AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW November 2020 Volume 114, Issue 4 ISSN: 0003-0554 AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION D o w n lo ad ed f ro m h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re . C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 LEAD EDITORS Clarissa Hayward Washington University in St. Louis, USA Julie Novkov University at Albany, SUNY, USA EDITORS Sharon Wright Austin University of Florida, USA Michelle L. Dion McMaster University, Canada Kelly M. Kadera University of Iowa, USA Celeste Montoya University of Colorado, Boulder, USA Valeria Sinclair-Chapman Purdue University, USA Dara Strolovitch Princeton University, USA Alli Mari Tripp University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA Denise M. Walsh University of Virginia, USA S. Laurel Weldon Simon Fraser University, Canada Elisabeth Jean Wood Yale University, USA MANAGING EDITOR Dragana Svraka ADVISORY BOARD FOR ETHICAL RESEARCH Catherine Boone London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Scott Desposato UC San Diego, USA Macartan Humphries WZB Berlin and Columbia University, USA Lauren M. MacLean Indiana University, USA Layna Mosley Princeton University, USA Trisha Phillips West Virginia University, USA Peregrine Schwartz-Shea University of Utah, USA EDITORIAL BOARD Claire Adida UC San Diego, USA Phillip Ayoub Occidental College, USA Lisa Baldez Dartmouth College, USA Lawrie Balfour University of Virginia, USA Karen Beckwith Case Western Reserve University, USA Catherine Boone London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Janet Box-Steffensmeier Ohio State University, USA Pamela Brandwein University of Michigan, USA David Broockman UC Berkeley, USA Nadia E. Brown Purdue University, USA Renee Buhr University of St. Thomas, USA Pradeep Chhibber UC Berkeley, USA Cathy Cohen University of Chicago, USA Katherine Cramer University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA Paisley Currah CUNY, USA Christian Davenport University of Michigan, USA Alexandre Debs Yale University, USA Jacqueline H. R. DeMeritt University of North Texas, USA Scott Desposato UC San Diego, USA Shirin Deylami Western Washington University, USA James N. Druckman Northwestern University, USA Thad Dunning UC Berkeley, USA Elisabeth Ellis University of Otago, New Zealand Tanisha Fazal University of Minnesota, USA Evgeny Finkel Johns Hopkins University, USA Jason Frank Cornell University, USA Jill Frank Cornell University, USA Robert J. Franzese University of Michigan, USA Lorrie Frasure UCLA, USA Elisabeth Jay Friedman University of San Francisco, USA Lisa Garcia-Bedolla UC Berkeley, USA Daniel Gillion University of Pennsylvania, USA Farah Godrej UC Riverside, USA Stephan Haggard UC San Diego, USA Kerry Haynie Duke University, USA Errol Henderson Pennsylvania State University, USA Yoshiko Herrera University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA Juliet Hooker Brown University, USA Macartan Humphreys WZB Berlin, Germany, and Columbia University, USA Vince Hutchings University of Michigan, USA Turkuler Isikel Columbia University, USA Alan Jacobs University of British Columbia, Canada Amaney Jamal Princeton University, USA Juliet Johnson McGill University, Canada Michael Jones-Correa University of Pennsylvania, USA Kimuli Kasara Columbia University, USA Helen M. Kinsella University of Minnesota, USA Brett Ashley Leeds Rice University, USA Ines Levin UC Irvine, USA Jacob T. Levy McGill University, Canada Pei-te Lien UC Santa Barbara, USA Sheryl Lightfoot University of British Columbia, Canada Jinee Lokaneeta Drew University, USA Catherine Lu McGill University, Canada Juan Pablo Luna Pontificia Universidad Catolica, Chile Ellen Lust University of Gothenburg, Sweden Marc Lynch Geroge Washington University, USA Lauren M. MacLean University of Indiana, USA Samantha Majic CUNY - John Jay College, USA Melanie Manion Duke University, USA Isabela Mares Yale University, USA Valerie Martinez-Ebers University of North Texas, USA Seth Masket University of Denver, USA Peace A. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, or otherwise, without permission in writing from Cambridge University Press. Policies, request forms, and contacts are available at http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/permission.htm Permission to copy (for users in the U.S.A.) is available from Copyright Clearance Center, http://www.copyright.com, email: info@copyright.comD o w n lo ad ed f ro m h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re . C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 American Political Science Review Volume 114, Number 4, November 2020 Table of Contents NOTES FROM THE EDITORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v ARTICLES Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test Tabitha Bonilla and Alvin B. Tillery Jr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947 The Distinctive Political Status of Dissident Minorities David Schraub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 Representing Silence in Politics Mónica Brito Vieira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 Women’s Representation and the Gendered Pipeline to Power Danielle M. Thomsen and Aaron S. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989 Respect for Subjects in the Ethics of Causal and Interpretive Social Explanation Michael L. Frazer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001 Institutionalized Police Brutality: Torture, the Militarization of Security, and the Reform of Inquisitorial Criminal Justice in Mexico Beatriz Magaloni and Luis Rodriguez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013 Gender, Law Enforcement, and Access to Justice: Evidence from All-Women Police Stations in India Nirvikar Jassal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035 Party Competition and Coalitional Stability: Evidence from American Local Government Peter Bucchianeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 The Quality of Vote Tallies: Causes and Consequences Cristian Challú, Enrique Seira, and Alberto Simpser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071 Buying Power: Electoral Strategy before the Secret Vote Daniel W. Gingerich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086 Carving Out: Isolating the True Effect of Self-Interest on Policy Attitudes Jake Haselswerdt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103 Polarized Pluralism: Organizational Preferences and Biases in the American Pressure System Jesse M. Crosson, Alexander C. Furnas, and Geoffrey M. Lorenz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117 What You See Is Not Always What You Get: Bargaining before an Audience under Multiparty Government Lanny W. Martin and Georg Vanberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138 Deterrence with Imperfect Attribution Sandeep Baliga, Ethan Bueno de Mesquita, and Alexander Wolitzky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155 How Much is One American Worth? How Competition Affects Trade Preferences Diana C. Mutz and Amber Hye-Yon Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179 Learning about Growth and Democracy Scott F. Abramson and Sergio Montero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195 Does Property Ownership Lead to Participation in Local Politics? Evidence from Property Records and Meeting Minutes Jesse Yoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213 Does Political Affirmative Action Work, and for Whom? Theory and Evidence on India’s Scheduled Areas Saad Gulzar, Nicholas Haas, and Benjamin Pasquale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1230 D o w n lo ad ed f ro m h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re . C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 Autocratic Stability in the Shadow of Foreign Threats Livio Di Lonardo, Jessica S. Sun, and Scott A. Tyson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247 From Tyrannicide to Revolution: Aristotle on the Politics of Comradeship Jordan Jochim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266 Bridges between Wedges and Frames: Outreach and Compromise in American Political Discourse Andrew Stark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1280 When to Worry about Sensitivity Bias: A Social Reference Theory and Evidence from 30 Years of List Experiments Graeme Blair, Alexander Coppock, and Margaret Moor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297 The Political Economy of Bureaucratic Overload: Evidence from Rural Development Officials in India Aditya Dasgupta and Devesh Kapur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 LETTERS Does Aid Reduce Anti-refugee Violence? Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Lebanon M. Christian Lehmann and Daniel T. R. Masterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335 News and Geolocated Social Media Accurately Measure Protest Size Variation Anton Sobolev, M. Keith Chen, Jungseock Joo, and Zachary C. Steinert-Threlkeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343 A Framework for Measuring Leaders’ Willingness to Use Force Jeff Carter and Charles E. Smith Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352 Wildfire Exposure Increases Pro-Environment Voting within Democratic but Not Republican Areas Chad Hazlett and Matto Mildenberger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359 Who Governs? A New Global Dataset on Members of Cabinets Jacob Nyrup and Stuart Bramwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366 Mobilize for Our Lives? School Shootings and Democratic Accountability in U .S . Elections Hans J. G. Hassell, John B. Holbein, and Matthew Baldwin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375 Can Charter Schools Boost Civic Participation? The Impact of Democracy Prep Public Schools on Voting Behavior Brian Gill, Emilyn Ruble Whitesell, Sean P. Corcoran, Charles Tilley, Mariel Finucane, and Liz Potamites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1386 CORRIGENDA Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile—CORRIGENDUM Jane Esberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393 Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing—CORRIGENDUM Dean Knox, Will Lowe, and Jonathan Mummolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394 D o w n lo ad ed f ro m h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re . C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 Frank J. Goodnow Albert Shaw Frederick N. Judson James Bryce A. Lawrence Lowell Woodrow Wilson Simeon E. Baldwin Albert Bushnell Hart W. W. Willoughby John Bassett Moore Ernst Freund Jesse Macy Munroe Smith Henry Jones Ford Paul S. Reinsch Leo S. Rowe William A. Dunning Harry A. Garfield James W. Garner Charles E. Merriam Charles A. Beard William Bennett Munro Jesse S. Reeves John A. Fairlie Benjamin F. Shambaugh Edward S. Corwin William F. Willoughby Isidor Loeb Walter Shepard Francis W. Coker Arthur N. Holcombe Thomas Reed Powell Clarence A. Dykstra Charles Grove Haines Robert C. Brooks Frederic A. Ogg William Anderson Robert E. Cushman Leonard D. White John Gaus Walter F. Dodd Arthur W. MacMahon Henry R. Spencer Quincy Wright James K. Pollock Peter H. Odegard Luther Gulick Pendleton Herring Ralph J. Bunche Charles McKinley Harold D. Lasswell E. E. Schattschneider V. O. Key, Jr. R. Taylor Cole Carl B. Swisher Emmette S. Redford Charles S. Hyneman Carl J. Friedrich C. Herman Pritchett David B. Truman Gabriel A. Almond Robert A. Dahl Merle Fainsod David Easton Karl W. Deutsch Robert E. Lane Heinz Eulau Robert E. Ward Avery Leiserson Austin Ranney James MacGregor Burns Samuel H. Beer John C. Wahlke Leon D. Epstein Warren E. Miller Charles E. Lindblom Seymour Martin Lipset William H. Riker Philip E. Converse Richard F. Fenno Aaron B. Wildavsky Samuel P. Huntington Kenneth N. Waltz Lucian W. Pye Judith N. Shklar Theodore J. Lowi James Q. Wilson Lucius J. Barker Charles O.Jones Sidney Verba Arend Lijphart Elinor Ostrom M. Kent Jennings Matthew Holden, Jr. Robert O. Keohane Robert Jervis Robert D. Putnam Theda Skocpol Susanne Hoeber Rudolph Margaret Levi Ira Katznelson Robert Axelrod Dianne M. Pinderhughes Peter Katzenstein Henry E. Brady Carole Pateman G. Bingham Powell, Jr. Jane Mansbridge John H. Aldrich Rodney E. Hero Jennifer Hochschild David Lake Kathleen Thelen Rogers Smith FORMER APSA PRESIDENTS OFFICERS PRESIDENT Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier Ohio State University VICE-PRESIDENTS Michelle Deardorff University of Tennessee, Chattanooga Mala Htun University of New Mexico John Sides Vanderbilt University PRESIDENT-ELECT John Ishiyama University of North Texas PAST PRESIDENT Paula D. McClain Duke University 2018–2021 Adam J. Berinsky Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ann O’M. Bowman Texas A&M University Julia S. Jordan-Zachery University of North Carolina, Charlotte Lori J. Marso Union College Alberto Simpser Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Charles Smith University of California, Irvine Rocío Titiunik Princeton University Lisa Wedeen University of Chicago 2019–2022 Ben Ansell University of Oxford Erik Bleich Middlebury College Alexandra Filindra University of Illinois at Chicago Rebecca Gill University of Nevada, Las Vegas Soo Yeon Kim National University of Singapore David Leal University of Texas, Austin Suzanna Linn Penn State University Melanye Price Prairie View A&M University TREASURER David Lublin American University EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Steven Rathgeb Smith COUNCIL Founded in 1903, the American Political Science Association (APSA) is the leading professional organization for the study of political science and serves more than 11,000 members in over 100 countries. With a range of programs and services for individuals, departments, and institutions, APSA brings together political scientists from all fields of inquiry, regions, and occupational endeavors within and outside academe in order to deepen our understanding of politics, democracy, and citizenship throughout the world. The direct advancement of knowledge is at the core of APSA activities. We promote scholarly communication in political science through a variety of initiatives including publishing four distinguished journals: American Political Science Review, Perspectives on Politics, PS: Political Science & Politics, and the Journal of Political Science Education. ABOUT THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION (APSA) American Political Science Association 1527 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 202-483-2512 | www.apsanet.org 2020–2023 Menna Demessie Congressional Black Caucus Foundation Terry L. 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C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 American Political Science Review (2020) 114, 4, v–vii doi:10.1017/S000305542000074X © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association Notes from the Editors The new editorial team of the American PoliticalScience Review began its term on June 1, 2020. Itwas a day marked by Black Lives Matter pro- tests throughout the United States and much of the world following the killing of George Floyd by Minne- apolis police officers. In a speech in the Rose Garden that afternoon, the American president referred to the protesters as “terrorists” and threatened to send the military into cities and states that failed to “control” them. He then authorized the use of tear gas, rubber bullets, and flash grenades to disperse the peaceful crowd that had assembled near the White House in Lafayette Square so that he could pose for photographs at St. John’s Episcopal Church, holding a Bible. Mean- while, Muriel Bowser—the Black woman mayor of the District of Columbia, whose residents have no repre- sentation in the US legislature—planned her response to the president’s bold assertion of power. Also on that first day of June, the government of Hong Kong announced it would ban the annual vigil commemorat- ing the victims of the Chinese military’s crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protestors in 1989. More than 6.6 million cases of COVID-19 had been reported worldwide, the death toll in the United States alone had exceeded 100,000, and the stay-at-home orders issued by many governments to control the virus’s spread had triggered a global recession. Our team had come together more than a year earlier to propose to edit the flagship journal of the discipline of political science. What brought us together initially, and what motivated us as we began our work as editors, was our shared conviction that the questions political scientists need to ask include those that were on full display that first day in June. Political scientists need to study power, domination, ideology, political violence, and structural injustice. We need to ask questions about protest and social movements and how oppressed people exercise their agency. We need to study policing and the carceral state, racialized and gendered health and economic inequalities, populism, the political aspects of religion, and political corruption. In our first editorial meetings that afternoon, as we discussed manuscripts and reviews and the ins and outs of the online peer review system, some of us acknowledged having mixed feelings about focusing on journal editing at such a moment. But then we reminded ourselves of why we were doing this work: because of our commit- ment to political science research that helps answer the questions that were so vivid that day. We believe that political science risks becoming irrelevant if it cannot help answer these critically important questions. And we worry that all too often our discipline operates with an overly narrow view of what counts as political science. “That’s an interesting idea, but you need to change your focus so you can generate causal inferences. Let’s re-think your project.” “We don’t have large enough sample sizes to study African-American attitudes about those issues. Why don’t you look at white racial attitudes instead?” “People don’t answer survey questions about sexual- ity honestly. You should study something other than LGBTQ politics.” “If you want to study social movements, switch to sociology.” “That’s a normative question! In political science, we ask empirical questions.” No doubt, many readers of this journal have received counsel along these lines from well-meaning advisors, mentors, and colleagues. Our discipline does not shy away from signaling its norms and expectations about what does and does not count as a valid research question and about which methods and approaches are and are not legitimate. As political scientists, we like to tell ourselves that our data and methods are cutting-edge. But all too often, we let our data and methods dictate the questions that we ask. We let our tools tell us what we can and cannot study, when we would be better served by acknowledging the ways our toolkit is incomplete and seeking to expand it. Our team came together, in part, around our deep respect for those scholars who push the boundaries of our discipline. These scholars ask questions that require talking to people whom political scientists often ignore; reading as “political” phenomena that many in our discipline view as outside the realm of politics; and adopting approaches, epistemologies, and methods that many political scientists would reject as inappro- priate or inapplicable. Those who wield disciplinary power often send such scholars none-too-subtle signals, which announce, “You’re welcome to join us, but only if you do political science the way we do it.” That’s how our discipline disciplines. It’s how gatekeepers tell would-be members that, if they want admission to a top PhD program, if they want to get or to keep that tenure-track job, if they want to be read and heard and recognized—then they need to use this set of tools and no others, and they need to ask the questions that these tools can answer. That’s how our discipline trains us, as students of the political. It’s how it turns many of us away from investigating a wide range of crucially important political problems. We believe that research should be well-designed and rigorously executed. And, of course, we believe that a common set of questions, approaches, and methods define our discipline; that’s what it means to be a discipline. In addition, we believe that many of the questions political scientists traditionally have focused on are important ones. However, they don’t come close to exhausting the range of questions that we must ask in order to truly understand politics. Our team is commit- ted to making space for work that adopts approaches, epistemologies, and methods that challenge dominant v D o w n lo ad ed f ro m h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re . C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305542000074X https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 disciplinary norms and boundaries and to making room in the APSR’s pages for work by scholars who ask questions about political phenomena to which political science has too often given short shrift. We approach these commitments with deep humil- ity, with sincere respect for the journal and its history, and with a profound awareness that there are limita- tions to what any single editorial team can do. We also approach this task with the knowledge that journal editors often function as gatekeepers, preventing scholars who ask the “wrong” questions, or who answer them using unfamiliar tools, from gaining access. We recognize that, inevitably, we will perform a gatekeep- ing function to some degree, but our hope is that we will also be able to serve as a gateway, creating space for work that asks critically important questions about power and politics of the sort that were so palpable on that first day in June. We hope that under our editorship, the APSR will reflect the diversity of the subfields, geographic areas of study, methods, approaches, and identities that are encompassed by the discipline of political science at its most pluralistic. As of the date of this publication, we have been editing the APSR for five months. The work has been challenging and rewarding. Our team is nonhierarchi- cal, interdisciplinary, and collaborative. In place of the typical model of a single lead editor directing a group of associate editors, each of whom is assigned the manu- scripts that correspond to a disciplinary subfield, we’ve adopted a rotating co-lead editorship, which is staggered to ensure continuity. Our team meets weekly to discuss manuscripts and to deliberate about decisions. Each manuscript that our team desk rejects is read by at least two editors, who carefully consider whether it might survive our peer review process. We often deliberate about those manuscripts that we do send for review as well, discussing whether and how they are exemplars of well-conceptualized, well-executed, problem-driven research that addresses timely or timeless questions about power and politics. Our team has also adopted a set of rigorous ethical standards for research that involves human participants. We are the first editors to implement the new Principles and Guidance for Human Subjects Research adopted by the American Political Science Association Council in April 2020. Six members of our Editorial Board who have been leaders in recent discussions within the dis- cipline—Catherine Boone, Scott Desposato, Macartan Humphries, Lauren Maclean, Layna Mosley, and Peri Schwartz-Shea—have agreed to serve as our Advisory Board for Ethical Research. Scholars who have submit- ted to or reviewed for the APSR since June 1 will have noticed the changes in the journal’s ethics procedures. Details are available through our submissions guidelines and FAQ page. Because research ethics is an important focus of our editorship, we plan to devote our next “Notes from the Editors” to an in-depth discussion of this topic. At the same time, we’ve begun the important work of modernizing the journal’s outreach to and communica- tion with the APSA membership and broader audi- ences. Among the first steps we’ve taken on this front are leveraging social media through our new Twitter and Facebook accounts and facilitating blog posts that feature APSR authors’ research and inform readers about the editorial team’s vision. Look for our new cover design, which will be in place beginning with the first issue of 2021. Starting in the new year, each issue of the APSR will feature cover art that makes it visually distinct from the association’s other journals. In addition to conveying some of each issue’s key themes, our covers will signal the scholarly diversity, inclusivity, and collaboration that is the hall- mark of our team. Finally, our team has been working with the editors of other journals in the discipline to identify short-, medium-, and long-term responses to the unique chal- lenges that the COVID-19 pandemic poses for scholarly research and publishing. Working with Cambridge Uni- versity Press, we have been collecting data about the pandemic’s effects on research productivity, patterns of submissions to the journal, reviewer availability, and time-to-decision. We plan to devote a future “Notes from the Editors” to sharing these data, discussing some of the best practices identified by political science editors across multiple journals, and outlining our own response. We want to emphasize that none of what our team has accomplished thus far, nor anything that we accom- plish over the course of our term, is or will be a result of our efforts alone. Although space constraints prevent us from being able to thank all of the many people who have helped us, we want to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the staff at both the American Political Science Association and Cambridge Univer- sity Press, who have devoted enormous amounts of time and energy to assisting us in our work. We are particularly grateful to APSA’s Executive Director, Steven Rathgeb Smith; Director of Publishing, Jon Gurstelle; Publishing Associate, Henry Chen; Presi- dent, Paula McClain; Past President, Rogers Smith; and President-elect, Janet Box-Steffensmeier; as well as CUP’s Executive Publisher, Mark Zadrozny; Politics Journals Editor, David Mainwaring; and Senior Online Peer Review Controller, Wendy Moore. We are deeply grateful to Thomas König and the rest of the members of the Mannheim team for working with us to make this transition a smooth one, and we want to emphasize that they deserve credit for the articles in the current issue, all of which were submitted under their editorship. The Mannheim team’s Man- aging Editor, Alyssa Taylor, generously agreed to stay on during our first month. She often took emergency calls at what were, no doubt, exceedingly inconvenient hours in Germany. More generally, she provided indis- pensable guidance and reassurance that first month as we began our work. Our own Managing Editor, Dragana Svraka, has been an indispensable member of our team from day one. We are deeply appreciative of her dedication, and we look forward to working with her in the coming years. Further, we appreciate our terrific team of edi- torial assistants, who have helped us move manuscripts along: Zoe Ang, Jessica Burch, Carolyn Anh Dang, Notes from the Editors vi D o w n lo ad ed f ro m h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re . C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://connect.apsanet.org/hsr/principles-and-guidance/ https://connect.apsanet.org/hsr/principles-and-guidance/ https://www.apsanet.org/APSR-Submission-Guidelines https://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Journals/American-Political-Science-Review/FAQs https://twitter.com/apsrjournal https://www.facebook.com/American-Political-Science-Review-103243964741981 https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/author/apsr-authors/ https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2020/05/31/a-new-era-for-the-american-political-science-review/ https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 James Fahey, Jack Greenberg, Kimberly Killen, Mon- ica Komer, Jenna Pedersen, Radha Sarkar, Kristen Smole, Thomas Vargas, and Yufan Yang. Finally, we are grateful to the distinguished members of the APSR editorial board, who have agreed to work with and to advise us over the next four years, and to all of the authors and reviewers whose scholarly work makes it possible for the APSR to publish cutting-edge research about politics and power. Throughout the course of our term, we welcome suggestions and feedback from our colleagues. We know that our success will depend on the active engage- ment and contributions of scholars across the discipline, and we invite you to work with us, forging a partnership to sustain a leading journal and to maintain and to improve the quality and integrity of the American Political Science Review, while broadening its contribu- tor pool, readership, and relevance. Notes from the Editors vii D o w n lo ad ed f ro m h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re . C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/information/editorial-board https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 A m e r i c a n Po l i t i c a l S c i e n c e A s s o c i a t i o n • 1 5 2 7 N e w H a m s p h i r e Av e . , N W, Wa s h i n g t o n , D C , 2 0 0 3 6 - 1 2 0 6 • w w w. a p s a n e t . o r g The American Political Science Association (APSA) has several major programs aimed at enhancing diversity within the discipline and identifying and aiding students and faculty from under- represented backgrounds in the political science field. These programs include: Ralph Bunche Summer Institute (RBSI) (Undergraduate Juniors) The RBSI Program is an annual, intensive five-week program held at Duke University. It is designed to introduce to the world of doctoral study in political science those undergraduate students from under-represented racial and ethnic groups or those interested in broadening participation in political science and pursuing scholarship on issues affecting underrepresented groups or issues of tribal sovereignty and governance. Application deadline: January of each year. For more information, visit www.apsanet.org/rbsi. APSA Minority Fellows Program (MFP) (Undergraduate Seniors or MA and PhD students) (Fall Cycle for seniors and MA Students, Spring Cycle for PhD students) MFP is a fellowship competition for individuals from underrepresented backgrounds applying to or in the early stages of doctoral programs in political science, designed to increase the number of individuals from under-represented backgrounds with PhD’s in political science. Application deadline: October and March of each year. For more information, visit www.apsanet.org/mfp. Minority Student Recruitment Program (MSRP) (Undergraduates and Departmental members) The MSRP was created to identify undergraduate students from under-represented backgrounds who are interested in, or show potential for, graduate study and, ultimately, to help further diversify the political science profession. For more information, visit www.apsanet.org/msrp. APSA Mentoring Program The Mentoring Program connects undergraduate, graduate students, and junior faculty to experienced and senior members of the profession for professional development mentoring. APSA membership is required for mentors. APSA staff makes mentor matches twice a year: once at the beginning of the fall semester and once at the beginning of the spring semester. To request a mentor or be a mentor, visit www.apsanet.org/mentor. APSA Status Committees APSA Status Committees develop and promote agendas and activities concerning the professional development and current status of under-represented communities within the political science discipline. For a listing of all APSA status committees, visit www.apsanet.org/status-committees. For more information on all Diversity and Inclusion Programs and to read the APSA Diversity and Inclusion Report, visit us online at www.apsanet.org/diversityprograms. Please contact Kimberly Mealy, PhD, Senior Director of Diversity and Inclusion Programs with any questions diversityprograms@apsanet.org. To contribute to an APSA Fund, such as the Ralph Bunche Endowment Fund, visit us at www.apsanet.org/bunchefund, or the Hanes Walton Jr. Fund, visit www.apsanet.org/donate. APSA Diversity & Inclusion Programs D o w n lo ad ed f ro m h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re . C ar n eg ie M el lo n U n iv er si ty , o n 0 6 A p r 20 21 a t 00 :5 2: 56 , s u b je ct t o t h e C am b ri d g e C o re t er m s o f u se , a va ila b le a t h tt p s: // w w w .c am b ri d g e. o rg /c o re /t er m s. h tt p s: // d o i.o rg /1 0. 10 17 /S 00 03 05 54 20 00 08 78 https://www.cambridge.org/core https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000878 PSR_2000074_web.pdf Notes from the Editors