WIDENER LIBRARY
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Con 2508. 20.5
Harvard College Library

VERDE
FROM THE
FRANCIS PARKMAN
MEMORIAL FUND
FOR
CANADIAN HISTORY
ESTABLISHED IN 1908





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April, 1820.
AND
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A GENERAL HISTORY of the COUNTY of YORK. By
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ofte om rom


Hintant
AN





THE
EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
UPPER CANADA;
OR,
SKETCHES
OF THB
Present State of that Province,
COLLECTED FROM A RESIDENCE THEREIN DURING THE
YEARS 1817, 1818, 1819.
INTERSPERSED WITH REFLECTIONS.
BY,
C. STUART, Esq.
RETIRED CAPTAIN OF THE HONORABLE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY'S
SERVICE, AND ONE OF HIS MAJESTY'S JUSTICES OF THE PEACE
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF UPPER CANADA.
Deliberate, Decide, and Dare!
London:
PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
1820.


Can 2508.2ar
(MAR 241920
LIBRARY
F. Parkman
SARNARD AND FARLEY
Skinner Street, London,
1366
%3-113
80


CONTENTS
Definition of provincial Terms ·. .. •
Introductory Observations - ......
ix
1
SECT. I.
General Topographical Sketch of Upper Canada,
together with the Emigrant's Route through it,
by the River St. Lawrence and the Lakes - · 7
SECT. II.
Shades of Climate in Upper Canada, as well in
relation to Health as to Vegetable Productions 29
SECT. III.
.
.
Sketch of Settlements already made, and of Disa
tricts now open and opening for Settlement • 39
24


CONTENTS.
SECT. IV.
PAGB
General Terms on which Settlers are received by
the Government, and the usual Extent to which
they are provided for - - - - - - - - 52
SECT. v.
Particular Difficulties of first Settlement, and
local Facilities for overcoming them - - -
56
SECT. VI.
Prospective Success amply warrants those who
are on the Spot in encountering at once the
whole Struggle of the Exertion, instead of pur-
suing the palliative Means which some adopt
- - - - - -
66
.
SECT. VII.
Earnest Warning to Emigrants from Europe - 75,
SECT. VIII.
Remarks on the Government, on the Laws, and
O on their Execution - - - - - ...
84


Yvi
CONTENTS.
.
.
SECT. XV.
Tas
PAGK
Comparative Advantages between Upper Ca-
nada and the United States of America - • 248
.
H
.
- -. SECT: XVI.
s.
o.
General Remarks. , .
Indians - - - - - - - , - - - - 257
Prevailing Features of the Scenery.. - - - 278
Wild Animals—Quadrupeds - - - - - 294
Birds-Fish - - - - - - -
Insects, Reptiles, or Serpents .... - 298
Trees and Medicinal Herbs - - -
Minerals--Mineral Waters - ... - - 305
1 Domestic Animals—Wild Hay-Rushes - - 307
Provincial Currency - - •:.:-311
SECT. XVII.
Observations addressed to Emigrants of Capital 315
SECT. XVIII.
Address to the Wealthy and Benevolent Part 1
of the Community in England - --- -. - 391


CONTENTS.
SECT. XIX.
PAGE
General Observations on the Subject of the best
Season for proceeding to Upper Canada, and
for finding your Way in the Woods, &c. - 327
SECT. XX.
Concluding Address
.-.-.- - 331





DEFINITION
-
PROVINCIAL TERMS.
Reserve, Reserves, or Reserved.
These terms denote the proportions retained
by government, to support eventually the eccle-
siastical establishment, and the public purposes
of the crown. They are in equal portions, and
are called “ Crown and Clergy Reserves."...,
A Township. i ,, .. .,
This is a piece of land of uncertain extent ;
but from seven to twelve square miles may be
said to comprise its general compass. " It is
divided into concessions and lots. '' " "


DEFINITION OF
Locate, Location, Located.
These terms denote the settlement of an in-
dividual, of a lot, of a concession, or of a town-
sbip, &c.
A Lot."
The quantity of land generally given to indi.
vidual settlers: from one hundred to two hun-
dred acres.
A
Concession.
Parallel with the front of the township, but at
an uncertain distance behind it (generally speak-
ing a mile and a quarter, or a mile and a half),
a second line is marked. This line is the rear
of the front or the first concession (except, as is
sometimes the case, where the front and first
concessions differ); space for a road is then left,
and a third line, parallel with the two former,
becomes the front of the second concession ;


PROVINCIAL TERMs.
: xi
thus, the whole depth is divided into concessions,
with space for a road between every two.
These concessions are divided into lots, by
taking a certain breadth on the front line of the
township, for the front of each line of lots (com-
monly from five to ton acres, with a road be-
tween every five lots), and running this same
breadth, perpendicularly, through every conces-
sion, from front to rear of the towuship. See
Plate.
Deeded, Deeded Land, or Lands.
.
These terms signify lands, possessed, on au-
thority of former grants, by persons not residing
on them. They are left by their proprietors to
improve in value by the labour of others around
them ; a fund of private and selfish gratulation,
but a public disgrace and nuisance.


ERRATA.
Page.
37
1
-
Joy
61
103
115
for Clearanus,read clearances.
· port, read post.
he, read their.
enera, read general.
ee, read true.


·
TAR
EMIGRANT'S GUIDE,
&c. &c.
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
THE province of Upper Canada, sub-
ordinate to the British government, and
blessed by Divine Providence, through'
the wisdom of the mother country, with
a peculiarly free and unburthened consti.
tution, remains, amidst the wild expanse
of its native forests, in great measure un.
known. Its enterprising neighbours (the
people of the United States), of larger
growth and more extended connexions,
have drawn to their own flourishing ter-
ritories, the vast tide of population, which


THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
has been rolling for the last fifty years,
with accumulating sweep from Europe.
The wintry climate of the eastern parts
of Lower Canada, first encountered after
traversing the boisterous waves of the
Atlantic, has stretched a shade of gloom
over the whole: the inattention of the
parent state, involved as she has been in
concerns of far more interesting import-
ance; and her own remoteness from the
ocean, that great medium of intercourse,
by which the most distant nations are in
a manner approximated, have conspired
to veil from the public mind, a soil and a
climate, scarcely surpassed by any upon
earth. :
Upper Canada is situated between the
41° 40' and 47 degrees of north latitude,
and between the 73 and 83 degrees of
west longitude from Greenwich. In this
large extent, much variety of climate and
of soil, naturally exists. The north-west-
ern parts indeed, are almost totally un-
known; and the general idea, indicated


TO UPPER CANADA. : 3
by the term of Upper Canada (and that
to which my remarks are almost exclu-
sively pointed), comprises only that por-
tion, the bounds of which are, north and
south, the rivers Ottawas and St. Law.
rence; east, the adjoining limit of Lower
Canada; and west, an indefinite line,
stretching E. by N. from the eastern ex-
tremity of Lake Huron, to the nearest
point (in that direction) of the Ottawas
River. Here it is especially, that nature
reposes, under the rough shelter of her
forests, prepared to yield to industry and,
skill, all that necessity, convenience, or
elegance, could demand.
The Author, who is warmly attached
to his country; whose interests are in-
volved in the prosperity of her colonies ;
who, in the British isles, hath seen indus-
try pining for labour, and the most diffu.
sive system of charity in the world, ex-
hausted, withont being able to afford more.
than a temporary and mournfully ipade.
quate relief; and in Upper Canada, the
hond.
B 2


THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
riches of nature covered with barrenness,
and abandoned to desolation, for want of
that willing arm of industry and skill
who deplores the sufferings, which some-
times half avert, even the loyal beart, from
its country; and who has witnessed a
region, promising to the harassed energies
of that heart, the fairest field of hope and
of exertion, while the sacred flame of pa-
triotism may glow, unclouded by foreign
manners and by foreign domination, offers
the following lines to his countrymen,
and to all, in every country, to whom
they may attain; whose circumstances
may render emigration desirable to them,
and at the same time enable them to un-
dertake it; and who may be willing to
become British subjects, under the mild.
est and wisest form of that admirable
constitution.
: He pledges himself for the general
truth of what he shall state as facts, and
he prefixes his name and designation,
that he may be open to correction or to


- TO UPPER CANADA, 6
reference, should any such be offered.
He says the general truth, for much of
what he advances must, of course, be on
the report of others; and of such parts,
he can only be responsible for the proba-
ble correctness.
He would premise, that the settlement
of a new country is always a work of toil;
that it necessarily subjects to many pri.
vations ; that, to be encountered with
success, it demands, together with a cer.
tain compass of means, prudence and
energy, combined with a contented and
persevering spirit; and that the advan-
tages which it offers, great as they are,
at the same time that they may be easily
forfeited by a want of those qualities, are
more eventual than immediate. The first
settlers may, almost always, be said to
toil for others more than for themselves;
except, indeed, where a peculiar disin-
terestedness and activity of mind, appro-
priates to itself a rich and sweet reward
in those very exertions, which to general
minds would yield but drudgery, ..


6.
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
The Author also submits (in order to
avoid frequent repetitions) that he wishes
it to be recollected, that where he states,
not facts, but opinions, they are but the
opinions of an individual: offered, with
moderate information, he believes honest-
ly, fairly, disinterestedly, and in utter re-
jection of every party feeling : but still
only the opinions of an individual ; and
while he demonstrates, by asserting them,
that he deliberately believes them to be
correct, he is particularly solicitous, if not
so, that they may be neutralized, and
an opportunity afforded him of reconsi-
dering, and, if requisite, of correcting
them.
C. STUART.
Amherstburgh,
Western District, Upper Canada.


TO UPPER CANADA.
SECT. I.
General Topographical Sketch of Upper Canada,
together with the Emigrant's Route through
it, by the River St. Lawrence and the Lakes.
· UPPER Canada is bounded to the
southward by an immense, but irregular
line of water. Of this, those inland seas,
Lake Superior and Lake Huron, slumber
on shores little known, and it is believed,
little susceptible of improvement. Ad-
vancing to the eastward and southward,
it extends itself from Lake Huron, in a
southwardly direction, by the River St.
Clair, the small Lake St. Clair, and the
Detroit River, into Lake Erie, its most
southern boundary. From the eastern
extremity of Lake Erie, it tends north-
wardly by the Niagara River to Lake
Ontario; and from the eastern extremity
of Lake Ontario, by the vast sweep of the


TAB EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
River St. Lawrence in a north-eastwardly
progress to the Lower Province, through
which that river pursues its way to the
sea.
At the distance of about 550 miles
from its mouth, between Cape Chât and
Cape Monts Pélés, ascending the St.
Lawrence, is the eastern limit of Upper
Canada, in the county of Glengary. This
boundary is situated on Lake St. Francis,
a shallow lake, in the course of the St.
Lawrence, about thirty miles long. Its
communication by water is interrupted,
both above and below, by rapids; that is
by passages in the river, where shallow
rocky slopes in the bed, cause a violent
rushing and agitation of the stream, and
where boats only can be used, in de-
scending with little labour; but in ascend-
ing, with severe and perplexing toil.
The eastern boundary is about mid-way
in the course of these rapids, which be-
gin a little below the village of Prescot,
in the county of Grenville, and end at the


TO UPPER CANADA.
city of Montreal, in Lower Canada.
Above Prescot, the navigation is open for
vessels of a moderate size, to the imme-
diate vicinity of the great cataract of
Niagara, a distance of about 250 miles. -
The navigation up the St. Lawrence
is good for about 210 miles, that is to
Green Island. Thence to Quebec, about
120 miles further, it is more intricate,
though, with pilots, tolerably safe. A re-
gular establishment of these exists, and
it consists of experienced men; their
lowest station is ~ Father Point," below
Green Island; but their regulation needs
improvement. They are not sufficiently
controlled to keep a good look out below
the dangers. When a great many vessels
are expected up, they crowd down the
river, leaving the vessels under dispatch
from Quebec sometimes at a loss. Or,
when Quebec is crowded, and few more
expected from sea, they linger about the
port, while the lower parts of the river -
remain destitute, The substitution in
B 5


10
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE.
this particular of such a plan as that
used at Liverpool, would readily correct
the evil, and it greatly needs correc-
tion.
From Quebec (the capital of Lower
Canada) various conveniences of travel.
ling exist, as far as Montreal, about 180
miles higher up the St. Lawrence. Ves-
sels of considerable burthen sometimes
navigate it; a line of steam-boats, start-
ing almost every day, affords every con-
venience, (with elegant accommodations
for cabin passengers) together with pecu-
liar expedition; and a course of stages,
offering the jolting choice to those who
prefer travelling by land.
Above Montreal, in the course of a -
distance of 120 miles, to Prescot, the
greatest interruption exists. The rapids
before mentioned, at irregular intervals,
and with various degrees of violence,
preclude the ascent of the river to all
but boats; and here of consequence arises
an increased difficulty and expence.
.


TO UPPER CANADA.
11
There is indeed a line of stages; but
this can accommodate, even in a very
incommodious manner, only a few; and
the road is interrupted with ferries, one
of which is about eighteen miles long,
extending through the greater part of
Lake St. Francis.
The principal of these rapids are as
follows, viz.
The La Chine rapid, near Montréal, *
which is generally or universally avoided
by a land carriage of nine miles to La
Chine (pronounced Lâ Sheen.)
· The Cascades, the Split Rock, and
a little above them the Cedars (between
thirty and forty miles from Montreal)
where the boats are unloaded, and their -
burthens conveyed on carts to the village
of the Cedars (a distance of about six
miles) just above the rapid of the same
name. The boats are tracked up this
distance with great toil, and then again
laden for their voyage.
: The Coteau or Coteau de Lac, at the


12
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
lower end of Lake St. Francis, near a
small military post and fort of the same
name, and where by a short canal, the
chief violence of the rapid is avoided.
About two miles above the fort, is the
long stage ferry before mentioned.
The long saut or long rapid, not far
above, the village of Cornwal, in the
county of Stormont, extending with un-
equal force eight or nine miles.
And the Gallooz, the least considerable,
a few miles below Prescot.
. From Prescot again, the navigation
becomes commodious. One steam-boat
constantly plying from May till Novem-
ber, goes to and fro between Prescot and
the head of the bay of Quinté, stopping
at Kingston on her way. Another tra-
verses as constantly, and during the same
period, between Kingston and Queenston,
stopping on her way at York, the capital
of the province. Kingston is situated at
the head of the St. Lawrence, where it
issues from the north-eastern extremity of


...TO UPPER CANADA.
13
Lake Ontario. York is situated on a small
bay, about 180 miles westward of Kings-
ton, along the northern shore of the same
lake : and Queenston, south of York, on
the Niagara river, about seven miles below
the great cataract of that name. The
distance across the lake, from York to
Queenston, is about 40 miles, passing by
Niagara, or Fort George at the mouth of
the Niagara river, seven or eight miles
below Queenston. Besides these, there is
an American steam-boat, affording also an
opportunity every ten days from Prescot
to Lewiston, which is on the American
side of the Niagara river, nearly opposite
to Queenston. There are further, small
schooners and sloops, of occasional, but
very uncertain convenience. .
From Queenston the passage becomes
more uncertain and more expensive : for
this a double reason may be assigned. ..
1st. The interruption of water communi-
cation by the great cataract just above it:


THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
and 2dly. The scantiness of the interior
population.
Of these, the last is decreasing, and the
other, which may be said to be dependant
on it, will no doubt, as population advances,
be obviated, by canals.
From Queenston there is a land carriage
of nine or ten' miles to Chippewa, a vil.
lage situated on a creek of the same
name, about two miles above the cataract.
Here are boats to convey lunaber and
baggage up to Fort Erie, a small military
post at the head of the Niagara river,
where it issues from Lake Erie; and 18
miles above Chippewa.
; At Fort Erie, and in its neighbourhood,
the accommodations for travellers are
scanty, and the means of further progress
very precarious.
Lake Erie extends in a direction
W.S.W. about 250 miles, and communi-
cates by an uninterrupted river navigation
of 100 miles from its western extremity,


TO UPPER CANADA.
.
15
me
in a northern course, with Lake Huron.
This river navigation, between Lakes
Huron and Erie, has various names.
Issuing from Lake Huron, in a southern
course, it is called the River St. Clair, until
it reaches the small lake of the same
name; through that lake it pursues its
way for about thirty miles; then again
contracting, it assumes the name of the
Detroit river, and falls into Lake Erie,
about 21 miles below the American city
of Detroit.
About three miles from the mouth of
the Detroit river, where it issues into Lake
Erie, is the village and military post of
Malden or Amberstburgh, and about 16
miles higher up the river, the small town
of Sandwich.
From Fort Erie * above-mentioned (at
* Care should be taken to distinguish this from
another place, called Erie, or Presqu'isle, on the
American side, higher up; that is to say, further
to the westward.


•
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
16
nea
the head of the Niagara river) there is
(except during the winter months, from
December to March) a constant inter-
course by vessels, though their times of
proceeding are very uncertain; and these
afford the only means of transport on the
British side, as the road along the north-
ern shore of Lake Erie, is, in great mea-
sure, impassable for carriages, nor are any
such to be obtained there. Along this
shore, however, are two intermediate
depôts: one at Long Point or Vittoria and
their vicinity, about 60 or 70 miles west-
ward of Fort Erie; and the other at Port
Talbot, about 70 or 80 miles further.
Both these places are approached casu-
ally only by small vessels or by hired
boats.
A more favorable means of conveyance
exists on the American side. About 11
mile below Fort Erie, is a ferry across the
river. On the British side it is called the
ferry, or Waterloo; on the American,
Black Rock. From about half a mile


TO UPPER CANADA.
17
below this, a fine steam vessel, with ex-
cellent accommodations, traverses Lake
Erie to Detroit, and returns every ten
days at latest; and, if required, she lands
her passengers near Amherstburgh, or
Sandwich.
The expence of this progress may be
stated as follows:
From England to Quebec, aceording
to the port of departure, and to the terms
made on the spot, which are very various.
Liverpool, I believe, is the best place.
The remainder I shall state for cabin
passengers, as the rates of these are less
liable to fluctuate; noticing, that steerage
passengers have to provide themselves
with every thing, and with this addition,
may generally obtain their passage for
about one-third of the cabin price. In-
deed a very liberal spirit is frequently dis-
played to them by the steam-boats, espe-
cially where there is any thing of a party.


18
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
£
6. d. Days.
· Miles
Time.
BY STEAM-BOATS.
| 180 From Quebec to Montreal 3 ö 0 2 or 3
, BY LAND.
9 From Montreal to La Chine
Stage .... 0 5 0 1 or less
A cart... 0 12 6
BY BOATS.
111 From La Chine to Prescot. . 6 or 8, or
10.
Price according to the
terms made on the spot.
The hire of a whole boat
of from two to three
tons burthen, completely
equipped for the passage,
is about £20: say an in-
dividual place ......... 100
Eight days provisions from
Montreal to Prescot, say 1 0 0
(This is supposing the
provisions to be carried
with you, and used in the
boat); and this is inde-
pendent of lodging, (un-
less you choose to lodge
in the boat, wbich would
300
5 17 6 | say 11


.
19
TO UPPER CANADA.
T
Miles
Time.
300
£ 3. do Days.
Brought over 5 17 6 11
be extremely uncomfort-
able); and of the trans-
port of baggage.
BY STEAM-BOAT.
60 From Prescot to Kingston 1 0 0
180 Kingston to York, or
to Niagara and Queenston 3 0 0
BY STAGE.
27 or From Queenston to Water-
28
loo, or the ferry, or toi
Fort Erie............. 0 12 6 1
(Independently of provi-
sions and lodging, &c.).
Ferry to Black Rock .....02 01
BY STEAM-BOAT.
DAT.
250 From Black Rock to near
Amherstburgh,Sandwich,
or to Detroit.......... 4 5 0 2 or 3
(The above distance is to
Amherstburgh.)
Ferry to Amherstburgh, or
! Sandwich ............ 0 2 01
817 .
Total 14 19 0 say 18
This is rather an approximation than
an exact estimate. The variety of con-
L
.


20
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
veyances, and the Auctuation of terms
resulting from that variety, and from
other circumstances, together with the
inconsistencies of the provincial cur-
rency, render it difficult to be perfectly
exact. But from the above, an approxi-
mate idea of the expence may be formed.
The steam-boats and stages will generally
carry, besides your person, at the above
rates, without question, say one cwt.
The transport of all baggage beyond that
quantity must be added to the estimate.
Lodging and meals at the inns on the
road, may be generally said to be about
two shillings sterling each, or perhaps, a
little more; and if, therefore, you were to
cater and sleep on shore during the above
passage, at the public houses, and take
two meals a day, there would be an addi-
tional expence of about, from
Montreal to Prescot, -' . £i 80
From Queenston to Waterloo, 0 6 0
£1 14
0


TO UPPER CANADA.
21
Besides the days of detention on the
road, which from the changes of convey-
ances and their discordant periods of ar-
rival and departure, would probably ina
crease the time, by, say, one-third ; that is,
six additional days on shore at six shil,
lings per day - - - - - £1 16 0
Last addition - - - - - 1 14 0
First estimate - - - - - 14 19 9
Days 24. Total £18 9 0
Besides additional luggage.
In the most penurious style, this jour-
ney might be accomplished, perhaps at
one-third of the above expence; but, it
would be at the risk of health, without
great care and skill in providing against
exposure to hunger, and to those incle-
mencies of the weather, which must be
expected to be encountered in so long a
jaunt.
The boats on the River St. Lawrence,


22. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
are of two descriptions. The smaller are
called batteaux (pronounced battoes), are
from two to four tons barthen; have
commonly three rowers and a pilot (with
a fragment of sail to use when occasion
offers), and their crews are French Cana-
dians. Large depositories of these are
kept at La Chine by various managers,
and they may be there obtained at all
times with inconsiderable delay. I had
occasion once to freight one from the firm
of Grant and Co. and was most satisfacto.
rily served.
The larger are called Durbam boats.
They are generally manned by Ameri-
cans; are more commodious than the bat-
teaux; are better found ; and when the
wind favors, are more expeditious; but
they cannot always be so much depended
on as the others. Both are abundantly.
safe under the Divine mercy. A person
named Tucker, who is a native of the
State of New York, and who has an
establishment of the Durhams, may be


TO UPPER CANADA.: 23
safely recommended where that descrip-
tion is preferred.
Boats (of the batteaux description)
may sometimes be obtained at Chippewa
and at Fort Erie, for traversing Lake Erie;
and when the emigrant does not wish to
go to the extremity of the lake, and they
can be obtained, they are sometimes the
most convenient. Their fare depends
upon the terms made at the time. It
should be known, however, that the
northern shore of Lake Erie is, in the
greatest part of its extent, abrupt and
high; that a strong wind from the south-
ward, heaves the body of the water
northwardly, and surmounting the narrow.
and casual beach, dashes its encroaching
waves against the cliffs. On these occa-
sions, no landing-place remains; and per-
sons, therefore, navigating boats in such
a situation, require boldness and caution,
experience and skill.
Beyond Detroit (an American city,


THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
about 18 miles above Amherstburgh, on
the opposite side of the Detroit river)
the means of passage or conveyance are
very precarious; but as the tide of emi-
gration flows to the extensive purchases of
remarkably fertile lands lately made on
the Rivers St. Clair and Thames, this disa
advantage will diminish until it cease.
On the immediate banks of the Thames,
there is already a flourishing settlement,
and the climate and soil around, promise
every thing to the persevering hand of
industry.
Such is the great central line of com-
munication. Its inflections are,
The Bay of Quinté or Canty, between
which and Kingston, a small independent
navigation already exists.
The small bay of York. : : :
The bay near Burlington, at the wes-
tern end of Lake Ontario; a large ex-
posed road, without any shelter from
eastern storms.


26
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
ron
... The general course of the Ottawas,
which forms a sheltered communication
between Lake Huron and Montreal, is
through a wild and reputedly sterile
country, and is little frequented except
by the north-west canoes.
In reviewing this head, we may ob-
serve, that from the sea upwards, there are
three great courses of internal naviga-
tion.
1st. That between the sea and Mont-
· real, a distance of about 500 miles.
2d. That between Prescot and Queens-
ton, which includes the expanse of Lake
Ontario, about 250 miles, and
*. 3d. That between Chippewa, or Fort
Erie, and the Falls of St. Mary, at the
north-western extremity of Lake Huron,
including the whole extent of Lakes Erie
and Huron, about 600.
.. Besides the navigation of Lake Supe-
rior, above the falls of St. Mary, which I
have not yet mentioned, as, except to the
Hudson's Bay and North-West traders,


TO UPPER CANADA.
27
it is without the present range of Cana-
dian intercourse :
And two prominent interraptions,
1st. That of the rapids between Mont-
real and Prescot, 120 miles, and
2d. That of the great cataract of Nia-
gara, between Queenston: and Chippe-
wa, nine miles. Of these, it will be re-
collected, that the latter only is an abso-
solute interruption-as, although the whole
ascent of the rapids is difficult, yet it is
only for a short distance that the boats are
compelled to unlade.
RECAPITULATION. .. -
1 Time.
: ,! Dist:
- To Conveyance.
Fare. Miles.
Quebec Montreal Steam-boat! 2 or 3 1 3 0
Montreal La Chine
Stage
1 or less
La Chine Prescot Boats
8, &c.
Prescot Kingston Steam-boat 1 1 0
Kingston York
ditto
2 1 3 0
miles.
Niagara (33)
Queen->
110 o 40
I
From
ot
ooo00s
York
ditto
1
ston
40
Queen-
ston
Fort Erie Stage 1 1
Fort Erie Amherst- Steam-boat | 2 or 3
or Black
Rock
Additional, by delays on the road.. 6
1 0 12
4 5
6 28
of 250
1 3 10
ol
Total .... 24 or 25 23 12
6 858
C 2


THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
It will here be observed, that the addi-
tional distance from York to Niagara, of
thirty-three, or to Queenston, of forty
miles is added; and that, in stating this
separate distance, a new charge accompa-
nies it. The reason is, that the distance
from Kingston to York, and from King-
ston to Niagara and Queenston, being
nearly the same, the fare is the same for all
those three places, where a passage is
taken throughout. But when a passage
from York, oply to Niagara or Queens-
ton is taken, a separate charge of course
arises; and the route of the steam-boat
being by York to Niagara, &c. the dis-
tance between those two places must be
added ' .


TO UPPER CANADA.
SECT. II.
Shades of Climate, as well in relation to Health as
to Vegetable Productions.
THE general character of the climate of
Upper Canada may be designated as
warm and good. Bat these two charac-
teristics vary under particular circum-
stances, and exist in proportions some
what unequal.
From the eastern boundary of the pro-
vince to Kingston, and between the St.
Lawrence and Ottawas rivers, its pro-
portion of warmth is least ; from King-
ston to the head (or north-western border)
of Lake Ontario, and southward of the
line of small lakes and rivers, which inter-
sect the country between Lake Ontario
and the Ottawas, the proportion of
warmth is somewhat greater. From the
head of Ontario to Port Talbot on Lake


30
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
Erie, including the Niagara district, the
warmth increases; and its greatest degree
is from Port Talbot to the Detroit and St.
Clair rivers. The western extremity, as
it has permanently a greater proportion
of heat, so may it, perhaps, in very,
hot and dry seasons, be a shade less
healthy than the other parts of the pro-
vince. Such seemed to be the case in the
summer of 1819, when a degree and a
continuance of warmth was experienced,
greater than had been known for the pre-
ceding twenty years : and when, amidst
the universal sickliness which prevailed in
both provinces, that of the western dis-
trict of the Upper Province, seemed
somewhat to preponderate. . ?
The fact that increased sickliness arises
in very hot and dry seasons, may seem
here to demand explanation ; for it is the
action of heat upon moisture which de-
praves the air.. This was the exact case
in the instance in question..
- The country is intersected with marshy
eem.


TO UPPER CANADA. : 31
spaces, which Aourish in the moisture
dripping from the woods around them.
Where these are more considerable, they
generally have vents into the approximate
lakes; and while the water is abundant,
these vents being kept open, preserve the
circulation, and carry off the superfluity.
But their mouths are subject to the gene:
ral liability of all rivers to bars. When
the season is particularly hot and dry;
these bars, under the circumstances, then
favourable to them, are formed. The is-
sue of the water is impeded or stopped.
The fluid extends itself in a shallow sur-
face, over the neighbouring flats. The
interior dampness also, diminished by the
season, and hemmed in in consequence by
every little inequality of the surrounding
surface, stagnates in its own hollows. -
The natural effect of heat upon thinly and
widely diffused stagnant moisture, is of
course experienced ; and that effect is in
a measure proportionate to the degree
and duration of that heat, and to the ex-


32
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
tent of that moisture. Perhaps it would
be impossible, more strongly to character-
ize the general salubrity of the climate,
than by recording the fact, that in a sea-
son, wherein arose such an extraordinary
concurrence of unhealthy influences, as
those which took place in the summer of
1819, and when a similar parallel of la-
titude in the United States, was visited
with that dreadful disease, which is com-
monly called the yellow fever, Upper Ca-
nada, including its western district, ex.
perienced only a fever of a mild and to-
tally non-infectious type, tedious indeed
and perplexing, but generally speaking,
very far from dangerous.
With respect to general vegetation, the
climate of the western districts has a de-
cided superiority. Wheat indeed, toge-
ther with the rest of the British grains
and vegetables, cannot be finer than they
are on the shores of Ontario. But for the
cultivation of Indian corn, tobacco, and
fruit, the north-western shores of Lake


TO UPPER CANADA.
Erie, the banks of the Detroit river, and
those of the Thames, of the St. Clair, and
of Big-Bear creek, excel every other part,
and offer peculiar advantages, in these
particulars, to the settler. The compara-
tive shortness of the winters also afford a
facility in wintering cattle, and in various
other cares of husbandry, which is not
equally possessed elsewhere : though a
counterpoise to this advantage exists in
the colder districts, where severer weather
forms a greater continuance (in winter) of
better roads.
It should always be recollected that
stagnant moisture is every where injuri.
ous; that in proportion to the increase of
warmth it becomes more so; and hence,
that marshes and their vicinity, in this
province, particularly to ihe south-west-
ward, are unhealthy, and should by all
means be avoided. Wood lately cut
down, lying around, decaying and col-
lecting damp, has a similar tendency,
c5


34
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
though in a greatly inferior degree, and
should therefore be burnt and removed as
quickly as possible after it is felled; espe-
ciallý 'near the spot" appropriated for
dwelling. '
4. In mentioning above the banks of the
River St. Clair, as part of the warmest
division of Upper Canada, their northern
extremity was not intended to be includ-
ed. The colder climate of Lake Huron
is felt at the distance of ten or twelve miles
from its shores ; and the upper part of the
St. Clair therefore, within that distance,
partakes of a lower degree of tempera-
ture, and of the advantages and defects
incident to it: a minor productiveness of
the articles above-mentioned as a defect;
and a lesser liability to suffer from the
casual occurrence of an extremely hot
summer, as an advantage. . o
The whole province produces abun-
dantly, when cultivated, every kind of
- British grain, and pulse or vetches; to-


TO UPPER CANADA..'
35
gether with all the common fruits and
vegetables of Britain, besides others which
Britain has not so commonly.. is iti
The maize or Indian corn is raised in
every part of it;, but abundantly and
securely, only in the western districts. In
other parts it is apt to be blighted before
it comes to maturity, by the early autum-
nal frosts. Of course, this disaster may
occur in the western districts also, if the
corn be planted too late; but then, it is
the fault of the planting, and not of the
climate. ' . , . :.
· Tobacco is also produced in every part
of the province; but the western district
is probably the only part where it could
be advantageously cultivated to commer-
cial extent; and there it need have hardly
any limit but the means and other views
of the cultivator. It has been tried on a
small scale near Amherstburgh, and has
been judged equal in manufacture to any
obtained from the United States. ,'.


THL EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
All the British fruits, &c. are congenial
to the province; but the garden goose-
berry does not appear to thrive in the
western district; although the goose-
berry, in a wild state, is universally indi-
genons.
. The melon, in its various species, and
the vine, may be every where reared with
a facility unknown in England. The
wild vine, the fruit of which is small,
harsh, and unpalatable, abounds through-
out the forests. . ..
The various species of plums appear to
suffer, to the westward, from too luxuri-
ous a growth. But the peach and the vine
there seem to have found their congenial
climate, and whenever cultivated, flourish
abundantly with little care. A superior
kind of pears needs introduction. Their
cherries also, though abundant where
cultivated, are not select. Currants thrive
admirably.
Wild strawberries and blackberries are


TO UPPER CANADA.
2
common in Clearanus; but the real rasp-
berry is rare. A few other berries are
found; some plentifully. But the nuts
are the pride of the woods. Where you
meet the apple, or the plum, in the
forests, it is a diminutive, harsh, repulsive
fruit. The nuts, on the contrary, seem
perfectly at home. They tower, of
various kinds, amidst the lofty heads of
the trees, and scatter around their trea-
sures, the natural granaries of the squir-
rel, the hog, and the bear. They are,
The walnut, or black walnut, as it
is called, of a peculiar and rather disa-
greeable flavor.
The white walnut, or butter-nut, and
the hickory nut, which much resemble
each other, and both of which are ex-
cellent.
The chesnut, equal to that in England,
The filbert, of a good quality.
The beechnut, and some others of an.
inferior description, a store for quadru-
peds.


38.
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
None of these, I believe, are peculiar to
any part of the province; but it is in
the western peninsula that they princi-
pally abound.


TO UPPER CANADA.
39
SECT. III.
Sketch of Settlements already made, and of Dis-
tricts now open and opening for Settlement. ,
The settlements already made, divide
themselves into two heads, viz. Those
which have long existed, or at least for a
longer time ; and those which have been
recently formed.
A similar division will occur in consi-
dering those which are now open or open-
iog for settlement; and those which, in
every probability, will shortly be opened.
Thus, the settler may be enabled to
judge more distinctly of the particular
circumstances which might affect his
choice. Places lony settled are, of course,
generally speaking, more improved ; but
the degree of this improvement is supe-
rior, in proportion as they are to the
eastward. The immediate conveniences
are greater; foreign articles are more


40. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
abundant and more cheap, and land only
is higher. But, on the other hand, for
moderate means, there is generally, in
such places, less scope for enterprise, and
the prospect of eventual benefit, to such
means, is comparatively less. .
It may be observed, that the lands now
open and opening for settlement, probably
offer superior advantages to any which
not long hence may be attainable. The
occupation of the fronts on the rivers and
lakes, already far advanced, will then be
completed; and although a vast extent
of land, equal perhaps in quality to any
in the world, will remain, yet it will be
subject to the disadvantage of being re-
moved from the immediate contact of
water communication.
To begin from the eastward, in which
course the tide of emigration necessarily
flows, we may comprise, generally, under
the first division, that is, of settlements
long made,
The northern skirts of the St. Law-


TO UPPER CANADA.
rence, from Cornwal to Kingston, includ-
ing both of those places : from Kingston,
by the high road, to York, inclusive: from
York, round the head of Lake Ontario,
by the Niagara river, to Fort Erie; and
returning to the road round the head of
Lake Ontario, from Dundas, on that road,
to Port Talbot. Then, omitting the large
intervening space, introduce what is called
the new settlement, on the northern shore
of the western extremity of Lake Erie;
Amherstburgh, or Malden, which borders
upon the new settlement; Sandwich and
its vicinity; the settlements on the
Thames ; and the small settlement of
Beldoon, lately belonging to Lord Sel-
kirk, who first established it. The west-
ern high road also, by Dundas Street,
from York to Amherstburgh, where it
extends beyond the above-mentioned set-
· tlements on the Thames, which form a
part of it, may be comprised in this divi---
sion.
• The second division (that is, of settle-


TO UPPER CANADA.
A3
would probably have slumbered unknown,
beneath the retired wildness of its native
forests for another half century, had not
this circumstance called it forth; and its
remoteness, even when thus produced, re-
quired for it a fostering hand to support
what had been founded. The assistance
of government was liberally advanced';
a fine soil, with a salubrious climate, cor-
roborated the effort ; the unusual impulse
produced a' corresponding effect; and
Perth, though commenced but the other
day (that is, about four years ago), al-
ready assumes the appearance of a flou-
rishing colony. The extension of the set-
tlement is continuing, both towards King-
ston and the Ottawas; and the spirit'
which planned and supports it, sees this
great object of public utility, apparently
approaching to a favorable conclusion. Om
- The more recent settlement of Rich-
mond on the Ottawas (in furtherance of .
the route by Perth), is, I believe, of a
somewhat similar character,


44 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
Westward from Perth, somewhat in-
clining to the southward, at the distance
perhaps of 130 miles (by the road it is a
greater distance) lies the Rice Lake.
This is the south-eastern extremity of a
small chain of lakes, extending from the
eastern end of Lake Huron, and commu-
nicating with the bay of Quinté by the
river Trent. South of it, have lately been
formed, and settled as far as local disad-
vantages would permit, the townships of
Cavan and Connaught. These are prin-
cipally peopled by Irish.
The next point, passing over the inter-
vening space, is the neighbourhood of
York. Here, great numbers, within the
last two or three years, have been settled;
and this section may be extended inde-
finitely, along the line of communication,
-by Yonge Street and Lake Simcoe, to
Penetangushene Bay, at the eastern ex-
tremity of Lake Huron.
After this we have a long interval.
Port Talbot on the northern shores of


TO UPPER CANADA.
45
Lake Erie forms a new department. Its
proprietor, Col. Talbot, superintends the
settlement of a new road, called Talbot
Street, extending from the eastern vici-
nity of Port Talbot, nearly one hundred
miles west. And north of Dundas Street,
the London Township, stretching north-
wardly from the forks of the Thames, has
been recently appropriated, under the
same superintendance.
Under the second head, the lands' now
open for settlement are,
The remainder of the Radeau or Perth
settlement, and the Richmond settlement,
in the line of communication between
Kingston and the Ottawas,
The remainders of Cavan and Con-
naught, near the Rice Lake,
The remainders of Townships near
York, and of settlements on the line of
communication between York and Lake
Huron,
And the remainder of the lands under
the superintendance of Col. Talbot, North


46
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
of Lake Erie, and in the township of
London.
Those which in every probability are
now opening, or will soon be opened, are
more extensive.
They are, in the line between Kingston
and the Ottawas, by Perth and Rich-
mond, such parts as shall be deemed
most suitable for completing that line,
and are not deeded or reserved :
In the lines between Lake Huron and
York by Yonge Street, and between
Lake Huron and the Bay of Quinté by
the small lakes and the River Trent,
such parts as shall be deemed most
eligible for the completion of those lines,
and are subject to no restriction : ..
New townships, in the distant neigh-
bourhood of York:
Parts on Dundas Street :.
A new road under Col. Talbot's super-
intendance, parallel with, and north of .
that lately settled : under him, on the
northern side of Lake Erie : jossa


TO UPPER CANADA.
Townships on the River Thames,
formed out of lands lately purchased from
the Indians:
Townships on Big Bear Creek, be-
tween the Thames and the St. Clair,
similarly formed :
Townships similarly formed, on the
eastern banks of the River St. Clair :
And probably, a small township (ex-
pected to be purchased from the Indians)
near Amherstburgh.
These several anticipated settlements,
comprise millions of acres of some of the
finest lands, in one of the finest climates
in the world.
And bere I shall offer some conjectures
on the comparative advantages and dis-
advantages of the above divisions. They
are my own conjectures, and would, no
doubt, be controverted by many. The
event only can fully determine their cha-
racter.
These opinions are as follow, viz.
That in a general comparison of cli-
Isions.


48
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
mate and soil, with respect to salubrity,
the banks of the St. Lawrence from
Montreal to Kingston, and the whole
of the northern shores of Lake On-
tario, together with the opposite district
of Niagara, and the high lands about
Ancaster, are to be preferred. Here, in
my opinion, exists the happiest medium
of heat and cold, for health; and vegeta-
tion, generally speaking, is abundantly
luxuriant. Here also, are the most fa.
vourable situations for commerce; and
here, the most agreeable scenery..
On the other hand, with a climate also
salubrious, though probably less so, the
western districts appear to me to have a
decided superiority in vegetable produc-
tions. They yield in equal abundance
every thing which is afforded by other
parts of the province; they produce some
things with greater luxuriance and cer-
tainty; and for some (tobacco, for in-
stance, as an article.of commerce) they
alone are suitable. The labour and ex-


TO UPPER CANADA.
pence of wintering cattle, though still
serious, is less, and an equal product of
every kind is reared with somewhat minor
toil.
The great cataract of Niagara, how-
ever, shuts them out from the sea; and
although the intervening distance of land
carriage which it produces, be not great
(only nine miles), yet it is sufficient, to,
gether with the additional distance, to
give them a decidedly inferior character
in this respect. Canals, no doubt will, ere
very long, lower this balance against
them ; but it will probably never be ef-
faced, until the productions, suitable to
their warmer air only, be cultivated to
a proportionate extent.
For that vigour of constitution, which
to a certain extent, is the concomitant of
exertion and of labour, and to which a
certain degree of heat seems prejudicial,
the climate of the first of these sections,
would, in my opinion, be preferable. The
human character requires at once, a com-
D.


50
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
pulsory call to exertion, and the restric-
tion of that call within moderate limits.
If not urged by necessity, it will decline
into indolence; if urged too far, it will
decay through toil. The medium which
it requires, as far as relates to soil and
climate, appears to me to exist from
Montreal inclusive; westwardly, along
the banks of the St. Lawrence and the
northern shores of Lake Ontario, to the
western limits of the Home and Niagara
districts.
Further to the westward, tending, in
the course of our settlements, southwardly,
this happiest medium appears to me to
fail. There is less necessity for labour,
and a greater proportion of heat. Emi-
grants indeed, at first, will here, as else-
where, always have an excess of labour.
But that excess, temporary though it be,
is rather prejudicial than useful; and the
permanent influence, which would exist
when this was past, and which would
form an abiding feature of the country,


TO UPPER CANADA. 51
would, in my opinion, be, a minor degree
of that constitutional, indefatigable, and
steady vigour, which marks the happiest
classes of the human race. I mean the
happiest with respect to habitual energy
of body and of mind ; not, in regard of
those enjoyments, which constitute the
general idea of happiness, and to which,
the westward promises to be most fa-
vourable.


THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
SECT. IV.
General Terms on which Settlers are received by
the Government; and the usual Extent to which
they are provided for.
EMIGRANTS are received as subjects,
and are required, before they receive
lands, to take the oath of allegiance.
They should not expect pecuniary as-
sistance of any kind; neither provisions
nor utensils. The magoitude of the na-
tional debt, and of the public burthens,
forbid their being furnished with any.
With themselves rest all the cares and
expence of arriving at their several places
of destination, and of there providing for
themselves. The government can only
supply them with land. -
The usual quantity, lately given has
been, one hundred acres to each man
., arrived at the age of twenty-one, or up-
nan


TO UPPER CANADA.
58
wards. The choice of the several parts
of the province open for location, is com.
monly allowed, if the means of the indi.
vidual enable him to proceed at his own
ex pence. But when he has chosen his
township, the particular lot which he is
to have, is not always optional. In order
to concentrate population, and to preserve
impartiality, it is often found requisite
to proceed by lots, and the person then
remains located, on that which he draws.
These terms, however, have not been
universal; particularly on Talbot Street,
where 200 acres were given, and a free
choice allowed. I am not aware whether
the same advantages will be continued,
on the new parallel street, abouť to be
formed, under the same superintendance.
Saperior means of cultivation, dis-
played to the satisfaction of the council
at York, entitle to the expectation of
larger grants, in proportion to those
means, and within the provincial limit
of 1200 acres to any one individual.. .


54 . THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
A condition attends every grant. It is,
that a certain portion of the land shall be
cleared and cultivated, and a small log
house of certain dimensions built, within
a certain time.
This portion is, five acres in the hun-
dred; and the dimensions of the house
(I believe) are, eighteen feet by sixteen;
to be completed within two years; and
in defanlt thereof, the whole to be for-
feited. The final right to the land, is not
given, till these duties, which are called
the settling duties, are fulfilled; and
certain fees (amounting to between five
K and six pounds for 100 acres, but more
in proportion for larger quantities) are paid
upon receiving the final title or deed or
grant from government.
· The casually impending forfeiture
above-mentioned is never exacted, ex-
cept in cases of extreme remissness, or of
total abandonment.
It is at once apparent, that the above set-
tling duties, are a benefit and not a griey.


TO UPPER CANADA.
55
ance; and were all men, who seek
new lands, inclined to become real set-
tlers on those lands, no necessity could
exist for such a clause. But this is, un-
fortunately, not the case; and here, as in
many other particulars, the arm of public
authority must interfere to watch over
and secure the interests, as well of the
individual as of the public..
At the same time, the wisdom of
government is displayed in retaining
the duty on so small a compass. Were
the settlers always unincumbered; or
had they means independently to provide
for themselves, few of those actually set-
tling, would, in any probability, confine
themselves to so small an improvement.
But this is by no means the case. They
are frequently obliged to spend great
part of their time in working for others,
in order to obtain the means of subsistence,
implements of husbandry, cattle, house-
hold utensils, &c.; and hence, they find
the completion, even of these moderate
duties, sufficiently arduous.


56
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
SECT. V.
Particular Difficulties of first Settlement ; and
local Facilities for overcoming them.
THESE are the concomitants of the cir-
cumstances to be encountered, acting upon
the nature of such a being as man.
In one view, “a stranger in a foreign
clime” should anticipate nothing beyond
the fullest compass of his own means.
He is unknown-and what may he not
be? Suspicion looks upon ' him, and
spontaneously interprets evil-Cantion
keeps him at a distance-Benevolence
has been often deceived, and fears to
trust the warmth of her heart, that longs
to receive him. Pride, and intolerance,
and malice, take offence even at bis efforts
to serve and to please; and slander spreads
her willing wings, fraught with their fa-
brications. The stranger must be strong,
or he may often tremble; and often will


TO UPPER CANADA.
57 -
he have to turn from human gall, to the
sweetness of Calvary, there to find a
spirit that can understand, and there a
hope that can cheer him.
In another view, want begets sympathy:
and we almost universally find, that hos-
pitality is concomitant with privation.
Place a people at their ease; surround
them with security and with comfort, and
let them possess within themselves all that
they chiefly desire; and whatever social
or domestic affections or habits may adorn
their little circles, the stranger will find
a cold heart and an averted eye amongst
them. But, let them be themselves strug.
gling for independence or for comfort ;
place around them the like battle which
he is encountering; and make exertion
and suffering as essential to them as they
are to him, and he will be hailed, in a
measure as a brother; and mutual want
will be to them a bond of union, and of
reciprocal comfort and advantage.
· The difficulties to be first encountered
Dð
,


58
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
by foreign settlers in Canada (by foreign,
I here mean those who come from any
distant country, British as well as others)
are such as ought to make every stranger
pause. They demand the whole energies
of our nature to overcome them, and
should be contemplated with an enlight-
ened and steady eye before they are con-
fronted.
How many have had cause bitterly to
mourn the want of this precaution.
Yet let me not be misunderstood.
These difficulties are not peculiar to
Canada. They are even less there, I
believe, than elsewhere. But they are
the inseparable difficulties, to which, in
various degrees, all emigrants must be
exposed, when they proceed to colonize a
new country; and for that purpose, have
to rescue it from the barrenness of nature.
The general character and local situa-
tion of these lands, are already briefly
stated. The following remarks apply to
them all.


TO UPPER CANADA.
59
COT
They are universally in a state of na-
ture; and the almost universal nature of
the lands in these provinces, is, to be
covered with a thick and stately growth
of forest trees, beneath which flourishes a
perplexing covert of underwood. This
covert is the abode of numerous tribes of
herbs, the qualities of which appear to be
most highly interesting (particularly in
the western districts), though yet but
very imperfectly known. Grass is rare,
and is of an inferior kind, appearing only
in the less shaded intervals. Small na-
tural meadows (or balf marshes) of very
luxuriant, but very insipid hay, occasion-
ally intervene, and where they are not too
swampy, offer to the settler a highly use-
ful supply of winter fodder for his cattle
during the first years, before he can supply
himself with meadows. But where ex-
tensive and swampy, they are unfavor- ..
able to health, and should by all means
be avoided.
These forests consist of various kinds.


60 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
of wood; and the description of wood
denotes, to a certain degree, the quality
of the land.
The oaks and chesnut, generally grow
on dry ground; the latter more especially
on ridges.
The black oak and chesnut grow on a
sandy and poor soil; as do the various
species of the pine, including the hem-
lock.
White and red oak, blended with other
woods, bespeak a strong and lasting soil.
Beech and white oak lands seem most
favorable for wheat.
The maples and black walnut, particu-
larly the latter, where it grows in large
elusters, point out the richest soils ; gene-
rally low and somewhat damp in a state
of nature, but only requiring clearance to
become abundantly dry.....
Amongst the underwood, the prickly
ash and spice-wood, promise the best..
The growth of most of these may be
destroyed by what is called girdling them;


TO UPPER CANADA.
61
that is, by making a double incision all
round, quite through the bark, and remov. '
ing the rim of bark thus cut. The beech,
and, I believe, the maples, are exceptions.
This method, however, even where the
trees yield to it, is not generally advis-
able; as the decaying branches and trees
are apt at times to fall unexpectedly, and
mapy mournful bereavements have been
the consequence. Necessity only should
ever sanction it. .
The oaks, but more particularly the
black oak and chesnut, where not much
mixed with other wood, have generally
the thinnest growth, and may, conse-
quently, be most easily cleared away;
but the land on which they thus grow is
the least productive. The various spe-
cies of pine also grow thinly; but the
roots are so indestructible, that the pre-
paration of pine land for culture, is, Į
believe, the most difficult of all.
In a general view, the largest, tallest,


62
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
and thickest wood, denotes the most fer--
tile soils.
In every case, however, the settler has
to go to the forest,' and select for himself,
from its damp and gloomy shades, the
immediate scene of his exertions. With
toil, and subject to privation ; that is,
with but poor shelter, and poor diet, and
destitute of almost every convenience, he
must open for himself a place of shelter,
and, under mercy, of future comfort and
independence. He must first clear away
the underwood; he must cut down the
thick and lofty trees; he must deprive
them, after they are fallen, of their
branches ; of these, he must separate the
more massy from the smaller parts; he
must pile together in compact heaps
whatever he can lift; he must divide the
formidable trunks into moderate lengths
(generally of twelve or fourteen feet);
he must toilfully burn those heaps after
they are sufficiently dry for that purpose ;


TO UPPER CANADA.
he must get hauled together, by the help
of his neighbours and of cattle, the massy
logs which remain ; he must have them
heaped and burn them. Then may he
begin to look forward to a reward.
· A harrow amply prepares the ground,
thus recently cleared, for an abundant
harvest : and all that remains is, to sow,
to harrow again, and to fence it, by split-
ting for that purpose the wood which he
has reserved at band: by getting the
wood thus split (into rails as they are
called) hauled to the circumference of his
field ; and by laying it up in the manner,
and according to the rules of the country.
To clear á spot and build a cabin, and
to clear, prepare, and cultivate, a few
acres in this manner, must obviously be,
in the first place, a discouraging and an
oppressive toil. It daunts many a heart;
and it is accompanied with some aggra-
vating, and with some alleviating cir-
cumstances.
The place where all this toil must be


64
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
are |
encountered is, generally, distant from
every market; from every place where
provisions of any kind may be procured ;
and the roads around, if any such exist,
are next to impassable. The difficulty
of procuring even the most indispensable
articles of food, is extreme, the rate is
generally high, and the loss of time and
of labour great. Truly a man must go
to it with a soul prepared to suffer and
to persevere.
These are the aggravating circum-
stances, and they ought to be known -
without disguise.
The alleviations are, that the original
settlers, at least where I have been to the
westward, (and I should hope elsewhere)
are extremely hospitable and kind. They
are as willing to yield as to receive as-
sistance; and an industrious, sober, and
good-tempered stranger, may, under
mercy, depend upon the most friendly
furtherance from them, in his efforts after
independence. This disposition in his


TO UPPER CANADA,
neighbours affords the new-comer a vast
facility, and is often the means of crown-
ing with success, efforts that were other-
wise useless.
Mechanics, particularly .carpenters,
blacksmiths, and shoemakers, may ge-
nerally be sure of obtaining employment,
with high wages,


66
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
SECT. VI.
Prospective Success amply warrants those who are
on the Spot in encountering at once the whole
Struggle of the Exertion, instead of pursuing
the palliative Means which some adopt.
THE preceding section, aims at dis-
tinctly displaying the difficulties and '.
hardships which are at first to be en-
countered. They are weighty, and it
is the particular wish of the writer that
they should be estimated at their fullest
extent. Nothing, perbaps, tends more
ruinously to damp the spirit of exertion
and of persevering enterprise, than an
exaggerated impression of the advan-
tages or facilities to be expected. We
are naturally prone, alike to undue sus-
picion and to vain confidence. But our
confidence once deceived, we aptly rush
with displeasure into doubt and depres-
sion; and while thus disturbed, the most


TO UPPER CANADA.
67
obvious truth often seeks to be heard
in vain.
The Emigrant, before he starts for
Canada, or for any foreign settlement,
should strenuously endeavour to obtain
the best possible information, respecting
the difficulties which he has to encounter.
Human nature, a rebellious and ungrate-
ful thing, generally depreciates present
blessings and exaggerates future good.
The most lovely flowers, even the ever-
Jasting flowers of Christian friendship and
of Christian love, often lose their fra.
grance when possessed ; and we are capa- '
ble of glooming amidst the enjoyment of
blessings, the bare idea of which is full
to us of unutterable sweetness. Thus,
future scenes, viewed by us through the
same perverse and darkened medium,
present prospects of advantage or of joy,
which we doatingly cherish, but which,
while the prospect is mortal, shall never
be realized. How truly, indeed, in the
poet's words, doth " distance lend en-


68
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
chantment to the view." We travel on-
ward, and discover our delusion, but are
deluded still. Instead of profiting by the
experience ; instead of resting with grate-
ful hearts upon the blessings which we
possess, and struggling, with contented
and obedient energy, to overcome the
difficulties and the disappointments which
have encountered us, we are apt to shrink
from them with depression and disgust;
and with similar lunacy of expectation to
that which has already deluded us, but
from which we have drawn no improve-
ment, we rush on to new views and to
new enterprises, which, as certainly, shall
again delude and betray the oustinate
extravagance of our expectations.
The author would most earnestly and
affectionately offer these considerations to
the serious judgment and conscience of
every one, who, under feelings of dissa-
tisfaction with his present condition, con-
templates a change. Beware, he would
exclaim, with what principle you pro.
De


TO UPPER CANADA.
69
secute your views; expect many difficul.
ties and depressions, foreseen and unfore-
seen ; commit your ways to the Lord; be
grateful and submissive to his common
providence; look forward to toil and to
exertion ; and be prepared for persever-
ance, whatever obstacles you may en-
counter, or you will still be disap-
pointed and repine.
But with all these warnings, most seri-
ous as they are, he continues to be of opi-'s
nion, that the prospective advantages of
settling in Upper Canada, amply war-
rant those who are on the spot in ens
countering at once, the whole staggle of
the exertion, instead of pursuing the pal-
liative means which some adopt.
By those who are on the spot, he means ...
those who have already overcome all the
difficulties and expences of the passage,
and have arrived at York, (the capital of
Upper Canada, between eight and nine
hundred miles from the sea,) with their
finances not yet exhausted. Between


70. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
these and others at a distance, there is a
most important difference. Though much
remains, still the greatest part of their
struggle is overcome. (Here I speak of
persons in narrow circumstances; the case
is essentially different with those of more
enlarged means.) The land, which under
mercy is to form their future establish-
ment, is, in a measure, within their reach.
The risks and expences of a passage over
the ocean; the uncertainties and anxie-
ties of recent arrival in a foreign country;
the perplexities of determining upon fu-
ture plans; the disheartening fact of be-
ing still an unsettled and wandering
stranger; the trouble, the charge of pass-
ing into the interior, and all the delusions
· which may be encountered on the way,
are in great measure past; and all that
remains, is to obtain the chosen ọr allot-
ted portion ; to proceed to it without de-
lay; and in the active and persevering
use of all the means of Providence and
of grace, to struggle through every toil
1


· 172
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
and where, while the immediate toil is
less, present comfort is far greater.
People who prefer this plan, may, in al-
most every part of the country, procure
the charge of farms in a state of cultiva- .
tion, with a log house and barn, pro-
vided with implements of husbandry, and
moderately stocked with cattle, on con-
dition of yielding one-half of the produce
of every kind to the proprietor. The
evil is, that they are still labouring on the
property of others; and unless, in addi-
tion to their own maintenance, they can
lay by sufficient eventually to purchase,
they are securing no permanent provision
for themselves or their families.
The difference is, that whereas those
who at once encounter the effort, undergo
immediately the severest privations, and
the most harassing toils ; but, under
Providence, have a certain prospect of
eventual, and not very distant, independ.
ance.


TO UPPER CANADA.
Those who seek for more present com-
fort, and greater immediate convenience,
are absolved from the excess of those pri-
vations, and of those toils; but remain,
until death, the servants of others, and
leave a similar state of dependance to
their posterity.
And where (were I to consult my feel.
ings), where, should I say, is the just and
vigorous mind, which, provided the com-
parison be fairly drawn, would not prefer
the former? But I know there are minds
which would not prefer it, although I
believe the comparison to be drawn with
simplest fairness. To such then, I
would add, that Montreal, in my opi-
nion, and its neighbourhood, probably
offer the most favourable situations ; but
I should regret what I believed to be
their delusion; I should excite minds of
a different cast to the contest, while,
without disguise, I endeavoured to lay
open to then, the very desperate struggle
which they would at first have to encoun-


74 TAE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
ter; and through the privations and suf-
ferings, and hardships of a few short
years, I should look forward, with grate-
ful expectation, to the independence that,
in my opinion, would be awaiting them.


TO UPPER CANADA. :
75
SECT. VII.
Earnest Warning to Emigrants from Europe
THE persons to whom I principally ad.
dress myself under this head, are those of
the poorer class, whose pressing necessi-
ties urge them to leave their country;
but whose finances but ill comport with
the delays and expences inseparable from
emigration. Others of larger means,
form a different class; and the warnings
addressed to the former, would generally
as little apply to the latter, as the cau-
tions addressed to a man with one hand,
would to another, who was blessed with
the use of both. The poor man, in con-
mon language, may be said to be ruined,
if his little resources fail him before he
has obtained and reached his lot. The
wealthier one suffers an inconvenience;
perhaps a serious inconvenience in the
E 2


76
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
disappointments which cross his way
(and we are all apt to expect so blindly
and so extravagantly, that we are all ex-
posed to disappointments). But he can
still persevere, if he please, though per-
haps on an inferior scale; a selection is
more within his reach; or, he may turn
away, and seek - elsewhere, what may
appear more concurrent, with bis pur-
poses. . . . . . .,
When lately passing through Mont-
..Peal (in October, 1819), an elderly man
entered a shop where I stood, and asked
the shopkeeper for some assistance for his
family, which he declared to be large,
and to be in a deplorable · condition.
I learnt that he was a' récently arrived
emigrant, and accompanied him to his
lodgings. There I found his wife, à de-
cent woman, of middle age, extended
in a confined room, extremely reduced
by a dangerous fever, and surrounded
by seven' poor little children, three of
whom were sick, and all of whom were


TO UPPER CANADA. .
77
belpless. The man, whose serious
and affectionate demeanour interested
me, had failed in a small business in the
south of Ireland. His brother and he
seems to have been a friend as well as
a brother), himself in narrow circum- -
stances, still not so much reduced, offered
his little store, fifty guineas, which
he could contrive, on such a call, to
spare, offered it to his distressed relation,
either to renew his struggle at home, or
to seek for happier circumstances in an-
other country. Emigration to Canada was
the choice; and the poor man, after ex-
hausting his little stock, had reached
Montreal, just before the beginning of the
long and rude winter of that place; to
see his family pining in sickness and in
want amongst strangers, while the indis-'
pensable attendance which they needed
forbade him to engage in work which
would necessarily have separated him
from them, and at the same time, sent


.78
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
him, an often rejected-beggar, to the cold
and foreign hand of charity. .
Be it not supposed, from this anecdote,
that the inhabitants of Montreal, are cold
or uncbaritable. No! they are a set of
British merchants, and have all the libe,
rality which distinguishes that class. But
where is the liberality which can pervade
every corner of distress, and apply relief
even with its every expansion, to the still
more expanded cases of human suffering?
It exists not-it cannot exist. .
. But the case of this poor emigrant and
of his afflicted family, is an apposite one,
and ought to be a most serious warning
to every poor man who desires to leave
his own for a foreign country.
He will tell me, and I shall admit,
while I mourn over the fact, that in Bri-
tain, even with all that the most diffusive
system of charity in the world can do, in
a society, and under a government, one
of the happiest existing, he and his wife


80
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
: Beware, I would say, for my heart has
seen, and mourned over the sufferings in
America of such as you; of arms as
strong as yours, and of tempers as pre-
pared as yours for toil. Oh, beware, nor
think lightly of the evil, because it is
distant. Accept the warning of one,
who calls himself your friend ; who con-
tradicts his own interests (or what, in the
language of the world, would be called
his interests) in thus advising you ; for
he himself is a settler in Canada, and his
temporal advantages are greatly involved
in the early peopling and improvement
of that country. - But, perish such in.
terests for ever, before he become an ac-
complice in accumulating the poor man's
sufferings.
But to those, whose means warrant,
and whose resolution is formed, he says,
Be pointedly careful how you take your
passage in the first place from England.
Let it absolutely be, to be landed at all
events, under Providence, at Quebec or


TO UPPER CANADA. -
81
Montreal, in Lower Canada. Occasions
bave occurred, when people have taken
passages for Canada, and then been put
ashore at intermediate places, whence it
was far more difficult to obtain a passage
onward, than from England. It should
be recollected, that North America is an
immense country, exceedingly larger than
all Europe ; and that it is more necessary
to be particular in the place at which
you wish to be lanıled, in going thither,
than in coming to Europe, it would be
for you to engage to be brought to Liver-
pool (if you wished to go thither), in
order to avoid being taken to the south
of France, or to Italy. i
And as you valué all your future pros-
pects, and those of your family, be tem-
perate in all things.
· Remember, farther, that in England
nothing but domestic or civil discord, can
destroy your peace, or interfere with your
safety. That, while war stalks over
E 5


82
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
other nations, and buries their palaces
and their cottages in blood, in England
the storm growls at a distance, and its
fury is kept far away.
But in Canada, this must not be ex.
pected to be the case. That country
stretches an extensive and very defence,
less frontier, over-against a powerful and
enterprising rival state; and in case of
dissension, would very probably become
the theatre of war. Then, instead of the
distant report of battles and of slaughter,
you would behold their terrors at your
door; and your heart would have to trem-
ble for the safety of those beloved and
defenceless ones, whom the emergencies of
public duty bad compelled you, even under
such awful circumstances, to leave.
Oh then especially, what refuge, what
hope, what comfort would your fears for
those beloved ones have, but in the Rock
of Ages, propitiated by the blood of Cal.
vary!


TO UPPER CANADA... 83
To shrink from danger, or from toil
and suffering, where duty calls, is to dis-
honor that precious blood, as much as it
is to rush blindly, and discontentedly, and
rebelliously, upon them.


84
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
SECT. VIII.
Remarks on the Government, on the Laws, and on
their Execution.
I NEED not say that the province of
Upper Canada is still in its infancy.
Like a younger child, it has enjoyed, and
still enjoys the protection, while it has
conduced but little to the support of
government—and that government has
been to it, a wise and a benignant one.
Amidst the revolutions of human affairs,
whatever future relations may arise be-
tween the mother country and this colony,
· Britain will ever have a large and affect-
ing balance of gratitude due to her from
it.
Full of the magnanimity which is bene-
ficent from choice, and inspired with that
wisdom which would rather prevent than .
correct evil, Great Britain gave at an


TO UPPER CANADA.,
85
n
early period, a free government to the
Canadas. She organized it on the happy
plan of ber own. A lieutenant-governor,
the representative of his majesty; a legisla-
tive council (emblematic of the house of
peers) chosen by the lieutenant-governor
for life ; and a house of assembly, chosen
every four years by the freeholders in
their own districts : such as in England
the house of commons; with this advan-
tage in favour of Canada, that it has in
fact, a much more free and fair represen-
tation of the people. "..?
Some are of opinion, that this gift by
the British government of a free consti.
tution to the Canadas, was premature!
I do not think so. They say, the country
afforded not men of talents sufficiently
cultivated to fill the important situation
of members of the lower house, and that
consequently, it could but imperfectly
answer its purposes. That it might be-
come, on the one hand, a clog in the
machinery; or, on the other, a blind


86
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
and servile tool in the hands of govern-
ment. Allow these objections to be valid,
and I shall still think that the gift was a
wise one. With Lower Canada I am
little acquainted. Their interests, indeed,
I know to be the same; and I know that
an equally ardent spirit of loyalty pervades
both. But still, there is a striking dif-
ference between the bulk of the people of
the two provinces, in some very important
particulars, and this difference may in-
volve arguments and consequences of
which I am not aware. But speaking
from what I do know, I would say, the
people in Upper Canada are free. Emi-
grants from our own islands, or descended
from their neighbours of the northern and
eastern provinces of the United States, a
knowledge of their social duties and their
social rights, was in a manner inherent
in them. The imbecility of their infancy,
only, could render them inattentive to
that knowledge. Long protracted weak-
ness and more immediately urgent cares,


TO UPPER CANADA. . 87
U
together with the mask so easily imposed
for a time by authority, might have
lengthened out that inattention. But
with each day and each emigrant, its du-
ration would be drawing to a close. The
time would come, and could not be very
far distant, when the unnecessary, degra-
dation, to which they had been subjected,
would appear unveiled; and reprobation,
suspicion, and resistance, would usurp the
places of gratitude, confidence, and obe-
dience. The want of men of talents
sufficiently cultivated (if such want bave
really been) was daily decreasing; (be-
sides, we need not be told, that cultivated
powers, by no means secure from corrup-
tion). The occasions when the house of
assembly, from such want, would be a clog
to the machinery, or a blind tool in the
hands of government, would be rapidly
diminishing; and a vigorous and enlight-
ened people would be growing up,
fraught from their infancy, with a know-
ledge, now developed in them, of their


88
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
duties and their rights. They would
look up and behold, as they now behold,
those rights established and secured on
the firmest and fairest basis, by the be-
nignant wisdom of the mother state,
which still pourishes them. And what-
ever disorder, or ambition, or ingratitude,
may say, where can be the just and ge-
nerous spirit, which beholds not that ob-
ject with admiration, nor cleaves with
new zeal, and more lively devotion to
that wisdom and that benignity?
I say not, that this colony shall not un-
dergo the same revolution, to which every
other preceding colony has sooner or
later become subject. These revolutions
seem as distinct and as fixed a part of
Divine Providence, as the independance
of children when arrived at years of ma-
turity : and it is a breach, not an evi.
dence of duty ; it is weakness, not wisdom,
which would attempt to conceal (what
never can be efficiently concealed) from
others or itself, this fact..
ce


TO UPPER CANADA,
89.
Yet against that revolution, whenever,
if ever, it arise, Great Britain appears to
me, by this wise and benignant gift, to
have provided more effectually, than
would have been possible by any other
means. She has thereby obviated some
of the most prominent and alarming
points of discordant contact; and, in
every sphere of life, it is in proportion to
the removal of such points, that there,
exists a probability of concord. She has
thereby thrown around her, a radiance of
magnanimity, which must ever beat with
decisive effect, upon every just and ge-
nerous · bosom. . In the Auctuations of
years, she may cease to be magnanimous,
and Upper Canada may cease to be de-
pendant and to be grateful. But me-
mory will still hold sacred, excellence
though it may be departed; and grateful
affection will mourn, with undying tender-
ness, over a beneficence which so long
nourished it in its helpless state. i ..
Some are of opinion, that as the supreme


90
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
UN
government freely gave this constitution
to Canada, it may revoke it at its option. I
do not think so. A wise and magnanimous
gift, once given, is given for ever : base-
ness and folly, only, could wish to resume
it; but baseness and folly have no right to
undo the work of magnanimity and wis-
dom. Great Britain has given Canada
nothing but her rights : she gave them
nobly, and therefore deserves to be ad-
mired and loved by those who enjoy the
gift. But she has no right to withdraw
what she has fully given, and what she
had no right eventually to withhold. A
British subject may now reside in Britain
or in Canada, and rejoice with gratitude
that he is an equal member of the noblest
state on earth. But withdraw this right
from Canada, and there he can no longer
feel himself a Briton in those things in
which consists the beauty of that title.
He must then (unless branded with the
effrontery which glories in its shame) blush
and turn away from the free glance of his


92
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
.
dency of their own natures : and that
same energy of character, which at first
asserted its freedom, as inevitably, at a
subsequent period, asserts its independ-
ance. The extent of human subordina-
tion is limited. In families (and therein
dwelleth, when not abused, the most ten-
der and sacred bond of pature) the child
gathers round him, as he advances in life,
new duties, new connexions, new princi-
ples; and as these are established, he is
necessarily detached from the parent, and
enters upon a different sphere. As much
and as constantly, in the common course
of Providence (and from the same com-
mon properties of our nature), are the
growth and consequent separation of colo-
nies. After a certain progress, the nurs.
ling has attained a new range of responsi-
bilities and wants, of interests and cares ;
new duties and new affections arise. The
parent state, by a magnanimity, such as
that of Great Britain, in these instances,
may protract that period, by engaging on


TO UPPER CANADA.
93
its side the more lively and generous affec
tions; or, if it do not protract, may esta-
blish in the heart of that separation, a basis
of admiring gratitude and love, a bond
more noble and more lasting, than the
most energetic exertion of power could
ever produce, and free from the anxieties,
and suspicions, and convalsions, incident
to that exertion. But it needs no prophet
to tell a people this-universal history
teaches it. Every man's own heart, gene-
rally speaking, when placed in those cir-
cumstances, and arrived at that stage,
dictates it to him. Efforts to hoodwink,
or to quell, tend to awaken it. Oppress
it, and you give it a' mightier spring.
Weakness or vice only wish to conceal
their capacities from an enemy.' Fond-
ness, not love, averts the truth from its
friends, or seeks to lull itself and them
into a proud and hollow security. But
strength and wisdom desire to be known
as they are, on a basis which can support,
not which is preparing to crumble be-


94
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
neath them; and the genuine voice of
friendship is faithful and sincere, know-
ing, that that only permanently flourishes,
or ought to flourish, which hath justice
and truth, pot policy, for its basis. But
this is not, because an individual says so ;
but because such is the established course
of the unsearchable providence of God.
Thus far had I written before I reached
England. On my journey to the sea,
from the upper province, I heard with
alarm and affliction of the disorders at
home, and my steps were hastened, and
my heart throbbed for my country, and
my arm (little as it was) longed to be
raised in defence of her august authorities.
But the term “radical” had not yet reach-
ed my ear; and a happy veil was spread
over my eyes.
Terms are exceedingly apt to be
abused, and very often, the crowd of
imaginations conjured ap by a single
word, distorts the judgment, and smothers
for the time all the nobler and gentlet


-
95
TO UPPER CANADA.
charities of the heart. This, I am per-
suaded (amidst the flood of benevolence
which is so delightfully evinced in other
particulars), is lamentably the case with
the word in question. Where I hear it
used, it is generally with a sneer of con-
tempt and defiance; and against whom ?
Omitting a very inferior number of pro-
minent wretches (whose guilt cannot be
too severely reprobated), against a multi-
tude of poor, deluded, balf-starved crea.
tures, whose ignorance and whose neces-
sities have hurried them into crime !
Ought not candor to raise her voice in
palliation of their enormities, while the
lawful powers of the state watch, and
provide for the public safety ? Ought not
the pang, with which pity beholds their
extended distress, flush her cheek with
tenderness, not sit upon her lip in mock-
ing? Ought not our tears to fall, not
our looks of pride arise, while we use a
word, the signification of which involves
a compass of guilt and of misery, encir-


96
TRE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
cling so many thousands of our suffering
fellow creatures?: .
- Or, admit their guilt to be as portentous
as any shadow of evidence bath hitherto
attempted to assert it, i '
What, shall a worm, a sinner, himself
with uncertain feet standing on the slip-
pery precipice of time, while the huge
abyss of eternity, replete to the rebel
with 'horror, is tumbling beneath bim;
shall be dare to taunt the sufferings. be-
cause a deeper shade of social guilt in-
vests them, of his fellow sinner, tottering
like him on the same eventful precipice ?
Or, while in the bounteous providence of
God, the broad shield of order and of
safety is strengthened around him, shall
he think, without a fellow feeling awaken-
ing all his softer energies, of the brother
worm, whose crimes, or whose necessities,
threaten to separate him from man, as
they appear to have separated him from
God?
Oh, when from the bosom of affluence


TO UPPER CANADA. 97
and ease, which more than any difference
in themselves, have sheltered their vo-
taries from equal crime : When I hear
the taunting reproach conveyed by this
unhappy term, and observe the cold un-
thinking carelessness of their unhappy
fellow wanderers, with which it is ap-
parently accompanied, my heart shudders
to think that such is its nature, and sickens
at finding so much of the same blended
obduracy and presumption in itself.
Then would it exclaim
" When I think o' this warld's pelf,
“ An' a' its little, worthless views o' self,:'''
“ And how a brother's woe is by the warld forgot,
“ May the shame fa’ the gear and the blathrie o'it.”
Or, assuming a higher strain, poorly
as my own life exemplifies it, I would
point to the love of the Gospel, and ask
those taunters, how it consists with the
charities due from one worm to another,
or with the sympathies incumbent upon
10V


98
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
sinners for whom, in a general sense,
Christ equally died, to smile at, or re-
proach, the crimes or sufferings of each
other?
But this is a digression. I must con-
clude it.
Perhaps in reviewing the sentiments,
above, as dutifully as they are fearlessly
expressed, that obnoxious term may be
applied to me. If so, and it signify a
factious or a repining or a lawless spirit,
I can only smile at, and commiserate the
mistake; nor would it affect me with
wonder; for already have I experienced
imputations equally false, equally absurd,
and equally destitute of every trace of
proof. But if it denote that frame of
principle and of feeling, under which the
present 'royal family hold the British
sceptre (and ever on such grounds may
they hold it); under which, Britain hath
so long been the centre of political wis-
dom and of political freedom to the
world: if it denote that state of mind,


TO UPPER CANADA.
99
jerc
which reprobates despotism as much as
anarchy; and would rejoice equally. to
shed its blood, in defence of the constitu-
tion and of the laws, whether attacked
by a ferocious rabble, or by a horde,
equally ferocious, of mercenary soldiers :
if it bespeak that mind, which merges
not the love of order and of subordination,
in adulation and servility; nor the love
of freedom in licentiousness : if it imply,
the devotion of the heart to justice and
to law, not to power, and to the sacred
call of duty (however reviled and falsi-
fied) rather than to favour and applause,
(and in its common application it seems
susceptible of all these meanings)--then,
I hail the term as a badge of the brightest
honour, and blush only, that I so little
merit it.
Two evils impend perpetually over
society. The equally absurd and de-
structive presumption in either party, that
with it alone, dwell wisdom and upright-
ness. · Hence, we find rulers eager to re-
F 2


100
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
press evil, but unconscious of the evils -
-, which dwell in the very heart of their
efforts: and subordinates, eager to restrain
authority within its proper bounds, but
blind to the destructive nature of the
means which they adopt. It appears to
me equally unhappy and portentous, when
either of these classes of radical error,
obtains a settled ascendency. In their
mutual counteraction, with somewhat of
an equal force, the public safety appears
to me essentially to consist ; and whether
I beheld the ministry of this country, ab-
solute in the suppression of every direct
and decided, though lawful and duteous
attempt at reformation; or the rabble
victorious in the career of such dema-
gogues as Cobbett and Hunt, I should
equally mourn the departure of the glory
of my country. The name, the trap-
pings, the form might remain ; but the
spirit would be no more.
To return.
The lieutenant-governor of the Upper


TO UPPER CANADA. .
101
province, is subordinate in etiquette and
in emergence, to the governor-general,
who resides in Quebec. But no interfer.
ence exists in merely provincial con-
cerns. He is chosen by his Majesty in
council, and resides at York, the capital
of the province
The legislative council, or upper house,
is chosen for life; its members being in-
capable of dismissal without sufficient
canse lawfully established. They have
the title of honorable, and their number,
I believe, is indefinite. The chief justice
and the head chaplain for the time
being, are members by virtue of their
offices.
The commons house' of assembly,
consisting of a prescribed number, is
chosen every four years by the freeholders,
in their own counties. It has the same
constitutional powers as the House of
Commons in England; and is convened,
prorogued, and dissolved similarly. Its
members receive an allowance of two dol-


102
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
lars per day, for every day they serve in
attendance upon the house. York is, of
course, the place of their meeting.
Being a natural born subject, or having
taken the oath of allegiance, and resided
a certain number of years in the province,
together with the possession of a certain
freehold property of a fixed moderate ex-
tent, are the requisites for offering to be-
come a representative.
The laws are the laws of England,
with a few provincial variations, and the
method of administering them, nearly the
same.
At York (the capital), is the supreme
court, consisting of a chief and two mi-
nor judges. These three traverse the
three circuits into which the province
is divided, viz. the Eastern, the Home,
and the Western, in rotation ; holding
their assizes at Brockville, Niagara, and
Sandwich, in the autumn yearly.
Besides these, in each district, there is
a district court, which sits quarterly, the


TO UPPER CANADA.
103
0
day following the breaking up of the ge-
neral quarterly sessions, and determines
all minor civil suits.
The gener a quarterly sessions are the
same as in England, and meet early in
April, July, October, and January. .
The magistrates or justices of the peace,
and the various other parish or town of.
ficers are the same as in England; and
are equally invested with the authority to
correct, and equally inattentive to the sa-
cred duty of correcting, the common
vices of drunkenness, profaneness, and
sahbath-breaking, which distort and af-
flict society.
As far as this remissness, which is every
where a general feature of the human
character, permits, and where those com-
mon principles of corruption, which are
every where inherent in human society,
interfere not, the administration of the.
laws decidedly partakes of the general ex-
cellency of the laws themselves. Justice
may be said to pervade the provincë. i
com


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: A Canadian is free, in one of the fairest
and happiest meanings of that term. He
need fear no evil, to the correction of
which human laws can reach, unless
he himself provoke, and the public good
require it. Alas! that some of the
most grievous and loathsome of all op- -
pressions, should be out of the reach
of human law! With what horrid ef-
frontery of blended arrogance and false-
hood do the oppressors then conduct
themselves ! But this is not peculiar
to Canada; nay, I believe, that it ex-
ſists there far less than in Britain. A
Canadian, with some few exceptions, is
free, except in so far as he makes himself
a slave; and no human institutions, how-
ever excellent, can break that bondage
which the heart loves : enfranchisement
from it, is the work of sovereign grace
alone. Oh, that men would therefore go
to the Mighty for succour; and turn their
wrath upon themselves, whence in gene-
ral flow their real grievances ; instead of


TO UPPER CANADA.'
105
venting their spleen upon others, and ag-
gravating their calamities by political,
or social, or domestic discontents, and
wraths, and repinings!
“ How few of all the ills that men endure,
“ Are those which kings or rulers cause or cure,”
F 5


THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
SECT. IX.
Religion, Churches, Clergy.
IF by religion, we mean, the christian
religion, that pure and living faith,
which, through grace, makes of man a
new creature, and turns all the energies
of his being, in their main tendency, to
the glory of that God, whom by nature
he forgets and dishonors ; in Upper Ca-
nada, as elsewhere, it is rare. Religion
in its externals too; an image arrayed in
many forms of apparent beauty, though
an image still, and no more to be com-
pared to its prototype, than human is to
heavenly workmanship; religion, even in
this degraded shape, which in many other
places is so brightly flourishing, is not
common in Upper Canada. Still, reli-
gion perhaps, may not be much more de-
ficient there than elsewhere.
-


TO UPPER CANADA.)
107
nal
I mean not to insinuate that, in niy
opinion, the externals of religion are
valueless, or may safely be disregarded.
I do not think so. Forms where concur-
rent with the spirit of what is good, are
highly important; and every man who
knows any thing truly of human nature,
and who values his own happiness and
that of others, must in such connexion,
respect and love them. But the misfor-
tune is, that the forms, through the deadly
corruption of our common natures (com-
bining with the power of Satan), usurp in
general the place of the spirit, and thus,
the ornaments and aids of holiness, become
the trammels of perdition.". Because the
form is present, the departure of the spirit
is overlooked; art usurps the place of
simplicity ; licentiousness on the one hand,
with intolerance and malignity on the
other, of candor; falsehood sits in the
place of truth; and the vulture eye of
superstition, under a thousand aspects, is
mistaken for the eagle glance of chris-


108
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
tianity : policy is there, not wisdom; and
the lamb and the dove are departed. It
is then that forms lose the character of
usefulness and of beauty, which, under
happier circumstances, had adorned them;
and while they proclaim aloud the name
of religion, and frown in all the bitter-
nesses of unregenerate nature upon every
dissenting opinion, rear and establish, one
of the most formidable of all barriers to
the truth which they bave falsified, and
to the spiritual worship, which they have
converted into an idolatry of their own
framing, Religion, I say, may not per-
haps be more deficient in Upper Canada,
where such forms are generally wanting,
than in other places, where they flourish
under the most inviting colours, and
graced with sanetions apparently the
most august.
The British government, on this subject,
naay be said to have displayed an extra-
vagant, though a random liberality.
They have reserved a large proportion


110
TAE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
look forward-leave these reserves still
entire, and exclusively appropriated to the
support of the single church of the estab-
lishment, and a new scene of priestly
wealth, and of priestly pride, and of priestly
policy is opened—the spiritual puts on
the secular character-God's real worship
languishes beneath it; and luxury and
penury combining in their extremes,
bloat and starve anew his church.
But this is speculation. The existing
fact is, that although some recent im-
provements have been made, the church
of Christ has deplorably languished, and
still deplorably languishes in Upper Ca-
nada. I shall not attempt to trace the
causes. It would be an invidious and
a useless task, and I decline it. In what
I have said or shall say, I utterly deny
every acrimonious or party feeling. : 1
decidedly profess the most duteous regard
for all the charities of society; and where
I take, upon myself to censure, it is in
love, not in railing ;--with regret, not


TO UPPER CANADA.
111
with reproach. It is with a deep and
abiding sense of my own guilt and folly,
and an earnest wish, that with the guilt
and folly of others they may be van-
quished. Yet with christian freedom, I.
speak here on public grounds, fearing no
man's frown, and desiring no man's fa-
vor, but as my life may commend me to
his conscience, in the sight of God.
There are at present in Upper Canada,
twelve or fifteen clergymen of-the estab-
lished church, and not quite so many
churches. These are supported partly by
the government and partly by the Society
for propagating the Gospel. I need not
add (stationary as they are, or at least
confined to narrow circuits) how totally
insufficient such a provision must be, for
the spiritual wants of a secluded popula-
tion, scattered over a frontier of nearly
one thousand miles. To the mass of the
people, it is almost as nothing. .
Yet the province has not been left en-
tirely. thus destitute. The spirit of the


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establishment seems improving ; and the
Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians,
have concurred, in keeping alive in it,
the worship of God. Of these, the most
active and the most successful, are the
Methodists.
With that name, I see the sneer, the
smile of odium which arises ; but I com-
miserate and pass it by. Let those who
deride the efforts of that people, go and
investigate the genuine fruits of their
· Jabours, not derive them from presumptu-
ous and ignorant theory; neither from
the abuses, however shocking, which have
been committed, until they can demon-
strate, that what is good, ceases to be so
because abused. Or until they are will-
ing either to admit that there is no virtue
in themselves, because (perhaps they will
allow) they themselves sometimes fail; or
that they are hypocrites, because there is
not a perfect consistency between their
conducts and their professions.
The fruits of the labours of the Me-


TO UPPER CANADA.
113
thodists are striking in Upper Canada. I
have, indeed, there as elsewhere, heard
the most absurd and most disgusting
stories concerning them; but my own
observation is that on which I judge. I
am not of their persuasion; and think
several of their principles decidedly erro-
neous; but I believe them, in the most
essential particulars, to be correct; and
with respect to the results of their efforts,
I cannot deny the clearest evidence of my
senses. Where drunkenness, Sabbath.
breaking, and profaneness reigned, sobrie-
ty, attention to the holy day, and serious-
ness have arisen. Little congregations
have been formed, and exist extensively,
where holiness and devotion (however
abused by false professors) grace the ex-
terior, at least, with propriety, and I doubt
not, flourish sweetly in many a regenerate
bosom. They have evidently been (and
in a very extensive degree) the ministers
of God to the people for good. They
pervade, more or less, almost every part
na
e


114
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
of the province; and they are going on,
I trust, to thrive in the power and spirit
of the Lord.
The Baptist ministry is more confined,
and far less energetic; but in their nar-
rower sphere, they appear to me more
spiritual and more scriptural; and the
tone of character, produced under their
preaching, is more interesting to me, and
as far as I can judge, more sound. I can
only lament the contracted circuit of their
means and of their efforts.
It has not come within my sphere to
observe the course of the Presbyterian
branch. But so happy is the influence of
the Methodists and Baptists in my neigh-
bourhood (Western District, Upper Ca-
nada), that many of the late emigrants
from the north of England, have express-
ed to me their surprise and their joy, at
finding a people of God (few as indeed
perhaps the genuine members are), and
small societies established for His worship,
so far away amongst the woods.


TO UPPER CANADA:
115
A church-building spirit has been in-
creasing of late in the province, and has
been greatly aided by the ininisters of the
establishment, as well as by the Society
for propagating the Gospel, and by a fund
raised some time ago, in this country, for
that purpose, by the Honourable and Rev.
C. Stuart. It betokens good, though it is
not devoid of its dangers. Young men
are also beginning to be educated at York
for the established church, and some of
the most forward have been lately ordain-
ed. But the prospects of free religion,
that is of Christianity, are still here, as
elsewhere, wavering. There is all to hope
and all to fear.
The author is commissioned to solicit
subscriptions in England for the comple-
tion of a church of the establishment,
now building (by subscription) at Am-
herstburgh; and for another of the same
order, in the neighbouring township of
Colchester. And he would be happy to
be made the medium of assisting the Bap-


116
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
tists and the Methodists of Amherstburgh
and its neighbourhood, in each erecting
at that place a house of worship for their
respective congregations...
If it should suit any to entrust him with
subscriptions for these purposes, he is open
to reference or inquiry, at No. 8, Curzon-
street, Mayfair, London ; and he particu-
larly requests, that the most explicit die
rections may accompany every aid, which
may be entrusted to his care.
Perhaps it may be right to add, in this
place, that the Baptist and Methodist
churches above-mentioned, are branches
from the United States of America; and
that a disloyal influence is sometimes im-
puted to them. But my own observation
persuades me that this is an error; I be-
lieve them to be servants of God, and that
no subjects can exist more loyal than the
general members of their congregations;
while, in the fact of their being labourers
for our good from a foreign land, I can
only see the greater cause towards them
er


TO UPPER CANADA.
117
for grateful affection. In witnessing the
fruits of their preaching we ought to be
inspired with confidence rather than with
suspicion : and amidst the storniy throng
of discordant and fiery principles, which
are engendered by mutual ambition, into-
lerance, and pride, we ought to hail with
thankfulness and affection, this dawn of.
a bappier spirit and of a happier day:
glad, and grateful to acknowledge to the
sole Author of all good, that to those who
were our enemies, we owe some of the
noblest and happiest offices of friendship.
Let it not be here understood, that I
wish to become the medium of procuring
subscriptions in England, for the erection
in Upper Canada, of places of worship
exclusively appropriated to the use of the
Baptist and Methodist ministers from the
United States. This were, indeed, revolt-
ing to my every emotion. I warmly feel
and willingly acknowledge the affection-
ate debt of gratitude, which, in my opi-
nion, this province owes them; yet I


118
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE ::
experience with livelier impulse, the stricter
and still more pleasing attachment, which
binds me to my own people. But, while
in the work of God, I can admit no dif-
ference of nations; in my national and
domestic capacity, I should indeed be
humbled, and mourn, were Great Britain
excluded from pre-eminent participation
jn every effort of excellence and in every
labour of love. A participation which
distinguishes her, unspeakably more than
all her wealth and all her glory. These
are but evanescent ornaments, stained in
their very meridian with many a blot.
The other, a wreath of genuine loveliness,
which shall adorn ber reinembrance for
ever.
Religious toleration, that noblest mark
of political wisdom, flourishes and pro-
mises still more to flourish in this province.
The mists of presumption, of superstition,
and of intolerance, which remain, seem
to be dissipating ; and it may be hoped,
that after a few expiring struggles (for


TO UPPER CANADA.
119
falsehood, pride, and intolerance, always
struggle before they fly) the liberty of
the Gospel, in allowing every man the
undisturbed possession of his own con-
science, on the infallible basis of the
undoubted Word of God (in contra-dis-
tinction to all buman inferences and to
all human presumptions) shall entirely
prevail.


TO UPPER CANADA.
121
the inflations of real or imagined súpe-
riority, is so rarely to be found. *
Yet the state of society in Upper Ca-
nada, is not without its advantages. It is
adapted to the condition of the country,
and is consistent with the circumstances
of which it forms a part..
Its general characteristics may be said
to be, in the higher classes, a similar
etiquette to that established at home, with
a minor redundancy of polish, and minor
extravagance; and in the lower, a some-
what coarser simplicity. As far as I have
seen the people, they appear to me, fully
as moral as any other that I know, with
as much mutual kindness amongst them-
selves, and more than commonly hospi-
table to strangers. They seem to me
rather inclined to seriousness than to
levity, and to need only the advantages
of pious instruction and of pious example,
to become, under grace, one of the most
valuable people upon the earth.,
Their habits are in general moderately


* 122
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
e
industrious, frugal, and benevolent. Their
amusements, of course, are unhappily like
those of the world. Horse-racing, bet-
ting shooting ; and where leisure abounds,
idle conversation, balls, cards, and the
theatre, &c. Yet I have observed with
pleasure, a somewhat more domestic tone
amongst their women; and it has amply
compensated to me, for the absence of
that greater degree of polish, which at
once adorns and disgraces the general
mass of our European ladies.' But the
passion for that polish, corroborated as it
is by all the vanities, as cultivation deve
lopes them, of our nature, is afloat. : It is
tending rapidly to displace the remaining
and superior charms of that simplicity;
and threatens ere long, to render as irre-
levant to Upper Canada, as it is to most
other places, that beautiful sentiment of
Goldsmith :-
“ More dear to me, congenial to my heart,
..".One native charm, than all the gloss of art."


TO UPPER CANADA. 123
Alas, how little do those, whom, with
such peculiarly delightful delicacy of
feeling, and with such sweetness of ex-
pression, our christian poet, Cowper, de-
clares “men were born to please,” how
little, even while they refine our rough-
nesses and soothe our cares, do they re-
member the injunction to them of Him
who loved them infinitely above all mortal
love, and in obedience to whose gracious
dictates consist all their, and all our hap-
piness.
“ That women adorn themselves in
“ modest apparel, with shamefacedness
" and sobriety. Not with broidered (or
“ plaited) hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly
“ array.”
And again,
“ Whose adorning, let it not be that
“ outward adorning of plaiting the hair,
" and wearing of gold and putting on of
“ apparel.
“ But let it be, the hidden man of the
“ heart, in that which is not corruptible,
G 2


124
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
.
“ even the ornament of a meek and quiet
“ spirit, which, in the sight of God, is of
« great price.”
The subject I know is a delicate one;
and its discussion, like every other unfa-
shionable discussion, will of course be
spurned. Its delicacy I respect; its
spurning, I despise or commiserate. But
its delicacy, together with the lovely
crowd of pure, and tender, and sacred
feelings which surround it, call for its dis-
cussion.
A stranger, little cultivated and little
known; the scorn of those redundant re-
finements which I deplore, I raise not
my hopes to curb (though delightful in-
deed were to me the hopes of curbing)
the glaring inconsistencies of European
female dress. An emigrant myself, una-
dorned with any of those things which at-
tract the admiration of the world, and de-
preciated by much of that which draws
down its contempt or aversion, I shrink
with a mournful sense of my own defici.


TO UPPER CANADA.
125
encies, from an effort so apparently be-
yond my sphere. Let the presumptions
of fashion and of superior refinement pass
me by. I am content to be covered with
their contempt; or if it affect me, it is
with grief of heart for them. And oh!
when I think of the many noble and
beauteous qualities, and of the capacities
of excellence which dwell there, while
my heart is alive to the indescribable at-
tractions of that boly and ethereal tender-
ness which is spontaneously called forth
by female loveliness, well might that
struggling heart be sad even to agony !
But to my future countrywomen, the fe-
males of Upper Canada, I would turn,
undepressed by this acknowledged inferi-
ority in accomplishments, which, at the
same time that they substitute the “ gloss
of art,” for the “ sweetness of nature,
repel the simple efforts of unfashionable
truth and of unadorned affection, and to
them I would exclaim, “Oye, so graci.
* ously formed to soften and to elevate, to


126
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
“ purify and to give us strength; on
“ whom we wait for some of our sweetest
“ and holiest enjoyments ; whose glance
“ is so capable of filling us with despair,
s or of firing us with unconquerable re-
“ solution ! Watch, by all that is lovely
“ in yourselves; by all your own hopes
“ of salvation ; for the sake of the pre-
«* cious blood of Christ; by all our mutual
" responsibilities (vast and sacred as they
“ are), and by all the tenderness which
“ you owe us-Oh! watch, while still not
“ engulphed by them, against the delů.
sions of the destructive vortex, which
“ seems to slumber while it is raging be-
“ fore you. Believe not, that because
“ modesty is consistent with exposure, ex-
“ posure can be consistent with feminine
“ delicacy. The Spartan ladies were
“ probably as modest as any that have
6 ever existed. But, who will pretend
“ that their want of clothing was consist-
“ ent with the delicacy of a modest wo-
“ man; and why should a similar want,


128
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
“men abandon those things, or in propor-
" tion as they abandon them (for few aban-
“ don them altogether), they are traitors
" to their own souls and ours. If you wish
“ for us as deceivers, betrayed ourselves,
“ and eager to betray, the arts of dress be-
“ come you (only remember in the mean-
“ time what your God says), and that de-
" gree of studied and refined exposure,
“ which, after exciting the imagination, ac-
“ cumulates the excitement by the partial
“ concealments which remain, promises
“6 most success to your purposes. But if
" ye wish for us as friends and protectors ;
“ as helps-meet to you in the glorious
“ struggle of eternity, as beset with the
“same dangers, and in search of the same
“ means of rescue, and clinging to the same
“ cross; oh then, shop them, as ye would
“ shun what hurls defiance at your God,
“ and contempt upon your Saviour, and
“ despite to the eternal Spirit of truth
“ and love; and in your own way, and in
“ that of your poor fellow-traveller man,


TO UPPER CANADA.:
129
" a snare of ruin! Oh then, abide by the
« words of the Spirit of holiness and life,
“ and continue to adorn yourselves in
“ modest apparel, with shamefacedness
" and sobriety.”
And here, I would pause a moment to
offer my ideas on the degree of deference
due by us to the passing habits of the
society of which we are members, or of
which, for the time being, we form a part.
The argument is (and the most re-
spectable authorities advance it), that in
what are called non-essentials; that iss
where there is neither vice nor virtue in
the act, it is our duty to conform to the
habits around us, whatever (within this
limit) those habits may be.
.. Now, why do I wish to controvert this
position ?
If I mistake not myself, it is because
it appears to me remarkably erroneous,
especially as applied to such a creature as
man; and because I think I see, in
glaring characters around me, the
.
G 5


130
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
mournful proof of its pernicious tenden-
cies. If, as has been supposed, pride be
my motive, I trust the Lord will not leave
me unhumbled ; and I beseech those
whom I contradict, to believe, that, how-
ever decided my language may be, I de-
sire to argue with them in love, for our
mutual edification ; not for the base and
pernicious purpose of setting up my opi-
nions above theirs. .
Now, in the same manner that we find
the doctrine of expediency set up as the
rule of politics*, because it undeniably is
wisdom to adapt the measure to the
emergency (forgetting that to do this,
consistently with the position, infinite or
perfect wisdom is necessary), so, we find
that the above assertion is confidently
acted upon, although hardly any thing is
more indefinable than the correct bound-
ary of those non-essential things; and al-
* See Paley's Moral Pbilosophy, and its antidote,
Gisborne’s Moral Philosophy,


TO UPPER CANADA.
131 -
no
though, if habit and opinion did not
blind to the deplorable errors produced,
before all our eyes, by that opinion, it
could not (in my opinion) be tolerated
for a moment, by thousands who are
now its ardent advocates.
Thus we find the English gaping with
the most idle astonishment, and often
with the intolerant rudeness of that con.
traction of mind which would compel
compliance with all its own little ways:
We find them gaping, I say, at every
thing which is out of their own routine,
and ready to laugh a man to scorn, be-
cause he has a different covering to his
head, or a differently coloured coat, from
any, to which, in their own contracted
range, they have been accustomed. To
strangers, they often appear like a set of
ill-mannered clowns, whose ideas had
never risen above their own localities,
But this argument rests, I shall as-
sume, chiefly on two things. First, habit


· 192
THÉ EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
or public opinion; and, secondly, upon its
owo intrinsic value.
First, then, wbat respect do we owe to
habit or public opinion ?
What is habit or public opinion ?
That is, what is it, in relation to such
beings as we are? What it would be in
relation to perfectly wise and holy beings,
we may guess. But this has nothing to
do with us. It will not be contended,
I suppose, that we are perfectly wise
and holy; or, at least, those with whom
I now argue, will be as willing to leave
me ont of the cluster, as I am to avow
that that beauteous character relates not
to me.
It is the habit or public opinion of a
mass of fallen creatures, who acknowledge
themselves “ born in sin and the children
of wrath ;" whose wisdom, God declares
to be foolishpess; and whose natural
minds are at enmity with bim who made
ind who alone preserves them! It is the


TO UPPER CANADA. 133
habit of a multitude of sinners, who neu-
tralize or reject the cross of Christ! It
may be most truly said in a general sense,
that each individual of this multitude is
equally a sipner, and therefore can claim
no pre-eminence of judgment_Certainly !
But will this prove, that, because one
man is a sinner, it is his duty to submit to
the general opinions or habits of a mixed
multitude of other sinners like himself?
As certainly not, in my opinion, unless it
can be proved, that we better support the
duties of immortal and accountable be-
ings, by delivering up ourselves blindfold
to others, than by seeking to act in the
sight of God for ourselves.
I hope I need not here recal, that I
speak in relation only to matters of opi-
nion, not of law.
But it may be said that expediency or
convenience require our submission to
the habits around us. Now, what kind of
an argument is this? It is one, the foun-
dation of which, are our selfish propepsi- -
ce


134
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
re DOD-es-
ties. In order to avoid the causeless
suspicions, or the averted regards, or the
vacant gaze, or the intolerant sneer of
others, we must, in things, which by the
very terms of the argument are non-es-
sential, conform to their ways. That is,
we must seek to propitiate that part of
their attention which is destitute of all
real value, or to avoid that part of their
aversion which is only a reproach to
themselves, by a submission which nothing
dictates but our own selfishness. Or, with
our efforts to serve God, we must blend
an effort to please the caprices of man.
Or, “ whatever we do in word, or in
“ thought, or in deed,” we must not seek
to do all to the glory of God; but we
must also pamper the intolerant and con-
tracted prejudices of worms like ourselves,
from motives of personal interest or con-
venience. Oh, if my soul fail me not,
first let me sink overwhelmed by the tora
rent of that intolerance !
Or, admit that it were true, that in


TO UPPER CANADA.
135
OUS n
e
e
things neither virtuous nor vicious, it was
our duty to submit to the habits around
us, and what should we learn? That the
position was deplorably indefinite! What
things are those, which are neither virtu-
ous nor vicious ? Cowper's tale of the
Mahomedan and the Hog might answer!
They are every thing, which the self-
willed ingenuity of man may please to
defend or to sanction. Thus we find that
“ innocent amusements and modest de-
“corations,” in the mouths of their various
votaries, are of all orders, and comprise
within their liberal sphere, luxury and
revelling, and levity and nakedness. But,
is a principle directly conducive to such
fruits as these, to be followed and de- ,
fended by those for whom Christ died?
To be “ all things with all men,” is a
divine dictate, and therefore to be re-
ceived with reverence. But it requires
regeneration to apply it. And we do
' not find our great Exemplar using it for
his own convenience, or for the present
re.
everence.


136
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
.
m
.
gratification of others; but for their edi-
fication in the spirit and the paths of God.
Let those who have been renewed and
gifted with power by him, be in Rome,
what Rome demands. But let feebler
men look to themselves, lest the cur-
rent which they enter, sweep them to
perdition. The attempt, by counte-
nancing evil, to overcome it, is always
unsafe, and frequently destructive. God
requires from us particularly our own im-
provement; and we seldom are in greater
danger, or more wrong the spirit of Christ,
than when, from whatever motives, we
adopt habits or sentiments which are
hostile to it, For one, who in pursuit of
this principle hath been saved, a thousand,
I fear, have conduced to their own ruin
and to that of others.
The old saying, that “the voice of the
“people is the voice of God,” is wonderful
indeed in the mouths of those, who have
been told by God, that the human heart,
from which that voice proceeds, is “ dea',


· TO UPPER CANADA.
. 137
"ceitful above all things, and desperately
" wicked;" or mournfully corroborates the
fact, of the amazing darkness and corrup-
tion of that heart,
2. What is the intrinsic value of this
position ?
The position is, that in non-essentials,
or in things neither virtuous nor vicious
in themselves, it is our duty to follow the
habits around us. But is not the base-
ness and falsehood of this principle evi-
dent on its very face? Base, because it
seeks blindly to subject us, in one departe
ment of our lives at least, to the passing
caprices of others; and false, because it
sets up things, which it declares to be non-
essential, as essential, or as matter of duty.
This is not what fallen ereatures need.
We have already too many earthen pil-
lows. We require to be sent to the word
of God, which alone (ainongst sensible
things) to us, is infallible truth; not to
the incoherent, contradictory, and fluc-
tuating caprices of sinners like ourselves.


138
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
We require to remember, that under God,
we are awfully accountable for our own
souls; that there is but one Mediator!
and that if the holiness and merits of
others cannot (as we know they cannot)
save us, how much less can the absurd
.and chaotic habits of fellow worms avail,
to answer for us at the great and terrible
· day of the Lord! . .
Some, I know, of the excellent ones of
the earth, follow this presumption, because
they think they may best glorify God and
serve sinners, in that manner. I deny
not the power of grace, which can work
all miracles. But, in general, I can only
mourn over it, as a trace which recals
their mortality. It is, in my opinion, di-
rectly doing evil that good may come;
or, in other words, it is fostering, as far
as depends upon them, the very baseness
which they wish to destroy, and nourish-
ing the complacency of sinners in their
own ways, for the purpose of leading
them to depart from all those compla-
mourn


TO UPPER CANADA
139
ura
cencies; it is administering fuel to the
fire which they wish to extinguish, or
adding malignity to the disease which
they wish to cure; it is like seeking to
lead to Christ through Baal!
On this subject, the fact, in my opinion,
is, that we are bound (as on every other
optional subject) to seek to judge ma-
turely, disinterestedly, freely, for our-
selves, on the basis, as far as it attains, of
God's holy word; without the smallest
deference, beyond the convictions which
they may freely produce, to the opinions
or habits of other men. And fraught, as
every human principle and every human
effort is, both in itself and in its tenden-
cies, with corruption and with error, still
I am persuaded, that such a principle is
more Christian ; that is, more true in
itself, and more favorable to the best in-
terests of society, than that, under which
we now behold the ready lowerings of
minute intolerance upon every dissentient
habit or opinion !


140
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
The schools in Upper Canada, are in a
state of improvement. The government
bave ever turned their willing attention
to this very important object; but the
measures adopted were not found effi-
cient. A late alteration, which promises
favorably, has taken place. The former
system is in a manner abridged, but it is
hoped that that which is substituted is
better organized. It is to supply a more
respectable school in each district, and
others, on an improved plan, in every
township : together with eventually (and
probably at no distant period) a college
at York, where young men may have
their educations completed for the mi-
nistry, for medicine, and for the law.'
The organization of this college will
be an interesting work for the legislature,
at the time being; and I trust they will
mercifully be enabled to establish it on..
those principles, which, through grace,
shall render it, as much as a human in-
stitution of the kind may be, a christian


TO UPPER CANADA.
141
seminary, whence may grow up in the
various departments of society, servants
of the Lord, thoroughly furnished for their
various works; instead of rendering it, a
temple for pride and indolence and licen-
tiousness, whence, with some few noble
exceptions, shall be cast upon their
country, its boasting but degraded, its
learned but ignorant, its inflated but
empty, its self-approving but libertine
sons ?


142
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
SECT. XI.
Towns.-Rivers.-Roads.
THERE are few towns or villages in
Upper Canada, and those few are small.
Kingston, the most considerable of them,
being less extensive than the generality of
the common county towns in Great Britain
and Ireland. Agriculturists, such as areal-
most universally the people of Upper Ca-
nada, scatter themselves over their farms,
not crowd together, as do the votaries of
commerce.
Still towns and commerce are essential
parts of the prosperity of states; and as
the settlements in Canada are extended,
and at the same time that they produce
more abundant articles for export, shall
demand the enlarged introduction of
foreign conveniences, towns and com-
merce must flourish.
mor


- TO UPPER CANADA. .
143
Kingston, situated in the township of
Frontignac, at the head of the River St.
Lawrence, where it issues from Lake On-
tario, already feels this influence. With-
in the last few years, it has increased ama-
zingly, and promises to go on, rapidly
improving. Placed in the great course
of the water communication; possessed
of a-harbour and dock-yard, with a com-
manding point, wbich is fortified, and
forms the strongest post at present in the
province; while at the same time, it is
the key of some subordinate, but ex-
tremely important lines of internal inter-
course, it may be regarded as a dawning
emporium, where wealth and grandeur
shall hereafter stalk with a gait as proud
and as lordly, as they now stalk in places, -
then perhaps shorn of their meteor mag-
COU
nificence.
The blaze of an ignited particle which
rushes across the nightly sky, is momen-
tary. That of the comet, replete with all
the portents of excited imagination, lasts


144
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
lan
a moment longer, but is also quickly lost
in the viewless immensity of space. The
splendor of states, survives centuries per-
baps; but what is the duration of cen-
turies, when measured with eternity, in
comparison to the most momentary blaze
of the meteor (extinguished nearly at the
same instant that its radiance commences)
when measured with the longest interval
which human understanding can grasp?
It is less than the birth-dying light of
that meteor. Alas! that human glory
should plume itself on so false a founda-
tion ! a thousand times, alas ! that for
such a foundation, it should reject the
Rock of Ages, on which all the harmonies
of eternal love, and all the dignity and
sweetness of infinite majesty and truth,
invite it to repose for ever.
Oh Canada, where I expect to pass the
remaining moments of my mortal con-
flict; oh that some voice of mine, might
be blessed to rescue thee from the dream
of folly and of guilt, along which (in


TO UPPER CANADA. .
145
common with others) thy rnined nature
would precipitate thy footsteps ; and to
bring thee back to Him, in whom alone,
thou canst have strength and peace! Oh
Kingston, looking forward to thy future
edifices, oh that I could foresee,“ holi-
“ness to the Lord," written on their por-
ticoes, and animating the lives of their
inhabitants, instead of the stride of lust,
and pride, and ambition ; and the scowl
of intolerance, and falsehood, and malice
and of hearing amidst them the baccha-
nalian cries of luxury, and levity, and re-
velling, all shrouding their loathsomeness
and their guilt, beneath the mask of ex-
ternal refinements, and proclaiming aloud
from house to house,“ peace where there
“is - no peace;" as when the evening was
calm on Carraccas, and the hearts of her
sons were joyous; and the earthquake
was heaving to overwhelm the whole in
one vast and sudden grave.—“ Behold
“ the hand of the Lord is not shortened
" that it cannot save," neither is 6 His
H


146
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
; *ear heavy that it will not hear.” But
if He hear 'us and save us not, it is because
our sins have separated us from him ; it
is because we have chosen ötler Gods.
Yet, He, who is a consuming fire to in-
Aesible rebellion (and what created heart
shall be strong, when His terrors are let
loose upon it, easy as it is to scoff, while
He restrains them), ever waiteth to be
dincioasi and desireth not the death of
a sinner!
- Oh Canada, that thou, separate from
the herd of nations, that go on through
time spuming eternity, and forgetting
the God in whom alone they live, and
move, and have their being : oh that
thou wouldest now turn early, and
call upon Him who calls upon thee in
love,! for He hath said, that those who
seek Him early shall find Him! Oh that
instead of following the wide and beaten
path of perdition, thou wert blessed to
follow from thy youth upwards His man-
dates, and to walk before Him bumbly, in


TO UPPER CANADA. 147...
holiness, His peculiar people zealous of
good works. Then, in that propttiation
which is offered for the sins of the world,
then should a new glory, unknown to the
nations, invest thee; and a strength, and
a dignity, and a sweetness, and a peace
be thime through grace, which the world,
with all her pomps, and all her revelries,
and all her boasts, can neither give por
take away!
Next in importance to Kingston is
York, the capital of the province, situated
in a small bay, on the northern side of
Lake Ontario. It appears to me well
chosen for the seat of government, having
the only harbour, which the northern
shore of the lake affords, after leaving the
neighbourhood of Kingstop; being toler-
ably centrical, a matter of very consider. -
able importance in so extensive, a ter-
ritory; and commandióg the route of
communication overland with the upper.
lakes. Its site on the frontier, exposes it
in case of war; but it has a strong country,
H 2


148 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
rapidly settling, with a vigorous descrip-
tion of people, behind it.
Between Kingston and York, is Bel-
ville, a new and thriving village, situated
at the head of the Bay of Quinté. And
between Belville and York, near Smith's
Creek, is another village, called Ha-
milton.
Niagara, or Fort George, situated at
the mouth of the Niagara river ; Queen-
ston, at the head of the lower navigation
of the same, about seven miles above Ni-
agara, and an equal distance below the
great, cataract; and Chippewa, about
two miles above the great cataract, at the
foot of the higher navigation, and on a
small river or creek, from which it derives
its name, are all Aourishing little places;
and, humanly speaking, must go on to
flourish. The scenery about Queenston
is particularly pleasing.
· Fort Erie (this must be distinguished
from a place further up, on the American
shore, called Erie, or Presqu'ile), situated


150
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
and fertile country, to the productions of
which, in almost every article of utility,
convenience, and ornament, there need
be no bounds but the skill and industry
of its inhabitants. At present its scale
· is so small as to deserve no more than
the name of the appearance of a village,
and that even a very wretched appear-
ance; for its progress has been impeded,
and is still checked by both natural and
artificial causes, some of which are ab-
solute, and some capable of being ob-
viated!
The natural causes are, its great dis-
tance from the sea (about 1100 miles);
this is absolute of course, and can never
be changed by human energy :--the in-
tervention of the great cataract of Nia.
gara, about 270 miles below it; an ob-
stacle which may, and doubtlessly will be
obviated by a canal or by canals: false
and injurious impressions, or total igno-
rance of the character of the general soil
and climate of the province: and (in


TO UPPER CANADA...
151
every part, but particularly in proportion
to its remoteness from the sea) the slow
progress of population, arising, in a mea
sure, from that ignorance and from those
false impressions. Both these, may of
course be remedied.
And the artificial causes are, the lio
mited and disadvantageous nature of its
original settlement, together with that'
supineness, which has perpetuated the
evil.
Upon the final abandonment of Detroit
to the forces of the United States, the
beneficence of government was of course
turned towards providing with a new
establishment, those who chose to aban.
don their situations at Detroit, for the
purpose of removing to their own coun.
try. The principle was beneficent, but
not enlarged. The site of a town was
sketched, and lots were given out in
Amherstburgh ; but on a military tenure,
that is, liable, with all the property that
should be erected on them, to be resumed,


152
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
at any arbitrary moment of emergent ne-
cessity, by the military authority upon
the spot. The confidence, however, of
subjects, under such a government as
ours, in the liberal wisdom of that go-
vernment, has in a measure counteracted
the unhappy influence which this defect
was calculated to produce; and in that
confidence, property has been raised there,
fearless of the arbitrary resumption, to
which, in the strictness of law, it was
exposed; but nothing but such a govern.
ment as ours, could have warranted that
confidence. .
It seems evidently not to have been
misplaced. The late governor-general,
the Duke of Richmond (a man of an un-
- assuming, enlarged, and liberal mind;
active, public-spirited, and benevolent),
whose sudden loss, the Canadas will long
deplore, concurred readily, upon due in-
quiry, with the advice of the lieutenant-
governor of the province, in recommend-
ing measures to the supreme authorities


TO UPPER CANADA. ' 153
at home (on whom those measures are
dependant), for making the aperty in
Amherstburgh freehold : and it is duti-
fully, yet confidently hoped, that the ne-
cessary sanction, will be early granted to
those public-spirited recommendations.
• Sandwich, another appearance of a
village, about sixteen miles higher up the
Detroit River than Amherstburgh, is the
last of our towns inland. It is the county
town, and has an ill-constructed jail and
court house. It has also a Roman Ca-
tholic church ; and its confined popula-
tion (like that of Amherstburgb, though
in a somewhat greater proportion) is, in
numbers, chiefly Roman Catholic. ..
· Returning from this western extremity
of our dawning towns, I must notice
Cornwal, on the River St. Lawrence, the
most eastern village of Upper Canada. ..
Prescot, situated close by Fort Wel-
lington, a few miles above the rapids of
the River St. Lawrence, at the foot of the
second course of inland navigation (see
H 5


154 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
Sect. I. page 26); a situation which,
notwithstanding its present confined limits,
must eventually raise it to superior im-
portance.
Brockville, a pretty village, about
twelve miles above Prescot, the outlet
of establishments forming behind it to
the northward, between it and the River
Ottawas.
Perth, a newly formed place, situated
about forty miles from Brockville, on the
course of the establishments just men-
tioned. (See description of this place,
pages 42 and 43.)
And two or three other dawning towns,
of which I have not sufficient information
to particularize them ; such as Dundas,
Ancaster, &c.
RIVERS.
Besides the St. Lawrence (except the
rivers which extend its communication
westwardly between the lakes) there is
but one river of any considerable magni-


TO UPPER CANADA. 155
tude in Upper Canada. This, the Otta-
was, or Grand river (the boundary of
the province to the northward), though of
national importance, yet is so completely
out of the progress of general intercourse,
and flows in a course so interrupted by
rapids and by cataracts, through regions
so little known, that I shall notice it no
further than to say, that its course, be-
tween the point in Richmond, where the
new road from Kingston by Perth strikes
its banks, promises, through that road, to
become of more immediately general
value; better settled; and, of conse-
quence, better known.
There are some other rivers, however,
which, though of smaller course, are
either more immediately useful, or are
calculated eventually to become so.. .
Such, of the first description, are the
Grand river (not, of course, that above
mentioned), which runs into Lake Erie,
not far from Longpoint; and the progress
of which in improvement, bas been, and


156
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
is still retarded, by its being an Indian
reserve.
. And the Thames, or Trench, which
runs into the small Lake St. Clair, some
miles above Sandwich; and the shores
of which form one of the most fertile
portions of the province.
Of the second description, are
The Radeau, and its neighbouring
streams, by which the communication
between Kingston and the Ottawas,
through Perth, is intended to be com-
pleted.
· The Trent, together with the line of
small lakes and their uniting streams,
which promise an internal navigation by
boats, between the eastern extremity of
Lake Huron and the head of the bay of
Quinté
Smith's Creek, which runs from the
neighbourhood of the Rice lake into
Lake Ontario. -
. Several small rivers and creeks pear
York, and at the head of Lake Ontario,


· TO UPPER CANADA.
157
which run into that lake; the principal
of which appear to me to be the River
Rouge, or Red river, about twenty miles
east, and the River Credit, somewhat fur-
ther to the west of York.
The Chippewa river or -creek, which
runs into the Niagara river, about two.
miles above the great cataract. . '
Several creeks which run southwardly
into Lake Erie, and the principal of which
are near Port Talbot.
Big Bear Creek, nearly parallel with
the Thames, between it and the River St.
Clair, not yet settled, but known to tra-
verse some of the finest lands in the
country.
And several smaller streams, either
communicating between the river and
Lake St. Clair, or running into the river
of that name.
Of all these minor, communicating, or
detached streams, that of Niagara must
be held to be the most important; and


158 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
its immediate importance is attested by a
thicker settlement.
Those of St. Clair and Detroit must be
next regarded; and the latter has the
same attestation (though in a minor de-
gree) as the Niagara. The St. Clair,
though (independently of its greater dis-
tance from the sea) the finest, by nature,
of the whole, has been depressed and re-
tarded by Indian possession. But its late
purchase by government removes that
otherwise insuperable obstacle; and, I
doubt not, if properly conducted, that it
will, ére long, present one of the most
Aourishing settlements in the province..
Next to these, I should esteem the
Trent, and its course of waters towards
Lake Huron ; the Grand river on Lake
Erie, could it be fairly and beneficently
obtained from the Indians; and Big Bear
Creek, between the Thames and St.
Clair, a fertile region just purchased, and
about to be opened for location.


TO UPPER CANADA.
159
ROADS.
The roads are few and poor; but they
are moderately commensurate with the
retarded progress of the province. Their
improvement, also, has received the
marked attention of the beneficent ad.
ministration of the present lieutenant-go-
vernor, Sir Peregrine Maitland.
The great general line along the banks
of the St. Lawrence, the northern side of
Lake Ontario, and across the peninsula by
Sandwich to Amherstburgb, has for some
time been open ; and a new course has
been lately completed from Dundas (at
the head of Lake Ontario) by Vittoria,
along the northern side of Lake Erie, and
the neighbourhood of Port Talbot, to
Amherstburgh. Besides these two great
lines, there is another of some import-
ance from Dundas round the bead of
Lake Ontario, through Niagara, Queens-
ston, and Chippewa, to Fort Erie: a
smaller one from Brockville to Perth, and
W
II


160
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
another, called Yonge Street, from York
to Lake Simcoe. An apparently awkward
peculiarity in páming these new roads is,
that they are commonly called streets.
· There are, of course, other minor town
and district roads: these all afford a more
ready means than naturaily exists, of com-
munication, but their accommodations for
travellers are small,
The conveyances, where there are any,
(and such of any description are by no
means universal), are generally poor ; the
surface rough, the bridges wretched, and
attendance at the inns as defective, as
must necessarily be the case where there
is too great a tone of general equality and
familiarity, amidst a scattered, independ-
ant, and uncultivated people. But greater
kindness and fellow-feeling often exist.
here than are to be found in the more ac-
complished receptacles of politer people.
Mixed with their equality, there are, in
my opinion, generally speaking, a greater
degree of spontaneous attention, and a


TO UPPER CANADA.
161
more disinterested desire to serve, than
we meet amidst all the elegant accommo-
dations of the British roads. Where the
soul hath shrunken on itself, palsied by
those accommodations, land travelling
in Canada must be abhorrent ; just as I
remember an accomplished brother officer
in India, deploring, in very elegant verse,
the hardships of his fate, because, amidst
the seclusion of a retired situation with his
corps, he was bereft of his accustomed
and idol amusements of balls and plays,
and flattered and flattering female so-
ciety. But when the mind is still un-
broken by habits of indulgence, and the
uncultured services of nature are capable
(amidst all their unquestioned privations)
of yielding a superior pleasure to that
which can be derived from the servilities
of refinement, Canadian travelling is not
always without its attractions. You are
served by men wbo look upon themselves,
in some measure, at least, as your equals,
perhaps as your superiors : who know,


162
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
a
from the state of the country, that they
are aiding you as essentially by the sup-
plies which they are producing, as you
are them by purchasing those supplies ;
and who, in some parts, may be suddenly
called away from their attendance upon
you, by the more imperative wants of
their families or their farms. There is,
generally speaking, no giving of presents
to servants; and the consequence is, that
where no glare of appearance, nor prodi.
gality of purse, command a slavish atten.
tion, you are the more readily and the
more kindly served, to the extent of the
means, poor as they may be, on the spot. ·
The general want of separate accom-
modations, where, if you wish it, you may
be alone, is, however, in my opinion, an
exceeding annoyance, and renders travel-
ling with ladies a matter sometimes of
real distress. Alone, a man may pass
through profaneness, levity, and noise (the
general inhabitants every where of all
public places), without noticing, if he


TO UPPER CANADA. . 163
cannot rectify them: he may compas-
sionate, submit, and be silent: but it is
abhorrent to every tender, just, and deli-
cate feeling, to see a woman exposed to
such things, without the power of rescuing
her. In the great general line of water
communication, however, this serious evil ..
is diminishing. As far as the steam-
boats go it is entirely obviated; and as
the country improves, it will cease to exist
more and more every year.


TO UPPER CANADA. 165
go. Damp, and particularly remaining
without motion in damp clothes, should,
at however great a trouble, be most sedu-
Jously avoided ; and the best attainable
shelter, even to the utmost extent of the
person's means, should be every where
diligently sought; more especially be.
tween the months of September and
June.
Marshy and swampy situations should
be particularly avoided, if possible; and
where altogether unavoidable, the house
should be built as remote from them, as
consistent with any tolerable degree of
convenience in other respects.
The wood about the dwelling should
be immediately and entirely cleared
away: no branches or logs being left,
as is very universally the case, to gather
and preserve stagnant and patrifying
moisture.
The dwelling should be made as im-
pervious as may be to the surrounding air,
every crevice being well closed, and
-
3


166 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
every thing should be kept clean and dry.
about it.
- Where clear, good spring or river
water cannot be had, the water for drink.
ing should always be boiled, and suffered
to cool, before it is used.
In damp situations, which are exposed
to àgues, I esteem a moderate use of li.
quor to be healthful ; but it would be bet-
ter never to use it, than to use it with the
smallest degree of intemperance.
Generally throughout the province, bat
in the western district particularly, it is
pernicious to work exposed to the sun,
during the hot season, in the heat of the
day. The labourers should rise at a pro-
portionately early hour, and rest from
eleven till two. People just arrived fram
Great Britain, commonly feel a vigour
which would tend to make them despise
this caution ; but it is offered by one, who
has collected it from a very extensive ex-
perience, and he trusts it may be useful,


TO UPPER CANADA.
167
When we consider the pains of sickness;
the loss of time to which it subjects us;
and the expences which it calls upon us
to incur, together with the more affecting
reasons of the domestic afflictions to
which it gives rise, we shall find, that
the heedless and presumptuous energy,
which exposes us unnecessarily to it, sel-
dom, if ever, gains. Nor is it any proof
of our wisdom in despising precautions of
this kind, that disease doth not strike us
at once. For the most fatal foundations
of disorder are often laid, long before their
destructive effect appears, and while their
ruin is maturing even under the brightest
mask of health.
The medicinal herbs of the country
are numerous, particularly to the west-
ward ; but no person of botanical and
medical knowledge hath yet explored
them. Many, however, are known and
used by the people of the country; and
could the Indians be raised above that
selfish and skulking temper, beneath


168
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
which, uncultivated man ever shrouds the
discoveries of his opportunities or of his
genius, many more of still greater im-
portance, would, no doubt, be brought to
light. Such as are best known, I purpose
briefly to notice in the sixteenth section,
under the head of trees and medicinal
herbs.
In proceeding into the interior, persons
who do not travel by the public convey-
ances, should be particularly careful in
their inquiries, as they advance, respect-
ing the possibilities before them, of pro-
curing provisions; and when requisite,
should attentively lay in a sufficient stock
in time.


TO. UPPER CANADA.
169
SECT. XIII.
General Difficulties in effecting a favorable Set-
tlement, and prospective Advantages, if effected.
The difficulties in effecting a favor-
able settlement, may be collected from
the preceding sketches. But as it is a prin-
cipal wish of the author, while he opens
the road to Upper Canada, by. diffusing
the most simple and authentie informa-
tion in his power respecting its real
character (its advantages and disadvan-
tages), to guard the poorer , emigrant
against those delusive expectations, which
may precipitate him (as they have pre-
cipitated thousands and are still precipi-
tating many) into disappointments and
distresses, from which there is often no
subsequent return; it is his object, under
this head, to collect those difficulties into
one view; and to offer them, with most


170
THB EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
earnest and affectionate caution, to every
person of confined means, who purposes
to remove to America. He says to Ame-
rica, for every caution offered on the sub-
ject of Canada, is still more essential, in
relation to other parts of that vast conti-
nent; and he believes, equally or more so,
in respect to every other region of the
world.
** The first difficulty is that of removing
from your native country. This is sel-
dom appreciated at the time; but is often
felt bitterly afterwards. It is a difficulty,
to produce which, arise all those associa-
tions of reason and affection, which bind
us to our native place wherever it be;
which when removed from that place,
throw around its remembrance à kind of
sweet, but melancholy enchantment, and
often unnerves at a distance the arın that
was strong, and the heart which at first
forgot or despised them. Many has been
the mind, firm as it was, and willing to
struggle, which piping in secret under


172
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THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
may cončur with extravagant and exag-
gerated, expectations, to produce in him
the desire to emigrate. If so, oh, let hiin
well ponder that ungrateful and rebelli-
ous property of our common natures,
which ever powerfully tends to blind us
to the importance, and to the sweetness of
blessings possessed, and to represent fu-
ture things in colours of beauty, as false
as they are inviting. Let him, before it
is too late, array the mercies which he
enjoys in public and in private (or, at
least which God hath given him, whether,
his dark, and sullen, and rebellious nature
permit him to enjoy them or not in their
true characters; and if on an impartial
and thankful review, he find that his lot
possesses as many advantages as can' rea-
sonably be expected in a change, let him
hesitate most maturely before he under-
take it....! . :
A greater difficulty (greater at least to
the bulk of mankind) follows. This is, that
of effecting a favorable settlement in a new


TO UPPER CANADA, I
173
country, and amongst a strange people.
The latter term is indeed in a measure
incorrect; for, so large a proportion is
from our own islands, and the remainder
are so similar, that they can hardly be
called strange : and if there be any dis-
tinction in their friendliness to new-comers,
it is in favor of the original inhabitants. I
This difficulty has several stages.
The traverse of the ocean, in a passage
from eight to ten weeks (for such is the
common length of voyages from England
to Quebec); the passage from Quebec up
the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario to
York, a distance of five hundred and for-
ty miles; not so tedious with respect to
time, but often more troublesome and
nearly as expensive (see Section I. pages
18, 19.) The difficulty and delay at
York in obtaining a location; the ex-
pences of that delay; the trouble and ex-
pence of travelling to the lot obtained;
the difficulties and bardships to be en-
countered there after your arrival, and
----


174
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
With respeto what I am page 80
the delay and provisioning of a year
at least, before the land can produce any
return, together with the expence of
household and farming utensils, cattle,
building, clothing, &c. combine to re-
quire a compass of means, and a series of
indefatigable exertions, which ought to
be well understood, before they are en-
countered.
With respect to crossing the ocean, I
would refer to what I have said in the
conclusion of Section VII. page 80.
· With respect to the passage op from
Quebec to York, to Section I. pages 18,
19, &c. and I would by all means ad-
vise the quickest possible progress, in or-
der to avoid accumulating expence, and
to preserve as large a sum as possible for
the extremely important demands in
eventually settling on the lot obtained.
For this purpose, no delay should be made
at Quebec or Montreal, but such short
time only as may be necessary to procure
the articles, which it is desirable to carry


176.
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
: The little article of cow-bells, however,
should be carried from Montreal; and
liquor of every kind is greatly enhanced,
in price beyond that place.
. The difficulty and delay at York in ob-
taining a location, &c. &c. demand fur-
ther explanation. These do not arise from
any. defect of the present government,
which is remarkably wise and beneficent;
but are either such as must have arisen in
the natural course of human things (un-
less a wisdom beyond nature had existed),
or such as are inseparable from mortal
imperfection. .. . .i
· The province, originally an immense
wilderness, yet possessed of a soil and clin
mate which promised every thing, pre-
sented attractions to its first visitors which
naturally produced a corresponding effect.
They (as other men would have been) were
at once desirous of appropriating to them-
selves the most fertile tracts, and of avoid-
ing the trouble and expence of rendering
them productive. They necessarily fore-


TO UPPER CANADA.:
177
saw that in the course of years the country
would be peopled; that as population in-
creased, the fertilė tracts, in this manner
secured, would be enhanced in value;
and that thus at length an important pro-
perty would be obtained for their posterity,
without any exertion or care of their own.
They probably foresaw not the evils pe-
cessarily resulting from such property so
abandoned to nature. Let every man,
before he condemns others for this con-
duct, lay his hand upon his heart, and ask
himself, if, under such circumstances, be
would not have done the same. There
doubtlessly may be men who would not
bave done so; but, for my part, though I
now irresistibly perceive its pernicious
consequences, and lament them, and ear-
nestly desire, as far as may be consistent
with justice, to have them rectified; yet,
I have no hesitation in acknowledging,
that in every probability such would have
been my own conduct; and I blash thus
15


TO UPPER CANADA:
179
industrious hands, and leaving them in
the wildness of nature, to become event-
ually valuable by that very industry which
they counteract and chill. ,'. .....
Thus, wherever you go, wastes of
deeded land, sometimes the reward of
merit or of service, as often the fruit of
falsehood and intrigue, glare in your face,
and withstand you under the mighty bar-
rier of law, which protects them, while,
with all the stupidity and sordidness of
the dog in the manger, they abuse it. -
· These, besides the vast disadvantage
which they are to their own neighbour-
bood, form one of the principal causes of
difficulty and delay at York. .
The other causes are, the natural and
inevitable difficulty of selecting, amidst an
extensive and most imperfectly described
surface (of which it is generally imposa
sible to obtain any exact information), the
particular spot which would best suit
your wishes or your views. You are
presented, perhaps, with a map of town:


180
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
ships open at the time for location; those
townships are marked off into concessions
and lots; and any marshes or brooks
which they may contain, are imperfectly
sketched on them. Here the information
which is presented to you ends. If you
wish for more, you must traverse the
province yourself to obtain it: a course
evidently far beyond the poor man's
means. Your selection must consequently
be made more or less in the dark; and
after it is made, there are often much
trouble, and expence, and loss of time to
be incurred, before, amidst the surround-
ing wilderness, perplexed as it is with
errors and contradictions of former, and
perhaps of present surveyors, you can find
and fix upon your own true boundaries.
After the new comer has struggled
through these expences and perplexities,
he has arrived, we will say, at his new
estate. There he is the master, under
Providence, of land sufficient, when im-
proved, to make himself and his family in-


. Ninclures
· TO UPPER CANADA. .
181
dependent: but his difficulties, in order to
accomplish that object, are by no means
at an end. I here refer (in order to avoid
repetition) to what I have already said in
Section V. of this work; and thereby
may be (and ought with most serious at-
tention to be) observed, the load of exs
pence and of exertion which remains. '
Then it is that the last, and perhaps
in immediate fatigue, the most trying
struggle commences. An uninterrupted
course of strenuous exertion, pursued in
the midst of exposure, in various degrees,
to the inclemencies of the weather, in a
wild and gloomy forest; to a damp, and
perhaps a noxious atmosphere, generated
by that damp; and to probably poor and
scanty food, obtained with difficulty and
perplexing loss of time.
To surmount this labour with any tole-
rable degree of comfort, the settler ought
not only to be hardy and industrious, but
he ought at least, upon arriving at his lot,
to be abundantly supplied with clothing


182
..
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
of every kind; and after having satisfied
every previous expence, to have enough
remaining to supply himself and his fa-
mily (if he have one) with at least one
year's provisions, and to procure such
farming utensils as he may require, toge-
ther with a cow, and a yoke of oxen,
The common price of a milch cow is
about six or seven pounds sterling ; and
that of a yoke of good oxen from twenty
to twenty-five pounds.
If he have not these means at com-
mand, his labour must be divided. He
must often (in proportion to his defici-
ency), interrupt his work at home, to go
and seek employment abroad. This, it
may not be always easy for him to obtain;
or where he can obtain it, it may some-
times be on unfavourable terms; his own
improvements must languish, while he
toils away from his family, in order to ob-
tain the means of support for them
and himself; and thus he must struggle-
onward, with little or no respite, exposed
SO


222222zzzz
аг 2222
i Lar ar z.
TO UPPER CANADAN 183
by the increased privations and hardships
which he endures, to a much superior
risk of sickness, until (if mercifully
preserved), he attain at the end of some
years a relaxation ; and at length begin
to enjoy that independence, the reason-
able prospect of which, under Providence,
so long supported him.
And I hesitate not to say, that in the
common course of Providence, in return
for the gloomy truths of the first part of
this picture, he must obtain that inde-
pendence, if frugal, industrious, good-tem-
pered, and persevering ; I say good-tem-
pered, because a good-tempered man is
more readily employed and assisted by
strangers, than is a person of an opposite
description ; and, because, not being the
bane of domestic happiness, as is the ill-
tempered man, he enjoys many of the
sweetest comforts and of the most valua-
ble privileges (all conducing to his pre-
servation in health both of body and of
mind) of which the other equally deprives.


184
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
himself and those, whom the most sacred
duties and affections bind him to foster, to
cherish, and to protect. :
When these struggles shall have been
successfully encountered; and I again
decidedly express it as my opinion, that
in almost every case, they may, by and
with the means, and in the manner above
denoted, be, under mercy,' successfully
encountered then, the advantages ap-
pear. The man, who in Britain, was ap-
parently doomed, with all his posterity,
to toil and to dependance; a labourer for
others rather than for himself; looking
forward from day to day for his subsist-
ence, to the casualty, of obtaining an un-
certain and a niggard employment; finds
himself here established a freeholder; on
a small, it is true, but for his sphere, and
for all his real wants, an abundantly
sufficient, estate. His family surrounds
him on a land of their own. There he
may repose his age, encompassed and
supported by their tenderness; and there,


186
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
SECT. XIV...
Measures essential to the Security and Advancement
of the Province.
IN entering upon this section, I am
aware that I am intruding upon a walk
with wbich I am little acquainted ; the
walk of politics : and here, especially,
therefore, it ought to be remembered,
that they are only my own opinions
which I utter; and that all that I can
aver in support of them is, that according
to my best judgment, they are offered
most seriously, sincerely, and respect-
fully ; and that I myself, conscientiously
believe them to be at least concurrent
with, if not essential to, the public good.
It is one advantage of a free state, and
of the liberty (not the licentiousness), of
the press (an indispensable concomitant
believe


:.TO UPPER CANADA. .
.
187
to freedom), that within the boundaries
undeniably established by law, every man
is at liberty to publish what he thinks
right; that rulers may thus enjoy with
comparatively little labour, the benefit of
contrasting the opinions, on almost every
subject, of almost every shade of intellect ;
and of drawing from the contrast, if it
be capable of yielding any, the aids which
they may need (and every man needs
aids), in the performance of their awful
and deeply interesting duties. It is an
advantage, whereby they have, as it
were, a nation of unintrusive counsellors,
whose opinions they may generally re-
ject or receive, without favor or offence :
an advantage, which, like books (and prow
bably like this little one amongst others)
contains amidst a mass of irrelevant and
unproductive matter, scattered facts and
observations, perhaps, of the most seri-
ous and most interesting moment.
The principal measures wanted, in my
opinion, for the security and advancement


188
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
of the province, resolve themselves into
the following seven heads, viz.. is
, Ist. The improvement of its military
posture, or of its means of military de.
fence,
2dly. The most active, prudent, and
liberal encouragement to its population.
3dly. The throwing open to settlement,
if possible, by just and lawful means, of
the deeded lands. . . . ...
4thly. The diminution of the reserves.
,,5thly. The improvement of the internal
navigation, &c.
6tbly. The immediate provision of a
really pious and zealous clergy of what-
ever Protestant denomination or denomi-
nations; and, contri .
- 7thly. The improvement of our system
towards the Indians. . .m i
I. , . .,.
The improvement of the military
posture of the province; or, of
.... its means of military defence.
I do not consider myself here, war-


TO UPPER CANADA.
189
ranted to enter into a discussion of the
question, relative to the lawfulness, in
any case, of war. The papers which
the peace societies have published on that
subject, as far as I have seen them, com-
mand my most affectionate admiration.
They convince me of the futility, as well
as of the directly anti-christian nature, of
the general principles which they con-
tradict; and I have never seen a criticism,
which, in my opinion, levelled in a more
masterly manner its opponent, than theirs
on the war-applauding dogmas of the
learned and admired Lord Kaimes. I
have looked into the Scriptures (I say
looked into, rather than studied them;
for I am sensible that I have not given
them the attention, in any degree, which
they deserve), and I find the most lacid
and undeniable condemnation of the
whole spirit of contention; and of all the
wraths, and envyings, and jealousies, and
of every sentiment of retaliation, of ma-
lice, and of revenge, which corroborate it.


TO UPPER CANADA. : 191
ing emotions of ungoverned rage and
of inextinguishable defiance; evincing,
amidst its angnished reprobation, a spirit
of wrath pot, totally unlike that which it
execrates. But it returns, depressed and
mournful, from these emotions, and finds
itself the creature of a state, where all
breathes war; -where, withiu itself, it dis-
covers lurking, its most deadly enemy;
where, ip referring to the word of God (to
the extent to which it hath hitherto car-
ried that reference), it perceives many
facts wbich support the lawfulness, of (at
least) defensive war; and where in look-
ing around it upon the world, it finds at
almost every turn, the, impending or the
present necessity, of caution and of re-
sistance. re l .
.....
3. In this dilemma-fearful that war, in
every shape, may be wrong, yet while not
conclusively satisfied in my own consci-
ence that it is sp, holding myself subor-
dinate, in a degree, to the existing prin-
ciples, on this subject, of the society of


TO UPPER CANADA. '
.
193
Amherstburgh, by the road of the River
Thames and by Dundas Street, to Dun-
das, a nearly circular distance of almost
500 miles (of which more than half is an
open frontier), there are not 100 regulars;
and the militia are in a state of almost
utter disorganization. I know the difficul-
ties of our beloved parent state, and I de'"
plore them from interested, as well as
from grateful and affectionate motives.
I speak here of the wants of Canada, not
to convey or to imply reproach to others,
but simply to concur in pointing out the
real state of those very alarming wants,"
should, peradventure, any practicable
means exist for supplying them.
The militia, I doubt not, will partake
of the beneficent attention of the present
government, and be placed upon a hap-
pier footing. They are officered, indeed;
and the men themselves, I am persuaded,
are capable of making as admirable, pa- ' .
triotic (not mercenary) soldiers as any in
the world. But, with all this, they are :


194 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE -
S
.
CT
at present almost utterly destitute of all
order, and discipline, and mutual confi-
dence; and are no more prepared for
simultaneously defending their country,
than if no such system as defence by
militia had ever occurred, nor any im-
provements ever been made in that sys-
tem.
The Americans of the United States,
within the same extent, have two or three
stations, comprising at least five or six
hundred men : and in comparing the two
principal opposing frontier .posts, Am-
herstburgh and Detroit, it is humiliating
and alarming to a Briton, to observe the
decided superiority in every particular
(except, indeed, in the character of the
troops), of the American establishment.
I recur to India, where I was accustomed
so long to mark the pre-eminence of Bri-
tain's genius: and while I observe before
me two emblems, the one as of the inert
and decaying power of a native state,
where its buildings are poor, or in ruins,


TO UPPER CANADA.
195
and its agents few; the other as of the
energetic and thriving progress of my
country, surpassing all competition, and
meeting, with commanding force, every
emergency; I start, and ask myself, with
terror and affliction, “ Can the former of
“ these appertain to my country The
“ latter to her competitors ?”
The extensive and fertile peninsula to
the westward of the upper province, is
thus left almost entirely exposed ; and its
scanty population (impeded in its pro-
gress by its distance from the sea, &c.)
loyal, and vigorous, and brave as they
are, must, for some time, be held utterly
inadequate to its defence ; yet, if properly
organized, they would defend themselves,
I doubt not, with a vigour but little anti-
cipated; and if conquered, would afford
but few. trophies to their conquerors. It
is humiliating and mournful, indeed, to
speak of being conquered; but it is not
by being blind or inattentive to danger
that we shall avert it. I speak of it that,
K 2


TO UPPER CANADA."
197
sphere, and as always being capable of
the requisite developement by the proper
authorities, should they appear deserving
of attention. I am satisfied that means
might be found for this highly important
purpose; and I have sanguine hopes that
such means will, ere long, be proposed
and adopted.
Meanwhile, a rapid and powerful in-
crease to its population must be held
peculiarly essential to Upper Canada.
The reasons for this opinion are twofold:
1st. Those which result from the affec-
tion which is borne, and the loyalty which
is due to Britain, and, 2dly, Those which
arise from the importance of these pro-
vinces to the parent state. , , ivi's
The former of these appears to me as
obvious, and as well attested, as it is pos-
sible for any public sentiment to be.
Every authentic record of the late war
corroborates, with few exceptions, the
generous and devoted fidelity of the peo-
ple; and you need but live amongst them
to observe how ardently they retain this
Iva


198
'THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
principle. Nor could it be otherwise!
Great Britain hath ever been to them a
jast, and tender, and beneficent mother.
Unable to protect themselves, they have
been defended! Unable to provide for
themselves, they have been supplied !
Without wisdom, or strength, or union, to
frame for themselves a government, they
have been gifted with the happiest exist..
ing, and without resources to support that
government, Great Britain hath support-
ed, with equal gentleness and magnani-
mity, what she so nobly gave! What is
there that Canada enjoys, which, under
Providence (excepting the missionary la-
bours from the United States), she owes
pot to Great Britain! And where is the
principle, or where the sentiment, which
could lead away from Great Britain her
affections ?
Will it be said that principle exists in
the fact, that a large proportion of her
inhabitants are from the United States,
and of consequence retain their native
antipathies ? This were arguing an effect


TO UPPER CANADA.
199
from a cause foreign to its production.
This were circumscribing the uncon-
nected indépendance of the American,
by European barriers. This were deduc-
ing from the theories and experience of
one people, a fact, which every sentiment
and the whole experience of another peo-
ple subverted.
· The American, of the United States is
not confined by the narrower limits of
European associations and of European
polities." In this, as in many other parti-
culars, he sets the sanctions of the old
world at defiance; and evinces at once,
the evils resulting from this degree
of liberty, bordering upon licentious-
ness, and the futility, in some instances,
of mistaken ideas, still elsewhere held
sacred. But in the particular under
consideration, the State's-man, (enthu-
siastically attached to his country as he
is in some respects,) knows nothing of
the sentiment of British patriotism; with
all its train of sweet and generous affec-
tions, it is, under such circumstances, far


TO UPPER CANADA.
201
her, for one less excellent! What but the
oppressive burden of a civil and military
establishment, of which she has now so
small a share! what but the weight of
taxes, of which yet she is totally ignorant !
No! all her affections; all her inte-
rests, considered in connexion with
those affections, bind her to Great Bric
tain. Her generous and her selfish
principles equally corroborate the tie.
I say her interests considered in con-
nexion with her affections ; because,
could we disconnect them; could we
(what I am persuaded is impossible), at-
tach her to the United States, as she is
to her own land, then, there appears
much reason for believing that her falling
under the power of the States would acce-
lerate her prosperity, for we every where
behold a mournful and portentous contrast
between their progress and ours! Oh,
what shall awaken us from our torpor? .
Do we dread the independence which
doubtlessly will result when strength and
K 5


202
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
prosperity in the common course of na-
ture, shall have matured its principles ? .
Behold, our choice this day, is
To nourish our nursling, while we
treat that selfish and slavish dread with
the contempt which it deserves ; and to
seek to qualify her for defending herself,
whether in conjunction with us, or without
us'; and to take that hold upon her affec-
tions which a disinterested and active
magnanimity alone can raise or support;
and still' to bind her to our side by kind-
ness; and to gain from her judgment and
from her gratitude, a more noble, and a
more permanent union of interests, and of
views, than ten thousand politicians could
ever produce :
Or, when the flame of discord sball
again revel in the mutual pride and into. '
Jerance of Great Britain and the United
States (and awful, and prayerfully to
be deprecated as is the prospect, yet can .
we not shroud it from the anxious fore.
bodings of our souls!) to behold her.'


TO UPPER CANADA.
203
measures
scattered cottages, the abodes of foes!
and her fields, the theatre of blood! and
her weakness exhausting the strength of
her supine and distant friend; and her
prosperity laid in ruins; or, perhaps her
sceptre torn from the hands, which de-
clined (while it yet was time), adopting
the beneficent measures (then amply
within their reach) for warding off a ca-
tastrophe, as agonizing to Canada, as
it would be disgraceful to Great Bri-
tajn!
The interests of England, as well as
her magnanimity, require the active
continuation of her fostering care. I shall
not take upon myself to point out the
magnitude (which in detail I know not,
but) which is abundantly acknowledged,
of the commercial advantages which the
Canadas present to her. But, (startling,
and humiliating, and mournful as is the
prospect) I cannot blind myself, nor
would I wish my country to be blind to
the impending ruin, if that active aid be
withheld. Say you, that my selfish in-


204
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
terests (because I am a settler in Canada,
and of consequence, my temporal concerns
must flourish, or languish, in proportion -
to the improvement or depression of that
country) warp me to that idea, or ani-
mate me to what you may call this de-
clamation ? It may be so, I reply, though
I am not aware of it. If it be, (beyond-
that fair and lawful degree, in which, as
members of society, our private inte-
rests are ever inseparably connected with
the public good) it will prove my base-
ness;, and well shall I merit all your
scorn. But, oh, pass away from me.
What am I, that I should arrest .you?
Cast your eye over the history of man:
contemplate the circumstances, so broad
and so obvious before you in America ;
and, however you may censure or despise
me, consider while it is not yet too late,
what those measures are, which your own
real interests, and your own true honor,
and the happiness of a dawning state
which is dependant upon you, in fact re-
quire! Viss


TO UPPER CANADA.
205
Will you, through fear of an event
which you cannot finally avoid, in which
magnanimity and wisdom would rejoice,
and which selfishness and folly only would
deplore, will you give up one who loves
you, and who, in that event also, if you
prevent it not, would love you still-will
you give her up to a rival at whom she
shudders ?-or will you still be to her a
fostering mother? Will you cherish still
the affectionate devotion which she bears
to you, nor hold back the arm of your be-'
neficence, on which she hangs, because,
eventually, you can expect in her only a
friend, not a subject?—or is the bond of
gratitude and of friendship less dear to
you than that of dependance ?-or would
you rather be submitted to than loved ?
You may leave her; and in such case
she inay, not improbably, fall : but surely
one of her regrets will be, that in her fall
disgrace and evil to you were blended :
and while her affections are thwarted,
and her sympathies chilled, her secret


TO UPPER CANADA. - 209
of the provincial government, a measure
which had been previously quelled, though
loudly demanded for years, has obviated
part of the evil; but mạch remains to be
done. . By that measure they are de-
prived of the absurd and ruinous exemp-
tion from equal assessment with the sur-
rounding appropriated lands, with which
prior authorities had disgraced them, and
are now subject, in consequence, to their
share of the public rates. Small recom-
pense for the desolation which they still
cherish!
Here, some observations appear neces-
sary.
One of the most valuable properties in
an individual, or in a government, is an
unswerving fidelity to every serious en-
gagement : and where any principle
whatever is admitted as sanctioning a
departure from that fidelity, so wide and
so ruinous a gate is opened for the intro-
duction of lawless and selfish measures,
that, generally speaking, it is better to ad-


210
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
here blindly to that fidelity, than to sanc-
tion any departure from it. Yet, it is
equally evident, that a boundary must
exist to this conclusion. Every well
organized state, must have a final resort
for the correction of errors, and the in-
troduction of improvements. Else vice
and folly, once established, were perpe-
tual; and the principal care of govern-
ment would be, to guard with a jealous
and domineering arm, the chaos of good
and evil which it found existing ; not, in
every event, to watch over the public in-
terests, and to adapt its energies, with
wisdom, to the ever-varying emergencies -
of the human state.
In the just medium between these two
things, exists the perfection of political
excellence : a sacred and unswerving
fidelity to every serious engagement;
blended with an active, expansive, and
disinterested wisdom, ever adapting itself
for the public good, to passing emergen-
cies; and prepared to meet with a mag-


TO UPPER CANADA,
211
nanimous and commanding energy, all
the vicissitudes of public affairs.
To pursue this system with effect, the
public authorities must be wise and dis-
interested. Obstinacy and fickleness
must be equally far from them. Things
once established must not be mulishly ad-
hered to, because established; neither
plausible innovations hastily or imma-
turely admitted, because plausible. The
public happiness and edification must dis-
tinctly be the great ruling principle; and
this great principle must be pursued with
such a gravity, and decorum, and delibe-
ration, as shall guard it (as far as, under
Providence, human measures may guard
human events) from error or abuse.
Now, to adapt this reasoning to our
present purpose, I would say, that I see
no cause, why, if just and lawful means
can be found (but in no other case) the
deeded lands should not be thrown open
to settlement: and that if such means


212
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
exist, it is completely within the sphere
of the government to adopt them.
Landed freehold property, I am aware,
is one of the most intangible that exists;
and I am most decidedly of opinion, that
nothing but the most palpable justice and
good faith, should ever attempt to inter-
fere with it. But, in the present case, it
may be, that both justice and good faith,
may distinctly sanction that interference.
And if so, to be deterred from proceeding,
by the querulous or selfish disappoint-
ments which would arise, or hy any other
principle, not a paramount dictate of the
public good, would be yielding that good,
to monopolizing, false, and destructive
interests and principles. . .
IV.
• The diminution of the reserves,
This is an important subject, and merits
a proportionate attention.
The whole country (in proportion as it
has been purchased from the Indians) be-


· TO UPPER CANADA,
213
came the property of the parent state ;
and in one sense, it was entirely at their
option, to settle it, or not to settle it.
'They chose to settle it ; and in the same
sense, it was as distinctly at their option,
to give and to reserve, what portions they
pleased. In this light, no- man has a
right to cavil at the reserves which exist;
and it is not in this light, that I lament
them.
· Bụt other relations exist between a free
people and a parental government; and
it is perfectly consistent with all the af.
fectionate and duteous feelings demanded
by those relations, in a serious and respect-
ful manner, to deplore what we are per-
suaded is evil, and to wish by every loyal
and lawful means in our power, to con-
duce to their correction.
The reserves, to their present extent,
appear to me evil, in a trifold sense.
1st. As conducing, with the great mass
of the deeded tracts, to impede the im-
provement of the country,


214 TAE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
2dly. As being immediately unproduc-
tive, and threatening eventually to
counteract, even their own most impor.
tant ends; and,
3dly. As presenting a tempting lure to
the pride and to the cupidity of our
neighbours.
On the first of these points, I need add
but little. Left, like the deeded tracts,
with few exceptions, in a state of nature,
they interpose wastes in the progress of
industry; and frown upon improvements,
from which they expect to derive their
own value.
On the second, I wish to offer some-
thing more.
A few of them, enhanced by surrounding
exertions, wbich they have neither aided
nor (notwithstanding the infancy of the
province) been able (from peculiar ad-
vantages of situation) to suppress, are
rented and produce a trifling revenue.
The remainder repose under the gloomy
damp of their native forests, till similar


TO UPPER CANADA.
215
.
exertions, equally rising above their
baneful influence, shall also bring them
to the sun.
This mass is composed of two descrip-
tions: the crown, and the clergy reserves.
On the former, exclusively, I shall here
offer no comment; although I can fancy
it, if continued to its present extent, as
portending much evil; but evil too much
beyond the circle of my knowledge to
warrant, from me, in this place, any at-
tempt at detail.
On the latter (that is the clergy re-
serves), I feel more assured.
Their most important object, I conceive
undeniably to be, the diffusion of the Re.
deemer's kingdom ; but to this they ap-
pear to me to threaten eventually to be
come as hostile as at present they are
nugatory. Their chief tendency, as far
as. I can see, is to erect one more vast
secular fabric upon a spiritual basis; a
fabric which may hereafter substitute the
form for the spirit of religion, and exult-
re.


216
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
ing in its own magnificence and strength,
scatter around it intolerance and scorn.
Their support to the cause of christian-
ity has been almost nothing, and is still
trifling. Amidst a people, left by the aban-
donment (to which they have been ex-
posed) of the established, church (for the
small number of her ministers, and their
contracted circuits, whatever their indivi-
dual activity may be, have left them as
nothing to the mass of the people) ; left,
I say, by that abandonment, and excited,
both by their circumstances and by their
characters, to judge in matters of religion
for themselves, those reserves are still ex-
clusively appropriated to a single ritual :
while, in the common course of things,
before that ritual can be adequately dif-
fused, other forms and other principles
must, in every probability, be adopted;
and the ministry of the establishment, un-
less they prove such men as, with some
noble and extraordinary exceptions, no
establishment hath ever yet produced, or


TO UPPER CANADA..
217
can, without a new era in human nature,
ever produce, will be left to revel in their
secular independance, drawling over the
sacred duties of their fupctions, full of
the littleness of their temporal import-
ance, devouring the fleece, not feeding
the flock, and converting God's household
into a lordly and a groveling herd of secu-
lar men and of secular measures. Then
again may darkness and intolerance flare
upon every opinion which dares to dis-
sent from their dogmas. The word of
God may again be bowed down to the
infallibility of human interpretations, and
a new contest arise between spiritual
bondage and spiritual freedom !
The experience of all ages seems fully
to evince, that temporal authority and
temporal wealth are, in general, decidedly
unfavorable to spiritual mindedness;
and whatever church departs from the
tendency, as its vital and governing ob-
ject, to produce that mind, departs, in the
same degree, from the spirit of Christ.


TO UPPER CANADA.
221
-
V.
The improvement of the internal na-
vigation.',..
This I look upon as of exceeding im-
portance, and am of opinion that it might
be supplied by means similar to those to
which I have alluded, but which I have
not presumed to endeavour to develope,
under the second of these heads. Desti-
tute of the information which would war.
rant any decided assertion on those mea.
sures, 1 yet judge them so practicable,
that I have little doubt of the existing
possibility of thereby accelerating the
progress of the province by twenty years
at least; and I shall grieve, if the discus-
sion which they appear to me to deserve, .
be not offered and granted to them.
. VI.
The immediate provision of a really
pious and zealous clergy, of what-
ever Protestant denomination or
. denominations...
Under this head, I wish it to be dis-


222
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
tinctly understood and remembered, that
whatever differences of rank or order' may
be, and are, essential to the constitution
of society in other respects, in this I con-
template the great mass of the people as
devoid, in the sight of God, of every disa
tinction; as presenting a multitude of
souls, for each of wbicb, in a general
sense, Christ equally died; that the pre-
sumptions of one class, or of another, are
equally out of the question ; and that the
business is not, shall we defer to this or
that, but shall we, setting aside all party
distinctions and all selfish policies, and
every interfering claim (whatever plausi-
bility in other respects may grace them),
shall we above all other interests hold most .
sacred, because God holds 'most sacred,.
the most universal redemption obtainable
of all His creatures. : .
In this light, if any particular class say,
“ Am I not distinguished, and have I not
“ laboured, and do I not strive ?”. I wish
not, I reply, to deny your distinction, or


TO UPPER CANADA. ;
229
to depreciate your labours.. Where ]
have seen, I can admire and love them, as
far as they have appeared to me consist.
ent with the glory of God, and the rescue
of sinners; but the question (to which we
must perpetually recur), is, how far have
your distinctions and your labours applied
to the great mass of souls? What is the
proportion of the whole to which they
bave extended ? Not the mere political
inquiry, bow far have you (as your ruling.
object) conduced to the elevation of a
sect, or to the establishment of a particu.
lar ritual ?
The denomination, in my opinion, is a
matter of very little importance. The
great requisites are genuine piety and
zeaļ. .
I have said Protestant, because I am
persuaded, that although some of the
most nobly pious and zealous characters
have doubtlessly existed, and do exist,
amongst the Roman Catholics, yet it is
only by an aberration from the essentially


224
THE' EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
superstitious and slavish principles of their
sect, that they have been, or are so;
whereas, Protestants are only, otherwise
when they depart from theirs..
• Under the title of Protestants in this
Christian sense, I'must be understood to
include those only who acknowledge, as
the great groundworks of their faith, the
divinity of Christ, the tri-une character of
the Godhead, and the Holy Scriptures, as
the only ultimate test of all religious and
moral truth and knowledge. Others may
call themselves Protestants and Chris-
tians; but they are Protestants only in a
sense of their own; as any man who
asserts a dissenting opinion of any kind,
may call himself, or be called a Protest-
ant: and they are Christians in no sense
at all, without shrouding all language
with indistinction. They may be Deists,
or Socinians, or Mahomedans, or idola-
ters, &c. &c.; and as such may evince, in
a natural sense, many amiable and noble
qualities. Whatever they may be in the


TO UPPER CANADA.
225
sight of God, amongst their fellow worms,
they may bear away the palm (with, per-
haps, few exceptions), of gentleness, and
disinterestedness, and magnanimity : and
while we view them in this relation only,
we may be ready to glory in the excel-
lence which they display. But to the .
unspeakably more sacred, and noble, and
beauteous title of Christian, even these
can have no claim. Let them depart from
it: it is beyond their sphere: its spirit
mourns over the defects of their loveli-
ness. .
! Jam aware that a provision of the kind
which I desire, requires a certain compass
of means. But I know, for I have an
existing, and a notorious fact before me,
that even sınall means may go far, where
there is not wanting a will to apply and
to prosecute them. The comparison
which I draw may be held to be invi.
dious; but it is not meant by me to be so.
By birth, and by all the tender associa-
tions of youth (to which my soul is alive)
L 5


226
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
a member of the established chorch, and
still her friend, as much as her compa-
rative excellence in its capacity of at-
testing itself to my understanding) will
allow me; and, oh! what individual and
particular excellence, not to be 'surpassed,
doth my soul rejoice to acknowledge in
her : yet, on subjects of this nature, as a
human being, I claim, and as a Canadian
British subject I assert, a right to judge
freely for mygelf. I call upon that church,
if she or her members condemn me, to
meet me with the candour, without which
her faith or my faith is but a deceitful
name. I call upon her to review with
impartiality, as having a chief eye to the
glory of God, and not to her own glory
in the review, the simple, and serious,
and unaffected fact, which I am about to
offer; and if she find that the palm of
excellence (I mean the palm of excel-
lence in serving others, not in gracing
herself), hath been carried off from her
by strangers, with means and opportuni-
•


:: TO UPPER CANADA. • 227
.
ties of good far less than hers; I call
upon her to join with me in returning
thanks to that infinitely great and glox
rious Power, who worketh with what in-
struments he pleaseth, who bringeth to
nothing the wisdom of the wise, and who,
often omitting the great, and the learned,
and the noble, reareth His owo little flock
with living streams from the wilderness+.
streams despised and unsought by loftier
men, but jewels in the Redeemer's king-
dom. Let her unite with me in humbling
herself with gratitude, that still the work
of our Lord and our Master hath been
going on, even where we have slum-
bered; and in turning to prayer, that we
also may henceforward be rendered more
fruitful.
The American Methodist ohurch of the
United States; a society without public
funds; without any public constituted
authorities; the members of a state
severed from us by the remainders of
civil wraths, and by mutual intolerance,


228
'THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
and emulation, and pride, hath been the
chief (by no means the only) medium,
under God (particularly to the westward)
of fostering in our districts the spirit of
the Gospel. · There, under the labours
of their missionary ministers, the Saviour
hath been made known, with various suc-
.cess. Love has often assumed the place
of hatred; candour, of intolerance; holi-
ness, of profligacy; and order, sobriety,
and peace, of confusion, and drunkenness,
and brawls. Many false professors of
course have arisen, and many selfish
preachers perbaps appeared. But where
is, or ever hath been the human agency
in any thing excellent, which hath been
or is devoid of false, professors, and free
from selfish authorities ? Or, where is
the wisdom, or where is the charity
of reviling the undeniable promoters,
amongst a scattered and much abandoned
people, of the knowledge and the ways
of God, because falsehood, and selfishness,
, and bypocrisy, have marred their efforts


is TO UPPER CANADA."
229
of truth and love, and preserved for Satan
the prey, which their souls longed, and
their lives struggled to rescue?:
I shall be called, perhaps, while I
speak thus, à Methodist and a Yankee,
two titles intended to convey opprobrium;
but opprobrious to those only, who use
them with that intention. I honor them
both in their true meanings, and am
happy to record my little testimony to
their value. The former, I am persuaded,
on the, to me, undeniable testimony of
my own senses, have been, and are,
amongst the most faithful and successful
of all the labourers in God's vineyard.
And the latter, meaning thereby (what
are properly meant thereby) the inha-
bitants of the north-eastern states of the
United States of America, 'are, I am
satisfied from information which I cannot
doubt, in every thing which gives real
dignity to the human character, one of
the first people on earth. Nor shall I
· here wait to avert the senseless taunt of


230
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
hypocrisy, which by ignorance or envy,
is ever flung at them!, .. . .
Fallen man aims at excellence because
it is lovely, and because he still retains
some faint vestiges of his primeval dignity;
but he aims at it blindly, and he loves
baseñess because he is fallen. Delighting
naturally in what is vile, he still would
array himself with the appearances of
what is beauteous; and hence we find,
that in proportion as a thing is really ad-
mirable and noble, there are the more
imitators; but alas, we hence also find,
that as the difficulty is increased, so the
success of imitation is diminished, and
the herd have but a name to live, while
they are dead. So are nations called
Christian ; while, to scan them in the
Gospel light; to bring them to the test of
their standard; and to seek where, and
where are the distinguishing traces which
raise them above the world, and through
Christ, are purifying them, a peculiar
people zealous of good works, is but a


TO UPPER CANADA.
231
refutation of their claims, and a staia in
the heart of all their presumptions.
"! I am not a Methodist or a Yankee,
thongh I can rejoice in acknowledging
and in admiring, what is really excellent
in them. The former I am not, because,
as already mentioned, I decidedly dissent
from several of their principles; and the
latter 'I am not, because political ties
bind me to another people, and because
in being a subject of those ties, my under-
standing and my heart, are equally gra-
tified. The intolerant, contracted, and
boasting spirit, which, without loving its
own; or at least, without bearing towards
its own, any of the genuine and insepa-
rable fruits of love, such as tenderness,
and gentleness, and sweetness, and pa-
tience, and truth,-can, with equal hypo- .
crisy, and impudence (ap hypocrisy which
betrays itself perhaps as much as it seek's
to deceive others) endeavour to arrogate
perfection before the world, to that,
which it practically insults and wrongs,


232
THÉ EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
is equally loathsome and contemptible;
and it needs all the milk of Christian
charity. to rescue it from the execration
which it deserves ; and those who meet
and who contemplate it, require a double
armour of Christian bumility and for-
bearance, to restrain the indignant vio-
lence of their own natures, and to pre-
serve, them from being confounded by
that violence, in the vortex of the base-
ness which they detest. They require to
be taught by a spirit above their own,
that it is sin, not the sinner which de-
mands hatred, and that still their hearts
should be open in prayer and in compas-
sion towards the latter, while the former
only has their distinct and unqualified ab-
horrence,
as ,
In my own country I find, as I else-
where find, human nature, a spiritual
waste. The rays of beauty and of light
which adorn it, tremble amidst the sur-
rounding darkness; and I mourn, that
what I admire and love, so ļittle values
L'


234
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
exertions, and those exertions are now
bearing the fruits, which I have asserted,
who shall tell me, that Britain, that my
own country, energetic and indefatigable
as she is, and having in her bosom a vast
and wealthy hierarchy, and possessing in
Canada peculiar privileges and peculiar
advantages for every effort, whether of
policy or of love, who will tell me, that
she might not have done more ? Or, if
she have not done more, who that loves
her, will endeavour to cloak on her face
the stain ? No! love; not with taupting,
but with tenderness; not to offend and
irritate, but to correct and awaken; not
for the purpose of reproach, but of im-
provement, will uoite with the respectful-
ness and the seriousness of duty, in reveale,
ing the hideousness of that stain, and in
labouring or in praying for its effacement:
and in urging, not the contentious strife
of emulation, but the cordial Christian
strife of love, for future usefulness to the
glory of God, in diffusing the Gospel of


TO UPPER CANADA.:
235
Christ, for the salvation of sinners. Then,
in His vineyard, and on the great road
which leads through time to eternity,
casting aside all the petty distinctions of
nations which have a different range, and
the bickerings and strifes of human gall,
which fourish only in a lower atmo.
sphere; then shall Christians unite, note
withstanding the separating limits of the
Atlantic, and of the lakes, and of discor-
dant appellations, in the glorious work of
their Common Master, the Redeemer ;
the heroes of salvation, not of destruction ;
the soldiers of the spirit of Christ, not of
the pride, and folly, and intolerance of
man.
I have prefaced these observations by
saying, that the denomination of really
pious and zealous clergy (provided they
be Protestants), is, in my opinion, a matter
of very inferior importance.
· On this subject, without wishing (as
far as I can judge of myself in the sight
of God) to detract from the scriptural


!. TO UPPER CANADAIT
237
their acquirements; and who, instead of
devoting themselves to raise us to a hea.
venly tone of thought, and of conversa,
tion, and of manners, shall shew that they
themselves are of our own standard; and
as proudly and as carelessly as ourselves
shall walk on with us, in the broad road
of nature, which leadeth (we know who
sayeth so) to perdition. These, in my
opinion, are our wants. Our souls thirst,
for their supply, lottering meanwhile
upon the awful brink of eternity.
Through whatever means it may please
the 'Lord to furnish us, we shall have
cause to glorify His holy name. But great
were our reason for mourning, were we
still left destitute, because the messengers,
to sinners such as we are, of the wonders
of redeeming love, cannot, perhaps, be
immediately 'sent to us, arrayed with
insignia, which, in individual instances,
certainly consist with, but, in general,
distinctly appear perfectly non-essential
to, His spiritual worship. Or, if there be
i
3


288
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
a spirit which opposes our being so sup,
plied, in what light must we regard that
spirit? Must it not be as an enemy to the
cross of Christ ; and as too much taken
op with its own policies to care for our
souls ; or, as valuing our souls 'less than-
those policies?
Alas! he who knows and feels himself
a ruined sinner, and whose very soul cries
out, “ Who, who shall deliver me from the
body of this death?” Who feels himself
destitute and alone, on the broad road of
time, which leadeth through this world's
“ great and terrible wilderness," to a hap.
py or 'a miserable eternity! and who is
aware, that at, any unforeseen moment,
he may be hurled from this fair scene of
his Maker's goodness, into night and eter,
pal death and woe-he alone can appreci.
ate his want of a guide, of a help meet for
his condition. He alone, through grace,
knoweth and can feel, the instant neces-
sity and the preciousness of a Saviour, or
can view without reviling (in the full ex-


TO UPPER CANADA.
tent of its comparative nothingness) the
insect wisdom of man.' A wisdom,
bounded as it is, which cannot evéu trust
the word of God alone ; but must fästen
upon, in order to secure it, some of its
own boasting appendages. He alone can
mourn over the evil with the heart of a
brother, and with all the awakened sy'm-
pathies of a fellow-sinner, pray for its re-
moval. He alone, amidst the flame of his
soul, can remember his own vileness;
nor dare, while all the darknesses, and
corruptions, and bitternesses of his own
heart, and the boundless love and pa-
tience of God, and the long-suffering, and
tenderness of Calvary are before him, to
offer a railing accusation, or to admit a
railing thought, against other sinners, for
whose rescue, as for his, the precious
blood of Christ was shed. .. "
Oh, that men could remember that
“ God is love."... .
VII. . ..in
The improvement of our system to-
wards the Indians.


240 - THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
** The Indians are objects of interesting
and of painful compassion. They are in-
dependant, and generous, and equitable.
In their friendships they are ardent and
sincere. They are capable of wonderful
energy and of wonderful perseverance :
acute, active, and indefatigable. But
how mournful and how hideous is the re-
verse. They are lawless, and capricious,
and horribly cruel. They are changeable
(not giddily so) in their affections; and
are more terrible as enemies than valua-
ble as friends. They are crafty ; "dark as
6 the cloud and sudden as the whirlwind.”
They are revengeful, with deadly and
almost inextinguishable hatred. They
are averse to every truly beneficial toil
which requires steadiness ; dull, stupid,
inactive, and drowsy. Such appears to
me, the strange and contradictory.chaos
of their characters. , , ,
They have receded as a natural con-
sequence, before the progress of industry.
The habits of the hunter can never cope


TO UPPER CANADA. 241
ca
with those of the agricolturist. The
former mustustend with the latter, or
retire. Pune
As labour approaches their forests, na-
ture assumes to them a new character.
The wilderness loses in their appreciation
its congenial wildness. The animals, on
the destruction of which they depended,
are driven away, or appropriated by other
hands. They meet a new class of people,
assuming over them a settled superiority,
which they scorn, while they scorn still
more the means, which alone, under Pro-
vidence, could avert it. They are de-
prived of their savage subsistence. They
are too proud and too indolent to earn any
other, which is less precarious. They are
humbled ; and depart indignantly to re-
moter wilds, where they may still saunter
away their lives in the extremes of energy
and of indolence, which they love. Or, if
they remain, they are exposed to the
dreadful contagion of liquor; and finding
in it a stimulus congenial to their tastes;
M


, 242" THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
a stimulus, now urging them to phrenzy,
now plunging them into torpor (and
phrenzy and torpor alone seem capable of
satisfying them) they sink still further
and further, in that very degradation,
which they ever continue in theory to
spurn.
:Such is the natural progress of the
hunter and of the agriculturist. The one
boasts of a freedom, which is licentious- -
ness; the other submits to a drudgery,
which in a far better sense is freedom.
In this particular, the latter has a de-
cided superiority. But when we come
to compare their individual vices and
virtues (I mean virtues in a merely natu-
ral and moral sense) the hunter resumes
his equality, or even sometimes surpasses
his competitor. If in more cultivated
life, there be less violence, there is also
more baseness. The affections of the
Indian are more uncontrolled, but they
are at the same time more-generous; and
his profligacy (in these regions) is never
be


. TO UPPER CANADA.
243
carried to that excess of clandestine,
treacherous, intemperate, and perjured
vileness, which, not unfrequently in the
most polished circles, evades or defies all
law; and tearing asunder with equal
duplicity, and blended cowardice and
boldness, the most sacred and the most
tenderties, revels in the ruin of
what it was bound by the most sacred
sanctions to protect, and glories in the
very depths of its own baseness.
But in the scale of the world, the poor
Indian continues to sink. His generous
qualities are disregarded, for they are of
comparatively little value to himself or
to others; and it is what profits it, not
what possesses an intrinsic but unproduc-
· tive beauty, that the world values. And
upless some extra means be interposed,
he gradually fades from existence; leay-
ing a passing record only, of the mass
of vices and of follies which deform, and
of the incoherent and meteor virtues,
M
2
.
.


244 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
which shoot athwart the character of man
in his uncultivated native state.
· Such has been the progress of the In-
dians in the Canadas. It is not that the
British provincial government hath en-
croached upon or wronged them. This,
I am persuaded, not only hath never been
the case ; but on the contrary, that that
government hath always been to them, in
a social and political sepse, as far as was
in its power, truly magnanimous and pa-
rental. But it is, that an adequate regard
for their souls hath not been blended
with the temporal magnanimity towards
them, of that government; that white
men have taken advantage of their
frailties and of their vices, to accomplish
.. their own selfish purposes, rather than en.
deavoured to cherish their virtues, and
laboured with disinterested affection for
their improvement; and that the nature
of the Indian itself, is an almost insuper-
able barrier to his improvement. .


TO UPPER CANADA. -
245
Our system towards them especially re-
quires alteration in these particulars.
We require to remember more, that they,
as we, are immortal souls, and that for
them, as for us (in a general sense) Christ
died. They demand from us a missionary
spirit; a. zeal for their eternal, as well as
a care for their temporal welfare.. An
attention to their education and to their
intellectual improvement; as well as to
their merely animal supply with a few
gaudy and a few useful articles, which
are frequently dissipated by them, almost
as soon as obtained. We require not
only to preserve them suitable reserves of
land; but, with the skill of instructors,
and the watchfulness of parents, and the
tenderness of friends, to allure them to
the improvement of those lands, and to
help and guide them therein..
As individuals (that is in our individual
capacities) we require to regard them
more as brethren; to consider with com-


246
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
passion and with kindness, their helpless-
ness and their simplicity; to be patient'
with their dulness; and in meeting their
vices, to blend benevolence with decided
reproval. We require to remember that
for our conducts towards them, our own
souls, shall be awfully responsible at the
bar of God; and, that if, for any temporal
purpose; for any present gain ; for any
worldly advantage or pleasure of our
own, we ensnare their confidence, or
foster their vices, or encourage their
follies; .or, even fail to endeavour (ac-
cording to our best knowledge and abi-
lity) honestly and affectionately to con-
duce to their edification and happiness,
we are, to them, the base, and bold,
and skulking pandars of perdition ;
traitors to our own souls; the agents of
our own infamy, however fortune or the
world may cringe to our success; and
the enemies of the cross of Christ.
· The remaining remarks which I have


· TO UPPER. CANADA.
247
to offer, on the subject of this interesting
and unhappy people, seem more ap-
propriate to another head (see 16th Sec-
tion, Indians)


TO UPPER CANADA.
251
lore
mate in the vast region to which my pre-
sent lines relate ; but it is no part of my
present purpose to attempt to detail them.
The broad, general characteristic is, that
in proportion as you remove to the west-
ward, the warmth increases; and in
Western Canada assumes a decidedly more
salubrious character than it either has on -
the sea shores of the same latitude in the
United States, or on the opposite shores of
Lake Erie and the Detroit river, which
there separate their limits from ours. No
competent research seems to have been
made into the , causes of this fact, nor
does my information warrant my attempt-
ing to elucidate them ; but it supplies a
decided cause of preference to Canada :
this preference extends itself further.
If we look to the southward and west-
: ward, along the course of the great rivers
just mentioned, we find life pining be-
, neath the products of a teeming earth
and a burning sky. The European, espę.
cially the Briton, coming from the almost


252
.
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
perpetual coolness of his own rainy bea-
vens, languishes beneath the overpowering
temperature; and with the degraded tone
of feeling around him, seeks for his ad.
vancement from the sweat of slavery
(which falls in awful memorial against
him); or, still vigorous in mind, while
his body is crumbling beneath exertions
beyond his powers, he soon ceases from a
society that laughs his scruples (on which
angels smile) to scorn.
The particular shades of the Upper
Canadian climate, I have already at-
tempted to illustrate in Section II. ; and
here I shall only add, in relation to the
concluding remarks of the above para-
graph, that in Canada, there is no sla.
very (I mean of course in its common
sense). There, as generally (oh, why is
it not universally!) elsewhere, the power
of our country is graced by striking from
the slave his fetters as soon as he touches
our shores.
II. Facilities of establishment.


TO UPPER CANADA..
.
253
These are two-fold. 1st. The facility
of getting to the place : and, 2dly, That
of obtaining a settlement there.
Both of these are decidedly in favour of
Canada.
1. To get to the western lands of the
states which are now settling, there are
two routes open, viz. overland from any
seaport of the United States ; and for
this purpose Baltimore, I supposé, would
be one of the best ; or, to take the route
through Canada (as laid down in Sec-
tion I.), up the St. Lawrence and the
Lakes to Buffalo, or to Presqu'ile (also
called Erie), on Lake Erie, and thence
overland to the place desired. Of these
two, the latter would, in every case, be
the most commodious and the least ex-
pensive': but then, the difference that re-
mains is, that at the moment that in Ca-
nada you have arrived at the end of your
journey, or at furthest, have only a short
additional passage by water ; if proceed-
ing to the western states, you have to


TO UPPER CANADA. 255
every district ; and these have authority,
immediately to give, to any settler, of
whom they approve, one hundred acres
of unappropriated land.
3d. Immediate and prospective advan-
tages.
These, generally speaking, are the ad-
vantages of remaining, under a peculiarly
happy branch of its government, united to
our own country; and without entering
into the mutual revilings or self-boastings
of parties; and without wishing to cloak:
our general follies and our general
crimes; and without attempting or de-
siring to depreciate the fair claims of
other people, enough remains, I conceive,
in the British national character, to fill
this reflection with sweetness, to mil-
Jions.
The particular advantages, in compa-
rison with the United States, are, in the
first place, a more favorable communica-
tion with the sea; and eventually, a more
rapid 'progress of improvement.


256
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
Wliile Canada has been bidden, or only
been contemplated under the wintry cha:
racter of her eastern shores, the United
States have been vaunted through the
world (and in great measure justly vaunt-
ed), for the vast promise which they held
out to emigration. But productive as
this has been to them of wealth and power,
it lowers them in the view of the present
comparison. Much of what could be
done, has been done for the United States.
Canada, on the other hand, remains al.
most in a state of nature. Let them both
proceed henceforward in proportion to
their capacities, as I trust they will do,
and Canada, for the next fifty years ought
to surpass the United States in her pro-
gress, as much as she hath hitherto been
surpassed. Enterprise most flourishes
(provided it be conducted with skill and
perseverance) where most remains to be
done; not where half its fruits have been
already reaped by its predecessors.


258
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
of their abode. They are orderly, I be-
lieve, and somewhat industrious; bless-
ings which they owe, under Providence,
to the zeal of the Roman Catholic Church;
and I am happy here to record a fact in
favor of that Church, the general cha-
racter of which I deplore. While Pro-
testants have slumbered; while the
wealthy and powerful church of our own
establishment hath been inert; while mis-
sionaries, reared and supported by British
piety and by British generosity, have la-
boured and died in other countries, the
poor Indians of North America, a cast of
savage people, the most interesting, per-
haps, in the world, have been left in the
darkness and gall of our common nature;
or abandoned to the efforts of a sect, from
whom we are separated, because we are
persuaded they have perverted the truth
of God, and changed his spiritual wor-
ship into a service of superstition and of
idolatry.


TO UPPER CANADA.
259
But why is this? Why have we thus
deserted our red brethren ?
Is it, that there is no love in Britain ?
Is it, that amidst her towering spirits,
there is not one who is prepared to plunge
into the forests beyond the Atlantic, and
to take up his abode in the wigwams of
the hunter, and with him to dare the vi-
cissitudes of the seasons, and the occa-
sional extremes of hunger and fatigue ?
Is it, that there is not one spirit amongst
us, which, with the commanding energy
of simple, unaffected, genuine love, can
go to the proud and wandering savage,
and tame his ferocity, and rouse his indo-
lence, and awaken his affections, and
bring into a new sphere of life, his bold
and generous heart? Can we not find
amongst our millions another Brainerd ?
Or, have we no souls, but for the compa-
ratively easier toils of the Eastern mis-
sions; toils, which not only, I desire not
to depreciate, but which with reverence
I admire and love, and for which my lit- -


260
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
tle thanksgivings are offered: but toils
less adverse to the coinmon inclinations
of our natures, and therefore more easy
than those which, lion-like, confront us
amidst the cheerless haunts of the roving
and destitute hunter of the wildernesses
of America ?
No! From the snows of Labrador, from
her conflicting fields of ocean-ice, still
more repulsive than the inland wilds, I
hear the refutation of such a thought,
should it occur: and imagination beholds
the tear of faith and hope which bursts
amidst their secluded hymns, as denoting
the candid love which effaces at once the
idea of its unkindness. .
Still, 'if the tree be known by its fruits,
where, while we regard the evidences
above adduced, where shall we find
ground to support ourselves ?-or, should
the Roman Catholics say, “ You boast,
" indeed, of the purity of your faith, and
“ of the spirituality of your worship; but
“ leave to us, in regard of these poor peo-


TO UPPER CANADA.
.
261
“ ple, the evidences of faith and love;"
what could we do, but blush and mourn
over our guilt, and seek, by efforts of
awakened love, to efface it?' It is not to
wards the St. Regis Indians only that the
Roman Catholics have borne away from
us (and beneficently and unostentatiously
borne away from us) the palm ; but to-
wards almost all the Indians who have
heard the name of Christ (under what.
ever misrepresentations), or who have
been rescued in any degree from the
slavish freedom and mendicant pride
evinced by them when brought into con-
tact with us. May these their efforts be
to the glory of God, and, through His 80-
vereign grace, to their own edification !
And may they be made the means of
awakening His more genuine servants,
whom he hath so bountifully graced with
higher and nobler privileges, to enter the
lists with them in love; and to strive
henceforward at least, to equal them in
recallióg nature from its ways of death,


262
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
and in diffusing the more unsullied glories
of the Redeemer's name.
The next tribes of which I have
heard, dwell near the head of the Bay
of Quinté ; on the Rice Lake, between
that bay and Lake Huron ; and in the
neighbourhood (at different distances)
of York. These, according to my in-
formation, are weak, and are little re-
inored from their native state.
On the grand river, which falls into
Lake Erie, is one of their most extensive
and most valuable reserves; the abode of
a band of Mohawks, who have a village
and fields, and with whom, some of our
ministers (of the establishment) have ca.
sually laboured. The beneficent atten-
tion of the present lieutenant-governor
has been turned towards them; and there
is a prospect, that in this instance, the
stigma, which almost universally attaches
itself to our conduct, of having evinced
an utter carelessness of their souls, will
be early and effectually removed.


266
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
conducted and guarded on his way, nor
abandoned till in a path of safety.
Whether more settled or more roving,
they very universally rear in a desultory
manner, amidst the woods, a race of
small horses (something like the Glacis
Arabs in the East Indies) with which they
often unconnectedly stroll about the
country. Nor are their manners, not-
withstanding this melancholy sketch of
them, devoid of interesting particulars.
They are still hardy. In war they are
delicate and chaste, far beyond the whites;
a peculiarity in their character, which,
from whatever cause it arises, demands as
peculiar a tribute of affectionate admira-
tion. Towards each other, they display
the most spontaneous and kindly spirit of
equity. When they receive a bit of bread
or meat, or a little flour, or milk, &c., it is
carefully and attentively divided into pro-
portionate shares before it is attempted to
be used ; and if they have come to you


TO UPPER CANADA.
267
seen
alone, as they frequently do on such óc-
casions, and left their companion or their
companions at a distance, they carefully
preserve what they receive for the same
affectionate and equitable distribution.
But still they are a degraded race, and
seem rapidly sinking to extinction. In
the course of another half century, no
genuine trace of them probably will re-
main in our borders; nor is it desirable
for their own happiness, or for that of
others, that they should continue in their
distinct character. .
But it is deeply and ever to be de-
plored, that our conduct towards them has
not been as wise as it was well meant ;
as christian as it has been liberal : that
the noble and pleasing qualities which
they inherit, had not been developeil by
a well-directed and by a well-supported
culture; and that the crimes which de.
form them, had not been better controlled,
as well by an energetic though disin-
terested authority, as by more universal
N 2


368
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
examples amongst ourselves of temper-
ance, industry, and gentleness. It is still
most anxiously to be desired, that such
may become our future conduct towards
them; and thus, a remşant survive to
bless, instead of cursing the day, when
Europeans arrived to settle amongst
them.
Amidst this broad and mournful shade,
under which they verge to that bourn of
nations, beyond which, a decaying name
alone, remains for a season, there are no
doubt many individual examples of
greater and happier industry; and I
hail them, wherever they appear, with
grateful satisfaction. Some minds, also,
of that class, which, from thousands of
thousands,“ peep out once an age," have,
adorned, their annals, with as bright and
genuine, though not with so applauded
or so fashionable. a, lustre, as the reputed
glories of the more vaunted heroes of
Europe and of Asia. My situation has
been too perplexed, and my means too


TO UPPER CANADA.
269
confined, to enable me here to record
them in detail. But who has not heard
of Logan, the generous, the noble friend
at one time of the British; and when his
heart was distracted, by privation (through
the hands of a monster who disgraced
their name) of all that was most dear to
him, their implacable and deadly foe:
a soul, wherein shone, unextinguished but
by death (and by death, I trust, only ex-
tinguished to us for a season) as brave
probably, and as true a spirit of natural
magnanimity (alas! the canker which is
at the root even of the brightest flowers
of nature) as ever adorned an unregenè-
rate bosom!
Who that has travelled in Upper Ca-
nada has not heard of the noble Tecumseh
(I speak not in Christian, but in common
terms)? The British Indian hero of the
last war; a spirit congenial to that of our
own Brock. A soul formed for command,
enterprising, enlarged, and free! faithful,
and fraught with a flame of its own; a


270
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
mind, which, while it accompanied the
British troops, and devoted all its re-
sources to their immediate interests,
thought it little to say, that were he as
successful as he wished, he would never
rest till the forests were restored to their
native tribes, and every white man was
expelled from America. Think of this
man as a patriot (and a patriot he was in
the noblest natural sense of the term);
view him as rising to the controul of his
own little tribe, by the sole vigour of his
own talents; regard him as surrounded by
ferocious and independant barbarians, who,
through all their generations, had never
acknowledged a bond such as that to
which he contemplated subjecting them;
and remember that he is yet but a young
chieftain in the hands of one of the most
powerful and enterprising people upon
earth; bedged in by neighbours of equal
enterprise, and to all appearance rapidly
rising to equal power; and unless the ap-
parent inadequacy of his means throw


TO UPPER CANADA.
273
.
tence would interfere, to shackle or to sul-
ly our intercourse, and with whom, I
could rejoice in meeting danger in a right
cause, because I could feel secure of the
energy, and of the fidelity of my compa-
nion. He lives, retired in the woods with
his family, surrounded by his tribe; and if
the Roman Catholics wish for a defence
of their creed, or a sanction of their prac-
tice, I know not whither they could bet-
ter turn than to Deyhootoroon Thore.
He appeared to me to have derived from
their instructions (amidst errors) some of
the happiest fruits of the genuine spirit of
Christianity; and while I heard him,
with all the dignity of the uncumbered
hunter, simply and candidly declaring to
me his principles, and marked the gentle
sedateness of his whole demeanour, I felt,
amidst the glow of admiration with which
I was filled "towards the agents in Al-
mighty hands of such effects upon such a
mind; I felt, I say, a more lively and a
more serious and tender regret, that so
N 5


276
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
.
boundaries of our population. A great
proportion of them, I believe, reside in
the American United States' territories ;
but their affections seem still to be with
us. The causes of this are natural, but
appeat not worthy of detail. They sel-
dom or never appear amongst us, but to
receive their annual presents of clothing,
arms, ammunition, and household uten-
sils. For this purpose, we have two de-
pôts, Amherstburgh, near the mouth of
the Detroit river, and (if I am not mis.
informed), Penetangushene, or its neigh-
bourhood, near the eastern extremity of
Lake Huron. Fire ;
.
6. At the accustomed season they arrive at
these places in their canoes, with their
streamers and their music (something re-
sembling the solo beating of the East In-
dian tom-tom) horribly disfigured with
paint (or ochre), and arrayed in their most
gaudy trappings. They land under some
ceremonies (it is by tribes they come, in
ieregular succession, one after the other),


- TO UPPER CANADA.: :
277
.
and pitch their tents of mats, or canvass,
or bark, with imperfect order: a shed of
small wooden posts, covered with branches
and leaves, is erected near, to serve as a
public hall. They receive their presents,
hold councils, saunter about a few days
(being all this time provided for at the
public expence), and depart again in
their canoes for their forests. Their be-
haviour on these occasions is generally re-
strained and orderly. ..
A characteristic trait of one of their
tribes, which is related to the westward,
may conclude this sketch.
- A bold and enterprising fellow, who
served in the Indian department during
the last war, with the tribe in question, by
assimilating himself to their habits (which
indeed appear to have been congenial to
him), and by displaying those qualities
which they admire, had acquired their re-
gard ; and, under the influence of that
sentiment, they were struck with asto-
nishment, upon the peace, at his being one
of the first to be discharged. They urged


278
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
him to remonstrate against what they
thought so palpable an injustice: and
when they found that there appeared no
hopes of bis obtaining redress by these
means, they determined to send a depu-
tation to Quebec: (nearly nine hundred
I miles distant) in his favour. They did
so; but of course the emissaries returned
without success; and they then gave him,
as the only remaining testimony in their
power of their regard for justice (as they
thought it), and for him, a settlement of
land in their own reserve.
And shall we continue to leave these
people destitute ?
PREVAILING FEATURES OF THE SCE-
NERY.
The general features of the Canadas
are wood and water. The inbospitable and
mountainous scenery of Labrador, which
confines the egress of the St. Lawrence to
the northward, is eclipsed by the expand-
ed face of that river, and the eye, stretch-
ing across its food, falls on the eminences.


TO UPPER CANADA.
279
levelled by distance, and finds them shorn
of their grandeur. This continues to be
the case as you advance up the river,
until (at the distance of upwards of three
hundred miles from the sea) rounding the
south-western extremity of the Island of
Orleans, the bason, and city, and fortifi-
cations of Quebec, with the cliffs that com-
press the flood on either side, and bring it
to an humbler feature of the surrounding
scenery, open with unusual magnificence
before you ; and, together with the cata-
ract of Montmorency on your right, and
the blue beights which shut in the horizon
beyond it, conspire to form a landscape of
beauty seldom equalled.
Immediately beyond Quebec, this sub-
limity (a sublimity which still, indeed,
wants more stupendous heights to com-
plete it) again ceases. You pass up be-
tween shores, adorned on both sides with
a continuous range of cottages and vil-
Jages, where glitter the spires of Roman ,
Catholic superstition. Amidst them are


280 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
various prospects of inferior beauty, but
none of a commanding nature; and if
you have learnt the country, and allow
your fancy to carry you beyond their
shallow frontier, you shrink from the ex.
panded desolation of the native forests,
which stretches behind them.
At Montreal, you meet a scene of less
grand, but of more interesting beauty.
The original structure of the city, indeed,
is dull and disagreeable; but its late
buildings are in a superior style, and its
vicinity is uncommonly pleasing. The
hill, at the distance, perhaps, of a mile
and a half, or two miles, to the north-
ward, from its woody covert of small
trees, amidst which are the most delight-
ful walks for retirement or for exercise,
subsides gradually in successive ledges to-
wards the city, and throws the eye, which
stretches from its varying surface through
the pleasing indistinctness of its over-
· hanging foliage, in a wide and interesting
range over the busy scene below, over the


TO UPPER CANADA.
283
light, imagination calls from picturesque
scenery.
Yet, this sameness is not universal, nor
is it always of an equally uninteresting
character.
Shortly after the broad head of the St.
Lawrence leaves Lake Ontario, its sur-
face is broken by a multitude of islands,
and there assumes the name of “ Lake of
“ the Thousand Isles." These islands
are of various sizes, and are universally
covered with wood; the smaller, rocky,
barren, shrouded with moss, and bearing
only a stunted growth ; detached rocks
occur occasionally, and help to diversify
the scene. The whole presented to me a
striking emblem of desolation : with few
exceptions, all was still, all was cheerless, as
the boat glided rapidly between them! No
voice was heard.-no trace of life was seen.,
Death-not the destruction, but the pre-
vention of existence seemed to be spread
along the rocks upon the matted moss.


284. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
My heart, though it delights in the wild.
ness of nature, shrunk from the scene. -
Such, without Christ (but not so still)
is the searchless course of nature, marred
as it is so wondrously permitted to be,
by the rebellion of man.
Was not I (as in myself) one of those
barren and gloomy rocks! The tide,
which swept by me, Time, hastening to
the bosom from which it rose, but carrying
with it, no hope, no record of me. The
sterile moss of the rocks, the palsying im-
penitence of my heart, resting in its own
unmoving desolation ! The tempests
which sometimes swept across, heaping it
perhaps in new fragments, more cheerless
or more hideous than ever, the blind and
raging passions of my soul; and if not
still so, what is it that hath caused a dawn
of life, or a ray of hope, or a gleam of
joy to gladden that dark and sullen rock?
What is it, that in any degree, hath taken
away from it its impenitence and its re-


· TO UPPER CANADA..
285 -
belliousness! Oh, dared I hope, that it
indeed were so with me, to, Thee, oh
glorious Saviour, to Thee my soul would
rise and sing, . ... ... "
"
i
“ Jesus found me when a stranger, .
“ Wandering from the fold of God,
“ And to save my soul from danger,
“ Interposed, his precious blood.”
And to Thee, if it be Thy will, my
soul shall rise. On Thy spirit it shall wait,
It shall lie at the foot of Thy cross, and
pointing to Thy precious blood, still cry,
“ Oh God, for this, be merciful to me, a
6 sinner!”
The ridge, which in crossing the Nia-
gara river, forms the great cataract of
that name, adorns the scenery in its vari-
ous ramifications, as it winds round the
western extremity of Lake Ontario, with
great and very pleasing diversity of sur-
face. The 'neighbourhood of Dundas,
may be called billy; Ancaster and


286
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
Queenston are both beautiful situations :
and as the country opens, other detached
ridges appear, which beautify the land-
scape. But the great general charac-
teristic is decidedly a level; and any
thing of the size of a mountain is sought
in vain.
The cataract of Niagara is known to
be the most striking object in the pro-
vince. It is situated on the course of
the Niagara river, about twenty-one miles
from Lake Erie, and about fifteen from
Lake Ontario.
Where this river falls into Lake On-
tario, the country is level; but at the dis-
tance of between seven and eight miles,
the ridge of Queenston, two or three hun.
dred feet high, crosses its course, and, as
before mentioned, diversifies and embel-
lishes the scenery. It rises steeply, im-
mediately beyond the town; but after
you have gained its summit, another vast
level with few inequalities, stretches be-
fore you, and you look in vain for the


TO UPPER CANADA... 287
frowning rocks and the towering pre-
cipices, with wbich imagination had per-
haps arrayed the enormous rush of the
expected cataract.
It seems an universally received opi-
nion on the best grounds, that the flood
originally fell over the ridge at Queen-
ston; but that in the dilapidations of
centuries, the rocks have crumbled into
their separate masses, beneath the rush-
ing force of the ceaseless torrent; and
the consequence has been,, the gradual
recession of the cataract, to its present
site. .
Where the river leaves Lake Erie, its
banks are low; but as it pursues its sink-
ing course towards Ontario, its flood sub-
sides gradually beneath'i them, until it
reaches the summit of the falls, where the
banks, which are green, wooded and slop-
ing, may be between one and two hun-
dred feet bigh. Tbe falls are estimated
at about 150 feet; and with this addi- ,
tional depression, the course of the river .


288
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
continues, until emerging from its almost
hidden way, through the heights at
Queenston, it passes in a less rapid
(though still in a rapid) progress to the
lake below. The banks, though greatly
inferior, continue high
Immediately north of the falls, and on
a level with the river before it tumbles
over the precipice, is a ledge of project-
ing rock, partly bare, and partiy adorned
with bushes and wild flowers. A portion
of this, nearly above the abyss into which
the river plunges, is called, the table rock,
and hence, in my opinion, is the finest
view of the cataract. .
As you stand there, the wild flood of
the stream is seen bounding from the
rapids above. It rushes onward foaming;
but as it approaches the ledge, it seems
to hesitate; with a yet quick, but a
steadier and deeper streamn, it advances ;
soon it hangs on the verge; and then;
with a wild, majestic, impetuous stillness,
displaying a greenish tinge in its curve,


TO UPPER CANADA.
289
it rolls over the ridge, and is presently
lost in the ever tossing, and swelling, and
varying gulph of vacillating vapour below,
which no human eye can penetrate, and
which, rendering the prospect downward
interminable, adds to the scene, the un-
defined and peculiar beauty of awakened,
but unsatisfied imagination. Beyond this
rolling gulph, half concealed at times by
the aspiring mist, is a small, woody
island ; and beyond this island, the other
part of the cataract, lofty and foaming,
but greatly inferior in grandeur to that
already mentioned. The sunken level of
the abyss beneath, after escaping from
the impenetrable mist of the cataract, is
seen hurrying downwards in seemingly
slow, still eddies, till it disappears be-
tween its high banks of rugged pre-
cipices.
From the level of the table rock, at the
distance perhaps of half a mile below it,
is a steep descent to the inferior level of
the sunken surface of the river; and


200
.
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
upon reaching the bottom of this, you find
a narrow path of broken slaty stone, which
winds along the base of the over-hanging
rock to the right, and conducts you to
the foot of the fall. As you advance, a
more disturbed, but less grand view, pre-
sents itself. The foaming cataract falls
over the ridge in front, and is lost in the
same heaps of ever varying vapour ; but
its still and solemon effect is lost. The
mist appears tortured and confused, and
the descending river assumes a hurried
'and more broken appearance. All is
disorder; the noise is great, but not
grand; a kind of anarchy roars around
you, and deafens and distracts, without
elevating. I walked to the edge of the
thick drifting spray, where the rocks are
covered with coiling eels, and was almost
instantly drenched, while the rushing and
eddying air threatened to arrest respira-
tion. It is however asserted, that in par-
ticular states of the wind, a short passage
is open, beneath the ledge above you,
i
.
.
.
.
.
-


992
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
cipice. There it seems to collect itself,
as if preparing for the fearful plunge to
which it is bastening. It assumes a deep,
and silent, and solemn character, while
its rapidity increases: it attains the verge,
hangs over the rock, and rolls down al.
most at the same moment; while its wild,
and still, and solemn sweep, is lost amidst
the swelling foam that surges for ever
beneath it; and, on such occasions, towers
aloft in the air, a beacon to distant eyes
of its existence. New torrents fall over
in ceaseless succession, and as ceaselessly
are lost, in the perpetually varying and
tumultuously rolling vapour of its con-
vulsed abyss.
It need not be added, that frequent
rainbows are displayed on the floating
vapour. The distance at which the roar
of the cataract is heard, depends, of course,
upon the direction of the wind and the
state of the atmosphere. It varies from
half a mile to thirty miles.
The scenery around, it will be ob-


294
THE BMIGRANT'S GUIDE
WILD ANIMALS.
;
'
Quadrupeds. — The wildernesses of
North America are highly blessed in
being totally free from ferocious animals;
I mean as relates to mankind. The black
bear is timorous and inoffensive, if not
disturbed. The wolf is wild and skulk-
ing, and is terrible only to the smaller
animals. The fox and the racoon (pos-
sessed of about the same powers as a fox),
seek for still smaller prey than the wolf.
· The spotted deer traverses the woods
singly, or in herds, but is seldom seen,
except by the Indian hunters. The hare
is not abundant. The beaver is very
rare; not so the vestiges of its art, which
frequently cross your course (if you travel
much) in the forests.
The other wild quadrupeds, such as
the mush, or musk rat (which is abun-
dantly destroyed for the sake of its skin),
and the various squirrels, &c. are little
known to me, and, perhaps, are little


TO UPPER CANADA.
207
often the only sound of life which disturbs
their desolate silence. The mourning dove
is sometimes, but not frequently, heard.
Fish. -The lakes abound with fish,
particularly as you pass beyond Lake
Erie to the northward and westward.
Salmon (of an excellent description) is
found as high up as the cataract of Nia-
gara, but that is a barrier, of course,
which they cannot surmount. They
abound more on the north than on the
south side of Lake Ontario.
In the Detroit river, and at the western
extremity of Lake Erie, there are exten,
sive fisheries (I mean extensive compa-
ratively with the state of the country), of
a fish called the white fish. It is some-
what larger than the mackerel, is taken
in November, and affords an excellent
winter stock.
The sturgeon abounds in its season, and
when well cured, is, in my opinion, ex,
tremely palatable ; but it is principally
used by the Indians,
0 5 ,


298
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
There are several other kinds, very
plentiful in their seasons, and very good;
such as a species of berring (as it is call-
ed), white and black bass, &c. &c. When
I say that these things are plentiful, I
mean that they are so naturally : of
course it depends (under Providence)
upon the numbers and enterprise, &c. of
the emigrants themselves, whether they
shall be so to them.
' A large fish, called the muskinunjé
(the orthography of this word is not de-
terinined), not frequently taken, is esteem-
ed one of the finest in the lakes. '
INSECTS, REPTILES, OR SERPENTS.
The insects, during the summer months,
are the greatest natural nuisance in the
country. After a hard day's toil, the
wearied labourer often seeks for rest in
vain. The mosquitoe wanders round
him with its perpetual alarum of attack;
and by assaulting him at every unguarded
moment, invests that alarum with almost


300
.
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
a temporary relief; as the ephemeral ex-
istence of these tormentors, or at least
their activity, seems to be made entirely
dependant upon a hot and humid atmo- ..
sphere. n. ..
Snakes of various kinds are not unfre-
quent, but they produce little or no incon-
venience. The rattle-snake, wbich is
pretty numerous in some marshy places
to the south-west, is not near so large or
so venomous as that of the United States,
and seldom or never causes any anxiety.
It rarely appears ;, it warns of its proxi-
mity by its rattle, which makes a rustling
sound ; and its venom, in general, is
easily cured. Sweet oil, for this purpose,
is very powerful ; as it is against the
venom of the adder and viper in Eng-
land; and the external effect of the
poison of these three serpents is the
same: it produces swelling; whereas,
the volatile alkali, which is so valuable
an antidote in the East Indies, where
the symptoms are convulsive pain, with-


· TO UPPER CANADA.
301
out swelling, seems of no avail against
the rattle-snake. A kind of large black
spider is poisonous in an inferior degree,
and is more apt to be troublesome than the
snakes. But on these subjects, all gene-
ral apprehension is more fanciful than
well founded.
TREES AND MEDICINAL HERBS.
The trees (as in great measure before-
mentioned), are, the black, red, and white
oak; of which, the first is very useless,
and the last, one of the most valuable tim-
hers in the country.
The black and white walnut, the first
exceedingly valuable, the second, also
called the butternut."
Two or three kinds of maple, from the
most common of which, the sugar is
made.. . .
Several kinds of fir or pine.
The red and white cedar, a swampy
growth. These are the best for pickets or
posts; but, white oak, with its end hard-


302
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
ronw
ened, and slightly charred with fire,
makes an excellent substitute.
The hickory, the beech, the birch, the
chestrut, the wild poplar, the wild cherry-
tree, the ash.
These are all large.
The smaller trees of the forest are,
The sassafras, the dogwood, the prickly
ash, the spicewood, the ironwood, &c. &c.
with various bushes.
The garden trees are, the poplar, the
locust, and the weeping willow. The
bushes; the sweet brier (seemingly india :
genous, and far superior to that of Bri-
tain); the lilac, the rose, the various
currants, the gooseberry, and the rasp-
berry : Creepers or vines ; the grape vine,
the hop, &c.
- Orchard trees: the apple, the pear,
the peach, the plum, and the cherry.
NIedicinal Herbs, &c.—The tea of the
wild horehound, or boneset (as it is com-
monly called), a commou herb in low
cleared situations, makes, in moderate


TO UPPER CANADA.
303
quantity, an active emetic; and is some-
times a powerful remedy in agues.
· The root of an herb, called the alum
root, or crow's foot, or bear's foot (ope
of the earliest wild flowers of the spring),
boiled to a strong tea, and drank some-
what plentifully, is strongly astringent,
and when skilfully employed in dysente-
ries, is highly useful.
The running sarsaparilla, for purifying
the blood and for general debility. The
ginseng, for colic and pains in the sto,
niach. The white cohash, for rheuma-
tism. The seneca snake root, with pep-
perinint and horehound, for producing
perspiration, allaying colds, pains, fevers,
&c. The bitter-sweet for purifying the
blood, and relieving heaviness. The
maidenhair, cooling. The gentian root,
infused in liquor, for rheumatism. The
roots of the thimble-berry, together with .
those of the tall blackberry, and of the
seneca snake root, made into a strong tea,


304
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
for the canker-rash, or sore throat, or sore
mouth. The blood-root, for agues, &c.
&c. are much used and greatly recom-
mended; but their application to the
particular case ought, if possible, to be
learnt on the spot. .
The red-topped sorrel, the colt's-tail,
the marsh mallows, and the catenup, are
useful as poultices, to allay inflammation
and swellings.
The root of the rock-fern (a pretty
plant) that grows on high, dry lands,
pounded and steeped in water, is asserted
to be a cure for the bites of the rattle-
snake, the copper-bead, &c. &c.
From the inner bark of the butternut
tree, pills of powerfully detergent quali-
ties, may be prepared.
The bark of the dog-wood; the bark
and fibrous roots of the prickly ash; the
bark of the bois de marais, of the coton-
nier, and of the wild cherry, are all used,
with various success, as substitutes for the
Peruvian bark.


306
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
Sand, plentifully mixed with finely pul-
verized iron, is found abundantly on the
shores of Lake Erie, near Amherstburgh;
but it has not been traced to any appear-
ance of a mine. Bog iron ore is strongly
denoted in many places, by the little
streams which trickle through the banks
from marshes.
Other appearances of minerals have
been discovered; but they have not been
(to my knowledge) investigated.
There are many appearances of mineral
waters, but they have been little ex-
plored. The most remarkable, of which
I have heard, are a sulphur spring under
the bigh bank, about a mile above the
great cataract of Niagara ; and a spring
(the quality of which I have not had well
defined), near Long Point, north of
Lake Erie; the virtues of which have
been found wonderfully efficacious in some
cases of debility.
There is a spring of naphtha (or earthy
oil) on the western banks of the Thames,


; TO UPPER CANADA,
307
and small salt springs are found in several
places,
There is reported to be a large salt
spring on the River Credit, near York,
which it is expected will supply a manu-
facture of salt. '
DOMESTIC ANIMALS.WILD HAY.
. . . . . . RUSHES.
;
Domestic animals. These are of the
same kind, but generally inferior to those
of Britain,
The cows are smaller, and do not give
so much milk. The sheep are smaller,
and yield less wool. The horses pretend
not to an equal appearance, but are ex-
tremely serviceable. The ox (an impor-
tation generally from the United States)
comes nearest to the English size, and
is often found of a fine appearance,
Swine are small. Poultry partake of the
general character of inferiority,
This inferiority may be differently ac-


310 THE HII
OUT
EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
are the means of conducing so highly to
our comforts), that every settler should,
at as early a period as possible (consis-
- tently with higher cares), form meadows
and erect places of shelter for this pur-
pose.
Wild hay. This is the product of
various kinds of wild grass, which grow
on the natural meadows or marshes of
the country. Some, of course, are pre-
ferable to others; the most esteemed
seem to be, what is called “ the spear
“grass,”and that which is most abundantly
intermixed with the wild pea-vine. The
earlier they are cut and cured, when fall
grown, the better; and it is thought a
great advantage, when ricking them, to
scatter, at intervals, layers of salt. These
wild meadows or marshes afford excellent
pasture in the spring, before the flies ap. -
pear; and in the autumn after the cold
has quelled them.
Rushes.-A kind of rush (full of joints)
grows occasionally in the woods, and


TO UPPER CANADA.
where it is sufficiently abundant, forms
an admirable winter provender for
horned cattle, but it is dangerous for.
horses. It is an evergreen, or rather,
is perpetually renewed, and flourishes
equally in winter as in summer. Horses
delight in it, but it exposes them to a
constant danger of sudden death.
BINTIP
PROVINCIAL CURRENCY. .
The provincial currency is of two
kinds, which may be called, the legal and
the practical.
The legal is of pounds, dollars, shil-
lings, and pence.
12 pence = 1 shilling
5 shillings = 1 dollar
20 shillings or 4 dollars = 1 pound.
And the practical currency is that of
the state of New York; having the
same names, but different values.
12 pence or 12į cents = 1 shilling
8 shillings = 1 dollar
20 shillings or 2 dollars = 1 pound.


1
THB EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
314
English gold and silver coin are per-
fectly current at Quebec.
In passing into the upper province,
no shillings or sixpences of the lower
province should be taken. Dollars, half
dollars, quarter dollars, and eighths of
dollars are the most convenient.
: No English silver coin should be car.
ried beyond Montreal.


.
315
:
TO UPPER CANADA.
SECT. XVII.
Observations addressed to Emigrants of Capital.
The information contained in the pre-
ceding pages, does not apply to several
particulars, on which persons of property,
desirous of proceeding to Canada, might
wish for intelligence; and it is my object,
in the present section, briefly tó endea-
vour to supply this deficiency. The man,
who emigrates for subsistence, is on a
vastly different footing from him who'emi-
grates either with a view of more easy
competence, or with purposes of cupidity
or ambition ; and the circumstances which
are eligible to the former, are propor-
tionably different from those which would
accommodate the latter. Give the poor
man a lot of good land, and the means
of subsistence for a year or two, and his
P 2


318
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
Ancaster, and the Grand River Settle-
ment, by Vittoria and Talbot Street, to
Amherstburgh. From Amherstburgh, by
Sandwich, to the settlements on the
Thames; and, if practicable, to the banks
of Big Bear Creek, and of the River
St. Clair; and returning thence, by the
remaining settlements on the Thames, and
by Dundas Street to York. : i'.
He might subsequently visit the line of
communication between York and Lake
Huron, by way of Lake Şimcoe, on one
side; and on the other, the Niagara Diss
trict.
:
The distance he would have to travel
in this course, would be altogether (in-
cluding occasional ductuations from the
road, for the purposes of observation, or of
inquiry) upwards of a thousand miles,
and the time required to perform it, with
any kind of convenience (I mean without
over fatigue) could not be less than two
months. The exertion would be great,
But we want men in Canada who are
willing to make exertions. Others may


TO UPPER CANADA
319.
pass away their lives in politer countries,
and look down with contempt upon our
privations, which to them would be min
sery. Most unwillingly, would we inters
fere with their enjoyments. ... Poezie
My comparative opinions respecting
the most desirable situations, are already
noted in Section III. pages, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51.
A tour such as the above, would supply
the most satisfactory information attain.
able; and the person would then judge
for himself, whether or not, purchase, or
wbat measgres would be desirable to him;
without it, he would necessarily form his
· opinion much in the dark.
To persons, not able to incur this delay
and expence, I would recommend the
same direct progress to York; and then
advise them to act immediately upon the
best information in their power there to
obtain. By doing so, they might very
possibly not make so good a selec-
tion as might be possible, were better in-
telligence within their reach. But the


320
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
time and money they would save, and the
doubts, and perplexities, and anxieties,
which they would avoid, would more than
compensate for a much greater liability to
disadvantage. To a stranger of confined
means, almost any thing (moderately
speaking) is preferable to delay, indeci-
sion, and uncertainty.' . .'
The want of servants in Upper Capa-
da, is perhaps the greatest inconvenience
to which persons of property are ex-
posed. There is such a general inde-
pendance and provision, that persons of
that description (especially female ser-
vants), are very rare. This inconveni-
ence is one which the influx of popula-
tion will, of course, remedy; but it re-
quires, in the mean-time, all that philan-
thropy which forgets its own wants in re-
joicing for others, or a still higher princi-
ple, to tolerate it. The simplicity of man-
ners' to which it conduces, would be pleas-
ing, could anything be pleasing, which de-
bars those whom you love, from more agree-
able and more improving occupations.


:- TO UPPER CANADA...
.
321
SECT. XVIII.
Address to the Wealthy and Benevolent Part of
the Community in England.
WHATEVER be the cause—whether it is
the depravity of the poor themselves, or
the depravity of the rich; whether it is
the inseparable consequence of the pro-
gress of society (in a general sense) when
arrived at such a stage as that to which
our country has attained ; or of something
peculiar (in the same progress), to our
country; or whether (as is most likely), it
is a concatenation of all these things, it is
deplorably undeniable, that a vast, a ter-
rifying accumulation of misery exists,
And without detracting from the unprece-
dented benevolences of the wealthy
without assuming on one side the radical
(I here use the word, not in relation to
the misled people, but to the horrible
P5 i
.


TO UPPER CANADA...
323
conviction, that all these unprecedented
floods of beneficence are but : lenitives.,
The worm continues at the root; the
disease is soothed for the moment, and
perhaps only in a part of its symptoms ;
but its corroding, its expanding source
remains untouched. Death still hang's
over us and how easy is it sometimes ta .
slumber, even in the very jaws of death!..
Many means have been proposed for the
eradication of this equally mournful and
portentous evil. The probability (were I
inclined to speak positively, I should say
the certainty) is, that while mankind con-
tinues unregenerated, it can never be en.
tirely eradicated; but I see no reason to
believe that it may not be more effectually
assuaged. Talent and benevolence have
both been bent to the attainment of this
deeply important end; and I desire not
to interfere with their splendor, which I
admire and Yove. But from my own
little pook, and with such litele voice as
may be admitted from me, affectionately


324
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
would I propose, in due subordination to
every more practical and efficient means,
the ideas with which my subject and my
circumstances have inspired me. If it
bé supposed that my own interests are my
guide, let me be despised, if they will, by
those who suppose so. I wish not to de-
fend myself; but I do most earnestly
wish, that, setting me aside altogether,
they and others (whom God hath blessed
with the means), would seriously and im-
partially investigate the ideas which I
offer, as those ideas really stand in rela.
tion to their own interests, to the interests
of the destitute poor, and to the interests
of our country. ' ..
· Upper Canada pines for population.
To the spirit of enterprise she presents a
vast plain of the most fertile lands, under
a highly genial climate : but beneficially
to take advantage of her offer, certain
means are indispensable. Why may not
the wealthy and the liberal of Britain
supply those means, and cover that deso-


TO UPPER CANADA. 325
late fertility with productiveness? Why
may they not transplant the depressed
and shivering fellow-creature who is prey-
ing upon the vitals of his country, to a
scene where his energies may be refresh-
ed; and where (in the agony which sub-
verts the patience of nature, instead of
execrating himself, perhaps, and all
around him), he shall be encompassed
with objects which shall fill anew his
poor, distracted, wearied soul with hope,
and call forth his prayers for those who
have been the means of retrieving him
from woe, and infainy, and death? I
speak not this in relation to Canada alone.
New Holland, &c. &c. seem to offer, with
similar advantages, a similar resource ;
and the object here is, to relieve, as far
as may be possible, the misery of our own
people, not to defer to the calls of this or
that particular province. I dwell promi.
nently on Upper Canada in this place, mere.
ly because I am best acquainted with it.
It appears to me completely within the


326
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
sphere of moderate intelligence and of
moderate carefulness, to plant colonies in
Upper Canada, on such a plan, as shall,
in the common course of Providence,
ascertain the redemption of the principal
advanced for their equipment and esta-
blishment, within ten years; and with
ample security, in the mean-time, on the
land. The measures for this purpose
might, were there a demand (in my opi-
pion), be easily developed. Of course the
sanction of government would be neces.
sary: but of this I see not the smallest
reason to doubt, provided such enter-
prises be undertaken in a duteous and
loyal manner; the only manner, certainly,
in which they ought to be undertaken or
encouraged. Our fields long to nourish,
and our hearts to welcome, the distressed
poor of our country, whose sufferings,
however fruitlessly, we mourn. But far,
far be from us the seeds of anarchy and
sedition ! :


TO UPPER CANADA.
327
SECT. XIX.
General Observations on the Subject of the best Sea-
son for proceeding to Upper Canada, and for
finding your way in the Woods, &c. &c.
The general prevalence of westerly winds
on the Atlantic, renders the passage to
America at all times precarious; but it is
generally admitted, that those winds in-
termit usually most in the months of
March and April; and hence a passage
in those months seems most desirable.
A person leaving Liverpool in March,
may expect, under the Divine bless-
ing, to reach Quebec early in May, or
as soon as the breaking up of the ice
leaves the river open. This occurs com-
monly by the beginning of May. He
may be at York by the end of May, and,
according to circumstances, be settled on
his land in the course of June, or, at latest,


TO UPPER CANADA.:
329
- beneficially without personal observation,
which must be made by the individual
bimself on the spot.
The weather in general is exceedingly
more clear in Canada than in England,
and of course the sun is proportionably
unclouded. Its direction, therefore, should
always be observed when you go into the
woods; and if you remain long in them,
allowances should be made for its pro-
gress from east, by the south, to west.
Cattle can always find their way home,
either by night or day. If riding, you
are overtaken by darkness, keep the
reins loose on your horse's neck, and he
will carry you to some shelter; but in
this case, you must take care, that you
are not brushed off by the branches. '
The moss which abounds in all the
woods, and which generally grows highest
and thickest on the northern sides of trees
(especially of large trees) is, in a measure,
(from that circumstance) an universal and
an excellent compass.


330
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
It may be proper to add, with respect
to the navigation of the River St. Law-
rence (by which alone Canada has a
communication with the sea) that it is
generally obstructed by ice, from the
beginning of December (or earlier) till
the beginning of May. During this
period, of course, commerce languishes,
as there can be no foreign trade. In-
surance is enhanced on the river after
the beginning of November ; and before
the close of that month, ceases altogether.
The navigation of the lakes ceases also,
nearly for the same period.. : .


332
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
and if I deceive not myself, I most truly
and entirely do so. But let not those
who differ from me, impute what they
may believe to be my errors, to the
Scriptures. In so far as I be wrong, I
am the responsible person. The error is
my own alone-had the Holy Scriptures
influenced me more, I should have been
corrected. The freedom which I use,
and which I claim, is an inherent part
of my character, not superinduced. I
know that I am responsible, and I de-
sire to continue responsible for it. But
I at the same time assert an absolute in-
dependance of the whole mass of opinions
which float upon the world ; and I par-
ticularly desire, that wherever the spirit
of the world, or a higher spirit may
condemn me, it will condemn me, myself,
and not any external basis on which I
may appear to act.
I have been desirous to offer these re,
marks, because I know how blindly, and
contractedly, and erroneously we are all


TO UPPER CANADA. · · 333
liable to judge; because I know, how
hastily and how arrogantly we are prone
to condemn every unusual and unfashion-
able sentiment; and how readily we ex-
tend our condemnation to things, which
have no share whatsoever in that which we.
reprobate. I know that the Holy Scrip-
tures have been often scandalized by the
imaginary, as well as by the real faults,
of their votaries; and this it is, which, in
so far as it relates to me, I most, anxiously
wish to avoid. For myself, I stand pre-
pared, if need be, for the censure of the
whole world : a very little thing it is to
me, to be judged of man's judgment.
I desire, in all things, to be judged as I
know I shall be judged of One, infinitely
above him. But as I look upon every
thing that is dear and sacred on earth,
together with the all-glorious hopes of
eternity, to be intimately connected with
the preservation in unsullied estimation of
the Word of God, I shudder at the idea


334
Zots.
THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE
Concasso
of possibly having my real or imputed
faults imposed by human blindness or
censoriousness opon that Holy Word. I
claim the whole and every part of the
condemnation for myself; and let it be
remembered, that whereinsoever I shall
have erred, or may err, it has been or
will be, by departing from that Holy
Word only, that I have done or shall do
SO." Let God be true, but every man
« a liar."
2017p personu po poroda
THE END.
deysunoz » WPA


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