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SILVER & Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE AND COLONIAL ITINERARY, AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND, THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, NATAL, THE FALKLAND ISLANDS, THE CANADAS, WANCOUVER ISLAND, - AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, CONTAINING: THE LATEST INFORMATION ON THE PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES, The Population of the Towns, Tables of Distances and Means of Cost of Conveyance and the Prices of Labour and Food; WITH EVERY OTHER INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR EMIGRANTS. §º PUBLISHED AT THE EMIGRATION WAREHOUSE, Nos. 3 & 4 B I S H O P S G A T E W IT H IN, E. C. OPPOSITE THE LONDON TAVERN ; And sold BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & Co., STATIONERS’ HALL COURT, W. H. SMITH & SON, 184, 185, 186, & 187 STRAND, JOHN WRENN & Co., ST. GEORGE's CRESCENT, LIVERPOOL. The right of Translation is reserved. 1 8 5 9. HC 246 S 58 I.O.NDON : PRINTED BY JUDD AND G1.Ass, NEw BRIDGE STREET AND GRAY's NN RoAD. Econ. (º) LIST OF BOOKS ON THE COLONIES AND ON EMIGRATION. Westgarth – Pictoria in 1857. 466 pp. London : Smith, Elder and Co. Description of Victoria. By the Editor of the “Australian and New Zealand Gazette.” 24 pp. London, 1858. Algar and Street. Price 6d. Practical Hints to Intending Emigrants for the Australian Colonies. 47 pp. London, 1857. Grindlay and Co. Price 6d. Description of South Australia. By the Editor of the “Australian and New Zealand Gazette.” 24 pp. London, 1858. Algar and Street. Price 6d. Description of the Colony of New South Wales, Australia. By the Editor of the “Australian and New Zealand Gazette.” 24 pp. London: Algar and Street. Price 6d. Fowler — Southern Lights and Shadows. 132 pp. London, 1859. Sampson Low and Co. Price 1s. 6d. Hull — Guide to Tasmania. 96 pp. Hobart Town, 1858. J. Walsh and Sons. Price 2s. * Description of Tasmania, By the Editor of the “Australian and New Zealand Gazette.” 24 pp. London, June, 1854. Algar and Street. Price 6d. Cooper — New Zealand Settler's Guide. 159 pp. London : Stanford. Price 2s. 6d. e The New Zealand Handbook. 3rd Edition. 152 pp. London: October, 1858. Stanford. Price 6d. Hodgkinson — Zealandia. 4th Edition. 23 pp. London: 1858. Algar and Street, Price 4d. Description of Wellington, New Zealand. By the Editor of the “Australian and New Zealand Gazette.” 16 pp. London, 1858. Algar and Street. Price 4d. Adams — The Province of Otago, New Zealand. 2nd Edition. 46 pp. London 1858. Aſgar and Street. Price 3d. The Province of Canterbury. Published by order of the Provincial Government. 16 pp. London: Canterbury Emigration Office, 32, Charing Cross. Hursthouse — New Zealand. 2 vols. 664 pp. London: Stanford. Acland—Notes on Sheep-farming in New Zealand. 14 pp. London, 1858. Clowes and Son. - Fleming –Southern Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to Angola. 487 pp. London: Arthur Hall and Co. Price 10s. 6d. - Irons — Guide to the Cape of Good Hope and Natal. 230 pp. London, October, 1858. Stanford. Price 3s.6d. Capper— The Cape of Good Hope and Port Natal. 230 pp. London, 1858. Groombridge and Sons. Price 1s. Canada, the Land of Hope. By the Editor of the “Canadian News,” 2nd Edition, 16 pp. London: Algar and Street. Price 3d. x s, w. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. Ottawa, the future Capital of Canada. 23 pp. London: Algar and Street. Price 6d. French — Information for intending Settlers on the Ottawa and Opeongo Road. 36 pp. London, 1858. Trübner. Price 1s. 6d. Perley — A Handbook of Information for Emigrants to New Brunswick. 94 pp. London, 1857. Stanford. Price 1s. - Hutton — Canada, its Present Condition, Prospects, and Resources. 2nd Edition. 120 pp. London, 1857, Stanford, Price 1s. 6d. Hamilton–Nova Scotia a Field for Emigration. Published by Authority, 90 pp. London, 1858. John Weale, Price 1s, The New World in 1859. H. Baillière, Regent Street. May, 1859. Dower — Guide to British Columbia and Pancouver Island, 52 pp, London : August, 1858, W. H. Angel, Lovell's Court, Price 6d. Hazlitt — British Columbia and Pancouver Island. 248 pp. London: September, 1858. Routledge. Price 1s. 6d. Cornwallis — The New El Dorado, or British Columbia, London: September, 1858. Newby. Price 10s. 6d. Snow — British Columbia Emigration, and our Colonies. London: October, 1858, Piper, Stephenson and Spence. Price ls, Ballantyne — Handbook to the New Gold Fields of British Columbia. 116 pp. Edinburgh : November, 1858. Strahan. Price Is. Rhodes – Tent and Tent Life, from the earliest ages to the present time. New Edition. 208 pp. Clowes and Son, and S. W. Silver and Co. Price 8s. 6d, NEWSPAPERS. The Australian and New Zealand Gazette. Weekly. London: Algar and Street. Price 5d. The Canadian News. Twice a month. London: Algar and Street. Price 4d. The Cape and Natal News. Monthly. London: Algar and Street. Price 6d. The Australian Mail. Monthly. London: Bradbury and Evans. Price 6d. The Liverpool Australian Gazette. Twice a month. Liverpool: Hewson and Procter. Price 2d, X. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Wii PREFACE . - e t - - - º º LIST OF BOOKS ON THE COLONIES, AND ON EMIGRATION . . ix. GENERAL REMARKS . • - e e - . 16 Qualification of Emigrants, Unfitness, Primary Considerations, Length of Voyage to Australia, 16; to British Columbia, to the Cape, to Canada, Prices of Passage, 17; Children, Provisions, Size of Ships, Emigration Officers, Government Rations and Inspection, 17; Insurance, Liability of Shipowners, Requirements for the Voyage, Clothing, 18; Bedding and Mess Utensils, Baggage Directions, Sea Stores, Books, 19; Certificates, Money, Insurance of Baggage, Women, First-Class Passengers, 20; Ladies' Outfits, Miscellaneous Articles, Luggage Regulations, 21; Overland Route to Australia, 22; to British Columbia, 23. GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION OFFICERS - - - • 23 FREE AND ASSISTED PASSAGES TO THE COLONIES . , 24 Eligible persons for New South Wales and South Australia, for the Cape, Families, Natal, Tasmania, Aids to Emigrants, 25; Part Payments, Outfits, and Bedding, Baggage, 26. AUSTRALASIA . e - - - - Climate, Choice of Colony, Seasons, 27; Exports to Australia, 28. VICTORIA . e e - • - - • . 28 General Description of Victoria, 27; Political Institutions, Classification of Lands, Mountains, Rivers, 29; Productions, Golden Statistics, Revenue, 30; Agricultural Statistics, Exports and Imports, Roads, Railways, Electric Telegraphs, 31; Climate, Hot Winds, 32; Population, Post Towns, Newspapers, Seaports, Melbourne, Devotional and Educational Institutions, Melbourne University, 33; Hotels, Boarding-houses, House Rent, Streets to be avoided, Suburbs of Melbourne, Melbourne to Geelong, 34: Gold Fields, Indigo Diggings, Extent of Auriferous Districts, Miners' Rights, Means of Travelling to Inland Towns, Drays, 35; Fares, American Coaches, Distance from Melbourne to the Gold Fields, 36; Roads to the Diggings; Shelter-sheds; Steamers from Melbourne, Depots, Caution, Labourers’ Offices, 37; Demand for Labour, the Labour Question, 38. - NEW SOUTH WALES 39 General Description of New South Wales, Harbours and Bays, Mountains, Rivers, Productions, Golden Statistics, Agricultural Statistics, 39; Revenue, Coal Mines, Exports and Imports, Population, Political Institutions, 40; Climate, Musquitoes, 41; Sydney, Port Jackson, Description of Sydney, 42; Hotels, Lodgings, Streets to be avoided, Educational Institutions, 43; Auxiliary Colleges, Grammar Schools, Omnibuses to the Suburbs, Cab Fares, Drays, Sea Routes, 44; Table of Distances from Sydney to the various towns, Bathurst, Maitland, Gold Districts, 45; Har- bours, Moreton Bay, Fitzroy River, 46; Enumeration of Country Districts and Towns, Albany, Armidale, Balranald, Bathurst, Berrima, Binalong, Bombala, Braid- wood, Brisbane, 47; Broulee, Campbeltown, Carcoar, Casino, Casºlis, Cooma, Dalby, Deniliquin, 48; Drayton, Dubbo, Dungog, Eden, Gayndah, Glen Innes, . 27 X11 s. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. Gosport, 49; Goulburn, Grafton, Gundagai, Hartley, Ipswich, Kiama, 50; Leich- hardt, M*Donald River, M'Leay River, Maitland, Maryborough, Molong, Moula- mein, Mudgee, Murrurundi, 51; Muswellbrook, Newcastle, Orange, Parramatta, Paterson, Penrith, Port Curtis, Port Macquarie, Queanbeyon, 52; Raymond Ter- race, Rylstone, Scone, Shoalhaven, Singleton, Surat, Tamworth, Tenterfield, Tumut, 53; Wagga Wagga, Warialda, Warwick, Wee Waa, Wellington, Windsor, Wollombi, Wollongong, Yass, 54; the Class of Labour required, the Labour Question, 55. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. - - e e - e . 56 General Description of South Australia, Mountains and Rivers, Lakes, Produc- tions, Mining Statistics, the Burra Burra Mine, 57; Kapunda Mines, Various Mines, Agricultural Statistics, Average Produce, 58; Stock, Revenue, Exports and Imports, Exports in 1858; Railways, Electric Telegraphs, Climate, 59; Popula- tion, Political, Institutions, Land Regulations, Leasing Lands, 60; Land sales, Harbours, Port Adelaide, other Ports, Schools, Towns, Adelaide, 61; Agricultural Returns for 1857, Inland Towns, 62; Post Towns and Stations in South Aus- tralia, 63. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. . e - - e e . 64 General Description of Western Australia, Climate, Towns, Statistics, Advantages of the Colony, 64; Over the Hills, Champion Bay, Labour, 65. TASMANIA º - º e e e • . 65 General Description of Tasmania, 65; Mountains, Rivers, Productions, Exports, Climate, 66; Population, Land Regulations, Terms of Sale, 67; Credit Sales, Leases, Waste Lands, Grants of Waste Lands, 68; Leasing Waste Lands, Towns and Seaports, Launceston, Road and Telegraph, George Town, 69; Statistics of Country Districts, 70; Distances and Fares from Hobart Town and Launceston Prospects of Labour, 71; Emigrant’s Depots, 72. NEW ZEALAND . • - - e e e . 72 General description of New Zealand, 72; Climate, Seasons, 73; Productions, Political Institutions, 74; Division of the Colony, Population, Agricultural Sta- tistics, 75; Wild Lands, 76; Grazing Lands, Farming Operations, 77; the Seven Provinces of New Zealand, 78. AUCKLAND e - - - º - - . 78 Town of Auckland, Suburban Districts, 78; Rural Districts, Free Grants of Land, 79; Timber Licenses, Leasing Lands, 80. NEW PLYMOUTH e • o - s - e General Description of New Plymouth, 80; Town of New Plymouth, Land Regu. lations, 81. WELLINGTON - • - • - - e ... 81 General Description of Wellington Province, Town of Wellington, 81; the Hutt Valley, Manuwatu Valley, Wanganui, Land Regulations, Free Grants, 82. NELSON - - • - - e e - General Description of Nelson Province, Town of Nelson, 83; Land Regula- tions, 84. OTAGO e • - - e e - e . 84 General Description of Otago, Town of Dunedin, Land Regulations, 84; Leasing Lands, 85. CANTERBURY - - - - - e - . 85 General Description of Canterbury, Lyttleton, 85; Prospects of Labour, Land Regulations, Wild Grazing Lands, 86; Free Grants to Soldiers, 87. HAWKE'S BAY - - e - e - . 87 Napier, Hotels, Steamers from Napier to Wellington, Prospects of Labour throughout New Zealand, 87. s. w. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. xiii CUSTOMS DUTIES OF THE AUSTRALASIAN COLONIES . 88 Tariff of Victoria, of New South Wales, of South Australia, 88; of Western Aus- tralia, 89; of Tasmania, 90; of New Zealand, 91. AUSTRALASIAN BANKS e - - - - . 92 Bank of Australasia, Bank of New South Wales, Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, English, Scottish, and Australian Chartered Bank, 92; Australian Joint Stock Bank, London Chartered Bank of Australia, Oriental Bank Corporations, Union Bank of Australia, South Australian Banking Company, 93. SOUTH AFRICA. . • e e - e - . 94 General Description of South Africa, Mountains, Rivers, Climate, 94; Productions, Population, Money, Weights and Measures, 95; Territorial Divisions, 96. THE CAPE COLONY - - - e - - . 97 General Description of the Cape Colony, Productions, Exports of Wool, Minerals, Population, Political Institutions, 98; Revenue, Roads, Territorial Divisions, 99. THE WESTERN PROVINCE - - - - - . 99 The Cape Division, Fisheries, 99; Cape Town, Hotels, Newspapers, Conveyances, Coasting Steamers, Suburbs of Cape Town, 100; Districts and District Towns, Stellenbosch, the Paarl, Worcester, Clanwilliam, Namaqualand, Swellendam, Caledon, George, 101; Beaufort, 102. THE EASTERN PROVINCE . . - - - - ... 102 Districts and District Towns, Albany, Fort Beaufort, Graaf Reinet, Somerset, Colesburg, Cradock, Uitenhage, 102; Victoria, Queen's Town, Albert, Land Regulations, Granting Forfeited Lands, Leasing Mining Lands, 103; Prospects of Labour, Servants, Report of the Cape Town Savings' Bank, 104. BRITISH KAFFRARIA . - - - - - ... 105 General Description, Climate, Population, St. John's River Colony, 105. NATAL - ... 105 General description of Natal, Harbours, Rivers, and streams, 105; Soil, Produc- tions, Climate, 106; Fishes and Birds, Population, Exports, Revenue; Durban, 107; Pieter Maritzburg, Itinerary from Durban to Ladismith, Various Towns, House Rent, Crown lands, 108. TARIFF OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE . e - 108–109 SOUTH AFRICAN BANKING ESTABLISHMENTS . - . 110 Cape of Good Hope Bank, South African Bank, Colonial Bank, Union Bank, Commercial Bank, Natal Bank, Bank of Natal, 110. THE FALKLAND ISLANDS - - e - - , 110 Position of the Falklands, 110; Productions, Government, Port Stanley, Town of Stanley, 111. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. . . . . . - - . 111 General Description of British North America, Seasons, 111; Productions, 112. , CANADA . . 112 Description of Canada, liz; Population, Rivers, iakes, Towns, schools, Railways, 113; Prospects of Labour, 114; Free Grants of Land, 114. - NEW BRUNSWICK - - 3. - • . . 115 Description of New Brunswick, Climate, Productions, Towns, Prospects of Labour, 115. - NOVA SCOTIA - - e e - - - . 116 Description of Nova Scotia, Harbours, Rivers, Minerals, Climate, 116; Produc- tions, 117. - BRITISH COLUMBIA AND WANCOUVER ISLAND . - . 117 General Description of British Columbia, Mountains, Rivers, Climate, Seasons, 117; Productions and Capabilities, Wild Animals, Birds, Fishes, Minerals, the Gold Fields of British Columbia, Stations on Frazer River, Political Institutions, 118. WANCOUVER ISLAND . - - - - - . 119 Description of Vancouver Island, Rivers, Climate, Harbours, Victoria, Produc- tions, 119, S. W. SILVER & Co. EMIGRATION GUIDE. G B N E R AL R. E M A R K S. OUR Colonies demand labour and capital; they offer in return high wages and cheap land. The nature of this bargain indicates those who should close with it. Men who have , strength and skill : labourers of all sorts, mechanics ministering to the necessities rather than to the luxuries of society; masons and carpenters, Smiths and brickmakers; farm-servants who can plough, Sow, reap, and fence; lads trained to attend horses and cattle—all these will find in auy of the Colonies work, wages, and the near prospect of independence. Women who can do house or dairy work, cooks and laundresses, will have ample returns for their services. Parents, struggling to maintain large families, if they can make their way to the colonies, will find their children an advantage instead of an encumbrance. Small farmers who carry their skill, experience, and capital to Austra- lasia, the Cape, Natal, or the Canadas, can purchase good land at the price which in England they pay for the use of land. Small capitalists who at home live a life of undignified idleness, ... may, if they will but think and act, become wealthy and in. fluential members of a Colony. The money required to establish a young man in a profession here, would, if properly invested in a Colony, make that young man a landed proprietor and ensure his prosperity for life. For all these classes, Emigration should be a matter of earnest consideration, as with many of them it is already a subject of curious and even anxious inquiry. On the other hand, as a rule, emigration is net advisable for men and women accustomed to sedentary occupations—not for merchants' or lawyers' clerks, shop-assistants, and persons trained to mill and factory-work. - Passengers preparing to proceed to any of the Colonies have to consider the length of the voyage, the price of passage, and their requirements on shipboard and after landing. The Length of the Voyage depends upon the distance of the Colony from England, on the route the traveller takes, on the character and capability of the ship, and on the accidents of wind and weather. New Zealand (about 15,000 miles) is the most distant of all our colonies. Next in distance are Australia (14,200 miles), British Columbia (14,000 miles), Natal (8,000 miles), the Cape (7,000 miles), and Canada (3,500 miles). The shortest route to Australia is that through Egypt, generally called Qualifica- tion of Emi- grants. Unfitness." Primary Considera- tions. Length of Voyage to Australia, etc. 16 s. w, silver AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. General Remarks. the Overland Route. Passengers embark at Southampton or Marseilles, for Alexandria, travel across the Desert to Suez, where a steamer receives and takes them to the chief ports of Australia, though few and far between. On the sea route the quickest and the most regular passages are made by steamers. In many instances, however, the quick passages. of steamers are equalled by those of sailing ships. Ordinarily, the length of the voyage to Australia averages from three to four months. British Co. To British Columbia, travellers can either go by the Panama route, or by the sea route round Cape Horn. The voyage, via Panama takes about forty days. Vessels sailing round Cape Horn take from four to five months for the voyage from Fngland. lumbia. The Cape. To the Cape the length of the voyage averages from forty days to two months. Some clipper ships fitted with steam power take but five or six weeks for the run out or home. Canada. To Canada, that is to say, to the nearest Canadian ports, the length of voyage by steamer averages from twelve to twenty, and by sailing ships from thirty-four to forty days. But in addition to the sea voyage, most emigrants have to prepare for a journey inland to the unclaimed and unappropriated portions of the country. The Prices of Passage, as quoted by the most respectable brokers, are as follows:— 1. To Australia and New Zealand. 3rd. 2nd 1st. Adelaide............................. £18 upwards. £30 upwards. £40 upwards. Portland Bay, via Melbourne... 18 33 25 23 40 , Portland Bay, direct ............ uncertain. - 33. 40 , Melbourne.............. -- } 14 25 40 Geelong... -- 33 O >> 33 #. .............................. 19 . 30 , 40 ,, obart Town, via Melbourne... 18 23 25 33 42 , Launceston, , 33 ... 18 32 25 2x 42 , Hobart Town, direct ............ •+a; iaunceston" xx - ...} uncertain. – , , 40 , Prices of Auckland .............. * 16 , 25 , 40 , Passage. New Plymouth. 18 , 30 , 2 ” Wellington ..... 18 53 30 33 42 , Canterbury .. ... 18 >y 30 2x 42 xx Otago................................. 18 55 30 » 42 25 Nelson .............. 18 * > 30 25 42 , Western Australia .. uncertain. - 5x 40 3y 2. To the Cape. Cape Town ........................ 20 , 30 , 35 , Natal................................. 25 , — , , 35 , 3. To Canada. Quebec”. ........................... 5 10 , 7 10, 10 , # º: to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, or Nova Scotia, are particularly cautione against taking, passage to Quebec, as there are no regular means of conveyance from that port to any of the lower provinces. The charge of passage by occasional trading schooners is, to Miramichi, New Brunswick, 20s.; to Prince Edward Island, 25s.; to Halifax, Nova Scotia, 80s. each adult, without provisions. Length of passage from ten to twenty days, Emigration Commissioners' Colonization Circular, p. 43. 20 s. w. SILVER AND co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. General Remarks. Books. Certifi- cates. Money. Insurance of Bag- gage. Women. First-class passen- gers. resource, and a few really good works should be laid in among other stores. It is scarcely necessary to say that the Bible+the word of Him who holds the waters in His hand—should be the companion of every emigrant. In all well-regulated ships divine service is on Sunday mornings performed by the captain. Certificates of Good Conduct are invaluable in the Colonies; the obtaining of them from their employers, or the magistrates and clergymen of their districts, is among the most important of the preparations which ought to be recommended to intending emigrants. Emigrants are readily provided with Letters of Credit and Bills payable at all the principal places in the Australasian Colonies, upon application at any of the Australian Banks having establishments in London and agents in several country towns. The same remark applies to the Cape, Natal, and the Canadas. In some cases a small premium or advantage is given to the emigrant ; in no case, at present, is a charge made. Risks are thus avoided ; and the Letter of Credit enables the holder to draw his money or deposit it upon landing, thus immediately affording him the advantages of a banker. Bank notes are not always readily convertible in the Colonies, and those who take them must be prepared to lose in changing them. The Insurance of Emigrants' Baggage is also a precau- tionary measure which cannot be too strongly recommended. Such insurances can be effected with little trouble at a small cost. The rates of insurance are from ll. 10s. to 11. 15s. per 100l. The policies of insurance should be deposited with friends in England. No young unmarried women should be sent out to the Colonies, unless they be under the protection of parents or responsible guardians. Experience has frequently shown that for the young and unprotected the voyage is fraught with danger. First-class, cabin, or cuddy passengers, in their preparations for a voyage to any of the Colonies, have to consider the char- acter of the ship in which they take their passage. On the Overland and on the Panama route everything is provided for them, for the Mail Steamers are in all respects float- ing hotels, in which the guests find everything prepared for their comfort and convenience—board and lodging, at- tendance, furniture, and linen. Sailing-ships provide for their first-class passengers board and attendance, and a cabin, which each passenger has to furnish for himself. On the whole, the difference in the accommodation is compensated for by a difference in the rates of passage. The acquisition of cabin furniture, linen, and other necessaries for the voyage, is not a loss to intending settlers, for the articles which furnish a cabin will do good service in a colonial household. The personal outfit for a first-class passenger for Australia or the Cape would consist of a moderate assortment of clothing, S. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 21 such as in England constitutes a fair ordinary summer stock— not omitting a Scotch plaid, umbrella, and pilot or waterproof coat, leggings, &c. For a Lady : A dark silk dress for voyage: muslin, silk, and other dresses; shawls, mantles, straw hat, bonnet with sunshade; veils, blue or brown; dressing-gowns, cambric muslin chemises, white and flannel petticoats, Indian gauze vests; silk, cotton, and thread stockings; pocket and neck-handkerchiefs, collars and cuffs, silk and kid gloves, calico night-dresses and drawers, cambric sleeping-trowsers, nightcaps, travelling, work, and dress- ing-bag ; looking-glass, perfumery, boots and shoes, one pair with thick soles for wet decks; towels, and travelling rug or wrapper. - The following articles will be required by travellers of either sex :—Clothes, hat, hair, tooth and nail brushes ; dressing case; sponge with bag; soiled linen bag, with lock; needles, buttons, tape, &c.; overland regulation trunk; black leather bag; portable chair; a mosquito net ; waterproof ground sheet; saddlery; medicine chest ; writing case and stationery ; Bible and Prayer-book, and a good supply of books for reading on the voyage ; railway whistle and tethering screw to serve after landing. - - When passengers have to furnish their cabins, they should also procure sheets, pillow-cases, blankets, counterpanes; cabin Sofa, to swing or stand, or an iron bedstead; patent floatable mattress, horse-hair or flock; 1 feather pillow ; cabin washstand, forming table; mahogany or teak chest of drawers; folding looking-glass; cabin lamp ; candles; clothes bag; foot-bath and water-can; carpet or oil-cloth for cabin; Windsor and marine soap ; curtains for cabin; floating belt, which forms a cushion. The quantity of luggage allowed to each passenger varies according to the regulations of companies, or private shipowners; but, on the whole, it may be said that the allowance is liberal, and would include a most elaborate outfit. That made by the Peninsular and Oriental Company is 3 cwt. of baggage for each adult passenger, and 13 cwt. for children and servants; their charge for extra baggage is 21. 10s. per cwt. between England and Ceylon, and 3l, per cwt. between England and Australia. In addition to this charge, the over-weight of baggage is liable to payment of 14s, per cwt., charged by the Transit Adminis- tration in Egypt. The luggage should be made up in packages of a convenient size and shape, none of them exceeding 80 pounds in weight. Trunks 3 feet long, 1 foot 3 inches wide, and 1 foot 2 inches deep, are best adapted for the purpose. On the Overland route this size is indispensable, for the Transit Administration will not be responsible for the timely arrival at Suez of any packages which exceed the prescribed limits. The owner's name, destina- Ladies’ Outfits. Miscellan- eous Arti- cles. Cabin fur- niture. Luggage regula- tions. 22 s, W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. General Remarks. . Overland route to Australia and dates of sailing. Passports. tion, and number should be legibly painted on the top, sides, and ends of each trunk; and the printed Destination Labels supplied on board the steamers should be affixed to all packages before landing in Egypt. The trunk intended for cabin use should be specially marked. The bulk of baggage should be sent on board at least twenty- four hours before starting ; and passengers are strongly recom- mended to come on board with a travelling-bag or a small portmanteau only. Travellers going overland to Australia may either embark at Southampton or at Marseilles. The steamers start from South- ampton on the 12th and from Marseilles on the 18th of every month. The Government contract time to Melbourne and Sydney is 46 and 49 days via Marseilles, and 50 and 54 days via Southampton. Passages must be secured at the Peninsular and Oriental Company's Offices, 122 Leadenhall-street. The rate of passage from Southampton, including expense of transit through Egypt, steward’s fees, bedding, linen, and attend- ance, but exclusive of wine, spirits, ale, &c., is—for Melbourne and Sydney, £90; on family tickets an abatement of one-sixth is made when the amount, if charged in full for the whole, would equal the full sum for four adults. Children under two years are free, excepting a transit charge of £5 through Egypt; children under eight pay one-fourth, and under twelve one-half cabin fare. One half-cabin fare is paid for European, and one- fourth for native servants. Half the amount of passage money must be paid on securing the passage, and the other half a fort- night before embarkation. Passengers unable to proceed after securing a passage, forfeit the deposit ; a transfer is allowed to a subsequent steamer on due notice being given. No passports are wanted by passengers proceeding from South- ampton direct. Those who go by way of Marseilles require the usual passport through France. The steamer from Southampton touches at Gibraltar and Malta, and reaches Alexandria on the fourteenth day. At Alexandria, the passengers are landed on the Transit wharfs by the boats of the Transit Administration ; landing charge ls., and 6d. for children and servants. They next proceed in the Transit omnibuses to the office of the Administration, where they obtain tickets for Suez, which carry them through Egypt free of charge, including provisions and hotel expenses at Alexandria, Cairo, and Suez. Wine, spirits, beer, and soda-water are extras. The journey across the Isthmus by railway is short and easy. At Suez the passengers again embark in a steamer bound for Sydney and Melbourne, and touching at Mauritius. - Travellers proceeding to British Columbia via Panama have to embark at Southampton, from whence the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company's (Offices: 55 Morgate Street) steamers start on the 2nd and 17th of each month for Colon (Aspinwall), s, w. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE, 23 where they arrive on the 24th and 9th of every month, after a voyage of twenty-two days. From Colon they proceed by railway to Panama, where, upon application to Captain Allan M'Lane, agent of the Pacific Mail Steam-Ship Company, they can obtain passages to San Francisco, and from thence to Victoria, B.C. The fares from Southampton to Colon are : main-deck cabins, £66 ; lower deck cabins, £55. The railway fare from Colon to Panama is quoted at £5 per passenger; and the fares from Panama to San Francisco are 4:37, £25, and £16. From San Francisco to Victoria the fare for cabin passengers is quoted at £12 10s. Thus the cost of the whole voyage may be stated at-first class passage, £120 10s. ; second-class, £88 10s. The Atlantic and Pacific United States Mail Steam Ship Com- panies (agents Lansing, Starr and Co., 74, King William-street, E.C., London, and 9, Chapel-street, Liverpool), offer to convey passengers from Liverpool and Southampton, or Galway to San Francisco and Vancouver Island via New York and the Isthmus of Panama, at the following rates:—From Liverpool or South- ampton to Vancouver, per mail steamer, 1st class, £102; 2nd class, £67. Per screw steamer to New York, and then per United States Mail Steamer, 1st class, É98; 2nd class, £64 10s. ; 3rd class, 4:45 5s. From Galway, per mail steamer, 1st class, £92; 2nd class, £58 10s. Children under 12 years pay half- price, and when under 6 years they are, from New York forward, charged quarter prices. Children in arms are free. 56 pounds luggage is allowed to each passenger, and 5d. per pound charged on overweight. Third-class passengers must provide their bedding for the voyage from England to New York. The agents of the Panama Mail Route warn passengers that through tickets are absolutely necessary to guard against certain detention at Panama. GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION OFFICERS. London......... Commander LEAN, R.N., Office, 70 Lower Thames Street. 33 J. T. ForsTER, Esq., R.N. R.N. Commander WESTBRook, R.N. - . - Lieutenant BARNARD, R.N. Assistants. 33 Lieutenant ALDRIDGE, R.N. Liverpool...... Capt. SchoMBERG, R.N., Office, Stanley Buildings, Bath Street. 32 Lieut. PRIoR, R.N. 33 Lieut. SAUNDERs, R.N. 33 Lieut. BourcHIER, R.N. Assistants. 35 Commander STEwART, R.N. 35 R. EwATT, Esq. Southampton .. --- E. A. SMITH, Esq., R.N. I’lymouth....... • * * * * Captain STOLI, R.N. Glasgow and Greenock Captain FRERE, R.N. - Cork, &c.................. ... Captain KERR, R.N. Iłelfast.................... ... Captain DYER, IR.N. Londonderry ........... .... Captain KEELE, R.N. Limerick ................. .... Commander ELLIS, R.N. Tralee ...... ... Lieutenant HAY, R.N. Waterford and New #oss. º Overland route to British Columbia. N. S. Mail Steamers. 24 S. W. SllWER AND co.’s EMIGRATION GUIDE Their Du- ties. Free and Assisted Passages. These officers act under the immediate directions of Her Majesty's Emigration Commissioners, and the following is a summary of their duties:- - They procure and give, gratuitously, information as to the sailing of ships and means of accommodation for emigrants; and whenever applied to for that purpose, they see that all agreements between shipowners, agents, or masters, and intending emigrants are duly performed. They also see that the provisions of the Passengers’ Act are strictly complied with, viz.: that passenger-ships are seaworthy, that they have on board a sufficient supply of provisions, water, medicines, &c., and that they sail with proper punctuality. They attend personally at their offices on every week day, and afford gratui. tously all the assistance in their power to protect intending emigrants against fraud and imposition, and to obtain fedress where oppression or injury has been practised on them. --~ ~~~~~~ GOVERNMENT IMMIGRATION AGENTS. Sydney ...... H. H. B.Row NE, Esq. Portland Bay J. BLAIR, Esq. (As- Moreton Bay A. C. KEMBALL, Esq. sistant.) (Assistant.) Taunceston ... W. G. SAMs, Esq. Melbourne... D. PINNock, Esq. . A. DURLACHER, Esq. Geelong ... ... C. E. STRUTT, Esq. ..... G. CLIFToM, Esq. (Assistant.) Adelaide ...... H.DUNCAN, Esq.,M.D IIobart Town JoHN D. LocII, Esq. AT THE CAPE. Cape Town ... Lieut.JAMISON, R.N., Port Captain. Port Elizabeth Lieut. SIMPson, R.N., Harbour Master. Simon's Town T.NIGHTING ALE, Esq Harbour Master. IN CANADA. Quebec........, A.C. BUCHANAN, Esq., | Toronto......... A. B. HAWKE, Esq. Chief Agent for Lower Canada. Chief Agent for Upper Canada. Montreal...... Mr. Con1.A.N. Hamilton...... T. C. DIxoN, Esq. Ottawa City... F. CLEMow, Esq. IN NEW BRUNSWICK. St. John ....., M. H. PERLEY, Esq. St. Andrew ... T. Jon Es, Esq. xx - - - - - - F. McAv1TY, Esq. IRahamas ...... JoHN PINDER, Esq. The duty of these officers is to afford gratuitously to emigrants every assist- ance in their power, by way of advice and information, as to the districts where employment can most readily be obtained, and also as to the best modes of reaching such districts. ^^ -------------w^w-w-w-wºw- FREE AND ASSISTED PASSAGES TO THE COLONIES. Such passages are granted for NewSouth Wales, by her Majesty's Emigration Commissioners (address—S. Walcot, Esq., 8, Park- street, Westminster, London); for South Australia, by the South Australian Government Emigration Agent (address—G. F. Dashwood, Esq., 8, Great Queen-street, Westminster, London); for Otago, New Zealand, by the Otago Emigration Office, 20, St. Andrew-square, Edinburgh, Scotland; for Canterbury, New Zealand, by the Canterbury Emigration Office (address—E. Fitzgerald, Esq., 32, Charing Cross, London); and for the Cape, to the Cape Emigration Office (address—Hon. W. Field, Emi- gration Commissioner for the Cape of Good Hope, Bridge- street, Westminster, London). 26 s. w. SILVER AND co’s EMIGRATION GUIDE. Part Pay- ments. Outfit and Bedding. Baggage. arrival), the men for £10, and the women for £5. Candidates for these passages have to find their own outfits, and must apply to Mr. Alexander Blair, St. Andrew's Emigration Office, Glasgow. A portion of the passage money must be contributed by the emigrants. For South Australia these part payments are :— Married agricultural labourers under 45 must pay #31 0 0 When over 45 and under 50 33 5 0 0 Over 50 and under 60 22 10 0 0 Single men under 40 2x 1 9 0 Female servants 22 10 0 0 Single country mechanics, accompanied by parents and sisters 53 5 0 0 For New South Wales the part payments are:—£2 per head for children under 12; £4 per head for persons between 12 and 40; £8 for all persons between 40 and 50. For single men over 49, for single women over 35, and for the wives or husbands of persons resident in the colony, the full payment of £12 each is to be paid. The part payments for emigrants to the Cape are £1 from every male, and 10s. from every female adult. - Emigrants to whom free passages have been granted must find their own outfits, without which they are not allowed to embark. The smallest quantity of clothing which will be passed is—For men and lads—6 shirts, 6 pairs of stockings, 2 flannel shirts, 2 pairs of shoes or boots, 2 complete suits of strong outer cloth- ing, and 2 lbs. of marine soap. For women and girls—6 shifts, 2 flannel petticoats, 6 pairs of stockings, 2 pairs of strong boots or shoes, 2 strong gowns (one of warm material), 4 towels, 3 sheets for each berth, and 2 lbs. of marine soap. Two or three coloured shirts for men, and an extra supply of flannel for women and children, are very desirable. Emigrants sent out by the Commissioner for the Cape are provided with cooking utensils, bedding, canvass bags to contain linen, knives and forks, spoons, metal plates and drinking mugs, which articles will be the property of the emigrants, provided they behave well on the voyage. Bedding and cooking and mess utensils are also found for free emigrants to New South Wales and South Australia. The Otago agent provides cooking utensils, but the emigrants must find bedding (viz., for each bed 1 mattress, 1 bolster, 2 blankets, 6 sheets, 1 coverlet), and mess utensils (viz., for each person 1 knife and fork, 1 deep tin or pewter plate, 1 spoon, 1 drinking mug, 1 hook-pot). The same articles are to be found by emigrants who have obtained assisted passages to Canterbury. The baggage of each emigrant must not weigh more than half a ton. It must be closely packed in one or more boxes, not more than 2 feet 8 inches long, 1 foot 6 inches wide, and 1 foot 7 inches deep. The owner's name should be painted on the boxes. Mattresses and feather beds, firearms, wine, spirits, beer, gunpowder, percussion caps, and lucifer matches cannot be taken by emigrants, s, W, SILVER AND co’s. EMIGRATION GUIDE, &n * AUSTRALASIA. Australasia lies in the southern part of the globe. It is divided into three parts, the Continent of Australia, and the Australa. . sia, islands of Tasmania, and New Zealand. The whole of this continent, together with the islands, is somewhat larger than Europe. . Its distance from England is about 16,000 miles, more or less. The Climate in the settled parts is temperate. It cor- responds to southern France and the northern parts of Spain and Italy. Almost all the seeds, fruits, and animals which thrive in England, have been transplanted to the various colonies of Australia; they have had a rapid increase, and are, in many instances, greatly improved. All the settlements are young; large tracts of country remain still unemployed and unexplored. On the portions of land actually in use, the colonists have immense flocks of sheep, large herds of horned cattle, and horses celebrated for strength and endurance. Num- bers of these last are bought by Government for troop service in India. Large quantities of wool, hides, horns, and tallow are sent to England. Among the chief exports is gold, which is found in many parts of Australia, but more especially in the gold colonies of Victoria and New South Wales. - The Choice of the Colony must in a great measure be influenced by the emigrant's capital and occupation, as also by the special wants of each settlement. Australia is divided into five colonies —viz., Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, and Western Australia. New Zealand is divided into seven provinces—Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago. Each of these colonies and provinces has its peculiar wants, and offers openings to various classes of emigrants, as will be seen from the detailed account given of each. It may however be taken as a general rule, that the tide of Emigration having for years past set most strongly upon Victoria, New South Wales, and South Australia, the population of these Colonies is large, and in some respects self- supplying and self-supporting, while in Tasmania, and the various New Zealand settlements, the demand for immigrant labour and capital is almost unprecedented in Colonial history. The Australian seasons are exactly the reverse of ours. Our Spring is Autumn for the Australians; our Summer is their Winter, and our Winter their Summer. The summers in Aus- tralia are very hot, but the winters are mild, and heavy falls of rain are the chief characteristics of winter weather. The Commercial importance of the Australian Colonies is best shown by a summary of the exports from England made in 1857 and 1858. They amounted in 1857 to £11,632,524, and in 1858 to £10,464,198. The exports of 1858 were thus dis- tributed among the various colonies:— Climate. Choice of Colony. Seasons. | || ºsºittae…a '30'ſ no Nollºw 01 w 3 s.o.o. º unanls （w + s -toj ： (vriwww.smv.) N. | + 3 （ ） ſº º º ſeºſ. ¿№ ºſºkasvaeſ， ׺nºwae º， ===， ！„ae - * 'pºvºdº ºſtrae ſºº-£–––- Ķī. S. W. si LVER AND Cô's. EMIGRATION GUIDE. 31. In 1852 there were in Victoria 57,298 acres of land cultivated, and subdivided as follows:—Wheat, 29,623 acres; Barley, 1,327 acres; Oats, 6,426 acres; Potatoes, 2,375 acres; other crops, 17,547 acres. In 1858 the agricultural statistics showed the fol- lowing results:—Acres cultivated, 237,729, viz.:-Wheat, 87,230; Barley, 5,407 ; Oats, 40,118; Potatoes, 20,698; other crops, 84,281. The value of the crops of 1858, according to Melbourne price would be:—Wheat, 798,7411. ; Barley, 64,535l. ; Oats, 531,423l. ; Potatoes, 690,0931. ; other crops, 140,516l. ; total, 3,025,254. In the same year the live stock of the Colony amounted to 614,537 heads of horned cattle, 4,766,022 sheep, and 55,683 horses, besides other kinds of stock. The total value of Exports from Victoria was, in the year 1851, 1,422,909!. ; in 1857, 14,080,093/. ; and in 1858, 13,082,040l. The exports of Woolamounted, to 16,345,468 lbs., valued at 734,618!. The quantity exported in 1857, was 17,176,920 lbs., valued at 1,335,642/. The Hides and Leather exported were, in 1851, worth 11,380l., and in 1857, at 190,746l. The Imports were, in 1851, 604,4037. ; 1857, 15,037,026. ; and in 1858, 13,156,8491. In 1851, 710 ships (tonnage 128,959) were entered inwards at the Custom-house of Melbourne. In 1857 the numbers were, ships, 2,190 ; tonnage, 694,564. The departures from the port were, in 1851, 657 ships (tonnage, 110,659), and in 1857, 2,207 ships (tonnage, 684,526.) In 1851 not a single mile of Macadamized road had been made in Victoria. At the commencement of 1857, 450 miles of road were completed, 270 of which were Macadamized. 300 bridges had been erected, and some miles of viaducts constructed, at a cost of 4,821,848l. The following railways are opened for traffic :—1st. From Melbourne to Hobson's Bay, 23 miles, with branch line to St. Kilda, 2% miles, 2nd. From Melbourne to Geelong, 48 miles. 3rd. From Mélbourne to Williamstown, 9% miles. Railways in course of construction. 1st : from Melbourne to Castlemaine (Mount Alexander), and Sandhurst, 94% miles. Estimated cost, £3,356,937, to be completed by the end of 1861. 2nd, from Sandhurst to the River Murray, 57% miles; estimated cost, £500,000. 3rd. from Geelong to Ballarat, 53 miles; esti- estimated cost, f1,271,841, to be completed in July, 1861. The following lines of Electric Telegraphs are in operation from Melbourne : — 1st. North West line to Sandhurst via Castlemaine, 102 miles. 2nd. North East line to Belvoir, Murray River, 191 miles. This line communicates with the New South Wales telegraphs. 3rd. Western line to Nelson, Glenelg River via Geelong, Ballarat, Raglan, Warnambool and Portland, communicating with the South Australian telegraphs, 336 miles. 4th. South line to entrance of Port Phillip Bay via Williamstown and Geelong, 176 miles. 5th. To Sandridge and Victoria. Agricul- tural Sta- tistics. Exports and Imports. Roads. Railways. IElectric Tele- graphs, . 32 s. w. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. Climate. Hot Winds Hobson's Bay Harbour, 2% miles. Total, 701 miles, with 22 Stations. “The climate of Victoria,” says Mr. Westgarth, than whom few can speak from longer experience, “is the most bracing, and perhaps on the whole, the most suitable to the British constitu- tion. It is at the same time the most variable of any of the sister colonies; the hot winds of summer are more frequent and more severe than in parts of Australia nearer to the line, but they regularly terminate with cool southerly breezes. It is no uncommon spectacle in summer to have the thermometer at 100° at mid-day, and in the evening at 60 or 65, with a fire in the sitting-room to relieve the suddenness of the change. Notwithstanding this changeableness, the climate is an agreeable one from the large proportion of clear sunny weather.””—A striking description of these hot winds, with their transitions to cold, is given by Mr. Fowler: “Let me endeavour to convey some notion of what a hot wind really is. It is early morning, and as you look from your window, you see a thin white vapour rising from the far-off bush. The sheep out there in the dis- tance are congregated beneath the trees; the old cows are standing knee-deep in those clayey creeks of water, that trickle from the heaped-up rocks above. Before breakfast-time there will be a hot wind.—It comes, the white earth cracks as it passes over it, as though it was a globe of crystal struck by some invisible and mighty hand. The air is hot and murky, as the breath from an oven, and you see trees wither—the fruit shrivel and drop from the vines. The cicadas seem to shriek (their shrill note is always shrillest in hot weather), and the birds drop dead from the trees. The dogs in the street lie down and hide their dry protruding tongues in the dust. Higher and higher rises the mercury in the glass, until now, at noon, it stands at 147°. You stop up every keyhole and crevice in your room to keep out the burning Shiroco, until the change arrives. The “Southerly Buster,’ as this change is called, generally comes early in the evening. A cloud of dust—they call it a brickfielder—thicker than a London fog, heralds its approach, and moves like a com- pact wall across the country. In a minute the temperature will sink fifty or sixty degrees, and so keenly does the sudden change affect the system, that you have recourse to your great-coat until a fire can be lighted. Now if you look from your window in the direction where you saw that white vapour ascending in the morning, a spectacle, terrible in its magnificence, will meet your eye. For miles around, as far as the eye can reach, bush-fires are blazing. You see the trail of the flames extending into the interior, until it grows faint and thin along the hill-tops, as though a wounded deer had moved bleeding along the road.”f * Westgarth’s “Victoria,” p. 38. + “Southern Lights and Shadows,” pp. 86 to 88, S. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE 33 The population amounts in round numbers to 470,000, of Victoria. whom 209,000 are settled on and near the goldfields. The annual increase by immigration is estimated at from 11,000 to 15,000. There are in Victoria 7,956 farmers and gardeners, and 15,776 farm-labourers on 237,729 acres in cultivation. Average wages of the farm-labourers, £40 a-year. Average value of cultivated land, £10 per acre. There are in the Colony 211 post-towns, of which the most distant is 234 miles from Melbourne. Many of these towns are large and densely populated; while others are mere villages, and in many instances a few huts only mark the site of the future towns. “Some townships consist of a race-course, a pound, which serves also for a lock-up, a gibbet with the skele- ton of a black in it, and a ſinger-post with “This is Manchester’ or “This is Liverpool’ painted upon it.” " Eight daily, and thirty-five weekly newspapers, besides a number of monthly magazines, are published in Victoria. In Melbourne alone there are eight daily and twelve weekly papers. The principal sea-ports are Melbourne, Geelong, Portland, and Port Fairy. - Melbourne on the Yarra Yarra, is the capital of the Colony. Distance from the Port about three miles. Communication by river and railroad. Population, 90,000. “Melbourne is a splendid town. Fine wide streets, finer and wider than almost any in London, stretch away, sometimes for miles in every direction, and every hour of the day thousands of persons may be seen hurrying along the leading thoroughfares with true Cheapside bustle and eagerness. Hundreds of cabs and jaunting cars rattle through the streets ; trains run shrieking in from Geelong and the suburbs every ten or twelve minutes; all the classic cries of London, from hot potatoes to iced ginger beer, echo through the streets; restaurants and well-furnished coffee houses send out the alluring perfumes of their shilling luncheons at every hundred yards; while at each populous point of the city rival news-boys make both day and night hideous with their constant and competitive yellings.” f There are in Melbourne five religious commissions, an Evan- gelical alliance; a tract society; numerous Bible classes; five museums; a public library; several mechanics' schools of art, and about a dozen hospitals and other benevolent institutions. Besides these may be mentioned a society of Fine Arts, seven club-houses, a young men's Christian association, several mutual improvement classes, and two philharmonic societies. The Melbourne University was opened in 1855. No reli- gious tests are imposed on students, graduates (who take pre- cedence with the members of the English universities) and * “Southern Lights and Shadows,” p. 46. * Ibid, pp. 15, 16, Popula- tion. Post- towns. News- papers. Seaports. Mel- bourne. Devotional and Edu- cational Institu- tions. Melbourne |Univer- sity. 34 S. W. SILVER AND co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. Victoria. Hotels. Boarding- houses. House Rent. Streets to be avoided. Suburbs of Mel- bourne. Melbourne to Gee- long. Geelong. professors. The public have free access to the University Library, Museum, and Grounds. Lectures are open to every one on payment of a fee of £2 per term for each course. Matricu- lation fees, £2. Student's fees for lectures per term, £4. Fees on degrees of B.A., £5, on M.A., £10.—The Mechanics' Institute was founded in 1830. Subscription, £1 ; entrance fee, 10s. In the Reading-room are sixteen English and three American papers, and all the journals of Australia and New Zealand. It contains, also, twenty-six of the most popular English magazines. The principal hotels are the Criterion, Prince of Wales, Port Phillip Club, the Parliamentary, Bignell's, Bull and Mouth, Albion, and Union Hotel. Charge for board and residence, from £2 to £5 a week, according to the character of the house. The Stork Hotel, corner of Elizabeth and Therry-streets, offers board and residence at £1 10s. per week. - The Australian Boarding-house, Blackwood-street; Blackball Boarding-house, 221 Elizabeth-street; Glasgow Dining-rooms, 124 Little Collins-street; Paragon Boarding-house. Usual charge, from £1 to £1 5s. per week, for which the boarders are entitled to separate rooms, and three abundant meals of bread and meat, with tea and coffee in the morning and evening. A five-roomed storehouse with kitchen is rented at £2 5s. ; a two-roomed cottage at £1 ; a two-story storehouse at £2 ; and a four-roomed house at £1 per week, according to situation and distance from the business parts of the town. By the year, seven-roomed cottages rent £80, and in good situations, £150. The Melbourne Argus states that from 8s. to 10s, a week is about “the rent of such a cottage as working men usually reside in.” Stevens-street and Little Dourke-street stand in evil repute, and should consequently be avoided by respectable emigrants. A number of suburbs surround the town, and are connected with it either by line, of omnibuses or by railroad. The follow- ing list shows their names, direction, and distance :- Names. Direction. Miles. Names. Direction, Miles, Brighton. S. E. 8 Prahran. S. E. Brunswick. N. 2} | Pentridge. N. 5} IEssendon. * > 5 | Richmond E. 2 Footscrag. S. W. 4 || Sandridge. S. 2 Hemington. N. 2 | St. Kilda. S. E 3} Hawthorne. E. 3} | Williamstown, S. 3 Heidelberg. x: 7 || Windsor, S. E. 3 JKew •: 3 - The journey from Melbourne to Geelong can be made either by rail or steamer. The trains start four times and a steamer runs once a day between the two places. Fares, by railway 12s. 6d, 10s, and 6s. ; return tickets, 21s., 16s., and 10s. By steamer, 8s, and 4s. ; return tickets, 12s. 6d. and 6s. Geelong, population 20,000, a thriving port town, similar to Melbourne, though on a smaller scale, Hotels: The British 38 s. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE, Victoria. I)emand for Labour. The La- bour Ques. tion. McCormack, 206 Bourke-street (for female servants only); Mrs. Elderton, Collins-street; Mrs. Maillard, opposite St. Peter's Church, and by Mrs. Adams, opposite the Bank of Victoria. What with railway and road-making, the construction of bridges and piers, the erection of public buildings in the capital and in the chief towns of the Colony; with the gold-fields ex- tending from month to month, and with the steady progress of agriculture, Victoria absorbs an immense amount of labour. Masons, navvies, farm-servants, herdsmen, ploughmen, rough Smiths and carpenters, and all mechanics connected with the building and fitting-up trade of houses, can, in ordinary times, rely on remunerative wages and constant employment. Men who really would do well, should, from the first, take what work and wages they can get, until something better is to be had. The great bane of working men in Victoria is the loitering about Melbourne, and holding out for short time and high wages. This view of the case is confirmed by Mr. Fowler, whose valuable little book cannot be too strongly recommended to all intending Emigrants: “I know there are men sometimes out of work in Melbourne and Sydney; I know there are meetings occasionally in both places of large bodies of unemployed artizans—but I know also that grumblers are to be found in every part of the world—that working men are sometimes ludicrously extravagant in their notions of what kind of labour befits them, and what rate of wages they have a right to expect; and that these meetings of the unemployed were ridiculed by the Colonial Press and every observant person living on the spot. Moreover, admitting a dearth of employment at one especial time and in one particular spot, it is not fair that a mere temporary and local accident should be allowed to tell for any- thing more. On this point I take this broad position : that there never was a mechanic out of employment in Melbourne or Sydney but who might, if so inclined, have obtained ready and remunerative labour away from the capital.” + Thoroughly competent female servants are constantly wanted, and find ready engagements; preference being given to those that possess good references. “The great drawback to the comfort of the Colony, is the difficulty of obtaining good domestics—hard-working girls, who, for good treatment and liberal wages, will do an average amount of Work with faithfulness and integrity. The Australian servant girl is a nuisance; she demands £35 a-year, two holidays a-week, and any number of followers. The majority of the colonial servant-girls are provokingly doltish, and this is accounted for by the fact, that the good ones get married immediately after their arrival.”f *** *“Southern Lights and Shadows,” p. 79, - t Ibid, p. 78 and 79, - s, W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE, 39 NEW SOUTH WALES. New South Wales lies on the east shore of the Australian General Continent, and covers an area of 500,000 square miles. Some ºwa portions are mountainous; others are broken up with downs, of New admirably adapted for pasture and tillage. Its coast has an South abundance of fine harbours and bays, the principal of which are: W*. Twofold Bay, Port Jackson, Port Hunter, Port Macquarie, Trial Harbo Bay, Shoal Bay, Moreton Bay, Port Curtis and Keppel Bay. ... The most important mountain range is that of the Australian Alps, commencing with Mount Kosciusko, 120 miles from Cape Howe, and extending in a northern direction through the whole colony, to its boundary at Moreton Bay. The Colony is watered by many navigable rivers, such as the Hawksbury, the Hunter (navigable 110 miles), the Clarence, the Paramatta, the Lachlan, the Darling (navigable 800 miles) the Macquarie, the Murrum- bidgee (navigable 300 miles), the Edward (navigable 350 miles), and the Wakool (navigable 50 miles). The Paramatta, Hunter, and Macquarie fall into the sea; the Murrumbidgee and Darling are tributaries, and the Edward and Wakool are loops of the Mur- ray, which belongs to New South Wales, as well as to Victoria and South Australia. - All the crops grown in Europe and many tropical plants grow and are extensively cultivated in New South Wales. Tobacco, olives, and cotton are among the productions which have been reared to advantage, and which promise, in future years, to become a source of wealth and prosperity to the owners of land. At this early period of New South Wales cultivation, profits have most readily been obtained by grain, and stock farming. Considereable attention is devoted to the culture of the vine. Wool is the chief article of export. Of minerals, coal, copper, iron, lead, zinc, and gold are found in the colony. The coal is chiefly found in the valleys of the Hunter, and its tributaries. The iron, likewise, has chiefly been found near the Hunter river; the ore yields about 70 per cent. of pure iron. Copper mines, too, have been profitably worked near Bathurst. From the first discovery of the New South Wales gold-fields to the end of 1858, gold to the value of £7,233,767 has been º, exported from the colony, and gold to the value of £3,826,617 tatistics. has been received and coined in the Colonial Mint. In 1857 the escort returns amounted to 148,126 ounces; in 1858 the total was 255,461 ounces, while the coin issued by the mint amounted to Mountains. Rivers. Produc- tions. Sovs. - Half sovs. 1857. 129,000 53,500 1858. 1,081,500 436,000 In the year 1850, about 70,000 acres of land were in culti- Agricul- vation, and there were also in the Colony 5,660,829 sheep; . Sta- 952,852 horned cattle; 63,890 horses; and 23,890 pigs. In 1StlcS, 40 s. w. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. New South 1856 the numbers were : land in cultivation, 185,000 acres; Wales. Revenue. Coal Mines. Exports and Im- ports. Popula- tion. Political Institu- tions. sheep, 7,736,323; horned cattle, 2,023,418; horses, 168,929; and pigs, 165,998. In six years the number of acres of land in cultivation had been more than doubled; and above 2,000,000 sheep and 1,000,000 head of cattle had been added to the stock of the Colony; the number of horses had been doubled, and that of the pigs quadrupled. In 1851 the Revenue amounted to £405,598; in 1857 to £1,203,733; and in 1858 to £1,422,467. The Customs' dues alone produced in 1857 a sum of £510,426, and in 1858 the sum collected amounted to £545,449. The Revenue realised by the sale of Crown lands in the period from 1848 to 1852 amounted to £181,700, and from 1853 to 1857 to £1,257,100. Total in ten years, £1,438,800. Seventeen coal-mines were being worked in 1857, and 218,400 tons of coals, valued at £148,000, taken therefrom. The value of the Exports of 1851 was £1,796,900, and that of the Imports £1,563,900. In 1857 the Exports had advanced to £3,611,140, and the Imports to £6,384,500. In 1852 the Ex- ports of wool were 11,087,000 pounds, and in 1857, 17,044,000 pounds, which, on a rough estimate, shows a yearly increase of one million pounds of wool. In 1857 the Colony had 157 mills, viz.: 18 horse, 19 water, 18 wind, and 101 steam-mills. In the same year the number of Post Offices amounted to 199, and 1,289,400 miles of post-roads were marked, and posted daily, and in part once or twice a week, traversed by mail-carts and carriers. The number of the population of New South Wales may be quoted at 300,000, and its average annual increase by immigra- tion at 12,000. In 1851 the population amounted to 187,200, and it has nearly more than doubled in eight years. The Government of the Colony of New South Wales is vested in the Crown, represented by the Governor and two Legislative Chambers. The Legislative Council, nominated for five years, discharges the functions of the House of Lords; while the House of Assembly, of 54 members, elected by 34 constituencies, is similar to the House of Commons. To be eligible, a man must have a freehold estate worth £2,000; he must be of age, a natural born subject of the Queen, or, if an alien, then he must have been naturalised for five years, and resident for two years before election. £50 freeholders, holders of land, and servants of the annual value of £5; householders receiving £10 'a-year from their property, or occupiers of any premises paying £10 a year rent, and all persons in receipt of a salary of £100 a- year, are entitled to vote for members of the House of Assembly. The Governor (Sir W. T. Dennison) discharges his functions with the aid of a Cabinet or Executive Council, consisting of the Chief Secretary, the Minister of Finance and Trade, the Minister of Lands and Public Works, and the Attorney and the Solicitor-General, - S. W. SILVER AND co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 45 § - Nº.ºf É Route. c. of Fares. Freight. #| - How often. - .: yance. * ſº - Per Ton. Hrs Albury ...... 379 º scastle Coach............... --- --- --- - - - - - - - - er Newcastle|Steamer, Rail- - - Armidale ...] 300 { and Maitland way, %oach.. £9 13s. --- Three times a week. Bathurst ...! 124 Per Campbell Coach............... £4 30|Daily. - er Uamp Coach & Itail- - - Berrima......] 81 { Town ......... Way............ " £2 7s.6d. 13|Daily. Braidwood...] 184|Per Goulburn ... {º} Rail- £4 15s. 35|Three times a week. Brisbane \ --------- º | 470 - Steamer............ £8 5s, & £3 5s. 32s. 6d. ...|Tuesdays. Bay)... Brighton -...] ... Steamer............ ls. ..|Four times a day. Campbell - ſ Town ... 33 - - - - - - Railway......... 10s. º iſºl, } 2|Five times daily. Camd 39 (Per Campbell Coach & Rail- S. ) Jamden ...... 9 Town ......... way. --- | lls. 4|Twice daily. Eden *} 300 Steamer.... $3 10s. & £2, ...Once a fortnight. --- - ſ Per Campbell|Coach & Rail- ) Goulburn ... 12 rºº way............ £3 5s. ... ... 22|Daily. - er Mioreton Ipswich...... 500 Bay......... } Steamer. £8 5s. & £3 5s. 40s. ..|Every Tuesday. r Liverpool ... 20 --- --- Railway......... | ºº: iºd, | 13|Daily. Manly Beach ... --- --- Steamer............ ls. 6d. --- - - Twice a da ~ --- y. Maitland ... 110|Per Newcastle... } *śy and *.*,* 20s. ...|Three times a week. Morpeth 114|Per Newcastle...|steamer......... £1 & 12s. 6d. 17s. 6d. ...|Three times a week. Newcastle...| 75 --- --- Steamer............ # * * | 17s.6d. ...|Three times a week. Railway Ol ºlwº Paramatta...! 15 Steamer...... (2. 6d. & 1s. 6d. ... #|Daily. paterson ...| 130 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Penrith ...... 33|Per Paramatta...|Coach & Railway 9s. & 7s.6d. ... ... 4|Daily. º: } 200] ... Steamer............ £4 & £2 10s. 40s. ...|Once a Month. º } 90|Per Newcastle...|Steamer............ £1 & 12s. 6d. 17s.6d. ...|Three times a week. Per - Richmond...] 39 Famºus | Coach & Railway 8s. 6d. & 7s.6d. ... 5|Daily. Blacktown. Shoalhaven. 103 --- - - - Steamer............[el 5s. & 17s.6d. 25s. ...Twice a week. Singleton ... 102 {ºº sº | £25s,8: £1.7s.6d. ...|Three times a week. » -- Sofala......... 140|Per Bathurst ...!Coach............... £5 50|Three times a week. Per Newcastle Stroud ...... 120 | and Raymond| W: Steamer, Coach £1 10s. - - - ..|Three times a Week. Terrace ...... wellington. 230|{*.*...}|coach............... #37 17s.6d. ... ... 44|Three times a week. Windsor...... 34|Per Paramatta...|Railway, Coach... 10s. & 8s. 3d. '4|Daily. Wollongong 64 --- --- Steamer............ 15s. & 10s. 6d. ...|Four times a week. Yass ......... 179|Per Goulbourn...|Railway, Coach. $5 5s. ..|Daily. Of the inland towns the most remarkable is Bathurst, the Bathurst. capital of the New South Wales Gold districts. Substantial shops, well-built dwellings, and pretty villa residences attest its ... wealth and progress. Of Maitland, on the Hunter, another im- Maitland. portant town, Mr. Fowler says, that there he went over a dra- pery and general store, larger and more lavishly appointed than “the great Manchester warehouses of St. Paul's Church-yard.” The gold districts, which yield an average of from 2,000 to Gold pis. 4,000 ounces per week, are in and around the numerous creeks tricts, S. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 49 Public Houses in the District, viz., at Red Bank, 25 miles from Deniliquin, and at Conargo Point, on the Billy Bong Creek, distant from Deniliquin 20 miles. Population, about 1,000. DRAYTON, Extends from the Dividing Range westerly to the River Barwan, a distance of about 250 miles, with an irregular width exceeding 50 miles. Contains the Townships of Drayton and Toowoomba. Population, 1,457. DUBBO Is in the squatting Districts of Wellington and Bligh; the land under cultivation is estimated at 800 acres. The town of Dubbo is on the Macquarie, and is distant from Sydney about 260 miles. Population, 1,626. DUNGOG. Dungog, Clarence Town, and Port Stephens are united in one District, extending over a mountainous valley, very fruitful, with abundance of good water. There is a good deal of tobacco cultivated. Plenty of cedar exported from the Chichester River. Clarence Town, as the head of the navigation of the William River and the Shipping Port of an extensive agricultural district, is rapidly increasing in importance, and is in regular weekly communication by steamers with Sydney and Maitland. Popula- tion, 2,582. Port Stephens.—Population, 1,222. EDEN–TWOFOLD BAY, In the Pastoral District of Maneroo. Land under cultivation about 1,500 acres. Willages:—Pambula, 12 miles, and Bega, 35 miles from Twofold Bay. GAYNDAH, Bounded by Port Curtis and Wide Bay. There is little or no cultivation. Distant from Brisbane about 220 miles. Population, 1,039. GLEN INNES (late Wellingrove). This District is bounded by the Bolivia Range on the north; on the south by the Bendarah and Ben Lomond Ranges; and east and west by the New England Squatting District. The Town of Glen Innes is 60 miles from Armidale, situated on the Great North Road, and about 300 miles from Maitland. There are several townships in the District, viz., Stonehenge, 8 miles south of Glen Innes; Dundee, p.t., 18 miles north of Glen Innes; Wellingrove, p.t., 15 miles west of Glen Innes; Byron and Inverell, p.t., 55 miles west of Glen Innes ; Frazer's Creek, p.t., 65 miles north-west of Glen Innes. There are two Inns in Glen Innes, a School-house (Church of England) in course of erection. The Return of Stock for January, 1858, is as follows:–Horses, 1,160; cattle, 34,651; sheep, 241,621; pigs, 89. One Steam Mill, two Inns, two Stores, one Post Office, at Glen Innes. One Steam Mill, one Post Office, one General Store, one Public-house, one School-house, at Dundee. One Store, one Inn, one Post Office, Wellingrove. One Inn, Stonehenge. One Store, Byron. One Store, Buckhalla. One Inn and one Store, Frazer's Creek. One School-house at Glen Innes, Much land under cultivation at Glen Innes. Township increasing rapidly. Much land sold in 1858, consisting of farm, suburban, and town allotments. Population, 1,091. GOSPORT, Embraces the south-east portion of the County of Northumberland; bounded on the north by Lake Macquarie, and south by the Hawkesbury and Broken Bay Road, - E New South Wales. Country Districts andTowns. 50 S. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. * New South Wales. - Country Districts andTowns. GOULBURN Includes the southern portion of the county of Georgiana and the whole of Argyle. Pastoral land under cultivation, 9,104 acres. Public Institu- tions:—Goulburn Hospital, Mechanics’ Institute, Savings' Bank. News- papers—Goulburn Herald and Goulburn Chronicle, twice a week. Popula- tion, 7,028. - GRAFTON.—Clarence River District. The Clarence is the largest river on the eastern coast, with 13 feet water on bar, and navigable for 60 miles by vessels of 300 tons. There are large quantities of rich alluvial plains, cedar brushes, and swamps on the river and its tributaries; interspersed with sandstone and ironstone ridges, in the lower part of the district; and sandstone, clay, slate, and granite, in the upper part. Copper, coal of good quality, and other minerals. Gold is now being procured in considerable quantities on the Timbarra or Rocky River, a tri- butary of the Clarence, about 60 miles N.W. of Grafton. There are about 600 diggers at work, and doing well. Towns, North and South Grafton. Population—North Grafton, about 547; South Grafton, 235; Country, 300; Suburban, 100. Steamship—“Grafton,” 300 tons, every fortnight to Sydney. School—National School, 90 pupils. Grafton Improvement Association. Grafton School of Arts. Population, 1,600. GUNDAGAI, In that division of the territory known as “Beyond the limits of location,” contains portions of the Murrumbidgee and Lachlan Squatting Districts, and extends over 2,268 square miles. The soil of the river flats is rich, and the hills and interior low lands are adapted for pastoral purposes. The land under cultivation is stated at 3,000 acres. The chief produce of the District are wheat, barley, maize, oats, millet, potatoes, cheese, butter, hides, skins and tallow. The district generally, but more particularly North Gundagai, and the suburbs for five miles round, are considered highly auriferous. The Adelong Quartz Reef is in this district. The town of Gundagai is situated on the Murrumbidgee, where the Great Southern Road crosses that river. It occupies both banks, is divided into North and South Gundagai, and contains many large buildings—among which are two steam flour-mills, seven hotels, three stores, a National School-house, and a Roman Catholic Chapel. Gundagai is 244 miles from Sydney, 126 from Goulburn, and 66 from Yass and Binalong. The distances on the south are: 25 miles to Tumut and the Adelong gold-fields, 55 to Wagga Wagga, 120 to Albury, and 360 from Deniliquin. The Murrumbidgee is navigable up to Gundagai. Jugiong is the second town of the district. Population, 966. HARTLEY, Contains an area of about 2,050 square miles, of which upwards of 3,000 acres are under cultivation. Population, 2,273. IPSWICH, In the Moreton Bay District, embracing parts of the Counties of Canning, Stanley, and Ward. The town is on the Bremer, and at the head of the navigation of that river. Population, 4,558. RIAMA, Forms a portion of the County of East Camden, bounded on the North by the Macquarie or Terry's River, and on the South by the Crooked River, East by the sea, and West by the Illawarra Range. The Townships in the district are Shellharbour, Jamberoo, Kiama, and Geringong, at all 54 s, W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. WAGGA WAGGA, Has an Hospital supported entirely by private subscription. There is a NewSouth Mail from Sydney and Melbourne twice a-week. The town contains about Wales. 400 inhabitants. Population 1,416. - WARIALDA, * In the Pastoral Districts of Gwydir and Darling Downs. Chief town:— Bingara, on the Banks of the Gwydir or Big River, distant from the Bingara Gold fields about 10 miles. It is likely to become a place of importance; the land in the township, as well as in its immediate vicinity is of an auriferous character. The land is also well adapted for agricultural purposes. A Hospital. Population, 1,040. WARWICK, Extends from Dividing ridges, Pilton and Dalrymple Creeks, on the north, to Quart Pot Creek, on the south. The McIntyre brook ranges on the west, and main range east. Population, 1,362. - WEE WAA—(Namoi River). w - Extends from Narrabry on the east, to the junction of the Narran and Barwan Rivers on the west, a distance of about 180 miles; and from the Warrabangle Range on the south, to Mehi Creek on the north, the average distance in this direction being about 150 miles. The District is purely a squatting one. The whole of the country comprised within it is a dead level. The finest cattle which enter the Maitland market are sent from Country this District, Wee Waa is 260 miles, and Walgett 360 miles from Mait- Districts land. Population, 374. andTowns, WELLINGTON, Embracing the north-western and midland portions of the County of Wellington. 180 acres under cultivation, and 10 acres of vineyards, Population, 1,993. WINDSOR, Includes the north-western portion of the County of Cumberland, the north-eastern portion of the County of Cook, and the southern portion of the County of Hunter. Area about 2,500 square miles. 13,915 acres under cultivation, not including vineyards and gardens. Post Offices at Windsor, Richmond, North Richmond, Wilberforce, Kurrajong, and Sackville Reach. Windsor Literary Institute. Hawkesbury Bene. volent Asylum and Hospital for relief of destitute poor. Population, 8,431. WOLLOMBI, Embraces the Midland portion of the County of Northumberland, 4,500 acres in cultivation. Population, 1,519. - WOLLONGONG, w Contains portions of the Counties of Cumberland and Camden, and extends over 120 square miles. 4,300 acres under cultivation. Popula- tion, 4,506. YASS, Embraces portions of the Counties of King, Murray, Buccleuch, Wynyard, and Harden. Area of about 2,000 square miles. Acres under 'cultivation, 5,855, Yass District Hospital. Population, 4,099, : S. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 59 quantities of flour, fodder, and provisions are annually exported to Victoria and New South Wales. The live stock was, in 1857 : Sheep. Cattle. Horses. Goats. Pigs. 2,075,805 310,400 26,220 1,647 38,199 2,470,000 410,400 36,220 2,200 58,000 * The revenue from October 1st, 1857, to September 30th, 1858, is quoted as £441,240, and the expenditure at £527,374. Among the sources of revenue the sale of Crown lands figures with £202,155, and for the amount derived from customs with £153,741. Of the various items of expenditure the most note- worthy are the sums devoted to public works, viz., £171,161 ; f2,866 for the South Australian Immigration Establishments, agencies, depots, &c., and £40,000 which are remitted to Her Majesty's Emigration Commissioners in England. The exports of 1851 are valued at £1,958,500, and the im- ports at £1,408,600. In 1858 the value of the exports was .#1,383,242, and that of the imports (consumed in the colony) £1,578,870, making an average of 13:12 per head of the popu- lation. In other words, every South Australian consumes or uses each year near fourteen pounds' worth of articles of luxury, by far the greater part of which is imported from Great Britain. And as children under ten years of age are but small consumers, it may be assumed that twenty pounds worth of imported articles represent the average consumption of the adult population. The amount and value of the chief articles of export were in 1858:— Value. Flour ... ... ... 24,536 tons #428,760 Bran ... ... ... 4,683 tons 41,995 Wheat ... ... ... 24,883 qrs. 63,998 Copper ... ... ... 47,005 cwt. 252,804 Copper ore ... ... 5,868 tons 104,610 Lead ore .. 1,700 tons 29,600 wooi%,441 bales, 7.719.550 is 417,365 Two lines of railway from Adelaide to Port Adelaide (six miles), and from Adelaide to Gawler Town (26 miles), are open for traffic. The stations on the Port Adelaide line, are Dowden, Woodville, and Alberton. The stations between Adelaide and Gawler are North Adelaide, Grand Junction, Dry Creek, Salisbury, and Smithfield. There is also a tramway between Port Elliot and Goolwa. Three lines are open; the first two follow the lines of rail- way, and the third from Adelaide to Goolwa, and further on to the frontier, corresponds with the Inter-colonial Junction line, which connects South Australia, New South Wales, and Vic- toria. The climate of South Australia is in every respect similar to that of New South Wales. The seasons are the same, the Colony enjoys a salubrity of climate generally maintained throughout the temperate regions of Australia. “The mean South Australia. Stock. Revenue. Exports and Im- ports. Exports in 1858. Railways. Electric Tele- graphs. Climate. 8. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. Distances and Fares from Hobart Town and Launceston to the principal townships of Tasmania. Hoº, to Miles Route. Conveyance. F s. . Bothwell...........|46 || "..." } Coach | 15s. |Daily. Brighton............ 19 --- --- 6s. --- Brown's River..... 10 --- - - - 30s. --- - per New Twice Hamilton........... 43 | "... } 17s. { a week. Huon River ........] 22 --- --- 5s. Daily. Green Ponds........] 29 --- --- 8s. |Daily. Falmouth........ } 120 per Campbell 30s. | Twice Fingal........ - - - - Town. ' ' a week. New Norfolk ......| 21 - - - - - - 7s. |Daily. Launceston .........[124 - - - --- 60s. |Daily. Richmond ..........] 14 - - - --- 6s. |Daily. B—From Miles Route C - How LAUNCESTON to |*** • onveyance. Fares. often, Antil Ponds........| 61 º • . . . . . . . . . . . Campbell Town... 42 ... coach ||15.4. Carrick.............. 20 - - - Coach || 4s. |Daily. Cleveland...........] 36 --- --- - - - - - - Cullensworth ......|164 - - - " * - - - - - - - - Deloraine............ 30 per Carrick. Coach | 12s. |Daily. Evandale............ 11 --- - - - 48. ... Oatlands............ 70 - - - --- 21s. ... Perth ............... 11 --- - - - 4s. ... Ross...... ....! 47 - - - --- - - - - - - Westbury...........| 20 per Carrick. Coach 8s. |Daily. Tasmania. Inland Routes. Labour is in steady demand ; good wages are given ; and the Prospects Colonial Legislature votes annually large sums for public works. In 1858, these votes amounted to £24,000. Good domestic Servants, men and women, and farm and agricultural labourers can rely upon good treatment, permanent employment, and high wages; and if steady, sober, and industrious, they can, in a few years, settle down on farms of their own. “You can pur- chase land in whatever district you may select from 10s. an acre upwards, with ten years' credit. You may calculate what you will have to pay for labour and provisions, and the prices you get in return, with a ready market for your produce, and in most districts, good roads; and you can build a house by the aid of an excellent Building Society. If you are inclined to save, there are Savings' Banks whose trustees are amongst the highest and richest merchants in the colony; wherein you can lay by from one shilling to £150, receiving 4 per cent, per annum interest for your money. Your child can be educated for ninepence a week. You have churches of every denomination within a few miles of each other, and medical men, in case of sickness, at a Labour. . S. w. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 79 the rising ground by which the town is sheltered. Many of the most picturesque spots are occupied by neat-looking private houses. The greater portion of the district is cultivated, and large parts of land are laid down in permanent pasture. “At Epsom, 2% miles from the town, and in the Tamak's district (six miles), there are grasses and clover paddocks as large, as rich, as well laid down, and as substantially fenced as any grass land in England. Owing to the neat and uncolonial style of cultivation, and to the absence of trees of foreign appearance, the country around Auckland presents the appearance of a home-like English landscape.” - The chief rural districts of the province are:–1st. The Isle of Wight or Waiheki, overlapping the harbour and the north shore, opposite the town. 2nd. Coromandel, about 30 miles from Auckland, on the opposite shore of the gulf, the centre of a large and flourishing timber trade. 3rd. The Great Barrier, a large island about 50 miles north-east of the Auckland harbour; it is well wooded, and has a good harbour in Port Abercrombie. 4. The Pensioner Villages, of little garden and dairy farms, connected with each other by good roads, lie about 5 miles apart in a sort of irregular segment of a circle round the town, and the suburban belt. Onehunga, the nearest, is about 6 miles, and Howick, the most distant, about 12 miles from Auckland. 5. Papakura and Waiuku, 40 miles from Auckland. 6. Whain- garoa and Kawhia on the west coast, 50 miles from Auckland. They have about 150 settlers each, and Kawhia has a good harbour Auckland. Rural dis- tricts. for coasting vessels, and is the depôt of a large native trade in agricultural produce. 7. The Central District, 100 miles long, and 40 miles broad, embraces the great villages of the Waikato and Waipa, and stretches from Papakura to Lake Taupo, and the northern frontier of the Wellington Province. “In genial climate, rich soil, striking scenery, water carriage, and agricultural and pastoral admixture of forest, fern, grass and flax lands, it is entitled to rank as the garden of New Zealand.”f - Above 200,000 acreshave been surveyed, and are at the disposal of the Province. By a late act of the Provincial Legislatures, persons who emigrate at their own cost may obtain out of the lands surveyed and at the disposal of Government, free grants of land. A.F. Ridgway and Sons, 40 Leicester-square, London, have been appointed Provincial Agents in England, and are autho- rized to grant land-orders to persons intending to emigrate to, and settle in Auckland. The obtaining this land-order is indis- pensable, as no free grants of land are made without it. The grants are to be—for persons, males or females, of above eight- teen years of age, 40 acres; and for persons between the ages of five and eighteen years, 20 acres. Grants to the same extent are also made on account of servants imported at the expense of * “Puseley’s New Zealand,” p.266, + “The New Zealand Handbook,” p. 31. Frco grants of land. s. W. sILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 85 within a period of four years expend upon it, in cultivation and improvement, 4.2 per acre. But wild land lying outside the boundaries of proclaimed hundreds, in blocks of not less than 2,000 acres, may be sold at 10s, an acre cash, without being subject to the above “improvement condition.’ “Wild grazing lands are leased for fourteen years at a yearly license fee of £5, with £1 a year additional for every 1,000 sheep over 5,000 which the run will carry. No run to be granted larger than will depasture 25,000 sheep. WI. CANTERBURY. “The province of Canterbury, in the centre of the Middle Island, has an equal length and breadth of about 120 miles, and a coastline of 400 miles. The colonist population approaches 10,000, while the native does not exceed a few hundred. A deep fringe of fine cattle-grazing and loamy agricultural land extends along the seaboard of the province. But the great inland portion is a true pastoral country: composed, for the most part, of tracts of light loam on a porous subsoil, intermixed with pebbly tracts; all covered with perpetual herbage of various grasses, and well suited for the breeding and depasturing of sheep, horses, and cattle. It is bare of timber, and is intersected by many rapid streams, difficult to ford when swollen; but shelter for young stock, for gardens and clearings, is easily ob- tained, owing to the quick growth of Australian, English, and native trees and shrubs; fire-wood, building timber, and fencing stuff, are close at hand in the forests of Banks' Peninsula ; stock stations, shepherds' huts, squatters' homesteads, with their pad- docks and patches of garden and cornfield, are dotted over it in every direction ; flocks and herds are spreading from point to point; and it deservedly ranks as the finest pastoral district in either island. The chief towns are Lyttleton, or Port Victoria, and Christ- church, the capital, about 10 miles from Lyttleton. Each of the two towns has about 1,000 inhabitants. “The metropolis and port town,” says the Rev. C. Mackie, Incumbent of Avonside, Canterbury, in a letter addressed to S. W. Silver and Co., “presents a most thriving appearance, with streets of well-stocked shops and spacious and handsome residences, bearing all the appearance of prosperity and affluence, and the country for miles round is covered with thriving farms and Snug homesteads.” The principal small settlements of the Canterbury Province are Kaipoi, a rising village port, a few miles from Christchurch, on the banks of the Cam ; Timaru, a good pastoral district on the south coast; and Akaroa, Port Levy, and Pigeon Bay, in Banks' Peninsula. Akaroa is one of the finest harbours in New Zealand; and these little settlements, all possessing excellent ports, and all lying within three or four hours' run of the provincial metropolis, will probably become the Otago. Leasing land. General descrip- tion of Canter- bury. Lyttleton. 88 s. w, SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. Tariff of Victoria. Tariff of New South Wales. oustoms I)"UTIES OF THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES. WICTORIA. Rate of Duty. s. • Cigars, per lb. ... - - - - - - --- ... 3 0 Coffee and chicory, per lb. ... - - - --- ... 0 2 Spirits, or strong waters, of any strength not exceeding the v strength of proof by Syke’s hydrometer, and so on in proportion for any greater or less strength than the strength of proof, pe gallon --- - - - - - - - - - - ... 10 0 Spirits, cordials, liqueurs, or strong waters, sweetened or mixed with any article so that the degree of strength cannot be ascer- tained by Syke's hydrometer, per gallon ... 10 0 Spirit, perfumed, per gallon ... - - - - - - ... 10 0 Sugar, raw and refined, and sugarcandy, per cwt. --- ... 6 0 Molasses and treacle, per cwt. ... - - - - ... 3 0 Tea, per lb. - - - - ... 0 6 Tobacco and snuff, per lb. 2 0 Wine, per gallon ... ... 2 0 All other goods and merchandise free. *** Spirits in bulk under 25 gallons cannot be imported, nor of tobacco under 80 lbs. ExPORT DUTY. Gold—Manufactured and unmanufactured, and foreign coins, per ox. 2 NEW SOUTH WALES. Brandy and gin, per gallon ... --- - - - ... 10 Whisky and rum in wood or bottle, do. --- --- ... 7 Spirits, cordials, liqueurs, or strong waters sweetened, or mixed with any article, so that the degree of strength cannot be ascer- tained by Syke's hydrometer, do. --- --- ... 10 Perfumed spirits, &c. ... --- --- --- --- Wine containing more than 25 per cent, of alcohol, of a specific gravity of 825, at the temperature of 60° of Fahrenheit's thermo- meter, for every gallon in proportion to strength, do. ... 10 Wine not containing more than 25 per cent. of alcohol, of a specifi gravity of 825 at the temperature of 60° of Fahrenheit's thermo- meter, do - - - - - Do., do., do. in bottle, per dozen Ale, porter, and beer of all sorts in wood, do. - - Do., do., do. in bottle, per dozen ... Tea, per lb. - - - - - - Sugar, refined and candy, per cwt. Treacle and molasses, do. - - - Coffee and chicory, per lb. ... Cigars, do. --- Tobacco and snuff do. - - - DRAWBACKS. Refined sugar, per cwt. - - - - - - --- Bastard., do, * - - --- - - - SOUTH AUSTRALIA. § § § All imported goods, with the following exceptions, are admitted at duty of 5 per cent. ad valorem : Bricks, fire and Bath, per 1,000 - - - - - - ... 5 4 Coffee, per cwt. ... • * * ... - - - ... 6 () Corn, meal, and flour, viz.:- º 96 s. w. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. South Africa. Territorial Divisions. The Standard measures at the Cape are those of Amsterdam, as introduced by the Dutch Government. LIQUIDS. 1 Leager = 152 gal. Dutch = 126 gal. English. 1 Pipe = 110 , = 91 , 1 Aum = 38 32 = 313 33 1 Anker = 9% , — 7}} 33 1 Flask = }} , CoRN. 1 Schepel = 82 Winchester Bushels = # Imperial, 1 Muid = 4 Schepels = }#} Win. Bush. 1 Load = 10 Muids = 32 Bush. 2 Pks. 1 Gal. 1 Pint English. Thus, 107 Dutch schepels are equal to 82 Winchester bushels ; or 4 schepels are about 3 Imperial bushels; and 11 Schepels about 1 quarter. CLOTH. 1 Ell = 27 Ryland inches. 1 Yard = 37}#. The proportion between Dutch ells and English yards is gener- ally taken at 3 yards to 4 ells, but the real rate is 100 yards= to 1293, ells. LAND. 1 Morgen = about 2 statute English acres. 1 Rood = 144 square feet. - 600 Roods = 1 morgen. 1 Foot = 144 inches. The exact proportion of the morgen is 494, -100 English a CI'êS. The South African Territory is divided into five large pro- vinces —The Cape Colony, British Kaffraria, Natal, the Orange Free State, the Trans Vaal or South African Republic, and Natal. The oldest of these is the Cape Colony. It was founded by the Dutch in 1650; it was occupied by England in 1795, retaken by the Dutch in 1802, and finally became a British possession in 1806. Kaffraria was declared a British dependency at the close of the last Kaffir war; it is now administered by the Governor of the Cape under a separate commission. The Orange River Free State and the Trans Vaal Republic are occupied by a sparse population of Dutch settlers. Natal, the most prosperous of the young colonies springing up in South Africa, has been under British protection since 1845. s. W. SILVER AND so.’s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 97 THE CAPE COLONY. The Cape Colony containing about 120,000 square miles occu- General pies the Southern extremity of the African Continent. Its coasts Descrip: are washed by the Atlantic and the Southern or Indian Oceans, º the which surround it from the North West to the South East. Of tºy. the mountain ranges mentioned in the general description of South Africa, the Bokkeveld, the Table Mountain, the Swel- lendam, Outeniqua, and Zitzikama, the Black Mountains, the Snowy Mountains, and the Zuureberg, belong more especially to the Cape Colony. Of Rivers: the Breede, the Gamka, the Gamtoos, the Sundays River, the Kowie, the Great Fish River, and the Gariep flow, some of them wholly, and others in part, through the Cape Territory. Beef, mutton, and wool are produced in the greatest abun- Produc- dance. The natural grasses, without cultivation of any kind, tions. support from 12 to 14 millions of sheep and goats, and half a million of horned cattle. The exports of wool have for years past been steadily increasing, and considering the vast tracts of unoccupied country suitable for sheep-walks, this pursuit offers an unlimited field for enterprise. “If European capitalists were aware qf the advantage of sheep-farming in South Africa, their attention would soon be directed to the Cape Colony, and to Natal. It is a positive fact, proved by the experience of years, that a flock of sheep on a suitable farm will, after deducting all the expenses of management, pay the capitalist 30 per cent., with an annual increase of capital besides.” “Sheep-farming in this Colony seems to be an occupation in which it is impossible to fail. So favourable are the climate and the grasses to the stomach and skin of the animal, that the flocks appear to increase and improve, like a plantation of trees, while the owner sleeps. Amidst all our complaints of want of industry, want of enterprise, want of skill, we find, on taking periods of five or seven years, that we have been advancing in this the most important of all productive pursuits, faster than any other country.”f The following table shows the increase of the exports of wool in the 40 years, from 1817 to 1857 — Fear. - Lbs. Year. Lbs. 1817 . . . . . . . 12,083 1845 . . . . . . . 3,194,602 1822 . . . . . . . 49,028 1847 . . . . . . . § 1827 . . . . . . . 44,441 1849 . . . . . . . 5,024,9 - iš . . . . . . . ii.; ; . . . . . . . ; ; ; 1835 . . . . . . . . 215,868 1852. . . . . . . 7,773,505 1838 . . . . . . . 490,754 1854 . . . . . . . 8,567,457 1841 . . . . . . . 1,016,807 1855 . . . . . . . 12,016,415 1842 . . . . . . . 1,428,793 1856 . . . . . . . 14,920,988 1844. . . . . . . . 2,233,946 1857 . . . . . . . 16,000,000 e * Rev. W. B. Boyce, quoted by Mr. Irons, p. 141. * + Cape Argus 100 s. W. sILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. The Cape Colony. Cape Town. Hotels. News. papers. Convey- ances. Coasting Steamers. Suburbs of Cape Town, The chief town of the district, and capital of the Colony, is Cape Town, on Table Bay. It covers an area of four square miles, and contains 30,000 inhabitants, of whom about 18,000 are of European extraction. Cape Town is a “compact and well-built ancient place, which, in position and appearance, vies with some of the best cities in Europe.” The town is most regularly laid out in streets and squares; long main streets lead from the Bay to the heart of the town, and numerous ones cross them at short intervals. George-street and the Heerengracht are the best streets. Cape Town has an Exchange, a Public Iibrary, a Mechanics' Institute, twelve churches and chapels, above a dozen free schools, and two public hospitals. Hotels : Fountain Hotel, Houte-street ; Parke's Hotel, Strand-street (refreshment and lounging rooms; all the Cape papers and English papers); Argus Hotel, dining and coffee rooms, 30, Strand-street; Whittington Dining Rooms, 75, Long Market- street; Jone's Family Boarding House, 1, Bury-street. News- papers : Government Gazette ; South African Commercial Adver- tiser; Suid Africaan; Cape Monitor; Cape Argus, all twice a week. Cape Town Times, daily. Cabs are hired by agreement. The usual fare is 6d. for any distance in the town, and 2s. 6d. by the hour. Omnibuses run from Cape Town to Rondebosh, Claremont, and Wynberg, to Greenpoint, to Simon's Town, to Stellenbosch, to the Paarl and Worcester, Robertson and Swellendam, and to Somerset West. Mail carts carrying occa- sionally one passenger leave Cape Town three times a week for George, Graham's Town, and Port Elizabeth. The steamer Waldensis leaves Table Bay on the 20th of each month for— £ s. Mossel Bay . - - . 4 4 Algoa Bay (Port Elizabeth) . . 5 5 East London s - - . 7 17 Port Natal - - - ... 10 10 The Steamer leaves Port Natal on the 5th of each month, and reaches Table Bay on the 12th. From Port Elizabeth the fares are : to East London, £33s. ; and to Port Natal, £5 5s. These, and the above fares, include provisions. Among the suburbs of Cape Town, are: Green Toint (3 miles), on the sea at the foot of the Lion's Hill, Mowbray and Ron- debosch (4 miles), and Wynberg (12 miles). In the suburban district, are : the villages of Hottentots Holland (23 miles), D'Urban (16 miles); Malmesbury (45 miles). “This is a fine district, producing corn, wine, and wool. The Zwartland is reckoned one of the best corn-growing districts in the Colony.” * “Iron's Guide to the Cape of Good Hope,” p. 16. 4. - - - - + Ibid, p. 37. - º 102 s. W. SILVER AND co.’s EMIGRATION GUIDE, The Cape Colony. Districts and Dis- trict Towns. BEAUFORT, An extensive grazing district. The principal portions, the Gouph and the Nienweveld, are capital sheep-walks. Distant from Cape Town, 300; from Port Elizabeth, 250; and from Mossel Bay, 180 miles. The division includes the districts of Prince Albert and Victoria. Chief Towns: Beaufort, Frazersburgh, Prince Albert, Victoria. THE EASTERN PROVINCE. ALBANY, Divided into Upper and Lower Albany, and Bathurst Districts. Area, 1,792 square miles. Population, 19,000. Upper Albany is a grazing; Lower Albany is an agricultural district. hief Towns and Willages: Graham's Town, Bathurst, Salem, Collingham, Southwell, and Sidbury. Port Francis is the harbour of the district. FORT BEAUFORT, Division and Town, formerly a Military post on the Kas River. A thriving agricultural Settlement. Villages: Hertzog, Philipston, Blink- water, and Port Relief. GRAAF REINET, Division and Town. Area, 8,000 square miles. Population, 13,000, chiefly of Dutch extraction. It is almost entirely a pastoral district, though wheat, oats, maize, and other grains, are raised with excellent crops, on the farms commanding water for irrigation. Graaf Reinet, the capital of the division, is one of the most pleasing and regularly built villages in the Colony. It stands on the left bank of the Sundays River, and on the high road from Port Elizabeth to the northern boundary. Villages: Murrayburg, and Aberdeen. Wood is scarce throughout this division. SOMERSET, An agricultural and grazing district. Area, 9,000 square miles. Popu- lation, 10,000. A considerable portion of this division is occupied by British inhabitants, who possess some of its finest farms. The village of Somerset (1,000 inhabitants), is pleasantly situated at the foot of the Bushberg Mountain. Distances: to Graham's Town, 75; to Graaf Reinet, 67; and to Cradock, 66 miles. The Great Fish River runs through the centre of the division. COLESBERG, º A pastoral division. Area, 3,186 square miles. Population, 7,030. The Orange River runs through this division, which is almost wholly des- titute of wood. The village of Colesberg—140 miles from Graaf Reinet and 10 miles south of the Orange River—has about 2,500 inhabitants. Other villages: Middleburg, Hope Town, 13 miles from the Orange River, and Hanover. CRADOCK, An agricultural and pastoral division. Area, 3,168 square miles. Popu- lation, 6,500. Cradock, on the Great Fish River, is a thriving village. Distance to Cape Town, 760; to Port Elizabeth, 190; and to Graham's Town, 100 miles. UITENHAGE, An agricultural, pastoral, and mining district. Area, 8,900 square miles. Population, 20,000. Productions: butter, the great staple pro- duce, wheat, rye, oats, barley, wine, lead, copper, and coal. The town of 104 s. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. The Cape Colony. Prospects of labour. Servants. According to the statements of the Cape papers, all the various provinces of South Africa stand in urgent need of labour of all kinds. “A denser population, more capital, more skill, energy, and enterprise, are what we now require.” “Our progress has been accomplished by the direct application of energy, industry, enterprise, and skill. Lands that were pre- viously allowed to lie waste and worthless, have been converted into rich and productive farms. Agricultural skill has been brought to bear in the shape of improved implements and an improved system of tillage and agriculture. Our sheep have improved immeasurably by fresh importations from the best flocks in Europe.”f . * - The price of labour is described as high, but detailed lists in the Cape papers would be most desirable. Dr. Way says: “European labourers are much in request and scarcely ob- tainable. Although the nominal rates of wages are not equal to those of Australia, yet the facilities for the advancement of mechanics and agricultural labourers are probably quite as great. With ordinary skill and industry, a mechanic becomes his own master in a very short time. The agriculturist may not be able to obtain a grant of land from Government, but if he is known to be sober and industrious, he can easily hire a farm on such terms as speedily will render him independent.” In a circular issued by the Secretary of the Immigration Board, it is stated that the emigrants hitherto sent out from England are well suited to the wants of the colony; but that many of them are burdened with large families, which prevents them from finding employment. The domestic servants sent to the Cape found ready engagements, at rates varying from 18s. to £2 per month. The reports of the Cape Town Savings' Bank, which has its branch banks all over the colony, show that the labouring classes have not only enough to live on, but that they also can invest considerable sums of money, with a view to becoming independent landowners. At the end of 1857, the deposits in the Cape Town Savings' Bank amounted to £123,115. The sort of emigrants especially wanted at the Cape are farmers and skilled labourers. “The demand for labour, mechanical es- pecially, is very great. There is no kind of mechanic, who is up to his work, that cannot command permanent employment at a moment's notice. Masters are waiting for immigrants, and will not undertake new work until they arrive. None should come here who are too good to work.”: A correspondent quotes the monthly wages of labouring men at £2 to £2 10s, with rations; and adds, that artizans command much higher wages. * Cape Monitor. + Cape Argus, + Cape Monitor. S. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 109 d. 0 s Flour, wheaten, the barrel of 196 lbs. ... * - - - - - Fruits, dried, viz.:- Currants, raisins, or figs, the cwt. ... - - - • * * Ginger, viz.:- Dry, the lb. ... --- Preserved or chow chow, the lb. Gunpowder, the lb. --- Guns, or gun-barrels, each barrel Mace, the lb. ... --- Meat, salted or cured, the cwt. Nutmegs, the lb. - * * Pepper, the cwt. --- --- Pistols, or pistol-barrels, each - - - Rice, the cwt. ... --- - - - - - - - - - Spirits of all sorts, not exceeding the strength of proof by Syke's hydrometer, and so in proportion for any greater strength, the gallon --- - - - - - - -- Liqueur, cordials, or sweetened spirits, the gallon ... Sugar, viz.:- Unrefined, the cwt. . . . " - - - * - - - - - Refined or candy, the cwt. --- - - - - - - Molasses, the cwt. - - - - - - - - - - - - Tea, the lb. ... --- - - - - - - Tobacco, viz.:- - Not manufactured, the cwt. * - - Manufactured (not cigars), or snuff, the cwt. ... * * * Cigars (at the option of the officers of Customs) the 1,000 ... Or the lb. ... --- * - - • * * - - - Wine, viz.:- In bottles, the gallon ... * - - Not in bottles, the gallon --- Wood, unmanufactured, the cubic foot... --- - - - Goods not being enumerated or described, nor otherwise charged with duty, and not prohibited to be imported into, or used in, the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, for every £100 value - - - - * * --- - - - ... 7 10 0 } } :::; Foreign Reprints of Books, originally published in the United Kingdom, and there protected by copyright, may now (Act Col. Parl., No. 4, 1854) be imported here on paying an ad valorem duty of 20 per cent, on the bond fide valup of such reprints. FREE. Animals, living; books and music, printed; bottles of common glass, imported full of spirits, wine, beer, or ale; bullion or coin; coals, coke, or patent fuel; diamonds; guano; ice; maps or charts; pictures. Provisions or stores, of every description, imported or supplied for the use of Her Majesty's land or sea forces when the Customs Duties shall not have been paid thereon. Seeds, bulbs, or plants. Specimensillustrative of natural history. --- Wine, imported or taken out of bond for the use of military officers, serving on full pay in this colony, or in British Kaffraria, and also for the use of officers of Her Majesty's navy, serving on board any of Her Majesty's ships; subject, however, to such regulations as the Governor shall think fit to make; and provided that if any such wines shall be subsequently sold in. this colony, except for the use or consumption of any of Her Majesty's military or naval officers, serving as aforesaid, the same shall be forfeited, and be liable to seizure accordingly. The Cape Colony. Tariff of the Cape Colony. S. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 111 Stanley, and where reckonings lost in the foggy vicinity of Cape Horn may be re-adjusted. The only product for which the islands have been celebrated is horned cattle ; a small number of these animals are believed to have been placed on their shores in 1764, and the climate and pasturage proved so genial to their habits that they rapidly increased until beef and hides may be termed the staple pro- ductions of the colony, to which, in all probability, wool will soon have to be added, as long-wooled sheep thrive remarkably well, and are rapidly increasing in numbers. The Governing Establishment at Stanley consists of a Governor, Colonial Secretary, Judge, Chaplain, Surgeon, Surveyor, &c., with an officer commanding the garrison of soldiers. Stanley is the only town yet formed upon East Falkland, but an English company has placed a large grazing establishment upon its southern peninsula, and the Patagonian Missionary The Falk- land Islands. Produc- tions. Govern- ment. Port Stan- ley. Society have taken up their head quarters at Keppel Island, on the northern shore of West Falkland. Stanley is a free port, easily entered, and affords safe anchor- age. The Custom House entries in England from the Falklands amounted in 1858 to £14,388. The town of Stanley is well provided with all sorts of European requirements; and so rapidly has civilization pro- gressed that at this early period of its existence ships, which have been driven by stress of weather into the port, have been readily provided with all their wants, and undergone sufficient repairs to enable them to proceed on their voyage. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, The British Colonies of North America form the northern- most portion of the great American continent. They are divided into New Britain, or the Hudson Bay Territory ; Labrador, the North-west Territory, Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia. The climate of the Canadas is healthy, though trying from its extremes of heat and cold. Mr. Hutton, a great authority on everything relating to that colony, says, “I have never known any winter in which, for more than six or seven days, the cold was so intense as to preclude the enjoyment of sleighing ; nor have I ever known one winter in which teamsters were stopped that number of days from their usual avocations. . . . The country is yet too new to have good roads in every direction. The snow and frost furnish this desideratum, and enable the manufacturer of lumber to transport his timber to the rivers. . . . . The air is clear and bracing, and the Snow is not attended with that moistening effect which in England gives such an idea of discomfort, in the shape of wet feet and Town of Stanley. General descrip- tion of British North America. Seasons. 114 s. w. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. Canada. are very low on all the Canadian railway lines and steamers. From Quebec to Montreal (168 miles by water, and 120 miles by railway), the fare is 3s. ; to Toronto (500 miles by steamer, and by railway 294 miles), 19s. ; to Ottawa (335 miles), 12s. ; to Prescott (281 miles), 9s. Prospects The classes of emigrants at present most needed in Canada are of Labour, thus characterized by the Toronto Globe: “Two classes only have a prospect of success for two or three years to come, and they are those possessing sufficient capital to establish themselves in business, and those who are able and willing to undertake the settlement and cultivation of land. The two wants of Canada are capital and production.” FREE GRANTS OF LAND. To encourage emigration, and at the same time to prevent the land being bought up by large speculators, the Canadian Govern- ment has offered free grants of land to settlers under certain conditions, of which the following is a summary. The grants are of 100 acres each. Applicants for them must be full eighteen years old. Within one month after the land has been allotted to him, the applicant must take possession of it ; he must put in a state of cultivation at least twelve acres in the course of four years; he must build a house (twenty feet by eighteen), and reside on the lot until the conditions of the settle- ment are duly performed. Families of several settlers entitled to lands, if they wish to reside on a single lot, will be free to do so ; but they must make the clearings required on each lot. The Government has opened a road through the district, and the settlers must keep that road in repair. “ The lines of road on which these grants will be allotted are: 1, the Ottawa and Opeongo Road; agent for the granting of lands, T. P. French, Esq., Mount St. Patrick, near Renfrew : 2, the Addington Road; agent, E. Penny, Esq., Flint's Mills Village : 3, the Hastings Road; agent, M. P. Hayes, Esq., Hastings Village, twenty-eight miles north of Belleville Town. To reach the Ottawa and Opeongo district, the emigrant must go from Montreal by rail, and thence by the Ottawa river, to a place called Boncher Point, and thence by land westward to the township of Gratton (thirty miles), in which Mount St. Patrick is situated. The direct route to the Addington-road district is by way of Ringston, Canada West, thence to Napanee, a station on the Grand Trunk Railway, either by rail or steamboat, and thence north to the township of Kaladar and the village of Flint's Mills. The best way to the Hastings Road district is by Kingston, Canada West, by railway to Belleville (fifty-six miles), and thence to Hastings (twenty-eight miles). 118 S. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. British Columbia. Produc- tions and capabili- ties. Wild ani- mals. Birds. Fishes. months; September brings dense fogs; October the fall of the leaf, and in November the lakes and rivers are frozen. The winter in British Columbia, as in England, lasts generally from November to the middle of March. Agricultural statistics are not to be expected from a country which has but just been opened to colonization: its capabilities can be tested only by its wild productions; its berries, roots, and forest trees. Of such wild berries, the following are men- tioned as growing in abundance : service berries, chokeberries, gooseberries, strawberries, and red whortleberries. A bitter root called Tzachin, is very common, and so are St. John's Wort, Sarsaparilla, and beet-root. Of wild animals, the jumping deer, the reindeer, red deer, marmots, beavers, bears, minks, musquash, wolverin, and rabbits are found in large numbers. Of birds, the Canadian wild goose, swans, ducks, plovers, cranes, eagles, crows, magpies, hawks, partridges, and pheasants. The lakes and rivers have an abundance of excellent fish, such as Salmon and trout ; and the bays and inlets swarm with sturgeon, cod, carp, sole, flounders, perch, herring, and eels. Minerals. The Gold- fields of British Columbia. Stations . on Frazer River. The timber consists of pine, fir, oak, ash, arbutus, cedar, arbor-vitae, poplar, maple, willow, and cherry. Among the mineral productions are : white earth, coal, rock crystal, co- balt, and iron, marble, and gold, which has been found in considerable quantities on the Frazer and Thompson rivers. “The gold exists from the mouth of Frazer River for at least 200 miles up, and most likely much further. Hitherto, any one working on its banks has been able to obtain gold in abundance, and without extraordinary labour. The gold at present obtained has been within a foot of the surface. Thompson River is quite as rich in gold as Frazer River. The land about Thompson River consists of extensive sandy prairies, which are loaded with gold ; in fact, the whole country about Frazer and Thompson Rivers is a mere bed of gold.” The various posts and stations on the Frazer River are : Fort Langley, thirty miles; Fort Hope, 107 miles; and Fort Yale, 130 miles from the mouth of the river. Steamers of light draft ascend the river up to Fort Yale. Since its constitution as a colony, British Columbia has been under a Governor appointed by the Crown, who carries on the administration subject to instructions from the Colonial Office. Detachments of Engineers and Infantry have been sent out to protect the lives and properties of her Majesty's lieges, and to construct roads and bridges. The site of a town, which is to be the capital of the colony, and which will have the name of New Westminster, has been marked out at a spot selected by the Political Institu- tions. * Times Correspondent, June 10th, s. W. SILVER AND Co.'s EMIGRATION GUIDE. 119 Governor. But as this town has yet to be built, and as no sort British, of houseroom is as yet to be found in any part of British Colum- “” bia, intending settlers should be provided with tents. vancouvBR ISLAND. Vancouver Island, separated from the mainland of British Colum- Descrip- bia by the Straits of Georgia, is a long and narrow island in the tion of Pacific, about four days' sail from San Francisco, California. Its Yºr length is about 250 miles; its breadth varies from 40 to 50 miles. }.” It has many deep and commodious inlets and canals. Among p. its rivers, the one chiefly explored is the Cowitchin, which runs Rivers. through large tracts of rich alluvial soil. The island is covered with dense forests of oak and fir, broken at intervals by fertile plots of prairie ground. The climate is excellent. It has fre- Climate. quently been compared to the climate of the milder parts of England, or to that in the south of France. As for productive- mess, little can be said of land which has yet to be cultivated ; but, according to all appearances, the soil is most fertile ; and this fact, added to that of the mildness of the climate, justifies the expectation that Vancouver Island will be among the most pro- ductive colonies of Great Britain. The chief harbour of the Harbours. island is in Esquimalt Bay, a circular basin hollowed by nature out of the solid rock. Its appearance is that of a High- land lake in the deep recesses of a pine forest. Its depth ranges from five to eight fathoms; it is landlocked, capa- cious, and capable of containing a large fleet of merchant ships. The station of Victoria, fast growing into a town, is about three miles by land from Esquimalt Harbour. The distance from Victoria across the Gulf of Georgia Victoria. to the mainland of British Columbia is about seventy miles. Vancouver Island presents the appearance of a vast forest, with a soil undulating Rather than hilly. The soil con- sists of a black vegetable mould, of from one to two feet in thickness, on hard yellow clay. It produces oats, barley, wheat, peas, potatoes, turnips, garden-herbs, fruits, and flowers. No º: clover is raised ; the natural grasses are sufficient for the cattle. - The climate.is charming, and in June, when the Times cor- respondent visited the island, “the weather was perfection.” The days were warm, but free of glare, and not oppressive ; the evenings cool, with a gentle sea breeze. Heavy rains fall in September. The winter is described as a little cold, but not severe, “rather wet and muggy.” The reare frosts and falls of snow occasionally, but they never last long. Com- pared with that of England, the climate of Vancouver Island is asserted to be preferable. It has more fine, steady weather is far less changeable, and, on the whole, milder. As only a small HC 246 . S58 agi - º - ****Covšū/~~~~ 1956, SILVER Emigration guide and colonial itinerary