), 148 Sinawissa, 513 _Singleton_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Skunk grape_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _Skunnymunk_ (syn. of Schoonemunk), 511 _Skuppernong_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 Sloe, 513 Sluyter, Peter, quoted, 10 _Small German_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 _Small grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 Small Leaf, 513 _Smart's Elsingborough_ (syn. of Elsingburgh), 257 _Smart's Elsingburgh_ (syn. of Elsingburgh), 257 Smallwood, 513 Smallwood, E., var. orig. by, 513 Smith, Captain John, quoted, 31, 32 Smith, S. V., var. orig. by, 512 _Smooth Canyon Grape_ (syn. of _V. treleasei_), 122 Snelter, 513 Snelter, L., var. orig. by, 439, 513 Snow, Seward, var. orig. by, 356 Snowflake, 513 Solander Large Purple, 513 Solrupo, 513 Somerville, 513 Sophia, 513 Souland, 514 _Sour grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _Sour or Pungent Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _Sour Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _South California grape_ (syn. of _V. girdiana_), 136 South Carolina, 514 South Carolina, grapes in, 54 _Southern Aestivalis_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis bourquiniana_), 142 Southern Champion, 514 _Southern Fox grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 Southern region, 59, 60, 61 Spangler, A. M., var. orig. by, 461 Spaniards, American grape culture by, 6 _Spanish grape_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130 Species, blooming order of, 103; botanical key to, 107, 108; compared by Bartram, 98; conspectus of, 107, 108; resistance to Phylloxera, 5; seed characters of, 103 Spencer, 514 Spencer, Henry B., var. orig. by, 434, 458, 509 _Sphaceloma ampelinum_ (See Anthracnose) Spinosa, 514 Spofford, Dr., var. orig. by, 411 _Spofford Seedling_ (syn. of To-Kalon), 410 Spotswood, Alexander, mentioned, 8 Spotted Globe, 514 Springfield, 514 _Spring Mill Constantia_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 _Springstein_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Stayman, Dr. J., life of, 422; quoted, 155, 422; var. orig. by, 189, 230, 268, 337, 376, 378, 422, 423, 446, 450, 452, 460, 486, 491, 497, 499, 503, 513, 523 Stace, S., var. orig. by, 514 Stace White, 514 Standard, 405 Staples, Isaac, var. orig. by, 466 Stark-Star, 406 Steele, Paphro, var. found by, 285 _Steele's Seedling_ (syn. of Hartford), 284 Stelton, 514 Sterling, 514 Stetson, Amos W., var. orig. by, 444, 514 Stetson, Nahum, var. orig. by, 451 _Stetson No. 1_ (syn. of Cabot), 444 _Stetson's Seedling No. 4_ (syn. of Curtis), 451 Stetson's Seedlings, 514 Stewart, Philemon, mentioned, 365 Stewart, P., var. orig. by, 475, 515 Stinger, B. F., var. orig. by, 433 Stock, 112, 114, 121, 148 Stone, J. I., mentioned, 210 Storm King, 514 Strachey, William, quoted, 32 Stratton, Benjamin, var. orig. by, 467 Strawberry, 515 Striped Ruby, 515 Success, 515 Sugar Grape, 515 _Sugar grape_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113 _Summer grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _Summer grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141 Summer White, 515 Sumner, 515 _Sumpter_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Sumpter_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Sunrise, 515 Superb, 407 Superior, 515 Supreme, 515 _Swamp grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 Swatara, 515 Swedes, American grape culture by, 10 _Sweet Mountain grape_ (syn. of _V. monticola_), 116 _Sweet scented_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Sweet scented grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Sweet Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131 Sweetey, 515 Taft, 515 Talala, 516 Talequah, 516 _Tallman_ (syn. of Champion), 210 _Tallman's Seedling_ (syn. of Champion), 210 Tamala, 516 Tasker, Mr., mentioned, 50, 161 _Tasker's grape_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 Tatnall, Edward, var. orig. by, 470 Taylor, 408 Taylor, A., var. orig. by, 443 Taylor, Judge John, mentioned, 409 _Taylor Bullit_ (syn. of Taylor), 408 _Taylor's Seedling No. 14_ (syn of Montefiore), 351 Tekoma, 516 _Tekomah_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 Telegraph, 409 Tenderpulp, 516 Ten-Dollar-Prize, 516 Tendrils, continuous, 102; intermittent, 102; taxonomic value of, 102 Tennessee, 516 Tennessee, grapes in, 54 Tennessee Island, 516 Texas, 516 Texas Highland, 516 _Texas Panhandle Large Grape_ (syn. of _V. doaniana_), 137 _Texas Post-oak grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141 Thacher, H., var. orig. by, 372 _The Beautiful_ (syn. of To-Kalon), 410 _The Black_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 369 Themis, 516 Theodosia, 516 Theophile, 517 Thomas, 517 Thomas, Drury, var. found by, 517 Thompson, Abram, mentioned, 232 Thompson, David, var. orig. by, 460, 517 Thompson, Mr., var. orig. by, 517 Thompson, R. O., var. orig. by, 517 Thompson, W., var. orig. by, 514 Thompson Red Seedling, 517 Thompson's Seedlings, 517 Thompson Wine, 517 Thorne, Mr., var. orig. by, 267 _Thurmond_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Thurmond_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Thurlow, Thomas C., var. orig. by, 459 Tinker, Dr. G. L., var. orig. by, 494 Tishomingo, 517 Togni, 517 To-Kalon, 410 _Tokay_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Tolman_ (syn. of Champion), 210 _Tolman's Seedling_ (syn. of Champion), 210 Tonkawa, 518 Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, life of, 95; mentioned, 118 _Traminer_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 Transparent, 518 Trask, 518 _Trask_ (syn. of Brighton), 191 Trask, Jas. W., var. orig. by, 507 Triumph, 411 Triumphant, 518 _Troller_ (syn. Black Hamburg), 186 Trollinger, 518 _Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Trowbridge, 518 Troy, 518 _Troy Hamburg_ (syn. of Troy), 518 _True Frost grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _Tryon_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 Tryone, 518 Tucker, Mr., var. orig. by, 473 _Tucker's Parker_ (syn. of Ithaca), 473 Tuckerman, 518 Tuckerman, J. B., var. orig. by, 442, 511, 518 _Tuley_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235 _Turkey grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141 Tuskahoma, 518 _Two-colored-leaved vine_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 144 _Typhlocyba comes_ (See Grape leaf-hopper) Tyrker, mentioned, 30 U. B., 518 Uhland, 518 Uller Mammoth, 518 Ulrey, 519 Ulster, 414 _Ulster Prolific_ (syn. of Ulster), 414 Una, 519 _Uncinula necator_ (See Powdery mildew) Underhill, 519 Underhill, Dr. A. K., var. orig. by, 519 Underhill, Robert, life of, 226; mentioned, 23, 24 Underhill, R. T., life of, 226; mentioned, 24 Underhill, Stephen W., life of, 26; var. orig. by, 184, 185, 226, 404, 473 Underhill, William A., life of, 226; mentioned, 24 _Underhill's Celestial_ (syn. of Underhill), 519 _Underhill's seedling_ (syn. of Underhill), 519 _Underhill's 8-8 Hybrid_ (syn. of Black Defiance), 184 _Underhill's 8-12_ (syn. of Black Eagle), 185 Undine, 519 Union village, 415 Universal, 519 _Uno_ (syn. of Juno), 475 Urbana, 519 _Urbana_ (syn. of Logan), 481 Ursula, 519 _Uva Fragola_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Vahl, Martin, cited, 126; life of, 125 Valencia, 519 Valentine, 519 _Valentines_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Valhallah, 519 Valiant, W., var. orig. by, 524 Valk, Dr. William W., mentioned, 56; var. orig. by, 433 _Valk's Seedling_ (syn. of Ada), 433 Valle, John, var. orig. by, 464, 493 _Valle's White Concord_ (syn. of Golden Concord), 464 _Valley grape_ (syn. of _V. girdiana_), 136 Valverde, 519 VanDeman, 519 Van Deman, H. E., quoted, 371 Vanderburgh, 519 Van Lindley, J., var. orig. by, 315 Van Wormer, E. L., var. found by, 201 _Variable grape_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 Venango, 520 Vergennes, 416 Vergil, quoted, 2, 3, 303 Vermont, 520 Vermont Giant, 520 Vermorel, 520 _Vernet_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Vesta, 520 _Vevay_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 Viala, 520 Viala, P., cited, 229 Vialla, 520 Vibert, M., var. orig. by, 503 Victoria, 418, 520 _Victoria_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Villars, Charles, cited, 20 Vine and Olive Colony, 20, 21 Vine Arbor, 520 _Vine Wood grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141 Vinita, 520 Vinland, 29 Vinrouge, 520 Virginia, 521 Virginia, grapes in, 8, 14, 31, 32, 33, 38; wine in, 8, 40 _Virginia Amber_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 _Virginia grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _Virginia Muscadell_ (syn. of Bland), 441 _Virginia Seedling_ (syn. of Norton), 366 Viticulture of New York, 68 Vitis, characters of, 28 classification of, 107, 108 classified by Rafinesque, 100 described by Linnaeus, 95, 96; by Marshall, 96; by Michaux, 97; by Nuttall, 98, 99; by Tournefort, 95; by Walter, 96, 97 distribution of, 26 genus of, 95 number of species of, 106 sexual status of, 104 _Vitis acerifolia_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _aestivalis_, 108, 138; (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 144; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Vitis aestivalis bourquiniana_, 142 _lincecumii_, 140 var. _bicolor_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 145 _canescens_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131 _canescens_ (syn. of _V. cinerea canescens_), 133 _cinerea_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131 _Lincecumii_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141 _monticola_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130 _Americana_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _angulata_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _araneosus_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _Argentifolia_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 144 _Arizonensis_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 _arizonica_, 107, 133 _arizonica glabra_, 134 _Arizonica_ var. _glabra_ (syn. of _V. arizonica glabra_), 134 _baileyana_, 107, 129 _berlandieri_, 107, 130 _bicolor_, 108, 144 _blanda_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _blandi_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _Bourquina_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis bourquiniana_), 142 _Bourquiniana_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis bourquiniana_), 142 _bracteata_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _californica_, 107, 135 _Californica_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 var. _Girdiana_ (syn. of _V. girdiana_), 136 _callosa_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Canadensis aceris folio_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _candicans_, 108, 147; as stock, 148 _coriacea_, 148 _Florida form_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148 _canina_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _caribæa_, 108, 146 _Caribea_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148 _caribea_ var. _coriacea_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148 _champini_, 107, 124 _cinerea_, 107, 131 _canescens_, 133 _floridana_, 133 var. _canescens_ (syn. of _V. cinerea canescens_), 133 _Floridana_ (syn. of _V. cinerea floridana_), 133 _cordifolia_ 107, 127; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _coriacea_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130 _foetida_, 128 _helleri_, 129 _sempervirens_, 129 _cordifolia_ var. (syn. of _V. cordifolia helleri_), 129 _foetida_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia foetida_), 128 _Helleri_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia helleri_), 129 _riparia_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _sempervirens_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia sempervirens_), 129 _coriacea_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148 _dimidiata_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _diversifolia_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 140 _doaniana_, 108, 137 _ferruginea_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _Floridana_ (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112 _Floridana_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _girdiana_, 108, 136 _hyemalis_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Illinoensis_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _incisa_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117; (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 _incisifolia_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141 _intermedia_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _labrusca_, 4, 102, 108, 149 _Labrusca_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138; (syn. of V. _cordifolia_), 127 _labrusca_ var. _aestivalis_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _Labrusca var._ _alba_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _nigra_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _rosea_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _labruscoides_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _latifolia_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _linsecomii_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 140 _longii_, 107, 123 _longii microsperma_, 123 _luteola_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _Missouriensis_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _monosperma_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _monticola_, 107, 116; (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130 _multiloba_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 140 _munsoniana_, 107, 112 _muscadina_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 _Mustangensis_ (syn. of _V. candicans_), 147 _Nortoni_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138; (syn. of Cynthiana), 228 _Novo Mexicana_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123; var. (syn. of _V. longii microsperma_), 123 _Nuevo Mexicana_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 _obovata_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _occidentalis_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138; (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _odoratissima_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117; (syn. of _V. riparia præcox_), 121 _Palmata_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _peltata_ (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112; (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 _prolifera_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _pullaria_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _riparia_, 107, 117; (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133 var. _palmata_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _præcox_, 121 _rotundifolia_, 50, 51, 107, 108 _rubra_, 107, 125 _rugosa_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _rupestris_, 70, 71, 107, 113, 114 _dissecta_, 115 var. _dissecta_ (syn. of _V. rupestris dissecta_), 115 _serotina_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _simpsoni_, 108, 148 _Solonis_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 var. _microsperma_ (syn. of _V. longii microsperma_), 123 _sylvestris_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138; (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _Virginiana_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149 _taurina_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149; (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 _tenuifolia_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _Texana_ (syn. of _V. monticola_), 116 _treleasei_, 107, 122 _verrucosa_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 _vinifera_, 3, 4, 25, 108, 154 _americana_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138 _sylvestris americana_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149 _Virginiana_ (syn. of _V. baileyana_), 129; (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 _virginiana_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _Virginiensis_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125 _vulpina_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138; (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127; (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117; (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108 var. _cordifolia_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _præcox_ (syn. of _V. riparia præcox_), 121 Vivie, M., var. orig. by, 521 Vivie Hybrid, 521 _Vivie's Hartford_ (syn. of Vivie Hybrid), 521 Waddel, 521 Waddel, John F., var. orig. by, 521 Waldo, J. B., var. orig. by, 521 Waldo Seedling, 521 Wales, 521 Wallis, Henry, cited, 396; mentioned, 295 Walter, 419 Walter, Thomas, life of, 96 Waneta, 521 Wapanuka, 421 Ward, Edmund, var. orig. by, 446 Warder, J. A., mentioned, 311; var. orig. by, 452 Warmita, 521 _Warner's_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Warner's Black Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Warner's Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Warren, 521 _Warren_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 _Warren_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 _Warrenden_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 _Warrenton_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 _Warty grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109 Washington, 521 _Washington_ (syn. of Doder), 454 _Washington_ (syn. of Eumelan), 266 Washita, 521 Wasserzieher, Otto, var. orig. by, 363 Waterloo, 521 Waterman, N. M., var. orig. by, 445 Watertown, 521 _Watertown_ (syn. of Laura), 478 Watova, 522 Waubeck, 522 Waverly, 522 W. B. Munson, 522 Webb Grape, 522 Webb, Samuel, var. orig. by, 522 Weeks, Dr. Cyrus, var. orig. by, 522 Weeks Seedling, 522 Weidmeyer, Wm., var. orig. by, 518 _Weissholziger Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 Weller, Sidney, var. orig. by, 466 _Weller's Halifax_ (syn. of Halifax), 466 Wells, 522 _Wells_ (syn. of Spencer), 514 Wells, Mr., var. orig. by, 522 _Wells Seedling_ (syn. of Arkansaw), 435 _Wells' Seedling_ (syn. of Wells), 522 _Wells White_ (syn. of Spencer), 514 _Welscher_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186 _Wemple_ (syn. of Cuyahoga), 451 Wemple, Mr., var. found by, 451 _Wemple's Seedling_ (syn. of Cuyahoga), 451 Western Beauty, 522 Western region, 59, 60, 61 Wetumka, 522 Wewoka, 522 Wheaton, 522 Wheaton, John C., var. orig. by, 481, 522 White, Nelson Bonney, life of, 364; var. orig. by, 166, 172, 364, 369, 374, 437, 440, 472, 476, 495 White, Hugh, mentioned, 215 White Ann Arbor, 523 White Beauty, 523 White Cape, 523 _White Catawba_ (syn. of Catawba), 204 White Clinton, 523 White Cloud, 523 White Delaware, 523 _White Delaware_ (syn. of White Clinton), 523 White Elizabeth, 523 White English, 524 _White Fox_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150 _White grape_ (syn. of _V. monticola_), 116 Whitehall, 524 _White Herbemont_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288 White Imperial, 422 _White Isabella_ (syn. of White Elizabeth), 523 White Jewel, 524 _White Moline_ (syn. of Newburgh Muscat), 493 White Mountain, 524 White Muscadine, 524 _White Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 _White Muscat of Newburgh_ (syn. of Newburgh Muscat), 493 White Musk, 524 _White's Northern Muscadine_ (syn. of White Northern Muscat), 524 White Northern Muscat, 524 White Norton, 524 White Rose, 524 _White Scuppernong_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 White Sugar, 524 White Tennessee, 524 White Ulster, 524 _White Virginia Seedling_ (syn. of White Norton), 524 Wier, D. H., var. orig. by, 477 Wilcox, 525 Wilder, 423 Wilder, Marshall P., quoted, 391; var. orig. by, 489 _Wild Grape_ (syn. of _V. californica_), 135 _Wild green Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 Wilding, 525 Wilkins, O. Fitzalwyn, var. orig. by, 525 Wilkins Seedling, 525 Willard, 525 Williamson, 525 Williamsport, 525 William Wine, 525 Willie, 525 _Willie Bell_ (syn. of Bell), 181 Willis, 525 Willis Fredonia, 525 Willis Large Black, 525 Wilmington, 526 _Wilmington Red_ (syn. of Wyoming), 431 _Wilmington White_ (syn. of Wilmington), 526 Winchell, 425 Winchell, C. E., mentioned, 426 Winchester, 526 Windsor, 526 Wine, 53, 62; color of, 62, 63; how made, 62, 63; kinds of, 63; production of in U. S., 63, 64 Winedrop, 526 _Wine Grape_ (syn. of Delaware), 231 _Wine grape_ (syn. of V. vinifera), 154 Wine House, 526 Wine King, 526 Wineland, 30 Wine-making, 55; premiums for, 7 Wingworth, G., var. orig. by, 509 _Winne_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 Winona, 526 Winslow, 526 Winslow, Charles, var. orig. by, 526 Winslow, Governor Edward, quoted, 35 _Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130 _Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 145 _Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127 _Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117 Winter Wine, 526 Winthrop, John, mentioned, 13 Witherbee, J. G., var. found by, 157 Witt, 526 Witt, Michael, var. orig. by, 526 _Wolfe_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529 Wood, William, quoted, 35 Woodbury, 526, 527 Woodbury, D. B., var. orig. by, 526 _Woodbury White_ (syn. of Woodbury), 526 Woodcock Seedling, 527 Woodford, 527 Woodriver, 527 Woodruff, 427 Woodruff, C. H., var. orig. by, 428, 494, 523 Woodruff, W. W., var. orig. by, 459 _Woodruff's No. 1_ (syn. of Etawa), 459 _Woodruff Red_ (syn. of Woodruff), 427 Woodson, 527 _Woodward_ (syn. of Isabella), 307 Woodward, A. W., var. orig. by, 386 Woodward, W. A., var. found by, 511 _Wooly Riparia_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123 Worden, 429 Worden, Schuyler, var. orig. by, 430 _Worden's Seedling_ (syn. of Worden), 429 _Worthington_ (syn. of Clinton), 213 _Wylie_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328 Wylie, Dr. A. P., life of, 182, 183; var. orig. by, 182, 462, 463, 474, 486, 491, 500, 506, 527, 528 Wylie's Seedlings, 527, 528 Wyman, 527 _Wyman_ (syn. of To-Kalon), 410 _Wyman's Seedling_ (syn. of Wyman), 527 Wynant, 527 Wyoming, 431, 527 _Wyoming Red_ (syn. of Wyoming), 431 Xenia, 528 Xlnta, 528 Yellow-leaf (See Chlorosis) _Yellow Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399 Yoakum, 528 Yomago, 528 Yonkers, 528 _Yonkers Honey Dew_ (syn. of Honey Dew), 469 York Claret, 528 York Lisbon, 529 _York Lisbon_ (syn. of Alexander), 160 York Madeira, 529 Young, Frank L., var. orig. by, 483 Young America, 529 _Youngken's Honey Dew_ (syn. of Honey Dew), 469 _Yunker's Honey Dew_ (syn. of Honey Dew), 469 Zane, 529 Zane, Mr., var. orig. by, 529 Zelia, 529 Zinnia, 529 Zita, 529 Zoe, 529 * * * * * FOOTNOTES: [1] De Candolle, Alphonse. _Origin of Cultivated Plants_: 191. 1882. [2] Translation of Dryden. [3] Perhaps the most marked distinguishing feature between ancient and modern grape-growing is the training of vines to trees as indicated in the above verse. Pliny says of this practice: "In Campania they attach the vine to the poplar; embracing the tree to which it is thus wedded, the vine grasps the branches with its amorous arms, and as it climbs, holds on with its knotted trunk till it has reached the very summit; the height being sometimes so stupendous that the vintager when hired, is wont to stipulate for his funeral pile and grave at the owner's expense." [4] Bailey gives the following interpretation of the word "fox" and its derivatives as applied to grapes: "The term fox-grape was evidently applied to various kinds of native grapes in the early days, although it is now restricted to the _Vitis labrusca_ of the Atlantic slope. Several explanations have been given of the origin of the name fox-grape, some supposing that it came from a belief that foxes eat the grapes, others that the odor of the grape suggests that of the fox--an opinion to which Beverly subscribed nearly two centuries ago--and still others thinking that it was suggested by some resemblance of the leaves to a fox's track. William Bartram, writing at the beginning of this century, in the Medical Repository, is pronounced in his convictions: 'The strong, rancid smell of its ripe fruit, very like the effluvia arising from the body of the fox, gave rise to the specific name of this vine, and not, as many have imagined, from its being the favourite food of the animal; for the fox (at least the American species) seldom eats grapes or other fruit if he can get animal food.' I am inclined to suggest, however, that the name may have originated from the lively foxing or intoxicating qualities of the poor wine which was made from the wild grapes. At the present day we speak of 'foxiness' when we wish to recall the musk-like flavor of the wild _Vitis labrusca_; but this use of the term is of later origin, and was suggested by the name of the grape." Bailey, L. H. _Evolution of Our Native Fruits_: 5. 1898. [5] The phylloxera (_Phylloxera vastatrix_ Planch.) has four forms: the leaf-gall form, the root form, the winged form, and the sexual form. Individual leaf insects produce from 500 to 600 eggs, the root insect about 100, the winged insect from 3 to 8, and the sexual insect but 1. The last is laid in the fall on old wood; the following spring a louse hatches from it and at once goes to the upper surface of a leaf and inserts its beak. The irritation thus produced causes a gall to form on the lower side of the leaf. In fifteen days the louse becomes a full-grown wingless female and proceeds to fill the gall with eggs after which it dies. In about a week females hatch from the eggs and migrate to form new colonies. Several generations of females occur in a summer. At the approach of winter the lice go into the ground where they remain dormant until spring when they attack the roots forming galls analogous to those on the leaves and passing through a series of generations similar to those above ground. In the fall of the second year some of the root forms give rise to winged females which fly to neighboring vines. These lay eggs in groups of two or four on the wood of the grape. The eggs are of two sizes; from the smaller size, males hatch in nine or ten days; from the larger, females. In the sexual stage no food is taken and the insects quickly pair. The female produces an egg which fills its entire body and after three or four days lays it, this being the winter egg, the beginning of the cycle. There are no remedies worthy the name and the only efficient preventive is to graft susceptible varieties on resistant stocks. Species are resistant about in the order named: _V. rotundifolia_, _V. riparia_, _V. rupestris_, _V. cordifolia_, _V. berlandieri_, _V. cinerea_, _V. aestivalis_, _V. candicans_, _V. labrusca_, _V. vinifera_. [6] Delaware wrote as follows: "In every boske and hedge, and not farr from our pallisade gates we have thousands of goodly vines running along and leaving to every tree, which yealds a plentiful grape in their kinde. Let me appeale, then, to knowledge if these naturall vines were planted, dressed and ordered by skilfull vinearoons, whether we might not make a perfect grape and fruitfull vintage in short time?" Delaware's Relation. _Brown's Genesis of the United States._ 1611. [7] Discourse of the Old Company, _British State Papers_, Vol. III:40 See _Virginia Magazine of History_, Vol. I:159. [8] Laws and Orders of Assembly, Feb. 16, 1623. _McDonald Papers_, Vol. I:97. Va. State Library. [9] The clause in this act reads: "That all workers upon corne and tobacco shall this spring plant five vyne plants per pol, and the next year, before the first day of March, 20 per pol, upon penaltie to forfeite one barrell of corne for every one that shall make default." [10] Roger Beverly, writing a century later, describes the early grape-growing in Virginia as follows: "The Year before the Massacre, _Anno_ 1622, which destroyed so many good projects for Virginia; some French vignerons were sent thither to make an experiment of their vines. These people were so in love with the country, that the character they then gave of it in their letters to the company in England, was very much to its advantage, namely: 'That it far excelled their own country of _Languedoc_, The vines growing in great abundance and variety all over the land; that some of the grapes were of that unusual bigness, that they did not believe them to be grapes, until by opening them they had seen their kernels; that they had planted the cuttings of their vines at Michaelmas, and had grapes from those very cuttings, the spring following. Adding in the conclusion, that they had not heard of the like in any other country.' Neither was this out of the way, for I have made the same experiment, both of their natural vine, and of the plants sent thither from England." _Beverly's Virginia_, Second Edition: 107. 1722. [11] Fiske, John. _Old Virginia and Her Neighbors._ Vol. II:372, 385. [12] _American Farmer_, Baltimore, 11:35. 1829-30. _Ib._, 12:396. 1830-31. [13] Dankers, Jasper, and Sluyter, Peter. _Journal of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80_: 130. [14] _Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, Holland Documents, 1603-1656. Vol. I:277. [15] The grant of the bounty is recorded in Volume II, _Deeds of New York_, page 87, on file in the office of the Secretary of State at Albany. It runs as follows:-- "Whereas Paul Richards an inhabitant of this Citty of New York hath made knowne to mee his intent to plant vines at a certaine Plantation that hee hath upon Long Island, called the little ffiefe, which if it succeed, may redound very much to the future benefitt and advantage of the inhabitants within this Government; and in regard, it will require much labour and a considerable charge to provide vines and to p'pare the ground and make it fitt for production of wines; ffor an Encouragemt to the said Paul Richards in his proceedings therein, I have thought fitt to grant unto him these following privileges (viz.) "That all wines of the growth of such vines as the said Paul Richards shall plant, or cause to bee planted at the place aforesaid, shall be free from any kind of impositions for ever if sold in grosse, and not by retaile: "That the said Paul Richards, his heirs, executors, or assignes shall have the privilege to have such wines sold by retaile in any one house in New York for the term of thirty years to come, from the time of the first selling of his wines, free from all imposts or excise: "That every person who shall hereafter for thirty years to come, plant vines within any place in this Government, shall upon the first yeares improvement pay unto the said Paul Richards, his heirs, executors, or assignes, five shillings for every acre so planted as an acknowledgement of his being the first undertaker and planter of vines in these parts. For the confirmacon of the privileges above specified, I have hereunto put my hand and seale. "Given at ffort James in New York this 10th day of January, 1664. RIC. NICOLLS." [16] Bellomont's letter is as follows: "As to propagating vines in these plantations to supply all of the dominions of the Crown, I can easily make that appear. In the first place Nature has given us an index in these Plantations that points to us what may be done in that by the help of art. There grows wild grapes in all of the woods here in very great abundance; I have observed them in many places but especially above Albany on the side of the Hudson river where the vines all along twine around great trees and fair clusters of grapes appear sometimes above 30 foot from the ground. I have eaten of the wild grapes which I thought tastefull enough, only somewhat harsh as an effect of their wildness." Then follows an account of how the French had previously made wine in Canada but that the Court of France had forbade its being made fearing that it might be prejudicial to the wine trade of the French. Earl of Bellomont to the Lords of Trade, Nov. 28, 1700. _Documents Relating to Colonial History of the State of New York_, 4:787. [17] Francis Higginson wrote in 1630: "excellent Vines are here up and downe in the Woods. Our Governour hath already planted a Vineyard with great hope of encrease." [18] Bellomont records that a company of French immigrants had made good wine in Rhode Island toward the close of the 17th century but they were driven out of the Colony by the English and the industry ceased. _N. Y. Col. Doc._, 4:787. [19] _American Farmer_, Baltimore, 10:387. 1828-29. [20] _American Farmer_, Baltimore, 10:387. 1828-29. _Ib._, 11:172. 1829-30. [21] Vol. I:117-198. 1769-71. [22] All that is known of the life of Edward Antill is found in _Johnson's Rural Economy_ where he is spoken of as "Mr. Antill, late of Middlesex County, New-Jersey, a gentleman who cultivated the grape with sedulous attention." _Johnson's Rural Economy_: 164. 1806. [23] Legaux's paper is found as a treatise on the cultivation of the vine in _The True American_ of March 24, 1800. The article contains about 2000 words, the main part of it being "A Statement of the Expense and Income of a Vineyard, Made on Four Acres of Land, situated in Pennsylvania, in the 40th Degree of Latitude." Of Legaux's life, little is known, other than that he was a French vine-grower with an experimental vineyard, as he says in the above article, at "Spring Mill, 13 miles N. N. W. from Philadelphia." Johnson speaks of Legaux as a philanthropist; McMahon calls him a "gentleman of Worth and Science"; while Rafinesque accuses him of fraud and deception in the matter of calling the native grapes Bland and Alexander, _Madeira_ and _Cape_. Judging the man from his article in _The True American_ and from the words of his contemporaries, he was a capable, enthusiastic and intelligent grape-grower. His philanthropy is more doubtful. It is true that he distributed many grape plants but as he himself says to "fellow citizens possessing pecuniary means." That he practiced deceit in the matter of the introduction of the Alexander as the Cape is probable. However, his deceit, if such it were, may be forgotten and he should be remembered as the chief disseminator of the Alexander, the first distinctive American variety of commercial value. [24] _The True American_, March 24, 1800. [25] Johnson, S. W., _Rural Economy_: 156. New Brunswick, N. J., 1806. [26] John James Dufour, born in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, in 1763, came to America in 1796 to engage in grape-growing and wine-making. An account of his work is given in the text. In 1826 Dufour published the _Vine Dresser's Guide_, which became the authority on the culture of this fruit at that time. Dufour must be remembered for this book, for the dissemination of the Cape or Alexander grape, and as one of the pioneer vineyardists and wine-makers of the New World. [27] Dufour, John James. _Vine Dresser's Guide_: 307. 1826. [28] _U. S. Statutes at Large_, 3:374. [29] _American State Papers_, Public Lands, 3:396. [30] For fuller accounts of this dramatic episode in French and American history, and in American agriculture, see: _The Napoleonic Exiles in America_, J. S. Reeves, Johns Hopkins University Studies, 23 Series, pp. 530-656; _The Bonapartists in Alabama_, A. B. Lyon, _Gulf State Historical Magazine_, March, 1903; _The French Grant in Alabama_, G. Whitfield Jr., _Ala. Hist. Soc._, Vol. IV; _The Vine and Olive Colony_, T. C. McCorvey, _Alabama Historical Reports_, April, 1885. [31] The last official account of this colony in the records of the United States Government is found in _American State Papers_, Vol. III. "In a letter of Frederick Ravesies to the treasury department dated January 18, 1828, is the following: 'We have suffered severely from the unparalleled drought of the last summer; many of our largest and finest looking vines, which had just commenced bearing luxuriantly, were totally killed by the dry hot weather. Yet, notwithstanding this misfortune, the grantees, with increased diligence, are using every exertion to procure others which are thought to be more congenial to the soil and climate, and are now generally engaged in replanting.'" Quoted from _Studies in Southern and Alabama History_, 1904:131. [32] William Robert Prince, fourth proprietor of the Prince Nursery and Linnæan Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, was born in 1795 and died in 1869. Prince was without question the most capable horticulturist of his time and an economic botanist of note. His love of horticulture and botany was a heritage from at least three paternal ancestors, all noted in these branches of science, and all of whom he apparently surpassed in mental capacity, intellectual training and energy. He was a prolific writer, being the author of three horticultural works which will always take high rank among those of Prince's time. These were: _A Treatise on the Vine_, _Pomological Manual_, in two volumes, and the _Manual of Roses_, beside which he was a lifelong contributor to the horticultural press. All of Prince's writings are characterized by a clear, vigorous style and by accuracy in statement. His works are almost wholly lacking the ornate and pretentious furbelows of most of his contemporaries though it must be confessed that he fell into the then common fault of following European writers somewhat slavishly. During the lifetime of Wm. R. Prince, and that of his father Wm. Prince, who died in 1842, the Prince Nursery at Flushing was the center of the horticultural nursery interests of the country; it was the clearing-house for foreign and American horticultural plants, for new varieties and for information regarding plants of all kinds. [33] Prince, Wm. R. _A Treatise on the Vine_: 337. 1830. [34] Nicholas Longworth, known as the "father of American grape culture", was born in 1783, in Newark, New Jersey. At an early age he went West making his home in Cincinnati where he became a lawyer, banker, and a man of large business affairs in what was then the far frontier. From his boyhood Longworth was interested in horticulture and as a young man became greatly interested in native grapes. He was one of the men to whom John Adlum sent the Catawba and he became its disseminator and a promoter for the region in which he lived, making this grape the first great American grape and Cincinnati the center of the foremost grape-growing region of the Continent. He was the first vineyardist to make wine on a large scale and perfected methods of making wine from the native grapes so that the product was comparable to that from the best wine cellars of Europe. Longworth introduced the first cultivated variety of the wild black raspberry, _Rubus occidentalis_, under the name of the Ohio Everbearing. His interest in the strawberry was second only to that in the grape and he not only did much to encourage its cultivation in America but also, after a long controversy with horticulturists and botanists, fully established the fact that many varieties of this fruit are infertile with themselves and that under cultivation infertile varieties must have sorts planted near them capable of cross-pollinating them. Longworth took a deep interest in horticulture generally and gathered about him a group of pioneer horticulturists who did much for American fruit-growing in the middle of the nineteenth century, in many respects molding and guiding the horticulture of that time in this country. Longworth wrote much for the contemporary horticultural magazines and published two small books, "_The Cultivation of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine_" and "_Character and Habits of the Strawberry Plant_." He died in 1863, aged 80, at Cincinnati, one of the most distinguished, enterprising and wealthy citizens of his State. For further discussion of his life see Bailey's _Evolution of Our Native Fruits_: 61-65. 1898. [35] Probably the northern part of the vine region of France; the Jura mountains are in the east central part. [36] _Transactions New York State Agricultural Society_, 6:689. 1846. [37] Fuller, Andrew S. _Record of Horticulture_: 21. 1866. [38] There is a wild grape vine (probably _Vitis aestivalis_) near Daphne, Alabama, on the shores of Mobile Bay, known as the "General Jackson vine" because of General Jackson having camped under it during the war with the Seminole Indians in 1817-18, which for age and size is truly remarkable. Mr. E. Q. Norton of Daphne writes of this vine as follows: "There is little known regarding the Jackson grape vine beyond the fact that the oldest man living here when I came here--20 years ago--told me that the Indians told him when he came here as a boy--90 years ago--that the vine was at that time an old one, which had been growing longer than any of them could remember. It was 27 inches through the trunk, four feet above the ground, when I measured it ten years since, and the vines were running over the surrounding trees for many rods. The grapes were very small, quite hard and not very juicy." [39] The following is an account of the discovery of grapes in Vinland translated from the Icelandic manuscript by Reeves: "When they had completed their house Leif said to his companions, 'I propose now to divide our company into two groups, and to set about an exploration of the country; one half of our party shall remain at home at the house, while the other half shall investigate the land, and they must not go beyond a point from which they can return home the same evening, and are not to separate. Thus they did for a time; Leif himself, by turns, joined the exploring party or remained behind at the house. * * * "It was discovered one evening that one of their party was missing, and this proved to be Tyrker the German. Leif was sorely troubled by this, for Tyrker had lived with Leif and his father for a long time, and had been very devoted to Leif, when the latter was a child. Leif severely reprimanded his companions, and prepared to go in search of him, taking twelve men with him. They had proceeded but a short distance from the house, when they were met by Tyrker, whom they received most cordially. Leif observed at once that his foster-father was in lively spirits. * * * Leif addressed him, and asked: 'Wherefore art thou so belated, foster-father mine, and astray from the others'. In the beginning Tyrker spoke for some time in German, rolling his eyes, and grinning, and they could not understand him; but after a time he addressed them in the Northern tongue: 'I did not go much further [_than you_], and yet I have something of novelty to relate. I have found vines and grapes.' 'Is this indeed true, foster-father?' said Leif. 'Of a certainty it is true', quoth he, 'for I was born where there is not lack of either grapes or vines.' They slept the night through, and on the morrow Leif said to his shipmates: 'We will now divide our labours, and each day will either gather grapes or cut vines and fell trees, so as to obtain a cargo of these for my ship.' They acted upon this advice, and it is said, that their after-boat was filled with grapes. A cargo sufficient for the ship was cut, and when the spring came, they made their ship ready, and sailed away; and from its products Leif gave the land a name, and called it Wineland." _Finding of Wineland the Good_: 66. Oxford University Press, London, 1890. [40] Winsor, Justin. _Narrative and Critical History of America_, Vol. III:61. [41] First Voyage to Virginia, _Hakluyt's Voyages_, 3:301-306. [42] _Hakluyt's Voyages_, 3:311. [43] Discourse of Thomas Hariot, _Hakluyt's Voyages_, 3:326. [44] _Smith's History of Virginia_, 1:122 (1629) Reprint 1819. [45] _Works of Capt. John Smith_, p. 502. [46] Bruce, Philip Alexander. _Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_, Vol. 1:219. 1896. [47] Report of Francis Maguel, Spanish Archives, _Brown's Genesis of the United States_: 395. 1610. [48] _The History of Travaile into Virginia_: 120. 1610, printed 1849. [49] Anonymous. _A Perfect Description of Virginia._ 1649, Peter Force's Tracts, Vol. II, 1838. [50] "Grape vines of the English stock, as well as those of their own production, bear most abundantly, if they are suffered to run near the ground, and increase very kindly by slipping; yet very few have them at all in their gardens, much less endeavor to improve them by cutting or laying. But since the first impression of this book, some vineyards have been attempted, and one is brought to perfection, of seven hundred and fifty gallons a year. The wine drinks at present greenish, but the owner doubts not of good wine, in a year or two more, and takes great delight that way. "When a single tree happens in clearing the ground, to be left standing, with a vine upon it, open to the sun and air, that vine generally produces as much as four or five others, that remain in the woods. I have seen in this case, more grapes upon one single vine, than would load a London cart. And for all this, the people till of late never removed any of them into their gardens, but contented themselves throughout the whole country with the grapes they found thus wild." Beverly, Robert. _The History of Virginia_: 260. 1722, Reprint, 1855. [51] "Will fox," _i. e._ intoxicate. See footnote on page 4. [52] _New English Canaan_, 1632. Reprinted in _Force's Tracts_, 1838. [53] _Vine_, much differing in the fruit, all of them very fleshy, some reasonably pleasant; others have a taste of Gun Powder, and these grow in swamps, and low wet Grounds. Josselyn, John, Gent. _New England's Rarities_: 66. London, 1672. [54] Speaking of the Horne-bound tree (probably hornbeam from his description) he says: "This Tree growing with broad spread Armes, the vines winde their curling branches about them; which vines affoard great store of grapes, which are very big both for the grape and Cluster, sweet and good: these be of two sorts, red and white, there is likewise a smaller kind of grape which groweth in the Islands which is sooner ripe and more delectable; so that there is no knowne reason why as good wine may not be made in those parts, as well as in _Burdeuax in France_; being under the same degree. It is a great pittie no man sets upon such a venture, whereby he might in small time inrich himselfe, and benefit the Countrie, I know nothing which doth hinder but want of skilfull men to manage such an employment; For the countrey is hot enough, the ground good enough, and many convenient hills lye towards the south Sunne, as if they were there placed for the purpose." Wood, William. _New England's Prospect_: 20. London, 1634. [55] Lawson, John. _History of North Carolina_: 169-171. 1714, Reprint 1860. [56] Lawson, John. _History of North Carolina_: 141. 1714, Reprint 1860. [57] _Ib._: 184-189. [58] Beverly, Robert. _History of Virginia_: 105-107. 1722, Reprint 1855. [59] _Transactions American Philosophical Society_, 1:191-193. 1769-71. [60] _The True American_, Philadelphia, March 24, 1800. [61] But little is known of Dr. James Mease other than that he was one of the editors of _The Domestic Encyclopedia_, a Fellow of the _American Philosophical Society_ and Vice-President of the _Philadelphia Agricultural Society_. That he was a student of American grapes is shown in his letter of transmissal of Bartram's paper to the _Medical Repository_ in which he says: "It is my present intention to publish the description of one species of vine every year in Latin and English, with a coloured plate, and I had made arrangements for the publication of the first fascicle last year; but the very unfavourable season, which had prevented the ripening of the species (Bland's Grape) I had resolved first to describe, obliging me to defer the task until the present year, when I hope the weather will prove more favourable. Medical gentlemen, and others fond of natural history, and anxious to have the description of American vines and their classification completed, will have it much in their power to assist my undertaking. I have taken measures to have the _Bull_ or Bullet grape of Carolina and Georgia sent me; but I shall nevertheless be much indebted for any specimens of the plant that may be transmitted." [62] The same year, 1804, Mease published Bartram's paper, with some omissions, in the _Medical Repository_ (Second Hexade, 1:19) under the heading, "Account of the Species, Hybrids, and other Varieties of the Vine of North-America. By Mr. William Bartram, of Pennsylvania." The same paper was again published in 1830 in Prince's _A Treatise on the Vine_, pp. 216-220. [63] Bartram states that "bull" is an abbreviation of bullet; the grapes being so called because they were of the size of a bullet. He held that the name "_taurina_" applied to the species was not proper. [64] _Johnson's Rural Economy_: 155-197. New Brunswick, N. J., 1806. [65] _McMahon's Gardening_: 226-241. Philadelphia, Pa., 1806. [66] _American Farmer_, 8:116. Baltimore, 1826. [67] Adlum, John. _Cultivation of the Vine_: 149. Second Edition, Washington, 1828. [68] John Adlum, a native of Pennsylvania, was born in 1759 and died at Georgetown, D. C., in 1836. Adlum was one of the first men to see clearly the possibility of improving the wild grapes of America and of bringing them under cultivation. He published accounts of this fruit in his _Cultivation of the Vine_ and in the agricultural papers of his time, thereby aiding in bringing it into public notice as a cultivated plant. At "The Vineyard", near Georgetown, he established an experimental plantation of grapes from which he distributed many vines, chief of which were those of the Catawba, a variety for whose dissemination he is largely responsible. Adlum tried without avail to have the national government found an experimental farm for the culture of grapes and his effort was one of the first to secure governmental aid in agricultural experimentation. Beside his work with the grape, Adlum was deeply interested in other phases of agriculture and in the scientific movements of his time. He was a soldier of the Revolution, a brigadier-general in the militia of Pennsylvania, a county judge, and a civil engineer and surveyor. In spite of his work in the early part of the last century for agriculture and for his State and country, Adlum was practically unknown to the present generation until a sketch of his life and work appeared in Bailey's _The Evolution of Our Native Fruits_ from which this sketch is written. Adlum's memory is perpetuated in the name of the beautiful climbing fumitory of one of the Northern Atlantic States, _Adlumnia cirhosa_, bestowed upon him by his contemporary, Rafinesque. (For a more complete account of Adlum's life, see Bailey's _Evolution of Our Native Fruits_, pp. 50-61.) [69] Adlum, John. _Cultivation of the Vine._ Preface. 1823. [70] For a full account of Dufour's attempts to grow European grapes see Bailey's _Evolution of Our Native Fruits_, pp. 21-42. [71] Rafinesque has also preserved for us the names of many of the vine-growers of his time. The following is his list: "Wishing to preserve the names of the public benefactors who had in 1825 established our first vineyards, I herewith insert their names. They are independent of the vineyards of York, Vevay, and Vincennes. "In New York, George Gibbs, Swift, Prince, Lansing, Loubat, etc. "In Pennsylvania, Carr, James, Potter, J. Webb, Legaux, Echelberger, E. Bonsall, Stoys, Lemoine, Rapp. "In Delaware, Broome, J. Gibbs, etc. "In Maryland, Adlum, W. Bernie, C. Varle, R. Sinclair, W. Miles, etc. "In Virginia, Lockhart, Zane, R. Weir, Noel, J. Browne, J. Duling, etc. "In Carolina, Habersham, Noisette, etc. "In Georgia, Maurick, James Gardiner, S. Grimes, Checteau, M'Call. "In New Jersey, Cooper at Camden. Another at Mount Holly. "In Ohio, Gen. Harrison, Longworth, Dufour, etc. "In Indiana, Rapp of Harmony, the French of Vincennes. "In Alabama, Dr. S. Brown, at Eagleville." Continuing, he gives an idea of grape production in 1830:--"The average crop of wine with us is 300 gallons per acre. At York, where 2700 vines are put on one acre, each vine has often produced a quart of wine, and thus 675 gallons per acre, value $675 in 1823, besides $200 for 5000 cuttings. One acre of vineyard did then let for $200 or 300, thus value of the acre about $5000: This was in poor soil unfit for wheat, and for mere Claret. "Now in 1830, that common French Claret often sells only at 50 cents the gallon, the income must be less. I hope our claret may in time be sold for 25 cents the gallon, and the table grapes at one cent the lb. and even then an acre of vineyard will give an income of $75, and be worth $1000 the acre. "The greatest check to this cultivation is the time required for grapes to bear well, from 3 to 6 years: our farmers wishing to have quick yearly crops; but then when a vineyard is set and in bearing, it will last forever, the vines themselves lasting from 60 to 100 years, and are easily re-placed as they decay. "The next check is the precarious crops if badly managed. Every year is not equally plentiful and sometimes there is a total failure when rains drown the blossoms; but an extra good crop of 500 or 600 gallons commonly follows and covers their loss." Rafinesque, C. S. _American Manual of the Grape Vines._, Philadelphia. 1830. pp. 43-45. [72] Tradition relates that the first Scuppernong vine known by civilized man was found on the coast of North Carolina by Amadas and Barlowe in 1584 and was transplanted by them to Roanoke Island. An old vine of great diameter of stem and spread of vine, gnarled in trunk and branch, evidently of great age, is known as the "Mother Scuppernong" and is supposed to be the vine transplanted in 1584. [73] Calvin Jones writing June 17, 1817, in the _American Farmer_, =3=:332, from Raleigh, North Carolina, gives the following account of the name Scuppernong: "This grape & wine, had the name of Scuppernong, given to them by Henderson & myself, in compliment to Jas. Blount, of Scuppernong, who first diffused a general knowledge of it in several well written communications in our paper--and it is cultivated with more success on that river, than in any other part of the state, perhaps, except the Island of Roanoke." It is worthy of note that Scuppernong is largely a sea-board name for _Vitis rotundifolia_ and is not commonly applied to it outside of the Atlantic States. [74] There is some evidence to show that the Clinton contains Labrusca blood. [75] Buchanan, Robert. _Grape Culture_: 61. 1850. [76] British Parliamentary Papers (Library of Congress), Vol. 30. 1859. [77] _American Pomological Society Report_ for 1852:45. [78] _Horticulturist_, 6:445. 1851. [79] _Horticulturist_, 6:444. 1851. [80] _American Pomological Society Report_ for 1852:45. [81] _Magazine of Horticulture_, 11:134. 1845. [82] Nuttall says: "It is probable that hybrids betwixt the European Vine (_Vitis vinifera_) and those of the United States would better answer the variable climates of North America, than the unacclimated vine of Europe. When a portion of the same industry shall have been bestowed upon the cultivation of the native vines of America, which has for so many ages and by so many nations, been devoted to the amelioration of _Vitis vinifera_, we cannot imagine that the citizens of the United States will be longer indebted to Europe for the luxury of wine. It is not however in the wilds of uncultivated nature that we are to obtain vines worthy of cultivation. Were this the case, Europe would to the present have known no other Malus than the worthless austere crab, in place of the finest apple; no other Pyrus than the acerb and inedible Pyraster or stone Pear, from which cultivation has obtained all the other varieties. It is from seed that new and valuable varieties are invariably to be obtained. There is however at the present time, a variety of one of the native species cultivated under the name of 'Bland's grape', a hybrid no way in my opinion inferior to some of the best European grapes." [83] "People who have a good deal of leisure time, ought to make those experiments which take many years to know the result. If any where in the United States a public Botanic garden should be established, there would be the proper place, to have a corner of it appropriated solely for the purpose of trying the raising of new species of grapes, either by seeds or grafts; and if there was a green or hot house, several species of the best grapes, and even a male plant of the most vigorous indigenous ought to be introduced in it, and trained so that the crossing of the breed may be easily done, by bringing two different sorts of grapes together in time of blossoming, and sow the seeds. I think we may anticipate some very good results from such an arrangement." _Vine Dresser's Guide_: 228. 1826. [84] Of hybridization he says: "In all attempts at artificial fecundation, I would recommend that one of the varieties selected be of native origin, as there exists no want of hybrids between European varieties alone; a large proportion of those now in cultivation having been doubtless produced by natural admixture of the pollen, in the vineyards where they originated. For the purpose of hybridizing, the varieties of _Vitis aestivalis_ should be selected in preference to those of _Vitis labrusca_, on account of the much higher vinous properties of the former; and there cannot exist a doubt but that we may readily produce well acclimated hybrids between the native and foreign varieties, without the trouble of continuing the course of reproduction for many generations, although such reproduction from species so dissimilar may continue to present additional modifications of character." _A Treatise on the Vine_: 253-254. 1830. [85] U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Special Report, No. 36. 1880. [86] Wine is the fermented juice of the grape. When the juice or must of the grape is exposed to temperatures ranging from 55° to 65°F. the micro-organisms which accompany the fruit, the yeast of the wine-maker, are transformed from a comparatively dormant state to one of great activity. The action of the organisms on grape must is called fermentation and through it certain physical and chemical changes take place whereby the must is changed in taste and in color, and a part or all of its sugar is changed into alcohol. The methods of making wine differ in different countries and in different localities depending upon the climate, kind of grapes grown, condition of growth, and the kind of wine produced, yet the principles and chief processes are much the same and may be briefly described as follows: In general grapes are not picked for wine-making until they have reached full maturity thus insuring a higher sugar content, richness of flavor and perfect color. It is customary to determine the composition of the must as to sugar and acid content by various instruments devised for the purpose and if it lack sugar this ingredient is added; if it be too acid water is added; or the composition may be otherwise changed depending upon a number of circumstances though manifestly reputable wine-makers change the natural grape juice as little as possible. Soon after harvesting the grapes are crushed. The ancient method, which still prevails in many parts of Europe, was to tramp the grapes with bare feet or wooden shoes. Tramping is for most part superseded by mechanical crushers which break the skins but do not crush the seeds. For some wines the stems of the grapes are removed; for others it is essential that the grapes be not stemmed. Stemming may be done by hand, by a rake over a screen, or by specially devised machines. If white wine is to be made the juice is separated from skins and pulp at once; if red wine is desired fermentation takes place in the crushed grapes or marc. Fermentation is carried on in large tanks or vats varying in capacity from 1000 gallons to 10,000 gallons or more. Some wine-makers prefer open vats, others keep them closed. The duration of fermentation depends upon many conditions and varies from two or three to fifteen or twenty days, depending upon the amount of sugar in the must, the temperature, activity of ferments, etc., etc. Wine-makers observe several distinct stages of fermentation which must be closely watched and controlled. A most important influence is exerted on fermentation by temperature. The limits below which and above which fermentation does not take place are 55° and 90°F. In general it is desirable that fermentation take place at temperatures ranging about 70°. When it is found that the sugar is practically all converted into alcohol, or that such conversion has proceeded far enough, the new wine is drawn or pumped from the fermenting vats into casks or barrels where it ages though it may require special treatment for clearing. Before bottling it is usually necessary to rack the wine into new barrels twice or three times to stop secondary fermentations which invariably take place. Special treatments result in several distinct classes of wine. Thus we can divide wine into _red_ and _white_ as to color. Red wines are produced from colored grapes the color being extracted in the process of fermentation. White wines are made from light colored grapes or if from colored fruit the must is not allowed to ferment on the marc and so extract the color. We may again divide wines into _dry_ and _sweet_. Dry wines are those in which the sugar is practically all converted into alcohol. Sweet wines are those which retain more or less sugar. These are often fortified by the addition of alcohol. A third division is that of _still_ and _sparkling_ wines. Still wines are those in which the carbonic acid gas formed by fermentation has wholly escaped. Sparkling wines retain a greater or less amount of this carbonic acid gas. All of the above classes are further divided into well marked types according to their color and taste, their alcoholic content, and the countries in which they are produced. The following are the leading wines made from native grapes: _Catawba_, _Delaware_, _Concord_, _Norton's Virginia_, _Ives_, _Scuppernong_, _Iona_, _Claret_, _Port_ and _Champagne_. Of these _Claret_, _Norton's Virginia_ and _Ives_ are red dry wines. _Catawba_, _Delaware_, _Iona_ and _Scuppernong_ may be either dry or sweet white wines. _Port_ is a red sweet wine. [87] Vol. 22: No. 3:22. [88] Champagne obtains its name from the fact that it is chiefly produced in the Province of Champagne in France. Its special characteristic is that during fermentation, which is usually brought about in the bottle, the carbonic acid gas generated is absorbed by the wine. When the bottle is opened the gas is disengaged and the wine effervesces or "sparkles". Good champagne requires grapes of high quality and of special adaptability; the fruit must be well ripened, free from decayed berries, and clean. The first fermentation takes place during a period of several months in the regular receptacles for this purpose after which the wine from several varieties of grapes is blended. Good champagne usually contains some old wine. After bottling, the wine is held at slightly different temperatures for varying lengths of time to secure proper fermentation in the bottle until at the end of several months it is held at a comparatively low temperature in which the bottles remain from three to four years. The bottles must then receive some treatment which will remove the sediment which has been formed by fermentation. This is usually done by placing them in racks cork down at about an angle of 45 degrees or a little more. By dexterously shaking and jarring the bottles the sediment is loosened and deposited in the neck of the bottle. Lastly the sediment is disgorged by skillfully withdrawing the cork, a small portion of the wine being wasted in the operation. The bottles are then filled with a dosage of rock-candy dissolved in an old dry wine, the amount used determining the sweetness of the champagne. The bottles are then corked, wired, capped, labelled and cased, after which the champagne is ready for the market. [89] _Champagne: Decrease in Imports and Increase in Domestic Production_, April 25, 1907, p. 427. [90] Grape juice is made from clean, sound but not over-ripe grapes. The juice is pressed out by machinery in commercial practice but in the home manufacture of the product, the grapes may be pressed by the hands. If a light-colored juice is desired the liquid is extracted without heating the grapes; for a red juice the pulp is heated before pressing and the grapes must be dark in color. In either case the heating is done in a double boiler so that the juice does not come in direct contact with the fire. The proper temperature ranges from 180° F. to 200° F. and must never exceed the 200° mark if the flavor of uncooked grapes is desired. After heating, the juice is allowed to settle for twenty-four hours in a glass, crockery or enameled vessel after which it is carefully drained from the sediment and strained through some sterilized filter. In home practice several thicknesses of flannel, previously boiled, will do for a filter. The liquid is then filled into clean bottles leaving room for expansion in the second heating. The bottled juice is now heated a second time after which it is immediately corked and sealed. The principles involved in making grape juice are the same as those observed in canning fruit and the operation may be varied in the former as it is in the latter if only certain fundamental processes are followed. [91] A raisin is a dried and cured grape. Raisin-making is a simple process. The grapes are arranged on shallow trays, and placed in the sun to dry, being turned now and then by placing an empty tray on a full one and turning both over after which the top tray is removed. When the grapes are properly dried they are put in bins to sweat preparatory to packing and shipping. The finishing touch in the drying is sometimes given in curing-houses, however, to avoid injury from rain or dust. Seeding, grading, packing and selling are now separate industries from growing and curing. At present all raisins are made from varieties of the Old World grape, no American sort having been found suitable for raisin-making. A variety adapted for making a raisin, something better than simply a "dried grape", must have a large percentage of sugar and solids, a thin skin, and a high flavor. American grapes lack in sugar content and have a skin so thick and tough that the fruit does not cure properly for a good raisin. The raisin industry in the United States is carried on only in California, the great bulk of the crop coming from the San Joaquin Valley and a few of the southern counties of that State. Formerly the raisins used in this country were wholly imported; now this product of the grape is exported and in increasing quantities. The annual production of raisins is in the neighborhood of 100,000,000 pounds. [92] According to Bartram, the aborigines of eastern America made raisins from the wild grapes. He describes the process they used as follows: "The Indians gather great quantities of wild grapes which they prepare for keeping, by first sweating them on hurdles over a gentle fire, and afterwards dry them on their bunches in the sun and air, and store them up for provisions." [93] Tarr, R. S., _Cornell_ (_N. Y._) _Exp. Sta. Bul._, 109. 1896. [94] Burke, R. T. Avon, and Marean, Herbert, Field Operations, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1901. [95] Tarr, R. S., _Cornell_ (_N. Y._) _Exp. Sta. Bul._, 109. 1896. [96] Burke, R. T. Avon, and Marean, Herbert, Field Operations, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1901. [97] Elijah Fay was born in Southborough, Massachusetts, in 1781. He moved to Brocton, Chautauqua County, New York, in the fall of 1811. The early history of not only the viticulture but of the horticulture of the Chautauqua region is interwritten with that of the Fay family. Elijah Fay's children and grandchildren inherited a love of horticulture from their ancestor and several of them, as mentioned in the text, have been noted for their horticultural work in this region. Lincoln Fay, a nephew of Elijah Fay, one of the first men to grow and sell grape vines in the region, originated the Fay currant which was afterwards introduced by him and his son Elijah H. Fay. Of the Fay family, noted in the annals of grape-growing in this region, only G. E. Ryckman and L. R. Ryckman, grandchild and great-grandchild of Elijah Fay, are now living. Elijah Fay lived to the ripe age of eighty, dying in 1860. His memory should be long cherished as one of the founders of the viticulture of New York. [98] The writer is indebted to Mr. G. E. Ryckman of this firm, for the information given here. [99] _The Grape Belt_, 16: No. 20, Feb. 26, 1907. [100] _The Grape Belt_, 16: No. 20, Feb. 26, 1907. [101] The grape-vine fidia (_Fidia viticida_ Walsh) is a robust beetle, a quarter of an inch in length, brown in color but whitened by a thick covering of yellowish-white hairs. The beetle lays its eggs in the cracks and crevices of the bark of the grape vines well above ground. The eggs are produced in large numbers, often as many as several hundred to the vine. Upon hatching, the larvae quickly worm their way into the ground and begin to feed upon the fibrous roots of the vine, passing from these to the larger roots. Possibly the chief damage is done on the larger roots which are often entirely stripped of bark for a length of several feet. The larvae attain their full size, a half inch in length, by the middle of August, and then hibernate until the following June. The winter is spent in earthen cells. After about two weeks as pupae in June, the full grown beetles emerge from the ground and begin to feed upon the upper surface of the leaves, eating out the cellular tissue, thus skeletonizing the foliage. The adults disappear the succeeding August. The most efficient means of checking the fidia so far found is an application of an arsenical spray applied during the time the beetles are feeding on the foliage. [102] Grape-vine flea-beetle (_Haltica chalybea_ Ill.).--The adult insects are shining steel-blue flea-beetles measuring about one-fifth of an inch in length. They live during the winter under the bark of the old vines or in rubbish in the fields. They emerge from their winter quarters during the first warm days of spring, and feed upon the opening buds and young leaves. Egg-laying begins late in April or early in May. The eggs are placed singly near the buds or upon the leaves and hatch in about ten days. The young larvae are dark brown in color but soon become prominently marked with black dots and patches. They are full grown in from three to four weeks at which time they measure about a quarter of an inch in length. They feed on the leaves devouring only the soft parts at first, but finally eating irregular holes through the leaves. When ready to pupate they go a short distance into the ground. The adults emerge during the latter part of June or early in July. They probably feed during all of the summer, finally seeking shelter for the winter as above indicated. The vines should be sprayed with paris green, one pound to fifty gallons of water, just before the buds begin to swell or with some other arsenite. Much pains should be taken to make this application thorough. Later when the worms appear on the leaves, paris green may be applied at the usual strength, one pound to 150 gallons of lime and water, or combined with bordeaux mixture. Both upper and under surfaces of the leaves should be covered. Applications of arsenicals for the grape-vine fidia will help greatly to keep this insect in check. [103] Grape leaf-hopper (_Typhlocyba comes_ Say).--There are several species of leaf-hoppers which attack the grape but this species is probably the most common in this State. These little leaf-hoppers are often erroneously called thrips. The adult insects measure about one-eighth of an inch in length. They vary greatly in color but the prevailing color is usually light yellowish-green. The back and wings are ornamented with bright red, yellow and brown. They are found upon the vines from spring until fall. They feed together, sucking the sap from the leaves, principally from the under surface, causing them to turn brown in patches. The eggs are deposited singly in the tissue of the under surface of the leaves. The young resemble the adults in form but are not provided with wings and are green or yellowish-green in color. There are several broods during the season. Some of the adults of the last brood hibernate in any convenient rubbish about the vineyard. Treatment for young hoppers should be made early in July. To obtain the best results use whale-oil soap at the rate of one pound to ten gallons of water, directing the spraying with the hand. Vineyards and adjacent land should be kept as free as possible from grass and weeds as they afford shelter to the insect. [104] Grape berry moth (_Polychrosis viteana_ Clem.).--The young caterpillars feed within the grapes finally causing them to turn dark colored and to wither. This injury is sometimes mistaken for the black-rot. After devouring the soft parts of one grape the caterpillar goes to another, fastening the two together by a silken thread. This may be continued until several in a bunch have been destroyed by one caterpillar. The young caterpillars are very light green in color with a brown head. When full grown they measure about one-fourth of an inch in length and are dark olive green in color tinged slightly with red. The cocoon is formed on a leaf and is partially composed of two small pieces cut out of the leaf. The adults of the spring brood emerge in from twelve to fourteen days. The fore-wings have a bluish tinge and are marked with brown, while the posterior wings are dull brown. The moths are small measuring nearly half an inch from tip to tip when the wings are spread. The eggs are probably laid late in June or early in July. There are two broods annually in this State. As the caterpillars spend most of their lives within the grape berries, spraying does not entirely control the pest. Yet the arsenicals applied for the grape-vine fidia will help much in keeping it in check. Picking and destroying the infested fruit and the leaves containing the cocoons helps much. [105] For a full account of the geology of these lakes and the valleys in which they lie, see the _Physical Geography of New York State_ by Ralph S. Tarr. New York. 1902. [106] Black-rot (_Guignardia bidwellii_ (Ell.) V. & R.) usually appears first on the leaves where it forms circular, reddish-brown spots on which black pimples, or spore cases, develop. Within these spore cases, at maturity, are the summer spores. These are distributed by the elements to the growing parts of the plant and form new centers of infection. The diseased berries show analogous circular spots bearing spores and as the disease progresses the grapes wither, turn black, and become hard and shrivelled, sometimes clinging to the vine until the following spring. Growing shoots are attacked as well as leaves and fruit. During the winter and spring the resting spores are formed, usually upon the shrivelled berries. Treatment consists of destroying as far as possible all diseased fruit, old leaves and prunings and in spraying thoroughly with bordeaux mixture as follows:-- 1. Just as the pink tips of the first leaves appear. 2. From ten days to two weeks after the first spraying. 3. Just after the blossoming. 4. From ten to fourteen days after the third spraying. 5. After an interval of from ten to fourteen days from the fourth spraying. [107] Downy mildew (_Plasmopara viticola_ (B. & C.) Berl. & De Toni) is a troublesome fungus attacking all of the tender growing parts of the grape. It does most damage to the leaves, upon the upper surface of which it produces greenish-yellow spots of irregular outline. At the same time a loose white downy growth appears on the under side of the leaves. This growth consists of short filaments bearing spores, the summer spores, which are carried by the elements to other growing parts of the plant, thus spreading the disease. Affected berries, if young, first show a brown spot, and become covered with the gray down which distinguishes the fungus. On older berries the fungus causes a brown-purple spot which spreads until it takes in the whole berry, which then becomes soft and often falls, or they may become hard and persist. At this stage the disease is commonly known as "brown rot". The winter, or resting, spores are produced in the tissue of fruit and leaves and with a thick protective covering. The winter spores are dark, almost black, in color. Downy mildew spreads and does most damage in hot wet weather. Spraying with bordeaux mixture as indicated for black-rot will keep downy mildew in check. [108] Powdery mildew (_Uncinula necator_ (Schw.) Burr.) is caused by a fungus which lives on the surface of the leaves. It subsists by means of sucker-like organs which penetrate the walls of the surface layer of cells. The vegetative portion of the parasite consists of fine white filaments which spread over the surface of the leaves, shoots and fruit. In the summer these filaments send up short, irregular stalks upon which large numbers of barrel-shaped spores are produced in chain-like arrangement. These are the summer spores of the fungus. They are borne in greatest quantity on the upper surfaces of the leaves and give the leaf a gray, powdery appearance--hence the name, powdery mildew. Affected leaves finally become light brown and often fall. Diseased fruits are gray in color, scurfy, become specked with brown, fail to develop and often burst on one side thereby showing the seeds. The winter or resting spores are borne in sacs, in the latter part of the season. The spore sacs, in their turn, are borne in small, black, spherical spore cases, each furnished with a number of slender appendages having curled tips. The powdery mildew, unlike most other fungus troubles of the grape, is most prevalent in hot dry weather. The disease is combatted by dusting with flowers of sulphur or by spraying with bordeaux mixture as for black-rot. [109] Anthracnose (_Sphaceloma ampelinum_ De By.).--This disease attacks any of the tender portions of the growing vine. When the leaves are affected dark spots are first formed on their surface. As the disease advances these spots enlarge, and irregular cracks are often formed through the dead tissue. Frequently many of these small cracks run together, forming a long irregular slit through the leaf. Similar marks are formed on the tender shoots, though they are not so noticeable. When the fruit is attacked the disease is sometimes called bird's-eye rot. Circular spots are formed on the surface of the berry. The spots may be of different colors and usually have a dark border; as the spots enlarge and eat in, a seed is often exposed in the center. In rotting the tissue becomes hard and wrinkled. Sometimes the disease girdles the stem of a fruit cluster, cutting off the supply of sap from the grapes beyond the diseased line and causing them to shrivel and die. Anthracnose does not spread as rapidly as some other vineyard diseases, neither does it yield as readily to treatment. When a vineyard is badly infested with anthracnose, it requires prompt attention and a careful treatment to control the disease. It is not satisfactorily controlled by bordeaux mixture alone. It is suggested that in addition to such treatment with this mixture as is given for black-rot the plan be followed which is advocated by certain European authorities, of applying a warm saturated solution of copperas (iron sulphate) in spring when the buds are swelling but before they begin to open. One per ct. or more of sulphuric acid may be added to the solution before it is applied. This solution must be handled with care as it is very caustic. It is applied with swabs or if the acid is not used it may be sprayed. It is essential that the work be done thoroughly, covering all the surface of the canes. [110] Chlorosis or yellow leaf.--The name is applied to a grape disease in which the foliage turns yellow, later becoming brown. It is common in several parts of the State but more particularly in the Central Lakes district. Chlorosis is more likely to appear in wet seasons. Some varieties, as the Diamond, are much more susceptible than others. In some seasons portions of the leaves may become yellow but eventually regain their normal color so that at the close of the season the vine appears to be in a healthy condition. In other instances the yellow color extends over the entire leaf; brown, dead patches appear; the leaf curls and eventually drops from the vine. If the vine loses its leaves two or three seasons in succession it is likely to die. One striking peculiarity of the disease is the fact that a badly diseased vine may appear by the side of a perfectly healthy vine of the same variety. The cause of chlorosis, as given by foreign investigators, is the presence of a large amount of lime in the soil which prevents the roots from taking up an amount of iron sufficient for satisfactory growth. Their experiments seem to show that the difficulty may be overcome by applying a small amount of sulphate of iron around affected plants. But since there are a number of good American varieties that are not subject to chlorosis, perhaps the better method to pursue is to plant only such varieties as are known to be free from this trouble. The standard varieties given in the following list are, so far as we know, practically exempt from chlorosis: Moore Early, Concord, Winchell, Delaware, Worden, Niagara, Catawba, Vergennes and Agawam. [111] Tarr, R. S., _The Physical Geography of New York State_: 4. 1902. [112] See _Story of the Vine_, E. R. Emerson: 198. 1902. [113] Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, a French botanist of considerable reputation in his day, was born at Aix, Provence, in 1656 and died in 1708. He was educated by the Jesuits for a priest but following a natural inclination he later became a botanist. In 1683 he became professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. While occupying this position he made trips through western Europe, Greece and Asia Minor. His principal work, and the one quoted here, is _Institutiones Rei Herbariae_ in three volumes, published in Paris in 1700. He was one of the most prominent systematic botanists who preceded Linnaeus. [114] Humphrey Marshall was born in the town of West Bradford, Pennsylvania, in 1722, of Quaker parents. He was a cousin of John Bartram, their mothers being sisters. Like Bartram, he had few opportunities for education, not going to school after he was twelve years of age. He was a stone-mason by trade, studying botany in his leisure moments. In 1773 he started a botanic garden at Marshallton. In 1785 he published _Arbustrum Americanum, The American Grove, or An Alphabetical Catalog of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States_. This work had been in preparation about five years previous to its publication. It is said to be the first botanical work of a native American. Marshall died in 1801. [115] But little is known of the life of Thomas Walter. He was a native of Hampshire, England, and migrated to St. John's Parish, South Carolina, where he had a plantation on the Santee River. Here he died in 1788 at about the age of forty-eight years. His only publication of note is the _Flora Caroliniana_, published in the year of his death. He must have been in correspondence with European botanists of that time as his herbarium is preserved in the British Museum. [116] Grapes are not to-day considered dioecious but polygamo-dioecious, a distinction which will be defined later. [117] John Bartram was born near the village of Darby in Delaware (then Chester) County, Pennsylvania, in 1699. Bartram is generally credited with having established the first botanical garden in America. This garden was founded about 1728, some four miles south of what was the town of Philadelphia and is now a part of the Park System of that city. He was bred a Quaker but owing to his liberal opinions was excluded from that Society in 1758. During his life he was in correspondence with many of the leading scientific men of Europe to whom he sent many specimens of plants and other things of scientific interest. He made many trips into various parts of the colonies, to Ontario, Lake George, the Carolinas, Florida and Georgia, in search of information. The last of these journeys, that to the southern states, was made after he was seventy years of age. Bartram is blamed by all of his contemporaries for not having published more than he did. His death occurred in 1777. William Bartram, son of John Bartram, was born in 1739 and died in 1823. Much of his work was done in connection with his father under whom he received his botanical training. His best known work is his _Travels in the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida_ (1791), in which he gives an interesting account of that region, including descriptions of a number of new southern plants. His article on grapes which is here quoted was published in the _Domestic Encyclopedia_, 1804, and also in the _Medical Repository_ of the same year. [118] Thomas Nuttall was born in Settle in Yorkshire, England, in 1786. He migrated to the United States in 1807, making his home in Philadelphia where he became acquainted with William Bartram and Dr. Barton. It was largely owing to the influence of these men that he turned his attention to botany. Nuttall was an extensive traveler and made botanical expeditions into many parts of the country. He explored the Middle West up to the Rocky Mountains and made a trip around the Horn to California. From 1825 to 1834 he was connected with Harvard College. In 1842 he was called to England by a bequest from an uncle left to him conditional on his residing for nine months of each year in England; compliance with this request caused a cessation of his botanical work in America. He died at Nutgrove, Lancashire, in 1859. Nuttall's first and probably greatest work was his _Genera of North American Plants and Catalogue of the Species_, published in 1818. Besides various accounts of his expeditions he made an addition of three volumes to Michaux's _Sylva_ bringing that work up to six volumes. [119] Constantine Samuel Rafinesque was born in Galata, a suburb of Constantinople in European Turkey, in 1783. He was of French-German descent, his father being a French merchant of Marseilles, and his mother of Saxon parentage. In 1802 he came to Philadelphia. While here he was busied with mercantile pursuits, occupying a position as clerk, but studied botany out of office hours for amusement. In 1805 he went to Sicily where he spent the next ten years. Here he commenced the extensive series of publications which have made his name so well known to scientists. In 1815 he returned to the United States, traveling about from place to place for some time and finally settling in Lexington, Kentucky, where he became a professor in Transylvania University. He left Lexington in 1825, removing to Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his life, dying in poverty in 1840. Rafinesque's biographer gives 420 differently titled articles on nearly all scientific subjects as the product of his pen. His monograph on grapes, entitled _American Manual of the Grape Vine and The Art of Making Wines_, etc., was published in Philadelphia in 1830. [120] _Mo. Ent. Rpt._, =1874=:71. [121] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:9. [122] _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:518. 1898. _N. Y. Sta. Bul._ =157.= 1898. [123] _Tex. Sta. Bul._, =56=:239. 1900. [124] _Gar. and For._, =8=:47. 1895. [125] W. Brennan, Gilgandra, N. S. W. [126] André Michaux was a French botanist, born at Satory, Versailles, in 1746. He took up the study of botany and made many trips to foreign lands in behalf of the French Government. One of these was an expedition to North America where he remained from 1785 to 1796 exploring the country and gathering many botanical specimens through Canada, Nova Scotia and the United States as far west as the Mississippi. His chief works are _Histoire des chenes de l'Amerique Septentrionale (History of the Oaks of North America)_, 1801; and _Flora Boreali Americana_, 1803. He described and named _Vitis rotundifolia_, _V. aestivalis_, _V. cordifolia_, _V. riparia_, and _V. rubra_, as well as giving much information on other species. Michaux died on the Island of Madagascar in 1802. F. André Michaux was born at Versailles in 1770 and died at Vaureal in 1855. He was a son of André Michaux and also a botanist, and like his father employed by the French Government to explore North America with a view of introducing valuable plants into France. He published in =18=10-13 a _Histoire des Arbres Forestieres de l'Amerique Septentrionale_ which was later translated into English under the name _North American Sylva_. He also published _A Voyage a l-ouest des Monts Alleghanys_, 1804. [127] For discussion of _Vitis vulpina_ see foot-note under _Vitis riparia_. [128] All grapes, other than the Rotundifolia, are in the South known as "bunch grapes" because they are sold on the market in clusters, the Rotundifolia being sold off the stems. [129] _S. C. Sta. Bul._ =132. 1907.= [130] _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:22. [131] Husmann, =1895=:188. [132] Husmann, G. C., _California Fruit Grower_, Mar. 14, 1908. [133] Samuel Botsford Buckley was born in 1809, in Yates County, New York, and was educated at Wesleyan University, where he graduated in 1836. In 1866 he was appointed State Geologist of Texas where he resided until he died in 1884. Buckley traveled extensively in connection with his work, explored the southwestern region of the Appalachian Mountains, as well as the southwestern portion of the United States. He was at great disadvantage in his publications in that they were prepared without the benefit of a library. His articles on grapes were published in the _Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences_ for 1861, and in the _United States Patent Office Report_ for the same year. [134] The description of _Vitis vulpina_ by Linnaeus is so meager, including the leaves only, that for many years botanists were in doubt as to the species intended. Muhlenberg was the single exception when he gave Linnaeus' Vulpina and Michaux's Cordifolia as synonymous. Whether he did this from knowledge, or whether it was by chance, it is impossible to say. He states no reasons and consequently received no following among other botanists. Elliott supposed that Linnaeus intended to describe the southern Rotundifolia and this view seems to have been generally accepted. In the late eighties or early nineties, Planchon first, and later Britton, by referring to Linnaeus' specimens, determined that the latter's Vulpina was the same as Riparia, and in accordance with botanical rules, presented the name Vulpina as the correct name for this species. Bailey, however, states (_Ev. Nat. Fr._, =1898=:102) that he found two specimens in the Linnaeus collection labeled Vulpina, one of which was the true Riparia and the other Cordifolia. Since a change of the name would bring confusion to more than ninety years of botanical and horticultural literature, it seems inadvisable to make one on such contradictory evidence. [135] Planchon is our authority for calling this Riparia. [136] Translation from the Latin. [137] Isadore Bush was born at Prague, Bohemia, in 1822. Bush was one of those Germans who, taking part in the troubles of the Fatherland in 1848, found it necessary to seek a home in the New World. He went to Missouri upon his arrival in the country and there spent the remainder of his life. During the Civil War he was secretary to General Frémont and at various times occupied many other positions of trust. He established the Bushberg nursery which for many years was the leading grape nursery of this country. With the aid of Engelmann and others he wrote the _Bushberg Catalogue and Grape Manual_, a work which has passed through many editions and has probably been more popular and useful than any other book on American grapes published in the English language. Bush died in St. Louis in 1898, having been a citizen of that place for forty-nine years. [138] Thomas Volney Munson, the well-known nurseryman, viticulturist, and plant-breeder, was born near Astoria, Illinois, September 26, 1843. He graduated from Kentucky University, Lexington, Kentucky, in 1870. His nursery has for thirty-one years been located at Denison, Texas. Munson has introduced more hybrid grapes than any other man in America and probably in the world. He has paid great attention to grape botany, particularly to the southwestern species. Monographs on grapes, from his hand, have appeared in the proceedings of various horticultural societies and in horticultural journals. Bulletins written by him have been issued by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Texas Experiment Station. He has at present a book ready for publication entitled _Foundations of American Grape Culture_. The varieties produced by Munson are particularly successful in the Southwest where conditions are such that most of our northern varieties fail. The most valuable of those that have been thoroughly tested are Brilliant, America, Carman, Gold Coin and Rommel. [139] See page 21. [140] Jules Emile Planchon, a French systematic and horticultural botanist, was born in Ganges (Herault) in 1823, and died at Montpellier in 1888. Planchon was a writer of many valuable monographs on botanical subjects and in combination with F. Sahut and J. Bazille discovered that the cause of a mysterious and serious malady which had been affecting the French vineyards for some years, was due to an insect on the roots, the phylloxera. Later, he and C. V. Riley determined that this insect was a native of America. Planchon was one of the first to suggest, and always urged, the reconstitution of French vineyards by the use of American stocks. During the later years of his life he was professor of botany in the School at Montpellier. His most noted contribution to grape literature is his monograph of the grape vine and other plants of the Ampelopsis family which appeared as the second half of the fifth volume of the continuation of De Candolle's _Prodromus Systematis Naturalis_. [141] Martin Vahl, a Norwegian, was born in 1749, and died in 1804. As a pupil of the great Linnaeus, Vahl became a prominent worker in botany and natural history in Denmark and was an author and writer of note on these subjects, publishing much on botany. He traveled extensively, but it does not appear that he visited North America, though he wrote three large volumes on the flora of tropical America. It is probable that he named and described _Vitis palmata_ from herbarium specimens. [142] Jean Louis Berlandier was a Belgian pupil of the great De Candolle, but left Europe about 1828 for America and became a druggist in Matamoras, Mexico. He was one of the first botanists to explore northern Mexico and Texas. In attempting to cross one of the small streams south of the Rio Grande in 1851, he was drowned. Many of his papers, plants and some paintings are preserved in the herbarium of Harvard University and his services to botany are commemorated by the genus Berlandiera, dedicated to him by De Candolle, and the species _Vitis berlandieri_ here described. [143] George Engelmann was born at Frankfurt-on-the-Main in 1809. He was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg, Berlin and Wurzburg, receiving a doctor's degree in medicine from the latter institution. In 1832 Dr. Engelmann sailed for America and spent some months in exploring the forests of the Mississippi Valley studying the plants of the region, having become deeply absorbed in botany. He soon after began the practice of medicine in St. Louis where he spent the remainder of his life, dying in 1884. Engelmann was one of the most patient and devoted students of natural history of his time. He mastered several difficult genera of plants, doing his work so well that his monographs will long remain, not only authorities on the plants described, but models for the systematic botanist. Among the genera to which he devoted his time was Vitis, upon which he published several monographs. These appeared in various publications, particularly the _Proceedings of the Academy of Science of St. Louis_ in 1860, the _American Naturalist_ for 1868, Riley's reports as entomologist of Missouri for 1872 and 1874, and the third and all later editions of the _Bushberg Catalogue_. [144] George Bentham was born near Plymouth, England, in 1800. His father was a man of considerable wealth and the son was privately educated. Early in life he showed an inclination toward botany, writing a book on _The Plants of the Pyrenees and Lower Languedoc_ which was published when he was only twenty-six years old. For a time he studied law in which he showed considerable talent and where his original views attracted some attention. Later, however, he gave his attention to botany almost exclusively, joined the London Horticultural Society and the Linnaean Society, and was more or less closely connected with the workers at Kew. In connection with J. D. Hooker he wrote the _Genera Plantarum_. Others of his well-known works are _Flora Australiensis_ and _Handbook of the British Flora_. Bentham died in 1884. [145] This name has been spelled "Lincecumii" and "Linsecomii." Buckley tells us (_U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt._, =1861=:486) that this grape was named in honor of "Dr. Gideon Linsecom" of Long Point, Washington County, Texas. Engelmann changed the spelling to Lincecum without giving any reason for the change. Munson states that a daughter of Dr. Lincecum says that her father always spelled his name Lincecum. It is inconceivable that Buckley did not know how to spell his friend's name. There is other corroborative evidence that Buckley was either a poor penman, or did not read proof, or both. In his Latin description of this species nearly every other word is misspelled, and the mistakes are those of a printer rather than of one whose Latin is weak, such as "totis" for "lobis," etc. Munson says that on the different herbarium specimens of this species collected by Buckley, the name is spelled both ways but he is not able to tell which are in Buckley's hand. As the original error seems to be one by the printer or amanuensis it does not seem desirable to perpetuate it. We have consequently adopted the spelling of Engelmann and Munson. [146] Liberty Hyde Bailey was born in 1858 in South Haven, Michigan. He graduated from the Michigan Agricultural College in 1882 and then studied botany for two years with Asa Gray at Harvard University. He became professor of horticulture at his Alma Mater in 1885 and resigned in 1888 to accept the Chair of Horticulture in Cornell University, a position which he filled until 1904 when he became Director of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station and Dean of the New York State College of Agriculture. In 1907 he was given the degree of Doctor of Laws by the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Bailey is known as a teacher and experimenter but is better known for his horticultural and botanical writings. He has published many popular books on agricultural subjects. The best known of these are: _The Nursery Book_; _The Rule Book_; _Principles of Vegetable Gardening_; _Garden Making_; _The Pruning Book_; _The Survival of the Unlike_; _The Evolution of Our Native Fruits_. Besides these popular, or semi-popular works he has published two cyclopedias: _The Cyclopedia of American Horticulture_ and _The Cyclopedia of American Agriculture_. Dr. Bailey's position in American horticultural literature is unique in that he represents the botanical side of horticulture. He has written monographs on several of our cultivated fruits, notably grapes and plums, both appearing in _The Evolution of Our Native Fruits_. [147] _Am. Gard._, =12=:584. 1891. [148] John Eaton Le Conte was born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, in 1784 and died at Philadelphia in 1860. In 1817 he entered the army as a topographical engineer, and in 1831 was retired with the grade of major. Le Conte early became interested in natural history and his military expeditions gave him ample opportunity for studying the flora and fauna of eastern America. He published a number of important botanical papers, one of which was _The Vines of North America_ published in 1854-55. His contributions to the genus Vitis will be found under that head. [149] Augustin Pyramus De Candolle was born at Geneva, Switzerland, 1778, and died at Turin, Italy, in 1841. He came of an ancient French family which had been driven out of Provence in the middle of the sixteenth century owing to their religion. He began his scientific studies at the College of Geneva, but later removed to Paris where he attended courses of lectures on natural science under the greatest scientists of that day. His best known works are: _Historia plantarum Succulentarum_; _Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum_; and _Prodromus Systematis regni vegetabilis_ (1824-), this last being only about two-thirds completed at the time of his death. Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyrame De Candolle was born in Paris, France, in 1806. Like his father, whose life is sketched above, he became a noted botanist. His most important works have been translated into English and are as follows: _Geographical Botany_, 1855; _Origin of Cultivated Plants_, 1883; and the _Memoirs_ of his father, 1862. He died in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1893. [150] The name Labrusca is an old one originally applied to a grape growing wild in Italy. Engelmann states that this grape is still known to the Italians by the name Brusca. It was probably applied to the American species by Linnaeus under the mistaken supposition that our northern Fox grape was the same as the wild Italian species. [151] Carl von Linne, better known in the Latin form of Carolus Linnaeus, was born in 1707 at Rashult in the province of Smäland, Sweden. His father, a minister, endeavored to educate his son to follow the same profession. In this he failed, as Linnaeus from his earliest years took no interest in the classical studies then taught. His father was finally induced to educate young Linnaeus as a physician. Linnaeus was the greatest systematist in the history of botany. His general system, though much modified, is still in use. Although he named many species of plants, it was not as a traveler and explorer but as a recipient of the results of travels of others that the specimens were secured from which the descriptions were made. Linnaeus died at Upsala, Sweden, in 1778. His herbarium after his death was sold and finally became the property of the Linnaean Society of London, where the specimens are frequently used by botanists from various parts of the world for purposes of comparison. [152] Husmann, =1895=:189. [153] _Grape Cult._, =1=:4. 1869. [154] _U. S. D. A. Rpt._, =1862=:198. [155] _Gar. and For._, =2=:584. 1889. [156] Numbers in parentheses designate authors or publications cited in the list of references. [157] Adlum, John. _Cultivation of the Vine_: 149. 1828. [158] Downing, =1872=:119 app. [159] _Traité gen. de vit._, =5=:201. 1903. [160] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:71. [161] _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:89. [162] Dr. A. P. Wylie was a southern hybridizer. His life was one of exceptionally varied usefulness. Besides being a physician he worked with many different plants, producing new varieties of cotton, peach, nectarine, magnolia and other species. His hybrids were produced chiefly during the sixties and early seventies. His method of testing hybrid grapes was unique; as soon as the fruit from the cross-fertilized blossoms ripened, the seeds were planted and the seedlings forced the first winter in a hothouse. In the spring it was planted by the side of a mature vine outside and the seedling grafted by inarching on the established vine. In this manner, his son writes us, he frequently secured fruit the second summer. In 1873 he suffered the irreparable misfortune of losing his residence by fire. This destroyed all of his seeds and also his seedlings, which were in an adjacent hothouse. The number of Dr. Wylie's grape seedlings cannot be accurately told as many of them were never disseminated. Of his better known sorts there are Berckmans, Dr. Wylie, Mrs. McClure, and Peter Wylie, the best known of which is the first. Dr. Wylie was the first man to hybridize the _Vitis rotundifolia_ with other species of grapes. Unfortunately these hybrids appear to have been lost to cultivation. He died at his home in Chester, South Carolina, in 1877. [163] _Tex. Sta. Bul._, =48=:1153. 1898. [164] _Mag. Hort._, =1863=:67. [165] Fuller, =1867=:237. [166] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:75. [167] Downing, =1869=:532. [168] Jacob Moore was born in Brighton, New York, in 1835. He early engaged in the nursery business and about 1860 began to experiment in hybridizing grapes, his first production of note being Diana Hamburg which proved too tender to be of value in New York. In 1873 he sold the Brighton to its introducer, the grape having come from a union of Diana Hamburg and Concord. In 1882 Moore's third grape of note, the Diamond, was introduced, its parents being Concord, fertilized by Iona. One other grape completes his list of varieties of this fruit--the Geneva, a Vinifera-Labrusca hybrid from seed planted in the spring of 1874. Beside these grapes, Moore was the originator of the Ruby, Red Cross and Diploma currants and the Bar-seckel pear. Jacob Moore died in January, 1908, having devoted a life to the improvement of fruits and having spent a patrimony of no small amount and all of his earnings in carrying on experiments in horticulture. It saddens one to know that after having devoted a half century to the enrichment of agriculture, poor Moore should have passed his last years in comparative poverty, and that they were embittered with the thought that, unlike the inventor, the producer of new fruits can in no way protect the products of his originality, even though they added millions to the wealth of the country as have his fruits. [169] Advertising circular sent out by Wm. B. Brown in 1899. [170] George W. Campbell was born in Cortlandville, New York, in 1817. The family moved to Ohio in 1821. In early life Campbell was a printer and editor, as his father had been before him. In 1849 he moved from Sandusky, Ohio, to Delaware in the same State and it was in the latter place that his attention was first turned to horticulture as a livelihood, although he had been interested in it as an amateur much earlier. He was a continuous member of the American Pomological Society from the time of its organization in 1850 until his death. He raised thousands of seedling grapes, of which the following were given names: Campbell Early, Concord Chasselas, Concord Muscat, Juno, Lady, Purity, Triumph, White Delaware. All of these are practically obsolete in the North except Campbell Early and Lady. Campbell died at his home in Delaware, Ohio, in 1898. For many years before his death he had been the leading writer and speaker in the North on the culture of the grape and on grape-breeding, and his work had a marked influence on the improvement of viticulture. [171] Charles Arnold was born in Bedfordshire, England, in 1818. In 1833 he removed to Paris, Ontario. He was an enthusiastic hybridizer in many lines, producing a white wheat, the Ontario apple, and the American Wonder pea. In 1853 he established the Paris Nurseries. Of his numerous seedling grapes he gave names to Autuchon, Brant, Canada, Cornucopia and Othello. He was for many years prominent in the agricultural and scientific associations of his adopted country. His object in crossing grapes was to secure varieties sufficiently hardy and early for the Canadian climate. In this he was in a measure successful but his crosses are so susceptible to mildew and rot that their culture has been generally abandoned in both Canada and the United States. He died at his home in Paris, Canada, in 1883. [172] _Cat._, =1908=:18. [173] Ephraim W. Bull was born in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1805 and died in 1895. He will long be remembered by grape-growers as the originator and introducer of the Concord grape, the history of which is given in the above account of that variety. Bull grew many other seedlings, none of which attained a reputation among growers unless it be Cottage. Ephraim Bull's ninety years were spent in the quiet of his Concord home and he would have remained unknown by others than his neighbors, who honored and loved him, had it not been for his fortunate discovery of the Concord grape, which must always give him a place in the history of American grape culture. The grape which has added immensely to the wealth of a nation, brought its originator scarcely a year's competence. As a partial recompense for his great service to horticulture and to the nation, the memory of Ephraim W. Bull should live long. [174] No one family has furnished so many members who have been prominent in American grape-growing as the Underhills. The first of this remarkable family, Robert Underhill, was born in Yorktown, Westchester County, New York, in 1761. During his early life he appears to have been engaged in various enterprises. At one time he was part owner and conductor of a flouring mill at the head of navigation on the Croton River; later he sold his interest in this business and in 1804 removed to Croton Point, which he had previously bought. Here, during the War of 1812, the supply of watermelons from the South being cut off, he planted eighty acres of melons, and it is said that as many as six vessels were lying off Croton Point at one time waiting for the melons to mature. Among other of his ventures was the growing of castor beans, and toward the end of his life he became interested in viticulture. An account of his operations cultivating grapes is given in the first part of this work. Robert Underhill died at Croton Point in 1829. After his death his two sons, William Alexander Underhill and Robert T. Underhill, bought from their father's estate the two hundred and fifty acres comprising Croton Point. Their holdings were not in common, William A. Underhill having about one hundred and sixty-five acres and his brother the balance. R. T. Underhill was born on the Croton River in 1802 and died in 1871 at Croton Point. William A. Underhill was born at the same place as his brother in 1804, and died suddenly while on a trip to New York City in 1873. The first three Underhills were pioneer vineyardists in this State, and were men of great enterprise and initiative, contributing much to American viticulture by precept and example; but none of them was an originator of new varieties. Stephen W. Underhill, son of William A. Underhill, was born at Croton Point in 1837. In his boyhood he became familiar with the grape-growing operations of his father and uncle, and about 1860 became interested in hybridizing as a means of originating new varieties. Most of his work was done between 1860 and 1870. He originated Black Defiance, Black Eagle, Croton, Irving, Senasqua and many other named and unnamed sorts. Of his varieties it may be said that they generally show too many Vinifera weaknesses for profitable commercial sorts. S. W. Underhill is still living at Croton-on-Hudson, a short distance from Croton Point, the scene of the labors of three generations of the Underhill family. Since the death of his father, in 1873, he has devoted himself almost exclusively to brick-making, an occupation in which his father had been interested. [175] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:89. [176] _Traité gen. de vit._, =6=:278. 1903. [177] _Ib._, p. 279. [178] The grape vine in the vineyard is not ornamental, but only because its beauty is marred by the formal shapes in which it must be trained to meet the purposes of the cultivator. But as a festoon for an arbor, or for hiding a neglected building, for the porch of the farmhouse, or for any place where a bold or picturesque effect is wanted, or for giving an expression of strength, no vine surpasses some of the varieties of our native grapes. Properly planted they are not only beautiful in themselves but attractive through their suggestiveness. To sit under one's own vine and fig tree is the ancient idea of a life of peace, contentment and security; and this association with the patriarchal use of the vine is one of the charms of the grape. [179] Often incorrectly spelled Devereux. [180] _Horticulturist_, =12=:458. 1857. [181] _Gar. Mon._, =2=:265. 1860. [182] _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:116. [183] After the above was in type we received a communication from Ricketts stating that Downing came from seed of Concord fertilized by Muscat Hamburg. If this is true it is difficult to account for the apparent Aestivalis characters. [184] This variety was named after Dutchess County, New York, and the spelling is as given in this text and not "Duchess" as usually spelled. [185] Andrew Jackson Caywood was born near Modena, Ulster County, New York, in 1819. During his early life he was a mason and contractor and engaged in building operations in Orange and Ulster counties. When about twenty-five years of age he became interested in fruit culture and was soon one of the leading fruit-growers in his section. Caywood's grape-breeding work appears to have started about 1850, while he still lived at Modena. In 1861 he removed to Poughkeepsie, and about 1865, what was probably his first grape, the Walter, was brought to the attention of the public. In 1877 he removed to Marlboro, where for many years he conducted a nursery business in connection with fruit raising, first under the firm name of Ferries & Caywood, and later as Caywood & Son, his son Walter having entered the business. Caywood's last years were clouded with financial troubles and failing health. In 1889 he died at his home in Marlboro. No record is available of Caywood's productions nor his manner of work. He appears to have differed from the grape-breeders of his day in that he produced second rather than first generation hybrids. Of these his most important productions are: Dutchess, Metternich, Nectar, Poughkeepsie, Ulster and Walter, though he raised many others, most of which were never named nor disseminated. Caywood's years of unremitting labor in improving grapes will long make his name prominent in American viticulture. [186] John Burr was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1800. In early life he removed to Ohio, where, although he was engaged in mercantile pursuits, he passed his leisure time in experimenting with strawberries. In this work he was quite successful, producing Burr's Pine and Burr's Seedling, once popular sorts. In 1858 Burr moved to Kansas and soon after began breeding grapes. For this work he was a believer in natural pollination and planted the varieties which he desired to use as parents in close proximity that they might pollinate each other. Burr at first used Concord, Hartford, Isabella, and other grapes of this class as parents, but later he destroyed all of the seedlings of these and used Delaware, Goethe, Salem, Catawba, and other Vinifera hybrids. He did not take trouble to note from which variety the seed came but mixed and planted all together. The records of the parentage of his productions are consequently usually unsatisfactory. Most of his grape productions were introduced to the public by Stayman & Black, a nearby nursery firm. Of Burr's many seedlings he gave names to the following: Cochee, Early Victor, Eclipse, Evaline, Ideal, Iola, Jewel, Magnate, Matchless, Mendota, Omega, Osage, Osee, Paragon, Peola, Primate, Pulasky, Seneca, Superior, Standard, Supreme, and White Jewel. Burr died at his home in Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1892. [187] _Traité gen. de vit._, =6=:192. 1903. [188] _Cat._, =1907-8=:18. [189] This variety was named Glenfeld by Mr. Magee, its originator, not Glenfield as it is frequently spelled. [190] _Tex. Sta. Bul._, =56=:267. 1900. [191] Munson regards them as identical. [192] Dr. C. W. Grant was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1810. Early in life he became a Doctor of Medicine but soon became dissatisfied with that profession as it was then practiced, and entered dentistry. He settled in Newburgh, New York, where he built up a very large dental practice. Dr. Grant was an enthusiastic amateur horticulturist and numbered among his friends such men of national note as A. J. and Charles Downing, Horace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, W. C. Bryant, Donald G. Mitchell and others like these who were interested in rural pursuits. He bought Iona Island in the Hudson River and planted thereon a commercial vineyard. On the death of his wife in 1856 he gave up his dental practice and took up his residence on Iona Island. Here for twelve years he grew grapes and conducted a grape nursery. Unfortunately Dr. Grant's business experience was not such as to enable him to make a success of a commercial nursery. In 1868 he retired from active pursuits and returned to his old home at Litchfield, where he died in 1881. Dr. Grant's chief interest to grape-growers lies in the fact that he was the originator of Iona and Israella and the introducer of Anna and Eumelan. He was one of the first and a most ardent grape-breeder, working especially toward improving the quality of commercial varieties of grapes. [193] On account of criticisms of the justice of the award, Grant returned the prize to be competed for a second time. At the second trial it went to Concord on vine characters. [194] _Sou. Agr._, =2=:552. 1829. [195] In 1889 Munson sent out a grape under the name Jaeger and in 1890 he introduced the variety here described under the name Hermann Jaeger, at the same time withdrawing the former variety from further dissemination. As the first named Jaeger is apparently obsolete there seems to be no objection to shortening the name so as to conform in nomenclature with the recommendations of the American Pomological Society. [196] James H. Ricketts was born in Oldbridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in 1830, the family moving to Indiana while Ricketts was still a child. When a young man Ricketts learned the trade of bookbinding in Cincinnati and later practiced this art in New York City. In 1857 he established a bookbinding business at Newburgh, New York; here he became interested in raising fruit, devoting to it such time as could be be spared from his business. In 1861 he started his work in grape improvement, reading all the books then published on this subject in order to prepare himself to carry on the work intelligently. His first production was Raritan which he says he thought not much improvement. In 1862, he built a glass house in order that he might have Vinifera vines for crossing with natives outside. His first production of foreign cross-breeds was the Charles Downing, now known as Downing. Ricketts produced many hundred seedlings, and for ten or twelve years exhibited them at various fairs, horticultural society meetings and other places, where their magnificent appearance and fine flavor attracted universal and favorable attention and made him the recipient of many medals and prizes. Unfortunately Ricketts, like many other American grape-breeders, fell into financial difficulties, and in 1877 lost his vineyard and home by foreclosure. In 1888, he moved to Washington, D. C., to work at his trade but has again started to improve grapes and is now growing a number of new varieties which will probably be shown to the public in the near future. [Illustration: JEFFERSON] Ricketts' seedlings are characterized by a large size of bunch and berry, and by high quality. Unfortunately it has been the experience of growers in nearly all grape regions that the vine characters of his varieties are not equal to those of the fruit, the vines being subject to mildew and other Vinifera weaknesses. However, Ricketts produced magnificent specimens of his grapes, year after year, under conditions which every one admits were less favorable than those of the average grape-grower. The secret of his success seems never to have been discovered. This anomaly is so striking that Campbell did not hesitate to suggest that the fault was with the American grape-grower rather than with Ricketts' grapes or the location of the vineyard. The best known of his varieties are: Advance, Bacchus, Don Juan, Downing, Eldorado, Empire State, Highland, Jefferson, Lady Washington and Secretary. Besides these he produced many others, some of which were named but many of which were known only under numbers. [197] _Amer. Farmer_, =11=:237, 412. 1829-30. [198] The illustrations in _The Grapes of New York_, unless otherwise mentioned, are life-size; but it must be remembered that when objects having three dimensions are reproduced on a flat surface there is seemingly a considerable reduction in size. Allowance should be made for this illusion in comparing fruit with illustration. [199] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:120. [200] Downing, =1857=:341. [201] Pronounced Reezling. [202] Jacob Rommel was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1837. The family moved to Hermann, Missouri, in 1838 where his father, Jacob Rommel, Sr., engaged in the nursery business and became interested in grape-growing and wine-making. In 1860 the younger Rommel removed to Morrison where he entered into partnership with H. Sobbe to grow nursery stock and cultivate grapes. At this time much dissatisfaction was felt among the grape-growers of the Middle West with the standard varieties then grown, most of which were table grapes secured from the East, and were poorly adapted to wine-making and to Missouri conditions. To remedy this defect Rommel originated many new varieties, using Taylor chiefly as a parent. Among others he produced Amber, Beauty, Black Delaware, Elvira, Etta, Faith, Montefiore, Pearl, Transparent and Wilding. Rommel's seedlings are characterized by extreme vigor and productiveness. They were not designed for table grapes and they lack the qualities to recommend them as such. In 1900 Rommel retired from business and removed to Chamois, Missouri, where he still lives. [203] Nelson Bonney White was born in the town of Putney, Windham County, Vermont, in 1824. During his younger years he lived for a time in Ohio and in New York but finally settled in Norwood, Massachusetts. White was a cabinet maker by trade, but coming under the influence of E. S. Rogers at the time when Rogers' hybrids were causing a stir in New England, he took up grape-breeding as a pastime. He is probably the oldest grape-breeder of note now alive, as he has been engaged in this occupation over fifty years. His best known productions are August Giant, Amber Queen, and Norfolk. Two other of his varieties, International and King Philip, are very highly spoken of but have not yet been distributed. [204] _Horticulturist_, =16=:286. 1861. [205] _Mag. Hort._, =9=:430. 1843. [206] _Traité gen. de vit._, =6=:166. 1903. [207] _U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt._, =1855=:308. [208] A. J. Caywood, of Marlboro, New York, published the claim that this variety was originated by him, that he had named it Hudson but had delayed sending it out on the advice of several grape experts till it had been further tested. For this purpose Caywood says he sent the variety to about sixty men, among them J. W. Prentiss. Those who examined fruit from the two original vines said they were certainly very similar if not identical. [209] Edward Staniford Rogers was born in the old family mansion on Essex Street, Salem, Massachusetts, June 28, 1826, and died in Peabody, Massachusetts, March 29, 1899. He was the son of Nathaniel Leverett Rogers, an old-time Salem merchant, who, with his brothers John and Richard, was engaged in the maritime trade. Edward Rogers was educated in Master Ira Cheever's school, a famous Salem school of the day, and, later, he made several voyages in his father's ships as clerk and supercargo and, finally, passed a number of years in the counting-room of the firm in Salem. After his father's death, Mr. Rogers lived in the old family home with his brother and their mother, and in the garden back of the house, quite large for a city lot, he indulged his natural taste for horticulture and conducted his experiments in grape hybridization. By temperament Mr. Rogers was quiet and retiring and so generous that he gained practically no profit from his horticultural productions, for he freely gave cuttings and rooted plants of the hybrids he raised to friends and visitors before his own stock was by any means large. Mr. Rogers possessed literary ability and was an extensive reader, but could rarely be drawn into conversation excepting among his most intimate friends who were wont to "drop in" at his long, low greenhouse in the garden or at his office, extemporized in the old colonial barn at the rear of the house. After the death of his mother the old house was sold and the brothers removed to another house in Salem and some years later, after the death of his brother, Mr. Rogers bought the place, his last home, in Peabody, Massachusetts, where he cultivated trees and flowers for pleasure and experiment. An accident which resulted in a permanent lameness prevented much physical labor during his last years and probably in a measure hastened his death. [210] In the eastern portion of the Southern States, the section where this variety originated and where it is still most largely grown, Scuppernong is applied only to a white variety of _Vitis rotundifolia_. Unfortunately in many portions of the South and in the North, the word Scuppernong is apparently taken as meaning a grape of the southern Fox or Rotundifolia class; thus we find some writers using such contradictory expressions as White Scuppernong, Green Scuppernong, and Black Scuppernong. In the South, at least, this use of the term appears to have arisen in the last fifty years, usage previous to that time being practically unanimous in recognizing that the Scuppernong was the white Rotundifolia which had been selected at an early day for cultivation on account of certain superior cultural characters distinguishing it from the rest of the species. [211] _Amer. Farmer_, =3=:332. 1822. [212] _S. C. Sta. Bul._, =132=:17, 18. 1907. [213] Dr. Joseph Stayman was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in 1817. The family was of German descent and had long been identified with the Mennonites of the region of his birthplace. Stayman's father was a farmer and miller and during early life the son was engaged in these occupations. In 1839 he accompanied his parents to Ohio, where he was engaged in the milling business with his father for a time and later entered the lecture field and studied medicine. In 1849 he married and established his home in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, removing two years later to Abingdon, Illinois. For several years he practiced medicine but in 1858 purchased a nursery which was the beginning of his connection with the fruit business. In 1860 he removed to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he lived the remainder of his life, dying at his home in that city in 1903. Dr. Stayman was a man of great originality and had varied interests. In plant-breeding he worked with strawberries, apples, raspberries and grapes, producing among others the Clyde strawberry, the Stayman apple and a host of varieties of grapes. Of his named sorts of grapes there are: Black Imperial, Cherokee, Concordia, Daisy, Darwin, Exquisite, Marsala, Mary Mark, Mrs. Stayman, Osceola, Oscaloosa, Oswego, Ozark, Pawnee, Perfection, Prolific, Snowflake, White Beauty, White Cloud and White Imperial. Stayman and John Burr were neighbors and friends, and held similar opinions as to the best methods of procedure in originating new varieties. Neither believed in artificial pollination but grew the several varieties from which crosses were desired in close proximity and then planted seed from the best developed fruits. Their methods certainly gave them varieties with a high standard of excellence. Stayman may be regarded as one of the leading viticulturists of the Great Plains region. He was, too, one of the pioneers of America in breeding fruits. His many contributions to our lists of fruits make his name memorable to fruit-growers and lovers of fine fruits. * * * * * Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber: suspectible=> susceptible {pg 136} while the the chalaza=> while the chalaza {pg 119} suceptible=> sucseptible {pg 228} Must 888=> Must 88° {pg 261} Must 808=> Must 80° {pg 314} 1889 and it still retained=> 1889 and is still retained {pg 329} possiby=> possibly {pg 346} apperance=> appearance {pg 469} goverment=> government {pg 521} Munson' scrosses=> Munson's crosses {pg 493} enlongated=> elongated {pg 500} Brillant, 193=> Brilliant, 193 {pg 540 index} selfsterility of, 104;=> self-sterility of, 104; {pg 546 index} means of dstribution of, 27;=> means of distribution of, 27; {pg 553}