NEDL, TRANSFER
| HAND B00K
quipp To sº
| THE INTERIOR
| (SECOND EDITION”
-- |
1.
STATION PRESS, SIMLA. |
| 188C). |
-
4


lºt º'


ADVERTISEMENT.
HOUSE & LAND AGENCY,
COMMERCIAL ROOMS, SIMLA.
For the Agency of House, five (5) per cent. on the
rent; wages of Chokidar during the winter, or while the
houses are not rented, being borne by the owner.
Annual repairs and additions or alterations to buildings
five (5) per cent. on the outlay.
For renting houses not in the charge of the undersigned,
one (1) per cent. on the rent. • ,
For, the sale of Houses two and a half (2%) per cent o
amount realized.
For advertising houses, if not rented or sold by the
undersigned a charge of ten (10) Rupees will be made
without reference to the number of times the advertisement
may appear. - -
HOUSES FOR SAI,E.
“FONTAINEBLEAU,” Having two Commodious, well
built up per roomed houses. Rent Rs. 3,000. Price
Rs. 30,000. - -
“SPERRIN COTTAGE”—Rent Rs 750. Price Rs.
5,000.
“HELLENCE COTTAGE,” Rent Rs. 1,000 Price Rs.
“BALMORAL”—Rent Rs. 1,000. Price Rs. 12,000.
`... “HAINAULT,” near Benmore. Rent Rs. 2,000. Price
Rs. 22,000.
The “WILLOWS,” Rent Rs. 1,600. Price Rs. 20,000.
10,000. '- -
“HIGH LANDS,” with two Building sites. Rent Rs.
2,500, Price Rs. 30,000. - -
w H. CAREY.


ADVER'rise MENT.
wittiams & co.,
ERIE’ON HOUSE,
S 1 M L A.
*
DEALERS IN ARTISTS REQUISITES
PICTURE FRAME MAKERs,
srArzoºkar of Art, Ernos,
TOY's IN GREAT WARIETY,
Fancy A. N. O Miscellaneous
G-OODS OF
EveRY DESCRIPTION.
—cº-ººººº-
AUCTIONEERS, COMMISSION
HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENTS.


TOWELLE'S
HANI) B00 K
AND
GUIDE TO SIMLA
- AND
THE INTERIOR.
(SECOND EDITION.)
188C.


CONTENTS.
Page.
GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES............... • * * * * * * * * * I
ROUTES, UMBALLA To KALKA, AND KALKA To SIMLA...... 5
TABLE OF DISTANCES, UMBALLA TO SIMLA, ALSO LOCAL.... 13
A CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH of SIMLA............. • * - - - - - 14
CLIMATE............................................................... 66
SIMLA, WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY REFORMS......... ... 73
ENVIRONS......................................................... ... 76
CIS-SUTLEJ HILL STATES.................................... ... ... 84
ROUTES INTO THE INTERIOR....................................... 100
SIMLA MUNICIPALITY....... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , ~ * * * - - - - - - - - 118
USUAL CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH HOUSE ARE RENTED AT
SIMI.A................................................................ 124
GOVERNMENT PASSENGER AND CARRYING SERVICE...... 125
GOVERNMENT BULLOCK Twº 128
JAMPAN AND COOLY RATES....................................... I29
RATES OF TOLLs...................................................... 130
APPENDIX, SIMLA BUTTERFLIES.,............................... 1





2 IHAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
The area of Simla is 6-042 square
miles.
The Protected Hill States, in the midst of which the
British possession of Simla lies, are called Cis-Sutlej, and
form a portion of the dependencies under the Punjab Go-
vernment. The nearest point to the river Sutlej from
Simla is Soonee, in the State of Budgee, and is distant about
17 miles.
The Gumba which is crossed on the road from Umballa
to Kalka, takes its rise in a gorge
between Jutogh and the entrance to
Simla. The stream called the Giree, skirts the hills below
the station to the South and West, about six miles from
the Church.
Dwellings are picturesquely situated on the several hills,
ridges and slopes within the above mentioned area, the map
of which presents a shape not unlike that of a pear—the
smaller end being the entrance from the plains. Nearly
every nook and corner, the peaks, sides and shoulders of
the hills have been taken advantage of for building on, and
are now dotted over with houses, the whole forming, what
may be termed the Mountain City,
The old road leads into Simla, through the Boileau-
gunge Division, in which there is a
Bazar, a Police Station, and a Serai
for travellers ; about half a mile from the entrance is situ-
ated Peterhoff, the residence of the Viceroy. Before reach-
ing the elevation on which “Peterhoff” stands, a lofty hill
rises to the left called “Observatory hill,” the top of which
has been levelled, to form a plateau as a site for a Palace,
or castle, as a suitable Government house for the Viceroy.
A model for the proposed building has been made and was
exhibited at the Fine Arts Exhibition for 1878; as also the
plans and elevations, but the work of erection has not been
Area.
Rivers and Streams.
Entrance to Simla.


GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 3
commenced, and the Viceroys of India must for the present
look at the building through the “eye of faith,” hoping
some day, not in a very distant future, they may see the
contemplated construction completed, and fit for occupation.
The ridge or neck, which connects the hills on the
Boileaugunge side of Simla, with
the central portion or Burra Simla,
is called “Choura Maidan.” To the left of this ridge, which
here forms the water-shed North and South, in the valley,
is a glen called Annandale, where there is a Public garden,
race course, cricket ground, and where are held the
Gymkanah sports. To the right stretch out a series of spurs
with deep gorges between, each with a small stream, all
leading into the Giree. Here are the two Breweries of
Simla. That of Messers. Meakin & Co., and of Messers,
Dyer & Co., both well situated as regards a supply of water
and cool shade.
On a wide and long well wooded spur, the furthest
which stretches out from “Jacko” to the east, are the
extensive buildings of Bishop Cotton boys school. The
principal of the above mentioned streams takes its rise high
up on the Mountain Jacko, and after flowing under Comber-
mere bridge, at which place is the Central Bowlee or reservoir
of water, it forms a series of waterfalls, at the second of
which it becomes sufficiently considerable to have a name,
and is called the “Somali” river. Beyond the Choura
Maidan is Burra Simla with the principal Bazaar and the
majority of the leading shops and places of business. The
Church here forms a prominent object. The native Bazaar
running through the very heart of the station, giving offence
to every passer by, is at last condemned, and is being
destroyed piece-meal by the authorities, who are now having
erected, in lieu of the irregular and wretched looking huts,
a series of substantial shops on an uniform and convenient
plan.
Divisions.


4. HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA,
Jacko is a large mountain even when looked at from
Jacko. so high a level as the plateau of the
Church ; it is five miles in circum-
ference at this altitude and is here spoken of, though in-
correctly, as its base. A broad road runs round it, being,
called on the west and south aspect “The Mall.” This
road is now under re-construction to form a carriage drive,
it is being widened to a minimum width of twenty five
feet and levelled, the depressions filled up, and the ascents
cut down. On the East face of Jacko, the original
road has been abandoned and a new level taken below
it to avoid a considerable ascent. “The Mall” is under-
going great alterations; an entirely new piece of road
below “Gorton Castle” will connect it with the “Choura
Maidan,” thus giving the Public an almost level road of
about nine miles in extent, forming one of the greatest
“improvements,” Simla has known for many years. The
cost of this road alone, it is thought, will swallow up
almost entirely, if not exceed, the Imperial grant of a lakh
of rupees allowed for the improvements in the Simla roads.
To the extreme South from the Church lies Chota
Simla with its Bazaar. To the North, the wood or
“ Lakar Bazaar” and the hill of Elysium. To the North
East, or as it is more generally called the “back of Jacko,”
are but few houses, this portion being much in shade and
exposed to the cold from the Snowy Range. The road
leading into the Great Hindostan and Thibet road, branches
off from Jacko on the East towards Mahasoo and Mushobra.
Magnificient views of the Snowy Range are to be had
- from many points, the best perhaps
rº of the Snowy being that obtained on the ...;
now cleared of shops, just above
the Burra Simla Bazaar from Observatory hill and from
houses located on the Northern face of mount Jacko and
Bentinck Hill.


ROUTES. 5
ROUTES.
UMBALLA To KALKA.
Simla, or as it is often facetiously called “Capua,” and
has been styled by our statesman at home, “the Viceroy's
Shooting Box,” is the largest, most fashionable and most
frequented of our hill Sanataria.
The traveller from the Plains leaves the Railway at
the Umballa Station, and journeys thence by Dák Gharry
to Kalka, at the foot of the Himalayas.
The distance between Umballa and Kalka is 38 miles,
and the journey, if the Dák Gharry is well horsed, seldom
occupies above five hours being frequently accomplished
in four.
Thus the traveller can partake of dinner comfortably
at any of the several hotels in Umballa, order his Gharry
to be ready at the door about 11 P. M.—arrange his bedding
therein—stretch himself comfortably in it for a nap, and
find himself at Kalka about day-break.
The road is tolerably good the whole way and in some
parts excellent.
The only Dák Bungalow on this road is at Bussee.
The Gumba, a torrent which flows down from the
mountains, is crossed at about two thirds of the way, and
though the stream is shallow, a long extent of sand on either
bank, which is covered with water during the monsoon rains,
is heavy and necessitates bullocks being substituted for
horses to drag the Gharry across the sandy bed of the river.
After heavy rain in the hills, this stream becomes so
swollen, and the current so extremely strong and rapid,
that Dák Gharries, and carts are occasionally delayed for


6 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
some hours, on either bank, and on these occasions, the
post is conveyed across by elephants.
Having passed through a gap in the Sewalick range
and by Pinjore, where are the celebrated gardens belonging
to the Rajah of Puttialla,” the traveller soon reaches Kalka.
At Kalka, which is 2,400 feet above sea level, there is
a Telegraph Office, and accommodation is to be had at any
of the several Hotels. Here it is necessary for the traveller
to decide by which route he intends ascending the hill—
there being two, the first, the new or Cart road—the second,
the old Staging Road. The former is the one now most in
vogue and is traversed in a Tonga drawn by two ponies
harnessed curricle fashion: by this route the traveller is en-
abled to complete his journey in about eight hours. By
the latter, he proceeds in a Jampan or by horse Dák, the
journey by this route occupies two days by Jampan and by
horse Dâk ten to eighteen hours.
Whichever route is decided on, it is desirable to start
from Kalka in the morning, as early as possible. Heavy
baggage must in any case be sent by coolies, who generally
take two days to reach Simla by the old road, or by bullock
carts which on an average, require three days to get up the
hill by the new road.
RALKA To SIMLA—BY THE NEW, or CART RoAD.
This road originally bore the ostentatious but perfectly
applicable title of “The Grand Hindostan and Thibet road,”
though now, the continuation beyond Simla, leading into
the interior of the Mountains is alone thus designated.
*
* The Pinjore gardens were originally laid out by a Mussal-
man Chief, one of the nobles of the Court of Akbar, and must have
been very beautiful, as they possess many natural advantages, far
superior to those enjoyed by the far famed Shalimar Gardens at
Lahore, though now they present a somewhat neglected appearance,


ROUTES. 7
It was commenced in June 1850, by Major Kennedy,
Secretary to Sir Charles Napier, the natives for a long time
calling it “ Kengree Sahib ke Surruck.”
Major Kennedy was the Engineer employed under
the orders of Sir Charles Napier, to commence the carrying
out of Lord Dalhousie's views regarding the opening of, and
constructing a road, that eventually should be the means
of bringing the countries lying North of the vast barrier
of the Himalayas, into more intimate connection, in the way
of traffic and commerce, with British India than had hither-
to been practicable. This great undertaking excites our
admiration, while it enhances in a wonderful manner the
comfort of the traveller from the plains. The road is carried
with great engineering skill along the sides of the hills,
rising so gradually that the ascent is almost imperceptible,
the gradient is, on an average, two feet in every hundred,
while in many places the road is almost level, so that when
observed from some opposite hill it has the appearance of a
line drawn across the hill sides with mathematical precision;
in a very few places, where unavoidable, the gradient rises
to the extent of seven per cent but this is the exception.
Firm and solid bridges have been built over the mountain
streams, and where it was found impossible to cut into the
massive rock, beams have been inserted into it, supported
by cross pieces, on which thick planks are laid and thus a
causeway made, running along the very face of the perpen-
dicular rock.
Simla, though situated so far in the interior of the hills
is rendered by this means easily reached from the plains,
and thus the reproach of inaccessibility is effectually removed.
Several branch roads have now been completed leading
to the Military Stations of Dugshaie, Kussowlie and
Subathoo ; also one to Buddee leading directly into the
Punjab, all equally good.


8 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
The first stage, on the Cart Road, is Dhurrumpore.
Here is a capital Dâk Bungalow,
now seldom used ; it is situated just
under the hill of Kussowlie. -
The traveller passes close under the Dugshaie Hill and
has just time to get a glimpse of the Barracks perched high
up on its crest, when he is whirled round a corner of the
road and they are lost to view.
The second stage Solon, is just about half way to Simla—
here there is a Government Dák
Bungalow and a Rest house where
refreshments are procurable. At Solon there is generally
a detachment of the Regiment which is stationed at Subathoo,
practising Musketry drill—a native Bazaar, and a small tea
Plantation, with a picturesquely situated dwelling house,
formerly the property of the late General Innes, but now
belonging to the Rana of Baghaut in whose territory the
land lies.
Dhurrumpore.
Solon.
After leaving Solon, the only point of special interest,
before reaching the next stage is a Shooting Box, or moun-
tain residence, of the Puttialla Raja at Seereenuggur, which
remains in sight for a long time, as the road here winds and
twists considerably.
The movement of the Tonga is so rapid, the jolting so
great, the dust so blinding, that the traveller has neither
inclination nor ability to notice as much on this road, as he
can on the old staging one, which is traversed in a more
leisurely manner. It might be well if the traveller provided
himself with a large veil as a protector to his eyes, from
the great dust.
The third stage is Kearee Ghaut. Here also is a large
Government Dák Bungalow, now
Kearee Ghaut. but little frequented. only 15 miles
remain, to complete the journey to Simla, but the traveller


1() HAND-GUIDE AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
with the Dhoon between the Himalayas and the Sewalick,
lying as though mapped out at your very feet.
From Kussowlie, the traveller dips at once into a deep
--- valley, almost at the bottom of
Kukker Huttee. which, is the second stage called
Kukker Huttee. The road is in parts very steep, though
tolerably level while passing under Subathoo, the barracks
of which place are seen perched up on the heights above,
as Kukker Huttee is neared. Here is a comfortable rest-
house, a branch of Lowrie's Hotel. At this place the
traveller generally finds it convenient to break his journey,
and remain the night ; resuming his march as early as
possible the following morning, for the two remaining stages
into Simla are both long and steep. About two miles from
The Gumbar. Rukker Huttee, the Gumbar is
crossed—a pretty iron suspension
bridge spans the stream. The Scenery in the deep gorge
through which the river flows is wild and picturesque, the
bed of the river being confined between high and precipitous
cliffs; a mountain torrent flows into it just above the bridge.
A short distance beyond, there is another rest-house at a
place called Hurreepoor, so the
traveller can either remain at
Kukker Huttee or at this place, as he may feel inclined.
The heat all along this valley is very great, and refreshing
indeed is the breeze, which meets the traveller, as he begins
the ascent up to Syree, the next stage. The road again is
very steep, indeed the ascent is nearly as continuous as was
the descent from Kussowlie to Kukker Huttee, the whole
of this route is tedious, and toilsome owing to the many
ascents and descents; altogether the roughness of the road
is so great, that it is seldom used, except by those to whom
time is no particular object, and who can afford to spare two
or three days, marching quietly stage by stage. Ladies
however accompanied by young children, frequently prefer
Hurreepoor,


TOUTES. 11
this road, as the journey by Tonga, is still more fatiguing
for children. More of the country perhaps is seen along
this route as the traveller plods leisurely along, now dipping
into sequestered vallies, passing villages, generally so
picturesquely situated, and now rising to the top of some
high peak, and from thence gaining a wide extented prospect
of this region of mountains, than on the Cart road, which
is carried along the sides of the hills, sweeping up by a
gently rising gradient, and where the view is, in comparison,
more limited, and hence less interesting in point of beautiful
Scenery.
At Syree is a rest house, but it has nothing particular
to recommend it, beyond the fact,
- that the traveller is glad to reach
it, if only to rest his weary limbs. The soil in the vicinity
is very fertile, and it is well watered, the hill men have
taken advantage of this, and laid out gardens for the growth
of vegetables and strawberries, finding the cultivation of
cabbages &c, and of this fruit, more profitable than the usual
produce of their fields. Simla is greately dependent,
during the summer months, on these gardens for its supplies
of vegetables.
Syree.
From Syree again the road is rough, steep and very
- trying nearly the whole distance
Jattiah Dabee. º simia. Atº passing Syree,
the only spot worthy of mention is Jattiah Dabee, about
half way to Simla, where an annual fair for trading purposes
takes place, and where among other articles for sale or
barter, young hill girls are brought, to be purchased by
aspiring bridegrooms . There is a small Hindoo Temple
here, inside a walled enclosure overshadowed by some fine
trees, one of great age, a Semul Cotton, which bears pods
filled with a soft silky substance resembling cotton which
is much used for pillows.


CONCINSE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 15
on the South, had been conquered by the sturdy little race,
called the Goorkhas, inhabitants of Nepaul, the Rajah of
which country, on the one hand, as also the Sikhs of the
Punjab on the other, seemed to have looked on the whole
of this part of the Himalayas as their natural prey, and had
wrested the country from the different chieftains, the
legitimate owners of the soil.
The wretched inhabitants, harassed by foes on all sides,
groaning under a foreign yoke, their lands devastated, their
women and children carried away into slavery—in despair
of being able to rid themselves of their oppressors, who had
fastened like leeches on the land, their misery augmented
by internal dissensions among their own Chieftains, and no
longer able to endure the sufferings imposed on them, by
their ruthless and cruel conquerors, called in the aid of the
British, and entreated them to free their country from the
intolerable burden of the invaders. The British Govern-
ment consented to aid them, and General Sir David
Ochterlony was appointed to conduct the Campaign; this
he brought to a successful termination, on the I5th of May,
1815, by the storming of the Fortress of Malown, the last
stronghold of the Goorkhas. The Ghoorkha General,
the famous Ummer Sing Thappa and the Ghoorka Officer
who commanded the Fort, Buckta Thappa, equally famous
for the stout resistance he made against the British Forces
were both slain in the assault. The British Detachment
sent against Malown occupied the whole of the ground, a
small valley below the Fort, and during the seige which
lasted some days were encamped in a village called Deonthul.
Here lie buried two officers who lost their lives in the
contest, Captain Showers, and Lieutenant Lawtie ; tombs
were subsequently placed over their graves, which have
survived the ravages of time, and to the memory of the
latter officer a monument was erected by the Indian Army
in the Cathedral Church in Calcutta.


16 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
For the details of this Campaign, the reader is referred
to the able works of Fraser, Prinsep and others, it is simply
desirable here to shew, by what means, the English gained
a footing in the Himalayas in general, and Simla, and the
country surrounding it, in particular.
On the Hill Chieftains begging for assistance in
driving out the Goorkhas, the Government of India issued
a Proclamation, through Sir David Ochterlony, to the effect
that all who combined with our troops in expelling the
invader, should have their lands restored to them, and
should further enjoy the benefit of British protection. On
the close of the Campaign, this promise was duly carried
out : each Chief had all that had been taken from him by
the Goorkhas restored, together with all feudal rights and
privileges, with some few provisos, principal amongst which
was, that should any chief die without legitimate male
heirs, his territory should revert to the British Govern-
ment ; a similar agreement had been entered into with the
protected Sikh States in 1809 : after the Mutiny however,
on the Government reverting to the Crown, this proviso
was rendered null and void, by the privilege then granted
to all the Princes in India, of being permitted to adopt an
heir should there be failure of legitimate issue.
Sir David Ochterlony was, no doubt, a far sighted
diplomatist, as well as a distinguished general, in making
this stipulation with the Hill Chiefs. He seemed to have
looked forward into the future, having in his mind the idea
that the time might come, when the slopes, and valleys of
the Himalayas might be eagerly longed for by the English
settler; he therefore, it is presumed, so arranged that
Government, without having recourse to the somewhat
doubtful policy of annexation, might by a natural conse-
quence find themselves in possession of lands which should


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 17
they be occupied by Europeans. would most assuredly
give a more solid, and a firmer hold in India to the British
rule. This supposed desire has however been totally
frustrated by the edict which gave to the Princes, what to
them was so inestimable a boon, the right of adoption.
During the Campaign of 1815, the Rajah of Puttialla
rendered some assistance to the British arms, not so
much with the force he brought into the field, as by provid-
ing Commissariat Stores; for these valuable services certain
portions of the Hill districts, in the State of Keonthul and
Bughaut, yielding a revenue of Rs. 53,000 were bestowed
upon him, whilst he was allowed to purchase further lands,
on paying a sum of two lakhs and eighty thousand rupees.
Thus large tracts in the Cis-Sutlej Hills became attached to
the territory of the Rajah of Puttialla.
A few spots, here and there, were retained by Sir
David Ochterlony, as military posts, amongst others
Rotegurh and Subathoo, the latter was formerly a Military
post of the Goorkhas during their occupation of the country.
Subsequently a Political Agent was appointed to reside at
the latter place, and in him the general superintendence
of the Hill States was vested. The appointment was first
held by the officer commanding the Nusseeree Battalion,
this corps was raised from the remnant of the Goorkha
army which at the close of the Campaign laid down their
arms, and expressed a desire to enter the British Service,
and the Battalion was then appointed to be stationed at
Subathoo.
It was absolutely necessary, for the due understanding
of the means by which the British first gained a footing
in the Himalayas to give the above details. This has been
done, in as concise a form, as the subject admitted, and is
but a preamble to the history of Simla itself, now become
perhaps, the most flourishing of all the Sanataria.


18 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
Sometime in the year 1822, an English traveller
followed by a few attendants slowly wended his way
through the dense forests, and thickly growing underwood
of the Himalayas ; he had left far behind him, on the
lower ranges, the mangoe with its dark green leaf the wide
spreading peepul, the cactus, the palm and all other
tropical vegetation—onwards he strained, now toiling up a
steep acclivity, then descending by a precipitous track
into a narrow valley, through which the mountain stream
dashed noisily along in its rocky bed, once more to ascend
some giddy height. Here his eyes rested on the giant
rhododendron, covered with clusters of rich crimson
blossoms, a little further on, and pines, cedars and firs of
various kinds, towering with Savage beauty to the sky
met his view. Above all, he now caught sight of the
glistening pinnacles of the Snowy range, a prospect unsur-
passed for grandeur in the world, till at length wearied out
with his journey, he threw himself down on the green
sward, under the shade of the dark cedars, and gave himself
up to the exquisite pleasure of inhaling the cool breeze,
fragrant with the perfume of the wild thyme and the
resinous scent from the pines and firs, which played so
refreshingly round him.
Near this spot stood a small village upwards of 7000 feet
above the level of the sea-—this village was Simla, and this
traveller was Kennedy, the man who first brought the place
to the notice of the public.
Captain Gerard, a former traveller, in his journal had
casually mentioned Simla, or Semla, as the hill people
called it, some years before in 1817, but he spoke of it, as
“a mere halting ground —a name given to a few miserable
cultivators huts”—and it was left to Captain Kennedy
the officer who then commanded at Subathoo, and who
was the Political Agent in these hills for many years, to
draw the attention of Government to this beautiful spot—to


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 19
erect the first European habitation, and thus to lay the
foundation of the present Mountain City. There is a legend,
however, that after the close of the Campaign of 1815,
Lieutenant Ross, the Governor General's Agent for the Hill
States, predecessor to Captain Kennedy, making a tour
through the hills, pitched a tent in the part now known as
Chota Simla, thatching it to keep out the rain, lived there
during the monsoon, and that the officers belonging to the
Nusseeree Battalion stationed at Subathoo were in the
habit of roaming over these bills in search of game, the
picturesque scenery, and to wile away the dull hours of
military life in a time of peace. This however is only
traditionary and not much to be relied on.
Since that time, the aspect of the Sanatarium, has
greatly altered ; the sequestered little hill village has utterly
disappeared, and on its site has long been standing the
building which was for many years the” Post Office, and
several other private dwellings. Ridge upon ridge, and
peak upon peak, of the surounding hills, with their slopes,
have been rapidly covered with houses, even Jacko, the
mountain monarch has been overcome, and his very summit
crowned with dwellings.
Every available spot from the wooded nooks of Elysium,
towards the North, and Boileau Gunge to the West, to the
more barren hills, beyond what is called Chota Simla to the
South and East, has its house, or group of houses. Excel-
lent and in some parts broad roads have been constructed
leading round the hills, and up their precipitous sides, or
down the glens and valleys. Bazaars, Shops, Hotels,
Library, Reading-rooms, a Cutcherry, Jail and and all the
numerous improvements which civilization brings in its
train rapidly sprang up. A Church was erected, schools
* The Post Office was removed in 1878 to another building
near the Mall.


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 21
ed to the inhabitants of Calcutta, the best possible proof.
of the healthiness of the situation. Many sketches of the
magnificient scenery which surrounds Simla, besides the
many lovely views in the station itself, were taken and
exhibited to admiring friends, serving thus to make the
place still more known, and year after year its fame became
more and more established, till it became frequently the
resort of the idle, the invalid, the artist, the sportsman,
and in fact of all those whose duties and finances enabled
them to leave the arid plains behind them, if even but for
a few weeks. -
Captain Mundy, A. D. C. to Lord Combermere writes
of the period of His Excellency's visit “that Subathoo is
the most Northern European settlement in India, except
Koteghur, which latter place is situated some sixty miles
in the interior of the mountains and is a small military
post on the banks of the Sutlej, retained by Sir David
Ochterlony as a British Possession, in order to keep the
Sikhs from encroaching on the right bank of the river.”
Captain Gerard commanded for some years two
companies of the Nusseeree Battalion, which from 1815
garrisoned the little military outpost of Kotegurh ; to him
and to his two brothers are the public indebted, for Sur-
veys, measurements, and much scientific knowledge of
these hills.
The East India Company had also a trading Establish-
ment at Kotegurh for Pushum or shawl wool, as they were
anxious to divert the trade in this article from Cashmere
to our own territories; the principal mart for this wool
is Garoo, or Gartope in Chinese Tartary, from which place
it is brought to Kotegurh through the valley of Kunawar.
Garoo is not far from the lake of Mansurowur; it is only
in these regions that the goat, from which the wool is
procured, thrives ; this softest and silkiest of wool called


22 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
Pushum is an under growth found next the skin of the
animal below the over-lying shaggy rough hair.
To Captain Mundy are we also indebted for an account
of some incidents which occurred during the residence of
Lord Combermere in Sinla. Among others he mentions
the construction of the bridge which still bears the name
of “Combermere”—and of the road which encircles Jacko.
Writing of the bridge Captain Mundy says:—“During the
progress of this miniature Simplon which occupied the hours
before breakfast, and those of the afternoon, the attendant
A. D. C. amused himself by watching the formation of the
mines for blasting the rocks, the cutting down of trees,
making grotesque rustic arbours, or whistling after the huge
blocks of stone, which moved by levers off the road, toppled,
bounded, and crashed through the wooded declivity into the
valley below.” This slight description gives a glimpse of
the kind of life led by the first visitors, to Simla, and shews
it to have been rather more rural, than that of the present
day. Lord Combermere, before returning to the plains,
penetrated into the interior of the hills, as far as the
Borenda pass across the Snowy Range, the summit of which
is 15,095 feet above sea level.
That talented French traveller, M. Victor Jacquemont, in
describing Simla in the year 1830, wrote thus:—“this place
“ is the resort of the rich, the idle and the invalid. The
“Officer charged with the political service of this extremity
“ of the empire, which was acquired only fifteen years
“ago, bethought himself, nine years since, of leaving his
“palace in the plains during the heats of a terrible summer,
“and encamping under the shade of the cedars. A few
“friends came to visit him there. The situation and climate
“appeared admirable. Some hundreds of mountaineers
“were summoned, who felled the trees around, squared
“ them rudely, and assisted by workmen from the plains
w


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 23
“in a month constructed a spacious house. Each of the
“guests wished to have one also, there are upwards of sixty
“scattered over the peaks of the mountains or their
“declivities: thus a considerable village has arisen as it
“were by enchantment.”
Captain Kennedy the officer to whom Jacquemont
alludes, while the building of his house was in progress,
took possession of an old Hindoo temple, which he converted
into an habitation. Other visitors as they came up pitched
tents, and sheltered themselves the best way they could, till
they were able to erect dwellings, choosing for themselves
a site wherever they fancied, thus the Sanatarium grew,
but as the fancy of each individual was various, no regu-
larity was maintained in the ariangement of the Sanatarium.
Timber of the very best description for building was
found in such abundance in Simla, generally on the very
spot chosen as the site of a house, that the trees were merely
roughly squared after being felled, and then built into the
walls with rough stones (clay slate), quarried also on the
ground. Bricks were only used for fire places, chimnies,
&c.; the roofs being most frequently made of earth laid on
flat boards, and beaten into a compact mass, which had to
be rebeaten after every shower of rain ; a few houses only,
had then shingle or slate roofs.
As retired and invalided officers began to settle in
Simla, making it their permenant residence, in preference
to going to England, Native Merchants came up and opened
shops; the first English Merchant was Mr. Barrett, of a
firm called Munro & Co., and he subsequently became one
of the largest house owners.
A Colony of Cashmeerees sprang up, who dealing in
wollen fabrics were naturally much patronized in a cold
climate.


26 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
who one and all speak and write of the place, as one of the
most enchanting spots in the world—the ground carpeted
with flowers, the hills shaded by noble trees, and every
slope and nook surrounded on all sides with flowering and
sweet scented thickets of shrubs, dog roses, woodbine, and
many another climbing plant.
Lord Dalhousie, father of the late Governor General
of the same name, succeeding Lord Combermere as
Commander-in-Chief, resided in Simla, during the season
of 1832, and in the same year, Lord William Bentinck
the Governor General also came up ; so this year was mark-
ed as the first in which the two highest authorities in India,
both Civil and Military were here together. Both Lord
and Lady Bentinck did much for the benefit of the Station,
and out of their private purse, built a hospital and a “Serai,”
for the natives ; their open-handedness and unbounded
charity to the poor, were so noted that they were greatly
beloved by all high and low.
Sir Alexander Burnes, then only a Lieutenant, first
came to Simla in 1832, to render to the Governor General
an account of his Mission to the Court of Runjeet Sing,
where he had been sent with presents by William IV. and
a letter from Lord Ellenborough, then President of the
Board of Control. He paid the Sanatarium a second visit
in 1837, after he had withdrawn from Cabul, and had
accompanied Sir W MacNaughten to the celebrated con-
ference with Runjeet Sing's Counsellors at Adeenanuggur,
held to arrange the preliminaries of a tripartite treaty for
re-seating Shah Soojah on the throne of Cabul. Lord W.
Bentinck in 1832, received in Simla a complimentary
mission from Runjeet Sing, composed of nearly the same
courtiers, who had been deputed to wait on Lord Amherst
in 1827, among whom was the celebrated Faqueer Azeez-
oo-deen. It was then that the interview, which took place


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 29
as “Government House;" it was the scene of many a brilliant
ball, and amusing theatricals.”
On the 7th May 1838, another Embassy from Ranjeet
Sing arrived in Simla. The Mission was ostensibly headed
by a young Rajah, a relation of the great Maharaja, as
ambassador, but the actual “chargé d'affaires” was again
the famous Faqueer Azeez-oo-deen, the same suave courtier
who headed the former Embassy in the time of Lord W.
Bentinck. To Azeez-oo-deen was entrusted the management
of the principal object for which the Embassy came up, and
that was to arrange the preliminaries of the interview,
which afterwards took place at Ferozepore, between Lord
Auckland and the Ruler of the Punjab, on the 27th Novem-
ber, of the same year. The ceremony of receiving the
Mission took place at “Government House,” when, to do
honor to the Ambassador a Company of the Nusseeree
Battalion was drawn up on one side of the entrance, as a
guard of honor. The visit ended by Lord Auckland ap-
pointing the time for meeting Runjeet Sing at Ferozepoor.
At this interview, Sir Henry Fane presented to the
Rajah, from the British Government, among other valuable
articles, two brass nine pounder Howitzers, having engraved
on them, one of Runjeet Sing's Orders, “The Star of
the Punjab”—these guns were used against the British
in the first Sikh campaign, at the battle of Moodkee, and
were identified as the same, on the arrival at Calcutta, of
the captured Ordnance belonging to the Sikhs . A fact
which should, yet has not detered Government from continuing
to give such dangerous presents, to those who may become
enemies, and have the power to turn the very kindness of
Britain into instruments of destruction against her armies.
* This building was purchased in 1868, for “The Punjab Girls
School,” by the local Governors of Bishop Cotton School.


30 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
The celebrated Tripartite Treaty of June 1838, between
the British Government, that of the Punjab and Shah Soojah
of Cabul, was planned and prepared in Simla. This Treaty
caused the invasion of Afghanistan in 1839, and all our
subsequent triumphs, as well as sad disasters in that country.
It was at Simla also, on the first of October of the same year
that the Proclamation of Lord Auckland was issued, declar-
ing the restoration of Shah Soojah.
In 1831 there were only sixty houses in the Station,
but by 1838 double that number had been erected The
population of the Sanatarium was becoming migratory, and
in this respect Simla began to resemble each year more
and more the fashionable watering places in England, and
on the Continent, in having a regular “Season,” for the
influx of visitors.
In this year the Mr. Barrett, before mentioned as the
first merchant, who established himself in Simla instituted a
Library, Reading and Billiard Rooms,
On the 19th May 1838, the Free Masons held their
first meeting in Simla and established a Lodge, which was
named the “Himalayan Brotherhood " No. 459.
The Lodge was established originally under the auspices
of two Past Masters, Worshipful Brother G. L. Hoff
and Worshipful brother H. G. Goulard, the latter of whom
worked the Lodge for the first year of its existence. At the
annual election Mr. R. B. Macdonald a partner in the
then leading firm of the place, Messers Barratt & Co.—was
elected master for the following year 1839.
A very curious incident took place during a masonic
procession, the first that ever occurred in the Himalayas,
which is worth relating. This procession led by one or two
members of the Lodge, with the Governor General's band
playing in front, while passing through the bazaar seemed


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 31
to attract especially the notice of some Afghan Merchants
who were in the crowd, and to the surprise of some of the
fraternity, these Afghans gave the true Masonic sign.
On the circumstance being subsequently mentioned to
Sir Alexander Burnes, who visited the Lodge two or
three times during his stay in Simla, after war had been
declared with Cabul, that gentleman stated he had fre-
quently met Afghans during his travels, who were acquainted
with the mysteries of Masonry as far as the first and second
degrees, some expressing themselves as being most anxious
to be raised to the third degree, but had not had the
opportunity.
An Alm's House for poor Natives, and a school for the
children of the hill people were established in this year
through the liberality of the Political Agent, and the chari-
table visitors to the station ; a Fancy Fair was held two
years in succession in the little valley called Annandale
under the patronage of Lord Auckland and his sisters, the
proceeds of which, went to swell the fund provided by the
Political Agent. The former institution, has fallen into
abeyance, the latter formed the nucleus of the existing
Government Native school.
In 1839 for the first time, the Hill Chiefs of the Cis-
Sutlej States, were received by the Governor General, who
held a Durbar, when the Political Agent introduced them
to Lord Auckland.
Neither the Governor General, nor the Commander-in
Chief, visited Simla in 1840, but the Bishop of Calcutta
(Daniel Wilson) paid it his second visit, and resided in
“Government House.”
A meeting of the leading residents was held in Decem-
ber this year (1840) for the purpose of considering and
adopting the best measures for establishing a mission


32 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
Station, at the military outpost of Kotegurh ; this was
suggested by an unexpected offer made by Captain Philip
Jackson a retired officer of the Bengal Artillery to give Rs.
600, annually towards the object. A subscription list was
opened, headed of course by Captain Jackson, and annual
subscriptions to a large amount having been also promised
by Mr. Gorton of the Civil Service, General T. P. Smith,
Colonel Tapp the political agent, Dr. Laughton the Civil
Surgeon and others, the mission was established under
the auspices of the Church mission Society, and called
“The Himalayan Church Missionary Society.” Mr.
Prochnow, a German who was sent out by the Church
Missionary Society to take charge, was subsequently
ordained, in Simla in 1844, by the Bishop of Calcutta.
In this year, several houses were built by private
individuals on the hill of Kussowlie, but in 1842, the
Government considering it a suitable spot for a military
cantonment, resumed the grants of land that had been
made, remitting such of the ground rents as had been paid
to the holders of all lands required for the site of public
buildings.
The prevailing tree on the hill of Kussowlie is the
pine called locally “Cheel,” (pinus longifolia) so densely
does this grow, that when the spot began first to be cleared
for building on—two thousand were cut down on one grant
alone, which did not exceed two hundred yards square.
The road which had hitherto been used through Barh
to Simla, became gradually abandoned after the settlement
of Kussowlie, in favor of the present one, called the old
staging road, running through Kussowlie, and having Kalka,
at the foot of the hills, as the resting place for travellers
from the plains. The water at Kussowlie is considered
exceedingly good for the manufacture of beer, and conse-


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 33
quently this place was chosen first, by “Dyer Brothers,”
for the establishment of a Brewery and subsequently by
Meakin and Co. The first regiment stationed in this little
cantonment, was the 13th Light Infantry, after their return
from Cabul in 1843.
The Political Agent Colonel Tapp, resigned office in
1841, and was succeeded by the Hon’ble Mr. Erskine; the
command of the Nusseeree Battalion devolved on General
Penny and so, for the first time, the two appointments were
separated, and no longer held, as hitherto, by one individual.
During the period that Colonel Tapp held office, great im-
provements were made in the roads—nearly thirty miles
were railed in-and the indiscriminate felling of trees within
the boundaries of Simla, prohibited, fines being levied on
all infractors of this rule.
Lord Ellenborough successor to Lord Auckland, and
Sir Jasper Nicholls the Commander-in-Chief succeeding
Sir Henry Fane, both resided in Simla in 1842; in
this year was issued from Simla, the Proclamation intimat-
ing the abandonment of Afghanistan, Lord Ellenborough
by it, entirely repudiating the policy of Lord Auckland.
Jutogh, a few miles from the entrance to Simla on the
Boileaugunge side, was made a Military Station, and the
Nusseeree Battalion from Subathoo removed to it in 1843.
The North West Bank of India at Meerut, while
Major Angelo was the Secretary, established a branch at
Simla in 1843, under the management of Dr. Laughton.
Two years afterwards this was closed under an arrangement
with the proprietors of the freshly organised Simla Bank.
This institution was proposed and started in 1845 by the
indefatigable and enterprizing Mr. Barrett in a freak after
a dinner party, Captain Hay, the Governor General's Agent
for the Protected Hill States, was the first Secretary. A
branch was opened in Amballa in 1846; another in London


34 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
about the same time under Dr. Stephens, who nearly
swamping the Bank by granting irreclaimable loans caused
this portion to be soon closed.
Lady Sale, Lady MacNaughten, and some others of
the prisoners in Cabul, after their release made the Sana-
tarium their residence, attracting much notice owing to
the trials they had undergone. Sir Hugh Gough, successor
to Sir Jasper Nicholls made Simla his Head Quarters
during 1844. His Excellency and Lady Gough, did much
towards rendering Simla attactive by their warm hearted
hospitality.
The great event of the year however was the laying
of the foundation stone of the Church, which was desig-
nated “Christ Church”; the ceremony was performed on
the 9th September 1844 by the Bishop of Calcutta, in the
presence of His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief, Sir
Hugh Gough, and of most of the residents of the Station.
A spot for the Church having been levelled in a com-
manding and centrical situation on a spur of Jacko
the edifice was begun, and though not completed, was
opened for Divine Service in May 1847 by Acrhdeacon
Dealtry. The original estimate for the building was only
Rs. 16,000, but the cost came to about Rs. 80,000, of which
Government gave Rs. 55,000, and the remainder was contri-
buted by private individuals. The Gallery was added in
1855, and an excellent organ presented by Lady Gomm.
The clock was put up in 1860. The bell was cast in
Ferozepore, the metal of which it is composed, is from a
mortar used against the British Army by the Sikhs in the
first Punjab Campaign. There are only sittings in the
church for 300 persons, not now sufficient for the increase
in the population, especially during the “Season.”
The following is the Inscription on the corner stone:–
The first corner stone of A NEW CHURCH for the Station


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 35
of Simla to be called and known as CHRIST CHURCH SIMLA,
was solemnly deposited with prayers to ALMIGHTY God, for
his blessing on the designer, the architect, the builder
and all the benefactors to the same, BY DANIEL, BISHOP of
CALCUTTA AND METRoPoLITAN OF INDIA, in the presence of
His ExCELLENCY SIR HUGH Gough BART G. C. B. Com-
mander-in-Chief in India, THE HON. J. CADWALLADER
ERskINE, Sub-Commissioner North West Frontier, and of
several of the Gentry, and Military Officers residents in
Simla, on the 9th of September A. D. 1844. In the eighth
year of the reign of HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA, THE
RIGHT HON. SIR. H. HARDINGE BART, G. C. B., being
Governor General of India, and THT Hon. JAMES THOMA-
son Lieutenant Governor of North West Provinces, Des soli
per Jesu Christum sit Gloria in semptiterum.
A great fire broke out in the main bazaar destroying
much property, during this year, 1844, so full of incidents
interesting in the annals of the Sanatarium.
The enterprizing Mr. Barrett opened an Hotel which
was called the Pavilion, (afterwards Royal, now Lowrie's
Hotel), in 1845. The Pavilion was erected on the site
of a two roomed cottage built by a Mr. Ewart in 1827. An
establishment of the kind had been opened in 1843 at a
house called “Abbeville” but shortly afterwards this house
was purchased by several shareholders, for the purpose
of converting it into Public Assembly Rooms for Theatrical
performances, balls and suppers ; subsequently a Racket
Court was added, but though the buildings stand, and are
still used for the same purpose, they have several times
changed hands, the Racket Court however, now forms a
portion of the Simla Market.
A Government order appointing Mr. Mines, to superin-
tend the felling of timber in the forest above the banks of
the Sutlej was issued this year. The timber was floated


36 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
down the river for public works at Ferozepoor. The appoint-
ment was held by Mr. Mines till his death two years after,
when it was given to Lieutenant Pengree, a retired officer,
and shortly afterwards was abolished.
Prince Waldemar with his suite, the Counts Gruben
and Oriolo, visited Simla in 1845. He entertained the
community at a fête-champêtre in the valley of Annandale,
a circumstance which was often alluded to, after the giver
had gone to that distant bourn, whence no traveller returns ;
he was killed during the battle of Ferozshar, of which he
was a spectator.
Before the close of the season of 1845, Sir Hugh Gough
and all officers on leave, were obliged to quit Simla hastily
to join the army then assembling on the banks of the Sutlej
for the struggle which resulted eventually in adding the
Punjab to the British Possessions.
During the following year, a stranger would have
taken Simla to be a dépot for the maimed and wounded
of the Army, so many of those who had suffered came up,
to endeavour to recruit their health ; many of the visitors
went about on crutches, or with an arm bandaged, and
many a brave soldier was to be seen scarred for life, but
of which scars he was naturally proud ; Sir Henry Hardinge,
the one armed Governor General, and Sir Hugh Gough being
the lions of the day. Simla was so full this season, that not
a house remained unoccupied.
In 1847 Mr. Edwards was appointed Political Agent
in the room of the Hon’ble Mr. Erskine, who took up the
appointment of Resident at Katmandoo.
Mr. Edwards established a “Gunge” or open market
for the sale of grain, and other articles, principally of food.
The “Kötwallee”, (now called a Police Station) was
erected, an Hospital for small-Pox patients was built at


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 37
some distance from the populated parts of the Station, at
the back of Jacko—which has since been abolished—and
various other public buildings and works were commenced,
constructed or contemplated, such as the Jail, the Kutcherry,
a new road to Annandale, and the public Gardens in that
valley. The Gardens were commenced under the guidance
of the well know Botanist and Horticulturist Dr. Jameson,
Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens in Saharumpoor, a
Race-course was made round the garden and a cricket
ground &c. Annandale is a very favorite spot for picnics—
and all public outdoor sports, having the advantge of being
the only tolerably level space in Simla. It would be even a
greater favorite as a resort for the public, if it were not for
the steep descent to it, and the toilsome ascent, which has
again to be faced on a return from it. Another road how-
ever has lately been constructed made by the 23rd Pioneers
in 1877, which though longer, is of an easier gradient than
the old now almost disused steep descent.
The first printing Press was established in 1848, called
the “Albion Press,” and from it was issued the “ Mountain
Monitor,” edited by Dr. W. L. McGregor ; the first
number of this journal saw light on the 15th May, and
after struggling with many difficulties, through the season,
came to an untimely end on the 2nd October of the same
year. A native paper styled the “Simla Akbar” was also
printed at a small lithograph press, but that also ceased at
the close of the same year.
An advertising sheet come out entitled “The Simla
Intelligencer” in 1850, lasting two years—and another was
issued in 1851 called the “Simla Advertiser,” which conti-
nued for many years.
Three Merchants from Yarkund, found their way
across the Snowy Range to Simla, exciting much notice by
the novelty of their appearance and of the articles, the


46 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
of the laws of meum et tuum were so numerous, houses having
been left open and unprotected, even keys and cash having
been heedlessly forgotten on tables and drawers. The cash
in the Simla Bank was perhaps saved from being made away
with, by the simple fact of the Secretary having the key of
the strong room in his pocket when he, with others, left the
Bank to take care of itself.
Sir George Anson the Commander-in-Chief of course
had to hurry down to the plains, on the news of the Mutiny
reaching Simla ; he was seized with illness on the road
before he could reach Delhie and died.
Early in the following year, the Proclamation that the
Government of India had been transferred from the
Company to the Queen, was read by Lord W. Hay the
Deputy Commissioner, in the Assemly Rooms, to the in-
habitants, and in the presence of most of the Chieftains
of the Cis-Sutlej States, who had been invited to attend.
This and the following year 1859, saw Simla filled with
invalids, the maimed and wounded, who had sufferred in
the Mutiny, and was the refuge of many of our country
women, who had been overwhelmed with pitiable
disasters in the plains. The hill Chieftains, one and all,
remained loyal and faithful to the British Government,
assisting it to the best of their power for which they were
greatly praised, and received in most instances rewards for
their services. Lord and Lady Canning—and Sir Colin
Campbell (afterwards Lord Clyde) visited Simla in this
year—1859.
During this year 1859 a proposition was made by the
late Bishop of Calcutta (Dr. Cotton) that a Public school
should be founded at one of the Hill Stations, as a thank
offering to the Almighty and a permanent memorial of the
suppression of the great mutiny. A good deal of discussion
arose as to which of the Sanataria was the most suitable,


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA 47
but finally Simla was chosen as being the best hill station
forthe proposed establishment. Collections were made in all
English congregations throughout India on the day set apart
for a general Thanksgiving, which amounted to Rs. 35,000,
including a donation of Rs. 10,000, from the Viceroy; this
was placed at 5% per cent in Government Securities, and
called the Indian Public Schools' Fund. About the middle
of 1861, the question of a site for the school was taken
into consideration by a Committee of gentlemen in Simla
among whom were two engineer officers. Five sites were
examined, and Jutogh the small military station in the
vicinity fixed on as the best, though the objection was started
that the distance was too great for day pupils, and replied
to by the statement, that it was “apprehended that the
school is not intended for the sons of the inhabitants of
Simla.”
Three private houses in the station of Jutogh were
purchased from the officers of the Nusseeree Battalion for
17,000, these houses were situated at a considerable distance
apart, and were in no way suitable for a school, but it was
thought advisable to waive these objections on account of
the great importance of commencing the school without
delay. The Head Mastership was offered by the Bishop
to the Revd. Samuel Slater, formerly Senior Professor in
Bishop's College Calcutta; the appointment being accepted,
Mr. Slater arrived in Simla in January 1863, and the school
was formally opened under the title of the “Simla Public
School,” and declared to be under the Government of eight
Governors. The first boy joined the school in March, and
before the end of the year the number of scholars had reach-
ed to thirty five. Before long it was discovered that the
accomodation was far too limited, as applications for admis-
sion continued, so that though additions were made in the
shape of dormitories and Master's rooms the detached
bungalows were soon found quite unsuitable ; several other


4S HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
drawbacks were also discovered, and so many difficulties
appeared one after another, that finally the Governors, after
much consultation came to the conclusion that Jutogh was
not a desirable situation for the school, and that another
should be found forth with. After considerable deliberation
another site was chosen on a spur not included in
Simla territory and had to be asked for from the Rajah
of Keonthul. This spot was purchased by Government,
or rather an exchange effected, a village called “Wakna”
being given to the Rajah in exchange for the site called by
the natives “Putinea” by the Simla people “ Knollswood.”
The exchange and transfer, sanctioned by the Secretary of
State for India, was effected in March 1866. The buildings
for the school were planned by Mr. Crawdford Campbell
executive Engineer of Delhie, and were calculated to hold
200 boys with a proportionate number of masters. It was
originally intended by Government that the buildings should
be erected under the superintendence of the D. P. W. but
it was found more convenient for the Governors to make
their own arrangements. They, after sundry changes, gave
a contract for the buildings to Major Innes, Civil Engineer,
who carried out the work to its completion. On the 26th
September 1866, the foundation stone was laid by Sir John
Lawrence then Viceroy; a form of Prayer, drawn up by
Bishop Cotton especially for the occasion, was said, the coins
of the realm placed under the stone, and a copper plate
let into it bearing the following inscription.
In the Name of
THE FATHER, THE SON, AND THE Holy Ghost, THE
ONE ETERNAL God,
The Foundation Stone of this School called
BISHOP'S SCHOOL, SIMLA,
Erected as a Memorial of the Mutiny of 1857, and as a Thank
offering for deliverance from the same,
was laid
on the Twenty-sixth day of September, 1866,


50 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
It may not also be inappropriate to state that the
Viceroy in Office is considered “a Visitor” of the school,
that pupils from it have been very successful in passing
examinations enabling them to enter the Roorkhee College,
out of which they have gone with credit if not &clat,
there is a Volunteer Company from the school, which,
under its Captain Mr. Chanter one of the Masters, has been
complimented by the Government of India for, “its
smartness and efficiency in Drill.”
The terms for tuition are—
For Boarders, 168 Rs. the half year, or Rs. 28 a month
Day-Boarders, 132 , ?? ,, 22 22
Day-Scholars, 60 , 33 ,, 10 29
These terms include Board, Tuition, Medical atten-
dance, and the use of Books and Stationery. The general
average terms having been thus reduced from Rs. 380 a
year to Rs. 336, as the Governors believed that the reduced
terms would pay, and they were anxious to make the
benefits of the institution as extensive as possible.
On one of the sites, known as “little Chelsea” which had
been thought of for Bishop Cotton School, was built, in
1866-67, a convent named “The Convent of Jesus and
Mary,”—attached to it, are two schools, one for the educa-
tion of girls, as boarders; children of all persuasions are
received in this department and a fair education can be
attained in English, French, music and singing, &c. The
other school is called the “Orphanage,” named “St.
Erancis's School,” and is for Orphans of the Roman
Catholic persuasion. This portion is principally supported
by charitable contributions, Government making the small
allowance of Rs. 2-8 for each orphan child of soldiers.
In the year 1860, the residents of Simla, petitioned
the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, for sanction being


52 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
STAFF,
Captain C. S. Baily ... 1-11th Foot, Adjutant.
Lieutenant L. Murphy ... Quartermaster.
Sergt.-Major - - - ... C. S. McRae.
Sergt. Walker ... ... Sergt. Instructor.
Rev. S. Slater B. A. Honorary Chaplain.
Lord W. Hay, then Deputy Commissioner, was the
first Commandant, with the late Major Goad as second
in command. After the departure of Lord W. Hay, the
late Major General Innes was appointed Commandant, and
on the death of the latter, Mr. Peterson Secretary of the
Simla Bank was elected, Major Goad having retired, and
his appointment sanctioned as Commandant, bearing the
local rank of Major. The Simla Volunteers are fortunate
in having so able and energetic an officer at the head of
the Corps, one who takes such an untiring interest in the
welfare and discipline of the little band.
Lord and Lady Canning visited Simla in 1860; Sir
Hugh Rose, in succession to Lord Clyde also come up in the
same year, and he did so for several years in succession.
Lord Elgin the Viceroy succeeding Lord Canning,
visited the Sanatarium in the year 1863. In November
of this year he marched across the hills towards Dalhousie,
but unhappily never reached that place alive—he died
en route and is interred in the Churchyard at Dhurmsala
or Bhagsoo, a name by which the place is also known, though
strictly speaking only applicable to the Military Convalescent
Depôt at that place. A good-sized monument of a dark-
colored stone is raised over his grave, and a suitable
inscription on a marble slab, sent out by Lady Elgin from
England, records the time, place and circumstances con-
nected with His Lordship's death.
Lord Lawrence succeeding, came to Simla in 1864,
and was the first Viceroy who was accompanied by the


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 55
with respect to religious ceremonies, peculiar to the inhabi-
tants of Thibet some of whom have formed colonies in the
high uplands of the Himalayas.
Ten miles from Theog are the Kilpar iron mines ; the
iron is said to be magnetic, and very malleable, and twenty
miles east are those of Shial ; these were extensively worked
by Major Briggs while he was constructing the Thibet
road.
Beyond a place called Oornee there is another portion of
the road, also cut into the face of the solid rock for a dis-
tance of four miles, the road having been made by blasting ;
a grand piece of engineering skill, in one part overhanging
the river Sutlej which rushes below at a depth of 1500
feet !
The Marquis of Dalhousie spent the summer of 1854
at Cheenee and in its vicinity where he built a temporary
residence, he was desirous of escaping the rains of Simla,
this part of the hills, being beyond the influence of the
monsoons, the climate is noted for being particularly dry
bracing and healthy.
In 1868, the officer in charge of the Beas Division,
reported extensive discoveries of minerals, Gold, Silver,
Copper, Iron, Lead, Antimony, Tin, Zinc, Magnese ;
besides these, Sapphires and Rubies are said to have been
found.
Notwithstanding the acknowledged salubrity of Simla
death, who is no more a respecter of places than of persons,
has been busy with his sickle, and more than one spot has
been selected for the interment of those who have “gone
before.” No less than three cemeteries exist in Simla.
One was opened in Chota Simla as early as 1828. The
earliest grave is erected to the memory of Margaret,


56 IHAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
daughter of Dr. Thomson who died in 1829. This cemetery
has long been closed.
In 1840 Bishop Wilson consecrated another spot as a
resting place for the dead. But the residences of the living
crowding too close, necessitated before long the closing of
this also—aud finally a beautiful spur situated some dis-
tance below Simla has been chosen as “God’s acre "; this
was consecrated in 1853.
A project for establishing a good school for girls of
European parentage in the Punjab, was mooted by the Rev.
J. B. D'Aguilar in 1864 at Dalhousie ; funds were
subscribed and more were derived from the proceeds of a
Fancy Sale held in that Station, besides Rs. 2000—pro-
mised by the Diocesan Board of Education. Altogether
above Rs. 10,000 were raised. At first it was intended
to place the school at Dhurmsala, but Mrs. Cotton, the wife
of the late Bishop, considered Simla to be a better locality
for the project as the Local Governors of Bishop Cotton
School, it was thought, would take an interest in, and under-
take the management of the proposed new establishment.
The Governors consented to this arrangement and it was
recommended that Mrs. MacKinnon, who had lately opened
a private school in Simla, should be appointed Head
Mistress, and her school made the nucleus of the new Ins-
titution. In January 1866, the school was first commenced
in Holly Lodge, with the small number of six pupils. After
the lapse of two years—Auckland House, formerly so often
mentioned in this sketch as “Government House,” but
which had lately dwindled down from its glory to being an
Hotel kept by a native, was purchased by the Governors
and enlarged into its present handsome proportions. It is
now the locale of the excellent establishment called “The
Punjab Girls' School,” which has flourished under the good
management of the Governors, and the successive mistresses


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 57
it has had at its head. The school now numbers more than
50 boarders, besides many day scholars.
In 1866, Simla was the scene of the well known un-
fortunate Court Martial on Captain Jervis A. D. C. to Sir
William Mansfield.
A New Bank called “United Bank of India” was
started in this year—but went into liquidation in 1874. It
however rose, like the Phoenix from its ashes, under the new
title of “The Alliance Bank,” and is now a flourishing
establishment.
A Charitable Institution for orphan children of poor
Europeans and Eurasians, was established by the energetic
exertions of the late Colonel, and Mrs. Tytler, but when
Lady Mayo with the Viceroy visited Simla in 1871, Go-
vernment took it over, and since then it has been called
“The Mayo Institute”. There is also a school for the
education of the children of the Natives of the Hills, which
was established in 1848, and is supported almost wholly by
Government.
Messrs. Clarke & Co. of Umhalla, made an attempt in
1869, to start a wheeled conveyance for the carriage of
passengers by the Cart road, from Kalka to Simla. This
well meaning enterprize proved a failure, and came to an
untimely end before the close of the season, owing to many
obstructions on the road, and many difficulties in carrying
out so formidable an undertaking. Previous to this, the
late General Innes, however, was in the habit of driving a
small vehicle harnessed to a pony, up and down the road
between Simla and his tea plantation at Salogra near Solon.
All these difficulties have however been overcome and traffic
by wheeled conveyances is now an established success, so
much so, that Simla could not exist without the Tongha.
Since the starting of the original Tongha service, two or
three others have been started, but at present only two


58 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
are running, one belongs to Government, and the other, the
original, is now in the hands of Mr. Lumley.
The ill-fated, and most popular Lord Mayo, came up
to Simla in 1869-70-71 as also Lord Napier of Magdala,
with Lady Napier, who both visited Simla each year till
they left India in 1876. Lord Northbrook visited the
Sanatarium each year he was in office, with the exception
of 1874, when he considered his presence to be absolutely
necessary in Calcutta owing to the famine in Bengal.
A census of the population was taken in July 1869;
Europeans amounted to 1,434, and Natives to 13,414, total
14,848. In June 1871, another census was taken, when
it was found that the Europeans and Eurasians together,
aggregated 1,611. A fresh census was attempted in 1875
but as it was taken in the month of February, at a period
of the year, when the Sanatarium is comparatively empty,
a total of only 8,726 was shewn. Again in 1878, a census
of the population of Simla was taken on the 28th September
and the result shows that there were on that date 17,440
inhabitants of whom 13,598 were males and 3,842 females.
The total number of Enropeans and Eurasians was 2,198,
divided into 1,106 males and 1,092 females. These persons
presumably employed the greater number of the 7,125
servants in Simla of whom 1,096 were females. The
“inhabitants,” who are said to consist of Hindus or
Mahomedans, numbered 8,117 of whom 1,654 were females.
There were 4,836 male and 931 female Hindoos, and of the
Mahomedans 3,774 were males and 731 females. The
houses occupied by Europeans and Eurasians are 363 in
number, and each house has on the average 10 houses for
the accommodation of the 7,125 servants, or a total of
3,630 houses, or, more properly speaking, rooms for these
servants, or about two servants in each room. The
“inhabitants” occupy 715 houses. The tables of “occupa-


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMU.A. 59
*
tion according to their pursuits” of the European and
Eurasian population show that 1,581 of the total nnmber
are dependent on “means not specified and miscellaneous,”
under which are included the whole of the class of officials
from the Governor-General downwards, except the 332
clerks and 197, “profession,” whatever that may mean.
What the 31 “manufacturers and traders” do is not stated,
in this census, but there are 10 pensioners only in the
delightful retreat Simla should be considered by such as
have retired from Government employment,. The popula-
tion is however migratory and varies considerably every
year.
The population increasing so rapidly, caused the Muni-
cipal authorities to take more care of the water supply, for
it was found that during the dry months of May and June
water became scarce, and hardly sufficient to meet the in-
creasing demand ; a reservoir was built in the bed of the
principal stream at Combermere bridge to store the limpid
element, and a shaft or gallery excavated in Jacko, just
above the bridge, under the direction of Mr. Medlecott
of the Geological Survey; this was partially successful in
causing the flow from the spring to come to the surface at
the desired level, since which other shafts have been driven
into the mountain with even happier results, though yet
the supply is totally inadequate to the ever increasing
demand, especially in particularly dry seasons. The water
in several of the springs in Simla was analyzed in 1869 by
Dr. D'Renzy who gave it as his opinion that some of the
springs were very impure, but that the water at Comber-
mere bridge was the best. Dr. May during the same year
and immediately after Dr. D'Renzy's report in June, gave
his opinion on the subject, that naturally the water in
Simla was the purest in India. Hence if it was pronounced
impure it could only have became so through defective and
careless sanatition.


6() HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
The Union Chapel was commenced in 1864. The site
on which stood one of the oldest houses in Simla was pur-
chased from Mr. Peterson, Manager of the Simla Bank, and
a neat little edifice erected. The first. Services of the Pres-
byterian denomination were held in the masonic lodge by
the Revd. Mr. Henderson in 1865, by the Revd. Mr.
Blake of the London Mission Society in 1866, and in the
following year by the Revd. Mr. Page of the Baptist
Mission and Dr. Murray Mitchell. The present Minister,
of the flock is the Revd. Mr. Fordyce.
The United Service Institute was established here in
1870.
Early in January 1873, a paper called the Civil and
Military Gazette, which had been started in the previous
year, came out under new auspicies, and was edited by
Major Geo. R. Fenwick; this journal has continued to
flourish, battling successully with difficulties always
incidental to the establishment of a journal in India, till,
at the close of 1876—it was removed to Lahore the Capital
of the Punjab, where by extending its field of operations
and incorporating with itself “The Indian Public Opinion”
it has grown stronger, and now promises to be the paper of
of the Punjab and Scinde. “Nothing succeeds like suceess.”
In this year (1873) the Viceroy, Lord Northbrook, re-
ceived, in Simla, a deputation from the Ameer Shere Ali
of Caubul, headed by Syud Noor Mohamed, praying for aid
and protection from the British Government, against the
threatened menaces of Russia, Lord Northbrook refused
to give any definite pledge on the part of Government,
carrying out the “Masterly inactivity” policy, and thus
the Afghan Envoy's Mission completely failed.
The first “Fine Arts Exhibition” took place in Simla
in 1868, and was held in Bishop Cotton School. This was
more as a trial to see if the idea of calling upon amateurs to


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA. 63
The epidemic first made its appearance in Kussowlie, and
from thence, notwithstanding many precautions taken, it
spread to the adjacent stations; many were the victims who
succumbed to its terrible power in Simla, as well as in
Kussowlie, Dugshaie and Subathoo, and consequently great
was the gloom that spread over all classes of society. This
fearful visitation, roused the Municipal Commissioners, and
the authorities of Simla, to more energetic exertions, in en-
deavouring to cleanse the place of many impurities, which
had been overlooked, and carry out measures of sanitary
reform, which had long been talked of, but had been laid
aside to be worked out at a more convenient season.
His Excellency the Viceroy and Lady Lytton came up
to Simla in 1876 after their arrival in India. They had
unfortunately to contend with much sickness in their house-
hold, during the first year of their visit, so that their ex-
perience of Simla, tended rather to shake their belief in the
salubrity of the sanatarium, especially as the monsoon was
unusually heavy and late in clearing off. They had however
a rural summer retreat at “The Gables” Mushobra, which
his Excellency frequently visited. The season of 1877 was
much cut up, by the Viceroy quitting Simla in August, to
visit Bombay and Madras, owing to the fearful famine
which ravaged the south of India during that year.
The discussion, which had been repeated yearly for
many seasons past, as to the whether Simla was to continue
to be the summer residence of the Viceroy and Members
of Council, was renewed at the close of the season of 1876
with greater vigour than ever; the matter was actually in
the balance, whether it was to be, or not to be—the scale
after much serious debate, and careful deliberation, turned
in favor of Simla and the question was finally laid at rest.
The estate of Peterhoff with several houses adjacent,
which had been annually rented for many years past for


64 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
the Viceregal party, were purchased by Government, and
extensive additions and improvements rapidly carried
out, to render it a more suitable abode for a Viceroy.
Observatory Hill, near the entrance to Simla, was also
purchased, and the building of a new house as a Viceregal
Palace has been sanctioned. Operations have commenced,
the top of the hill cut off, a large plateau for a site formed, a
magnificent road constructed, leading by an easy gradient to
the summit, an arched gateway erected, with a Lodge and
guardhouse on either side, stables with coach house built,
and on the completion of the—at present in embryo–
Palace, Peterhoff is to be converted into Government Offices.
Not only have improvements for the comfort and con-
venience of the Viceroy's residence in the Sanatarium been
taken in hand, but also several well devised, and admirably
digested schemes, which have long occupied the attention
of the Sanitary Officers, been placed before the Imperial
Government. Sanction for the carrying out, of some if
not the whole of these schemes, has been accorded. First,
for a scheme by which Simla is to be abundantly supplied
with pure water ;-secondly, for the re-modelling and re-
moval from its present situation of the unsightly bazaar,
which has so long been a disgrace, and an eyesore to the
sanatarium, with several minor, but equally necessary
arrangements, always requisite where a large number of
people are congregated.
These plans for the benefit of the Mountain City
being as yet uncompleted, only commenced, they cannot
appropriately be brought into the History of Simla, which
is a record of past, not a recital of probable coming events.
However, as far as can be judged, by the proposed schemes,
which have been so carefully elaborated, and are being
executed, there is no shadow in store on the future of Simla,
but the prospects of the samatarium, are bright and glorious,


CONCISE HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIMLA, 65
as there is every hope of its becoming in a short time, and
that at no distant period, the earthly Paradise which nature
surely intended it to be.


66 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
SECTION II.
CLIMATE.
It may without doubt be said, that the best portions
of the year for enjoyment are the early spring, and the
whole of the autumn ; at these periods, the air seems
purer, clearer, more crisp and bracing, than at any other
time. For the restoration of shattered health, a residence
in the hills from the close of the monsoon through the
winter, is certainly of greater benefit, than merely visiting
Simla during the summer and the rains, which form the
othodox “season.”
The latter part of the month of February is generally
very beautiful, the sun is then warm, and pleasant, not too
hot ; during the day the air is soft and cool, the nights clear
and frosty. March, however, is generally blustering and bois-
terous, with heavy showers of rain and hail, even snow,
making one believe that winter had returned ; though the
end of the month is once more pleasant, vegetation showing
signs of returning life, fruit trees coming into full bloom.
From April to the middle of May it is generally quite dry—
though sometimes showery early in May, most enjoyable
weather during this period, for outdoor life. The Chota
Bursat (literally little rains) lasts for a fortnight from about
the end of May, after which for nearly three weeks it is


CLIMATE 67
hot—the only time of the whole year the weather can be
so called, though even at this period the breeze is fresh in
the shade; the nights are however deliciously cool, The
monsoon breaks over the hills, with a storm rolling up from
the South and West with wonderful regularity, about the
end of June or beginning of July, the first month of which
is pleasant, but during the next two, rain falls incessantly,
the mountains are enveloped in mists, and the air is steamy,
resembling a vapour bath.
Nothing can give a more lucid idea to the reader, of
the manner in which storms gather and burst over the hills,
during the monsoon, than the following extract from a
letter to the “Pioneer” written by “Touchstone,” dated
Simla 26th July 1873.
“I doubt if any other spot in India the glory of cloud
beauty can be seen to such perfection as at Simla. I am not
referring to fogs and vapours, but to the glorious army of clouds,
which ever and anon come from the plains to do battle with the
white giants which guard our mountains here. The day some-
times opens clear, dry and brisk, -the sunlight drinking in the
dew, no sign of rain in any direction, when, you watching, behold
just above the gorge over which you catch occasional glimpses
of the plains, a cloud no bigger than a man's hand ; you notice
that the small cloud has been joined by two others, one on each
flank, and they are approaching.
“Suddenly appears a stronger but divided force of clouds
behind them. You know now that the Skirmishers of the Cloud
Army from the plains are advancing, and you turn round to
look at Jakko to see what our Cloud, Army is doing. The
mountain forces are awake and already in motion. Slowly
descending from their lofty encampment, our skirmishing clouds
are moving calmly to meet the enemy. Suddenly a flash from
just above the Observatory, and then a sharp crack of thunder,
tells that the hostile artillery has opened fire. The mountain
echoes repeat the sound and carry it away towards Kussowlie
and Dugshaie and Subathoo, in which directions you hear it
growing gradually less as the distance increases. But Jackko


(38 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
is supporting his skirmishers, and down the mountain side is
pouring in serried mass his cloud battalions, which seem to halt
and form up in line of battle, just over your head above the
amphitheatre of hills across whose weakest point (the gorge)
the cloud battalions of the enemy are now hastening ! Flash
after flash lights up the darkness which is now setting in the
ravine—and the prelude to the storm has begun. A sharp
cold wind, accompanied by a peculiar noise only heard on these
occasions, has already given warning to the kites and crows
which have been hovering in the valley below you, they are
off to take shelter in the trees; a troop of wild monkeys, that
have been engaged in wholesale larceny among yon fruit trees,
has disappeared—whither you know not, but neither animal
nor bird can you see now, save the solitary eagle which lazily
soars past you, seemingly in doubt where to go to, like a benight-
ed Parsee, who has lost the direction of the sun at prayer time
and doesn’t know where to turn to. And now a roar !—of cloud
artillery, tells you that the contending hosts have met, and the
shock of battle has been given Dense and denser throng the
forces from either side until the whole heaven is obscured with
clouds from which dart terrible forked lightnings, and
—Far along,
From peak to peak, the rattling crags among
Leaps the live thunder | Not from one lone cloud,
But every mountain now hath found a tongue.
And so the fight rages, until “the big rain comes dancing
to the earth,” which it does heavily and fast.”
About the end of September, the final shower of the
rains pours down, the clouds vanish, leaving a lightness
and elasticity in the air which produces a bracing and
invigorating atmosphere unsurpassed perhaps in the whole
world.
In November, frost commences in damp and shady
places. From the end of December or beginning of
January, the short but severe winter commences; generally
heavy snow storms take place all through January and the


70 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
Register of observations of Rainfall during the years 1870-78, and o
maximum and minimum Thermometers during 1871-78, taken
at the Quarter Master General’s Office Simla. Height above the
sea 6,948 feet. Rain-guage observed daily at 10-30 A.M., Thermo-
meters at 10-30 A.M. and 4-30 P.M. Thermometers in shade with
westerly aspect. -
R A IN F A L L.
Year. Inches. Number of days rainfall.
1870 64-45 128.
1871 83-76 145.
1872 71-92 136.
1873 66 -15 105.
1874 56'49 121.
1875 91.39 119.
1876 79-33 118.
1877 61.23 107.
1178 56-38 102-
The rains commenced in 1870 on 16th June and ended 17th September.
,, 1871, 4th May 5 x 9th > *
,, 1872, 14th June 2 x 23rd 2 >
,, 1373, 2nd July , 18th ...,
2nd June 22 12th * >
2 x 23
2 3 22
2 3 22 3 * 2 x
2 x 22 ,, 1875, , 24th , , 22 1st October.
22 2 x 22 1876 22 2nd July > y 26th September.
2 x 2x ,, 1877, , 29th June > 11th ->
> x. ... ... isºs. 4th july , 23rd .


72
HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
In 1871 on 1st October
,, 1872,
,, 1873 , ,
,, 1874,
,, 1875 , ,
,, 1876 , ,
,, 1877,
,, 1878,
The coldest nights in each year were—
In 1871 on 12th January (minimum)
,, 1872, 7th February 22 )
2 3 3, 7th & 8th January ( , , )
,, 1874, 12th & 13th ( , )
3.2 ,, 20th January ( , )
,, 1876 ,, 4th February ( , , )
,, 1877, 8th & 9th February( 22 )
,, 1878, 2nd & 28th Jany. ( , , )
The hottest days in each year were—
6th June
5 x
8th , ,
2nd ,,
28th April
13th June
11th July
22nd June
22
22
2 3
p >
* *
22
(maximum)
82.5°
91°
S9 5°
85.5°
S6.5°
92°
86 .5°
91°
each night.


74 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMEA
record these, would be simply waste of time and space.
At last, one scheme which however will entail a large outlay,
has been carefully elaborated and decided on, as not only
the most feasible, but the only one likely to give a sufficient
supply of water: this has been placed before Government,
and finally sanction has been, though tardily, given for
carrying it out.
Water is to be conveyed to Simla by means of iron
pipes, from springs which are situated, at an average alti-
tude of 7,550 feet above mean sea level, on the South side
of the Mahasoo Mountain a distance of 14 miles from Simla.
There are to be two covered reservoirs, each capable of
containing one and a half million gallons of water. The
first is to be situated on the Simla side of the tunnel, which
is on the Mahasoo road, not far from the back of Jacko.
The second to be constructed in Simla itself, in the vicinity
of the Church, as being the most centrical spot. The iron
pipes are to be so arranged, that supplies to, or from, either
reservoir can be cut off when desired. In excess of the 14
miles of iron piping, requisite to lead the water from
Mahasoo into Simla, there are to be also 7 miles of local
pipes, which will conduct the supply to different portions
of the station. Adopting the minimum gaugings on record
(those of 1876) as a basis, it is calculated that the discharge
from the springs, even unsupplemented by the existing
water supply in Simla, is ample for the requirements of the
present population. Taking this as above stated at 16,000,
as an average with an allowance for each individual of 66
gallons, or there abouts, per diem, the daily supply needed
is 100,000 gallons, the storage reservoirs, now being ex-
cavated, have been calculated to contain this amount. The
head works are to consist of a weir, filter bed, silt-trap,
and distributing reservoir, one set being saved by the
contiguity of two of the sources of supply, which are to be
united by a line of pipes.


SIMLA WATER supply AND SANITARY REFORMS 75
It is proposed to divide Simla into blocks, and with
reference to the requirements of each block according to
the density of its population, the supply will be regulated
at various points to prevent waste or inconvenience.
The work is stupendous, and will be costly ; the funds
necessary for carrying it out are estimated at about
6% lacs of rupees. Such is the scheme and it is hoped
that when completed, the great want of Simla will be fully
provided for ; there is no doubt, that should all be accom-
plished as laid down, the boon to the inhabitants will be
vast. It is also expected, that even the additional tax
which may be levied to cover in part the outlay, will be
met in some measure by the saving in bheesties and water
carriers, whose wages amount annually to a very large
SRunn.
Yet another drawback remains to the full enjoyment
of lovely Simla, one that has long been felt as an incubus,
yearly increasing, till at last, for the health of the inhabi-
tants it has been found absolutely necessary to take some
steps to remedy this evil also, and this is, the partial
removal of the unsightly and unclean bazar, and the remo-
delling of the remainder a matter so essentially requisite.
The completion of the water scheme will assist materially to-
wards the carrying out of plans for these necessary sanitary
reforms, for it is proposed to construct drains, and a system
of sewage outlets, ventilated ways &c., all of which, will
contribute towards a state of cleanliness so absolutely essen-
tial to health. The estimated cost of all these sanitary
measures is large, the schemes have been laid before Govern-
ment, and sanction has been obtained for carrying them
out. Work has been commenced, many of the dilapidated
and noisome houses in the bazaar have been demolished,
and new ones, neat in appearance, on more sanitary princi-
ples are being gradually erected.


76 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
ENVIRONS.
There are several beautiful spots in Simla and in its
vicinity, which deserve notice, and which would well repay
a visit. The following are the best known and are the
most favorite of the resorts for pic-nic parties, and other
out-door amusements. They have been chosen principally
for the grandeur and wild beauty that surrounds each.
AN ANDALE. -
This is a pretty plateau in an extensive Valley, and
is the principal resort of al fresco pleasure seekers. The
Public Gardens occupy the greater portion of the plateau,
the remainder is devoted to a cricket ground, and on the
lovely green sward, Gymkanah sports have lately been
held. A fairly level race course encircles the whole. A
small grove of magnificent cedars nestles at the head of the
valley and on two sides the hills above are densely clothed
from crest to base with cedars and firs. A small stream
flows past the garden, and one skirts the cricket ground.
A curious custom has come down from time immemorial,
and still continues in some parts of the hills, especially
in this valley; the women place their little children on
flat stones, by the side of the stream, just out of the water,
but leading it through a spout so as to trickle on the heads
of the babies. This has the effect of keeping the children
fast asleep, leaving the mothers at liberty to carry on their
usual labors. The reason given for this custom is, that by
this means the head is so inured to cold, and the brain
kept cool, that the children do not easily catch cold or
fever.
THE GILEN.
Behind the ridge which encloses Anandale on the
left, is situated “The Glen,” a long picturesquely wooded


ENVIRONS 77
ravine, with delightful grassy slopes; a rivulet flows through
and is fringed down to the very edge with magnificent trees,
which afford shelter from the rays of the sun to those who
may desire to couch themselves on the mossy banks beneath
their ample boughs. Amid the wild scenery of this “Glen”
is an object of interest, “the dripping rock,” through which
water percolates, producing an exceedingly pretty effect,
vivifying the thirsty moss and ferns in its crystal like
COurS62.
THE WATERFALLS.
The stream which passes under Combermere bridge,
forms in its course of several miles down the gorges and
before reaching the Giree, many picturesque cascades.
The two first are well worth visiting and are resorted to for
pic-nic parties. The first fall is just at the foot of the
Simla range, and has a sheer and almost perpendicular
descent of nearly 60 feet, between bold craggy rocks over
which it bounds into a small basin. The second, 2 miles
lower down, takes a leap of 80 feet, and this though more
difficult of access is far more beautiful. To reach this fall,
rocks have to be clambered, and the stream waded through—
those who venture to the foot of the cascade find themselves
in a small deep hollow, surrounded by rocks overhung with
climbing and flowering plants covered with ferns and mosses,
and they are well repaid for their trouble by the wild
beauty which meets the eye. Two almost parallel streams
flowing over the rocks above, and coming into contact half
way, break into a thousand fragments, forming a cloud of
rainbow tinted spray.
JACKO.
The summit of the mountain, is worthy of a visit, at
three distinct periods of the day—first in the early dewy


ENVIRONS 81
hill—called Nal Deo—where there is a Hindoo temple,
and a sacred grove of magnificent cedars. This is a beauti-
ful spot to camp out on for a few days; there are many
shady walks under the spreading branches of the trees, with
Soft springy turf under foot, the scent of wild flowers from
numerous thickets on every side perfuming the cool breeze;
a grand view of the lofty mountains called the two
“Shallees,” is seen here, the whole from base to crest, stand-
ing out in bold relief against the blue sky. The big “Shallee"
is 9,420 feet above sea level.
Nal Deo is on the highway to Soonee in the State of
Budjee, situated on the banks of the Sutlej. Some curious
hot sulphur springs exist near Soonee. They are at the
edge of the stream, one on either bank cf the river; there
is a peculiarity about these springs, that the hot water is
ever near the edge of the bank, and as the river rises and
falls, so does the hot water rise or recede with the stream.
A Hindoo Legend is connected with this spot. Sevajee,
the Hindoo deity, is said to have bathed always on the
further side of the river, which is an exposed sandy beach,
but he was gallant enough to provide a retired nook behind
acurtain of cocks, as a bathing place for his wife Parbuttee
on the near bank. The legend handed down, has caused
a custom to spring up among the inhabitants, for the
women always bathe in the retired nook on the Budjee side
of the river, the men on the other, the open bank.
The Sutlej at this part, divides the States of Budjee
and Sokate.
In the valley below Mushobra there is a lovely little natural
plateau, surrounded by lofty mountains, almost the whole
extent being covered and overshadowed by magnificent
Cedars (cedrus deodara), local name Kailo, of great girth,
the growth probably of centuries. These trees tower to a
vast height ; through their spreading branches the mid-day


82 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
sun scarcely ever penetrates, so that even at noon, there is
in this secluded valley, a gloom as of evening twilight.
A small stream of clear cold water flows across the centre
of the plateau, while swelling mounds covered with soft
green moss, invite the visitor to repose in the shade.
There is also a temple dedicated to the divinity of the
grove, for like the ancients of classic lore, these hill people
always select some spot peculiar for sylvan beauty, or some
lofty solitary mountain top, on which to erect a shrine to be
held sacred to their deities. In this valley is annually held
a religious Hindoo festival about the middle of May, called
“The Seepee Fair,” which is very popular with all the
inhabitants of the surrounding districts and to which, the
people of Simla flock, Europeans as well as natives, of all
classes, both high and low. This festival is of great
antiquity, and has been held in this valley yearly, for
generations past, long before the English ever thought of
India. The following is an extract from a letter which
appeared in the Englishman in May 1875 giving an ex-
cellent account of this fair :-
“The Hill Chieftain, the Rana of Kötee, in whose territory
lies Seepee, is the presiding genius of the occasion, a man who
prides himself on being a Rajpoot of ancient lineage ; he comes
with his petty court to herform the ceremonies prescribed by his
religion, to sacrifice to the deity of the sacred spot, and to receive
in State all visitors, both high and low, By the term Fair, it
must be understood this one is not like the usual Fairs held in
the East, for the purpose of balter and sale of merchandise, but
it is a gathering of the people, to give themselves up to pleasure
and enjoyment. A regular carnival, the religious ceremonies
merely preceding the fun. Swings, round-abouts, or merry-go
rounds, dancing, shooting with bows and arrows munching
sweetmeats, and buying the worthless “fairings” of Manchester
made jewellery, within late years provided by enterprizing Delhi
merchants, form the staple of the diversions indulged in by
the primitive inhabitants of these hills. Instead of putting on
their “filthiest clothes,” as mentioned by a correspondent to a


ENVIRONS 83
cotemporary journal, the people going to this fair for days
beforehand prepare new dresses as far as they can afford them,
all of the brightest hues, and, with clean laughing faces, appear
thoroughly to enjoy this holiday. The gala dresses, the curious
ornaments of the women, their almond-shaped sparkling eyes,
overflowing with fun and merriment, the picturesque and quaint
costumes form many a glowing scene in the ever-changing
crowd, which has more than once been taken as a theme
by word painters, and has been frequently photographed and
reproduced on paper and canvas by many an artist.
It is only within the last twelve or fourteen years that this
fair has been regularly attended by the English. In 1863 Sir Hugh
Rose, with a large train of distinguished visitors, honored the fair,
and in 1869 Lord and Lady Mayo graced the festive scene, to
the infinite delight of the little Ranah. Since which time, year
by year, the Viceroy (Lord Northbrook) and the Commander-
in-Chief, accompanied by the heads of Simla Society, and
followed by most of the English inhabitants, have continued the
good example. -
The little plateau of Seepee is a lovely little spot, in the
midst of a beautiful grove of lofty cedars, has a small running
stream of pure water flowing through it, and on a little eminence
in a secluded part, there is the quaint old temple, dedicated to
the divinity of the deep dell, for, like the Greeks of old, the
dwellers of these mountains appear always to choose some spot
peculiar for beauty, for romantic retirement, or for grandeur of
scenery to be held sacred to their deities.
It is true, for a cynic, a sybarite, it is not pleasant to
descend a steep hill in company with a jostling throng of natives
bent on pleasure but the novelty of the scene and the beautiful
grand scenery of the hills, through which the road lies, fully
repay the lover of nature and the true artist, for all the fatigue.
entailed by the ascent which has to be made in returning from
a visit to the Seepee fair”


84 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
CIS-SUTLEJ HILL STATES.
The Hill States may be said, to lie between the Rivers.
Sutlej and Jumna, and to stretch from the plains of Umballa
to the borders of China. They extend from latitude 30° 20'
to 32° 5', and from longitude 76° 30'to 79° 1'.
The area of the Hill States is 6,275 square miles, and
the population is estimated by the Chiefs at about 465,000
souls.
The Hill Chiefs are of pure Rajpoot descent, and they
acquired a footing in the hills by conquest between 816 and
1310. Prior to 816 A. D. the country was divided into
petty States too numerous to mention, but gradually the
Rajas of Sirmoor, Bilaspoor, Nalaghur and Bashahr, con-
quered portions of the country and acquired dominant
power ; many petty States were blotted out, and the others
acknowledged the supremacy of these Rajas.
SIRMOOR.
Area * -- - - - --- 1,096 square miles.
Population... e - e. - - - 90,000.
Revenue Rupees ... a e e 9,85,054.
The ruling Chief of Sirmoor is Shamsher Parkash. He
is a Rajpoot, he succeeded to the “guddee” in 1856.
Sirmoor, which means a crowned head, was the place of
residence of the Raja who ruled over the State, before the
present dynasty entered the country. It is said that the
Raja was swept away by a flood, and that Ogur Sain Roal,
Raja of Jeysulmere, from whom the present Chief is descend-
ed, who was at the time in the neighbourhood on a pilgri-
mage to the Ganges hearing of the event, took possession of


CIS-SUTLEJ HILL STATES 85
the country. This occurred in 1095. The descendants of Ogur
Sain Raol retained possession of the Chieftainship ever since.
In 1803 the country was conquered by the Goorkhas,
and the Raja was for all practical purposes deposed. When
the Goorkhas were expelled from the hills in 1815, Kurrum
Parkash was the ruling Chief. He was, however, excluded
from the succession, on the ground of his notorious profligacy
and imbecility, and the Chieftainship was bestowed on his
eldest son, Futteh Purkash. Under a Treaty dated 21st
September 1815, the British Government conferred on him
and his heirs in perpetuity, his ancient possessions, with
the exception of the Fort and Pergunnah of Mornee, given
to the Mussulman Sirdar of that place for good service
against thc enemy; the Kiarda Doon, which was subsequent-
ly, in 1833, restored on payment of a Nuzzerana of Rupees
50,000; a tract of hill country to the north of the River
Girri was made over to the Rana of Keonthal; and the
Pergunnahs of Jonsar-and Bawar in the Dehra Doon
District annexed to British dominions.
In recognition of the services of the present Raja
Shamshar Parkash during the mutiny, he was granted a
Khillut ef Rupees 5,000, and a salute of seven guns.
By a Sunnud of 21st September 1815, tha Raja is
required to consult the Superintendent of the Hill States,
in all matters connected with the management of his States,
and in case of war to join the British troops with all his
forces, also to make roads 12 feet broad throughout his
territory. -
Sentences of death passed by the Raja, require the
confirmation of the Superintendent, Hill States, and of the
Commissioner of the Division. Other punishments are,
awarded by the Raja on his own authority. This last :
proviso is common to all the Hill States. … . . . . adiº


CIS-SUTLEJ HILL STATES 89
The Raja holds another Sunnud dated September 1815,
conferring on him and his heirs for ever, paramount autho-
rity over the petty states of Theog, Koti, Ghoond, and
Khyree, the Chiefs of which, with their descendants, are
bound to regard the Chief of Keuntal as their liege lord,
and pay an annual tribute as follows: Theog Rupees 500,
Koti Rupees 500, Ghoond Rupees 250, Khyree Rupees 250.
A third Sunnud was granted to this Chief conferring
Poonur on him and his heirs. It is dated 5th April 1823,
though the transfer was authorized in 1816. The reasons
given for this measure were, the isolated position of Poonur,
the turbulent character of its inhabitants, the indisposition
of the Governmemt to extend its territories in the hills
and a desire to confer a benefit on Keuntal.
Petty Chiefs under the Raja of Keuntal.
ROTI.
Area - e. e. • * * . . . ... 36 square miles.
Population - - - - - - ... 2,500.
Revenue, Rupees... . . . ... 6,000.
The present Rana of Koti, Bishen Chand, is a Rajpoot.
Ancestors came from Patna. His father Hurree Chund was
promoted to the rank of Rana in 1857 for services during
the mutiny. Has no Sunnud,
THEOG.
Area e - e. - e - - - - ... 10 square miles
Population ... ... ... 3,000.
Revenue, Rupees... - - - ... 3,300.
Hari Chand, the Chief of Theog, has the title of
Thakoor. He is a Rajpoot. Ancestors came from Bilaspoor.
No Sunnud.


CIS-SUTLEJ HILL STATES 93
Chand. In March 1877 Karam Chand died, and was suc-
ceeded by his son Padam Chand, who was placed on the
guddee in May 1878.
Jubbal pays an annual tribute of Rupees 2,520 to the
British Government.
RUMHARSAIN.
Area - - - --- - - - ... 90 square miles
Population - - - - - - ... 10,000.
Revenue, Rupees... - - - ... 10,000.
Hira Sing, the Rana of Kumharsain, is of the Rajpoot
caste. The founder of the Kumharsain family, by name
Kirat Sing, came from Gya about 1000 A.D. and acquired
possession of the State by conquest.
This State, formerly a feudatory of Bashahr, was de-
clared independent after the Nipal war. The Sunnud is
dated 7th February 1816, and binds the Chief and his heirs
to render feudal service to the British Government.
Rana Kéhr Sing died without heirs in 1839, and in
consideration of his early attachment to British interests
during the Goorkha campaign the Governor-General renewed
the grant in favour of a collateral heir of the family named
Pritum Sing, subject to the payment of a higher rate of
tribute. Some disturbances, which in the meantime took
place, caused a suspension of the above orders, but they
were eventually carried into effect on the 23rd June 1840,
when a Sunnud was granted to Rana Pritum Sing.
The State pays a tribute of Rupees 2,000 per annum.
BHAJJI.
Area • e - - - - - - - ... 96 square miles.
Population - - - ... ... 19,000.
Revenue, Rupees... - - ... 23,000.


CIS-SUTLEJ HILL STATES 95
Sing, the founder of this family, was an offshoot from the
Rajas of Sirmoor. He acquired Balsan by conquest, the
date of which is not known. Bhoop Sing was raised to the
rank of Rana on account of his services in 1857.
This State, was originally a feudatory of Sirmoor, but
it was made independent by the British Government in 1851,
and a Sunnud was granted to the Chief in September of that
year.
Balsan pays a tribute of Rupees 1,180.
DHAMI.
Area e - - • * e - - - 263 square miles.
Population... - - - • -- 5,500.
Revenue, Rupees ... - - - 8,000.
Futteh Sing, the Rana of Dhami, is a Rajpoot by caste.
When Shahabudin of Gori invaded India in the 14th
century, the founder of the family fled from Raipoor in the
Umballa District and conquered the territory which forms
the State of Dhami. The State was originally a feudatory
of Bilaspoor, but was made independent of that State by
the British Govercment, when the Goorkhas having over-
run the country from 1803 to 1815 were expelled in the
latter year. A Sunnud containing the usual conditions of
feudal service was granted by the British Government on
the 4th September 1815. The State pays an annual tribute
of Rupees 720.
-
ECOTHAR.
Area • - e. • * * ... 20 square miles.
Population --- * * * ... 4,000.
Revenue, Rupees... e - e. ... 5,000.


96 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
Jai Chand, the present Rana of Kothar, is of the
Rajpoot caste.
Surat Chand, the founder of the family came from
Kishtwar in the Jummoo Hills and conquered this petty
State. The date of this event is not known.
The Sunnud of the State bears date the 3rd September
1815, and confirms to Rana Bhoop Chand and his heirs, the
hereditary possessions of his ancestors, subject to the per-
formance of feudal service.
The State pays an annual tribute of Rupees 1,000 to
the British Government.
-
ECUN HIAR.
Area -- e. - - - * * * ... 8 square miles.
Population - - - - - - ... 2,500.
Revenue, Rupees... • - - ... 4,000.
Tegh Sing, the present Thakoor of Kunhiar, is of the
Rajpoot caste.
Bhoj Deo, the founder of the family, who came from
Jummoo, conquered and took possession of this petty State.
The Sunnud of the Chieftainship is dated 4th September
1815, and contains the usual conditions of vassalage.
The State pays a tribute of Rupees 180 per annum to
the British Government.
MANGAL.
Area --- - - - --- ... 123 square miles.
Population - - - - - - ... 800.
Revenue, Rupees... - - - ... 700.
Jit Sing, the Rana of Mangal, is of the Rajpoot caste.


98 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
TIROJ.
Area --- - - - --- ... 67 square miles.
Population --- --- ... 6,000.
Revenue, Rupees... -- ... 10,000.
Kidar Sing, Thakoor of this State, is of the Rajpoot
caste.
Tiroj formerly constituted a part of the Sirmoor State.
One Kishen Sing, 24 degrees removed from the presents
Raja in direct ascent, received this as a gift from his relative,
the Raja of Sirmoor.
At the time Tirojfell under the dominion of the British,
Kurm Sing, was the nominal Chief; but on account of his
great age and infirmities, his brother, Jhoboo, held the
executive administration of the country.
On the death of Thakoor Kurm Sing, a Sunnud dated
31st January 1819, under the seal and signature of Captain
Ross, Agent to the Governor-General in these Hills, was
bestowed on Jhoboo, conferring the Thakoorai of Tiroj on
him and his heirs, subject to the performance of feudal
service, and to other minor obligations which were subse-
quently commuted to a payment of Rupees 288 per annum.
The title of Jhoboo was not questioned till 1838, when
Runjeet Sing, his nephew, set up his claims and formed a
strong party in his own favor.
A lengthy correspondence ensued, which ended in
Jhoboo being compelled to abdicate in favor of his son,
Seyam Sing. This arrangement did not long continue
owing to the incompetency of Seyam Sing and the intrigues
set on foot by Jhoboo and Runjeet Sing, and in 1841 it was
found necessary to depose Seyam Sing, after which the State
was incorporated with Jubbul.
Tiroj continued under British management until April
1843, when Runjeet Sing's claims were finally acknowledged,


100 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
SECTION III.
-
ROUTES INTO THE INTERIOR
SIMLA TO PANGI.
Extract from my Diary, kept during a trip from Simla to
Panyi, in June and July 1876. W. Martin Towelle.
I reached Fagoo, the first stage about twelve miles out, at so
early an hour, that I determined to go on
to the next, Theog. The road thus far is
nearly level, keeping on the south eastern face of the hills, till
within a couple of miles of Fagoo, when it turns to the north
western. There is a new bit of road which I came upon, soon
after passing the toll bar, cut by the 32nd Pioneers in 1873,
marrow, but well made, and having an easy gradient ; this con-
tinues to Fagoo where it joins the original Grand Hindostan
and Thibet road,
I found it a mistake having mules; they do not keep up,
and the muleteers are dilatory in loading them ; coolies are pre-
ferable and are to be had at each staging bungalow all along the
road. The Mahasoo Dawk Bungalow is left far below on that
portion of the road which has been now abandoned; the high
peak of Mahasoo is to the right. The views of the Snowy
Range are truly beautiful, and become more so the further you
proceed ; the lofty peaks of Gungootree and Jumnootree, from
which rise the Ganges and Jumna, stand out in bold relief against
the dark blue of the sky, The range which divides the water-
shed east and west, is visible low down, the Sutlej flowing
through the valley to the left, and the Pubur through the one
to your right, . Theog is only six miles beyond Fagoo and is
easily reached from Simla in the course of one day. There is
a comfortable staging bungalow or rest house here, as indeed
at most of the stages along the road, but a small light hill tent
-
Fagoo and Theog.


ROUTES INTO THE INTERIOR 101
might be taken by the traveller should he so desire, which
would enable him to rest at any spot most agreeable to himself "
—provided he found water near at hand and carried his own
and his servants provisions with him. The coolies however
are only to be procured at the Staging Bungalows and are
changed at each. Muttiana, the next stage from Theog, is only
Muttiana. ten miles; during this march you oc-
- casionally get into the old road which
slightly ascends and then descends till after passing the Mahasoo
road, when it is again fairly level, slightly ascending to the rest
house. The Choor mountain was visible towering to the right
having only just been released from its winter cap of snow;
this mountain is passed by travellers on the road to Mussooree.
The only object of interest this day was a visit to an old Fort,
belonging to the Thakoor of Theog, from whence I looked
thousands of feet below me into the valley of the Giri, the river
which debouches into the plains not far from Kalka. The hills
round Muttiana are largely cultivated, and there are many
stone buildings dotted about the slopes. The scenery is grand
in the extreme, but the view of the snows was greatly obscured
by mist, or, what I think must have been, dust blown across
from the plains. I quote from my journal :—
“Started early for Narkundah, which is twelve miles off.
The views of the snows at this place, which is 9,000 feet above
sea level, are truly magnificent, though necessarily even finer
from the top of Hutto, a bold rounded mountain lying to the
right, which is one thousand feet higher. This day's march is
by far the pleasantest of all the pleasant ones since leaving
Simla. But the magnificent scenery has been so frequently
described by those who have gone before me, that I have nothing
new left to say, beyond that I also was impressed by the
lofty trees forming the forest through which the road winds, and
charmed with the grandeur of the mountains which surrounded
me. The Narkunda rest-house is large and roomy, being a
favorite resort for people who come to Simla, as affording them a
short but pleasant trip. The road turns off to Khotegurh at
Khotegurh about half the distance to the next stage,
gurh. which is Bagee, on the straight road ; the
descent is rather precipitous, Khotegurh being only 6634 feet,
so that you descend about 2500 feet. The road is now no longer


102 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
interesting, as the noble trees which once grew here have all
been felled, and cultivation, of a very primitive description
is carried on in terraces along the steep sides of the hills.
Khotegurh is ten miles from Narkundah ; here I stayed two
days. Two tea plantations, one belonging to Mr. Berkeley*
and the second to Mr. Paul are the principal objects of interest
in the place; there are a couple of other smaller plantations
belonging to settlers. A German Mission is established here ;
there is a small church, a mission and school house, all giving
the spot the air of an European settlement. This was one of
the few places retained as an English possession by our Govern-
ment, after the campaign against the Goorkhas in 1815-16, and
for some years was a military cantonment; a couple of companies
of the old Nusseeree Battalion were stationed here, forming
an out-post, to keep the country quiet till our power was suffi-
ciently consolidated to cause our “Protection” over the hill
States to prove of avail, in keeping the intruding Goorkhas
away.
My next day's march to Nirit was indeed a most fatiguing
Nirit, one ; the road tremendously steep ; the
i\ 111t. descent is to the bed of the Sutlej; being
upwards of 3500 feet, Nirit being only 3087 feet above sea level.
}. great fall from Khotegurh is made on a winding road
of eleven miles. Nirit is situated in the large state of Bissahir,
and is exceedingly hot. A hole, I could not help thinking it ;
what with the heat, the sand flies, and the confined scenery at
so low a level, with the lofty mountains surrounding, fatiguing
the eye to look up at them, I cannot say I felt able to descant
on the beauty of the place, grand and wild though it is. A
feeling of littleness seized me as I looked up at the heights, and
which I knew I must scale before I could escape from this
spot, so shut out from the rest of the world. It was not the
happy valley in which Rasselas was confined, and from which
he so ardently desired to escape, but like it, the place was shut
in on all sides, with almost bare and seemingly inaccessible hills,
rising abruptly from the river, which here is closed into a narrow
channel, through which it rolls leaping and foaming, with a
deafening sound as it rushes thundering along over its rocky
* Now owned by Mr. Stewart.


ROUTES INTO THE INTERIOR 103
bed. I was not sorry to quit Nirit, and continue my journey
to Rampoor, distant twelve miles; the road lay along the banks
Rampoor. of the Sutlej and rose only 200 feet. It
was a very hot ride. Dutnugger, a large
village, was passed. A good view of Nirmand on the opposite
side of the river is to be had ; situated high up the slope it
presents a somewhat pretty appearance, and, judging from the
distance, must be a rather large town for these parts. The place
is celebrated as having many holy shrines. The confluence of
the Nogri with the Sutlej is passed before reaching Rampoor
and here also the road from Simla via Bagee, joins the one I had
been traversing through Koteghur. I
was much disappointed with Rampoor, the
capital of Bissahir, as I had heard so much of its importance ;
it is simply a good sized village, larger than those hitherto
passed, having a bazaar close to the bank of the Sutlej,
the Rajah's Palace, at the gate of which stand two field pieces,
a level piece of ground forming a parade ground for his tag-rag
and bobtail followers the court house and three temples. The
latter are dedicated to Neer Sing, Salig Ram, and Seeta Ram.
The rest house here has only one room and a bath room (the
same at Nirit and Gowrah) and is a mile further up the river,
just where the road commences to rise to the next stage, which
is 2625 feet above Rampoor. This ascent is made on a road
nine miles long, the distance from Rampoor. Here a road
branches off crossing the Sutlej by a Jewlah, or rope bridge, and
leads to Kangra and Hooshearpoor, via the Bhaseleo Pass to
Plach, Largi, &c. Fairs are held annually at Rampoor in the
months of May, November and December, and are celebrated
throughout the hills, being well attended, but more especially
the one in November, by traders from Hindostan, Cabul, Cash-
mere, Thibet, and other countries beyond the snows. The trade
is chiefly carried on by barter, exchange of goods; indeed it is
only within the last twenty years or so that coin has been used
as the medium for sales. The principal articles of trade are
Pushum, the soft fine undergrowth of hair of the Thibet Goat ;
of this the soft warm Rampoor Chudder so prized is made, but
not in Rampoor itself, as generally supposed. The Pushum is
taken to Umritsur and there the principal manufacture of these
Chudders and thicker fabrics ill. Mulleedas is carried on.
The coarser hair of the goat is made into Puttoos, Looees and
Road via Bagee.


104. HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
coarse blankets called Goodmas; these thicker and less valu-
able fabrics find a ready sale as well as the wool itself. Borax,
Salt and Spiti ponies are some of the other articles of traffic.
While the Fairs last, Rampoor is the scene of much lively
bustle, the camps of the several traders covering every inch of
level spot, and their cattle browsing on the hill sides; but during
the time between, it is extremely dull, as I found it.
Gowrah is 6028 feet above the sea ; the ascent to it is conti-
Gowrah. nuous for about two thirds of the dis-
-- - - tance from Rampoor; there was nothing
very striking in this day's march, beyond a view of the high
peak in Kooloo, covered with snow.
I started early for Serahan, the next stage, 'thirteen miles.
A most fatiguing day's march. This place
is 1100 feet higher than Gowrah. The
road however first descends to the valley of the Nunglad, and
then ascending almost perpendicularly on the other side, tries
the strength and muscles of the traveller.
Serahan is the summer residence of the Raja of Bissahir. I
found him at the road bungalow when I arrived, where he gene-
rally resorts as soon as he hears of the arrival of a traveller. No
doubt pour passer le temps; life must be dull for these Rajas,
now that the English protection has averted from the country
the evils, with the excitements of war. The Rajah himself says
he comes to brush up his English. His Highness is an insignifi-
cant wiry little man, with an underhung jaw ; he can read and
write English fairly. He has however no power in his own
State being a puppet in the hands of the four Wuzeers, who
divide the government of the country between them.
Beyond Serahan, on the way to Trenda, I passed the high
Trenda precipitous cliffs of Dralli, noted for being
- the spot where poor Sir Alexander Law-
rence lost his life by falling over them in 1864. There is some
very beautiful scenery along this march, for here you enter into
the cedar district; some of the trees in this forest region attain
an enormous girth. The hills now seem to close together as it
were, the valleys gradually becoming, narrower, till the spaces
between appear to be but gorges and chasms cut through by the
Serahan.


106 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
21,000 feet. Words fail me when I would attempt to describe
the wonders of this snow land, the awful solitude of the scene,
and the wild almost terrible grandeur of the regions of eternal
snow, where King Frost sits enthroned in mystic might and
power. The early morning is the best time to observe these lofty
peaks, as each is lit up, one after the other by the sun's rays, the
effect is simply marvellous—entracing, awing yet delighting the
senses. I thought nothing could surpass it, till I saw the sun set,
when I experienced a new feeling, as a fresh phase of loveliness
burst on me. The snow then was covered with a soft pink
radiance which I have heard called the “Alpine blush,” this
again dying away into a shadowy mistiness, as the shades of
night approach.
The next and last stage is Pangi, nine miles beyond Rogi,
six beyond Chini, which is passed on the
road; here travellers usually rest for a
while. Those bent on Shikar will find game in every direction,
but they must make up their minds to rough it, and encounter
fatigues of no ordinary kind. l unfortunately had to return,
and did so, by the same road, though there are other routes by
which a tourist may at pleasure diversify his journey :-
Chini and Pangi.


108 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
SIM LA TO DHURMSALA BY KOTEGUR, DULARSH,
BAJAPOBA, AND BEIJNATH.
Names of stages.
Distance
Remarks.
Mahasoo
Theog
Muttiana
Narkunda
Kötegurh
Komarsen
Dularsh
Chuhaie
10 Miles.
11 , ,
11 , ,
12 , ,
Supplies—Traveller's Bungalow.
Do. do. do.
Joined the road from Fagoo, at 74
miles. Theog vià Fagoo, is distant
from Simla 16% miles.
Traveller's Bungalow. Water and
supplies.
Traveller's Bungalow. Bazar most
picturesquely situated. Scenery mag-
nificent. On Mount Huto 10,469
just above Narkundathere is spiendid
shooting, Narkunda is charmingly
adapted for a short trip from Simla.
Elevation 9000 feet.
Traveller's Bungalow. Latter part
of road leading into Kötegurh. Very
steep descent. This is a British
Possession. There is a mission house,
and small Church, and there are two
tea plantations. One beloning to Mr.
Paul, who resides there. The other,
belongs to Mr. Stuart.
Small village, supplies scarce, water
plentiful.
Village—supplies and water, camping
ground good. On leaving Komarsen
4 miles descent to Sutlej, which is
crossed at Këpoo, by a bridge 180
feet span. Then ascent by steep
and broad road to Dularsh.
Village, few supplies, and water
plentiful, encamping ground.


| 12
HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
- - - - - -
Names of stages.
Larji
Bajaoro
Sultanpoor (capi-
tal of Kooloo)
4,092 feet.
Nuggur 5,780
feet A. S. L.
Jagatsuk 5,985
feet A. S. L.
Purwa
Rahla 9,000 feet
A. S.
Distances.
8!
12
10
13
8?
8!
From Simla to Le, (–Continued.)
Remarks.
Supplies and water, accommodation
in Baradurree and camping ground,
country richly cultivated. The Beas
flows close by Sultanpoor.
Supplies, water and accomodation a
small civil Station. On leaving Sul-
tanpoor descend by an easy flight of
of steps to the Beas, which is then
crossed by a bridge.
Village, supplies and water, camping
ground, country very beautiful.
There is a magnificent cascade here.
From Jagasuk there is a road to
Chataloo, in Lahol, vià Cheka.
Village, supplies and water. It is
necessary to take supplies and coolies
from here, before crossing the Rotang
pass.
Encamping ground small, no sup-
plies, water plentiful. Raha is the
head of the Kooloo valley and at the
foot of the Rotang pass.
From Sultanpoor there is another
road to Rahla on the right bank of
Beas.
Dewara --- ... 12 miles.
Munauli ... ... 13
Rahla --- ... 30
* >
--


ROUTES INTO THE INTERIOR 113
From Simla to Lé,-(Continued.)
Names of stages.
Distances.
Remarks.
Kokser (in Lahol)
Sisu 9,938 feet
Gundla 10,300
Kailing
Kolang --
Darcha 10,844
14 Miles.
9 , ,
8 , ,
10 , ,
12 , ,
11 , ,
Supplies and fuel scarce, water
procurable. On leaving Rahla the
ascent of the Rotang pass is com-
menced, either by a flight of steps 4
miles in length or by a very bad
zig-zag ; in August the pass is clear of
snow, elevation of the crest 15,200
feet after descending a steep road and
crossing numerous torrents, at the
foot the Chundra is crossed by a
bridge which is made of birch twigs;
Lahol is chiefly inhabited by
Thibetans.
Small village on right bank of
Chundra—supplies and fuel scarce—
road very bad five torrents are crossed.
Village, supplies and water plentiful,
Large Village, supplies plentiful.
On the opposite bank of the river is
Korbung a large village with a tra-
vellers Bungalow. The confluence
of the Chundra and Bhaga is just
above Tandi where the road turns
off to Dhurmsala vià Chumba and to
Sirnuggur vià Kishtwar; these places
are distant from lndia 120 and 277
miles respectively.
Village, supplies and water.
O. do. The country
becomes less inhabited as the Bhaga
is ascended. From Darcha the road
turns off to Lé by the Shinkul pass.
By this route Lé is distant 23 mar-
ches or about 200 miles.


114
HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
From Simla to Lé,-(Continued).
Names of stages. Distances. Remarks.
Patsco 12,464 11 , , Village, supplies and water, country
feet --- desolate, supplies and coolies must be
taken on from this, as nothing is
procurable beyond, for 8 or 9 marches.
Zingzingbar ... 74 Miles. Small encamping ground halfway
up the Bara Lacha pass, no supplies,
water procurable, road bad, crossing
the Bhaga at Patsco.
Talaoki 12 , Small encamping ground, no sup-
plies, water procurable. Road diffi-
cult leading for 2 miles over the Bara
Lacha pass which is 16,200 feet at
crest.
Chasung 12 , , Few huts, no supplies, water pro-
curable, road over a black Table-land.
Sundoo. 9 , , No coolies or supplies, road bad
leading over a difficult pass.
Pung ... 9 , , Small village, few supplies occa-
- sionally procurable.
Roksing 15 , , do. supplies procurable.
Tahlung 12 , do. do. do.
Ghair 12 , do. do. do.
Machilung 15 , , do. do. do.
Lé (Capital of 12 , Supplies and water abundant, there
Ladak) elevation,
10,500 feet Lat :
34° 10'; Long 77°
40' : ---
are between 500 and 550 houses
and a population of about 2,500 souls.


ROUTES INTO THE INTERIOR 115
FROM SIMLA TO SRINUGGUR.
Names of stages. Distances. Remarks.
Mahasoo ... 10 Miles.
Theog ... I 11 , ,
Mutteana ... I 11 , ,
Narkunda ... 12 º' Or Viá Bagee 10,
Kotegurh ... 9% ,
Nirth ... [11%. ,
Rampoor ... 12 ,
Ursua ... 7 º'
. Surone ... 12 ,
Thar or Rather... 9 , ,
Munglour ... 12 ,
Largi ...] 8% ,
Bajora ... 12 º'
Sultanpoor ... 10 , •
Dwara ... 12 , Village, supplies and water,
Munauli ... 13 , do. do.
Rahla ... 10 , , Encamping ground at foot of Rotang
pass, no supplies, water plentiful.
The other route by the left bank
of Beas from Sultanpoor is as follows.
Nuggur --- 13 miles.
Jugatsuk ... 8# , ,
Burwa --- 8% ,
Rahla --- 5 *


116 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
From Simla to Srinuggur, -(Continued.)
Names of stages. | Distances. Remarks.
Kokser 14 Miles.
Sisu 9 , ,
Gundla 8 , ,
Tandi 7 , Village, supplies and water.
Jurma 14 , Village, supplies and water.
Triloknath 9,566 | 12 ,, do. do.
Odapoor 6 , , do. do.
Miyar 10,215 ... 10 , Few huts, no supplies.
Chirpat 3 , do, do.
Leias 15 , , do. do.
Road dfficult, a long steep ascent
to the top of the Gurdaar pass 17,500
feet, then a very difficult descent al-
most impracticable for laden coolies,
footsteps have to be cut in the snow,
the last 2 or 3 miles the descent is
- somewhat easier but very stony.
Bataor 11,633 6 , , Few huts, no supplies.
Lechoo 8 , , Small village, no supplies.
Sauch 7,886 10 , , Village, supplies and water.
Kilar 8,411 8. , do. do.
Darwas 8,411 ... 6...,, do. do.
TJsdaree * 10 " No supplies.


SIMLA MUNICIPALITY 121
37. Every owner or occupier of any ground, within the limits
Trimmi h of the Municipality, shall trim or prune
and'ºid . the hedges and trees, or remove the
ing jungle. jungle thereon in such manner as the
- Commissioners may from time to time
prescribe.
42. No person shall bathe in any public place within the
limits of the Municipality, the use of
which for such purpose has been pro-
hibited by the Commissioners, or at times
at which bathing in such place has been prohibited by the said
Commissioners.
45. No person shall construct or keep any latrine, urinal
or place for the deposit of filth or refuse,
in the vicinity of any spring, reservior,
well or other source from which water,
is derived for public use within the
limits of the Municipality, or shall do any act which shall
corrupt or foul such water so as to render it less fit for the
purpose for which it is ordinarily used.
Bathing in prohi-
bited places.
Defiling the water
used for public pur-
poses.
49. No person shall wash or cleanse, or cause to be
Washing animals washed or cleansed, in any public road
clothing &c. in prohi. or thoroughfare, or in, or upon, or by the
bited places. side of, any spring, reservoir, well or
other source from which water is derived
for public use within the limits of the Municipality, any animal,
or any wool, cloth, or wearing appearel, or any utensil for
cooking or other purposes, or leather, or skins of any animals,
or other foul or offensive thing, in any places, the use of
which for such purposes shall be prohibited by the Com-
missioners.
67. No person shall make or suffer to remain, any external
roof or wall of any hut or other building
of grass, leaves, Iuats, or other such
inflamable materials in any place within
the limits of the Municipality, in which
the use of such materials for such purposes shall have been
prohibited by the Commissioners.
Making roofs or
external walls of in-
flamable materials.


122 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
68. No person shall build any wall, or erect or set up
Causing obstruction **'. fence, rail, posts, or cause any other
by building &c. in obstruction, encroachment, or injury in
public roads. any public, road or thoroughfare, or in or
over any drain, sewer or aqueduct.
69. No person shall stack or collect dry grass, straw or
Inflamable mate- other inflamable materials, or place mats
rials, &c. thatched huts or cooking places in any
other place in which the collection or
º of inflamable materials or buildings shall be prohitited
y the Commissioners.
70. No person shall displace, take up or make any
alteration in the pavement or roadway,
or fences or posts, of any public road
or thoroughfare, without the consent
Displacing pave-
ment of public road.
of the Commissioners.
71. Every person shall erect and keep in proper repair,
Repair of boun- the boundary marks or enclosures of his
daries. estate or premises.
72. Every person intending to build or re-build any house
or hut within the limits of the Munici-
pality, shall give previous notice in
writing to the Commissioners, and shall
obey all Rules and Regulations which may be laid down by
the Commissionners with respect to the sufficiency of the space
to be left about such buildings or huts to secure a free circulatoin
of air, or with respect to their ventilation or drainage.
Re-building houses-
and huts.
73. No person shall make, any new permanent or
temporary building, hut, shed, enclosure ,
awning, or chubootra, in any situation
in which such building or other cons-
truction shall be declared by the Com-
missioners to be objectionable on sanitary grounds, or on
account of causing encroachment or obstruction to a public
thoroughfare.
Erecting buildings
in objectionable situa-
tions.


SIMLA MUNICIPALITY 123
88. Every owner of any house, building or premises, or
other immoveable property within the
limits of the Municipality, not residing
within the Municipality, or in its immediate vicinity, shall,
within one month after these Rules have been declared to be in
force, or within such time as may be specially ordered by the
Magistrate, appoint a duly authorized Agent, resident within
the Municipality, or in its immediate vicinity, who shall be
answerable for the observance of all the present Rules which
refer to the owners of houses or other property as aforesaid.
Appointing Agents.
Extract from the Punjab Government Gazette, dated 29th
September 1876.
No. 1165.-The Honorable the Lieutenant Governor has
been pleased to sanction the levy with effect from 15th April
1877 of the following taxes within the Municipality of Simla.
A License tax on all Hawkers, Pedlars and Squatters,
offering goods for sale, and not having a fixed place of residence
within Municipal boundaries at the rate of Rs. 1 per mensem
during the season, or from 15th April to 15th October.
A Jhampan taw on all private Jhampans, Dandies and
Doolies at the rate of Rs. 1 per mensem during the season, or
from 15th April to 15th October. -
The above tax to be only leviable on Jhampans actually in
use,
Note—Under the orders of Government the following
Municipal taxes are payable in advance :—
1. Jhampan, Dandy or Dooly 1 Rs. monthly or 5 Rs. by the
season from 15th April to 15th October.
2. Horse or Pony I Re. , 4 Rs. , 33 33 92
3. Mule or Ass 8 As. , 2 Rs. , 29 92 32
Chidren's Doolies are exempt.


126 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
Maximum Weight for a Carriage.
(4).-The maximum weight allowed in a carriage
is 9 maunds, each person travelling being reckoned as 1%
maunds.
Toll on Hill Road.
(5).—The toll of one rupee per Express Tonga and
three pies per passenger by Mail or Parcel Tonga must
be paid by the traveller.
Fares and Baggage by Mail Conveyances.
(6).--Special attention is drawn to the limitation of
luggage.
Not more than four passengers altogether are allowed
in a Mail Wan, and not more than two passengers in a Mail
Tonga. If the mails exceed 2 maunds in weight not more
than one passenger will be allowed in the Mail Tonga:
and if the mails exceed 4 maunds in weight no passenger
will be allowed in the Mail Tonga.
Seats booked in mail conveyances are subject to the
condition that the weight and size of the mails admit of the
conveyance of passengers.
- Per Seat. Limit of
Luggage.
Mail Tonga between Simla and Kalka Rs. 7 12 Seers.
Mail Van between Kalka and Umballa , 24 12 ,
Parcel Tonga between Simla and Kalka , 7 20 m,
Parcel Van between Kalka and Umballa, 2%. 20 ,
Intermediate Stations on Hill Road.
(7).-The fare from Simla or Kalka to Solan, Dugshai
or Dhurumpur (for Kasauli) or vice versá is fixed at Rs.
5 per seat by any kind of conveyance. For further in-


128 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA
GOVERNMENT BULLOCK TRAIN.
BETWEEN UMBALLA AND KALKA, SIMLA, &c.
Outward rates per
Distance maund from
in Umballa to the
miles. places mentioned.
Same for all classes.
Inward rates per
maund to Umballa
from the places
mentioned.
Same for all classes.
Rs. A. P.
KALKA 38 0 9 6
*KASAULI ... 64 1 0 0
*DAGSHAI ... 58 0 14 6
*SUBATHU ... 64 1 0 0
*SOLAN 65 1 0 0
SIMLA 1 8 0
94
RS. A. P.
0 9 9
I 0 0
0 14 6
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 8 0
* Between Solan and Kasauli
and between Subathu and
Dagshai a fixed rate of 8 annas per maund will be charged.
HORSE DAK BETWEEN SIMLA AND KALKA.
BY OLD ROAD,
Per stage ...
Through Journey - - - - -
M.B.—In the slack season, the rates
Rs. 8 for the through journey.
Mules to carry 2 maunds...
Per stage - - -
Ponies (servants) ...
Per stage
- - -
Rs. 3
,, 12
are reduced to
Rs. 3 2
»y 0 12
zy 4 0
29 I 0


GOVERNMENT BULLOCK TRAIN. 129
JHAMPAN AND DOOLY RATES.
Hire of Jhampan or large Dooly including
toll, through journey. ... e e e Rs. 3 8
Per stage e - e. e - e. • - e. » 0 12
Smaller or servant's Doolies, through journey 1 4
Per stage ... e - e. • - e. e - e. e e e 0 4
COOLIES.
For Jhampan or Dooly or with baggage,
including toll, per each Cooly for whole
journey • -- e - - - - - Re. 1 1
Per each stage ... - - - • * - » 0 4
A mate, to accompany each batch of ten
Coolies ... e - e. - - - -- ,, 1 4
Per stage ... - - - - - - * - - , 0 5
*
º } For a Jampan or large Dooly 8 coolies.
A smaller for servants Do. 4 coolies.
A Cooly load is 25 seers.
Head money is charged, at the rate of 6 pies per Cooly
and 2 annas per mule. -
LOCAL RATES FOR THE HIRE OF JHAMPAN
COOLIES.
Rs. A. P.
For a day from 2 to 4 hours, each ... 0 2 0
, a day , 4 to 7 53 - - - 0 4 0
, night 3 x 25 39 0 4 0
Hire of Jhampan for a day e 0 8 O
» night • e - 0 8 0
Cooly hire to Mushobra
99 Mahasso } 0 4 0
22 Jutogh


130 HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO SIMLA.
RATES OF TOLL ON THE CART ROAD, THE OLD
ROAD, MUSHOBRA AND THE MAHASOO ROAD.
Rs. A. P.
Elephant
Camel laden
Do. not laden e - e. • * -
Buffaloes or Bullock, (laden)
Ditto ditto, (unladen)
On every Horse, laden or ridden
Ditto unladen - * *
On every Tattu or Mule, if laden or ridden
Ditto unladen or led
On every Ass, if laden or ridden
Ditto unladen or led
For a 2 wheeled carriage or Tonga
4. Wheeled carriage
For an Ekha
Hackery on springs --
25 Do, drawn by 8 animals, iden
92
i
i
22 Do. not laden
22 Do. 6 animals 1
3y Do. not laden
3e Do. 4 animals
32 Do. not laden
22 Do. 2 animals
32 Do. not laden e - - -
, Every Jhampan or similar conveyance with
8 bearers 1
Ditto with 6 ditto 0 1
Ditto 4 ditto 0
Ditto 2 ditto O
Every foot passenger 0


APPENDIX A.
A List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera (Butterflies) occur-
ring in Simla and within 50 miles, with remarks on their
time of appearance, and localities where met with, by Mr.
Lionel de Nicéville.
FAMILIA I. NYMPHALIDAE.
SUBFAMILIA I. DANAINAE.
Name. Time of appearance. Where met with.
Genus 1. Danais, Latr.
D. Tytia, Gray. ... July to September. Common some years;
others rare, in beds
of streams.
D. Limniace, Cram. Summer and Autumn. Beds of streams, and
at Annandale. Fairly
COIn IllOIl.
D. Aglea, Cram. ... August. ... Rare. Gardens and
beds of streams.
D. Similis, Linn. ... Autumn. ... Common at Pinjore
Gardens near Kalka.
D. Plexippus, Linn. ... Spring and Autumn. Fairly common, in
gardens and beds of
streams.
D. Chrysippus, Linn. Spring and Autumn. Common almost every-
where, especially so
near water.


II.
Name. Time of appearance. Where met with.
Genus II. Euplaca, Fabr.
E. Midamas, Linn. ... October. ... One Specimen taken at
Pinjore near Kalka
in 1878.
E. Core, Cram. ... Autumn. ...] Rare near Simla, com-
mon near Kalka and
the outer ranges of
the Hills.
SUBFAMILIA II. SATYRINAE.
Genus I. Zophoessa, Westw.
Z. N. Sp. ... [August. ... Thick Forest between
Narkunda and Kot-
garh.
Genus II. Lethe, Hübn.
L. Rohria, Fabr. ... June. ... Rare. Gardens and
hill sides.
L. Verma, Koll. ... Spring and Autumn. Deodar and Fir
Woods. Common.
L. Hyrania, Koll. ... |May to November. Gardens, forests, beds
of streams, &c.
Common.
Genus III. Melanitis, Fabr.
M. Leda, Linn. War, a, November. ... I Two specimens ob.
Ismene, Cram. tained in the bed of
the Simla River.


III.
Name. Time of appearance. Where met with.
Genus IV. Maniola, Schrank.
M. Scanda, Koll. ... June and September. Common on grassy
hill sides, paths
through woods, &c.
M. Scanda, Koll. War.a, June. ... Common wherever
Annada, Moore. grass grows.
Genus V. Rhaphicera, Butl.
R. Moorei, Butl. ... |Aºt ...] One specimen taken
near Narkundah.
Genus VI. Satyrus, Latr.
S. Schakra, Koll. ... [Throughout the year. Rocky paths, bare .
hill sides, &c. Com-
IIlOll.
Genus VII. Hipparchia, Fabr.
H. Parisatis, Koll. ... June to October. ... Rare on rocky and
grassy hill sides.
H. Brahminus, Blanc.|June to September. Pathways, grassy hill
sides, and in open
woods. Common.
H. Saraswati, Koll. June to September. Common everywhere,
on hill sides, &c.
H. Padma, Koll. ... April to August. ... Ubiquitous. It is the
largest of the three
last named insects.


XIV.
Name. Time of appearance. Where met with.
Genus VII. Amblypodia, Horsf.
A, Ganesa, Moore. ... June to October. ... Common amongst Oaks
on Tarwa Devi and
elsewhere.
A. Rama, Koll. ... June and July, Sep- | Very common where-
tember & October. ever there are oak
trees. Taken occa-
sionally near water.
FAMILIA IV. PAPILIONIDAE.
SUBFAMILIA I. PIERINAE.
Genus I. Eurema, Hübn.
E. Brigitta, Cram. ...) August to November. Common almost every-
where, especially so in
the beds of streams.
E. Rubella, Wall. ... August to November. Taken with Brigitta,
but is not nearly as
abundant an insect.
E. Hecabe, Linn. ... August to November. Not quite as common
as Brigitta. Occurs
everywhere.
E. Lata, Boisd. ..., |August, ... [Fairly common in 1876,
not seen since.
Genus II. Pieris, Schrank.
P. Brassicae, Linn. War. March and April, Au- || Common in gardens
a, Nepalensis, Gray.] gust and September. &c.


XV.
Name.
Time of appearance.
Where met with.
P. Canidia, Sparrm.
P. Ajaka, Moore.
P. Mesentina, Cram.
P. Soracta, Moore....
P. Agathon, Gray. ...
P. Nerissa, Fabr.
D. Belladonna, Fabr.
-
Throughout the year.
Spring and Autumn.
Mid-Summer. ---
June and July.
Autumn.
Common everywhere
especially in gardens
and in the beds of
streams.
A few specimens taken
in 1876, not seen
since.
Double-brooded, the
latter being the most
plentiful.
Very common in wood-
edglens, and gardens.
Common in wooded
beds of streams,
Annandale, &c.
Not uncommon in the
beds of streams and
on Tarwa Devi.
Genus III. Delias, Hübn.
During the Rains. ... Some years fairly com-
D. Sanaca, Moore. ... June.
D. Eucharis, Dru. ... July.
mon in gardens, others
none are on the wing.
Common at Fagou in
1877.
One specimen observed
on Tarwa Devi.


XVII.
Name. Time of appearance. Where met with.
Genus VII. Izias, Hübn,
I. Pyrene, Linn. ... [August to October. Common at Kotgarh
and fairly so in Simla
in 1878. Not seen in
1879.
I. Marianne, Cram. || October. ... Common at Kalka in
1877, and fairly so in
Simla in 1878.
Genus VIII. Callosune, Doubl.
C. Etrida, Boisd, ... September and Fairly common through-
October, out the Hills in 1878,
one specimen only
taken in 1879.
SUBFAMILIA II. PAPILIONINAE.
Genus I. Parnassius, Latr.
P. Hardwickii, Gray. April, September to Common ... on certain
November. grassy hillsides, Jakko,
r below Windsor Castle
&c.
Genus 11. Papilio, Linn.
P. Clytia, Linn, War. a. August. ... One specimen taken on
Dissimilis, Linn. Tarwa Devi.
P. Govindra, Moore. March and April. ... Fairly , common at
Mushobra, Tarwa
Devi, &c.


XVIII.
Name.
Time of appearance.
Where met with.
. Erithonius, Cram.
. Polyctor, Boisd. ...
. Protenor, Cram. ...
. Cloanthus, West.
. Sarpedon, Linn. ...
. Machaon, Linn. ...
July to October.
Throughout the year.
Spring; July to Sptr.
Spring; June to Augt.
Spring; June to Augt.
Spring; July to Septr.
Fairly plentiful in beds
of streams, grassy hill
sides, &c.
Very common in the
Simla River, but to
be met with every-
where.
Common near water,
seldom seen far from
it.
Common on hill tops
and occasionally near
water.
A few taken at Masho-
bra, on Tarwa Devi,
and below the Fifth
Waterfall.
Common on Tarwa
Devi, Jakko and
occasionally In ear
Water.
FAMILIA W. HESPERIDAE.
. Chaya, Moore. .
Genus I. Casyapa, Kirb.
Throughout the year. Common almost every-
. Mangala, Moore.
where.
Summer and Autumn. Not uncommon near
Water.


ADVERTISEMENT.
J. CRADDOCK,
323.0%OG&A.JPHER, SEVEL.A.
JA, Nº) J.A. ºG)38.
Carte likenesses from Rs. 12 per dozen
Cabinet do. 22 24 22 3?
Views of Simla, Lahore, Murree & Kashmir
from Re. 1 per copy.
Hours for sittings from 9 A. M. until 3 P. M.


ADVERTISEMENT.
ALLIANCE BANK OF SIMLA, LIMITED.
REGISTERED UNDER ACT X. OF 1866.
Capital ... • -- --- --- --- --- ... Rs. 5,00,000
HEAD OFFICE AT SIMLA.
Branches at Rawul Pindi, Murree and Lahore.
AGENCIES THROUGHOUT INDIA.
AGENTS IN LONDON,
The Oriental Bank Corporation.
CURRENT ACCOUNTS opened and kept without charge.
FIXED DEPOSITS received at the following rates of
interest :-
On Deposits repayable after 12 months' notice, 6 per cent per annum.
On do. do. do. 9 do., 5 do do.
On do. do. do. 6 do., 4 do. do.
On do. do. do. 3 do., 3 do. do.
BILLS on LONDON granted at one-eight of a penny worse
only than the quota ruling in the Calcutta market.
FAMILY REMITTANCES to England, payable monthly or
quarterly, arranged for.
DRAFTS granted and purchased on Calcutta, Bombay, Madras
and on the principal Station in India.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF GOVERNMENT PAPER RAIL-
WAY AND JOINTS STOCK SHARES, custody of the same
relization of Interest thereon, undertaken at a moderate charge, \
ARMY AND CIVIL PAY AND PENSIONS realized.
-
LOANS AND CASH CREDITS granted on approved security.
Further particulars obtainable on application.
JAMES WALKER, Manager.


AdWERTISEMENT,
ºogaš & G6's.
PERFECT FITTING SHIRT LIST,
SPECIAL SIMLA NUMBERS.
No. 1 Horricks, Fine Long Cloth, Canubric
Fronts .. - - - - - -- -- Rs. 13
,, 2 Horricks, Super Long Cloth, Lawn
Fronts .. -- -- -- -- ,, 18
,, 3 Horricks, Super Fine Long Cloth,
Linen Fronts .. - -
------
per 3 doz.
y? 3- yy
8
0.
,, .22 8 11
0.
0.
, 4 Horricks, Extra Fine Long cloth, 11 ºn
4 , Irish Fronts --- -- - -- -- º 25 wº wn 3 y
,, 5 Our own Special Shirt. The Finest -
in the market .. -- -- -- ,, 30 11 ox. 71-
(With Collars attached, Rs. 5 per doz. extra.)
,, 6 Fine Oxford Selected Patterms .. Rs. 16 0 11 zz ºr
, 7 Fine India Mattic, New Designs.. ,, 20 0 ºw wn as
,, 8 French Cambric, New Patterns .. ,, 17 8 * > * ,
,, 9 Fine French Lawn, New Patterns ,, 20 0
19 77 ºr
(French Cambric Ties to match the above, Rs. 5 per doz.)
,, 10 Printed Flannel Shirts .. -- Rs. 9 0 each.
,, 11 Flannel Serge Shirts, woven Pat-
terns … -- - -- ... • * , -- -- wn 11 0 sy
(Warranted not to shrink.)
,, 12 Flannel Sleeping Suits -- -- ,, 11 0 y;
,, 18 3. Sleeping Suits -- -- ,, 14 0 1,
,, 14 Oxford Sleeping Suits -- -- yy 7 8 zy
The above Numbers in all Sizes and ready for use.
Cotton and Merino Half Hose from Rs. 8As. S per doz. Black Silk Socks from Rs. 3
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