WIDENER HN I3RMO can 1516.16.8 : CO VEL R1 LA NIE HRIST Harvard College Library FROM Samuel To Secuddur. C de Sept. 1888 11 ION OF C CANADA PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA DOMINIO 1939 Www WWW W K w will MA MMD Med WWWWWW WWWWWW 2x HERE DS SEC WIDE BOOK u man STUDIOBO A.GUID CONTAINING Mons. MBELE (NFORMATION FOR UNIBEROESENBEROESSIEUR NTENDING SETTLERS. -WITH LISHED BY THE PUBLISHE Dustrations. epartment of Agriculture MAP of the Government of Canada OTTAWA THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1887 115 Naskat una scal n orock Rocky Mt. House den Morley Radnoj OR Keith) Calgaryo by Cochrane Shop liga doba trathmore Glor Se Kootenay yellow A ha 180 IERS . BEDRING'S SEA www leutian Archipel FOODT TO YOKCIE CIFIC I Sandwich Is to Hogole Is. N. Hebrides Feejee Is. 180 ardcore Uli WWW. w .. MwIT WAW UX WS WWWWWW MIHI WWW HES WWW amely WW.WIN WANTEET c W OLA BILEN inter A VIEW from the Platform, looking down the St. Lawrence, from the Citadel, Quebec A SRETCH BY H.R. H. PRINCESS LOUISE m A VIEW AT QUEBEC can 15 16,16.8 JE74939: Frontaesity 8 1888, 611.4 Pamuel H. Scudder. . TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE .... ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .... . .. .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ... . ... .. ... ... . ... ... .. ... . ... .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... . ... ... .. ... .. ... . .... ....... ... ...... ...... .. ............ Market Gardening, Poultry-Raising and Bee-Keeping...... Fruit-Growing ....... Forest Products...... Canada as a Mining Country ... CHAPTER IV.-PUBLIC WORKS. Canadian Canal and Inland Navigation System .......... Canadian Railways..... CHAPTER V.—PICTURESQUE AND SPORTING ATTRACTIONS. The Tourist and the Artist. .................... The Sportsman and the Angler..... CHAPTER VI.—CANADA AS SHOWN BY FIGURES. Area of Provinces and Territory Population of the Dominion ... Trade of the Dominion.. Imports and Exports ........... Canadian Fisheries. utan fisheries.............. Revenue of the Dominion.... Debt and Assets of the Dominion Banking ...... CHAPTER VII.-PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. Extent and Position......... Population, Occupations and Cities... Resources and Demands for Labour,. Prosperity of Immigrants in Ontario. Climate and Productions ......... Means of Education............. Farms and Lands .. Free Grant Lands........ Conditions of Successful Settlement on the Free Grants Advantages for Persons with Means ....... PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Extent and General Capabilities ..... River St. Lawrence... Chief Cities Lands and Surveys......... Climate ........... Soil and Productions ................. Population and Industries. Territorial Divisions and Municipal Institutions Means of Communication.... Minerals and Fisheries..... ............................................... . .. .. ... ... .. .. ... . ... .. ... . ... ... .. ... .. .. ................... .... ...... ...................... ...... ... ...... ...... .... ...... ...... ...... .... .... ......... en ce........ .. ... . ... ... .. ... ... ....... .. . .... .... .... .... ...... ..... ... .... ........ .... . ... ... ............................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE 84 ...... a rm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cultivation in Manitoba ... Fruit, and what may be Grown........ Roots and Vegetables.... Cattle and Stock Raising ... Communications and Markets.... System of Survey, and Directions for Taking up Farms Free Grants and Pre-emptions ... Directions respecting Lands What Capital to begin with .... Hints for Settlers in Manitoba What to take to Manitoba .. Routes, and when to go.. Canadian Pacific Railway Lands Hudson Bay Company's Lands.. School Lands Lands at Private Sale ....... .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . ... .. ... ... . ... ... . .... .. ... . . .... .. .. . . ... ... ... .. .. . ... .. .... ... . . ... . ... .... .. . ... . ...... ...... .... . .. ... .. .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... .. .. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. General Features...... Harbours. Climate Mineral Wealth-Immense Gold and Coal Deposits Forests. Fisheries ......... Agriculture and Fruit Growing.. Manufactures and Exports........... Population.... Land Regulations ... ........... CHAPTER VIII.—THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. General Features................ ......... 102 PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS. District of Assiniboia ... Saskatchewan........... Alberta.... Athabasca ....... S .. ... .. ... .. .. . .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... . .... .. ... .. ... .... . ... .... .. .... ... ... .. .. .... . ... ... . .... .. ... ... .. .. .... . ... .. .......... ............... CHAPTER IX.–TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS, TRAVELLERS, DELEGATES AND EMINENT MEN. . 113 ... 113 .. - 114 117 U .. ... . .... .. ... .. .. ... .. .... . ... .. .... . ... .. ... ... . Earl of Dufferin ......... Marquis of Lorne .................. Rev. James MacGregor .. Hon. Horatio Seymour Professor Sheldon ..... The late Hon. Wm. Seward.. Captain Palliser.... Archbishop Tache.. 1 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... .... .. 117 117 118 ........ 1 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1 . .. ... ... ... .. .. .... .. .. .. . .. . .. ................ .................... . 123 .................................... 126 130 ..... 131 15 135 PAGE Lieut.-Governor Robinson .... 118 Sir R. W. Cameron, New York..... ... 119 Mr. Blodgett (U.S., Author on Climatology) .... .. 119 Attorney-General and Governor of Wisconsin. 121 Archbishop Lynch ....... 122 Test of Saskatchewan Coal . Testimony of One Hundred and Fifty-three Farmers... . 123 Hon. Mr. Sutherland... 124 Prof. Macoun .... Extracts from Reports of Tenant Farmers' Delegates from the United Kingdom ... Harvey J. Philpot, M.D.. 130 Mr. Marshall ......... J. W. Taylor........ 130 Hon. A. W. Ogilvie... CHAPTER X.—INFORMATION AND ADVICE FOR INTENDING EMIGRANTS. Government Agents ....... Immigrant Stations in Canada......... 133 Persons who should and who should not Emigrate to Canada 134 The Time to Emigrate 134 Ocean Fares, and best way to reach Canada.... ................. Buying Tickets .. 136 During the Passage ... 136 Luggage.. 136 What to take... 137 Money ................................... ........ . 138 Practical Suggestions for Intending Settlers in Manitoba 138 Rates of Wages in Canada..... ...139 Tables of Wages in 1886.... 140 Tables of Retail Prices of Food and Raiment in 1886 ........... APPENDIX. DOMINION LANDS REGULATIONS. Homesteads...... .. 147 Pre-emptions ..... ... 147 Timber 148 Payments ...... ... 148 Coal............. 148 Grazing Lands. 148 Mineral Lands . Information ........ ..... 148 List of Dominion Land and Crown Timber Agents in Manitoba and the North-West Territories. 149 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY'S LANDS. Terms of Payment...... General Conditions........... Southern Manitoba Lands ........ Town Lots.... ... ........ .... .... : 142 : ........................ .... 148 ............................ .................. TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - -- - --- ................................ .. 152 . . ............ . .............. . CENSUS ABSTRACT. PAGE Census of Canada—1871 and 1881 compared.......... ........... ... 151 Proportions. ... 151 CENSUS OF 1881. Religions of the People.......... Origins of the People.......... 152 Birth Places of the People... . 153 Increase per cent. in Population.............. ..... 153 Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants compared .. 154 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. Value, with duty collected thereon for nineteen years ............................ 155 Summary of Exports in 1886 . 155 Value of Fisheries of the Dominion ......... RAILWAYS. Progress of Railway interest from June, 1876, to June, 1885............. ...... List of Canadian Railways ........... . 0 ... ........ ... ... .... ...... ...... ... ... ... ... .... 156 156 157 BANKING. Bank Statement for December, 1885 and 1886 ...... Government Circulation, 31st December, 1886 ... Amount of Deposits in Savings Banks...... Government Savings Banks, 31st December, 1886.. Post Office Savings Bank ... City and District Savings Bank of Montreal, 1886 .. Caisse d'Economie de Quebec .. 158 .. 159 159 159 159 ........................... K .... ....... ........ .... .... .... ... ..... ........ .... .......... 159 ............... 159 ............................... .. 160 .. .... .... .... ...... ... ....... .... .... .... ...... ...... ...... .. ............... ................ ............ 100 .... ..... 160 .. .. ... . ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ..... .. . CANADIAN CANALS. St. Lawrence System........ Ottawa Canals. ....... St. Lawrence and New York.... Trent River Navigation St. Peter's Canal...... ............................ ...... ...... ..... DISTANCES. Quebec to Liverpool via Straits of Belle Isle and Malin Head... Quebec to Liverpool via Cape Race and Malin Head ........ Great Circle or Air Line Distances .... .. 160 ...... ... ... ...... ..... .. 161 .. .. ... ... ..... ... .. .. ...... 10 1 ......... .............. 101 ANALYSIS OF MANITOBA Soil. Analysis of Sample of Manitoba Soil. ......... ...... 162 NATURALIZATION. United States Naturalization Law ........ Declaratory Statement of a United States Citizen Final Obligation of a United States Citizen. Canadian Naturalization and Passports.......... .... 163 163 S . 163 . 164 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ........ ... - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE ..... 14 18 .... ........ .... .... ...... .... ...... . 19 ......... 21 22 26 27 32 ..... ... .... ..... ... ...... .. 33 ......... .... .... ...... .... ........................ 34 ............................................ 41 43 FRONTISPIECE. A View at Quebec. Muskoka Lakes............. Parliament House, Ottawa....... Departmental Buildings, Ottawa (East Block). Departmental Buildings, Ottawa (West Block). Post Office, Ottawa... Belvoir Farm Homestead, Delaware, Ontario.. The Belvoir Farm, Delaware, Ontario.. An Ontario Farm View at Burlington, Ontario. An Ontario Homestead, Burlington, Ontario. Jersey Cattle on an Ontario Farm.. An Ontario Vineyard at East Hamilton... Apple Orchard, East Hamilton, Ontario.. An Ontario Farm, St. Anns, Ontario... An Ontario Farm Homestead, St. Anns, Ontario .. View from Governor-General's Quarters, Citadel, Quebec c...... Wolfe's Cove: a View above Quebec... Part of the Lower Ramparts: a View at Quebec. Ditch and Ramparts: a View at Quebec ... Interior of the Citadel, Quebec...... Niagara Falls, from Wesley Park... Toronto in 1834.... Toronto in 1887.... City of St. Thomas.. City of Ottawa.. A View in the City of London, Ontario.... City of London. City of Belleville. City of Kingston. City of Guelph.... Town of Paris. City of Brantford .... City of Hamilton... Port Arthur, Lake Superior. City of St. Catharines............ Citadel, Quebec, and a River Steamer City of Montreal, from the Harbour. Sherbrooke, Eastern Townships. City of Halifax... Charlottetown, P. E.I... . . ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . ... ... .. .. ... .. .. ................................ . .. .... .. ...... ...... .... US.. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... ... ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 .... .. ... .. .. ... ... .. ... . ... ... .. ... ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... . 62 67 DOMINION OF CANADA. INFORMATION FOR INTENDING SETTLERS. Published by the Government of Canada. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. MOTIVES TO EMIGRATE. HE first question which a man who thinks of emigrating should ask himself is, “Why should I do so?” And this is perhaps the most important practical question of his life. It means the breaking up of all the old ties and associations of his childhood, and beginning life afresh in a new country, where everything will at first seem new and strange to him. He will, however, in a very short time become familiar with his new surroundings, and the general experience is, that when an immi. grant has lived a few years in Canada, he is not willing to leave. It has happened in many cases, where the old home feeling was very strong, that men who have gone back to the Old Country with the intention of staying have soon returned to Canada. To many, if not to all, it is a great wrench to leave the old home of one's childhood, even though it may have been accompanied by hard conditions; but it is, on the other hand, undoubted that new associations will develop and cluster around the new home across the sea, especially where there are conditions of increased prosperity, of natural beauties of country, and of a pleasant and healthy climate. Men who have left the old land to live in what has been called the Greater Britain come to love it with as great and even sometimes greater fervidness. . It is true that emigration has led to many cases of individual hardship, but these are the exceptions to the rule; and it is a fact that they have nearly always come from the unfitness to emigrate at all of the persons who have suffered. The object of this book is to furnish such information as will assist in forming a decision upon the question, “Why should I emigrate?” The greatest care will be taken to make no statement not based upon well ascertained facts and figures, or which is not within the actual knowledge of the author. When a man is doing well at home, and sees his way to continue to do so, it may be a safe rule for him to let well alone. But a man may be doing well himself who has a family to bring up; and it will very often happen that such a man may do equally well in Canada, and find a far better chance for educating and advantageously placing his family than he could among the crowded and constantly increasing population of the Mother Country An intending emigrant should have above all things good health, and be stout-hearted. A man who comes to work should be prepared to do anything at first that comes to his hand; and he should try to adapt himself to the ways of the new country in which he has placed his lot. He may have many things to unlearn, and also to learn, and especially DOMINION OF CANADA. he should learn to follow the practices proved to be wise, by the experience of the new country to which he goes, rather than make any attempt to push them aside by the use of the practices of the old country which he has left. This is a truth which men always in the end come to find out, and many have done so through disappointments which might have been avoided. The condition of success in Canada is, honest work; and none should come seeking to make a living who have not made up their minds to work. Canada is no place for the idle or the dissipated, and none of this class should think of coming. But men of families who have even small means to live on, may do so cheaply and with comfort in Canada, and educate and settle their children with the best prospects. The late Minister of Agriculture (the Hon. J. H. Pope), stated in a Memorandum to the Colonial Secretary, which has been before quoted, but which cannot be too often read, that - There are very many thousands of persons throughout the Dominion who came to this country as labourers, without any means, in fact almost in a state of pauperism, and tenant farmers with very little means, who have attained a state of comparative independ- ence, being proprietors of their own farms, and having laid by sufficient means for their declining years, while they have educated their children and settled them in conditions of ease and plenty. “In fact, the inducements to emigrate to Canada are not simply good wages and good living among kindred people under the same flag, in a naturally rich country, pos- sessing a pleasant and healthy climate, but the confident prospect which the poorest may have of becoming a proprietor of the soil, earning competence for himself, and comfortably settling his children.” These are facts which many thousands-not only poor men, but men with families who are now themselves getting good livings in the Old Country-may profitably ponder. EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE. The continuous stream of emigration from the old settled countries of Europe has, within the last fifty years, constituted an exodus which is one of the most remarkable features of modern history, and there is very little sign of its abatement. On the con. trary, those who have settled in new countries are constantly inducing their friends to join them, and so the current becomes wider and deeper. It has in fact built up great and populous communities in Australasia, and on the continent of America. About two millions and a half of people have emigrated from and through Great Britain alone during the last twelve years; and the movement, as already stated, does not begin to show any signs of exhaustion. During the years 1882 and 1883 it was larger than ever before, as well from the United Kingdom as from Germany and other parts of Europe. It appears, however, that even in the face of this outflow there is crowding in the labour markets, and a very large amount of pauperism. Emigration relieves both of these, while it builds up prosperous and happy communities in hitherto waste places of the earth. One feature of this emigration is that very large amounts of money are sent home by the immigrants generally within one year after their arrival, to prepay the passages of their friends, in order to enable them also to emigrate. The Irish and the Germans have been particularly conspicuous in sending back money for this purpose. No accurate statistics of the amounts can be obtained; but it is known that the sum sent to the United Kingdom alone in one year reached over $10,000,000 (or over £2,000,000 sterling); and it is also known that many thousand Germans and other immigrants come annually in the class known as “prepaids," that is, by money sent by friends who had come before to this continent. These striking facts are proof of the prosperity in the main of the immigrants in their new homes. It is to show reasons why a large portion of this emigrating movement should be directed to the Dominion of Canada, that this book is published. CLASSES WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE. To prevent disappointments, it is important to point out with distinctness the classes of persons who should be advised to emigrate to Canada. SUTH NU SKOKA FALLS Ae SW TUBE MTV HER liidid Be WWWMA bel Whe Will TE EN Muskoka LA f Duck S00102 LAKEFOSSE CU Alexander 2 Cablo Toronto J K LAK JOSEPH VIEWS IN MUSKOKA. CHAPTER II. FACTS ABOUT THE DOMINION. YT is desirable that the intending emigrant should be informed of what may be called Facts about the Dominion, with respect to its government, its people and their social position, and also with respect to population, wealth and general progress. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. The Government of Canada is Federal: that is, there is a Central General Govern- ment for the whole Dominion; and the several provinces have separate Legislatures, and manage their own local affairs. The seat of the Federal Government is at Ottawa. The engravings in this chapter represent the Parliament Buildings, which are in three groups, namely, the Parliament House, Departmental Buildings, East Block, and Departmental Buildings, West Block. Federal Government. The Federal Government has for its head a Governor-General appointed by the Queen, holding office for five years, having, however, his salary paid by the people of Canada ; a Senate, consisting of members who are appointed for life by the Crown on the nomination of the Ministry ; a House of Commons, elected by the people of the whole Dominion, under a very free suffrage, almost universal; and a Ministry consisting of Heads of Departments, having seats in the House of Commons and in the Senate, who are responsible to the House of Commons, not only for all moneys expended, but for their tenure of office. It is believed that this system is practically more free than that of the Republic of the United States, in that it gives the people more direct control over their rulers, to make and unmake them at pleasure, while at the same time it affords conditions of well- ordered stability. Provincial Government. The Lieutenant-Governors of the several Provinces are appointed by the Federal or General Government, but the Legislatures are elected by the people of the Provinces, and are independent within their respective spheres. The Province of Ontario has only one chamber, the Legislative Assembly, and a .responsible Ministry. The Province of Quebec has two chambers, and a responsible Ministry, as have also New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and some of the other Provinces. Municipal Government. There is a very perfect system of Municipal Government throughout the Dominion. Both the counties and townships have local governments or Councils, which regulate their local taxation for roads, taxes for schools and other purposes, so that every man directly votes for the taxes which he pays. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. WMN N WAT MON WWW NEXUS UUTTA Unses DE LA EN WWWWW Wells WWW WS We M LAVA S IM ORANTE dan ORG PARLIAMENT HOUSE, OTTAWA. This system of responsibilty, from the municipalities up to the General Government, causes everywhere a feeling of contentment and satisfaction, the people with truth believing that no system of government which can be devised on earth can give them greater freedom. EDUCATION. Means of education, from the highest to the lowest, everywhere abound in the Dominion. The poor and middle classes can send their children to free schools, where excellent education is given ; and the road to the colleges and higher education is open and easy for all. In no country in the world is good education more generally diffused than in Canada. In many thousands of cases the children of immigrants who came to Canada without any means, in a state of poverty very little removed from absolute pauperism, have received a thorough education, and have the highest prizes which the country offers before them. They have thus attained a state of well-being which would have been impossible for them at home, and which affords the most striking possible contrast with the dismal prospect which the workhouse would have afforded for a large number of them, when their strength for labour should have passed away. SOCIAL POSITION. An intending emigrant should be well informed with respect to the social position of the people of the country in which he intends to cast his lot; and here in the first place it may be stated that society is less marked by the distinctions of caste than in the Mother Country; while there is at the same time a careful preservation of those traditions which give the general features to English society, and which are found the world over. The reasons of this important social fact are plain before the eyes of every observer. Apart from there being no social class of feudal nobility in Canada, almost every farmer and agriculturist in the Dominion is the owner of his acres; the lord of the soil. He owns no master, but is free to do as he wills. This sense and state of independence among those who follow the leading industry of the Dominion, naturally permeate the whole social system, and produce a condition of social freedom which is impossible in all those countries of the Old World in which feudal castes prevail. DOMINION OF CANADA. Agricultural labourers have come to Canada in a state of poverty not far removed from pauperism, who have by their industry and earnings been very soon enabled to obtain farms of their own, and give their children thorough education-first in the Primary schools, second in the Grammar schools, and lastly in the Colleges and Univer- sities. It is the same with mechanics and artisans as respects success in their several call- ings, and the education of their children. It thus happens that the children of the poorest attain to conditions of well-being and social refinement, and rise to the highest positions in society, in the professions, in the Legislatures, and as Ministers of the Crown. It is found that people from the older countries of Europe, when they come to have experience of this freedom of society in Canada, would not willingly exchange it for any other. RELIGION. On this head it may be enough to say that the utmost religious liberty everywhere prevails in Canada. Immigrants coming to the Dominion from Europe, of every religious persuasion, will find their own churches, and abundant facilities for the practice of their faith, among neighbours who will sympathize with their views. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. The Criminal and Civil Laws of Canada, as well as their administration, ensure impartial justice for all, and give everywhere a sense of satisfaction. The Criminal Law is copied from the English system. The judges are appointed by the Crown for life; and they are chosen, whatever Minister may be in power, from among those who, by their ability, learning and practice at the Bar, have worked their way to the front rank of their profession. The purity of the Canadian Bench is never questioned. Party politics and feelings may run high, but the Bench is never suspected of being influenced by them. When a lawyer becomes a judge, he disappears from the political arena. The Courts. The highest is the Supreme Court of Canada, composed of a Chief Justice and five puisne judges. It has appellate jurisdiction throughout the Dominion, in criminal as well as civil cases. This is the only Dominion Court, all the others being Provincial. Among these are the Court of Chancery, the Court of Queen's Bench, the Court of Com. mon Pleas, the Court of Error and Appeal, the Superior Courts, the County Courts, the General Sessions and Division Courts. In the chief towns and cities there are Stipendiary Magistrates who sit daily for the hearing of ordinary police cases. They also have juris- diction in certain civil cases, such as the non-payment of wages. Aldermen of cities have magisterial powers ex officio. In all parts of the country there are Justices of the Peace, holding their commissions from the Crown, who inquire into all such cases as may arise within their respective jurisdictions. The system of jury trial everywhere prevails. The expenses of litigation are as a rule less than in England, on account of the attempts which have been successfully made to simplify all proceedings. Police. The police force throughout the Dominion forms part of the municipal system, and is paid from local or municipal taxes, with the exception of a very small force maintained by the Dominion, in connection with the Parliament Buildings and the shipping in one or two of the sea-ports. There is no more peaceful country under the sun; and no more law-abiding, steady and industrious people than the Canadians. The county jail is often unoccupied by prisoners for months together. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 11 . NTI Puh! THE RES" 353 BUCH PUN ERITISH.A.B.N.CO DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS, OTTAWA.-WEST Block. high temperatures, without rain, are destructive of all vegetation; and high temperatures, with an insufficiency of rain, give only imperfect crops. Those parts of the States just named very much resemble Palestine, Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Independent Tartary. Both regions are similarly situated on the continents; both are in the zones of the summer droughts, high temperatures, arid winds and rapid evaporation ; but with this important feature in favour of the Asiatic countries—they lie nearer the ocean and Mediterranean Sea, which renders the atmosphere more humid and modifies the droughts. The most southern part of Canada is on the same parallel as Rome in Italy, Corsica, in the Mediterranean, and the northern part of Spain-farther south than France, Lom. bardy, Venice or Genoa. The northern shores of Lake Huron are in the latitude of Central France, and vast territories not yet surveyed, embracing many million acres of land of good quality, lie south of the parallel of the northern shores of Lake Huron, where the climates are favourable for the great staples of the temperate zones. It may be interesting to look at the climate of Canada in the light of its productions, and with this view some quotations will be made from Mr. Marshall's recent work on Canada, because his opinions are those of a well-informed stranger, and one who tells us that he entered Canada without prepossessions in its favour, meaning, as we infer, that he was prepossessed unfavourably towards the country, having come into it through the States, and, like many Englishmen, received his first impression of Canada, both before he left England and afterwards, from Americans. Mr. Marshall visited an agricultural show, which, however, only represented the country around London, Ontario. Of this he says: “ The fine display of produce surprised me. Wheat, barley, oats and other cereals were well represented. Maize showed excellent samples. The roots and vegetables were surprisingly fine. A field pumpkin which I measured was four feet ten inches in circum- ference; a squash eight feet three inches, weighing 150 lbs. [We have seen them 350 lbs., open air growth. No better illustration could be given of a summer, semi-tropical in heat and of great duration, than the maturing of the pumpkins and squash of such great size.] The potatoes were the finest I have ever seen; there were a great number of varieties. Citrons, melons, marrows and tomatoes were also exceptionally large and fine." “ It is difficult to speak of the returns of grain commonly yielded to the farmer in this country. I have seen some fields that yielded forty bushels to the acre, others not far distant giving but fifteen. [No doubt, in a new country where many turn farmers not before acquainted with it, the average yield gives a poor idea of the capabilities of the GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 13 SELLING AND SYSTEM OF CONVEYING LANDS IN CANADA. Lands are bought and sold as readily in Canada as any kind of merchandise, and the system of conveying them is not much more intricate or expensive than that of making out bills of parcels. This extreme simplicity and conciseness in conveyancing very frequently excites the astonishment of those who have been accustomed to the skins of parchment, and long and dreary nomenclature common in such instruments in the Mother Country In Manitoba, for instance, a parcel of ground may be described by a few figures, namely, the number of the section or part of section, the number of the township, and the number of the range. These three figures afford an instant and absolute description of any land in the surveyed portions of the North-West. The words “ sell and assign,” for so much money, cover the transfer. This is signed before a notary or a commissioner, the deed is registered, and the transaction is complete. In the other Provinces the forms are very little different and very little longer, although the definitions of property cannot be simply expressed by the numbers of the section, township and range. This simple system does not give rise to any ambiguity or doubtfulness of title; and the people who have become used to these concise and convenient forms would not endure any other. There is a question of making titles, as registered, final, and it is already put in effect in some of the new territories, thereby preventing any necessity, on the occasion of transfers, of searches of titles, and curing all defects, the same as has been the practice in Australia and elsewhere. Such a system, in addition to the simplicity of transfers, would render very much more certain any dealings in real estate. FARMS FOR SALE. What are called “improved farms” may be purchased on reasonable terms in all the older Provinces. By the term “improved farms" is meant farms either wholly or partially cleared of woods, and having fences, farm-houses, out-buildings, barns, etc.; in short, every appliance with which to begin at once the life of a farmer. It has been sometimes asked: If farming is the main industry of the country, and the farmers are prosperous, why can farms be so readily purchased? The answer is simple. There is a tendency spreading over a large part of the continent of North America for farmers, comfortably settled in the east, to move to the west and again com- mence pioneer life. A farmer who has brought up a family of sons on the old homestead may not be able, perhaps, to buy other land near, on terms within his means, on which to settle his sons; but he may sell his holding for, to him, a considerable sum of money, and with this obtain still broader acres for himself and his sons in the newer or less settled parts of the Dominion. There is also a sort of fascination in this sort of pioneer life for many men who have once had experience of it. In consequence of this tendency, many thousands of persons have left comfortable farms and residences on the eastern face of the continent of America, as well in Canada as in the United States, for the purpose of settling in the west, principally on prairie land; and this movement has been so great at times as to make a serious drain of population. At the height of the movement, the populations of some of the Eastern States actually declined. It happens in many cases, in fact almost as a rule, that immigrants accustomed to the manners and settled life of an old country, would feel themselves more at home in taking up improved farms in the older Provinces than in attempting pioneer life in unsettled portions of the country. As a rule also, old Canadian settlers and pioneers are the best adapted for pioneer life. Newly-arrived immigrants taking up the farms which would be sold to this class, would find themselves in the midst of society, churches and schools, such as they had been accustomed to. The social changes which they would have to make in selecting this mode of settlement would be only slight in degree; while in going to the unsettled portions of the Dominion they would be deprived for a time- it might be, however, only for a short time-of those conditions. It thus happens fortunately, for a large class, that improved farms can be so readily found and obtained. The prices for improved farms in the Province of Ontario range from $25 to $50 (£5 to £10 stg.) per acre; and in some cases more, where all the buildings and fences are specially valuable, or the farm has special features. In the Eastern Townships of the DOMINION OF CANADA. WER LAR siguible SOS. ABS Ila U . GILAN NE alllud . MA INNAT British.A.B.N.CO 000 A Post OFFICE, OTTAWA. Province of Quebec such farms might be bought for $20 or $30 (£4 to £6 stg.) per acre ; and in the Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia at about the same figure. These farms may generally be bought by paying down a part of the purchase money, and the remainder by instalments in four or five years as may be agreed. It thus happens that conditions are afforded especially favourable for the tenant farmer from the United Kingdom, with a little capital, to acquire a farm on which he is fitted by his pre- vious habits to live, while the older settler of the country, with more special adaptation for pioneer life, is afforded a chance to follow it. Some of the Agricultural Delegates who recently visited this country asked why farms might be so cheaply bought in the older Provinces of Canada. The answer given to them was, that in so far as respected price, it was to be observed that the value of occupied land in the older parts of a new country like Canada must necessarily, to a great extent, be governed-first, by the cost of clearing new forest land in the wooded parts; and, second, by the facility with which prairie land can be obtained free to the extent of 160 acres, on the simple condition of continuous settlement for three years. It must be plain to all men that the fact of vast areas being open to settlement on such conditions will largely affect prices of occupied land a few hundred miles distant, with which there is connection both by water and rail. POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. Postal System. The Postal System of Canada extends to every village and hamlet in the land, no matter how remote from the centres of business and population. In 1885, the number of Post Offices was in the proportion of one to every 663 persons; in the United States it was only one to every 1,073 persons. The number of Post Offices in June, 1885, was.... 7,084 Miles of Post Route.. 50,461 Miles of Annual Mail Travel ..22,173,455 Letters in the same year........................68,400,000 Post Cards.... .....13,800,000 Registered Letters ...................... ...... 3,000,000 Postal Revenue to June, 1885.......... ...$2,400,062 These figures show postal activity in Canada. te............. .. ............... ..............10,OVO,VUU e, 1000................................... 2,400,004 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 15 The rate of letter postage is 3 cents (1}d stg.) per half-ounce, prepaid. The postage for letters between Canada and the United Kingdom is 5 cents (24d stg.) Postal Cards within the Dominion, 1 cent (id stg.) The average passage of the Mail Steamers is about nine days. Postal Cards can be sent between Canada and the United Kingdom for 2 cts. (ld stg.) The newspaper postage in Canada is merely nominal ; and there is a parcel, sample and book post, at a cheap rate, which are found very useful. The money order system in operation is similar to that of England. All Money Order Offices are authorized to draw on each other for any sum up to one hundred dollars; and any applicant may receive as many one hundred dollar orders as he may require. Postal Money Orders, payable in Canada or abroad, may be had at any of the Money Order Offices in Canada, about 1,000 in number. The countries abroad upon which Money Orders may be had, include the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Austria, Roumania, Portugal, Iceland, Japan, the East and West Indies, the Australasian Colonies, and all other British Possessions. The rates charged for Postal Money Orders are as follows: On Orders payable in the Dominion of Canada. (Limit $100.) On Orders up to $ 4.00...... 2 cents. Over $40.00 and up to $ 60.00..30 cents. Over $ 4.000 10.00...... 5 " 66 60.00 66 80.00..40 66 “ 10.00 € 20.00......10 " 66 80.00 € 100.00..50 6 6 20.00 € 40.00......20 66 On Orders payable in the United Kingdom, United States and all Foreign Cour.tries and British Possessions upon which Money Orders may be drawn. [Limit $50 (£10 5s. 4d)]. On Orders up to $10.00......10 cents. | Over $30.00 and up to $40.00..40 cents. Over $10.00 to 20.00......20 " o 40.00 € 50.00..50 66 66 20.00 " 30.00.. ...30 Telegraphs. The telegraph system in Canada is almost entirely in the hands of public companies, the Government owning and operating only a few miles in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, which are used principally for shipping reports and weather signals, and about 1,000 miles in the North-West Territories. The largest and most important telegraph systems are those of the Great North-Western Company, formed by the union of the Montreal and Dominion Companies, and of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Great North-Western Company has a capital of $3,500,000, with 2,000 offices and 2,500 employees. It has 32,643 miles of wire in operation, and 17,627 miles of poles. The rates for a message in Canada are 25 cents (1s. stg.) for the first ten words, signature and address not counted, and 1 cent for each additional word. The night rate is 25 cents for twenty-five words. Between offices within a distance of 12 miles a part, the rate is 15 cents (71d stg.) for twenty- five words. The Canadian Mutual Telegraph Company, and the lines formerly owned by the Government in British Columbia, are included in the telegraph system of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, in which there are 14,505 miles of wire in operation, with 4,555 miles of poles. A through telegraph circuit is worked by this system from Montreal to Victoria, B.C., with a single repetition at Winnipeg, and the wires are frequently put in direct connection, thus making a through transcontinental circuit. The company has immediate connections with the Mackay-Bennett Cable Company, and the Postal Telegraph Company and Baltimore & Ohio System in the United States. When the line now being constructed by the Postal Telegraph Company from San Francisco to New Westminster, B.C., is completed, telegrams between San Francisco and New York and other eastern cities will be sent over this company's lines. This connection is expected to be in operation by the 1st February, 1887. The telephone system is in active operation in all the cities and towns and in many of the villages in Canada, and is principally controlled by the Bell Telephone Company, of Montreal. This company has an authorized capital of $2,000,000, with $1,300,000 paid up; it has 270 offices, 654 employees, and 12,500 instruments in use, and there are in operation 10,000 miles of wire, and 4,200 miles of poles, the number of poles in use being 142,000. The annual charge for service varies from $10 to $60. Connections are made at several points with the Bell Telephone System of the United States. Upwards of 300 cities, towns and villages in Canada are connected for telephonic service by this company. DOMINION OF CANADA. NEWSPAPER PRESS. The Canadians are well supplied with newspapers. Every considerable village in the Dominion publishes its newspaper ; and in all the large towns there are several. These newspapers are for the most part conducted with energy and ability. They are supplied with full telegraphic reports from all parts of the globe. All important news that trans- pires in the United Kingdom and Europe is instantly published in Canada ; and, in fact, owing to the difference in mean time, an event which takes place in London at five o'clock in the afternoon may be known in Canada at about noon of the same day. It happens often that important events which occur in England in the early forenoon are published in the morning papers of the same day in Canada, while it is quite impossible that this same news can appear in the morning papers of England until the next day. As a rule the newspapers of Canada discuss party politics with vivacity, but all, with scarcely an exception, are in a marked degree loyal to British connection. There are a number of special commercial publications; as well as monthly periodicals devoted to agriculture, literature, medicine and branches of science. MONEY, BANKS AND BANKING. Bills and Coins. The money used in Canada consists of bank bills, gold and silver coins, and bronze in single cents. The bank bills are instantly convertible into gold; and from the con- fidence they everywhere command, practically displace gold from the circulation; being more portable and easily handled. The Dominion Government issue notes of the small denominations up to $4.00, the banks not being by law allowed to issue notes of lower denominations than $5.00. It therefore happens that a large portion of the paper money in circulation and actually in the hands of the people is Government currency. The banking laws are so framed as to prevent the possibility of loss to the holders of bank notes; and even in times of severest crisis the public confidence in these is not impaired. Banking. In the Appendix to this book, some figures are given of the banking operations in Canada; which the intending emigrant is invited to study, as an important fact relating to the country in which he is about to take up his abode. There is a system of Savings Banks, connected with the regular chartered banks, and also with the Post Office, similar to that in the United Kingdom. Depositors in these Savings Banks obtain from three to four per cent. interest on their money.“ Previous to making their permanent investments, immigrants are advised to deposit their money in one of these banks on their arrival in the country. They are also advised to look well about them and become thoroughly acquainted with all the facts, taking sufficient time to do so, before venturing on the important step of making permanent investments. Denominations of Money. It may be explained that the denominations of money in Canada are Dollars and Cents, although the denominations of Pounds, Shillings and Pence are legal. But the system of Dollars and Cents being decimal, is much more convenient than Pounds, Shil. lings and Pence; and, moreover, being in use all over the continent of America, that nomenclature is used in this publication. A comparison with sterling is subjoined, which will at once enable the reader to understand in sterling, values stated in dollars and cents. Sterling into Dollars and Cents. Dollars and Cents into Sterling. $ cts. £ s. d. zd. sterling is............... 0 01 1 cent is................. 0 0 0 id. :.............. 002 ...... 0 4 17 ............... 0 24 4 dollars are...... .. 0 16 51 £1 ...... 4 87 1 5 " “ ............. 1 0 64 For small change, the half-penny sterling is 1 cent, and the penny sterling 2 cents. For arriving roughly at the approximate value of larger figures, the Pound sterling may be counted at Five Dollars. This sign $ is used to indicate the dollar. 1 dollar is......... ls. CHAPTER III. PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA. HE object of this chapter is less to give a detailed account of the productions of Canada, which would be impossible in a book of this kind, than to point out their nature for the information of possible workers in the several branches, or for men with capital who may desire to embark in them. At the head of these stand farming and stock-breeding. FARMING AND STOCK-BREEDING. Canada seems especially fitted to supply the United Kingdom with much of the farm produce that is necessary for her to import. The older Provinces export horses, beef, mutton, butter, cheese and fruits as their leading staples from the field and the garden, while Manitoba and the North-West export wheat and other grains. Large ranches have also been successfully established on the great grass lands at the base of the Rocky Moun- tains, and when these come into full play their products will be enormous. The cattle can be driven to the nearest railway stations, which are not more distant from the Atlantic sea-ports than are those railways in the United States, west and south-west, which now successfully bring cattle via Chicago to the Atlantic ports for export to Great Britain. It may be added that during the year 1886, a trial was made on behalf of the Imperial Government to obtain horses for cavalry purposes from the ranches near the Rocky Mountains. The selections were made by Col. Ravenhill and Col. Phillips; and the results were so encouraging that, by order of the War Office, the experiment is to be repeated in the course of this year. The general healthfulness of climate, and favourable conditions for feeding all kinds of stock, whicn prevail in the older Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, as well as in what may be called the new North-West, leave no room for doubt that Canada is capable of supplying the needs of the Mother Country as respects supplies of horses, cattle and sheep. It is to be remarked, moreover, that since the beginning of this export trade, there have been marked improvements in . stock, by the importation of Shorthorn, Polled Angus, Hereford and other varieties. It is also to be remarked that the facilities afforded in Manitoba are particularly favourable for feeding swine for export. The soil of Canada may be said to be the source of her greatest wealth and strength. Her forest lands, her smiling farms, and her rich and vast rolling prairies, make the attraction she offers for the agriculturist. There may be more scientific farming in England and in Scotland than in Canada. English high farmers would find in Canada much that they would consider very rough work; but there are exceptions of highly cultivated farms, and Canada has entered with energy into the race of improvement. At the last session of the Canadian Parliament a law was passed to establish a series of Experimental Farms, of which the central one is already established near Ottawa, the seat of the Federal Government. At these trial farms tests will be made, by highly skilled men, of seeds, methods, plants and processes, covering the whole range of agriculture, horticulture, dairy farming and forestry, having for object to secure improvements and the most successful possible results. In the Province of Ontario there is a School of Agriculture, connected with a model farm, at which scientific and practical agriculture is taught. There are also model farms in the Province of Quebec. It has been hitherto found that what we may call pioneer farming, that is, taking from the soil in the roughest and readiest manner what it will produce, is more profitable than higher farming with its more costly appliances of labour and fertilizers. But in the older portions of the country this state of things is beginning to change. The 17 MOMENT A WWW DAV To III HYMASTIHEN TERREN ELINA VERTE LID DETTIILILI மராட WA VA HMN AN ONTARIO HOMESTEAD. [The property of Mr. John Fothergill, Burlington.] GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 23 the Alderneys and the Jerseys. To-day, there are in Canada many herds of the best English breeds, with a pure and unbroken record extending back many generations. It is a fact established beyond all doubt, that the famous shorthorns of England not only do well in Canada, but that the character of the stock actually improves in the new country. In not a few instances the offspring of stock taken out from England has been carried over to the Mother Country and sold at high prices. At a recent sale in England a three year old bull, which brought the extraordinary price of three thousand six hundred guineas, was of Canadian breed. The herds to be seen at the Provincial and other Exhibitions are often the surprise and always the admiration of experienced English stockmasters. Within the period of the last two years as much energy and capital have been ex- pended in introducing the class of Polled Angus into the country as at the beginning of the great Shorthorn movement, and some of the best blood of Scotland in this class of cattle is now established in Canada. At the last Paris Exhibition, and at three or four recent shows in England, especially the Smithfield shows, it was proved that the Polled Angus were superior to other breeds for fattening purposes; and especially the grades of this blood, when mixed with other breeds, produced very remarkable effects. So soon as this fact was perceived by Canadian farmers and breeders, they at once put that know- ledge into practice, and the result will probably be a marked improvement in the cattle exported from Canada. . Devons, Ayrshires, Jerseys, Alderneys and other breeds are found in all the old Pro- vinces marked with a degree of perfection which would command respect anywhere. The best varieties of English sheep and pigs have also been largely imported, and are becoming generally spread. DAIRY FARMING. Great progress has been made in dairy farming in Canada, and the tendency is towards improvement and economy of labour. The factory system has been latterly introduced in the older Provinces. There are factories for the manufacture of cheese, and creameries for the manufacture of superior butter. These works relieve the farm house, and especially the female portion of the inmates, of a great deal of labour, and not only this, but the products arising from the application of scientific processes and highly skilled labour, produce results more excellent than was possible under the old systems. “American" cheese, as it is called, is well known in England; but very few people are aware of the fact that the best “ American” cheese is made in Canada. In the window of a cheesemonger's shop in Ludgate Hill, London, Canadian Stilton and Canadian Cheddar have been exhibited, and so well do they suit the palates of English- men that many persons prefer them to the English articles after which they are named. The Canadian cheese is, in fact, the very best made on the American continent. The cattle are of the very best breeds, the pasture is excellent, and the work is cleanly and carefully done. Both of the industries of butter and cheese making are largely carried on in Canada, and the exports of both products are very considerable. The export of Canadian cheese to the United Kingdom has largely increased within the last few years, while there has been a decline in that from the United States. The value of the export of Canadian cheese in the last recorded fiscal year was $8,902,115. MARKET GARDENING, POULTRY-RAISING AND BEE-KEEPING. Near the large towns, market gardening is profitably carried on. A comparatively small capital is necessary, and with industry and perseverance, backed by experience, a good income is assured. Poultry-raising is only beginning to be much attended to in Canada, probably because poultry is so cheap. In course of time, however, as the market extends, and as means are found of exporting hens, geese and turkeys to England, henneries on a large scale will be established. The exportation has already begun. Bee-keeping is profitably carried on in many parts of the Dominion. These few points show that what may be termed the smaller branches of farming are not neglected by the Canadian husbandmen. Still much remains to be done. CITATE mm பாயாக tutu WATCH Minni num USUM mm Limon STO V TA ult Il To LEN X . SUN Tallinn NI 27 TOS mun JERSEY CATTLE ON AN ONTARIO FARM. [The property of Mr. Valancey E. Fuller, Jersey Farm, Oaklands, Ontario365 acres. Pasturage, 150 acres; Grain and Ensilage Crop, 100 acres; Roots, 20 acres; Horses, 12; Cattle, 175; Hogs, 55. The Cow “Mary Ann," in the official test gave 36 lbs. 124 ozs. buttor in seven days : Mr. Fuller refusing $26,000 for her.] GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. FRUIT-GROWING. The growing of fruit, as well for home consumption as for exportation, is a very important industry in Canada, and one which excites the wonder of many new-comers. People who have been accustomed to think of Canada, as described in the words of a French king before the cession, as “a few acres of snow,” are at first incredulous as to the extent and excellence of the fruits produced in a country which has the summer skies of Italy and France. There are vineyards in the Province of Ontario of fifty or sixty acres in extent; peach orchards of similar extent; and apple orchards almost innumer- able. Strawberries are raised as a field crop. Plums, pears, gooseberries, currants and raspberries, are everywhere produced in the greatest abundance. The tomato ripens in the open air, and such is the profusion of this fruit that it is very often cheaper on the market than potatoes, selling at 50 cents (25. stg.), and sometimes less, per bushel. Melons ripen in the open air, as a field or market garden crop, and this delicious fruit is sold at very cheap prices in the markets. Wine of excellent quality is now largely manufactured from the grapes, and this fruit is so cheap as to be within the every-day reach of the poorest. It may be mentioned that in the County of Essex, on the shores of Lake Erie, the vine is very largely grown for the purpose of wine-making, and both the growing of the vines and the making of the wines are systematically carried on by French viticulturists, by French 'methods and processes, with very great success. Frenchmen engaged in this work have declared the conditions for growing the vine are more favourable in Essex, in the Province of Ontario, than in the east of France, while the wine which is made is of a superior quality. The great wealth of Canada in fruits is a fact which is not only interesting to the intending settler as an industry, but as a climatic fact, the country in this particular having advantages over the United Kingdom. The display of Canadian fruits formed one of the features of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition; and did very much towards disturbing the prevailing yet grossly erroneous impression conveyed by the phrase of the French king at the cession—“It is, after all, only a few acres of snow.” It is especially interesting to the intending settler, as a consumer, to know that he can always obtain a supply of the healthful luxury of delicious fruits. The apples of Canada are especially very highly prized, and find their way in very large quantities to the markets of the United Kingdom; and it may be mentioned here that at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876, the success of the Canadian fruit exhibition was almost as remarkable as at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, and in the exhibit of apples, the Americans honestly admitted themselves to have been fairly beaten by this Canadian product. A New York illustrated paper, on that occasion, stated that the finest show of fruits at that great Exhibition was “made by the Fruit-Growers' Association of Ontario, Canada ; a society which has done much to promote and encour. age the cultivation of fruits in North America." FOREST PRODUCTS. The forest products of Canada constitute one of her most important sources of wealth. They find their way to all parts of the world ; to the United States; to the United Kingdom; and to our antipodes, the Australian colonies. The Canadian saw- mills are at once among the most extensive and best appointed in the world. It excites the wonder of a stranger to see a log taken out of the water by an automatic process, placed in position under the saws, and reduced to inch boards in a few seconds. An American naturalist, at a recent meeting of the Scientific Association, stated that this summary process of reducing in a few seconds a giant pine to board for the use of man contrasted strangely with the period of more than a century required for its growth. This industry in all its stages employs large numbers of men, and affords freight to rail. ways and shipping. The forests of Canada are rich with a great variety of noble trees, which are useful to man for lumber of many kinds; for building purposes, for furniture; and, in many parts of Canada, for fuel. Among the varieties are the maple (hard and soft), elm, hickory, ironwood, pine, spruce, cedar, hemlock, walunt, oak, butternut, basswood, poplar, chestnut, rowan, willow, black and white birch, and many more. These forest trees add a singular beauty to the landscape in many parts of the country, and also exercise a very beneficial influence on the climate in affording shelter BANDUS NA NOVO HINDI Cuma 1 ( AUTHWISTER MIAMI 11 W ILMURJU LLLLLLLLLLLLLL ball Ae AU EL WUM 2 WA PS Ga du 910 e ( cocoa @ MOOV 5. FO lu 0.0000) COTON . Anal ENNE o 30 GO APPLE ORCHARD, EAST HAMILTON, ONTARIO. [Lcwis Springer, Esq., M. P., Proprietor.] DOMINION OF CANADA. and attracting rain-fall. The beauty of the tints and the brilliancy of colours of the Canadian forest trees in autumn require to be seen in the clear, bright atmosphere of the Canadian autumn to be understood. Some statistics of the export of Canadian lumber, over and above the large quantities manufactured for domestic use in Canada, will be found in the Appendix to this Guide Book. CANADA AS A MINING COUNTRY. The attention of capitalists, both native and foreign, which has within the last few years been attracted hither, has had the effect of eliciting facts which prove beyond a doubt that Canada is destined soon to take an important place as a mining country. The impetus lately given to prospecting by inquiries constantly being made has caused the development of important deposits of economic minerals of vast extent, and of so varied and useful a character, as in many cases to lead to the rapid development of new sources of industry. The system of scientific exploration carried out by the Government Geological Survey is gradually unfolding the hidden mineral wealth, and private enter- prise is also already doing much toward this end. A drawback has been that it has not unfrequently happened that many mining operations were only of a speculative charac- ter, the effect of which has been to throw doubt on all mining schemes. But foreign capital is still being brought in, and, under intelligent management, is producing good results. As the mineral resources of the country become developed, its agricultural capabilities will be more fully brought out, manufactures and commerce will increase, and & numerous and thriving population will find ready employment in the various branches of trade. No adequate summary of what is known of the extent and value of the mineral wealth of Canada can be given in these pages. Details may be found in the annual reports and other publications of the Canadian Geological Survey. The mining industries which have been developed up to the present time, though inconsiderable in comparison to the fields for enterprise in this direction which are yet untouched, are still locally of great importance. The want of capital and other circumstances tending to retard progress in mining and allied enterprises in a new country, are likely soon to be overcome. It is in the province of British Columbia alone that mining—in the form of gold mining-has preceded and brought about settlement. Elsewhere mining must be expected, as a rule, to follow the agricultural occupation and increased resources of the country. Beginning with the Eastern Provinces, a very brief general survey may be made of the salient points respecting the mines and minerals of economic value of the Dominion. In Nova Scotia coal mining is of the first importance, the principal mining districts being in Pictou County, Cumberland County, and in Cape Breton Island. The coals are bituminous in character, and some of the numerous seams are of great thickness, one in the Pictou district showing as much as thirty-eight feet of coal of good quality. The amount of coal produced by the various mines in operation has of late increased very much, and in 1885 reached 1,352,205 tons. Iron ores are found in abundance and of excellent quality, in many places in the immediate vicinity of the coal; but with the exception of the Londonderry Iron Works in Colchester County, no iron smelting or manufacture has yet been attempted. Gold mining has become in Nova Scotia an important and remunerative business. The gold is obtained entirely from quartz, which is mined and crushed at a number of places in the province. Gypsum, used for the manufacture of plaster of Paris and as a fertilizer, is abundantly and extensively quarried, while manganese, copper and other metalliferous minerals are being opened up, or are already worked to a limited extent. New Brunswick, so far as at present known, is not, relatively to its area, so richly endowed with mineral resources as its sister province. Coal is worked, but the seams at present known are thin. Iron, antimony and salt are known to occur in important quantity, and some of the deposits are being worked. Gypsum is abundant, and large quantities of a very handsome rod granite, almost identical with the Peterhead granite of Scotland, are quarried in the southern part of the province, and worked up into polished columns and monuments of various kinds, GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 29 The Province of Quebec contains no coal, but there are numerous and large deposits of iron ores of various kinds. One of these has been worked on a small scale for many years. Others yielding exceptionally pure ores are mined for shipment abroad. Ores of copper exist in a great number of places, and some extensive workings are found in the Eastern Townships. Quarries of excellent slate are worked in the same region. Gold occurs in considerable quantity in the district south of Quebec City, particularly on various tributaries of the Chaudiere. It is found in gravel deposits, but they are deep and require skill and capital to effectively work them. In two minerals of great and growing commercial value, the province is exceptionally rich-asbestos and apatite, or phosphate of lime. The first of these is found in portions of the Eastern Townships, already referred to, and is mined and shipped to the United States in yearly increasing quantity. Apatite is found over a wide area to the north of the Ottawa River, and is extracted from a great number of comparatively small and shallow workings, with some lately undertaken on a larger scale. The greater part of the apatite produced is shipped to Great Britain from the port of Montreal. The shipments in 1884 were about 22,000 tons, in 1885 nearly 25,000 tons. The trade in this mineral is yearly growing, and there scarcely appears to be any limit to the demand for it. On being treated with sulphuric acid it is converted to the superphosphate of lime, which is one of the most valuable fertilizers known. As the local demand for superphosphate is already considerable, and copper and iron pyrites are abundant in neighbouring parts of Canada, it is reasonable to suppose that the manufacture of superphosphate may before long be undertaken in the immediate vicinity of the apatite deposits. Ornamental stones for purposes of construc- tion, such as marble and serpentine, are particularly abundant in this province. In the southern or Peninsular Portion of Ontario, which is the most fertile agricul. tural district of that province, there are petroleum and salt wells, with quarries of building stones and of gypsum, but metalliferous minerals are not abundant. The metal- liferous regions of the province to the north and west, including the iron and gold pro- ducing districts of Marmora and Madoc, the great deposits of copper ore of Sudbury, now being opened, and the silver and gold mines of the vicinity of Thunder Bay on Lake Superior. It is the belief of those best acquainted with the Thunder Bay district that in the near future very important mining developments will occur there. Manitoba proper is essentially an agricultural province, with its deep alluvial soil and soft unconsolidated and undisturbed rock formations, not likely to contain metalliferous ores. Beyond the Province of Manitoba, stretching to the very base of the Rocky Moun- tains on the west, and from the southern border of Canada nearly to the Arctic Ocean, is a country of which the mineral wealth is coal. The absolutely inexhaustible character of the coal deposits of the North-West is scarcely yet sufficiently known, and the explorations of each year increase our appreciation of the quality and amount of fuel which individual seams are capable of affording. The coal bearing area between the 56th and 49th parallels of latitude is approximately estimated at 65,000 square miles, and the quantity of fuel known to underlie each square mile of surface in some portions of this area which have been carefully explored, is from 4,500,000 to 9,000,000 tons. The coal itself varies in quality from lignite, or brown coal, to bituminous coal identical in composition with that of the true coal measures, and in the Rocky Mountains becomes an anthracite, a mine on a bed of the last mentioned fuel being now in course of development on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In an area of about 27,000 square miles, embracing the southern portion of the district of Alberta and part of Assiniboia, which has been closely examined geologically, it was ascertained that no portion of the entire region was at a greater distance than thirty miles from the natural outcrop of some coal or lignite bed, which would be at least suitable for local use. The general distribution of this mineral fuel in a region like the great plains, vastly increases the value of the land whether for agricultural or pastoral occupation. Of the petroleum and salt deposits of the Athabasca and Mackenzie Rivers Region, we yet only know enough to be enabled to affirm with confidence their great extent and value when rendered available for commercial purposes by railways. British Columbia, the Pacific Province, was first brought prominently before the public in 1858 and 1859 as an auriferous region, and since that time it has produced about $50,000,000 worth of gold. Though the placers or alluvial mines are now in most distriots declining, there is every reason to believe that an even more important era of develop- ment in quartz mining and crushing is about to begin. Meanwhile coal beds of the WURTHI CHAPTER IV. PUBLIC WORKS. CANADIAN CANAL AND INLAND NAVIGATION SYSTEM. The canals of Canada were constructed to overcome the obstructions of the natural navigation of rivers, and between rivers and the great lakes. The St. Lawrence Canal system affords uninterrupted navigation from the Straits of Belle Isle to the head of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,384 miles; of which 714 are artificial or canal navigation. Another canal system overcomes the difficulties of the Ottawa, between Montreal and the City of Ottawa; and a further system opens navigation between Ottawa and Kingston. A still further system connects Lake Champlain with the navigation of the St. Lawrence. In Nova Scotia the St. Peter's Canal crosses an isthmus of half a mile, connecting St. Peter's Bay, on the southern coast of the Island of Cape Breton, with the Great and Little Bras D'Or Lakes, possessing a natural outlet into the Atlantic. The river system of the North-West Territory is not yet thoroughly developed by improvements which can be made, but at present, in those seasons at which the waters of the western rivers are high, there is a navigation of thousands of miles. At present a steamboat can ply from Winnipeg to Edmonton, almost to the foot of the Rocky Moun- tains—a distance of more than a thousand miles, and on the South Saskatchewan from above Medicine Hat to its mouth. This immense inland navigation may be connected with the St. Lawrence system at the head of the great lakes, by canals which will be comparatively easy of construction, which are quite within the means of the Dominion, and which will undoubtedly be constructed at no distant date, to bear the produce of that immense territory to the Atlantic Ocean. The industrial development which must be the consequence of opening such means of communication will be a marked feature of Canadian prosperity. It is worthy of remark that when the produce of the west has floated down the great River St. Lawrence, it is then on the arc of the shortest sailing line across the Atlantic to Liverpool. The distance from Liverpool to Quebec by the Straits of Belle Isle is 478 miles less than that from Liverpool to New York. The shortest sailing circle across the North Atlantic, having relation to the present populated parts of the North American continent, is from Liverpool to Quebec, via the Straits of Belle Isle. The comparative distances between Liverpool and Quebec, and New York and Boston, may be stated as follows: MILES. Liverpool to Quebec via the Straits of Belle Isle....... 2,502 Portland ......................................... Portland..... 2,750 Halifax... 2,480 New York..... 2,980 Boston............ ................. 2,895 The route of steamers is by the Straits of Belle Isle, except in very early spring or late fall. By this route, it is further to be remarked, there are only 1,823 miles of ocean navigation. The remainder of the distance, 825 miles, is inland or river navigation, which very much enhances the interest as well as the smoothness of the voyage, an important consideration for those who suffer from sea-sickness. The St. Lawrence scenery is very beautiful. 31 ELEKARALNE REBESHE AT DNUTDUA Tas KLASA ANSEN AN ONTARIO FARM. [The property of Mr. George Alton, St. Anns, Ontario—200 acres. Pasture, 30 acres; Hay, 32 acres; Grain, 50 acres; Roots, 2 acres: Çattle, 32; Horses, 8; Hogs, 12; Sheep, 29.) IN S EUR INI AN ONTARIO FARM HOMESTEAD. The property of Mr. Joseph Alton, St. Anns, Ontario—400 acres. Pasture, 100 acres; Hay, 74 acres; Grain, 120 acres; Roots, 6 acres; Horses, 12; Cattle, 40; Hogs, 20; Sheep, 14.] 34 DOMINION OF CANADA. This was remarked by the Princess Louise in the notes to her appreciative sketches of the St. Lawrence, at Quebec, published in Good Words. With respect to the view from the citadel of Quebec-taking in the harbour; part of the city; the opposite town of Levis; the Island of Orleans, with a spur of the Laurentian range on the left shore, through which the Falls of Montmorenci are precipitated into the St. Lawrence—she says that "it is always understood to be one of the finest views in the world, an ever-varying scene of beauty.” This view is inserted as the frontispiece of this pamphlet, and, follow- ing, is another very beautiful view, from a sketch taken by H. Ř. H. of Wolfe's Cove, looking up the St. Lawrence above Quebec. The sail up the St. Lawrence to Quebec alone is worth a journey to Canada to see. Passengers from Europe select the St Lawrence route, because it affords the most direct and shortest line to the very heart of the American continent. The Canadian railway system connects with that of the Western States, as well as those of the Eastern and Middle States; and the same remark applies to the system of canal and lake navigation. These facts account for the large number of emigrants who go to the United States by way of the St. Lawrence; and it is certain that the number of these will increase as the advantages of the route become more and more known in Europe. It has been NA HO WA M WWW WINDS kan " It is always understood to be one of the finest views in the world, an ever-varying scene of beauty. On the right bank of the river is Point Levis, named after the gallant French general, Marquis de Levis. At this place the Royal Engineers erected wooden huts somo years ago, and these are now used by the Canadian Artil. lery Militia in the summer time. To the left is the Island of Orleans, situated almost midstream, six miles below the City of Quebec. The hills beyond rise over St. Anne's, a favourite place for pilgrimages.”_ H. R. H.'S DESCRIPTION, FROM "GOOD WORDS." VIEW FROM THE WINDOWS OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S QUARTERS IN THE CITADEL, QUEBEC, OVERLOOKING THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. BY H.R.H. THE PRINCESS LOUISE. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 37 “Compared with the Union Pacific Railway, the Canadian line will shorten the passage from Liverpool to China, in direct distance, more than 1,000 miles.” When the remarkable engineering advantages which have been obtained on the Canadian Line, and the very great reduction in mileage above referred to are taken into consideration, it is evident that the Canadian Pacific Railway, in entering into compe. tition for the through traffic between the two oceans, possesses in a very high degree the essential elements for success. It will thus be seen that the Canadian Pacific Railway has not only Canadian but Imperial interest. As regards the Pacific Ocean connections of the Canadian Pacific Railway, it is worthy of note that the distance from Japan, China, or the Atlantic coast generally to Liverpool is from 1,000 to 1,200 miles less by the Canadian Pacific than by the Union Pacific Railway. In reference to this point Prof. Maury, U.S., writes: “The trade- winds place Vancouver Island on the way side of the road from China and Japan to San Francisco so completely that a trading vessel under canvas to the latter place would take the same route as if she was bound for Vancouver Island; so that all return cargoes would naturally come there in order to save two or three weeks, besides risks and expenses." It must, however, be clearly understood that this advantage, equivalent to the distance between Vancouver Island and San Francisco, viz., about 700 miles, is in. dependent of, and in addition to, the saving of direct distance by the Canadian route given above. When the great advantages of favourable grades and curves, and shortness of line, passing through a rich and well watered agricultural country, bountifully endowed with coal, are taken in connection with the favourable conditions as respects navigation, both on the east and west sides of the continent, it will appear at a glance that there is a con- junction of commerical forces presented which is unique in the world, and which must in the near future exercise a marked influence upon, if it does not command, what has been commonly known in England as the trade of the East; China and Japan, however, being the west from the Canadian point of view. MI Old poplars that adorn the lower ramparts, built on the site of those which defended the city in 1759. The walls have been neg- lected, but are now being restored to their original condition by the Dominion Government. பராபகம் WR KAUT TIPS UP till tre publishitardating mahul Ali 12 Lom RM vulgarite CRIA w RIUM OF PART OF THE LOWER RAMPARTS: A VIEW AT QUEBEC. By H.R.H. THE PRINCESS LOUISE. 40 DOMINION OF CANADA. leave at night, enter what is called a "sleeping car,'' and be at Montreal on awakening the next morning. Our traveller has now arrived at the commercial capital, over a thousand miles from the ocean. Montreal has a population in round numbers of 150,000 inhabitants within its somewhat narrow city limits. These figures would be largely increased if the adjacent villages, which virtually form part of the city, were taken in. Montreal is a handsome, well-built city, and a place of large commerce and great wealth. It is rapidly increasing, and probably in the immediate future will fill the whole island of Montreal. In addition to its commercial facilities, being the head of ocean navigation, it is a railway centre, and has very favourable manufacturing facilities. The population is mixed English and French speaking, each contributing to the city's progress. The Victoria Bridge, crossing the river, about two miles wide at this place, is one of the features of Montreal. The city is beautifully situated, and the view from the Mountain Park overlooking it is one of the most charming to be found in any country. Proceeding west, the tourist may call at Ottawa, the seat of the Federal Government; which he may reach by the choice of three railways, or by the steamers on the Ottawa, a river having a course of more than 700 miles in length, yet itself but an affluent of the great St. Lawrence. Ottawa has a population of about 35,000. The Parliament Buildings form the most prominent feature of attraction to the tourist, from their architecture (Renaissance Gothic) and commanding situation. They stand on the south bank of the Ottawa, on high and spacious grounds, of about twelve acres in extent, and are visible for miles around. An eminent writer has well said of them that they “are among the glories of the architecture of the world." Proceeding westward, the pleasant city of Kingston, the former capital of the two old Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and situated at the foot of Lake Ontario, is next reached ; and further west, at the head of the lake, the tourist will come to the large and beautiful city of Toronto, claimed by its inhabitants to be the “Queen City" of Western Canada. The city of Toronto had a population of 86,415 when the Dominion census was taken in 1881. But according to a municipal census taken in 1886, its population was 118,400. Its streets are beautifully laid out, and it has many handsome buildings. It is surrounded by a rich and pleasant farming country; and now there is direct rail connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway from this point. Many lines of railway centre in this city, opening up large portions of the Dominion tributary to it. If the tourist should make Toronto a point at which to stop, and from which to see the Province of Ontario in de- tail, he may visit Hamilton, St Catharines, Niagara Falls, Guelph, London and numerous other thriving and properous towns, situated in a rich farming country, where the numerous pleasant homesteads, with fields, orchards, flocks and herds, give everywhere. the impression of agricultural contentment and success. If the tourist should continue on his journey westward, and go to Thunder Bay, near the head of Lake Surperior, he will again have gone more than a thousand miles, as the crow flies, from his last stopping-place; or 2,500 miles from the ocean. In other words, he will have travelled as far from the Atlantic Ocean as from Liverpool to the city of Quebec. The upper lakes have not been inaptly termed “inland seas;" and Lake Superior is at once the largest and most remarkable sheet of fresh water in the known world. The scenery is very beautiful, particularly about Thunder Bay, the lake terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where stands the town of Port Arthur, and where undoubt- edly in the near future a great city will arise. The tourist from Port Arthur can take the Canadian Pacific Railway, and proceed direct to Winnipeg. Measured on the map in a straight line, the distance is about 400 miles; but the meanderings of the railway in the rugged and highly picturesque country it passes through would make that distance longer. It might be worth while to stop at à place called Rat Portage, a point at which the Lake of the Woods—a large and beautiful sheet of water literally studded with wooded islands, in the same way as the Thousand Islands below Kingston--falls over a ledge of rocks into Winnipeg River; the waters of which now run northerly into Lake Winnipeg; a lake which is over 240 miles long. The scenery here is very beautiful; and the immense water-power will probably induce the building of a large manufacturing city—the Minneapolis of the Canadian North-West. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. Proceeding on his westward way, the city of Winnipeg, situated on the Red River, at the confluence of the Assinboine, would surely give him a surprise. Within the years that may be counted on the fingers, Winnipeg was almost naked prairie. By the census of April, 1881, it had a population of about 8,000; since which time it has steadily increased both in wealth and population; and it now contains about 21,000 inhabitants. There has been a rush to it from all parts, so great that building accommodation could not be procured for all incomers; and one saw, even late in the fall, whole streets of HO WA Mill WWW WWW MIHI w Web WWW WWW WARA HUBE Hill WWW WIWITA INIMUM WOHNEN M 33 UKO WWW DITCH AND RAMPARTS: A VIEW AT QUEBEC. BY H.R.H. THE PRINCESS LOUISE. canvas tents, and primitive constructions of merely wooden boxes, while substantial buildings of every kind were everywhere being “rushed” up. There are splendid villa residences in Winnipeg; handsome houses and magnificent blocks of shops or “stores,” as they are called, which would be conspicuous in the great cities of Europe. A very large business is done, large numbers of people have grown rich, and the streets which have tram railways are already lighted with electricity. Its citizens believe, and appar- ently not without good reason, in view of the vast territories that must be tributary to DOMINION OF CANADA. The trade of Canada has very greatly increased since Confederation. At the end of 1868, the first fiscal year after the union, the total exports were $57,567,888.00; in 1885-6, $85,251,314.00. In 1868 the total imports were $73,459,644.00 ; in 1885-6, $104,424,561.00. The total trade being in 1868, $131,027,532.00; and in 1885-6, $189,675,875.00, and the amount of duties collected was $19,448,123.70. Among the exports, the value of animals and their produce was $23,077,513.00; agricultural products, $21,441,817.00; products of the forest, $22,865,087.00; of the mine, $4,147,287.00; and of fisheries, $7,976,313.00. The total value of the Canadian fisheries in 1884 was $17,852,721.00, against $14,499,- 979.71 in 1880. The value of fish exported in 1884-5 was $7,976,313.00. These figures show that by far the larger portion of the product of the fisheries of the Dominion is consumed at home. The total amount of receipts for the Dominion in the fiscal year 1885-6 was $110,631,- 438.22, and the receipts at the credit of the Consolidated Fund were $33,177,040.39. The payments from the Consolidated Fund were $39,011,612.26. These two last sums repre- sented the revenue and expenditure for the year. The excess of expenditure was due to the payments that had to be made on account of the rebellion in the North-West in 1885. The total amount of the funded and unfunded debt of Canada on the 1st of July, 1886, was $273,164,341.11, against which there are assets amounting to $50,005,234.02, leaving the net debt $223,159,107.09. This would represent a net debt per capita of about $45.00. The total interest on the public debt of Canada for the same year was $10,137,008.66, and the actual net interest paid was $7,837,929.75. The total amount expended directly on capital account for that year was $6,476,400.39, while subsidies to railways and public improvements swelled the aggregate to $14,458,- 723.16. The Dominion has made great strides in its banking operations since Confederation. The total paid-up banking capital in 1868, the first year after Confederation, was $30,477,- 899.18. In December, 1886, it was $61,230,370.87. The total amount of deposits in 1868 was $30,168,556.00. In December, 1886, the total deposits amounted to $112,130,360.41. The progress made in the construction of railways and canals has been previously shown in these pages. 12 TOP WIN SOR HALL LAR ten ihrer - Menn Niagara Falis, as seen from Wesley Park, W ind CHAPTER VII. i PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION. THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. EXTENT AND POSITION, NTARIO is the most populous and wealthy province of the Dominion of Canada, and its growth has been exceedingly rapid. The area within its old limits, as taken from the census districts, is 101,733 square miles; but if we compute this area from simple measurement of the map, including rivers and lakes, its extent would be increased by about 20,000 square miles. It is further to be stated that the territory respecting which there has been dispute has been declared to belong to Ontario by a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and this adds about 80,000 square miles to the Province, making altogether a total of about 200,000 square miles. The Province of Ontario reaches the most southern point of the Dominion, namely, to the latitude of Rome in Italy; and being in a large measure surrounded by the great lakes of the continent of North America, its climate is much modified by their influence. The principal source of its wealth is agriculture, and it may be said to take the lead in the farming operations of the Dominion. The number of acres of land surveyed in this Province is about 31,000,000; and the number of acres already granted and sold is about 22,000,000. POPULATION, OCCUPATIONS AND CITIES. The population of Ontario was 1,923,228, as shown by the census of 1881, but the increase to 30th June, 1886, according to calculation, will bring these figures to 2,096,063, the increase as established by the last census being 18.6 in ten years; and, as already stated, agriculture forms the principal occupation of the inhabitants, although lumbering in the rich forests, mining in the bountiful deposits, commerce, and sea-faring occupations on the great lakes attract a portion of the labour of the energetic people of the Province. Toronto, the seat of the Provincial Government, had a population of 86,415 by the census of 1881; but it appears from a municipal census taken in 1886, that its population now amounts to 118,403; it is a city of which any country might be proud, and it is very rapidly continuing to grow, both in wealth and population. The value of assessed property in the city has increased from $56,286,039 in 1881, to $83,556,811 in 1886. There are also other cities of considerable extent. Ottawa has a population of 34,753; it is the seat of the Dominion Government, and here are erected the Houses of Parliament and Departmental Buildings. These constitute three of the finest edifices on the continent of America, and excite the admiration of all beholders. Among the other large cities of the Province may be mentioned Hamilton, with a population of about 41,280, London with a population of over 26,047; Kingston, with a population of about 15,000; and there are numerous other wealthy and really beautiful cities and towns of less population. 48 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. · RESOURCES AND DEMANDS FOR LABOUR. The soil of this Province may be generally described as very rich. It varies in different localities, but a large proportion of the whole is the very best for agricultural and horticultural purposes, including the growing of all the kinds of fruits which flourish in the temperate zone; its special adaptation to the growth of these being favoured as well by its summer suns as by the modifying influence of the great lakes. . Its water communication by means of the great lakes and the St. Lawrence River system, improved by the magnificent series of Dominion canals, is unsurpassed. Its mineral wealth, excluding the one article of coal, is probably equal to that of any part of the world, abounding as it does, in iron, copper, lead, silver, gold, marble, petroleum, salt, etc. Its numerous forests of pine timber are too well known to need any description. The great lakes abound with fish, and the forests with game. Men to work and develop these resources are therefore the kind of immigrants Ontario is most in need of. Agriculturists, from this being the leading industry, stand in the first place. But as well as wanting men to clear its forests and cultivate its soil, it requires men to build its houses, to make furniture and household goods, and to open up communication from one part of the country to another by the construction of roads and railways. It is further to be stated in this connection that Ontario is rapidly becoming a manu- facturing country. The leading industries are: works for making all kinds of agricultural implements in iron and wood; waggons, carriages, railroad rolling stock (including loco- motives), cotton factories, woollen factories, tanneries, furniture factories, flax works, ordinary iron and hardware works, paper factories, soap works, wooden-ware, etc. The bountiful water supply in Ontario is used in these manufactures, as is also steam, for motive power. There is a very great demand for female labour for domestic service, both in the towns and country; also for work in some of the factories; also a demand for dress- makers, milliners and seamstresses; all of whom obtain good wages in Ontario. But, as has been elsewhere stated in this Guide Book, and cannot be too strongly impressed upon intending immigrants, the chances for professional men, book-keepers, clerks, and for women above the classes indicated, are not good in Ontario; and such persons should not be advised to emigrate except they have been previously engaged. PROSPERITY OF IMMIGRANTS IN ONTARIO. Men commencing as labourers, without any capital but strong arms and willing minds, seldom remain in that condition long, but after a period of greater or less duration they generally become employers of labour themselves. It is this moral certainty of rising in the social scale, when the proper means are employed, that brightens the hopes and stimulates the exertions of the poorest settler. In coming to Ontario, Old Country people will find themselves surrounded by ap- pliances of comfort and civilization similar to those which they left in the old land; the means of educating their children universally diffused; religious privileges almost iden- tically the same; the old natural feeling for the land of their fathers loyally cherished; and an easy means of intercourse, both by steam and telegraph, with the heart of the great British Empire, of which Canadians are proud to boast that their country forms no inconsiderable part. CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS The climate of Ontario has already been referred to, but it may be further mentioned that it is warmer in summer and colder in winter than that of England. Owing to the greater dryness of atmosphere than in England, the heat of summer is not found to be oppressive; while in the winter the clear sky and bracing air which prevail during the greater part of that season render it, in the opinion of many, by far the most pleasant of the year. The frosts of winter have a powerful effect in opening the soil, and thus aiding the operations of the husbandman, while the snow protects the ground from the winds and sun of the early spring, and then' melting, fills the soil with moisture and replenishes the wells with an abundant supply of water. The productions of Ontario are similar to those of Western Europe. Cereals, fruits, grasses and root crops, find here their appropriate climate and habitat. Am DO KANSA WS HE TORONTO, PROVINCE OF ONTARIO, IN 1834. TORONTO, PROVINCE OF ONTARIO, IN 1887. RE e radio 4 110 Hit until w Tarifa FEST . UITHER HOME WITH Hmm LITTLE Inmunu waziwa DI TEMU . TOALLAS SA tamil mn Bor! EN BEET www SEE 87 Am Semes Hall Suomi WIDTH uusi aun RM el in MARA RE M AILED ANUSHAURAN UTAMTUDATOROWANE TRA MIT 2 JEEE Elledilebeliletelele Indk Wil NA ST NH 9 BE IM BERSERIES t his lal 3 காயல்பு ՈՐԴԻ EECEEEEEEEEEEEE 212 153ss. MUSIC INDEX . AUTRE . WEF 2 TSIDEN BCN Free Presse Londondate A VIEW IN THE CITY OF LONDON, ONTARIO. [Richmond Street, looking south.] DOMINION OF CANADA. THUR CITY OF LONDON. The City of London is located at the junction of the north and south branches of the River Thames. It has excellent railway facilities, is the centre of an excellent agricul. tural district, and is a large manufacturing point, and is rapidly growing. Population- 26,047. CITY OF BELLEVILLE. Belleville is a city of about 10,500 inhabitants, situated on the Bay of Quinte and on the Moira River. It has good railway and water communication, and has some extensive manufactures. DOMINION OF CANADA. CITY OF GUELPE. Guelph is situated on the River Speed, and on the main line of the Grand Trunk Railway. It has several manufacturing establishments, and is the centre of a rich agricultural section of the Province. Population, 10,216. H AITI TOWN OF PARIS. Paris is pleasantly situated at the confluence of the River Nith with the Grand River, and on the main line of the Grand Trunk and the Buffalo and Grand Trunk Railways. The neighbourhood is noted for its extensive deposits of gypsum, and there are several large manufacturing industries. Population, about 4,000. Kwan MEN! Dino CHE ERRENT . CITY OF BRANTFORD. The City of Brantford is the head-quarters of some of the largest industries in Ontario, and is a rapidly-growing place. It is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Grand River, which is navigable to within three miles of the city. Population, 12,600. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. MEANS OF EDUCATION. One of the chief features of the Province of Ontario, as also one of its chief attrae- tions as a home for settlers, is its admirable system of Public Education. This has been brought to its present perfection by much care and study; the systems in the most advanced countries of Europe having been carefully studied, and their best points appropriated. The public schools are non-sectarian. The children of all denominations are admitted without distinction. Provision is, however, made to allow the Roman Catholics to have separate schools. The school funds are derived from four different sources. 1. The sale of lands set apart for school purposes, from the proceeds of which sale is paid the legislative grant, which is apportioned among the schools according to school population, and is used for the payment of teachers' salaries ; 2. Municipal assessment-each city, town or county is to raise by assessment an amount equal at least to the legislative grant; 3. Money received from ;he Clergy Reserve Fund and other sources ; 4. Trustees' school assessment. The schools are governed by trustees elected from and by the ratepayers of the dis- trict; and it is imperative on the trustees of each school to levy a tax on the ratable property within their respective sections sufficient to supply any deficiency that may be required after obtaining the legislative and municipal grants. FARMS AND LANDS. Uncleared land varies in price from 2s. to 40s. an acre, according to situation and soil. Cleared and improved farms can be bought at prices ranging from £4 to £10 an acre. The money can nearly always be paid in instalments, covering several years. The leasing of farms is an exception to the general rule, as most men desire to own the land they cultivate. Emigrants possessing means would do well not to be in haste to purchase, but to get some experience before taking so important a step. Agricultural labourers would study their own interests by accepting employment as it may be offered on arrival, and they will soon learn how to improve permanently their condition. Persons accus- tomed to the use of mechanical tools, who intend turning their hands to farming, will often find such an acquisition of great convenience and value. FREE GRANT LANDS. On the 1st January, 1881, there were 122 townships open for location under the Free Grant and Homestead Act of 1868, each containing between 50,000 and 60,000 acres; making altogether about 6,710,000 acres of free grant lands. Other townships will be opened up as railways and colonization roads are constructed ; and the Georgian Bay Branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway passes through townships in Ontario open to settlers as free grants. Two hundred acres of land can be obtained, on condition of settlement, by every head of a family having children under eighteen years of age; and any male over eighteen years of age can obtain a free grant of 100 acres on condition of settlement. These lands are protected from seizure for any debt incurred before the issue of the patent, and for twenty years after its issue, by a “Homestead Exemption Act." CONDITIONS OF SUCCESSFUL SETTLEMENT ON THE FREE GRANTS. In order to make a successful settlement upon a free grant, the settler should have at the least £40 to £50 after reaching his location. But, as elsewhere advised in this Guide Book, it would be an act of wisdom on the part of immigrants on their arrival in the country to deposit their money in a Savings Bank, where it would draw four per cent. interest, and go out for a year as agricultural labourers. The experience thus acquired will far more than compensate for the time lost. The settlers are always willing to help new-comers. A house, such as is required by the Act, could be erected by contract for from £5 to £8; but with the assistance which the settler would certainly receive from his neighbours, it might be erected for even less. The best season of the year to go on a free grant is the month of September, after harvest work in the old settlements is over. There is time to put up a house, and get comfortably settled before the winter sets in; and during the winter the work of chopping and clearing can go on. The operation of *NOLTINVH AO ALID CASES, FONT with TITRE BRIEF OLE 29. 01 VAN ON WHE wo 16 TU NEDIDO WATU Id GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. het grasses, root crops, and many of the fruits of the temperate zones grow in abundance and to perfection. In the southern parts of the Province Indian corn is a large crop, and fully ripens. Tomatoes grow in profusion, and ripen, as do also many varieties of grapes. It may be mentioned, as a climatic fact of importance for the purpose of comparison, that neither Indian corn, nor tomatoes, nor grapes, will ripen in the open air in the United Kingdom. Quebec has vast tracts of forest land, and a very large lumber trade. It is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, copper, iron, plumbago, etc., and has especially immense deposits of phosphate of lime, but it has no coal. It has large deposits of valuable peat. Its fisheries are of immense extent, and among the most valuable in the world. The inhabitants of the British Islands and France will both find themselves at home in the Province of Quebec, the English and French languages being both spoken. This Province was originally settled by the French. Among the first English settlers who fixed their homes in Quebec were the United Empire Loyalists, whom the War of Independence in the United States caused to emigrate to Canada. To recompense their allegiance, the British Government gave them large grants of land in the Eastern Town. ships in Quebec. The 111 enant fret 92 Net LO LE dolor نام استان البالوااااااالتالا بل وااااااااااامالتانا، اناها TILL tas RCEPTORS U POTOM M ERITISH.A.B.N.C THE CITADEL, QUEBEC, AND A RIVER STEAMER. RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. The great River St. Lawrence, which forms so remarkable a feature in the continent of North America, runs through this Province from the head of ocean navigation to the Gulf of St. Lawrence; and gives to the Province of Quebec a commercial position of commanding importance, not only in relation to the Province of Ontario and the North- West of Canada, but also to a large portion of the adjoining United States. This great river, apart from its commanding commercial importance, is also remarkable for great natural beauty at every point of its course. Its waters are everywhere clear and generally blue, being in this respect the opposite of the muddy waters of the Mississippi. It has a number of large tributaries, some of which are great length, and one of them, the Ottawa, including one of its affluents, navigable in connection with it for canoes, extends over a distance of 1,000 miles. The Ottawa River divides the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Other rivers of large size in the Province of Quebec are the St. Maurice, Richelieu and Saguenay; the last named is celebrated for its beautiful scenery. It is worth a trip to Canada to sail up the St. Lawrence. CHIEF CITIES. The historic city of Quebec, containing about 65,000 inhabitants, is the seat of the Provincial Government, and presents many features of great interest to strangers. Its surroundings possess great interest, accompanied with probably the most beautiful scenery in the world. Its port is of great capacity and importance. 62 DOMINION OF CANADA. Ak D ore TO TILTE STAN KO ALS MED HEPETIDLO ON TO muri W THUN WA REAL BRITISA.A.B.3.Cº CITY OF MONTREAL, FROM THE HARBOUR. Montreal has a population of over 200,000, including the suburbs, and is the commercial metropolis of the Dominion, as well as the principal port of entry of British North America. This city has been previously briefly described in another part of this Guide Book. LANDS AND SURVEYS. In the Province of Quebec there are about 6,000,000 acres of land surveyed, and offered by the Government in part for sale and in part for free grants, subdivided into farm lots; the lakes and large bodies of water being excluded, together with 5 per cent. for highways. CLIMATE. The winters of Quebec are cold, and the summers somewhat similar to those in France; this Province having the summer suns of France, being in the same latitude. But very exaggerated notions prevail abroad as to the severity of the winters in the Province of Quebec. There is decided cold ; but the air is generally dry and brilliant, and the cold therefore not felt to be unpleasant. Snow generally covers the ground during the winter months. It packs under foot, and makes everywhere winter roads, over which heavy loads can be drawn in sleighs with the greatest ease. These roads for the purpose of teaming are probably the best in the world, and they are enjoyed in the newest and roughest parts of the country before the regular summer roads are Diade. The snow generally commences in December and goes away in April. The snow covering is most advantageous for agricultural operations, as is also the winter frost. Both leave the ground in a favourable state after its winter rest for rapid vegetable growth. The climate of Quebec is one of the healthiest under the sun, as well as the most pleasant to live in. Fever and ague, those scourges of the south-western States, are unknown here. These is no malaria, every climatic influence being healthy and pure. SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. The soil of the Province of Quebec is for the most part extremely rich, and suscep- tible of the highest cultivation. It is adapted to the growth of very varied products. The cereals, hay, root crops and grain crops, grow everywhere in abundance where they are cultivated. Spring wheat gives an average of about eighteen bushels to the acre. Cattle breeding on a large scale is carried on, and in the last four years cattle have been exported in large quantities from this Province to the English market. For pasturage the lands of Quebec are of special excellence, particularly those in the Eastern Townships, and north of the Ottawa. Indian corn, hemp, flax and tobacco, are grown in many parts of the Province of Quebec, and yield large crops. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. Parts of the Province of Quebec are especially favourable for the growth of apples and plums. Large quantities of the former are exported, and some of the varieties which are peculiar to this Province cannot be excelled, and they have specialties which perhaps cannot be equalled. The small fruits everywhere grow in profusion, and grapes, as else. where stated, ripen in the open air in the southern parts of the Province. They are now beginning to be largely grown. POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. The population of the Province of Quebec was 1,359,027 by the census of 1881. Of these 1,075,130 were of French origin ; 81,515 of English ; 54,923 of Scotch ; 123,749 of Irish ; and the remainder of other origins. Classified according to religion, the popula. tion of the Province of Quebec is composed of 1,170,718 Roman Catholics, and 188,309 Protestants. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the population of Quebec, but manufactures, fishing in its great waters, and commerce occupy the labours of a considerable part of the population, as do also lumbering, mining and shipbuilding. The most important trade in Quebec is the lumber industry, and this affords nearly everywhere a ready market for the farmer, and in the winter season employment for himself and his horses. The value of exports of home produce of the forest from the Province of Quebec in 1885 was 9,603,441. The extension of railways has been very rapid in the Province of Quebec since Confederation; and these have led to a very great development of wealth. Many large manufactories have also been recently established. This Province has yet much room for men and women, and for capital to develop its vast resources. The principal articles manufactured in the Province of Quebec are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, chemicals, soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen goods, etc., and all kinds of agricultural implements. Butter and cheese factories may be especially mentioned. These are being rapidly extended. TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS AND MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. As regards civil matters, Quebec is divided into parishes, townships, counties and districts. There are sixty counties in the Province. For judicial purposes the Province is divided into twenty districts. The functions of the municipal institutions are the keeping in repair roads, bridges and public works of a purely local character, and main- taining laws favourable to agriculture. The affairs of the parish are regulated by five or seven councillors elected by the ratepayers. A mayor presides over their deliberations, and great care is taken that no unnecessary expenses are incurred. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. The great River St. Lawrence from the earlier period of settlement has afforded the chief means of communication, but the Province has other large navigable rivers, among which may be mentioned the Ottawa, which divides it from the Province of Ontario, and also in its turn has affluents of very considerable length. The Richelieu, with its locks, affords communication with the Hudson, in the State of New York. The St. Maurice is navigable for a considerable extent. The Saguenay is one of the most remarkable rivers on the continent, and thousands visit it for its scenery. There are other rivers of less importance. It has already been stated that the extension of railroads has been very rapid, and these in fact now connect all the considerable centres of population both on the north and south shores of the St. Lawrence. The wild lands are opened up by colonization roads, and besides the regular macadamized roads, there are everywhere roads throughout the Province. MINERALS AND FISHERIES. It has been already stated that the Province of Quebec is rich in minerals. Gold is found in the district of Beauce and elsewhere. Copper abounds in the Eastern Town- 64 DOMINION OF CANADA. ships, and iron is found nearly everywhere. Some very rich iron mines are being worked. Lead, silver, platinum, zinc, etc., are found in abundance. The great deposits of phosphate of lime, particularly in the Ottawa Valley, have been elsewhere alluded to. These mines have been largely worked, and large quantities of the phosphate have been exported. This mineral brings a high price in England, owing to its high percentage of purity. The fisheries of the Province are a great boon to the settlers and fishermen resident on its long coast lines. The fishing industry has attained large proportions, the products being exported to distant portions of the Dominion and foreign parts. EDUCATION. The means afforded for education in the Province of Quebec are very good. There is a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who controls and directs public teaching in the Province. He is assisted by a council of twenty-five members, of whom seventeen are Roman Catholics and eight are Protestants. This council is subdivided into two committees, one Roman Catholic, the other Protestant, in such a way that each respec. tively has the exclusive control of the management of its own schools. Primary education is obligatory, in so far as every taxpayer is bound to contribute to it a moderate sum. The sum levied is equal in amount to the school grant allowed by the Government to every municipality in the Province. Besides this, heads of families have to pay a monthly fee, varying from five to forty cents, for every child between the ages of 7 and 14, capable of attending school. There are annually allowed to poor muni- cipalities $8,000. Primary Schools are placed under the control of commissioners elected by the ratepayers of each municipality. In municipalities where there exist different religious denominations the School Commissioners of the majority govern. If the minority are not satisfied with their management as it concerns them specially, they may signify their dissent to the President of the School Commissioners, and elect trustees to direct their own schools. Thus the minority, be it Catholic or Protestant, has no fear of being oppressed. There are special schools, called Normal Schools, supported by the State, in which school teachers are trained. There are three in Quebec, two Catholic and one Protestant. There are to-day in Quebec close upon 4,000 Primary Schools, in which elementary instruction is given to fully 200,000 pupils; and nearly 300 Secondary and Model Schools, attended by at least 40,000 pupils. These schools are maintained at a joint cost of $1,000,000. Inspectors connected with the Education Department visit the schools of the district to which they are appointed, to assure themselves of the competency of the teachers and the efficiency of their management. Besides these schools of primary instruction, there are Special Schools, Lyceums, Commercial Schools, and Schools of Agriculture. These number about 150, and are attended by 3,000 pupils. There are, besides those in which the classics are mainly taught, twenty-six Superior Schools in the Province. Eighteen are Catbolic and eight Protestant. The Catholic colleges owe their existence to the generosity of the clergy. In the majority of cases the Professors are ecclesiastics, who follow their course of theology while they act as teachers, and are content to receive a remuneration of $40 per annum, besides board and lodging. This explains the low rates paid by pupils for tuition and board, which does not reach the sum of $100 per year. Hundreds of young men, devoid of means, have been and are educated gratuitously in these schools. Owing to these facilities, education of a very superior order is very widely extended in this Province. There are three Universities in Quebec, two of which are Protestant-McGill College, founded in 1827; and Bishop's College, Lennoxville, founded in 1843 by his Lordship Bishop Mountain. The Catholic University, Laval, like the English ones, is incorporated, but, beyond this, has nothing in common with them. It was founded in 1854 by the Seminary of Quebec, which spent in the undertaking $300,000, and now maintains it at its own expense, without State aid. RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. These institutions form one of the chief features of Quebec. With the earlier missionaries came the Sours Hospitalieres to care for the sick, and the Ursulines and the Sisters of the Congregation followed to attend to the educating of the rising generation 66 DOMINION OF CANADA. OTTAWA VALLEY. In the Ottawa Valley the number of acres surveyed and divided into farm lots is 1,358,500, offered for sale at 30 cents per acre (1s. 22d. stg.) The colonization of these lands is going on very rapidly, and new townships are being opened. The Valley of the Ottawa is the principal seat of the lumber operations of the Province. Many of the tributaries of the Ottawa contain large quantities of fish. Trout are caught in large numbers in some of the back waters, and packed in snow for transport to southern markets, where they bring a high price. The rich deposits of phosphate of lime in the Ottawa Valley are attracting capitalists and settlers, upwards of 26,000 tons being exported in 1886, almost entirely from that region. BELOW QUEBEC. Below Quebec, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, there are large tracts of land favourable for settlement. The Government have 1,223,200 acres divided into farm lots for sale at 30 cts. (1s. 29 d. stg.) per acre. An important colonization road has been opened through the centre of this tract, called the Taché road, 209 miles in length. This is intersected with cross roads connecting with the settlements of the shore on the river. The construction of the Intercolonial Railway has led to the opening up of several townships in the Metapediac Valley, the soil of which is reported very good. Colonization has received great impetus from the railway. To the east of the Metapediac road is the immense district of Gaspé, forming an area 8,613 miles of superficies; bounded by the St. Lawrence and the Bay of Chaleurs. It is in parts rocky and unfit for cultivation ; but there are many portions which are extremely fertile, and its fishing grounds are said to be the most advantageous in the Dominion. Both sea-weeds and fish are used for manure by the farmers. The Government offers for sale 491,000 acres of land in Gaspé, at from 20 to 30 cts. per acre (10d. to 1s. 23d. stg.) FREE GRANTS AND EXEMPTIONS. HI! In the case of free grants the conditions are trifling. Possession must be taken within a month, and twelve acres must be under cultivation at the expiration of four years. The Crown Land agents are obliged to grant a permit of occupation for 100 acres to any person who claims the same, provided only the person has attained the age of eighteen. And further to protect the settler, a law was passed in 1868 providing that no mortgage should be valid on the land granted to hím, nor his farm liable to be sold judicially for any debt contracted by him previous to his entering upon it, and for the ten years following the granting of Letters Patent. The following among other things are declared exempt from seizure for sale judicially: . “The bed and bedding of the family, the wearing apparel, stove, knives and forks, spoons, spinning wheels, weaving looms, etc., etc., the fuel, meat and vegetables for family use, two horses, four cows, six sheep, four pigs, hay and forage necessary for the support of these animals during the winter; vehicles and other implements of agriculture.” Cer- tain of these articles may be attached, however, but only when the debt is contracted in the purchase of such articles. This protection is an evidence sufficiently strong of the interest taken by the Government in the settler. Independently of these provisions, societies exist everywhere for the benefit of the agriculturist; and colonization societies, whose duty it is to promote settlement and protect the settler, are largely subsidized by the Government. TITLES TO LANDS. It is well to state that all aliens have a right to acquire and transmit, by succession or by will, all movable and immovable property in the Province of Quebec in the same way as British-born subjects. There are no questionable titles in Quebec, the system of registration being perfect, so the purchaser of lands has nothing to fear; and for the rest, Quebec shares in common with other parts of the Dominion in a perfect postal and telegraph system. There are also Government savings banks, where a depositor may obtain 4 per cent. for his money with the most perfect security. Those who settle in Quebec will settle in the central commercial Province of the Dominion of Canada, and among a most orderly and law-abiding people. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. - - -- THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. The Eastern Townships comprise a portion of the Province of Quebec, south of the River St. Lawrence, and adjoining the frontier of the United States. They call for par- ticular mention. It has happened, from the fact of these townships lying outside of the ordinary route of travel from the United Kingdom to the west of the Dominion, that they have not hitherto been so much sought out as other parts of the Dominion by settlers. They yet offer particular advantages which are worthy of notice. These townships are the most English part of the Province of Quebec, having been originally settled by the United Empire Loyalists, who left the present United States at the time of their separation from England, and who thereby made enormous sacrifices to preserve their allegiance. From that root, the spirit of loyalty has continued to grow and spread. The original stock has been replenished and added to by immigrants from the United Kingdom ; and people from the British Islands will here find themselves among a congenial people. There are also many French-Canadian settlers in the townships, who live in the most perfect harmony with their brethren who speak the English tongue. MAS DED LIETO 10 P LAW ::: WHAT TWA TAN ODNE In BUD um . Am APIDO VIEWS POWERPO TRO WA EM 21 HB w mm ber NAPISA e pezeta Tonton SHERBROOKE, EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS. The Eastern Townships form the most southern part of the Province of Quebec, the frontier being on the line of 45° north latitude, which corresponds in Europe with that of the south of France. This condition gives a decided warmth in summer, sufficient to make Indian corn one of the chief and most profitable crops. It is known that where Indian corn is ripened, tomatoes, grapes, and other delicate fruits, as well as tobacco, may also be ripened in the open air. Apples and all ordinary small fruits not only grow in great abundance, but the conditions of the country are especially adapted to their pro- duction. The same remark may be made with respect to the ordinary cereals, such as wheat, oats, barley, etc. The average yield of spring wheat is eighteen bushels to the acre. Grazing and stock-raising have, however, been special features of the township industries, for the reason of particular adaptation. They are favourably situated for feeding and fattening and sending stock to the markets of the United Kingdom. Cheese factories and creameries for the manufacture of butter are carried on with success; as are also several kinds of manufactures. In the winter the climate is the same as in other parts of the Province of Quebec, and needs no more particular description than that elsewhere given. 70 DOMINION OF CANADA. American rivers. Above Fredericton similar steamers ply to Woodstock, about 70 miles farther; and when the water is high, make occasional trips to Tobique, a farther distance of 50 miles; sometimes reaching Grand Forks, a distance of 220 miles from the sea. The Miramichi is a large river, navigable for vessels of 1,000 tons for twenty-five miles. from its mouth; for schooners twenty miles farther; and above this point it is farther navigable for sixty miles for tow-boats. The Restigouche is a noble river, three miles wide at its mouth at the Bay of Chaleurs, and is navigable for large vessels for eighteen miles. This river and tributaries drain about 4,000 miles of territory, abounding in timber and other valuable resources. Besides these rivers there are the Richibucto, the Petit-Codiac, the St. Croix, all. navigable for large vessels. These several rivers have affluents of more or less importance. Some of those of the St. John are navigable for various distances; namely, the Kenne- becasis, the Washademoak, the Grand Lake, the Tobique, and the Aroostook. CLIMATE. On this head we take the following remarks from a pamphlet published by the Pro- vincial Government: “In New Brunswick the summer is warmer and the winter colder than in England, the ranges of temperature being, in the interior, from 92° above zero to 18° below zero (Fahrenheit). The whole number of days, however, in which the temperature is below zero rarely exceeds twenty. It seldom happens that more than four days occur together when the mercury is below zero at all. There are generally in the course of the winter three or four periods, lasting two or three days each, when the weather is very cold, and these occur at the same time over the whole breadth of America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Between them are thaws, occasional rains, and warm sunny days, during which the average range of the mercury is from 10° to 40° above zero. In general the winters are pleasant, and a few days of extreme cold are nothing in comparison with the average amount of fine weather. "The snow disappears early in April, and spring ploughing commences; seed-time continues according to the season, from the beginning of April and continues during May. In June the apple trees are in full blossom. In July, wild strawberries of fine flavour are ripe and abundant; haying then begins. In August, early potatoes are brought to market, as also raspberries and other wild fruits. In September, oats, wheat, and other cereal grains are ready for the sickle; these are generally secured before October. The autumn is long and the weather is then delicious. This is decidedly the most pleasant portion of the year. There are usually heavy rains in November, but when not wet the weather is fine and pleasant. The rivers generally close during the latter part of this month, and by the middle of December winter again fairly sets in.” The effect of the winters, so far from being injurious to the agriculturist, are a great advantage to him, as when the frost goes away the ground is found to be pulverized thereby, and this is one of the agents that tend to bring about large crops. PRODUCTS. All the fruits generally found in England are grown in New Brunswick; especially apples, pears, plums, cherries, currants, gooseberries and strawberries. This Province is especially adapted to the growth of potatoes; they grow very abundantly, and are very largely cultivated. The ordinary cereals do well. Špring wheat gives an average of eighteen bushels to the acre. The following is the testimony of eminent and trustworthy men respecting the capabilities of New Brunswick. Major Robinson, R.E., who in 1845 explored the Province under direction of the British Government, thus describes the Province in his report to the Imperial Parlia- ment: “Of the climate, soil and capabilities of New Brunswick, it is impossible to speak. too highly. There is not a country in the world so beautifully wooded and watered. An inspection of the map will show that there is scarcely a section of it without its streams, from the running brook to the navigable river. Two-thirds of its boundary are washed by the sea; the remainder is embraced by the large rivers the St. John and Restigouche. For beauty and richness of scenery this latter river and its branches are not to be surpassed by anything in Great Britain. The lakes of New Brunswick are numerous. 72 DOMINION OF CANADA. Normal School for teachers, and a system of Common Schools ranging from the Primary to the Grammar or High Schools. The Common Schools are free to all, being supported from the Provincial Revenue, and by rate upon the entire population of the country. SOCIAL LIFE AND ADAPTABILITY FOR SETTLERS FROM GREAT BRITAIN. The social life and civilization of New Brunswick are similar to those of Great Britain, with such changes as are naturally induced by life in a country where the land is owned by the tiller of the soil; where there is no exclusive or favoured class; where, in the eye of the law, all men and all creeds are equal; and where the physical characteristics of the country are fitted to develop the best qualities of the race. The New Brunswicker is ordinarily robust, athletic, active, intelligent, and enterprising. He is surrounded with all the evidences of civilization. In every settlement there is the post office, the news- paper, the school and the church. The country is a new country only in the absence of traditions and an ancient history. The emigrant from England, Scotland Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, or France, will come to a country as advanced in civilization as the country he has left, but free from many of the social, legal and economic drawbacks which often render life in the older countries unpleasant and labour unremunerative. Wherever he settles he will be within the reach of profitable markets, free schools, and the means of religious worship. And in New Brunswick all religious bodies exist on terms of equality. There is no State Church. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. A pamphlet has been published respecting Nova Scotia by the Government of that Province. It is written by Mr. Herbert Crosskill, Deputy Provincial Secretary, and pub- lished under the authority of His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor and the Executive Council. It is approved by an Order-in-Council passed by the Provincial Government, which states that “the Council are of opinion that the information therein contained is correct and reliable, and calculated to be useful to intending emigrants.” The following extracts are, therefore, taken from this pamphlet : GENERAL FEATURES. “ Nova Scotia is a peninsula, lying between 43° and 46° north latitude, and 61° and 67° west longitude. It is connected with the Province of New Brunswick by a narrow isthmus, about 16 miles wide ; its area is about 300 miles in length, by 80 to 100 miles in width; its length running about north-east and south-west. The Province contains about 11,000,000 acres, of which about one-fifth part consists of lakes and small rivers. About 5,000,000 acres of land are fit for tillage. “ There is no finer scenery to be found in America than in many parts of Nova Scotia ; there is a great variety of hill and dale, small, quiet, glassy lakes, and pretty land-locked inlets of the sea, which would afford charming studies for an artist. The gloriously bright tints of our autumn forest scenery, warmed by an Indian summer sun, cannot be surpassed anywhere.” CLIMATE. G “It is not generally known outside the Province that the climate of Nova Scotia is more temperate than that of any other part of the Dominion; but such is the fact. The extreme cold which is experienced in winter in other parts of America is not felt here, owing, perhaps, to the fact that the Province is almost completely surrounded by the sea. “The climate is extremely healthy; there is probably none more so in the world. The health returns from the British military stations place this Province in the first class. Nova Scotia has fewer medical men in proportion to the population, and requires their services less than in any other part of America. The inhabitants live to a good old age. There are many people now in this Province who have passed their hundredth year." GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 73 • SOIL, AND THE PRODUCTIONS THEREOF. “The fertility of the soil in the agricultural districts is unsurpassed, as is evidenced by the fact that in quantity and quality, the productions of our farms are equal, and in many cases superior, to those of Great Britain; for instance, our orchards produce larger and finer apples than are grown in any other part of the world. “ All the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries, black- berries, blueberries, huckleberries, etc., are very abundant, both in a wild state and cultivated. Our wild strawberries, although small, are remarkably rich and high-flavoured; indeed, they are far more delicious than any of the cultivated sorts. Probably no country in the world produces a greater variety or abundance of wild berries. “Our grain and root crops are also excellent, the average production of which in the western counties is, as nearly as it is possible to come at it, as follows: Wheat, per acre, 18 bushels ; rye, 21 do.; barley, 35 do.; oats, 34 do.; buckwheat, 33 do.; Indian corn (maize), 42 do.; turnips, 420 do.; potatoes, 250 do.; mangel-wurzel, 500 do.; beans, 22 do.; and hay, 2 tons. "The above is a general average of the crops in three counties; but there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, produce crops that are truly astonishing, For instance, in King's County, a few years ago, I knew a farmer who in one season raised on a little less than one acre of land four hundred and three bushels of potatoes ; and in Anna- polis County I have frequently seen sixty bushels of shelled corn raised on an acre. In Colchester County forty-six bushels of oats have been produced per acre. Mr. James E. Rathbone, of Lower Horton, in the county of Kings, cut, last summer, five and one-half tons of hay (two crops) from one and one-eighth acres of land ; and in 1870 he raised on the same piece of ground seventy-four bushels of barley. “Beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, peas, squash, pumpkins, melons, tomatoes, etc., are raised in large quantities. We sometimes see squash at our agricultural exhibitions weighing from 100 to 150 lbs. each. “Broom corn, sorghum (Chinese sugar cane), and tobacco have been successfully grown, a proof of the warmth of the climate and fertility of the soil. - The crops of hay, timothy and clover and coarse • salt grass,' that are raised on the dyked lands and marshes in the counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis, and Cumberland, are sometimes almost incredible. “I have seen four tons of 2,240 lbs. of timothy and clover taken off a single acre, besides a light second crop late in the season. “Hemp can be raised here in perfection, but none is grown. By way of experiment, however, it was tried in 1868 by several farmers, and the experiment was remarkably successful. “Every farmer keeps a few sheep, but the flocks are seldom taken proper care of. A number of thorough-bred shepherds who would introduce the best breeds of sheep, both for wool producing and for mutton, would, in a few years, make a small fortune. There is a great deal of land suitable for the purpose in every county, and even among the wild lands there are large tracts of open, rough pasture, that might be made capable of main- taining vast flocks of sheep at very little expense. "Tobacco might be successfully and profitably cultivated in the counties of Kings and Annapolis. Hops may be easily raised, as the soil is well adapted for the growth of the plant. A number of English hop growers would do well, as there is a good home market for the article. “Dairy farming might be extensively and profitably prosecuted in this Province. "Farmers in Nova Scotia raise a good deal of pork for their own use and for market, and many of the farmers' wives obtain considerable pocket money by the sale of poultry and eggs. They also make a great deal of yarn, which they knit and weave into socks and warm clothes for their own wear and for sale.' atir DEN; an PEAT LANDS. “In many parts of the Province there are large tracts of peat lands or bogs; but they are not made available in any way. Peat is not required for fuel in Nova Scotia, because at present there is plenty of coal and wood.” 74 DOMINION OF CANADA. THE PRODUCTION OF THE SEA AND RIVERS. “ The fisheries of Nova Scotia have long been celebrated, and indeed they are so valuable that the protection of them has caused a great deal of dispute between the Governments of Great Britain and the United States. The Americans, who have no valuable fisheries on their own coasts, are constantly encroaching on ours. “In some seasons our bays and harbours teem with fish of various kinds—mackerel, herring, cod, haddock, halibut, hake, pollock, shad, smelt, perch, eels, etc. Lobsters are abundant, and are usually sold in the Halifax market at about one shilling per dozen. “Good sport is afforded in spearing lobsters at night by torch-light. We have a plentiful supply of shell-fish, viz., oysters, scallops, clams, quahaugs, mussels, etc. Indeed, no country in the world can produce a greater variety of sea fish, or in greater abundance. Our rivers and lakes afford salmon, trout and grayling; and we have no lack of the disciples of Isaac Walton. Any boy with a bean pole, a half dozen yards of twine, with a hook on the end of it, or a few angle-worms or grasshoppers, may go out in the morning and kill as many trout as will do a large family for breakfast. In some lakes they are quite large, and are taken as heavy as four or five pounds. In other lakes they are small, seldom weighing more than one pound. The little brook trout is an excellent pan fish; the prince of all the trout tribe is the sea trout. This fish is taken in large numbers at the mouths of rivers, emptying into the Atlantic." WOODS AND FORESTS. “ Nova Scotia contains vast tracts of woodland, which produce timber for ship- building, and for manufacturing into lumber for exportation. "Millions of feet of pine, spruce, hemlock and hardwood, deals, scantling, etc., are annually shipped from the different ports in the Province to the West Indies, United States, Europe, etc. We also supply the ports of Massachusetts with thousands of cords of firewood. Oak, elm, maple, beech, birch, ash, larch, poplar, spruce, pine, hemlock, etc., all grow to a large size. There are many other kinds of trees, but they are chiefly ornamental rather than useful. “The sap of the rock maple tree is manufactured into sugar and syrup. The former, of which some tons weight are annually made and sold, is used chiefly as confectionery; the latter is used as treacle. Both have a delicious flavour. “In our forests may also be found numerous small trees and shrubs, which are valuable for medicinal and other purposes, among which are wild cherry, sumac, rowan, sarsaparilla, elder, alder, hazel, bay, etc. Wild flowers are in great profusion. The trailing arbutus, our little May flower, which blooms in April and May, cannot be sur- passed in delicate beauty and fragrance.” GAME. "Nova Scotia is a sort of sportsman's paradise, as there is excellent hunting, shoot- ing and fishing in every county. Of wild animals we have bears, foxes, moose, deer (cariboo), otter, mink, sable, musquash, hares, raccoons and squirrels, and of feathered game, woodcock, snipe, plover, partridges, geese, ducks, brant, curlew, etc. Our game laws are simple. They are made only to protect game when out of season. This is necessary in order to preserve it from total destruction. “In the proper season, all persons are allowed to hunt and shoot ad libitum. No true sportsman would do so at any other time." MINES AND MINERALS. “ The Province contains very valuable mines of coal, gold and iron, which are worked by private companies ; of these the coal mines are the most important. « Of gold mines we have in fourteen districts about fifty-eight mines in working order ; of these the Montague mines are the most prolific. " Although we have iron ore in inexhaustible quantity almost all over the Province, we have but one iron mine in operation, namely, that of the Acadia Company, at Lon- donderry, in Colchester County. The quality of the iron of their mines may be judged by the price in the English market as compared with English iron. The latter, in pigs, is worth an average of £4 stg. per ton, while Nova Scotia iron brings £7. English bar GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. iron is worth £9, Nova Scotia £10 per ton. There is but one Swedish ore which is con- sidered superior for steel. All Nova Scotia bar iron is used for this purpose. “In addition to coal, gold and iron, we have silver, copper, lead, zinc, tin, manganese, mercury, plumbago, sulphur, etc. “Of minerals for jewellery and ornamental purposes, several kinds have been found, namely, opal, topaz, amethyst, garnet, cairngorm, agate, jasper, heliotrope and chalcedony. “Building Stone.—The Province abounds in superior granite, freestone (or sand. stone), of several colours, iron stone and flag-stone. There are many beautiful varieties of syenite and green stone, also of marble. There is a mountain almost entirely composed of the latter in the neighbourhood of Bras d'Or Lake in the Island of Cape Breton. We have also abundance of gypsum, limestone, barytes, clays for pottery and for common purposes ; moulding sand, mineral paints, etc. “ Mineral Waters.—Of these we have salt springs in several counties." ERITISMI B.N.C BATAE CITY OF HALIFAX. CROWN LANDS. “ There are now in Nova Scotia nearly four millions of acres of ungranted lands, & considerable quantity of which is barren and almost totally unfit for cultivation ; but there is a great deal in blocks of from five thousand to ten thousand acres of really valu- able land, and some of it the best in the Province, and quite accessible, being very near present settlements. The price of crown lands is $44 (£8 16s. stg.) per 100 acres. No distinction is made in the price between 100 acres and smaller lots, as the difference in cost of survey is very trifling. An emigrant would have to pay as much for twenty acres as for one hundred acres. Any quantity over one hundred acres must be paid for at the rate of 44 cents per acre. The cost of survey is defrayed by the Government." Mr. Crosskiĩl's pamphlet goes on to state that the Government of Nova Scotia does not generally recommend fresh European emigrants to go into the forest and attempt to clear themselves farms there, on the ground of want of suitability for this kind of life. He shows, however, that there are some special circumstances in which they might do well. For further remarks on this point we refer to his pamphlet. He states: " There are plenty of farms already under cultivation which may be bought at very reasonable rates, and any practical farmer, with a small capital, may at once possess a good and comfortable home; and by energy, industry and enterprise may make for himself a fortune and a position in Nova Scotia, in a very few years, such as he could not obtain in a lifetime in Great Britain." DOMINION OF CANADA. EDUCATION. “ While education is not compulsory, free schools are provided by the Government, and efficient teachers are maintained in every district in the Province where there are children to educate. There is a Provincial Normal School for the training of teachers. There are also academies, colleges and common schools. The academies and common schools are under the control of the Government, but the colleges are sectarian. We have nearly sixteen hundred public schools in operation in the Province, having nearly one hundred thousand pupils in daily attendance. There are also many private schools in different parts of the country, and among them some excellent boarding schools for young ladies. "Owing to our excellent system of free schools, the poorer classes of our population are rapidly improving in education, and a steady increase of general knowledge is being made manifest yearly among those whose parents were, a few years ago, too poor to pay the expense of educating their children, or too careless and indifferent in the matter. Now the child of the poorest individual is placed on a level with the rich man's son in respect to general or common school education; and the wealthy classes who require for their sons a classical education, have every facility afforded them in the numerous colleges, where young men may be fitted for any profession, occupation or station in life.'s TRADE AND COMMERCE. “The trade and commerce of the Province have wonderfully increased within a few years. Twenty years ago our exports and imports were very little more than half as much as they are now. Our imports from foreign countries and the other Provinces amount to about $12,000,000, and our exports to about $9,000,000. “Our shipping has in the same time doubled in number and tonnage. Nova Scotia owns more shipping in proportion to the population than any other country.” INTERNAL COMMUNICATION. “We have now nearly 250 miles of railroad already in operation. Several new lines are now being surveyed. Where there are no railroads there is good conveyance by stage coaches or by steamboats.” THE TIME TO IMMIGRATE. “ The best season in the year to come to Nova Scotia is early in April, as we have then fine spring weather, and farming operations may be commenced almost immediately on arrival in this country. Mechanics may, 'however, come at any season; but I think it would hardly be advisable to come out here in the middle of winter." HALIFAX HARBOUR. “The harbour of Halifax is one of the best, perhaps the very best, in the world. It is six miles long by, on an average, a mile wide, and capable of floating alongside the wharves vessels of the largest size. There is excellent anchorage in every part of it, with room for all the navies of the world. The city and harbour of Halifax are protected by eleven different fortifications." PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. This Province was the last to enter the Confederation of the Dominion of Canada, which it did in 1873. It is the smallest of the Canadian Provinces, but it possesses many features of great interest and also of special advantage to the settler. It is situated on the south side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between New Brunswick and Cape Breton, being separated from them by the Northumberland Strait, which is from nine to thirty miles wide. The island is 130 miles long from east to west, by about 34 miles wide, with an area of 2,133 square miles. 1 SEL LLUR A MAIN DIDATO CH J. WESTON POM CHARLOTTETOWN, P. E. ISLAND. TURI SERVICE Ani HK A TE CONV WINNIPEG IN 1871, GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 85 The Canadian Pacific Railway, which was completed in 1885 and running in 1886, affording a continuous railway between the two oceans, is by far the shortest line, with the easiest gradients, and the fewest and easiest curves between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and constitutes the shortest and, in many respects, the best line for travel and commerce between Great Britain and China and Japan. This line of railway, passing through the fertile instead of the desert portion of the continent of America, is one of the most important of the highways of the world. The river system of Manitoba and the North-West is a striking feature of the country. A steamer can leave Winnipeg and proceed via the Saskatchewan to Edmonton, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 1,500 miles; and steamers are now plying for a distance of more than 320 miles on the Assiniboine, an affluent of the Red River, which it joins at the city of Winnipeg. The Red River is navigable for steamers from Moorhead, in the United States, where it is crossed by the Northern Pacific Railway, to Lake Winnipeg, a distance of over 400 miles. Lake Winnipeg is about 280 miles in length, affording an important navigation. The Saskatchewan, which takes its rise in the Rocky Mountains, enters this lake at the northern end, and has a steamboat navigation as far as Fort Edmonton, affording vast commercial facilities for those great areas of fertile lands. The water system between Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg may be improved and rendered navigable at moderate cost compared with the great commercial interests which will, in the near future, call for it. At present, & vessel may load at the railway station at Port Arthur and proceed all the way to Liverpool across the Atlantic Ocean. But the system of transport at present considered the cheapest, is by means of lake and river steamboats and tug propellers with “tows." With the present arrangements, wheat has been conveyed from Manitoba to Montreal for 30 cents a bushel, whence it can be taken by ocean vessel to Liverpool for 10 or 15 cents more. (It is to be observed, however, that freights are a fluctuating quantity, with a general tendency towards cheapness, from improvement in facilities.) It is calculated that this wheat can be raised with profit for 50 cents a bushel, thus making a possibility of delivering wheat in Liverpool under 85 cents (i. e. about 3s. 6d. stg.) per bushel, or 288. per quarter. Charges and handling may bring it over this price, but the two naked elements of growth and transport are within the figures named. Mixed instead of simply grain farming is, however, strongly recommended for Manitoba, as being much less liable to drawback and accident from unfavourable seasons ; and, therefore, a more sure reliance. The farming interests of Manitoba and the North-West are not, however, confined to wheat. Large stock interests are being rapidly developed. There are already 70,000 head of neat cattle in the newly started “ranches” in Alberta, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains. Horse and sheep ranching are also being commenced with success. The progress made in them is giving entire satisfaction. Cattle are already shipped from more distant points in United States territory to Chicago, and thence to England with profit. It may further be remarked, that the conditions are so favourable for transport in the Canadian North-West, that cattle from Montana for the Chicago market enter at Maple Creek, and pass over the Canadian Pacific Railway to its connection with the American railway system, in the State of Minnesota. SYSTEM OF SURVEY AND DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING UP FARMS. The system of survey or of laying out the land in Manitoba is most simple. Every township is about six miles square, and is divided into sections of one mile square (or 640 &cres) each, that is as nearly as it is possible to make mile squares on the surface of a globe, the scarcely appreciable difference from this exact area being the result of the convergence or divergence of the meridians forming the eastern and western boundaries, as the township is north or south of one of the standand base lines of survey. These sections are again subdivided into half sections of 320 acres and quarter sections of 160 acres, and further into half quarters, which terms are legal or statutory definitions of the divisions and subdivisions of land in Manitoba and the North-West Territories of the Dominion. The townships are laid out upon certain “base lines,” about twenty-four miles apart, running east and west, to the depth of two townships, both to the north and to the south, VI MUS CO WWW MINIC IN AN HOMESTEAD FARM AT KILDONAN, NEAR WINNIPEG. ENGRAVED FROM A PHOTOGRAPH. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 87 upon each. The lines upon which adjacent townships, surveyed from different base lines, abut, are termed “correction lines,” and upon these all discrepancies of survey are adjusted. The townships are arranged in tiers running from south to north, and starting from the southern frontier, which is the International boundary line. Those tiers are marked on the map with ordinary numerals, thus: 1, 2, 3, etc. Township 1 being on the Inter- national boundary or province frontier, which is “ the first base line;' Township 2 would be six miles further north; Township 3 again six miles north, etc. The townships are further numbered in what are called “ ranges” east and west, from lines called “principal meridians." These numbers are marked on the map in Roman characters, thus: I., II., III., IV., etc. The first principal meridian starts from a point on the International boundary line about eleven miles west of Emerson. The west ranges” run in regular numbers to the left or west of that meridian ; and the east “ranges" to the right or east of that meridian. Thus, Township 3, Range III., west, would be three tow.ships north of the boundary line, and three townships west of the principal meridian; or, Township 3, Range II I., east, would be, in the same way, three townships north to the east of the principal meridian. Any. one with this simple direction could put his finger on any township in Manitoba or any other part of the North-West Territory, of which the number north of the International boundary or first base line might be given, with the number of the range or tier of town. ships east or west of the first or any of the principal meridians on the map. Any section of a township can be found by its number on the diagram of the map; and the reader, by looking at this and seeing the way in which the numbers run, can instantly put his finger on any section of any township marked on the map. The boundaries of these sections being all laid out on the cardinal points of the compass, east, west, north and south, the section is divided into east half and west half, or north half and south half, whichever way the dividing line is run. These half sections are again divided into quarter sections, such as north-east quarter, north-west quarter, south-east quarter, south-west quarter; these quarters may again be divided in the same way; and these terms, as before stated, are legal or statutory definitions of land in Manitoba or the North-West Territory. Under this very simple butscientific method of arrangement, any township, or section, or subdivision of a section, can be instantly and unerringly described. A transfer or conveyance of property may likewise be made by deed in as few words as any ordinary bill of parcels, and that with perfect accuracy and absoluteness of definition. The settler from the United Kingdom will at first find the nomenclature of this sys- tem of survey a little new and strange; but he will, on slight acquaintance with it, become charmed with its simplicity. . The surveyed lines are marked on the ground itself by iron and other kinds of monu- ments and posts at the corners of the divisions and subdivisions; and, so soon as the settler makes himself acquainted with these, he will instantly understand the position and extent of his own farm on the prairie, or of any other in the country. Or, when travelling in any part of the country, these posts will tell him at a glance exactly where he is, so that he cannot get lost in any surveyed district. Distances on the map, in miles, may be ascertained approximately by counting the townships to be passed over and multiplying the number by six. The unit of the town- ships' surveys is the statute mile or section of 640 acres, all the townships being made six statute miles or sections square, as nearly as it is possible to make a series of squares on the face of a globe. FREE GRANTS AND PRE-EMPTIONS. A settler may obtain a grant of 160 acres of land free, on even-numbered sections, on condition of three years' residence and cultivation, and payment of an office fee amount- ing to $10 (£2 stg.); and he formerly could obtain the adjoining portions of sections by “pre-emption” or otherwise, at the rate of $2.00 (8s. stg.) or $2.50 (10s. stg.) per acre. The privilege of pre-emption, however, will cease after January 1st, 1890. All intending settlers should take notice that they are entitled to enter at the nearest Government Lands Office for a free grant of a quarter section in any even-numbered unoccupied land in Manitoba or the North-West, except Hudson Bay or School Lands, or any special reserves ;. whether or not such even-numbered section is near a railway, or comes within the reserves of any of the Colonization companies. DOMINION OF CANADA. DIRECTIONS RESPECTING LANDS. A settler should obtain from the Local Dominion Lands Agent general information as to lands open for settlement. The marks on the map show certain lands taken up, and therefore not available for settlement. Of course, other lands may have been taken up since those marked “taken” on the map. Exact information can, therefore, only be obtained at the Local Land Offices, which are shown on the map. A list of these is also published as an Appendix to this Guide Book. All even-numbered sections (except 8 and three-quarters of 26, which are Hudson Bay Company Lands) are open for entry as free homesteads, or as pre-emptions, unless already taken up by settlers. Odd-numbered sections (with the exception of 11 and 29, which are School Lands) for 24 miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway, may be generally stated to be Railway Lands, purchasable from the Company, and not open for homestead and pre- emption. There are also other Railway Lands, which have been appropriated in aid of similar undertakings. (See Land Regulations in the Appendix to this Guide Book.) Beyond the limits of the land granted to such enterprises, odd-numbered sections may, if surveyed, be purchased direct from the Government, on terms stated in the regulations referred to. WHAT CAPITAL TO BEGIN WITH. A settler in Manitoba may commence on comparatively small capital; that is, enough to build one of the inexpensive houses of the country, to buy a yoke of oxen and a plough, his seed grain, and sufficient provisions to enable him to live for one year, or until his first crop comes in. With a little endurance at first, from this point he may attain to a position of plenty and independence. On the other hand, a settler may take with him to Manitoba or the North-West Territories considerable capital, and invest it in large farming operations, either in wheat growing or stock raising, both of which, with good judgment, he will probably find very profitable. The settler requires either a team of horses or yoke of oxen, a waggon or a cart, & plough and harrow, chains, axes, shovels, stoves, bedsteads, etc., which he can obtain for about $300.00, or £60* stg. A primitive house and stable may be built for £30 more. The cost of necessary provisions for a family would be from £18 to £20. The cost of these several items may vary with circumstances, either being more or less, the prices being affected by the cost of transport and railway facilities; but a settler who goes on his farm sufficiently early to plant potatoes and other crops may live at a very little cost. Or the sum of £125 stg., which is in round numbers about $600.00 of Canadian currency, would enable a farmer to begin on a moderate scale of comfort. That sum would be divided, perhaps, in some cases, as follows: One yoke of oxen, $120.00; one waggon, $80.00; plough and barrow, $25.00; chains, axes, shovels, etc., $30.00; stoves, bedsteads, etc., $60.00; house and stable, $150.00; provisions, $135.00: in all, $600.00. The above prices are subject to variation for the reasons above stated. Of course, a capital of £200 (or $1,000.00) would enable a farmer to start in better style and with more comfort; but many have started with much less, and are now well off. For instance, the Red River cart, which costs from fifteen to twenty dollars, and one ox, might do all the teaming required on a small farm to begin with, and after the first “ breaking” one ox could do all the ploughing required for a family. The German Mennonite settlers who same to Canada from Southern Russia a few years ago that is, the poorer families of them—started with very much less; and they are to-day very prosperous, and raise large crops of grain, besides growing flax, of which they export the seed. They are also well supplied with live stock. The Mennonite outfit of one family, averaging five persons, consisted of one yoke of oxen, one cow, one plough, one waggon, and one cooking stove—the whole obtained at a cost of $270.00, or £54. In the case of the poorer, two families clubbed together to use one outfit. The cost of provisions for the subsistence of one family for a year was $93.00 (£18 15s.), the provisions consisting almost wholly of flour, pork and beans. No money was * The £1 sterling is set down in round figures at $5.00 for convenience, and is sufficiently exact for the purpose of this paper. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. ROUTES, AND WHEN TO GO. The intending settler from the United Kingdom or the continent of Europe may buy a ticket direct to Winnipeg, or almost any part of Manitoba, at the offices of the steamship lines. He may go to Quebec, and thence by way of the Great Lakes to Thunder Bay, where he will take the railway to Winnipeg. This line is the shortest, and wholly within Canadian territory, and the settler who takes this route is free from the inconvenience of all Customs examinations required on entering United States territory, or again on entering Manitoba from the United States; or he may take the all-rail route from Quebec to Winnipeg. The fares are very cheap from Europe to Manitobz., in view of the distance. In cases where it is an object for the emigrant to have an assisted passage, this is afforded by an arrangement between the Government of Canada and steamship companies whose lines ply to Canadian ports. Application should be made to agents of the Govern. iment or to the steamship agents for particulars of the assisted passage arrangement. The fares from Quebec and other points on the sea-bord to Winnipeg may be obtained at any of the Canadian Government agencies or steamship agencies. They have been fixed at prices so low, under arrangement with the Government, as really to constitute an assisted passage. Very favourable rates are afforded for immigrants and settlers' effects via the Canadian Pacific Railway. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LANDS. In view of the fact that the Canadian Pacific Railway Company have obtained from the Government of Canada a grant of 25,000,000 acres of land to assist in the building of the Railway, it becomes important for the settler to understand the terms on which they offer their lands for sale. As already stated, the odd-numbered sections of townships (with the exception of 11 and 29, which are school lands) for twenty-four miles on each side of the railway, may generally be stated to be railway lands. The Company will have lands apportioned to them in other portions of the North-West, which will be made known from time to time. Under their advertised regulations they offer their land at $2.50 (10s. stg.) an acre, and upwards, with conditions requiring cultivation. Lands will also be sold by the Company without conditions of cultivation. The purchaser, by paying cash, may get a deed of con- veyance at the time of purchase; or he may pay one-sixth in cash, and the balance in five annual instalments, with interest at six per cent. Or payment may be made in Land Grant Bonds, which will be accepted at 10 per cent. premium on their par value and accrued interest. This Company have a system of rebates in favour of the settler, in all cases of land bought on conditions of cultivation. This rebate is from $1.25 to $3.50 (5s. to 14s. stg.) per acre. See Land Regulations of this Company in the Appendix to this Guide Book. It follows from these regulations that if a settler buys land from this Company at $2.50 (10s. stg.) per acre, and.gets a rebate of $1.25 (5s. stg.) per acre, he is in exactly the same position, in the case of a purchase of a half section, as if he obtained a free grant from the Government of 160 acres, and paid for the other quarter section a pre-emption rate of $2.50 (10s. stg.) per acre. These prices, the intending settler should understand, are very cheap. The lands so sold by the Company are probably worth $10.00 or $20.00 (£2 or £4 stg.) per acre, and more in many cases. But the interest of the Company is less to sell at high prices, and which might be held for speculation, than to attract settlers; who, by affording passenger traffic and freight from the produce of their cultivated farms, are very much more important for the Company than simply high prices for lands in the absence of settlement. The great interest of the Company is to obtain settlers, and to content them by affording them every possible facility. It will appear from a comparison of the conditions of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company with the Dominion Land Regulations, that if a family of four adults desire to settle together they may obtain a really large estate on very moderate terms. For instance, each of the four members of the family may settle on the four free homesteads, of 160 acres each, in any even-numbered unoccupied section. Each may then purchase another 160 acres at $2.50 (10s. stg.) per acre from the Canadian Pacific Railway Com. pany in the adjoining odd-numbered sections. The settlers, while building on the home. DOMINION OF CANADA. steads and making cultivation thereon, would be able within the time mentioned also to cultivate the whole or the greater part of the Canadian Pacific Railway lands. The office fee for entering Government homesteads is $10.00 (£2 stg.) A family of four could, in this way, in four years obtain a large estate of 1,280 acres of probably the richest wheat- growing land in the world at a merely nominal price, and thus secure a position not only of comparative but of substantial wealth. Farmers with sons can with great advantage avail themselves of these conditions, and have the advantages of neighbourhood in settling together. In cases where it is an object for families with means to take up and farm more extensive tracts of land, the regulations would also admit of this. For instance, two brothers might take up as free homesteads two quarter sections of any Government lands, and pre-empt the other two quarter sections, thus obtaining a whole section (or 640 acres) for their homesteads and pre-emptions. They could then purchase the whole of each of the four adjoining odd-numbered sections of railway lands, and thus obtain between them a large estate of 3,200 acres. By cultivating the odd sections and getting the rebate, this estate could be purchased on exceedingly moderate terms. The actual settler for some years to come will have large tracts of land to choose from. The arrangement we have indicated is especially desirable for settlers from England with means. The land policy of the Government of Canada, combined with the advantages offered by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, is the most liberal of any on the continent of North America. HUDSON BAY COMPANY'S LANDS. Section No. 8 and three-quarters of Section No. 26 in the greater number of town. ships* are Hudson Bay Company's lands, and all settlers must be careful not to enter upon them unless they have acquired them from the Company. The prices vary according to locality. Mr. C. J. Brydges is the Land Commissioner of the Company. His official residence is at Winnipeg, Man., and applications may be made to him. Under agreement with the Crown, the Hudson Bay Company are entitled to one. twentieth of the lands of the “Fertile Belt," estimated at about seven millions of acres. No prices can be quoted here for the lands of this Company. Their object is to obtain for them fair, current market prices. SCHOOL LANDS. Sections Nos. 11 and 29 in every township are school lands; that is, the proceeds of their sale are to be applied to the support of education. They are not obtainable at private sale. When disposed of, it will be by public competition at auction. All squatters on these lands, therefore, will have to pay for them the price they bring by auction when sold, or they will pass by such sale out of their hands. LANDS AT PRIVATE SALE. The settler may sometimes find it convenient to buy lands partly improved, with buildings and fences upon them, of private proprietors. It very frequently happens that half-breed or other lands may be obtained on moderate terms. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. GENERAL FEATURES. . The Province of British Columbia forms the western face of the Dominion of Canada; and in view of its great importance for the Dominion, it would be difficult to say whether its geographical position or its great resources were of more value. It has a coast line of about 600 miles on the Pacific Ocean, with innumerable bays, harbours and inlets. It has an area of 341,305 square miles, and if it were described from the characteristics of its climate and great mineral wealth, it might be said to be the Great Britain and California of the Dominion. * In every fifth township the Hudson Bay Company have the WHOLE section of 26. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 93 This Province is divided into two parts—the Island of Vancouver and the mainland. The island is about 300 miles in length, with an average breadth of 60 miles, containing an area of about 20,000 square miles. HARBOURS. Barclay Sound is on the west coast of the island. It opens into the Pacific Ocean itself, and is about thirty-five miles long. At its head it is only fourteen miles from the east coast, and easy communication may be had with it. The water is very deep, and once in harbour the shelter is perfect. The harbours on the mainland are Burrard Inlet, Howe Sound, Bute Inlet, Millbank Sound, River Skeena, and River Nass. Burrard Inlet is situated on the Gulf of Georgia, a few miles from New Westminster. It is nine miles long, deep and safe. It is the port from which the lumber trade is chiefly carried on. It is very easy of access for vessels of any size or class, and convenient depth of water for anchorage may be found in almost every part of it. Howe Sound is north of Burrard Inlet, separated from it by Bowen Island, and com- paratively difficult of access. Bute Inlet is much further north, is surrounded with lofty mountains, and receives the waters of the River Hamathco. Valdez Island lies between its mouth and Vancouver. Millbank Sound, still further north, will become valuable as a harbour as the gold mines on Peace River attract population. The River Skeena is now ascended by steam vessels from Nanaimo, and is one of the routes to the Ominica gold mines. The River Nass, a little further north, is near the frontier of Alaska. It has been ascended by a steamer more than twenty-five miles. It is believed that the region it. waters is rich in gold, and both it and the Skeena are valuable for the fisheries. CLIMATE The following is a description of the climate of this Province, on the authority of Dr. Forbes: “ The author has lived for more than ten years in Vancouver Island, and he unhesi- tatingly declares the climate to be unsurpassed by any with which he is acquainted. The winter, as a rule, is not so cold, but more wet than in the midland counties of England, while the summer is drier, with heat equal to that at home in the day-time, but cooler from the evening to early morning. It is never so hot at night that a blanket becomes uncomfortable; the snow rarely remains on the ground for more than two or three days; the author has never seen it more than a foot deep in and around Victoria.” From a pamphlet by Mr. E. Graham Alston, B.A., the following farther extract is taken: "The rain-fall at Esquimault, Vancouver Island, for 1868, was only 22.88 inches; the average would be about 25 inches. On the mainland, however, the rain-fall is much greater. In 1865, at New Westminster, it amounted to 40.84 inches, and often exceeds this. At New Westminster, in 1865, the greatest heat was 108.5, the minimum tempera- ture 15°, on grass 1° 8'. The climate varies considerably, according to the height from the level of the sea. On the western and eastern side of the Cascade range the climate also is very different. The western side is heavily timbered, and subject to heavy rains in spring and autumn, while on the eastern side the country consists of rolling grassy plains, lightly timbered, the summer more intense, the rain light. In Cariboo, again, the winter is severe, lasting from October to April, the thermometer varying from 10° above to 20° below zero, snow falling to a depth of 7 to 10 feet; but the altitude is considerable, being 4,200 feet above the sea. In a word, the general health and climate enjoyed in this colony compares most favourably with other colonies, and more particularly with those on the Atlantic side of the American continent in similar latitudes." MINERAL WEALTH-IMMENSE GOLD AND COAL DEPOSITS. First among the resources of British Columbia may be classed its mineral wealth. The exploratory surveys in connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway have estab- lished the existence of gold over the whole extent of the Province. Large values have GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 95 TIL 2 SILA Un 2 K1 04 I RD focese . ALOE un nguJUL WAANDUM | | | | l uu | Kasa E mit la KINGSWEINRITIVE TUVALU IN THE UNITED UTION MIDTRE COMITILLOT LET ALU W ITATTUTTIMET VANCOUVER ISLAND, B. C. very excellent quality. It was tested by the War Department of the United States, some years ago, to find out which fuels gave the best results for steam-raising purposes on the western coast, and it was found that, to produce a given quantity of steam, it took 1,800 lbs. of Nanaimo coal to 2,400 lbs. of Seattle coal, 2,600 lbs. of Coos Bay coal, Oregon, and 2,600 lbs. of Monte Diablo coal, California, showing that, as far as the Pacific coast is concerned, the coal of Nanaimo has a marked superiority over all the others. In 1882 the coal raised from the Nanaimo mines was 282,139 tons, which is equal to about one-fifth the coal product of Nova Scotia, though that Province has been so much longer a coal producing region. Of this 151,800 tons were sold in San Francisco, the retail price being about $12.00 a ton.” The total quantity of coal exported from British Columbia in 1886 was 258,671 tons, which, with the exception of 4,782 tons, all went to the United States. The importance of the coal supply of British Columbia is pointed out by Sir C. Dilke, lately one of the Ministers of the Crown in England, in his book entitled “Greater Britain," as follows: “The position of the various stores of coal in the Pacific is of extreme importance as an index to the future distribution of power in that portion of the world ; but it is not enough to know where coal is to be found, without looking also to the quantity, quality cheapness of labour and facility of transport. In China and in Borneo there are extensive coal fields, but they lie ‘the wrong way' for trade; on the other hand, the California coal at Monte Diablo, San Diego and Monterey, lies well, but it is bad in quality. Tasmania has good coal, but in no great quantity, and the beds nearest to the coast are formed of inferior anthracite. The three countries of the Pacific which must for a time at least rise to manufacturing greatness are Japan, Vancouver Island and New South Wales; but which of those will become wealthiest and most powerful depends mainly on the amount of coal which they respectively possess, so situated as to be cheaply raised. The dearness of labour under which Vancouver suffers will be removed by the opening of the Pacific 96 DOMINION OF CANADA. Railway, but for the present New South Wales has the cheapest labour, and upon her shores at Newcastle are abundant stores of coal of good quality for manufacturing purposes, although for sea use it burns .dirtily' and too fast. ... The future of the Pacific shores is inevitably brilliant, but it is not New Zealand, the centre of the water hemisphere, which will occupy the position that England has taken on the Atlantic, but some country such as Japan or Vancouver, jutting out into the ocean from Asia or from America, as England juts out from Europe." The importance of these considerations will become more apparent to those readers of this Guide Book who have taken note of the enormous resources of the vast region- agricultural, industrial and commercial-through which the Canadian Pacific Railway passes, with its favourable grades and great saving in distances. These greatly important facts, affecting the considerations of empire, are fully set forth in the work from which the above extract is taken. FORESTS. The forest lands are of great extent, and the timber most valuable. They are found throughout nearly the whole extent of the Province. · The principal trees are the Douglas pine, Menzies fir, yellow fir, balsam, hemlock, white pine, yellow pine, cedar, yellow cypress, arbor vitæ, yew, oak, white maple, arbutus, alder, dogwood, aspen, cherry, crab apple, willow and cotton-wood. The Douglas pine is almost universal on the sea coast, and up to the Cascade range. It preponderates at the southern end of Vancouver, and along its east and west coast, the finest being found in the valley and low grounds along the west coast, and on the coast of British Columbia. It yields spars from 90 to 100 feet in length, can often be obtained 150 feet free from knots, and has squared forty-five inches for ninety feet. It is thought to be the strongest pine, or fir, in existence. Broken in a gale, the stem is splintered to a height of at least twenty feet, and it is astonishing to see how small a portion of the trunk will withstand the leverage of the whole tree. The timber contains a great deal of resin, and is exceedingly durable. The bark resembles cork, is often eight or nine inches thick, and makes splendid fuel. On the banks of the Nitinat Inlet and elsewhere, forests of the Menzies pine occur suitable in size for first-class spars, and the wood works beautifully. The white pine is common everywhere. The Scotch fir is found on the bottom lands with the willow and cotton-wood. The cedar abounds in all parts of the country, and attains an enormous growth. Hemlock spruce is very common. The maple is universal everywhere. The arbutus grows very large, and the wood, in color and texture, resembles box. There are two kinds of oak, much of it of good size and quality. There are few lumbering estab. lishments, the trade being hardly developed. The value of timber exports in 1886 was $194,448. The Fraser River and its tributaries, with the numerous lakes communicating with them, furnish great facilities for the conveyance of timber. The Lower Fraser country especially is densely wooded. Smaller streams and the numerous inlets and arms of the sea furnish facilities for the region further north. His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne said in a speech made by him at Victoria : “Every stick in these wonderful forests, which so amply and generously clothe the Sierras from the Cascade range to the distant Rocky Mountains, will be of value as communication opens up. The great arch of timber lands beginning on the west of Lake Manitoba, circles round to Edmonton, comes down along the mountains, so as to include the whole of your Province. Poplar alone, for many years, must be the staple wood of the lands to the south of the Saskatchewan, and your great opportunity lies in this, that you can give the settlers of the whole of that region as much of the finest timber in the world as they can desire, while your cordwood cargoes will compete with the coal of Alberta. Coming down in our survey to the coast, we come upon ground familiar to you all, and you all know how large a trade already exists with China and Australia in wood, and how capable of almost indefinite expansion is this commerce. Your forests are hardly tapped, and there are plenty more logs, like one I saw cut the other day at Burrard Inlet, of forty inches square and ninety and one hundred feet in length, down to sticks which could be used as props for mines or as cordwood for fuel. The business which has assumed such large proportions along the Pacific shore—the canning of salmon --great as it is, is as yet almost in its infancy, for there is many a river swarming with fish from the time of the first run of salmon in spring to the last run of other varieties in the autumn, on which many a cannery is sure to be established.” GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 99 that over every part of it wheat will ripen and be a sure crop, but as far as we can judge of the climate, it is as good as or better than that of Edmonton, on the Saskatchewan River; and where wheat has been tried in the Peace River district, as a matter of fact it succeeds as well as other crops, such as oats and barley. We have, therefore, every reason to believe that over the greater part of this area wheat will be a satisfactory and sure crop. If only the estimated prairie area be taken as immediately susceptible of cultivation, its yield, at the rate above estimated, would be 38,400,000 bushels.” Dr. Dawson stated that summer frosts, which sometimes occur in this region, were not sufficiently intense to prevent the ripening of wheat and other grains. This, he said, was a fact within his own knowledge. He was asked whether the season in which he was there was not more favourable that usual; on the contrary, he said, it was an unusually severe season, but yet the frost did not effect the wheat crop. He added: “I collected excellent specimens of wheat from the Hudson Bay post. In fact, the crops this year were later than usual, on account of a period of wet weather just before harvest, which delayed the ripening of the grain.” His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne, in a speech at Victoria, made the following remarks: “Throughout the interior it will probably pay well in the future to have flocks of sheep. The demand for wool and woollen goods will always be very large among the people now crowding in such numbers to those regions which our official world as yet calls the North-West, but which is the North-East and east to you. There is no reason why British Columbia should not be for this portion of our territory what California is to the States in the supply afforded of fruits. The perfection attained by small fruits is unri. valled, and it is only with the Peninsula of Ontario that you would have to compete for the supplies of grapes, peaches, pears, apples, cherries, plums, apricots and currants.” His Excellency further said: “For men possessing from £200 to £600, I can conceive no more attractive occupation than the care of cattle or a cereal farm within your borders. Wherever there is open land the wheat crops rival the best grown elsewhere, while there is nowhere any dearth of ample provision of fuel and lumber for the winter. As you get your colonization roads pushed and the dykes along the Fraser River built, you will have a larger available acreage, for there are quiet straths and valleys hidden away among the rich forests which would provide comfortable farms. As in the North-West last year, so this year I have taken down the evidence of settlers, and this has been wonderfully favourable. To say the truth, I was rather hunting for grumblers, and found only one. He was a young man of supersensitiveness from one of our comfortable Ontario cities." MANUFACTURES AND EXPORTS. The manufactories of British Columbia have been hitherto comparatively few in number ; but water power is everywhere abundant. Those manufactures which are at present being carried on are in a prosperous state. The exports from the Province are already considerable, and will undoubtedly in the near future be largely developed. They amounted to $2,953,616 in 1886. Besides the large number of vessels that visit the ports of British Columbia, there are steamers plying between Victoria and New Westminster, and on the Fraser River as far as Yale; and there are also others. POPULATION. The total population of British Columbia was 49,459 by the census of 1881. But since that date there has been a large influx both of whites and Chinese, in connection with the works of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the completion of which has also attracted considerable immigration, particularly to the new town of Vancouver, situated at the terminus of the road. This place is rapidly growing, and may become the chief city in the Province. On 30th June, 1836, the total population of the Province was estimated to be 103,142. There is a large disproportion between the men and the women in the Province, the men being greatly in excess. The disproportion will, however, probably be remedied by the progress of immigration. The Indians of British Columbia are remarkable for their peaceable disposition. On this point His Exceliency the Marquis of Lorne made the following appropriate remarks at Victoria : GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 101 The heirs or devisees of the household settler are, if resident in the Province, entitled to the Crown grant on his decease. If they are absent from the Province at the time of his death, the Chief Commissioner may dispose of the pre-emption, and make such pro- vision for the person entitled thereto as he may deem just. No person may hold more than one pre-emption claim at a time. Prior record or pre-emption of one claim, and all rights under it, are forfeited by subsequent record or pre-emption of another claim. The following is a summary of the Provincial Lands Regulations : By the Homestead Law of British Columbia, real and personal property, duly registered, is protected, to the value of $2,500 (£513 13s. 11d. stg.), from seizure and sale. Unsurveyed or unreserved Crown lands may be purchased in tracts of not less than 160 acres for $2.50 (10s. O d. stg.) per acre, payable at time of purchase, by giving two months' notice in the British Columbia Gazette, and any local newspaper, stating name of applicant, boundaries of land, etc.; and such notice must also be posted in some conspicuous place on the land itself, and at the Government office of the district in which the land is located. The land must also be staked off as in case of pre-emption, and surveyed at the expense of the applicant. Surveyed lands, not town sites nor Indian settlements, may, after they have been offered for sale at public auction, be purchased at $2.50 (10s. Ofd. stg.) per acre, to be paid for at time of purchase. Partners, not exceeding four, may pre-empt, as a firm, 160 acres, west of the Cascades, to each partner, or 320 acres, east of the Cascades, to each. Each partner must represent his interest in the firm by actual residence on the land, of himself or agent. But each partner, or his agent, need not reside on his particular pre-emption. The partners, or their agents, may reside together on one homestead, if the homestead be situated on any part of the partnership pre-emption. For obtaining a certificate of improvements, it is sufficient to show that improve- ments have been made on some portion of the claim, amounting in the aggregate to $2.50 per acre on the whole land. Military and naval settlers may acquire free grants of land under the Military and Naval Settlers Act, 1863. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may make special grants of free, or partially free lands, under such restrictions as he may deem advisable, for the encouragement of immigration or other public purposes. He may also sell, or make free grants of any vacant lands for the purpose of diking, draining, or irrigating them, subject to such regulations as may be deemed fit. Landholders may divert, for agricultural or other purposes, the required quantity of unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream or lake adjacent to or passing through their land, upon obtaining the written authority of the Commissioner. Respecting the Dominion Lands Regulations in British Columbia, it may be pointed out that lands in the Railway Belt, held by the Dominion Government, may be obtained under the following regulations : Any person the sole head of a family, or any male 18 years of age, can obtain Home- stead Entry for 160 acres of agricultural land by making application for entry, and paying a fee of $10.50. He must begin actual occupation of the land within six months of the date of entry. At the end of three years, on proof that he has resided upon and cultivated the land for that time, and on payment of $1.00 per acre, he is entitled to a patent, if a British subject by birth or naturalization. An Oregon newspaper lately said: “Emigrants coming here are extremely wary in looking after the titles of the property they desire to purchase.” In British Columbia there is no necessity for this. "Titles are secure, and there is no difficulty with regard to them. CHAPTER VIII. THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. GENERAL FEATURES. UTSIDE of the Province of Manitoba extends the North-West Territory of Canada.. It is bounded on the south by the 49th parallel, which divides it from the United States. It follows this line west to the base of the Rocky Mountains, which it touches at very nearly the 115th degree of west longitude, and takes a north-west trend along the base of the Rocky Mountains until it comes in contact with the Territory of Alaska, and proceeds thence due north to the Arctic Ocean. This vast territory contains great lakes and great rivers. The Mackenzie is one of the largest rivers in the world, and empties into the Arctic Ocean. Its estimated length is 2,500 miles, including the Slave River, which is a part of its system. This river is. generally navigable, except at the base of the Rocky Mountains, where it is interrupted by cascades. The country through which it runs is rich in mineral deposits, including coal. The Peace, another great river of the North-West, has an estimated course of 1,100 miles, draining a country containing vast agricultural and mineral resources. Another great river which takes its rise in the Rocky Mountains is the Saskatchewan, which empties into Lake Winnipeg, having a total length of about 1,500 miles. This river is navigable from the lake to Fort Edmonton, and it drains an immense agricultural region. There are numerous other rivers in this territory, such as the Nelson, the Churchill, the Winnipeg and the Assiniboine. .' The lakes are the Great Bear Lake, the Great Slave Lake, the Athabasca, Lake Win. nipeg, and others. The Great Bear Lake contains an area of 14,000 square miles. The Great Slave Lake has a length from east to west of 300 miles, its greatest breadth being 50 miles. The Athabasca Lake has a length of 230 miles, averaging 14 miles in width, having, however, a very much greater width in some places. Lake Winnipeg has a length of 280 miles, with a breadth of 55 miles, but its shape is very irregular. There are numer- ous other lakes of large size in the North-West. The Nelson River drains the waters of Lake Winnipeg into Hudson Bay; and the extent of its discharge may be imagined from the fact that this lake receives the waters of the Red River of the North, as well as of the River Winnipeg, the Saskatchewan and others. The mouth of the Nelson River is nearer to Liverpool than is New Nork, and the. navigation, it is believed, is continuously open for over four months in the year. Efforts are, therefore, already being made to render available this near communication from the very centre of the continent with the port of Liverpool. The Churchill River, which takes its rise near the base of the Rocky Mountains, and flows into Hudson Bay, is likely to become, in the near future, of great importance, as opening up the immense wheat and cattle raising areas of the Peace River region, con- necting them with Hudson Bay navigation. At the mouth of the Churchill River is found one of the best harbours in the world, and this may give it an advantage over the Nelson, there being a sand-bar at the mouth of the latter. The Canadian Government is now engaged in obtaining more definite information with respect to Hudson Bay navigation. Generally speaking, a line drawn from the south-east corner of the Lake of the Woods, and running north-west to the height of land, divides this territory into two nearly equal portions, and for the most part follows the course of the isothermal lines. A diagonal line thus drawn also roughly separates two geological formations, the southern half being. generally available for agricultural purposes. The portion north of this line comprises the 102 TO LES IN LSDOR “BELL FARM," INDIAN HEAD STATION, CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY, 741 MILES WEST OF PORT ARTHUR. ENGRAVED FROM A PHOTOGRAPH. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 107 The Benbecula colony, settled by the crofters from the estate of Lady Gordon- Cathcart, is in this district, about ten miles south of the Wapella railway station, and the results which it has exhibited are worthy of notice. An advance of £100 stg. was made to each crofter, to enable him and his family to emigrate and also to settle on land, security being taken on the land itself for repayment of the advance, with interest at 6 per cent. This security being on a farm of 160 acres, is of course more than ample. The colony has been decidedly successful. Professor Tanner visited it in 1883, and again in 1884. Speaking of these colonists, when he saw them, shortly after their arrival, he said: “They soon (after their arrival in May) commenced ploughing the turf of the prairie, simply covering in their potatoes with the fresh-turned turf. They also sowed their wheat and oats upon the newly-turned sod. Very rough style of farming many will be disposed to say; still it must be remembered that they had no choice, but the results caused them no regret. Within eight weeks from the time of planting the potatoes they were digging their new crop, and before two weeks had passed I had some of those potatoes for dinner, and I do not hesitate to say that for size, flavour and maturity, they were excellent. The roughly sown wheat and oats were then progressing rapidly, and a good harvest awaited their ingathering. During the summer they had raised a better class of house, they had secured a supply of food and seed for another year, and their settlement was practically completed. A total area of about 3,200 acres had thus been secured, the quality of the land was good, the surface was gently undulating over the entire area, and it was as nicely wooded as many a park in the Old Country. The change in their position had been so quickly accomplished, that I can readily imagine that they must at times have wondered whether it was a dream or a reality. Was it really true that they were no longer small tenants and labourers struggling against pecuniary difficulties which well nigh tempted them to rebel, and that they had so suddenly become the owners of happy homes and nice farms, without the shadow of a care or a fear as to their future support? It was true, and the deep gratitude manifested by those settlers towards Lady Gordon-Cathcart no words of mine can adequately describe. It was obviously unnecessary to inquire whether they were happy in their new homes; but I did ask one of the party whether he had sent home to his friends a full account of the place. "Why, sir,' he replied if I only told them half, they would never believe me again.'' Professor Tanner's report of his second visit in 1884 was in every way confirmatory of his first. These results show that capital may be safely as well as beneficently advanced, with suitable management, to persons who are able to shift and work for themselves on farms in the Canadian North-West. Another and somewhat similar attempt at colonizing was made in course of the year 1884 in this district, from, however, quite a different source, namely, the East End of London, by a society of which Mr. Burdett Coutts, Sir Francis de Winton, Sir John W. Ellis, the late Lord Mayor of London, Mr. Rankin, M.P., and others were the principal movers. This society made advances to a party of East End Londoners with their families, who were brought out under guidance, placed on homesteads, and generally instructed, as fully as possible, how to proceed; one hundred pounds to each family being advanced, in the same way as to the Benbecula colonists, and with the same security. There appeared to be more elements of risk in settling a colony of East End Londoners on farms than one of Scotch crofters. This colony, however, has, so far, succeeded beyond expectation, there having been a very serious question as to the adaptability of these people at all to settle on the prairies of the North-West. It has been officially visited by the Rev. Mr. Huleatt, of Bethnal Green, one of the promoters. He made an inspection of every family and homestead, and declares himself to have been on the whole both satisfied and gratified. The colonists on the whole were comfortable, have done the necessary preliminary work, and prepared for the winter, with the exception of one man, who not liking this kind of life, went back to London. Professor Tanner also visited the colony during the autumn, and fully confirmed the report of Mr. Huleatt. The fact is thus demonstrated that the conditions of prairie farming are so simple that labourers and artisans from towns, who desire to change their mode of life, may adapt themselves to them. There are considerable numbers of English gentlemen settled in this district, in the neighbourhood of Moose Mountain, who express themselves very well pleased with the country and its capabilities, but who yet want railway communication to satisfy their needs. This will probably be afforded during the coming year by the Manitoba and South-Western extension. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 109 Many towns and villages have sprung up within a year with surprising rapidity, on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in the District of Assiniboia. Among these may be mentioned Broadview, Indian Head, Qu'Appelle, Regina (the capital), Moose Jaw, Swift Current and Medicine Hat. DISTRICT OF SASKATCHEWAN. This district comprises about 114,000 square miles, bounded on the south by the District of Assiniboia and the northern boundary of the Province of Manitoba ; Lake Winnipeg, with a part of Nelson River, forms its eastern boundary; on the north it is bounded by the 18th Correction line of the Dominion Lands System of Survey, and on the west by the line of that system dividing the 10th and 11th Ranges of Townships west of the fourth initial meridian. This district, owing to the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway being taken south through the Districts of Assiniboia and Alberta, has of course not so rapidly settled as these. It yet, however, contains the flourishing settlements of Prince Albert, Battleford and others. It is a district of immense resources, the two branches of the great River Saskatchewan passing through a large part of its territory. It has several projected rail- way lines, which, it is expected, will be immediately proceeded with. The population of this district at the last census was 10,746. DISTRICT OF ALBERTA. This district comprises an area of about 100,000 square miles, bounded on the south by the International boundary ; on the east by the District of Assiniboia ; on the west by the Province of British Columbia at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and on the north by the 18th Correction line before mentioned, which is near the 55th parallel of latitude. Nature has been lavish in its gifts to the District of Alberta. A great portion of this district, being immediately under the Rocky Mountains, has scenery of magnificent beauty, and the numerous cold rivers and streams which flow into it from the mountains have waters as clear and blue as the sky above them, and abound with magnificent trout, which may be taken in large quantities by the rudest appliances. The population of Alberta at the last census was 15,533. The great natural beauties of this district seem to point out these foot-hills or spurs of the Rocky Mountains as the future resort of the tourist and health seeker, when the eastern plains will have their population of millions. This district may also be said to be pre-eminently the dairy region of America. Its cold clear streams and rich and luxuriant grasses make it a very paradise for cattle. This is at present the ranch country. Numerous ranches have been started, both for neat cattle and horses and sheep. The numbers at December 31st, 1886, may be stated as follow: Cattle, 74,999 ; horses, 6,318; and sheep, 16,431. These numbers, moreover, are rapidly increasing. Experience has already proved that with good management the cattle thrive well in the winter, the percentage of loss being much less than that estimated for when these ranches were undertaken. We have in these facts the commencement of great industries, and these ranches will very soon commence to send their cattle and horses and sheep by thousands to the eastern markets, including those of the United Kingdom. Questions have been raised in the past as to the suitability of the District of Alberta for ordinary farming operations, an opinion prevailing that it should be given up to ranches. This question, however, of its suitability for mixed farming, especially that in which dairying has a large share, is no longer doubtful, proof having been furnished by actual results. It has been shown even in an unfavourable year, crops of grains including wheat, and roots and vegetables, in the vicinity of Calgary, were large and perfectly ripened, leaving nothing in this respect to be desired. Such being the fact, it will assuredly follow that settlement having for its industries mixed arable and stock farming will rapidly take place. It may further be remarked in this place that the country along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, from Moose Jaw to Calgary, had been commonly said to be a desert, incapable of growing crops. It is true that at certain seasons the aspect of these plains is not very inviting. But it has also been demonstrated to be true, that the theory advanced by Prof. Macoun, the botanist of the exploratory surveys of the Canadian SA 52 tum Our A ROCKY MOUNTAIN VIEW IN THE DISTRICT OF ALBERTA. FROM AN ORIGINAL DRAWING BY E. TALBOT. 112 DOMINION OF CANADA. reached in 1883, on November 28th. In summer there are liabilities to frosts. These do not, however, seem to injure vegetation. Valuable mineral and hot springs are found on the line of the Pacific Railway, in the Rocky Mountains, which promise to be of very great value for a health resort for a con- siderable portion of the continent of America. So much is this the fact that the Railway Company are already erecting a large hotel at Banff. Calgary is the chief town in Alberta. It is beautifully situated at the confluence of the Bow and the Elbow Rivers. It is very thriving, and already does a large business. It commands a beautiful view of the Rocky Mountains, and is undoubtedly destined in the near future to become a large city. DISTRICT OF ATHABASCA. This district comprises an area of about 122,000 square miles, bounded on the south by the District of Alberta; on the east by the line between the 10th and 11th Ranges of the Dominion Lands Townships before mentioned, until, in proceeding northwards, that line intersects the Athabasca River; then by that river and tbe Athabasca Lake and Slave River to the intersection of this with the northern boundary of the district which is to be the 32nd Correction line of the Dominion Lands Township System, and is very near the 60 parallel of north latitude; and westward by the Province of British Columbia. This district has also vast resources, and it is believed that it will become in the immediate future the seat of a large population. It may, however, at present be styled one of the waste places of the earth, in so far as European civilization is concerned, waiting to be filled. The present population consists of Indians and Hudson Bay posts. A VIEW IN THE NORTH-WEST. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 115 Of the second prairie steppe, Dr. MacGregor says: “ This second plateau, which appears at one time to have been completely covered by forest, comprehends the splendid countries watered by the Souris River, the Assiniboine, the Little Saskatchewan, and the Qu'Appelle. No words can exaggerate the prettiness and the richness of the country along the line at which we crossed it. No words can convey the impression produced by travelling day after day, in the most delightful weather, through this magnificent land, and finding ever as we moved onward that the fertility remained wasted and hungering for the plough. From the time we entered that second steppe till we struck the North Saskatchewan, a journey occupying fifteen days, the general character of the country may be described as that of vast rolling plains from ten to thirty miles broad, stretching as far as the eye can see, and covered with rich succulent grasses, these plains lying between long and broad ridges of upland from five to ten miles across, running mainly north-west and south-east, and dotted with clumps of copse or bush. These copse clumps and glades, interspersed with pretty lakes, often look less like the work of nature than of the landscape gardener.. .It required an effort often to believe that this was • No Man's Land. Taking notes of the country hour by hour as we journeyed on, I find the words 'park-like,' 'copsy glades,' etc., occurring with almost wearisome reiteration. Here, for example, is what I note of the prairie near Humboldt, the largest and cleanest we have yet seen, stretching absolutely treeless north- west and south-east far beyond vision: It was a fine breezy day as we drove along those vast downs, rolling like a lumpy sea, the colour precisely that of the Cheviots in autumn, and covered with rich close-piled and flower-flushed grass. As we reached a higher rising ground than usual, and looked around upon the boundless plain, unbroken by rock, or tree, or shrub, as smooth-shaven as a well-kept lawn, the expression would force itself to the lips,-Wonderful!'" Of the third prairie steppe, Dr. MacGregor says: “ At the point where we struck it, the escarpment which divides it from the second steppe was most sharply defined, being nothing less than the fine and bold ridge of the Eagle Hills. On ascending these hills we found that there was no descent on the other side, but that before us stretched a level prairie, whose difference in character as well as height from the prairie of the previous steppe was at once apparent. South and west stretched a great yellow circle, but with no wooded purple ridge, as formerly, on the horizon." Speaking of the section of country where the cattle ranches are situated, on the third prairie steppe, Dr. MacGregor says: “The whole of this region may be said to be more or less under the beneficent influ- ence of the warm winter winds known as the 'Chinooks,' whose true physical explanation has not yet been accurately ascertained, but of whose extraordinary effects in tempering the cold of winter there can be no manner of doubt. It is owing to these winds that snow never lies to any depth, and as a consequence cattle and horses find food and shelter for themselves all the winter through. The result is that ranching or stock raising on a colossal scale has already begun." After referring to the Cochrane ranch, Dr. MacGregor goes on to say:. “In spite of the necessarily defective arrangements of a first winter, the result speaks volumes as to the admirable capacity of the country for stock raising, and this, be it remembered, at an altitude of some 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. In a letter which I received from Lord Lorne, dated Ottawa, 5th April, 1882, he says: “Cochrane is going to send in another 8,000 head. All his beasts have wintered splendidly. They used none of the cut hay, except for the invalid beasts. The herd has increased in weight all round. Only two have been killed, whether by whites or our Blackfeet friends they do not know.' Of the fertility of the soil throughout most of this region we had the amplest proof. It is a pitch-black sandy loam, very easy to work. Near the northern extremity of the region on the Indian supply farm, close by Calgary, we saw for the first time ploughing on the prairie. A pair of horses and a yoke of oxen were each ploughing a mile-long furrow on rich haugh land, a sight which set me thinking about our farmers at home. The virgin soil had been broken in spring, and they were turning it over for fall sowing. Labour was scarce, poor and dear. They were roughly stacking the barley like hay, and the oats were being reaped ; the crops of all kinds were in splendid condition. On a farm close by, where the wheat crop was a wonder to behold, and where the oats were standing strong in the stem, and 41 inches high, we had the curiosity to count the produce from one self- sown grain of oats, and found them to be 2,691 grains. At another Indian supply farm, at the southern extremity of the region, we counted the returns from single grains of oats, NO A PEEP AT THE ROCKIES, FROM NEAR PADMORE. ENGRAVED FROM A PHOTOGRAPH. 118 DOMINION OF CANADA. few miles west of the Lake of the Woods to the passes of the Rocky Mountains, and any line of communication, whether by waggon or railroad, passing through it, will eventually enjoy the great advantage of being fed by an agricultural population from one extremity to the other. No other part of the American continent possesses an approach even to this singularly favourable disposition of soil and climate. • The natural resources lying within the limits of the Fertile Belt, or on its eastern borders, are themselves of great value as local elements of future wealth and prosperity; but in view of a communication across the continent, they acquire paramount import- ance. Timber, available for fuel and building purposes, coal, iron ore, are widely distri- buted, of great purity and in considerable abundance; salt, in quantity sufficient for a dense population. All these crude elements of wealth lie within the limits or on the borders of a region of great fertility.” Archbishop Tache.- His Grace Archbishop Tache, of St. Boniface, who has spent a long life in the North-West, and whose eminent position entitles his words to consideration, gives the following account of the Saskatchewan District: “ The coal fields which cross the different branches of the Saskatchewan are a great source of wealth, and favour the settlement of the valley, in which nature has multiplied picturesque scenery that challenges comparison with the most remarkable of its kind in the world. I can understand the exclusive attachment of the children of the Saskatche. wan for their native place. Having crossed the desert, and having come to so great a distance from civilized countries, which are occasionally supposed to have a monopoly of good things, one is surprised to find in the extreme West so extensive and so beautiful a region. The Author of the universe has been pleased to spread out, by the side of the grand and wild beauties of the Rocky Mountains, the captivating pleasure grounds of the plains of Saskatchewan.” The following is an extract from a letter written by His Grace to the Rev. Father Nugent: "You take an interest in directing emigration towards Manitoba, and as the publication I allude to (a pamphlet decrying Manitoba, published in the interest of the Northern Pacific Railway) is of a nature to debar your generous efforts, you may like to know my views on the matter. “The pamphlet say3: The climate of Manitoba consists of seven months of Arctic winter, and five months of cold weather. This I would understand from a man inhabit. ing the torrid zone; but I confess it is perfectly unintelligible when written in and to praise the Dakota Territory, United States. “Here, in Manitoba as well as in Dakota, the winter is pretty severe; but our sum- mer, on the contrary, is very warm ; so much so, that Europeans have repeatedly stated that they find it hotter than in the British Islands. For my part, after thirty-seven years of experience, I find the season more pleasant in Manitoba than in any other country I have seen. Your personal experience of our climate is unhappily limited to two short visits to Manitoba ; but you have seen with your own eyes the magnificent products of our rich soil, and you are surely satisfied, as I am, that such results could not be obtained if we had no summer. "Kind Providence has done for this part of the Canadian possessions at least as much as for the neighbouring States and Territories. So I will surprise nobody who knows the country by stating that our co-British subjects who are willing to emigrate from their native land ought to prefer coming to Manitoba and the Canadian North-West." His Honour Lieut.-Governor Robinson. The following is an extract from a letter of His Honour Lieut.-Governor Robinson, of the Province of Ontario, descriptive of a visit to the North-West: “ Judging from what I saw myself, and from what I heard from others conversant with the territory, whom I was continually meeting, its agricultural area is almost unlimited, the fertility of its soil unequalled, producing crops such as I, a native of this Province, or the Ontario farmer, never saw before. I met a great many I had known in Ontario, and others as well, settled all over this new country, and never heard a complaint from one of them, all speaking as if they individually had made the best selection, and that their particular location or grant from the Government was the best. I never met a more contented or hopeful lot of men, and well they may be, for they have the finest land under heaven as a free gift, ready by nature for the plough, and safe by the industry of a few years to place themselves and families in comfortable circumstances for the rest of their days. I saw several whose first year's crop had so gladdened their hearts, that they GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 123 trating as in Ireland, where the pores of the body are kept open by the humid atmosphere. The soil is, in most places, exceptionally fertile. I have travelled through the country, and was astonished at the size of the potatoes and vegetables. The winter is long, but the vegetation is very rapid, and the crops ripen comparatively soon. The country is filling up very rapidly with inhabitants, many of whom sold out in Ontario, to have homesteads for their children. I have found Irish everywhere and prospering.” Test of Saskatchewan Coal.-Subjoined is a letter from the Londonderry Steel Company of Canada (Limited), descriptive of a test of a specimen of coal brought down by Mr. James Turner, of Hamilton. He says in a letter addressed to the Hon. J. H. Pope in 1882: “The enclosed report, handed me by Senator McInnes, will no doubt interest you, as the coal referred to was brought down by myself this fall from Edmonton as a sample of what was two years ago mined, or rather, I should say, dug out from about midway on the rise of the bank of the Saskatchewan, directly opposite Edmonton.” “ STEEL COMPANY OF CANADA. (Limited), “ LONDONDERRY, N. S., Nov. 13th, 1882. “D. McInnes, Esq., CORNWALL. “My Dear Sir, I have received the analysis of the Edmonton Coal. It is as follows :. Fast Coking. Slow Coking. Water 17.76.5 17.76.5 4.40. 4.40. Volatile Matter........ 28.23. 23.98. Fixed Carbon... 49.60. 53.85. Ash .....: “ The moisture is quite heavy ; exclusive from that, however, the ash is indeed very small as compared to Pictou or Spring Hill coal. “ The volatile matter is not very high-not as high as desirable to make it a good coking coal. It must be a very good steam coal if it holds its own in size. Altogether, I would say that it is a very fine coal, and if in sufficient quantity or thickness of vein and suitable angle, should be a very valuable property. I am, very truly, “ (Signed) G. JAMMIE.” Testimony of One Hundred and Fifty-three Farmers.—The Department of Agriculture has published a statement respecting the suitability of Manitoba as a place for settlement, based upon the answers of 153 farmers, whose names and addresses are given, and to whom reference may at any time be made. A copy of this statement in pamphlet form, entitled “ What Farmers Say,” will be furnished post free by any of the agents of the Canadian Government on application by letter. These farmers testify: 1. That both the country and the climate are healthy. 2. That the soil is exceptionally rich, there being a black loam from one to four feet in depth, resting on a clay subsoil; and that this soil yields good crops without manure. 3. That they have found no difficulty in getting wood and water for the purposes of their farms, but that sawn lumber is found to be at present dear. 4. That the prairie hay, which is very nutritious for feed, can be obtained in illimit- able extent for merely the cutting and drawing. 5. That the effect of the winter is not unfavourable on cattle. Thirty-seven farmers testify that Indian corn can be ripened. Eighty-nine testify to an average yield of wheat per acre of 267 bushels in 1877, of 264 bushels in 1878, of 268 bushels in 1879, and of 294 bushels in 1880. The weight of this wheat is very heavy, being from 63 to 65 lbs. per bushel. One hundred and fifteen farmers testify to the yield of oats per acre, namely, in 1877, 598 bushels; in 1878, 597 bushels; in 1879, 58 bushels; and 573 bushels in 1880. In barley the testimony of one hundred and one farmers gives an average yield of 373 bushels per acre in 1879, and 41 bushels in 1880. Twenty-one farmers testify to the yield of peas per acre, giving an average of 32 bushels in 1877, 34 bushels in 1878, 327 bushels in 1879, and 38) bushels in 1880. Some of the yields of peas were very much larger and some smaller than these averages, the yields evidently depending on the farming. Ninety-two farmers testify to an average yield of 318 bushels of potatoes per acre in 1880. W. H. J. Swain, of Morris, has produced 800 to 1,000 bushels of turnips to the 126 DOMINION OF CANADA. “The soil and climate are well adapted for growing root crops. Our potatoes are pronounced the best in the world. Indian corn is not extensively cultivated, and I think the large kind could not be cultivated. . . . . . . . . . . “I think that extensive settlement will prevent the ravages of the grasshoppers, and we have good reason to believe that we will be exempt from them during the coming season, as there were no deposits of eggs in the Province in 1875, and, in all probability, we will be relieved from that plague for many years to come. To my own knowledge, the Province was not affected by grasshoppers for forty years previous to 1867, since which date we have had them off and on.” Professor Macoun.-Speaking of the country in the higher latitudes, nine degrees north of the boundary, Professor Macoun stated in his evidence before the Immigration Committee: “At Vermillion, latitude 58° 24', I had a long conversation with old Mr. Shaw, who has had charge of this fort for sixteen years; he says the frosts never injure anything on this part of the river, and every kind of garden stuff can be grown. Barley sown on the 8th of May, cut 6th of August, and the finest I ever saw ; many ears as long as my hand, and the whole crop thick and stout. In my opinion this is the finest tract of country on the river. The general level of the country is less than 100 feet above it. « At Little River I found everything in a very forward state; cucumbers started in the open air were fully ripe ; at Windsor, pole beans and peas were likewise ripe August 15th. Fort Chippeweyan, at the entrance to Lake Athabasca, has very poor soil in its vicinity, being largely composed of sand; still, here I obtained fine samples of wheat and barley, the former weighing 68 lbs. to the bushel, and the latter 58 lbs. The land here is very low and swampy, being but little elevated above the lake. At the French Mission, two miles above the Fort, oats, wheat and barley were all cut by the 26th of August. Crop rather light on the ground. “Mr. Hardisty, Chief Factor in charge of Fort Simpson, in lat. 61° N., informed me that barley always ripened there, and that wheat was sure four times out of five. Melons, if started under glass, ripen well. Frost seldom does them much damage. “Chief Trader McDougall says that Fort Laird, in lat. 61° N., has the warmest summer temperature in the whole region, and all kinds of grain and garden stuff always come to maturity. He has been on the Yucon for twelve years, and says that most years barley ripens under the Arctic Circle in long. 143° W. “ The localities mentioned were not chosen for their good soil, but for the facilities which they afforded for carrying on the fur trade, or for mission purposes. Five-sixths of all the land in the Peace River section is just as good as the point cited, and will produce as good crops in the future. The reason so little is cultivated is owing to the fact that the inhabitants, whites and Indians, are flesh eaters. Mr. Macfarlane, Chief Factor in charge of the Athabasca District, told me that just as much meat is eaten by the Indians when they receive flour and potatoes as without them. “At the forks of the Athabasca, Mr. Moberly, the gentleman in charge, has a first- class garden, and wheat and barley of excellent quality. He has cut an immense quantity of hay, as the Hudson Bay Company winter all the oxen and horses used on Methy Portage at this point. He told me that in a year or two the Company purposed supplying the whole interior from this locality with food, as the deer were getting scarce and the supplies rather precarious. This is the identical spot where Mr. Pond had a garden filled with European vegetables when Sir Alexander Mackenzie visited it in 1787. “From my former answers it will be seen that about the 20th of April ploughing can commence on Peace River, and from data in my possession the same may be said of the Saskatchewan regions generally. It is a curious fact that spring seems to advance from north-west to south-east at a rate of about 250 miles per day, and that in the fall, winter begins in Manitoba first and goes westward at the same rate. The following data, selected from various sources, will throw considerable light on the question of temperature. It is worthy of note that Halifax, on the sea coast, is nearly as cold in spring and summer as points more than twelve degrees further north. “The following are the spring, summer and autumn temperatures at various points, to which is added the mean temperatures of July and August, the two ripening months : GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 127 ........ Latitude north. Summer Spring. Autumn. July & Aug, Cumberland House.... ..53.37 62.62 33.04 32.70 64.25 Fort Simpson...... ........ ..61.51 59.48 26.66 27.34 62.31 Fort Chippeweyan... ....58.42 58.70 22.76 31.89 60.60 Fort William.. .48.24 59.94 39.67 37.80 60.52 Montreal ..45.31 67.26 39.03 45.18 68.47 Toronto ................... 43.40 64.43 42.34 46.81 66.51 Temiscamingue ... .............47.19 65.23 37.58 40.07 66.43 Halifax. ... 44.39 61.00 31.67 46.67 66.55 Belleville.. ..44.10 temperature nearly that of Toronto. Dunvegan, Peace River.. .56.08 average summer six months.... 54.44 Edmonton .53.31 39.70 ..... Carleton .52.52 35.70 Winnipeg........ ....49.52 64.76 30.13 35.29 65.32 ........11.09 “Any unprejudiced person making a careful examination of the above figures will be struck with the high temperatures obtained in the interior. Edmonton has a higher spring temperature than Montreal, and is eight degrees farther north and over 2,000 feet above the sea. The temperatures of Carleton and Edmonton are taken from Captain Palliser's explorations in the Saskatchewan country during the years 1857 and 1858. It will be seen that the temperature of the months when grain ripens is about equal throughout the whole Dominion from Montreal to Fort Simpson, north of Great Slave Lake. The country, in my opinion, is well suited for stock raising throughout its whole extent. The winters are certainly cold, but the climate is dry, and the winter snows are light both as to depth and weight. `All kinds of animals have thicker coats in cold climates than in warm ones, so that the thicker coat counterbalances the greater cold. Dry snow never injures cattle in Ontario. No other kind ever falls in Manitoba or the North-West, so that there can be no trouble from this cause. Cattle winter just as well on the Athabasca and Peace Rivers as they do in Manitoba ; and Mr. Grant, who has been living on Rat Creek, Manitoba, for a number of years, says that cattle give less trouble there than they do in Nova Scotia. Horses winter out without feed other than what they pick up, from Peace River to Manitoba. Sheep, cattle, and horses will require less attention, and not require to be fed as long as we now feed them in Ontario. Owing to the light rain-fall the uncut grass is almost as good as hay when the winter sets in, which it does without the heavy rains of the east. This grass remains good all winter, as the dry snow does not rot it. In the spring the snow leaves it almost as good as ever, so that cattle can eat it until the young grass appears. From five to six months is about the time cattle will require to be fed, and shelter will altogether depend on the farmer.” And again, referring to the region supposed to be desert, Prof. Macoun continues : “Mr. George Dawson, speaking of this region, says: 'In July of last summer (1873) I saw a band of cattle in the vicinity of the line south of Wood Mountain, which had strayed from one of the United States forts to the south. They were quite wild, and almost as difficult to approach as the buffalo; and notwithstanding the fact that they had come originally from Texas, and were unaccustomed to frost and snow, they had passed through the winter and were in capital condition.” EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF TENANT FARMERS' DELEGATES FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. In 1879-80 a number of delegates from tenant farmers in the United Kingdom were invited to visit Canada, for the purpose of examining into and reporting upon its suitability as a field for settlement by their class. All these gentlemen were men of great intelligence and good standing; and they did, as they were invited, report their honest opinions. The following are some extracts: Mr. Biggar, the Grange, Dalbeattie, says: “ As a field for wheat raising, I would much prefer Manitoba to Dakota. The first cost of the land is less, the soil is deeper, and will stand more cropping; the sample of wheat is better, and the produce five to ten bushels per acre more; all of which is profit." Mr. George Cowan, Annan, speaking of Mr. Mackenzie's farm at Burnside, says: “ I was certainly surprised at the wonderful fertility of the soil, which is a rich, black loam, 128 DOMINION OF CANADA. averaging about 18 inches of surface soil, on friable clay subsoil, 5 and 6 feet in depth, beneath which is a thin layer of sand, lying on a stiff clay. The land is quite dry, and is well watered by a fine stream which flows through it. « The land between Rapid City and the Assiniboine, which lies to the southward 25 miles distant, is a nice loam, with clay subsoil on top of gravel. I was very highly impressed with the fertility of the soil, some of it being without exception the richest I have ever seen, and I have little doubt it will continue for many years to produce excellent crops of grain without any manure, and with very little expense in cultivation." Mr. John Logan, Earlston, Berwick, says: “All the land round this district (Assini. boine) is very good, being four feet deep of black loam, as we saw from a sandpit." Mr. John Snow, Mid-Lothian, says: “Along the Red River and about Winnipeg the soil is very strong, black vegetable mould, and I have no doubt most of it would carry paying crops of wheat for thirty years; but it is very flat, and I must say that I like the country better west of Winnipeg, and the furthest point we reached (150 miles west of Winnipeg) best of all. You have here the little Saskatchewan River, with fine sloping ground on each side; the soil and wheat it produced was good, as you will see from the samples of each I now show you. I also show you samples from other parts; and as I will show you further on, the Americans themselves admit that we have ground better adapted for growing wheat and raising cattle than they have. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ We saw that a black, vegetable mould covered the surface from 18 inches to 2, 3 or 4 feet deep." Mr. Robert Peat, Silloth, Cumberland, says: “ Contrary to my expectations, instead of finding a wet swamp, as I pictured to my own mind, I found a deep, black loamy soil, varying in depth from 2} to 31 feet; and in some places where it has been cut through on the banks of some rivers, it has been found to the depth of 10 to 12 feet, and is specially adapted for the growing of wheat, being preferred by the millers to almost any other, on account of its being so dry and thin-skinned. It has been known to grow wheat for many years in succession without manure. If the report was correct, the soil I have sent down to you has grown wheat for thirty years, and the last crop yielded 35 bushels per acre.” Mr. John Maxwell, Carlisle, says: “ The soil throughout the country is a rich, black loam, 6 inches to 6 feet deep, almost entirely free from stones, and varying in quality in different districts, on a subsoil of strong or friable clay or sand.” The average wheat yield in Manitoba and the North-West would appear to range from 20 to 30 bushels per acre, and the weight from 60 to 63 lbs. per bushel. Barley and oats yield good averages, as also potatoes and other root crops. The following figures, taken from the reports of the delegates of the English and Scotch tenant farmers, may also be interesting on this point: Mr. James Biggar, of the Grange, Dalbeattie, says: “ We heard very different state- ments of the yield of wheat, varying from 25 to 40 bushels. McLean, a farmer near Portage, had 1,230 bushels of Fife wheat off 40 acres. Another man, a native of Ross- shire, who was ploughing his own land, told us he had cropped it for seventeen years in succession, his last crop yielding 35 bushels per acre. Mr. Ryan, M.P., a good authority, said the average of wheat might safely be taken at 25 to 30 bushels, and of oats 60 bushels. .... Next day we drove over Messrs. Riddle's farm; their wheat has averaged fully 30 bushels per acre.” Mr. George Cowan, Glenluce, Wigtown, says: “Mr. Mackenzie's farm is at Burnside, about nine miles from Portage la Prairie. . . . . He favoured me with his average for the seasons of 1877 and 1878, and his estimate for the present year. Wheat crop, 1877, 41 bushels ; 1878, 36 bushels; this year (1879) he expects it to be close on 40 bushels, aver- age weight 60 to 62 lbs.; but he has grown it as high as 64 lbs. per bushel. Oats last year (1878) he had a yield of 88 bushels from 2 bushels of seed sown on one acre; this year 11879) his estimate is from 75 to 80 bushels per acre. Mr. M. also grows excellent root crops, his Swede turnips averaging 30 to 35 tons; and potatoes, without any care in cul- tivation, sometimes not being even moulded up, yield between 300 and 400 bushels of 60 lbs. Onions, when cultivated, are also very prolific, yielding as much as 300 bushels per acre. Mangel also grows very heavy crops, but I did not see any on the ground. * “We spent a short time on the farm of Mr. McBeth, and walked over a field which I was informed had been continuously under crop for fifty-four years. . . I was told it would average 28 or 30 bushels per acre.” WSV ATHLON Wow WHERE for a ho 24 Www great $ WIN A mama dh RE G w 52 ESSEN keuksella WALL WIKILOGIE XWE SER WWW MIHIMIWWWWW PIONEER DWELLING ON LINE OF MANITOBA & NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.-(From Photograph.) 1. Arrival on the land- first shelter. 2. First log house-afterwards used as stable. 3. Log house erected during the winter. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 131 bushels per acre.' More recently, Prof. Macoun, the botanist of the Canadian Pacifi; Railway Survey, has shown me two heads of wheat, one from Prince Albert, a settlement near the forks of the Saskatchewan, latitude 53° north, longitude 106° west, and another from Fort Vermillion, on Peace River, latitude 59° north, longitude 116° west; and from each cluster of the two I separated five well-formed grains, with a corresponding length of the head. Here was the perfection of the wheat plant, attained, according to the well- known physical law, near the most northern limit of its successful growth." Hon. Ă. W. Ogilvie.—The Hon. Mr. Ogilvie, a member of the Senate of Canada, and connected with the largest milling firm in the Dominion, wrote a letter as follows, under date Nov. 15th, 1879: “We like Manitoba wheat because it contains more gluten than any other. This is the quality that is required to make a large, light loaf of bread; there is nothing in the seed they have; it is altogether in the soil, which is new, dark and deep; it has a greater depth of dark soil than any part of the United States, and is likely to grow 25 to 40 bushels of wheat per acre for thirty to fifty years without manure; and you will get 12 lbs. more, and much better bread, from 100 lbs. of Manitoba wheat flour than from Ontario wheat flour. It will also give 2 to 3 lbs. more flour per bushel than Ontario wheat. The wheat of Ontario is every year getting weaker, and containing more starch and less gluten, so that this year we find it impossible to make good flour out of it. The element required for growing good wheat has passed out of the land, and no manuring will restore it. You may be able to grow a good yield out of good-looking wheat, but it will not have gluten enough to make good bread. The same thing exists in the Middle and Eastern States. The sooner Ontario, like New York, gives up growing wheat and turns to dairy and cattle the better. . . . I have travelled over the wheat fields of Europe, Asia and Africa, and know very well all the wheat lands of the United States except California, but I have never seen wheat lands equal to Manitoba and the North-West Territory. This letter establishes the superiority of the wheat grown in the North-West for milling purposes, and especially for the new patent process with rollers. But it does not necessarily imply that if the land in Ontario, or more southern parts of Canada adjoining the United States, does not grow wheat of this quality, that it is not adapted for other uses, which in the eyes of many may be preferable. For instance, all the other Provinces of the Dominion are especially favourably situated for stock raising; for which industry a very profitable market has recently been opened in connection with the cattle export trade to the United Kingdom. A change of products, from the cereals to stock raising, would in fact probably be advantageous in many parts of the older settled Provinces, and would in a short time very much increase their capacity for the growth of cereals, in such way as to render competition possible in quantities—per acre, at least—with the North. West. 134 DOMINION OF CANADA. may be found sick receive careful attention and medical treatment, together with all necessary comforts. Those immigrants who have no fixed destinations are generally directed by the Government agent to those places where they can find work or land, as the case may be. Another officer of the Canadian Government travels with the immigrants on the trains to see that their wants are properly provided for, and that they are not subjected to any imposition on the road. At Montreal, where there is an emigrant station, the immigrants are received by another agent of the Government. The indigent are supplied with meals, while those who can pay their own way are supplied, at very reasonable rates, by a Government con. tractor, under the supervision of the Government agent. The same care and guidance accompanies immigrants west to Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton and London, Ont.; and still further west to the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territory-Port Arthur, Emerson, Winnipeg, Brandon, Qu'Appelle, Medicine Hat and Calgary, at all of which places there are Government agents and stations. The station at Toronto is a very extensive building, at which immigrants can rest and wash and clean themselves, and obtain meals. Generally, those seeking for employment immediately find it, the demand for labour of late having been in excess of the supply. PERSONS WHO SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT EMIGRATE TO CANADA. The information under this heading is fully given at page 2 of this Guide Book, to which the reader is referred. Allusion is here made to it, as it properly forms a considera- tion under the heading of this chapter of information and advice for intending emigrants. THE TIME TO EMIGRATE. Generally speaking, the best time to emigrate is in the very early spring for all classes of agriculturists. The agricultural labourer will then find his services in demand with the busy time that always comes during seed-time in Canada; and the agriculturist who intends to take up land for himself will arrive at the beginning of the season's operations. The agriculturist who goes to Manitoba may, by getting in a crop of oats or potatoes during the month of May or the first week in June, contribute greatly to the support of himself and family during the first year. Or again, if the agricultural labourer arrives in summer, about harvest time, he will find great demand and high wages for his services during the harvest months; and he will have no difficulty in getting on well from this point The farmer, too, who desires to take up land, if he comes in the summer time, may see the crops growing, and may thus have an opportunity to choose at leisure, and with advantage, the most advantageous location. In Manitoba and the North-West too the summer and autumn months are the best for moving about the country in search of land -or, as it is commonly called, “land-hunting”—for a suitable spot on which to settle. Having selected it, he may proceed to erect his house, and make his preparations for living over the winter; and, if he has means to do this, he may make his start with great advantage in the spring from being on the spot. Common labourers and railway labourers, or navvies, may find work during any of the open months, that is, in spring, summer and autumn; and a great deal of work is now done in winter time by this class of labourers, particularly where rock-cutting and blasting are necessary; and there is also other work now done in the winter. Labourers of this kind, as a rule, find their services most in demand in the open months, while the demand for them in the winter months will be much more limited. It is better, therefore, for labourers of this class to come during the summer months. It would not be advisable for any large number to come in the winter. As respects mechanics connected with all the building trades, the same remarks apply. Very large numbers of buildings will be erected in the old Provinces and in Manitoba and the North-West, for some time to come, in consequence of the rapid extension of railways and the necessary buildings connected with them, and also in consequence of the very rapid settlement which is taking place in Manitoba and the North-West. It is still, however, for workmen of this class, as advised in the chapter at page 2 of this Guide Book, to take information from their respective trades in relation to their movements. 136 DOMINION OF CANADA. ABOUT BUYING TICKETS. The intending emigrant will do well to put himself in communication with the agent of the steamship line by which he has made up his mind to sail, either living at or near the place where he resides. He will generally get all the information from such agent regarding the rates of passage, steamship outfit, and deposit to be made for securing his passage. Such agent, moreover, will probably be able to give him information respecting any special passages under arrangement with the Government. On this subject it is, however, well to write to any of the Canadian Government agents, whose addresses are given on page 132. An emigrant is generally advised to take his ticket to his place of destination in Canada, if that is fixed, as he will thereby be saved from the trouble of getting another ticket at the port of arrival; and in the case of special tickets, the lowest railway fares are added in the fares given by any of the agents of the steamship companies, either in taking an ordinary steerage ticket or a special passage. Emigrants who have no fixed place of destination should take their tickets to Quebec; and at this point they will learn from the agent where they are likely to obtain work, and may take their further tickets accordingly. The prices of all ocean passage tickets are generally very widely advertised in the newspapers, and by means of handbills, etc. Immigrants should avoid trusting touters and bad characters who very often loiter about shipping offices; and should take care only to have dealings with the regular agents of the steamships companies or the agents of the Government. It happened formerly, also, that immigrants were particularly liable to imposition on their arrival at American ports, but this has now for the most part been done away with. Young girls, however, should be very careful not to suffer themselves to be approached by persons whom they do not know, either on board steamships or after their arrival. Agriculturists in search of land, and specially those going to the North-West, should be very careful how they receive the glowing representations which are made to them by agents of land companies who will waylay them at many points on their journey, and particularly if the route taken should happen to be through some of the Western States. An immigrant bound for Manitoba should persevere, in spite of all representations or mis- representations, in going to see for himself. DURING THE PASSAGE, As soon as the emigrant gets on board the steamship he should make himself acquainted with the rules he is expected to obey whilst at sea. These are generally printed and hung up in the steerage. He should do his best to carry them out; to be well-behaved, and to keep himself clean. He will thus add not only to his own health and comfort, but to that of those around him. If he should have any grievance or real cause of complaint during the passage, he should of course make it known to the captain, who will naturally seek to have justice done, as well for his own interest as for that of his ship and his employers. But if for any reason there should be a failure in this, the immigrant should make his complaint to the Government agent immediately upon landing at Quebec, while the ship is in port. The master of the ship is responsible for any neglect or bad conduct on the part of the stewards, or any of the officers, or the crew. All steamships carrying emigrants have doctors on board, and in case of sickness, any emigrants will receive medical care and medicine, with such comforts as may be considered necessary by the doctor. The large steamships have stewardesses to look after the female portion of the steer. age passengers, who have separate and isolated accommodation in the better class of steamers; à necessary precaution where large numbers of both sexes are carried within a limited space. LUGGAGE. The attention of emigrants cannot be too particularly directed to everything about their luggage. In the first place, it is very desirable that they should not encumber themselves with unnecessary articles, as these, besides causing them a great deal of trouble, may in the end cost a great deal more than they are worth. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 137 On the steamship bills the passenger will find stated how many cubic feet of luggage he can take with him on board. Cabin passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet, intermediate passengers 15 feet, and steerage passengers 10 cubic feet of luggage free. It may, however, happen that the number of cubic feet of luggage which the steamship will allow is very much heavier than the 150 lbs. in weight allowed to each passenger on the western railways. The railways in the older Provinces of Canada are very liberal in dealing with emigrants’ luggage, and will let pass anything that is not very much out of the way. On the western railways, however, the luggage is weighed, and high freight rates are charged for all in excess of 150 lbs. weight per passenger. A family or party going together may have their luggage all weighed together, and no charge made unless there is an excess above an average of 150 lbs. for each. Many heavy lumbering things sometimes carried by immigrants are not worth paying the excess of freight for, and can be better and more cheaply purchased on arrival at their destination. The luggage and boxes or trunks of every passenger should be plainly marked with his name and destination. All heavy luggage and boxes are stowed away in the hold, but the emigrant should put in a separate and small package the things he will require for use on the voyage; these he should keep by him and take into his berth. Emigrants sometimes suffer great loss and inconvenience from losing their luggage. They should, therefore, be careful not to lose sight of it until it is put on shipboard ; it is then perfectly safe. Upon arrival in Canada, it will be passed by the Customs officers and put into what is called the “baggage car" of the railway train, where it is “checked” to its destination. This means that there is attached to each article a little piece of metal with a number stamped on it, while a corresponding piece, similarly numbered, is given to the passenger to keep until his destination is reached. The railway is then responsible for the safety of his luggage, and will not give it up until he shows his "check.” This method ensures safety besides being convenient. After arriving at Quebec or Halifax, however, the emigrant should see that his luggage is with him on the same train; and if he should have taken his ticket to the North-West via the United States, he must see that it is passed by the United States Customs officers there, and again put on the train. Many have suffered great loss of time and otherwise from not taking this precaution, their luggage having been left behind. Those emigrants who go to the North-West by the Canadian Pacific Railway have no further Customs houses to deal with after landing in Canada. WHAT TO TAKE. The emigrant should take with him as good a supply of clothing as he can. Woollen clothing and other kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, house-linen, etc., are generally cheaper in England than in Canada. Generally all bedding should be taken, and the covers or ticks of the beds, but not the materials with which they are stuffed, as these would be too bulky, and can readily be obtained on arrival. Many of the little household necessaries which the emigrant possesses he might do well to bring, and they may prove very useful; but still it is advisable to consider well the weight and bulk, and how far it is worth while. Articles of household furniture, crockery, stoves, or heavy articles of hardware, should be left behind or sold, except in some circumstances for special reasons which the emigrant will consider. It must be borne in mind that such articles are very liable to breakage, especially on long railway journeys to the West. Agicultural labourers should not bring any of their tools with them, as these can easily be got in Canada, of the best kinds, and suited to the needs of the country. Gener- ally speaking, the farming tools used in England would not be suitable for Canada. Mechanics and artisans will of course bring the special tools for their special trades and pursuits; but they must bear in mind that there is no difficulty in buying any ordinary tools in Canada at reasonable prices, and that it is better to have the means of purchasing what they want after reaching their destination, than to be hampered with a heavy lot of luggage on their journey, causing them trouble and expense. As a general rule the tools made in Canada are lighter and better adapted to the needs of the country than those made in the Old Country. 140 DOMINION OF CANADA. AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES IN THE SEVERAL PROVINCES IN THE YEAR 1886. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. TORONTO. OTTAWA. KINGSTON. LONDON. HAMILTON. PORT ARTHUR $ c. $ c. $ C. $ C. $ c. $ c. $ c. $ c. $ c. 1 25 4 00 100 $ c. $ c. 100 to 1 50 3 00 “ 4 6 00 800 3 00 3 00 12 CO “15 00 How:00 OO AT :00- NNET 2 50 24 1 75 1 75 “ 25 00 12 00 14 00 1 50 1 50 1 25 15 00 1 75 1 50 1 50 . NNNGANNN 00 " 1 75 1 50 “ 1 50 Farm labourers-per day, without board... per week, and board.... per month, and board.. Female farm servants-per month, with board. Masons-per day, without board........ Bricklayers Carpenters“ Lumbermen" 66 per month, with board. Shipwrights-per day, without board.. Smiths Wheelwrights “ Gardeners-per month, with board per day, without board Female cooks—per month... Laundresses—per month ..... Female domestics-per month. General labourers-per day, without board... Miners- per month.... per day..... Mill hands " Engine drivers-per day.. per month. Saddlers-per day.... Bootmakers" Tailors Painters.... Boiler makers. per week...... 50 NN: -6830 NNNNNNCO. O “20 00 1 25 “12 00 8 00 " 8 00 1 25 1 00 10 00 100 8 00 8 00 6 00 1 00 " 1 50 " 12 00 “ 12 00 " 9 00 " " 1 75 15 00 900 “10 00 “10 00 " 9 00 " 9 00 16 1 25 9 00 “ 50 00 " 2 00 “50 00 “25 00 " 16 00 “ On 1 75 40 00 20 00 12 00 1 50 6 00 7 00 1 25 :: 1 00 1 00 2 75 1 50 3 25 1 50 “ 70 " 1 25 1 00 “ 1 50 Paid by Trip 1 00 to 1 25 by piece 0 2 75 i 25“ 200 Paid by Trip 1 25 to 1 75 1 25 " 2 00 1 50 ( 2 CO 3 25 “ 1 50 1 25 1 25 1 50 1 75 CONN 2 00 50 :: GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 145 LIST OF RETAIL PRICES OF THE ORDINARY ARTICLES OF FOOD AND RAIMENT REQUIRED BY THE WORKING CLASSES-Continued. PRICES IN THE YEAR 1886. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. NEW BRUNSWICK || NOVA SCOTIA.|| MANITOBA. ARTICLES. MONTREAL. COATICOOK. St. John. HALIFAX. BRANDON. $ c. $ c. $ c. $ c. $ c. $ c. 4 00 to 600 w 0 120 5 00 7 00 1 00 1 50 to 5 00 11 12 00 II 3 50 1 50 2 00 1 00 1 50 1 00 0 40 ::::8888 8៩៩888888 LO to 9 00 16 00 5 00 1 2 50 1 00 075 0 75 075 2 25 1 75 .... 75 75 0 75 0 50 75 50 11 1 25 1 25 1 00 75 88::8::: OOOOOOWNN weer ons to 0 65 ha 0 15 0 12 2 00 0 25 0 75 0 25 0 10 1 75 0 12 ................... ........... 1 40 CLOTHING, ETC.-- Coats, under, tweed........ I over, 11 Trowsers, II Vests, Shirts, flannel.... 1 cotton...... . I under, “wove”... Drawers, woollen, “wove” Hats, felt ........ Socks, worsted ......... "I cotton ..... Blankets, per Rugs...... Flannel, per yard ....... Cotton Shirting, per yard.... Sheeting, per yard..... ....... Canadian Cloth, per yard ........ Shoes, men's ..... 11 women's.... ............. ......... Boots, men's..... ........................................ women's.. India Rubber Overshoes, men's........ women's.... Men's Felt Boots ... 11 Mennonite Felt Socks............... II Moccasins .... Ladies' 11 ...... .... ................ II OOOOOOOOOOor 00 ........................................ 3 03 15 1 50 0 50 0 08 0 10 0 30 00 ៦៩ទី៩: 8 0 35 0 14 ........... 0 40 0 15 0 15 0 06 II 0 35 010 0 40 0 90 0 80 11 0 95 0 65 2 00 200 1 25 0 20 0 10 0 10 075 1 00 075 1 75 3 00 1 00 0 30 0 12 0 25 0 65 1 2 00 11 50 1 2 50 11 1 50 1 50 1 50 00 0 90 ::::::8888:::::::: 3 50 2 00 waaio inom 2 50 075 0 40 11 30 11 0 90 1 075 40 1 75 II 11 ........ 1 50 1 00 O GO 0 90 1 00 111 75 1 50 : : : 2 5 75 0 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 149 LIST OF DOMINION LAND AND CROWN TIMBER AGENTS IN MANITOBA AND NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. Name of Agent. Name of District. Agency, Post Office Address of Agent. A. H. Whitcher....... Winnipeg ............. Dominion Lands Winnipeg, Manitoba. W. H. Hiam... Dufferin.......... Manitou, W. M. Hilliard.... Little Saskatchewan.. Minnedosa, W. G. Pentland.... Birtle.... Birtle, E. Clementi Smith. Souris ..... Brandon, John Flesher....... Turtle Mountain. Deloraine, W. H. Stevenson.... Qu'Appelle. |Regina, Assiniboia, N.-W. John McTaggart... Prince Albert.. Pr. Albert, Saskatchewan, J. J. McHugh.. Coteau. Carlyle, Assiniboia, Edward A. Nash.. Battleford. Battleford, Saskatchewan, Amos Rowe....... Calgary...... Calgary, Alberta, P. V. Gauvreau...... Edmonton..... Edmonton, Alberta, E. G. Kirby........ Lethbridge.... Lethbridge, Alberta, E. F. Stephenson.. Winnipeg...... own Timber Winnipeg, Manitoba. Thos. Anderson..... Edmonton.. Edmonton, Alberta, N.-W.T. C. L Gouin......... . Calgary.......... Calgary, D. J. Waggoner....... Prince Albert...... \Pr. Albert, Saskatchewan, ELLE -> NIAGARA FALLS, FROM THE CANADA SOUTHERN RAILWAY." GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 151 CENSUS ABSTRACT. CENSUS OF CANADA-1871 AND 1881 COMPARED. INCREASE. 1871. 1881. PROVINCES. Area in Sq. Miles. Persons 1871. Persons- 1881. Num'r'cl Per Ct. | Males. Females. Il Males. Females. Prince Edward Island .......... Nova Scotia.... New Brunswick ........ Quebec.... Ontario .. Manitoba ..... British Columbia.... The Territories .... Total.... 2 133 20,907 27,174 188,688 101,733 123,200 341.305 2,665,252 94,021 387,800 285,594 1,191,516 1,620,851 18,995 36.247 52,000 14,870 52,772 35,639 167,511 302,377 46,959 13,212 4,446 108,891 440,572 321,233 1,359,027 1,923,228 65,954 49,459 56,446 4,324,810 15.8 13.6 12.5 14.0 18.6 247.2 36:4 8.5. 47,121 193,792 145,888 596,041 828,590 9,750 20,532 46,900 194,008 139,706 595,475 792,261 9,245 15,715 54,729 220,538 164,119 678,175 976,470 37,207 29,503 28,113 . 54,162 220,034 157,114 680,852 946,758 28,747 19,956 28,333 ............................. ......... anlan Contor 3,470,392 3,687,024 637,786 17.3 2,188,854 2,135,956 PROPORTIONS. PROPORTION PER CENT. TO EACH PROVINCE. INCREASE-MALES AND FEMALES. PROVINCES. to Persons | Acres to a Person. Acres of un- occupied land to a Person. Acres. Persons. Sq. Mile Females Numerical Per Ct. Numerical Per Ct. | to 100 Males 98.9 Prince Edward Island... Nova Scotia.... New Brunswick...... Quebec ...... Ontario...... Manitoba ... British Columbia. The Territories...... Total..... .06 .60 .78 5.44 2 93 3.55 9.83 76.80 2.51 10.18 7.42 31.42 44.47 1.52 1.14 1.30 51.0 21.0 11.8 7.2 18.9 12.5 30.3 54.1 88.8 33.8 1,195.5 4,456.9 30,219.3 2.2 18.1 42.2 79.5 23.8 1,159.3 4,409.5 30,213.7 7,6 8 26,746 18,231 82,134 147,880 27,457 8,971 16.1 13.8 12.5 13.7 17.8 281.6 43.7 7,262 26,026 17,408 85,377 154,497 19,502 4,241 15.4 13.4 12.4 14.3 19.5 210.9 26.9 99.7 95.7 100.4 96.9 77.2 67.6 100.7 .53 .14 .02 99.99 99.96 1.24 513.5 503.0 NOTE.—The areas of the great waters, such as the great lakes of the Upper Provinces and the bays and arms of the seas in the Maritime Provinces, may be estimated at 140,000 square miles. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 155 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. VALUE OF TOTAL EXPORTS, IMPORTS AND GOODS ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN THE DOMINION, WITH THE DUTY COLLECTED THEREON FOR NINETEEN YEARS. YEAR. Total Exports. Total Imports. Entered for Consumption. Duty. 00 do do d Fiscal year ending 30th June, 1868. 1869.. do 1870 1871... do 1872. do do 1873. do do 1874. do 1875 1876.... 1877 do 1878.... 1879. 1880. do 1881. 1882. 1883. do 1884 1885 do 1886. d $ 57,567,888 60,474,781 73,573,490 74,173,618 82,639,663 89,789,922 89,351,928 77,886,979 80,966,435 75,875,393 79,323,667 71,491,255 87,911,458 98,290,823 102,137,203 98,085,804 91,406,496 89,238,361 85,251,314 $ 73,459,644 70,415,165 74,814,339 96,092,971 111,430,527 138,011,281 128,213,582 123,070,283 93,210,346 99,327,962 93,081,787 81,964,427 86,489,747 105,330,840 119,419,500 132,254,022 116,397,043 108,941,486 104,424,561 $ 71,985,306 67,402,170 71,237,603 86,947,482 107,709,116 127,514,594 127,404,169 119,618,657 91,733,218 96,300,483 91,199,577 80,341,608 71,782,319 91.611,604 112,648,927 123, 137,019 108,180,614 102,710,019 99,602,694 $ 8,819,431 63 8,298,909 71 9,462,949 44 11,843,655 75 13,045,493 50 13,017,730 17 14,421,882 67 15,361,382 12 12,833, 114 48 12,548,451 09 12,795,693 17 12,939,540 65 14,138,849 22 18,500,785 97 21,708,837 43 23,172,308 97 20,164,963 37 19, 133,558 99 19,448, 123 70 do do d o Aggregate for nineteen years........ $1,565,436,478 $1,946,349,513 $1,852,067,239 $281,655,653 04 ARTICLES EXPORTED. SUMMARY OF EXPORTS OF THE DOMINION IN 1886. ARTICLES. PRODUCE. NOT PRODUCE. TOTAL Produce of the Mine .......... Fisheries. 16 " Forest.............. Animals and their Produce Agricultural Products.. Manufactures... Miscellaneous Articles .......... $ 3,951,147 6,843,388 21,031,611 22,065,433 17,652,779 2,824,137 604,011 $ 196,140 25,645 1,830,476 1,012,080 3,789,038 482, 250 102,150 $ 4,147,287 6,869,033 22.865,087 23,077,513 21,441,817 3,306,387 706,461 $82,413,585 56,531 2,781,198 $85,251,314 Total..... $74,975,506 $7,438,079 Coin and Bullion ..... Estimated amount short returned at Inland Ports......................................... Grand Total ................... ............ GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 157 LIST OF CANADIAN RAILWAYS. June 30th, 1885. NAME OF RAILWAY. A WNN Nos. LENGTH OF LINE. Completed. Under Construc- (Rails laid.) tion, 51.00 7.00 3.50 134.80 362.44 3,744.40 207.00 183.00 40.00 20.00 13.00 104.00 9.00 35.00 32.00 79.75 14.00 41.50 82.50 2,591.42 13.00 1 Albert.. A lbert................................... 2 Atlantic & North-West... 3 Bay of Quinte & Navigation Company.... 4 Canada Atlantic....... Canada Southern ...... 6 Canadian Pacific..... .3,119.20 Montreal to Ottawa (Section of Q. M. B. & 0. Railway) Credit Valley .... Manitoba South-Western..... 50.70 Ontario & Quebec.. 199.50 Toronto, Grey & Bruce 192.00) 7 Caraquet...... 8 Carillon & Grenville............. 9 Central Ontario................ 10 Chatham Branch ... Il Cobourg, Peterboro' & Marmora. 12 Cumberland Railway & Coal Oo.. 3 Eastern Extension...... 14 Elgin, Petitcodiac & Havelock... 15 Erie & Huron......................... 16 Grand Southern....... 17 Grand Trunk... 887.25 Buffalo & Lake Huron.............. 162.00 Georgian Bay & Lake Erie... 171.50 Montreal & Ohamplain Junction.... 62.25 Great Western Division Great Western 639.53 London & Port Stanley 23.66 Wellington, Grey & Bruce... 168.35 Brantford, Norfolk & Port Burwell 34.74 London, Huron & Bruce..... 68.89 Midland Division Midland.. 165.75 (Toronto & Nipissing) 111.50 Grand Junction..... ................. 87.75 Whitby, Port Perry & Lindsay..... 46.50 Victoria-Lindsay to Haliburton... 63.25 Madoc Junction to Bridgewater... 8.50 18 Great Northern... 19 Hamilton & North-Western 20 Intercolonial 21 International..... 22 Jacques Cartier Union....... 23 Kent Northern.. 24 Kingston & Pembroke... 25 Manitoba & North-Western. 26 Massawippi Valley.... 27 Montreal & Sorel... 28 Montreal & Vermont Junction.. Napanee, Tamworth & Quebec..... 30 New Brunswick....................... 174.00 New Brunswick & Canada... 127.00 St. John & Maine.............. 92.00 Fredericton...... 22.50) 31 New Brunswick & Prince Edward's Island 32 Northern Railway of Canada ........ 331 Northern & Western of New Brunswick.... 31 Northern & Pacific Junction... 35 North Shore (Section of Q.M.O. & O. R'y) Quebec to Montreal..... 36 North-Western Coal & Navigation Co....... .............. 37 Nova Scotia, Nictaux & Atlantic..... 38 Oxford to New Glasgow (Section of Montreal & European Short Line R’y) 39 Pontiac & Pacific Junction...... 40 Prince Edward Island.... an ... ... ... 41 Qu'Appelle, Long Lake & Saskatchewan. 42 Quebec & Lake St. John.... 43 Quebec Central.... 44 Stanstead, Shefford & Chambly.... 45 South-Eastern.... 152.00) Montreal, Portland & Boston.... 45.00 Lake Champlain & St. Lawrence Junction 63.00) 46 St. Lawrence & Ottawa...... 47 St. Martin's & Upham...... 48 Thousand Islands... 49 Waterloo & Magog.... 20.00 Missisquoi Valley.. 10.10 $ 50 Western Counties...... 61 Windsor & Annapolis.... 84.00) Windsor Branch... 32.00} 7.84 176.30 851.00 81.66 6.81 27.00 112.00 78.54 34.00 44.67 23.60 28.50 415.00 17.00 209.74 67.00 10.00 209.00 20.00 40.00 101.25 36 North scotia, Glasgowion..... 109.50 73.00 76.00 21.00 210.60 52.00 154.00 43.00 15.00 40.00 260.000 59.00 29.12 3.15 30.10 67.00 116.00 10,772.54 812.25 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 159 GOVERNMENT CIRCULATION, 31st DECEMBER, 1886. Fractional Notes...... Provincial Notes....... Dominion Notes....... Total...... Bank Circulation...... ....................... $ 164,033 60 38,570 18 15,048,881 25 .. $ 15,251,485 03 34,578,347 47 ............ $ 49,829,832 50 Total Circulation..... AMOUNT OF DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS BANKS, 31st DECEMBER, 1886. Government Savings Banks..... Post Office Savings Banks....... Other Savings Banks...... $ 20,430,230 33 18,025,204 95 9,606,373 42 $ 48,061,808 70 112,130,360 41 Deposits in Chartered Banks......... Total Deposits.... ......... $160,192,169 11 GOVERNMENT SAVINGS BANKS, 31st DECEMBER, 1886. Balance, 30th November...... Deposits during December... ............... $ 20,343,889 72 508,005 28 $ 20,851,895 00 421,661 67 $ 20,430,230 33 Deposits withdrawn and Interest paid during December.... Balance, 31st December........ POST OFFICE SAVINGS BANKS. Deposits in hands of Minister of Finance on November 30th, 1886..................... $ 17,810,790 68 Deposits during month......... 732,044 00 $ 18,512,834 68 Payments during month........... 517,629 73 On hand 31st December, 1886....... ............ $ 18,025,204 95 CITY AND DISTRICT SAVINGS BANK OF MONTREAL-DECEMBER, 1886. . . Deposits...... Cash in hand and Securities...... ... . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. ................. $ .. 7,090,826 11 7,561,659 20 UIUD U . I ... .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. . .. .. .. . ... ... .. .. . ... ... .. . ... . CAISSE D'ECONOMIE DE QUEBEC. Deposits.. Cash and Securities........ ............................ $ 2,515,547 31 2,794,051 96 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 163 NATURALIZATION. United States Naturalization Law. An Alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States in the following manner, and not otherwise: First.-He shall declare on oath, before a Circuit or District Court of the United States, or a District or Supreme Court of the Territories, or a Court of Record of any of the States having Common-law Jurisdiction and a Seal and Clerk, two years at least prior to his admission, that it is bona fide his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty of which the Alien may be at the same time a citizen or subject. Second.-He shall, at the time of his application to be admitted, declare on oath before some one of the Courts above specified that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty, of which he was before a citizen or subject; which proceedings shall be recorded by the Clerk of the Court. (Revised Statutes of the DECLARATORY STATEMENT OF A UNITED STATES CITIZEN. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, las DISTRICT COURT, STATE OF MINNESOTA. County of personally appeared before the subscriber, the Clerk of the District Court of the Judicial District for said State of Minnesota, being a Court of Record, and made oath that he was born in on or about the year eighteen hundred and ; that he emigrated to the United States, and landed at the port of on or about the month of in the year eighteen hundred and ; that it is bona fide his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all alle. giance and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty whatever, and particu. larly to the QUEEN OF ENGLAND, whereof he is a subject. Subscribed and sworn to this day of A.D. 18 Clerk. UNITED STATES OF AMERIC STATE OF MINNESOTA. ss. County of Clerk of the District Court of the Judicial District for the State of Minnesota, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a copy of a Record now in my office. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and affixed the Seal of the said District Court this day of Clerk, and FINAL OBLIGATION OF A UNITED STATES CITIZEN. DISTRICT COURT, STATE OF MINNESOTA. Judicial District, County of Term, 18 In the matter of the application of to become a citizen of the United States, being severally sworn, do depose and say, each for himself, that he is a citizen of the United States; that he is welí acquainted with the above-named : that he has resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for five years last past, and for one year last past within the State of Minnesota ; and that during the same period he has behaved himself as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. Subscribed and sworn to in open Court this day of Clerk. DISTRICT COURT, STATE OF MINNESOTA. Judicial Court, County of I. A.B., do swear that I will support the Constitution of the United States of America, and that I do absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure forever all allegiance and fidelity to every Foreign Power, Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty whatever; and particularly to the QUEEN OF ENGLAND, whose subject I was. And further, that I have never borne any hereditary title, or been of any of the degrees of nobility of the country whereof I have been a subject, and that I have resided within the Uniced States for five years last past, and in this State for one year last past. Subscribed and sworn to in open Court this day of Clerk. 18