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P R E FA C E.
THE present work is intended to convey to stran-
gers a correct view and description of the great
outlines of this rising metropolis; and as the rise
is so rapid that important improvements are start-
ing into bold relief almost every round of the
moon, it is confidently hoped, that the additions
and amendments which will thus become neces-
sary within the compass of every succeeding year,
will afford ample means to the compilers of ren-
dering THE PICTURE OF SYDNEY by far the most
popular and valuable of our Sydney annuals.
The work is so constructed as to form a faithful
record of facts, illustrative of the past and pre-
sent state of Sydney, and may thus be expected to
place valuable materials in the hands of the future
historian of the colony. But whilst an object of
such obvious importance to the future character
of this community has thus had due influence
with the compilers, their labours have been
guided by considerations of no less importance to
its present welfare. At the present moment, im-
migration into our territory is receiving encou-


vi PREFACE.
!
ragement on a more extensive scale than at any
previous period: and all who are acquainted with
the capabilities and circumstances of the colony
must be convinced, that there are solid grounds
for such encouragement. At home, however, it
is well known, that much misapprehension exists
on the subject of the social and civil state of our
community. Under these circumstances, the
compilers are induced to believe, that such a work
as they now present to the public, will be found
better fitted than any other work on the colony
hitherto published, to correct such misapprehen-
sion ºn the minds of intending emigrants at home,
and to communicate such a view of our social
advancement to the British public in general, as
may widen materially the wish on the part of in-
dustrious and respectable families to hazard mi-
gration to our shores.
The short space of fifty years has converted the
horrid and tractless wilderness—the transient
resting place of some migratory tribe of naked
and unideaed savages—into the busy mart of civi-
lised and enlightened intercourse; whence there
is yearly exported to the mother-country produce
to the value of upwards of a million sterling, and
where the tastes, the pursuits, the comforts, and
even elegancies of English society are valued and
enjoyed to a far more substantial extent than in
many of the large towns of Great Britain itself.
It has hence reasonably appeared to the compilers,


r-
PREFACE. vii
that views of the public buildings of Sydney,
and of the most prominent efforts of industry
throughout the colony, together with such his-
torical notices and statistical details as are deemed
necessary to convey a correct knowledge of the
character, state, and objects, of the views given
—must constitute the most forcible and ready
way of imparting to a stranger accurate notions
of our status as a community. The compilers,
therefore, freely own, that their main object will
be gained, if their work be found contributing in
any appreciable degree, to induce respectable and
virtuous families among the industrious ranks of
society at home, to transfer their capital and la-
bour from an arena where the whirl of competition
stands formidably in the way of successful exer-
tion, to a field where, not competency alone, but
certain fortune, can hardly fail to reward the
efforts of careful, persevering, and honourable
toil.
In as far as the arrangement of the plates and
accompanying matter is concerned, the compilers
have been guided by circumstances, peculiar to the
“getting up” of a work of this character. Their
first edition—or THE PICTURE of SYDNEY for
1838—they dare not therefore contemplate, as
being altogether unobjectionable on this score.
They have, under the circumstances alluded to,
done their best to render their work acceptable to
the public: but from the experience which they
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viii PREFACE.
have gained in the course of the present com-
pilation, they feel some confidence in anticipating
important alterations and improvements in the
Picture of 1839. And, in the mean time, they
earnestly solicit from all parties concerned in the
welfare of Australia, the communication of such
information as may enable them to amend, im-
prove, and diversify, the details of their subse-
quent editions,
Imperfections and faults in the execution, as
well as the arrangement of the work, which have
escaped the notice of the compilers, will no
doubt be recognised by others. For indulgence
on this score, they submit themselves to the good
feeling of the public—confident that a sincere
wish to advance the interests of the community
pervades the whole of the compilation, and con-
tented to rest its success or failure in public esti-
mation on its recognised utility alone.


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1.
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PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
IMMIGRATION.
There is no subject more interesting to young
colonies, than that of Immigration. It is the
main source of their strength, their wealth, their
intelligence, and their virtue. And if this be
true of colonies in general, with what peculiar
force does it apply to a colony so constituted as
New South Wales. The original elements of our
society comprised all the vices and the miseries of
depraved humanity. Selected by the British Go-
vernment as the great repository of national
crime—as the immense sink into which the nation
might discharge its “superfluity of naughtiness”
—this territory was for many years occupied ex-
clusively by felons and their overseers; and could
be regarded in no other light than that of a ter-
ritorial gaol. In these primitive times, the inte-
rests of the community were few and simple;
and the duties of the Government scarcely at all
exceeded, either in dignity or in importance,
those of the superintendents of a house of cor-
rection. To preserve order among the convicts—
to apply their compulsory labour to purposes of
immediate utility—and to take special care that
the public magazines were adequately supplied
with provisions and clothing; these were the
ehief concerns of those in authority, and in
A.


2 . PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
these consisted the only prosperity to which the
colony aspired.
This state of things, with but trivial exceptions,
continued from the foundation of the colony, in
the year 1788, until the termination of the Napo-
leon war, in 1815. Within that period, nothing
was known in Great Britain of “Botany Bay,”
further than that it was the reservoir of felons—
a place of guilt, degradation, and misery, the
name of which was seldom mentioned but with
a shudder or a sigh. It had no known attrac-
tions for voluntary emigration; and it was by
mere accident that an enterprising individual
was now and then induced to seek his fortunes
upon its crime-stained shores.
No sooner, however, had the nation settled
down to the calm pursuits of peace, than New
South Wales began gradually to bespeak some
share of public attention. The publication of
Mr. Oxley's Report of his official expeditions into
the interior, and of Mr. Wentworth's Statistical
Account of the Colony, awakened several of the
leading Reviews to this new scene of philosophic
and philanthropic enquiry; and those influential
arbiters of public taste and public opinion en-
tered with so much ardour into a consideration
of the physical character of Terra Australis, and
of its probable capabilities and destinies as a
scion of the British empire, that it rapidly
emerged from the obscurity in which it had hi-
therto been enveloped. Several respectable mer-
cantile houses in London had already opened a
lucrative trade with Port Jackson; the superior
quality of the wools of New South Wales began
to be appreciated by British manufacturers;
whilst the steady yearly increase in the quantities
–


IMMIGRATION. 3
exported led to a growing conviction that, the
climate and soil being admirably adapted for the
production of that great staple, the vast extent of
the Australian territory presented illimitable re-
sources for augmented supplies.
It was about five years after the termination of
the Napoleon war, that the tide of respectable
emigration from Great Britain began, slowly, it
is true, to set in towards this colony. Compared
with the rush made to British America and the
United States, our influx was certainly trifling.
Their comparative nearness to the British Isles,
and the small expense of the passage, gave to the
transatlantic colonies, in the eyes of most men, so
decided an advantage over a country situated at
the furthest extremity of the globe, that it is not
to be wondered at, that whilst the Canadas could
annually boast of their thousands of new immi-
grants, New South Wales was to rest contented
with its hundreds. The only attraction held out
by the latter, as compared with the former, was
in the greater salubrity of its climate; whilst the
only advantages proffered by the Government,
free grants of ind. were as much connected with
the one country as with the other.
The system of making free grants of land to
immigrants remained in operation until the mid-
dle of the year 1831. It was subject, however,
to many fluctuaticns. The powers of Governor
Macquarie, in this as in many otherºespects,
appear to have been much less restricted than
those of any of his predecessors or successors;
for although his instructions required him
not to exceed, in primary grants, one hundred
and thirty or one hundred and fifty acres to any
one individual, except a small number of extra
acres for each child; yet was he invested with


4 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
unlimited discretion as to the extent of additional
grants, the only condition being, that he should
report to the Secretary of State his reasons for
making them. In the exercise of this discretion,
that Governor made large and liberal grants
wherever he thought they were deserved, whether
by the good use made of primary grants, or by
the amount of capital proposed to be invested in
improvements, or by general meritorious conduct.
But it was thought by some persons, that his
liberality exceeded the bounds of prudence, and
was not always either impartial or disinterested.
This seems to have been the impression of Mr.
Commissioner Bigge, sent out by Earl Bathurst,
in the year 1819, for the purpose of instituting a
thorough enquiry into the state of the colony, and
the proceedings of the Local Government. Cer-
tain it is, however, that Sir Thomas Brisbane,
who succeeded Governor Macquarie, was tied
down by instructions much more definite than
those of his predecessor; and was required to
graduate his grants according to a scale laid down
by His Majesty's Government, proportioning the
number of acres given to the amount of capital
possessed by the grantee. It was as follows:–
f500 entitled to 500 acres of land,
750 s e e - 64() ditto.
1000 . . . . 800 ditto.
1500 . . . . 1000 ditto.
1700 . . . . 1280 ditto.
2000 . . . . 1500 ditto.
2500 . . . . 1760 ditto.
3000 . . . . 2000 ditto.
The same principle, of adjusting the grant ac-
cording to the capital, was maintained in the
administration of Governor Darling, who suc


IMMIGRATION. 5
ceeded Sir Thomas Brisbane; but the scale was
modified thus:–
£500 entitled to 640 acres of land.
1000 . . . . 1280 ditto.
1500 . . . . ]920 ditto,
2000 . . . . 2560 ditto.
The last-mentioned quantity, equal to four
square miles, was the utmost that could be
granted, without purchase, to any one individual.
Under this system of free grants, there were
located, up to the year 1821–381,466 acres; and
up to the year 1828–2,906,346 acres. Of the land
located by Governors Brisbane and Darling, it
must, however, be understood, that the whole
was not disposed of by free grants, a portion having
been purchased from the Crown. But the great
difference between the returns of 1821 and 1828,
strikingly illustrates the advancement made by
the colony, in wealth, enterprise, and industry,
during the short space of seven years. With all
the powers possessed by Macquarie and his prede-
cessors, the whole of the lands alienated by the
Crown, from the foundation of the colony to the
last year of Macquarie's Government, did not
amount to 400,000 acres; whilst from that year
to 1828, the quantity alienated was 2,524,880
acres. *
But in the year 1831, a great and fundamental
change was introduced by the King's Govern-
ment into the system of disposing of the public
lands. Free grants were then wholly disconti-
nued, and all Crown lands, not required for pub-
lic purposes, and not lying beyond the assigned
boundaries of the colony, were thrown into the
market for sale by public auction. Such is the
practice at the present day; and various and con-


ºr.
6 PICTURE of Sydney.
flicting are the opinions entertained by reflecting
men as to the soundness of its principle, and the
utility of its operations. Without stopping to
discuss this knotty question, which would scarcely
accord with the design of the present work, we
may venture to affirm, that it is the general opi-
nion of the respectable colonists, that the existing
swstem should be so far modified as to diminish
the serious expense of emigration to so remote a
colony, and to afford a generous encouragement
to the native youth. The first might be done by
allowing the costs of the passage to be set-off
against the purchase-money of land, on the same
principle as that already applied to retired officers
of the British army and navy. The second would
be accomplished by making a free grant, of mo-
derate extent, to every native youth upon his
attaining his majority, or upon his becoming
married. .
The money derived by Government from the
sale of Crown lands goes, professedly, to the for-
mation of a fund for assisting poor persons, of
suitable age and character, to emigrate to the
colony from the mother-country. We say pro-
fessedly, for it is a fact truly painful to contem-
plate, that towards this laudable object but a piti-
ful proportion of the Land Revenue has hitherto
been appropriated, the great bulk of it being
allowed to remain in the Colonial Treasury, abso-
lutely unproductive of any rate of interest, or
other advantage whatsoever!
This will be more clearly understood by a pe-
rusal of the returns which we shall now lay before
our readers, derived from the most authentic
sources. By a return made to the Legislative
Council, at the session of 1836, it appears that
.
*
**
~d.


IMMIGRATION. 7
**
during the first four years after the establishment
of the Emigration Fund, the expenditure was as
follows:—
Return of Free Persons who arrived in New South
Wales, with Bounties out of the Emigration
Fund, from the 1st of January, 1832, to the
31st of December, 1835.
CHIL- BOUNTIES
Yea R. M. E.N. WOMEN. DREN. TOTAL. PA I. D.
f s .d.
1832 140 455 197 || 792 || 5,256 6 9
1833 177 | 728 348 1253 |12,104 0 0
1834 52 299 || 133 || 484 || 5,005 o 0
1835 33 || 426 86 545 8,663 O O
Totals. 402 | 1908 || 764 3074 |31,028 & 9
The Land Revenue, pledged by ministers to be
applied exclusively to the above purpose, was,
during the same period (except that we include
the year 1831, in which the Emigration Fund
was established), as follows:—
Revenue derived from the Sale of Crown Lands,
in New South Wales, from the year 1831, to
the year 1835.
YEAR. AMOUNT.
f s. d.
1831. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,617 17 5
1832. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,683 6 1
1833. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,272 2 9
1834. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,482 3 9
1835.............* 89,380 9 4
ToTAL...#176,435 19 4
Viewed in the form of an account current, this
* In 1836, this branch of the Colonial Revenue was
£132,396 19s. 9d.


Pr. FM IGRATION FUND OF NEW SOUTH WALEs. Cr.
£TT, TT d. Tj T £ s. Tai.
1831|To Land Revenue .... 3,617, 17 | 5 |1832. By Bounties paid........ 5,256| 6 || 9
1832 , Ditto ........ 13,683| 6 || 1 || , , , Balance unappropriated 12,044 16 9
£17,301| 3 || 6 £17,801. 3 || 6
To Balance from 1832..] 12,044 16 || 9 ||1833. By Bounties paid........ 12,104| 0 || 0
1833, Land Revenue .... 26,272| 2 || 9 || , ,, Balance unappropriated 26,212| 19 || 6
£38,316, 19 6 £38,316, 19 || 6
To Balance from 1833. . 26,212, 19 || 6 ||1834|By Bounties paid........ 5,005| 0 || 0
1334|, Land Revenue .... 43,482. 3 || 9 || , , Balance unappropriated 64,690 3 3
£59,693 3 || 8 f69,695| 3 || 3
To Balance from 1834... 64,690 3 || 3 |1835|By Bounties paid........ 8,663| 0 || 0
1835. , Land Revenue .... 89,380 9 || 4 || , ,, Balance unappropriated 145,407|12 || 7
154,070 12 || 7 | £154,070 12 7
To Balance from 1835.4145,407 12 || 7 |
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IMMIGRATION. 9
S
The great loss, direct and indirect, caused to
the public by the idleness of these enormous ba-
lances, will appear sufficiently glaring by the
following interest account, charged at the colonial
rate of ten per cent per annum,
EMIGRAtion fund DR. To INTEREST.
1832. £ s. d.
Dec. 31. To 1 Year's Interest on -
#3,617 17 5 361 15 8
1833.
Dec. 31. , Ditto ditto 12,044 16 9. 1,204 || 9 || 8
1834.
Dec. 31. , Ditto ditto 26,212 19 6 2,621 | 5 || 11
1835.
Dec. 31. , Ditto ditto 64,690 3 3 6,469 || 0 || 3
1836.
Dec. 31. , Ditto ditto 145,407 12 7| 14,540 15 5
ToTAL DEAD Loss...|f 25,197. 6 11
The amount appropriated to Emigration in the
year 1836, has not yet been made public, but
assuming it to have been equal to the average of
the four preceding years, it will be £7757 1s. 8d.
The Land Revenue of that year £ s, d.
was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,396 19 9
Deduct estimated Expenditure... 7,757 1 8
SURPLUs BALANCE of THE
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,639 18 l
Add Balance unappropriated to
December 31, 1835 . . . . . . . . 145,407 12 7
ToTAL UNAPPROPRIATED ... f. 270,047 Io S
To Interest at December 31, 1836 25,197 6 II
,, Ditto for 1 year on the Surplus
Balance of 1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,463 19 9
ToTAL ESTIMATED DEAD Loss £37,661. 6 s


10 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
That this state of things is an evil, and a very
great evil, must be obvious to the most superficial
observer; and it is candidly admitted to be so in
the Address of His Excellency the Governor to
the Legislative Council, on the opening of the
session of the year 1837, in which it is said:—
“Trusting that by the operation of the mea-
sures adopted, or to be adopted, for procuring the
introduction of Emigrant mechanics and labour-
ers, means will be found for returning to the
colony, with profit, the revenues which have
been for some time accumulating in the Treasury,
I do not intend to propose to you, at this juncture,
any less satisfactory remedy for an admitted evil
—the retention, without §º. of large
sums in the public coffers.”
It is due to the Government of Sir Richard
Bourke to add the following observation, quoted
from the same address, touching the non-pro-
ductiveness of the unappropriated Land Reve-
Inule :-
“Nor have the sums thus accumulated remained
wholly useless to the public. The Government,
by reason of its surplus revenue, has been enabled
to leave large balances in the Banks, at a moderate
rate of interest; and thus more ample means are
afforded to those useful establishments for encou-
raging and supporting the enterprises of indivi-
duals, which, when controlled by prudence, and
conducted with skill, are beneficial not only to the
projectors, but to the whole community.”
This apology for “the retention, without fructi.
fication, of large sums in the public coffers,” is
perhaps the best that could have been offered by
His Excellency, who must naturally feel anxious
to put the best face on this monstrous violation of
the principles of public finance; but it goes but a


IMMIGRATION | 1
very little way toward reconciling us to the “ad-
mitted evil.”
We cannot more appropriately close this article,
than by extracting the following passage from the
Governor's able and interesting Address to the
Council; and it is probable, that before the last
sheet of this work goes to press, we may be ena-
bled to lay before our readers the result of the
deliberations of the Committee which His Excel-
lency proposes to appoint.
“One of the principal subjects to which I
would claim your attention, and upon which I
require your advice, results, for the most part,
from the unexampled prosperity with which it has
pleased Providence to bless this land. The flou-
rishing state of the revenue, and the large profits
derived from pastoral and commercial pursuits,
have placed in the public Treasury, and in the
hands of individuals, a vast amount of capital,
which demands an increased supply of labour for
its advantageous employment. Measures have
accordingly been devised, and are now in pro-
gress, to procure or aid the introduction into the
colony of useful labourers of various descriptions.
Some of these have already arrived, and more are
immediately expected under the existing arrange-
ments; but the supply is so far below the demand
as to render necessary some further expedients
for obtaining a nearer approximation to the de-
sired amount. Amongst other projects, it has
been proposed to this Government to introduce
the hill labourers of India, whose readiness to
emigrate on reasonable terms, and whose general
utility, have been proved in their transfer to other
countries. Some papers in illustration of these
facts will be laid on the table. The plan is, how-


12 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
ever, open to objections, which it will be proper
to discuss before it be finally adopted. I propose,
therefore, to appoint a Committee of the Council
to consider the scheme, and report their opinion.
To this Committee will also be referred the com-
munications which have taken place between His
Majesty's Ministers and this Government, result-
ing from the Report on Immigration of the Com-
mittee of 1835.”
HINTS TO IMMIGRANTS.
1. PREvious to taking the passage in any vessel
for Australia, passengers ought to examine the
vessel personally, ascertain the height between
decks, which ought to be not less than six feet
clear, and see that water-closets and other conve-
niences are provided.
2. Passengers ought to obtain from the captain,
or agent of the vessel, a paper, signed, stating the
quantity of fresh water to be allowed every passen-
ger per diem on the passage, which ought to be not
less than three quarts for each adult, and nearly
as much for each individual above two years of
age. This specification ought also to state, that
the water is to be raised from the vessel's hold by
the crew, and placed in unbunged casks on deck,
at least twenty-four hours, to sweeten, before
being served out to the passengers, which should
be done at least once a day, wind and weather
permitting,
3. In addition to the above agreement, each
passenger ought to have a list stating the quantity
and quality of the provisions and other necessa-
ries he is to be supplied with, at least weekly,


HINTS TO IMMIGRANTS, 13
-------------- - - - --
during the voyage, and a proper agreement ap-
pended thereto, stating whether the passengers or
ship's company are to cook the victuals: , this
agreement ought also to state the drawback
which passengers are entitled to on arrival in the
colony, for such provisions, &c., as they may not
have drawn during the voyage.
4. When taking the passage, the day of sailing
ought to be fixed in the agreement, with the fol-
lowing or a similar proviso; that on and after the
said day of sailing, the said passenger or passen-
gers are at liberty to proceed on board the said
vessel, and there to occupy the berth or berths
: which they have agreed, and there to be vic-
alled, the same as if the vessel had put to sea
at the time specified; and that, should the said
vessel not sail at the time agreed on, it shall be
the duty of the captain or agent of that vessel, to
provide the passengers with proper board and
lodging on shore in the vicinity of the place where
the vessel is lying, until her time of sailing, of
which the passengers are to receive twenty-four
hours' notice.
5. That should the vessel, after proceeding
from her port, either return to it, or put in to any
intermediate port, before accomplishing the pas-
sage agreed on, the passengers are to be victualled,
&c., on board, the same as if the vessel were at
sea ; and that when the vessel arrives at her des-
tination, the passengers may be allowed to sleep
on board for five or six days, if they find it neces-
sary to do so.
6. Steerage passengers ought also to stipulate
for a light to be kept burning below the whole
night; and that no smoking be allowed between
decks.
B


14 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
7. Having agreed for the passage, a proper
supply of bedding, clothing, &c., suitable for the
voyage, is to be provided, marked and numbered,
and taken on board in a clean state, and put in
a convenient and safe position on the day of sail-
ing. Passengers will also find it advantageous to
provide themselves with at least one bottle of castor-
oil, a few pounds of Epsom salts, a pound or two
of cream of tartar, and such other medicines as
their funds may enable them to purchase, even
although they have stipulated that a surgeon is to
accompany them.
8. As the voyage is (even under the most favour-
able auspices) one of considerable duration, each
passenger ought to provide himself with some rati-
onal amusement or instruction; the latter of
these ends is generally accomplished by providing
a few volumes of standard works; those books
or periodicals which treat on the colony will not
only amuse, but also instruct; and a portable
chest of carpenter's tools has frequently been
known to enable passengers, while on their
voyage to these colonies, not only to amuse
themselves by making models, &c., but also to
give them such a practical knowledge of the art
of using these tools as has been of important
service to them after their settlement here. Writ-
ing is also an amusement frequently employed,
while, in well-regulated ships, dancing and sing-
ing are encouraged, under proper regulations, as
a means of passing away the time.
9. On arrival here, each passenger should get his
luggage placed in safety as soon as possible, and
also have such letters of introduction, certificates of
character, &c., as he may have brought with him,
in readiness for the inspection of those to whom he


HINTS TO IMMIG r ANTs. 15
t-
may find it necessary to apply for employment or
advice, and as soon as possible proceed to enquire
after it. If a mechanic, he will gain ample in-
formation by applying at any of the workshops in
town, or to the Secretary of the Petition and Im-
migration Committee, at their rooms, in George
Street; this gentleman also can afford agricul-
turists, shepherds, &c., such information as will
enable them to find employment without much
difficulty; commercial men will find the informa-
tion they require most readily from such merchants
as they may have letters of introduction to.
10. All immigrants ought to be particularly on
their guard against the following things, viz.:-
drinking or gambling on the passage out, or after
they land, which many are led into by frequenting
or lodging in public-houses. All immigrants
ought also to be careful in forming hasty acquaint-
anceship in this colony, or with their shipmates
on the voyage hither.
11. As soon as an immigrant is landed, all
disposable cash should be placed, if above fifty
pounds, in some one of the public Banks, if
under that sum, in the Savings' Bank.
12. If the immigrant have a family of chil-
dren, as soon as he finds employment, or gains a
temporary settlement, let such of the children as
are able, be placed at school, and kept constantly
there, until arrived at such age as to fit them for
being sent to service.
13. On landing, if you settle in Sydney, or its
neighbourhood, endeavour to purchase such things
as you require in large quantities, and for ...;
money. And also, as soon as possible, rent your
own dwelling house, which is generally cheaper,
and more comfortahle, than furnished lodgings.


16 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
14. If you go to a master on trial, and he feel
satisfied to continue your services, and you are
satisfied at the end of your time of trial, you
should make a specific written agreement with
your employer, stating the services you are to
perform, the salary you are to receive, and the
days of payment. Receive your salary as soon as
it becomes due, purchase the necessaries you may
require till next plyment, and lodge the remain-
der in the Savings' Bank. In making your agree-
ment for wages, have the payment as frequent as
possible, as it then becomes more convenient for
you, especially if you have a family; and at the
same time is less felt by your master.
15. In all your dealings between master and
servant, endeavour to be just to the former, and at
the same time kind and sympathizing towards the
latter. If you have convicts either under you,
or placed as fellow-workmen with you, avoid
quarrelling with the former, and endeavour to
make them respect, serve, and love you, rather
than fear, cheat, and hate you.
Hints to Agricultural Immigrants.-1. Before
leaving Britain, endeavour to obtain a correct
practical knowledge of the different modes of
agriculture pursued there. Also bring drawings
with you of as many of the new agricultural and
husbandry implements as you conveniently can;
your time, during the voyage out, you may em-
ploy in making models of these, and, on landing,
lodge the said models or drawings in the reposi-
tory of the Mechanics' School of Arts, Pitt Street,
Sydney.
2. It will also be advantageous to you, and the
public generally, to bring as many samples of


HINTS TO IMMIGRANTS. 17
º
valuable seeds, plants, &c., &c., as you can col-
lect before sailing for Sydney, enclosing them in
bottles hermetically sealed, with written direc-
tions for the cultivation; and lodge the same, for
E. benefit, with the Superintendent of the
otanical Gardens, Sydney.
3. Endeavour to obtain some practical know-
ledge of veterinary surgery, with a list of the most
approved modes of treatment of the various dis-
eases to which sheep and cattle are subject: and,
if possible, before sailing, learn the mode of ap-
plying the remedies.
4. Before leaving Britain, provide yourself
with a good saw, one good axe, a chisel or two,
together with a few garden or pocket knives, as
they will be of service to you in the interior, and
can always be disposed of to advantage.
5. As to clothing, provide it warm, durable,
and light.
6. Bring with you as many well-authenticated
testimonials of your character, habits, and quali-
fications, as you can obtain from the masters you
have served, including the periods you have been
in their employ: also a certificate from the cler-
gyman under whose ministrations you have
attended, together with certificates of birth, bap-
tism, and marriage, for yourself and family.
7. When you arrive, endeavour to get into the
employ of a respectable settler as quickly as pos.
sible, for three, and not more than six, months—
at the end of which time, you and your employer
will have such a knowledge of each other, as will
enable you and him to make a satisfactory agree-
ment for the year commencing with the termina-
tion of your trial engagement.
8. When you proceed to the interior, you will


18 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
probably have convicts either placed under you,
or as fellow-workmen; in either case, be careful
of not placing yourelf in their power, by parti-
cipating in any way in nefarious transactions.
Hints to Mechanical Immigrants.-1. Endea-
vour, before shipping for this colony, to provide
a good assortment of tools—if their temper have
been proved by being worked with, so much the
better, as the woods in general use are very hard,
and try the quality of a tool severely.
2. Get a thorough knowledge of the whole
range of the different branches of the trade, as
general workmen are more certain of permanent
employment, and higher wages, than those who
can only prosecute a single department, even
though they should excel in it: as, for example,
a mason should be capable of drafting, quarrying,
hewing, building—and he will find it also advan-
tageous to have a practical knowledge of lathing
and plastering; so also workers in wood should
know how to make household furniture, and be a
house-carpenter, as well as to be handy at using
the cross-cut and whip saws, &c., and so on for
other trades.
3. A knowledge of mechanical drawing, and an
aptitude of constructing and working from models,
is a great advantage to any workman who lands
in New South Wales. -
4. The immigrant may bring designs of newly-
invented things as were approved of and in vogue
previous to his embarkation for the colony, as these
may be advantageous to himself, and enhance his
value to those who employ him.
5. Endeavour to obtain employment with a
respectable master in Sydney, for three or six
*
*
-:


HINTS TO IMMIGRANTS. 19
-
months, at a weekly salary, either with or with-
out board and lodging, at the expiration of which
time you will have acquired such a knowledge of
the colony, as will enable you to determine whe-
ther a residence in the town, or in the interior, is
most advantageous for your future comfort and
well-being.
6. You ought not to go to any expense in furnish-
ing a house, until you have fixed on your future
mode of living, as in the event of moving to the
interior it would be an unnecessary expense.
7. Avoid company, and lodging or boarding in
public-houses; and at all times abstain from the
use of spirituous liquors.
8. Purchase whatever necessaries are wanted
for ready money, and in as large quantities as
possible, paying due attention to the state of the
markets—whether rising or falling.
9. Place all yºur disposable cash, once a week,
in the Savings' Bank, and never remove it from
thence unless absolutely necessitated.
Hints to Commercial Immigrants.-1. Before
embarking, insure such property as you intend
bringing with you into the colony.
2. Let your cash be either in forms of bills of
exchange on the Banks, or letters of credit to
houses of known respectability, or gold or silver.
3. As soon as arrived, get into the employment
of a respectable firm, for three, six, nine, or
twelve months; make salary a secondary consi-
deration, as you will at least have board and
lodging, together with as much as will defray the
wear of clothing for that time; and while there,
endeavour to get a thorough knowledge of the
following things:–1. The colonial mode of trans-


HINTS TO IMMIGRANTS. 21
may be assigned honestly and sincerely in all
lawful commands. Particularly avoid becoming,
either directly or indirectly, the perpetrator or
abettor of any of those crimes which, in the land
you have been expelled from, would have sub-
jected you, or any other person, to the censure of
either the moral, judicial, or civil laws of that
country.
2. Never harbour any of your fellow-prisoners
who may have run away from their master's ser-
vice, nor become the receiver of any property or
money for any other convict, as such ..
almost invariably ends in the punishment of all
parties concerned.
3. Never become the scape-goat of any crimi-
nal against whom you may be a witness, as it will
only tend to add to your term of servitude, and
do no good to them.
4. If you have the means of acquiring money
or property, while under sentence, do so, and
lodge the same, through your master or the ma-
gistrates, in the Savings' Bank.
5. If you have leisure time allowed you by your
master, and cannot otherwise employ it, you will
find it advantageous to employ it in reading,
writing, &c., or in gaining a practical knowledge
of those useful acquirements—but take care at all
times that you read books calculated to improve
your moral and religious welfare, without injuring
your future prospects. If you write for amuse-
ment, after your daily labour, let it be on such
subjects as will improve your own ideas, without
embroiling you in the political discussions of the
day.


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA.
At the beginning of the seventeenth century
(1605-1607), Pedro Fernandez de Quiros and
Luis Vaez de Torres, having undertook a voyage
of discovery, and while they remained together,
discovered the Terra del Espiritu Santo, which,
when re-discovered by Cook, was found to consist
of many islands, and was called by him the New
Hebrides. Torres, being separated from Quiros,
sailed along the southern coast of New Guinea,
and passed through the straits which separate
that island from the continent of Australia, and
which at present bear his name. He saw the
coast of Australia, at its most northern point,
Cape York, only a few months after it had been
discovered by the Dutch, but he was not aware of
its being part of a vast continent, and thought it
was some islands of small extent.
Not long before the voyage of Quiros and Tor-
res, the Hollanders had successfully begun to
assail the Portuguese on the continent and islands
of India, and to establish an active commerce
with these countries. Being eager to extend
their conquests and commerce, they sent, in 1605,
a yacht, called Duyſen, from Bantam, to explore
the coast of New Guinea; on its return from the
expedition, this vessel fell in with the coast of
Continental Australia, to the south of Endeavour's
Strait, on the eastern shores of the Gulf of Car-
pentaria. This happened in March, 1606, only a
few months before the arrival of Torres in the
neighbourhood. The Dutch did not at first pursue
their voyages of discovery, though the greatest
portion of the coasts of the continent was shortly
afterwards first accidentally seen by their vessels
*
|


**
!
t
º
HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 23
carrying on the commerce between Europe and
Batavia. In 1616, Theodoric Hertoge fell in
with a part of the western coast, between 28° S.
lat. and the tropic of Capricorn, and called it
Endracht's Land (Country of Concord), from the
name of the ship by which the discovery was
made. In 1618, the coast from about 119 to 150
S. lat., was discovered by Zeachen, who seems to
have coasted this quarter of the island from the
entrance of the Gulf of Carpentaria to Cape
Talbot, and to have called the eastern part of his
discoveries Arnhem's Land, and the western Van
Diemen's Land. The following year, Von Edels
fell in with the western country about the 30° S.
lat., and it received his name. In 1622 the
southern extremity of the island was discovered,
and named Leeuwin Land (Lioness Land), from
the name of the ship by which the discovery was
made; and, five years afterwards, Peter Van
Nuyts, sailed along the southern coast, which ex-
tends from Cape Leeuwin nearly to Spencer's
Gulf. In 1628, the Dutch discoveries on the
continent of Australia were completed by the dis-
covery of De Witt's Land and of Carpentaria;
the first named after the Commodore De Witt,
who commanded the squadron; and the second,
after the General, Peter Carpenter, who explored
the Gulf of Carpentaria with tolerable accuracy.
Thus the Dutch navigators discovered somewhat
more than half the coast of the continent of Aus-
tralia.
Abel Jansen Tasman (in 1642) discovered Van
Diemen's Island, which, up to the close of the
last century, was thought to be a part of the con-
timent of New Holland.
The English entered much later on the career


24 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
of discovery, and were not at first successful.
Towards the end of the seventeenth century,
Dampier explored some parts of the coasts of the
continent, and surveyed New Britain and New
Ireland, which had previously been discovered b
the Dutch. After the middle of the eighteent
century, the discoveries of the English were of
great importance. Captains Wallis and Carteret
(1763–1766) discovered the Society Islands, New
Ireland, New Britain, and New Hanover, and
some other islands of less extent. They were
closely followed by Captain Cook, who, in his
three voyages, besides exploring and surveying a
large number of the islands formerly known, dis-
covered the eastern coast of Australia, from Cape
Howe to Cape York, which was called by him,
New South Wales. After the establishment of
the English colony in New South Wales, those
coasts of the continent which till then had not
been visited by Europeans were explored. Bass
and Flinders discovered, in 1798, the strait which
separates Van Diemen's Island from the conti-
ment; and the adjacent coast of the continent
was called Bass Land. In 1800, Grant disco-
vered the coast to the west of Bass Land up to
Cape Northumberland: this portion of the conti-
nent bears the name of Grant's Land. Flinders,
after having surveyed Nuyt's Land, discovered,
in 1805, a large extent of coast to the east of it,
which, after him, is called Flinders' Land. Thus,
nearly all the remaining part of the coasts of
continental Australia, unseen by the Dutch, were
discovered by the English in less than fifty years.
The French government undertook several
voyages of discovery, but with no great success.
The most fortunate was that of Bougainville


26 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
In March, 1787, the first New South Wales
fleet was assembled at Portsmouth ; it consisted
of H. M. frigate Sirius, Captain John Hunter,
and H. M. armed tender Supply, Lieutenant
Ball ; the store-ships Golden Grove, Fish-
bourne, and Borrowdale; and the transports
Scarborough, Lady Penrhyn, Friendship, Char-
lotte, Prince of Wales, and Alexander. On
board those vessels there were embarked 600
male and 250 female convicts. The guard con-
sisted of one major-commandant, three captains of
marines, twelve subalterns, twenty-four non-com-
missioned officers, and 160 privates; forty women,
wives of the marines, together with their chil-
dren, also accompanied the detachment. This
fleet sailed from Portsmouth, May 13, 1787,
touched for supplies at Teneriffe, Rio de Janeiro,
and the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at
Botany Bay on the 18th, 19th, and 20th of Ja-
nuary, 1788. -
Captain Phillips, finding the anchorage in
Botany Bay unsafe, and also that the soil was
unfavourable for the intended settlement, deter-
mined to try another part of the coast. As Cap-
tain Cook had laid down Broken Bay, an exten-
sive inlet considerably to the northward of Botany
Bay—this was taken at the outset of the expedi-
tion to be their destination; but it appeared from
Captain Cook's chart, that there was an opening
laid down a few miles to the northward of Botany
Bay, which had been named Port Jackson by
Captain Cook, after the seaman who had seen it.
Cook conceived that it was only a boat harbour,
but when Captain Phillips, on his way to Broken
Bay, examined it, he found, that although at
first of an unpromising appearance, it was one of


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 27
the finest harbours in the world, both for extent
and security. The whole fleet were immediately
removed to the harbour of Port Jackson, and the
colony was founded with the usual formalities, on
the 26th of January, 1788, at the head of Sydney
Cove, on the banks of the small stream of fresh
water which passes through Sydney, and is known
by the name of the Tanks, immediately in a line
with George Street, from Hunter Street to Bridge
Street.
On the 24th of January, before the fleet re-
moved from Botany Bay to Ş. Cove, the two
French ships Boussole and Astrolabe, under the
command of the celebrated La Perouse, entered
Botany Bay, having lost the junior captain, with
several officers and men, as well as the two ships'
long boats, in a skirmish with the inhabitants of
the Navigators' Islands. They remained nearly
two months refitting, and mutual interchanges of
civilities took place between the inhabitants of
the young colony and the companions of the
lamented La Perouse, whose fate so long inte-
rested the inhabitants of Europe, and which was
discovered, after forty years, º Captain Dillon, of
the Hon. E. I. C. ship Research, to have been con-
summated by both vessels striking on a dangerous
coral reef in the neighbourhood of the Manicolo
Islands, to the northward and eastward of Port.
Jackson.
A disease resembling small-pox, together with
commandoes fitted out against the aborigines,
thinned their ranks, which were numerous at the
establishment of the colony. Governor Phillip,
in an address delivered on the 7th of February
of the same year, recommended marriage to the
convicts, in consequence of which fourteen mar-
riages were performed in the next week.


28 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
The first drought commenced in 1791, and the
station at Norfolk Island was formed under Cap-
tain King. In March, of the same year, the first
grants of land to private individuals, three to
emigrants, on the north side of the Parramatta
River, and one to an emancipist, on the south side,
were issued; and in April, forty marines received
5. at Norfolk Island, of sixty acres each. In
uly, grants, varying from twenty to fifty acres,
were made to twenty-three emancipated convicts
at Prospect, and between that and Sydney.
In August, ten emancipated convicts received
grants of ten acres each at Norfolk Island, and
ten of from thirty to forty acres in New South
Wales: in all eighty-seven grants—forty-three to
free emigrants, comprising 2660 acres, on an
average of sixty-two acres each; and forty-four
to emancipated convicts, comprising 1500 acres,
or about thirty-four acres each. The scale laid
down was, each single emancipist thirty acres, on
the expiration of his sentence—fifty acres if mar-
ried, and ten acres for each child. They were
also allowed rations and clothing for self and
family from the King's Stores for from twelve to
eighteen months, and also implements of hus-
bandry and seed for the first year. The Governor
also gave a complement of two female pigs from
his own private stock.
The first free emigrant who received a grant of
land was Philip Schoeffer, he received 140 acres,
and returned it to the Government in 1807, for
twenty gallons of rum (then £3 per gallon) and a
grant of similar extent at Pitt Water, in Broken
Bay.
§overnor Phillip's survey discovered the
Hawkesbury.
The Guardian, despatched from England in


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 29
1789, under the command of Lieutenant Riou,
struck on an iceberg, on the 23rd of December,
to the southward and eastward of the Cape of
Good Hope; after part of the crew had left the
ship, she was towed into Table Bay by a French
frigate, and was lost there in a gale of wind.
The Lady Juliana, which had sailed from Bri-
tain with convicts, after the Guardian, arrived in
the colony, and a scarcity ensued. The Sirius,
Captain Hunter, had been despatched for provi-
sions to the Cape of Good Hope via Cape #.
in September, 1788, and returned in 1789. In
1790, there were not four months' provisions in
the colony, even at half allowance. About the
end of June, three transports arrived with that
part of the stores which had been saved from the
Guardian, which had been wrecked in Table Bay.
Major Ross, Lieutenant-Governor, was des-
atched, with a number of marines and convicts,
to Norfolk Island, to found that settlement, per
the Sirius and Supply, and arrived there March 13,
1790, and all debarked by the 15th; immediately
after which, the ships, with the stores, were
driven out to sea—they made the land again on
the 19th, and in attempting to get the Sirius into
a proper position for landing the stores, she
struck on a coral reef of rocks in the roadstead,
and was totally wrecked ; a greater part of the
provisions were saved, but the officers' baggage,
and all the other stores, were lost or destroyed in
floating them ashore. The captain and crew of
the Sirius were saved by means of a strong haw-
ser being floated by a cask, and secured to a tree
on shore. After the wreck, it was found that
there were 506 persons on the island, with only
half rations for a short period; martial law was


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 31.
In 1791, the Gorgon, with stores, and ten
transports, with convicts, arrived, having em-
barked 1695 males and sixty-eight females, but
of these 194 males and four females had died
during the voyage, and 114 males and two females
died in the hospital before December 15, 1791.
In 1790 and 1791, the New South Wales
Corps, afterwards the 102nd regiment of the line,
was raised in Britain for the colonial service.
The greater part of them arrived in the second
fleet. As Phillip's successor did not arrive till
August 7, 1795, the government of the colony
fell into the hands of the officers of that regi-
ment, the Governor being, first, Major Grose,
afterwards Captain, and subsequently Lieutenant-
Colonel Patterson. Grose merged the civil
duties of the Government into the military: Pat-
terson laid aside the military mode of governing,
and was too easy. -
The officers of the New South Wales Corps
became merchants as well as soldiers, and dealt
in what was issued from the stores—rum in particu-
lar: and it was enacted, that on an arrival in the
port, an issue of that liquor should be made from
the stores to each officer, in proportion to his
rank. When the ship arrived, the officers got
the first sight of the manifest, selected what the
thought proper from her cargo, which they after-
wards resold to the civilians at immense profits.
The Corps officers claimed the right of importing,
and re-selling to the non-commissioned officers,
most of whom had licenses to sell spirits by
retail, and in that manner all the superabundant
rum in the regiment was disposed of.
John Hunter, Esq., a Scotchman, who was
formerly captain of the Sirius frigate, had re-


32 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
turned to England per the Activity, a Dutch
transport ship, which, being purchased by the
Government, conveyed him again to the colony,
of which he assumed the government, August 7,
1795; and during his government the first free
emigrant settlers arrived.
A private letter against the Governor was writ-
ten to the Colonial Secretary (Duke of Portland),
—he returned the letter to the Governor, who
magnanimously did not retaliate on the writer,
he having a family.
Governor Hunter quarrelled with the military,
and embarked for England in September 1806, to
submit the condition of the colony to the Govern-
ment in Britain, but he never returned.
The American vessel, Otter, carried off Mr.
Muir, and was afterwards wrecked on the north-
west coast of America. He still survived, tra-
velled to Mexico, and embarked on board a
Spanish frigate, which was taken by a British
vessel off Cadiz; he had part of his brain shot
away, but was discovered by a countryman, from
having a Bible in his hand, a present from his
mother; he was sent on shore to an hospital in
Spain, and recovered so far as to reach Paris, but
died afterwards in consequence of his wounds.
Agriculture improved under Hunter, and com-
merce began to be brisk with India. Each mili-
tary officer who had ground, was allowed ten
convict farm servants, and three house servants.
Each free settler was allowed five convicts; super-
intendents, constables, and storekeepers, four
each; and to sergeants of the 102nd regiment,
one each. About a year after Hunter's arrival as
Governor, (1796), a cow cost £80, a horse
£90, a Cape sheep £7, a breeding sow £5, geese


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 33
and turkeys 20s. each, a duck 5s., mutton 2s. per
lb., goat's flesh 1s. 6d. ditto, butter 3s. ditto,
wheat 12s. per bushel, barley 10s., green tea 16s.
per lb., new sugar ls. 6d.
During Hunter's government, the rivers Hun-
ter, William, and Patterson, were discovered,
and the land on the south side of the estuary was
called Newcastle, from the coal found there; the
Hunter was named after the Governor, and the
William and Patterson were named after the
Lieutenant-Governor, Lieutenant-Colonel Wil-
liam Patterson. When Hunter left the colony it
contained about 8000 persons, of these about 2000
were settled in Sydney, and the others chiefly at
Parramatta, Toongabbee, Prospect, and Castle-
hill, agricultural settlements to the westward.
Captain Philip Gidley King, third Governor,
was the son of a citizen of Launceston, in Corn-
wall, England; he had accompanied Phillip to
New South Wales when the colony was founded,
having previously served under Phillip in the
Ariadne frigate and Europe seventy-four—King
had founded the Norfolk Island settlement in 1791.
He returned to Britain during Hunter's govern-
ment; but on revisiting the colony had a com-
mission to act as Governor in the event of Hun-
ter's leaving. King entered on the government
in September, 1800; he wanted perseverance,
was ill-tempered, and could not brook contradic-
tion or opposition. During his government,
provisions were imported to the colony, at the
expense of the Home Government, from India,
Batavia, and the Cape of Good Hope. The
military were the principal sellers of rum, and
lieutenants and ensigns had permits to land
from thirty to forty gallons from every vessel that


34 TICTURE OF SYDNEY.
arrived in Port Jackson. It has been said
that Governor King attempted openly to deprive
the military of this privilege, and they put him
in fear of an arrest. These soldiers took every
means in their power to defend themselves. Go-
vernor King preferred charges against one of the
officers of the 102nd regiment, and sent the des-
patches home by an officer, employed for the
express purpose, to the Secretary of State, but the
circumstance having got wind, the box with the
despatch enclosed had its lock picked, and the
despatches were taken out before it left the co-
lony, and on arrival, it contained only a few old
newspapers. In order to check the military
influence, he brought forward the emancipists,
and became their patron; he gave even the chief
constable of Sydney a license, and the jailor had
a public tap opposite the jail door. A general
dissolution of morals was the result of a state of
things so outrageously preposterous. Neither
marrying nor giving in marriage was thought of
in the colony; and as the arm of the civil power
had withered under the blasting influence of the
miserable system that prevailed, the police of the
colony was wretchedly administered, and virtuous
industry was neither encouraged nor protected.
Bands of bushrangers traversed the country in
all directions, and, entering the houses of the
settlers in open day, committed fearful atrocities.
The Castlehill convicts struck for liberty, at the
instigation of some Irish rebels, who left the
settlement, armed with pikes, and whatever they
could find for arms; they were overcomeat Vinegar
Hill (on the Windsor and Parramatta Road), by
the military under Major Johnston, some were
shot, others taken and immediately hanged.


HISTORICAL MEMORAN DA, 35
About twelve families of free emigrants, chiefly
Scottish borderers, arrived in 1802, having re-
ceived a free passage from Britain, and promises
of 100 acres each, with rations for some time
after their arrival. Governor King mustered
them on board the vessel, to enquire their views,
resources, and abilities. Among them was an
old man who had been thirty years in business in
London; the Governor said to him, “One foot
in the grave, and the other out of it, what brought
you here?” The moralizing governor is dead;
the old man was, not long ago, alive, and lately
came to Sydney on horseback from his farm fifty
miles distant. These free emigrants were Pres-
byterians, and settled round Portland Head, the
most orderly and successful settlement in the
colony, several of them are now wealthy, and the
majority comfortable and independent. Several
fields in this district have, since its establishment
in 1802, borne a crop of wheat, and in many in-
stances, a second crop of maize; the land is
sometimes flooded, but for eleven years previous
to 1830, no flood had been experienced. In 1809,
the settlers at Portland Head erected a church by
voluntary contributions for £400 (the first chapel
in Australia raised by subscription), and regu-
larly met for public worship—one of their num-
ber, Mr. James Mein, a layman, reading a sermon,
prayers, &c.
In 1824, Dr. Lang dispensed the first sacra.
ment to this body, to twenty communicants, in
their voluntary church. The Rev. J. Cleland,
A. M., is now settled there.
Governor King's joke on an old marine asking
for a grant of land—on approaching the Gover-
nor, the man was recognized, and the Governor


36 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
said to him, “You have been a marine?”—“Yes,
please your Excellency.”—“Can you go through
the manual exercise?” a bow from the petitioner
gave assent. The Governor ordered him to
“stand at ease"—done—“shoulder arms”—
done—“right about face”—done—and the word
march was given, when the poor fellow made his
way down the avenue, while the Governor retired
into Government House, without either counter-
manding the order, or waiting the poor fellow's
return; he shortly afterwards got his grant (it is
said to have been much larger for the joke).
Governor King was succeeded by Captain Bligh,
R. N., August, 13, 1806. His administration, it
must be acknowledged, was, on the whole, unfor-
tunate for the colony. A certificate of character
was sent home along with him, of such a kind as
induced His Majesty's ministers to treat him with
neglect—a circumstance which embittered the
remainder of his days.
Governor Bligh had been a post-captain, and
had been sent to the Pacific in the Bounty to
get plants from the bread-fruit tree for the West
Indies. The crew mutinied, turned the officers
adrift in the long-boat, and took the ship. Cap-
tain Bligh sailed along the north coast of New
Holland, and reached the island of Timor; his
good conduct on this occasion recommended him
to the British Government, and he was appointed
to succeed Captain King. The character of
Bligh, as a Governor, has been matter of dispute
in the colonial periodicals. His first public act
was, to prevent the continuance of the military
trading monopoly—particularly in ardent spirits.
Bligh recommended the recal of the New South
Wales Corps to Europe; and also refused to


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 37
grant any permits to officers in that corps to land
spirits duty free.
The Hawkesbury River is merely a continua-
tion of the Nepean, after the junction of these
with the Grose, which issues from a remarkable
cleft in the Blue Mountains, in the vicinity of
Richmond, a thriving village about forty miles
from Sydney. During Bligh's government, the
Hawkesbury's banks were several times over-
flowed, and the whole produce swept away.
These inundations are not periodical—in one in-
stance eleven years intervened between the over-
flowings, and another time two floodings hap-
pened in the same year; viz., one in March, and
the other in August, although not a drop of rain
had fallen in the districts that were flooded for
some time previous. The inundations are caused
by the rains which fall on the Blue Mountains,
from which, a number of tributary streams de-
seend. In some places the bed of the river is
very much circumscribed, and in one case, the
river was known to rise to the height of ninety-seven
feet above its level: thirty stacks of wheat have
been seen floating down the river, with pigs and
poultry. During the floods in Bligh's time, flour,
of the coarsest kind, was sold in Sydney at 2s. 6d.
per lb.; and many families on the River Hawkes-
bury had no bread in their houses for months to-
gether. Governor Bligh ordered the Government
cattle to be slaughtered and distributed amongst
the settlers, and engaged to buy all the spare
grain of the following harvest at 15s. per bushel,
and a plentiful harvest relieved the tº.
The medium of exchange during Bligh's go-
vernment, was rum; and the settlers could only
sell their produce for goods in Sydney, to the
D


38 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
dealers, who took every advantage of them. In
order to free the settlers from the power of the
dealers, Governor Bligh made a tour of inspec-
tion, and took a list of what each settler required
for his family, as well as the quantity of beef,
pork, wheat, and maize, they would be able to
turn into the King's Stores 3. the next sea-
son; and according to the statement he thus made
out, Bligh gave each settler an order on the Com-
missariat for what he required, and the return
into the stores was made at a fixed rate mutually
agreed on between the Governor and the settler.
Bligh set a moderate price on the stores, so that
the settlers got their supplies at one-fourth of
what they would have cost from the dealers.
This conduct made him popular among the set-
tlers, hence the old colonist's saying—these
were the days for the poor settler, he had only to
tell the Governor what he wanted, and he was
sure to get it from the stores, whatever it was,
from a needle to an anchor—from a pennyworth
of packthread to a ship's cable. The dealers
were offended at the Governor for thus cutting off
their sources of gain—especially the military
officers, because he refused them permits. Cap-
tain M*Arthur, paymaster of the 102nd regiment,
who had left the service and become a Sydney
merchant; the cause of quarrel between M*Ar-
thur and Governor Bligh, was as follows:—
Before the March flood, in 1806, the usual
price of wheat was 7s.6d. per bushel, and busi-
ness was often done by notes of hand, bills, &c.,
payable in wheat, the parties both taking wheat
instead of cash, as the standard of value. In
consequence of the March flood, wheat rose, in
1807, to £18s, and £1 10s. per bushel. M*Ar-


42 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
quence of this affidavit, the Judge Advocate
wrote to Mr. M. on the 14th of December, re-
questing his attendance at Sydney, to answer for
the violation of the colonial regulations to which
he had thus been accessary. Mr. M. replied by
stating the circumstances under which he had
been induced to abandon the vessel, and referred
the Judge Advocate to the naval officer for fur-
ther information.
The Judge Advocate construed Mr. M'Arthur's
declining to attend at Sydney, into a contempt of
his authority, and issued a warrant to apprehend
his person and convey him to Sydney, to answer
in the case before himself and other justices of
the peace, on the 16th of December. The war-
rant was addressed to Mr. Francis Oakes, the
chief constable at Parramatta, where Mr. M*Ar-
thur resided. Mr. Oakes waited on Mr. M. on
the evening of the 15th, and presented the Judge
Advocate's warrant: on the perusal of which,
Mr. M. gave him the following written paper in
testimony of his having duly executed it, observ-
ing at the time, agreeably to the tenor of an affi-
davit subsequently made by Mr. Oakes, “that had
the person who issued that warrant served it
instead of him, he would have spurned him from
his presence;” “that if he came a second time to
enforce the warrant, to come well-armed, as he
never would submit till blood was shed ;” and
“that he had been robbed often thousand pounds;
but let them alone, they will soon make a rope to
hang themselves.”
“Mr. Oakes,—You will inform the persons
who sent you here with the warrant you have now
shown me, and given me a copy of, that I never
will submit to the horrid tyranny that is attempted,


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 43
until I am forced; that I consider it with scorn
and contempt, as I do the persons who have di-
rected it to be executed. J. M*ARTHUR.
Parramatta, December 15, 1807.”
Mr. Oakes proceeded to Sydney early next
morning, and delivered the note he had received
to the Judge Advocate, relating first to that offi-
cer, and then to the Governor, the particulars of
his interview with Mr. M. Mr. Oakes's deposi-
tion being then taken before a Bench of magis-
trates, the Judge Advocate issued a second war-
rant, addressed to the chief constables of Sydney
and Parramatta, and º them to apprehend
Mr. M. and lodge him in His Majesty's gaol.
In pursuance of this warrant, the two chief con-
stables, with three of their myrmidons, armed,
apprehended Mr. M., at the house of Mr.
Grimes, Surveyor-General, in Sydney; and Mr.
M., being brought before a Bench of magistrates
in Sydney, on the day following, was forthwith
committed to take his trial for high misdemean-
ours, before a criminal court to be assembled for
the purpose, but was liberated on bail.
The criminal court for the trial of Mr. M*Ar-
thur, consisting of the Judge Advocate and six
officers of the New South Wales Corps, met at
Sydney, January 25, 1808, and a number of the
private soldiers of the corps (into which about
fifty emancipated convicts had been enlisted),
armed with their side-arms, were in anxious at-
tendance. The indictment, which had been pre-
pared by an attorney named Crosley, charged
Mr. M. with a contravention of the Governor's
express order, in detaining the boilers of the two
stills in his premises, and also with an intention
to stir up the people of the colony to hatred and


44 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
contempt of the Governor and government, in
the inflammatory and seditious words he had
uttered at a Bench of magistrates in Sydney. It
also charged him with an attempt to raise dissa-
tisfaction and discontentment in the colony, and
a spirit of hatred and contempt towards the
Governor and government, in inducing the mas-
ter and crew of the Parramatta schooner to come
on shore, in direct violation of the colonial regu-
lations. And it charged him, moreover, with a
seditious contempt of the authority of the Judge
Advocate, and with uttering false, scandalous,
malicious, defamatory, and seditious words, of
His Excellency the Governor, in the paper he had
given to the chief constable Oakes, and in the
expressions he had used in conversation with that
functionary respecting the Governor and govern-
Iment. -
Previous to the trial, Mr. M. addressed a
letter to the Governor, protesting, for several
reasons, against the Judge Advocate's presiding
on the occasion; but the Governor refused to in-
terfere, and replied, that the law must take its
course. As soon as the Judge Advocate had
administered the usual oath to the six officers, and
was proceeding to take it himself, Mr. M., who
had been surrendered to the court by his bail,
protested against the Judge Advocate's being a
member of the court, and presiding on the trial.
The Judge Advocate stated, that there could be
no court without him, and that he could not be
objected to; but Captain Kemp replied, that the
Judge Advocate was nothing more than one of
themselves and might be objected to ; and desired
Mr. M'Arthur to state his objections. Mr.
M‘Arthur objected against the Judge Advocate,


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 45
on the ground of his being interested in the issue
of the trial, of his being prejudiced against
him, of his having exhibited malicious feelings
towards him in prejudging the case, and of his
being a person of disreputable character, and in
endeavouring to accomplish his personal ruin;
and concluded by conjuring the officers, in the
name of God, to consider the inestimable value
of the precious deposit with which they were
entrusted, and to remember that they had the
eyes of an anxious public upon them, tremblin
for the safety of their property, their liberty, an
their lives.
The Judge Advocate seeing nothing but confu-
sion likely to ensue, and apprehensive of personal
danger, from the number of soldiers with their
side-arms in and about the court, called out that
“he adjourned the court,” and desired the people
to disperse; but Captain Kemp and the other
officers called the people back, saying, “Stay,
stay! tell the people not to go out—we are a
court.”
The Judge Advocate having left the court, Mr.
M. informed the officers, that “he had received
private information, that there was a set of armed
ruffians—the police, prepared against him,” and
requested they would give him a military guard.
The officers accordingly desired some of the sol-
diers in the court to guard him; but the provost-
martial, into whose hands he had been surren-
dered by his bail, considering the court adjourned
on the Judge Advocate's proclamation, and re-
garding this procedure on the part of the officers
as a rescue of his prisoner, immediately made
affidavit of the circumstance before the Judge
Advocate and three other justices of the peace,


46 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
and procured their warrant for the apprehension
of Mr. M., in order to his being lodged in His
Majesty's gaol. The officers immediately wrote
to the Governor, accusing the provost-martial of
perjury, in charging them with having rescued
the prisoner out of the hands of justice. The
court finally broke up, without having done any
thing in the affair of the indictment, about two
o'clock in the afternoon, when Mr. M., having
been surrendered to the provost-martial, was con-
veyed to the gaol.
he Governor sent repeatedly for the Lieute-
nant-Governor, Major Johnston, then command-
ing the New South Wales Corps, and for Captain
Abbott, of the same regiment, to consult with
them as to what ought to be done in the case;
but these gentlemen sent frivolous excuses in
reply to His Excellency's urgent and repeated
messages. On the deposition of the provost-
martial, it was determined that Mr. M. should be
kept in gaol; and that the six officers should be
brought before a Bench of magistrates, as a
grand jury, to ascertain whether there was
ground sufficient for committing them for trial
before a criminal court for treasonable practices
or other high misdemeanours: and a letter was
accordingly written by the Governor to Major
Johnstone, intimating that he had ordered the six
officers of his corps to appear before him (Major
Johnston) and a Bench of magistrates, on the
following day.
The officers of the New South Wales Corps
took it for granted, that the Governor intended to
set aside the criminal court altogether, and to
invest the magistrates with its powers; and Mr.
M“Arthur's friends endeavoured to prepossess


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. . 47
them with that idea. It appears, however, that
His Excellency had no such intention, but that
the magistrates were in future to take cognizance
of all such minor cases as could come properly
within their jurisdiction, while all cases of a
criminal character were to lie over till the Go-
vernor'should hear from England.
Acting therefore on this unfounded presump-
tion, Major Johnston was persuaded to usurp the
overnment of the colony. Orders were given
or the regiment to form, and the drum was beat
between six and seven o'clock the same evening.
The regiment formed in the barrack-square, and
marched with bayonets fixed at a quick pace
towards Government House, into which Major
Johnston and a number of the soldiery effected an
entrance. The Governor was for some time not
to be found; but he was at length discovered in a
back apartment, to which he had retired on the
approach of the military, in the act of concealing
certain papers of importance.
The &. having been brought out to the
military, Major Johnston demanded his sword and
his commission as Governor, and seized all his
papers. A guard was placed over his person;
and the regiment marched back to their barracks.
On the 26th af January, Major Johnston as-
sumed the government of New South Wales, as
Lieutenant-Governor, and soon after appointed
John M*Arthur, Esq., Colonial Secretary. Mr.
M*Arthur had been liberated from the gaol on
the evening of the 25th, and was afterwards
tried, on the indictment prepared by the late
Judge Advocate, before a criminal court held
under the precept of the Lieutenant-Governor,
Charles Grimes, Esq., Surveyor-General of the


48 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
colony, acting as Judge Advocate on the occasion,
but was unanimously acquitted.
Two respectable free settlers exerted them-
selves in getting a memorial to His Majesty's
Government, in favour of Captain Bligh, drawn
up and signed by the free settlers, and forwarded
to England. They were fortunate in accomplish-
ing their object; but the circumstance, having
been discovered by the existing authorities, they
were both subjected to a long imprisonment.
This procedure of the free settlers rendered it
expedient for the existing authorities to get rid of
Governor Bligh as soon as possible. For this
purpose he was forced to leave Government
House, and was confined, with his daughter, to
one or two small apartments in the military bar-
racks, where he was not permitted to have any
intercourse with his friends. This was done to
oblige him to sign an agreement with the ruling
party to quit the colony forthwith, and to proceed
to England on board the Porpoise sloop of war,
of which he took the command for that pur-
pose. But instead of proceeding direct to Eng-
land, Governor Bligh landed at the Derwent
River, in Van Dieman's Land, then a dependency
of New South Wales. He was there treated at
first with every degree of respect; but dispatches
having been forwarded from head quarters, giv-
ing information of the recent occurrences in the
parent-colony, an attempt was made to seize his
person, and he was obliged to re-embark. He
was lying in Adventure Bay, Van Dieman's Land,
when Governor Macquarie arrived in Sydney,
December 28, 1809, the affairs of the colony
having been successively administered during the
period that had elapsed from the subversion of


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 49
his authority, on the 25th of January, 1808, by
Lieutenant-Colonel Johnston, Lieutenant-Colonel
Foveaux, and Colonel Patterson, of the New
South Wales Corps. Governor Bligh was ap-
prised, however, by Lord Castlereagh, Secretary
of State for the Colonies, that the arrest of his
person, and the subversion of his authority, had
excited a strong sensation among his Majesty's
Ministers, and he was empowered to carry home
with him to England, all such persons as he
should think necessary to appear in evidence in
the investigation that was likely to ensue.
Major Johnstone having demanded a trial, he
was tried accordingly and cashiered; and certain
gentlemen, who had been too active in promoting
the insurrection, were prohibited for a certain pe-
riod from returning to the colony.
Governor Bligh was afterwards promoted to
the rank of Rear Admiral, but both himself and
his lady died eventually of a broken heart. -
Lachlan M acquarie, Esq., fifth Governor of
New South Wales, was lieutenant-colonel of the
73rd regiment on his arrival in the colony, and
before the close of his government he obtained
the rank of major-general. He assumed the
government December 28, 1809, and retained it
twelve years. The New South Wales Corps were
ordered home, and consequently, there was no
organized body in the colony to counteract the
measures of the new Governor, and he had the
73rd regiment to support him.
Macquarie began his administration by issuing
three proclamations. The first declaratory of the
King's displeasure at the late violent proceedings
in the colony; the second rendered null and void
all the acts of the interim government; and the
H


50 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
*
third invested the Governor with power to act in
regard to the past and future, according to the
dictates of his own judgment. In the exercise,
however, of this discretionary power, he ratified
most of the acts of the provisional government,
honoured its bills on the Treasury, and confirmed
the greater part of its grants of land. The Syd-
ney and Parramatta Roads, together with those
of Windsor and Richmond, extending about
forty-five miles, were greatly improved. He
likewise constructed a road to Liverpool, a settle-
ment which he had formed on the banks of
George's River, about twenty miles from Sydney;
and he afterwards continued it in three other di-
rections, viz.:-to the Cowpastures, the district of
Bringelly, and the settlements of Campbelltown,
Airds, and Appin. But the greatest road formed
by Governor Macquarie, was that across the Blue
Mountains to Bathurst, a settlement about 130
miles to the westward of Sydney. In the year
1813, Mr. Wentworth the barrister, and Messrs.
Lawson and Blaxland, determined, during a
severe drought which had burnt up the herbage
in the eastern part of the territory, and caused a
severe mortality among the cattle, to cross the
Blue Mountains in search of a pastoral country
to the westward. This was happily accomplished,
though with incredible difficulty, by the gentle-
men above mentioned, who succeeded in reaching
an extensive pastoral country to the westward, to
which thousands of the famished sheep and cat-
tle of the colony were immediately driven across
the mountains, from the eastern section of the
territory. -
As it was of importance to the colony, in the
circumstances in which it was placed, to render


HISTORICAL MEMORAN DA. 51
this vast extent of available country accessible,
the Governor immediately placed the whole of
the disposable convict labour of the colony on the
mountain-tract which the resolute discoverers had
successfully pursued, and in a period of time in-
credibly short, succeeded in forming a good road
to Bathurst, of which at least fifty miles traverse
an extent of country the most rugged, mountain-
ous, and sterile. -
The district of Argyle, the grand outlet to a
well-watered agricultural and pastoral country of
unknown extent, to the south-westward, was also
discovered during Macquarie's administration.
The Lachlan and Macquarie rivers, to the west-
ward of the Blue Mountains, were traced till
they gradually disappeared in vast swamps in the
interior; and the bar-harbour of Port Macquarie,
at the mouth of the river Hastings, was discovered
to the northward. The agricultural penal settle-
ment of Emu Plains, at the eastern base of the
Blue Mountains, was formed, and the penal set-
tlement of Newcastle, at the mouth of the river
Hunter. It was also during the government of
Macquarie that a new plan was laid down for the
town of Sydney. Several towns were likewise
planned or improved; and the inhabitants were
encouraged, by grants of land, &c., to erect sub-
stantial buildings.
Macquarie endeavoured, but with indifferent
success, to form an agricultural population by
giving grants of thirty acres of land each to
emancipated convicts, on obtaining their freedom.
The General Hospital was erected by D'Arcy
Wentworth, Blaxcell, and Riley, on condition of
receiving a certain quantity of rum from the
King's Stores, and of having the sole right to


52 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
purchase, or to land free of duty, all spirits im-
ported into the colony for a certain number of
ear’S.
All classes agree that Macquarie did not en-
courage the class of free emigrants, and that his
procedure in this respect operated as a complete
check to emigration. It is related that a reputable
individual of this class having transmitted repre-
sentations against His Excellency's measures, to
the Secretary of State, His Excellency stated in
reply, “that there were only two classes of per-
sons in New South Wales—those who had been
convicted, and those who ought to have been so.”
Dr. Lang relates the following piece of colonial
wit, ridiculing Macquarie for the delight which
he took in affixing his name to every thing that
required a name in the colony: Dr. Townson was
on some occasion entertaining a party of visitors
at his residence, by showing them his well-
stocked garden and orchard. One of the party,
observing an insect on one of the trees in the
grounds, asked the Doctor, who was an eminent
naturalist, what its name was. The Doctor re.
plied, with the utmost gravity, “It is a species of
bug that abounds in the live timber of the colony.
It has not yet got a name; but I propose that it
should be called Cimea. Macquarieanus, or the
Macquarie Bug.”
Major-General Macquarie was succeeded, on
the 1st of December, 1821, by Major-General Sir
Thomas Brisbane, K.C. B. He returned to his
native land immediately after, and died in the
year 1824.
Major-General Sir Thomas Brisbane, K.C.B.,
the sixth Governor, entered on the government of
the colony, December 1, 1821. The tide of emi-


HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 55
-
fine-woolled sheep, cattle, and horses, and the
general improvement of the colony. The capital
of the Company was a million sterling, and Go-
vernment agreed to give it a million acres of land
in whatever part of the territory its agents chose
to select that quantity. The Company com-
menced operations early in 1826, at Port Ste-
phen, to the northward of Hunter's River, on an
extensive grant selected by Mr. Dawson, the co-
lonial agent for the Company, and Mr. Oxley,
the Surveyor-General. , Sir Edward Parry, the
Polar navigator, arrived in the colony in 1829, to
take charge of the Company's affairs, which, it
was said, had been badly managed.
For three successive years (1827, 1828, and
1829) the usual supply of rain was in great mea-
sure withheld from the colony. An entire failure
of the crop in some districts, and a partial failure
in others, were the necessary consequences; while
the pasture grounds presented the aspect of a
beaten highway, and the cattle were reduced to
extremities from the scarcity of water.
About a year after Darling arrived in the co-
lony, a º: of the 57th regiment, named
Thompson, conceiving that the situation of a con-
vict was in some respects superior to his own,
persuaded another soldier of the same regiment,
named Sudds, to join with him in the commission
of a felony, for the express purpose of being put
out of the regiment. They accordingly went to
the shop of a dealer in Sydney, on pretence of
intending to purchase some article, and contrived
to steal a piece of cloth; but the theft was de-
signedly so awkwardly managed, that they were
instantly detected, and delivered over to the civil
power. They were accordingly tried, convicted,


56 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
and sentenced to transportation to a penal settle-
ment for seven years. -
In the course of the trial, the object and design
of the theft were ascertained, and the case as-
sumed, in the eye of the Governor, a very dif-
ferent character from that of a common case of
theft. The Governor, in order to obviate any
evil which might arise in His Majesty's service
from the disgraceful and dangerous idea that the
situation of a soldier was worse than that of a
convict, issued a general order, in virtue of which
the two soldiers were taken out of the hands of
the civil power, and brought to the barrack-
square in Sydney, where their crime was publicly
announced to all the other soldiers in garrison,
their sentence of transportation to a penal settle-
ment for seven years was declared to be com-
muted into that of hard labour on the roads for
the same period, and it was announced to the
culprits, that at the expiration of their period of
sentence they should return to the regiment, and
serve in the ranks as before. They were accord-
ingly stripped of their uniform, and arrayed in
the dress of convicts; iron collars of considerable
weight, with projecting iron spikes, and chains of
the same metal, attached to fetters for the legs,
were affixed to their necks, and they were drum-
med out of the regiment to the common gaol.
Sudds, who was labouring at the time under a
severe chronic affection of the liver, and the pub-
lic disgrace to which he had been subjected, toge-
ther with the heat of a burning sun, the utter
disappointment of the hopes which his wicked
associate had led him to entertain, and the miser-
able prospect that lay before him, immediately
plunged the wretched man into a state of hope-





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THE STREETS. - 57
less despondency, in which he was at length re-
moved from the gaol to the general hospital,
where he died in a few days.
General Darling, however, was peculiarly un-
fortunate, at the time in question, in having
a supporter, in the person of the late Mr. Ro-
bert Howe, editor of The Sydney Gazette,
..who commenced a regular defence of the mea-
sures adopted by the Colonial Government in the
case of the two soldiers, and held them forth to
the colony as highly proper and highly praise-
worthy, while the Editors of The Australian and
The Monitor spoke of them as being illegal and
tyrannical. In short, the case of Sudds and
hompson continued, during the last four years
of General Darling's administration, to afford an
inexhaustible subject for the newspapers.
The circulating medium previously in operation,
was restored by orders from home.
General Darling embarked for England, Octo-
ber 22, 1831, having administered the affairs of
the colony for nearly six years.
Major-General Richard Bourke, the eighth
Governor of New South Wales, arrived in the
colony December 2, 1831; Colonel Lindesay, of
His Majesty's 39th regiment, having discharged
the duties of Acting-Governor during the inter-
val that had elapsed after General Darling left
the colony.
THE STREETS.
The capital of New South Wales is pleasantly
situated on the southern shores of the beautiful
land-locked marine lake of Port Jackson, about


5S PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
seven miles from the embrazure on the east coast
of New Holland, formed by the precipitous head-
lands of Port Jackson.
The township received its name from the Hon.
Captain Arthur Phillip, of the British Naval
service, the founder and first Governor of the
colony, as a token of his gratitude to the Right
Hon. Lord Sydney, who, being First Lord of the
Admiralty at the time when the first fleet was
equipped, had greatly promoted the project by
causing the stores and other necessaries for the
fleet to be sent on board in the best condition, and
also had otherwise exerted himself in order to
secure the successful establishment of the colony.
The site of Sydney is composed of several un-
dulating ridges of excellent freestone rock, which
appear to shoot inland nearly parallel in a direc-
tion almost due south from the southern shore of
that part of the waters of Port Jackson commonly
known as the Stream, or Middle Harbour,
which, with Sydney Cove, constitute the natural
northern boundary of the township. The ridges
proceed inland for about two miles, undulating,
but on the whole, declining as they recede from
the harbour, until they become almost a level
plain, which, on the southward, is bounded by a
transverse ridge of elevated land, known as the
Surry Hills, and which may at present be re-
garded as the southern confine of the town. The
western limit is a beautiful and extensive salt
water lagoon of upwards of two miles in length,
which shoots into the land in the direction nearly
parallel with the undulating ridges already
named, while the eastern limit is a pretty deep
valley, also proceeding in the same direction, be-
tween the elevated lands of Darlinghurst and
i


THE STREETS. 59
Woolloomooloo. The town of Sydney, as con-
tained within these limits, appears to approach to
the form of a rectangle or long square, of which
the only curved side is that on the northward.
Although it is now nearly fifty years since the
first British fleet entered Sydney Cove, yet up to
a comparatively late period, the town was little
else than an insignificant village of bark huts and
wooden skillings, little better than the rude
wigwams of the semi-barbarian Indians of North
America, and certainly inferior in durability to
many of the dwellings which the natives in
southern and western Africa erect to protect
themselves from the heat of the sun, or the tor-
rents which constitute what are denominated the
rainy seasons, in that immense peninsula. It was
- not, in fact, until the commencement of the govern-
ment of the late Major-General Macquarie, at the
close of the year 1809, that Sydney began to as-
sume the appearance of a regular well-built town.
No sooner had that officer the reins of Govern-
ment in hand, than he caused a survey of the
whole locality to be made, and also a plan of the
future town to be laid out, on the ground which,
taken as a whole, is perhaps as elegant and per-
fect in its design as the conformation of the site
will admit of, and is not to be surpassed by that
of any modern town in either hemisphere.
In marking out the lines of the principal or
longitudinal streets, which run nearly between
the north and south points of the compass in a
direct line, care has been taken to preserve every
where an ample and spacious carriage-way, so as
to afford sufficient room for the different kinds of
four-wheeled vehicles to pass each other without
the slightest risk of collision; while on either


60 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
side, a foot-path for pedestrians, has also been
reserved. The whole of these longitudinal streets
are also drawn as nearly parallel to each other as
the form of the ground through which they pass
will admit of, and they are all cut into portions
of convenient lengths by lateral or cross streets of
ample breadth passing from one side of the town
to the other, by which means a short and almost
direct communication is opened between the east
and west sides of the town.
The principal or longitudinal streets, reckon-
ing from the western side of the township, are
named as follows:–1. Sussex Street. 2. Kent
Street. 3. Clarence Street, which crosses Church
Hill, and is continued in a northern direction,
under the name of Fort and Prince Streets. 4.
York Street, which has its direction to the north-
ward continued by the three lines of road known
by the names of Cumberland, Gloucester, and
Hajigº. Streets; those three, with Prince
Street, constituting that part of the town locally
called the Rocks. 5. George Street. 6. Pitt
Street. 7. Castlereagh Street. 8. Elizabeth
Street. 9. Phillip Street. 10. Macquarie Street.
11. King William Street, which passes immedi-
ately in a line with the Sydney College. While
the cross or transverse streets in the township,
commencing on the north, are as follows:–1.
Windmill Šiš. 2. Argyle Street. , 3. Essex
Street. 4. Charlotte Place, prolonged eastward
by Bridge Street. 5. Jamison Street. 6. Hunter
Street. 7. King Street. 8. Market Street. 9.
Druitt Street, continued eastward by Park Street,
and extended still farther eastward by William
Street. 10. Bathurst Street. 11. Liverpool
Street. 12. Goulburn Street. 13. Campbell


62 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
bour, on the western side of Sussex Street, were
regarded as land of little or no value; but no
sooner had Sydney begun to rise in importance
as a commercial town, than the land in this vici-
nity had its value discovered, and almost the
whole of the water frontage was secured by men
of capital, who have of late years further en-
hanced its value by the erection of substantial and
extensive warehouses, stores, and other buildings,
which their increasing mercantile transactions
have rendered necessary: many of these are of
hewn freestone, and will bear comparison with
most of the stone houses and commercial deposi-
tories of the most respectable firms of either
South or North Britain, whether as regards their
extent or the convenient manner in which they
have been arranged, independent of the durable
and substantial materials of which they have been
constructed.
Kent Street is named after the late Duke of
Kent, the junior brother of His Majesty the pre-
sent King of Great Britain; it runs parallel with
the street just described, and extends in a straight
line from the coast of the bay which separates
Sydney Cove from Darling Harbour, till it
reaches the transverse street named Liverpool—it
being upwards of 6500 feet, or more than a mile
and a half in length. At the north end of Kent
Street, a considerable population has of late ac-
cumulated ; a Catholic school has been erected,
and was opened early in the year 1836. At this
end of Kent Street, the land rises abruptly to a
considerable height above the adjacent waters,
and by this means, the water frontage in the vici-
nity is of less value than in most other parts of


THE STREETS. 63
the harbour of Sydney; but, notwithstanding this
disadvantage, it has been formed into wharfs,
which, like those in Darling Harbour, have been
rendered valuable and convenient by the erection
of spacious and eonveniently situated stores,
lately raised by the proprietors at a very consi-
derable expense; there is also a pretty extensive
shipbuilding establishment adjacent, where , a
patent slip is being laid down for facilitating the
repairs of vessels without the disadvantage of
having to work what is technically denominated
tide work. Between the north end of this
street and where it crosses Church Hill, a deep
cut has been made through the west side of the
hill on which Fort Phillip stands—this part of
the street is called the Quarries, on this account.
At the southern extremity of this street, several
cottages and substantial dwelling-houses have
been erected, most of them having small gardens
attached, together with a beautifully diversified
landscape view of the waters and shores of Dar-
ling Harbour, and extending to the westward
over an extensive range of thickly wooded undu-
lating country, between which, in a north-west
direction, the waters of Port Jackson are so
broken by the coast, that it only requires to be
seen in order to be appreciated as one of the
most romantic prospects that the eye can behold,
or the most fastidious critic of natural scenic
beauty desire.
When this street has stretched across the west
side of Church Hill, it descends so precipitously
down the rugged sandstone rocks, as to be inac-
cessible to any wheeled carriage; but it is in con-
templation to remedy the evil, by cutting down
the hill, and filling up the bottom, as has been


THE STREETS. 65
the Military Barracks, which gives this part of
the town a dull, heavy appearance; but as the
Barracks are likely soon to become private pro-
perty, there is every reason to believe that in
a few years the wall will be removed, and its
place be occupied by an extensive line of hand-
some private dwellings and elegant shops. Till
within these few years, that side of Clarence
Street opposite the Barrack wall, was little else
than a series of irregular ill-built wooden cabins,
but during the last four years a very considerable
number of them have been pulled down, and on
their sites substantial brick and freestone build-
ings have been erected; and it is highly proba-
ble that in a few years Clarence Street will be-
come one of the most handsome streets in
Sydney.
From the Barrack wall to the southern termi-
nation of this street, it has a more animated ap-
pearance, there being a great number of respect-
able buildings on either side of it, and there is no
doubt it will be prolonged till it reaches the inter-
section of George and Liverpool Streets, on the
Brickfield Hill.
York Street takes its name from His Royal
Highness the late Duke of York, His Present
Majesty's elder brother. This street, which runs
in a parallel line between George Street and
Clarence Street, is a fine and level road. It ex-
tends from the Military Barracks to the Old
Burying Ground; and its length, if we take in
the Barracks, is upwards of 3000 feet. At the
commencement of the street is Barrack Lane,
which forms a thoroughfare to George Street
and Clarence Street. Proceeding jº. it


66 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
passes the western side of the New Market,
which is a great ornament to this part of York
Street, and is abruptly terminated by the wall of
the Burying Ground, in Druit Street. There is
an entrance to the Police Office at this end of
the street. The buildings are, for the most part,
of a respectable description.
George Street was so named, in honour of His
late Majesty George the Fourth, at that time
Prince of Wales, and is one of the most extensive
and well-built streets of Sydney. Its extreme
length from Dawes' Point, which is its northern
limit, to the Old Toll-house on the west of the
ground occupied by the Benevolent Asylum, is
upwards of 10,000 feet, and is decidedly the first
street in Sydney. From the Commissariat Stores
on the north side of the King's Wharf, to the
bottom of the Brickfield Hill, it is one continued
range of generally well-built edifices, many of
them presenting an external appearance which
London might well be proud of. The intersec-
tions at corners, where the cross streets cut it, are
in general §.". well designed, as instanced
at Bridge Street, King Street, and Market Street.
Besides these, there are numerous ranges of
buildings on each side, of considerable extent
and uniformity of design, which are not to be met
with in any other part of the town; and of which
the effect, as regards the perspective of the street,
is excellent. Among the various private proper-
ties of prepossessing appearance with which
George Street is lined, it might be deemed invi-
dious to attempt to discriminate, but we may be
permitted to remark, that between the intersec-
tions of Park Street and Bridge Street, there


THE STREETS. 67
are several buildings which, whether considered
as regards their outward appearance, their adap-
tation for private residences, or as sale rooms and
respectable shops, are not to be excelled in any
town of the same size in Britain. -
Near the north end of the street, as already
mentioned, stands the government warehouses
connected with the Commissariat and Naval
Yard, the former of which forms the north con.
fine of the King's Wharf; the southern limit is
private property, and consists of a pretty exten-
sive range of commercial and marine store rooms,
which are in the hands of different merchants
and warehousemen; the front of the buildings
being occupied by the Australian Hotel, at one
time the principle house of the kind in the town.
Proceeding southward from the King's Wharf, on
the west side of the street, is situated His Ma-
jesty's Gaol, where prisoners are confined previous
to trial, and where also criminals are executed.
Opposite the gaol there has lately been erected a
substantial range of well-built private dwellings,
the lower flats of which are mostly occupied as
warehouses and shops. Still further southward,
on the same side of the street, there are several
well-built houses, of good size, which are res-
pectably occupied. . A little above are the pre-
mises where The Sydney Gazette and Herald news-
papers are printed ; the opposite side of the
street is still occupied by a row of indifferent
wooden cottages, for which, however, a good
rental is obtained, being well situated for the sale
of seamen's slops, &c.; they are mostly occupied
by Jews.
At the intersection of Charlotte Place, the
street becomes a straight level line till where it is


68 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
intersected by King Street, between which and
Bridge Street, there is only one thoroughfare to
the east, and also but one to the west side of the
town. The buildings in the section of George
Street just defined, are all of recent erection, and
are highly ornamental to the town. The termi-
nations of the east side of this section, are per-
haps as good specimens of the architectural style
in which private buildings should be designed
and raised, as are any where to be met with,
being at once creditable to the taste and skill of
the architect who designed and superintended
their erection, as well as substantial proofs of the
wealth and mercantile respectability of those
who defrayed the expenses of their building.
The carriage-way of this section of George
Street has of late been much improved, not only
by levelling, but has also had its surface covered
with a substantial coating of excellent granite,
and presents to the eye of the stranger an excel-
lent specimen of Australian M*Adamization,
which there is reason to believe will, ere long, be
more generally applied to the other thoroughfares
of Sydney.
To the southward of King Street, the direction
of George Street inclines a little to the westward,
and is occupied on each side by a series of hand-
some and commodious private residences, as well
as hotels, shops, and other places for supplying the
public with an equivalent for their surplus cash.
At Market Street crossing, the direction of
George Street inclines still more to the westward,
having the New Market and the Police Office on
its western side, which occupy the grounds that
intervene between it and the south end of York
Street, already noticed as Druitt Street intersec-


THE STREETS. 69
tion. The western confine of George Street is
the unoccupied square of land called the Old
Burying Ground, but which has not for some
years been used as such—there having been an
ample piece of ground set aside as a cemetery on
the south-east side of the town, at the north
ascent of the elevated ground named the Surry
Hills.
From Bathurst Street division George Street
bends still more to the westward, and descends
with considerable rapidity, till it arrives at the
hollow in which the Corn and Cattle Markets are
situated. This division of George Street is com-
monly called the Brickfield Hill, from the nu-
merous brick-kilns formerly in that quarter.
Up to the middle of last year, the ascent of the
Biºli Hill was not only steep and difficult,
but actually dangerous. At several times dif-
ferent remedies were proposed, but ultimately the
Government took up the matter, and during the
last nine months the ascent has been rendered
completely safe and easy for all kinds of
drays, waggons, and other carriages. The means
which have been employed to accomplish this,
are as follows, viz.:-The inclined plane of the
ascent has been º lengthened, by cut-
ting and paring off the higher part of the road,
and the materials from the top being conveyed to
the south or lower extremity, have there been
successfully employed for the purpose of raising
that compartment by as great a quantity as the
other extremity was depressed by their removal.
Some idea may be formed of the magnitude of
the labour which the performance of these opera-
tions required, when it is stated that upwards of
1,000,000 cubic feet of rubbish changed its


70 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
situation by manual labour, a great proportion of
which being solid freestone rock, considerably
increased the difficulty; and now that the opera-
tions are completed, the public will essentially
reap the benefit. From near the bottom of the
Brickfield Hill, the line of George Street inclines
somewhat more to the eastward, and at the same
time gradually ascends the plane of the Surry
Hill range, until it reaches the site of the Old
Turnpike, at which place this street may be said
to terminate. Between the bottom of the Brick-
field Hill and the old Sydney Turnpike, George
Street is occupied only on the south side by
houses, some of which are highly finished, both as
regards their external appearance, and their in-
ternal accommodations: the whole ground along
the eastern side of this part of the street being
still retained by the Government.
From the Old Toll-bar the street diverges con-
siderably to the westward, and is called Parra-
matta Street, from its being the direct road by
which people leaving Sydney must travel towards
that town. Almost all the houses in this vicinity
have been erected during the last four years—the
greater part have, in fact, sprung up since the
close of the year 1835. Most of these houses
are of brick, but being overlaid with cement, they
have the appearance of freestone, and will bear a
close inspection, both as regards the workman-
ship and the manner in which they have been
contrived.
Pitt Street, which received its name as a me-
morial of the celebrated British statesman, Wil-
liam Pitt, at present extends from Hunter Street
to Campbell Street, which bounds the northern


THE STRE1.T.S. 71
side of the Cattle Market, and is upwards of
5000 feet long. It is one of the most handsome,
well-formed streets in Sydney, and in a few years
will probably become the thoroughfare between
the Cattle Market and the King's Wharf, to
which it is proposed to extend this line as soon as
the circular quay at the head of Sydney Cove has
been built. Between Hunter Street and King
Street, Pitt Street is nearly a dead level, each
side of it being occupied by several well-built
houses, the lower flats of which being used as
shops and places of business, while the upper
compartments provide the possessors with res-
pectable places of abode. Between King Street
and Market Street, about the middle of the sec-
tion on the west side, is the site of the New The-
atre, at present erecting, and which will evidently
be an ornament to this locality. On the same
side of Pitt Street, at the intersection by Market
Street, stands three of the largest and most
extensive Manchester warehouses in the colony;
and from the manner in which the goods are dis-
played, as well as the immense size of the pre-
mises, are not perhaps to be surpassed by any
three consecutively built clothing establishments
in any provincial town in Britain.
From the intersection by Market Street towards
Park Street, Pitt Street has a fine appearance, most
of the houses being well built, and in general occu-
pied by a most respectable tenantry—the lower
orders having found residences for themselves at a
less rental towards its north and south extremities.
In the section included between Market Street
and Park Street, on the western side, stands the
newly-erected Theatre and Lecture Rooms of the
Sydney Mechanics' Institute.


72 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
Adjoining the School of Arts, is the Inde-
pendent Chapel, where divine service is regularly
performed by the Rev. W. Jarratt, not only in
the morning and evening of Sabbath, but also
one or two evenings during the week.
From the crossing of Park Street to its southern
termination, Pitt Street, although less occupied
by expensive buildings, is remarkable for the
neatness and cheerful appearance displayed by
most of the cottages with which it is lined on
either side; the small garden plots before them,
their shaded verandahs, and the regularity of
design which many of them display, taken alto-
gether, not only please the eye and gratify the
taste, but also have a direct tendency to recal
the rustic beauties of Old England to the memory
of every one who can think of the land he has
left, and rejoice in the land now his home.
Castlereagh Street received its name in honour
of the nobleman of that title, who for some years
was Principal Secretary of State. This street lies
nearly due north and south, and is still occupied
by a great number of wooden huts and temporary
cottages, which are, however, rapidly giving
place to buildings of a more substantial kind.
Its whole length at present is about 5000 feet,
having its southern termination on the eastern
side of the Cattle Market, while its northern
extremity, like Pitt Street, is formed by its
intersection with Hunter Street. But according
to the designs lately circulated for improving the
town between the latter street and the head of
Sydney Cove, Castlereagh Street is to be carried
through towards the northward in the same
straight line as the present part of the street,


THE STREETS. 73
until it reaches the head of the cove, which it
will do nearly in the centre. Castlereagh Street
will thus become the principal thoroughfare be-
tween the Cattle Market and that part of Sydney
Cove which is intended to be the resort of the
coasting vessels, whose small draught of water
will enable them at all times to sail up to the
head of the bay. There are several well-built
residences in the Hunter Street and King Street
division of Castlereagh Street, particularly on
the west side near King Street. In the adjacent
section, extending from the latter to Market
Street, on the east side, is a large brick building,
which was formerly occupied as the Supreme
Court House, but has for several years been used
on the lower flat, as a Catholic school-room,
while the rooms above have been in use as the
class-rooms for the male and female primary
schools of the Parish of St. James. As this street
throughout its whole extent, until it reaches the
vicinity of Liverpool Street, stands on elevated
ground, its ascent from the east end of the Cattle
Market is rather difficult; but the mode of curing
this evil having been successfully tried on the
south section of George Street, it is to be hoped
that ere long a similar process will be applied to
that part of Castlereagh Street which leads from
the market into the town.
Elizabeth Street, which runs parallel with Cas-
tlereagh Street, throughout its whole extent
from Hunter street to the point at the foot of the
northern ascent of the Surry Hills, nearly in a
line due east from the Old Turnpike at the end
of George Street, is bounded on both sides of the
Hunter Street and King Street sections, by a
G -


74 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
series of irregular-built private dwellings—some
of them having, however, a respectable appear-
ance; but the principal buildings are towards the
south end of the section, near which, a very
handsome enclosed series of Chambers, for the
use of the legal profession, have been erected;
communicating with Elizabeth Street and Phillip
Street, and being in the immediate vicinity of
the Supreme Court House, they are found to be
very convenient by the gentlemen of the law.
From the Court House on the south side of the
intersection with King Street, to the crossing at
Liverpool Street, Elizabeth Street is built only
on the west side, the other being occupied by the
western confine of Hyde Park, which was for-
merly the race-ground of Sydney. To the south-
ward of the last named intersection, the street is
partly built upon on both sides, till it reaches
Campbell Street; after which, it is terminated
by the east end of the Protestant Burying Ground,
having those large and commodious premises
known as the Albion Brewery, on the opposite
side of the street. The whole extent of Elizabeth
Street, from the Burying Ground to its termina-
tion in Hunter Street, is upwards of 6500 feet,
and when the circular wharf improvements are
carried into effect, it will be prolonged 1500 feet
more towards the north; but from the great ele-
vation of its northern confine, there is reason to
fear that it will not be much employed as a
thoroughfare between the shipping and its more
southerly sections.
\ -
Phillip Street, so named in honour of the
founder of the colony, commences on the south
side of King Street, having its south view termi-


THE STREETS. 77
direct line of communication between the eastern
and western parts of the town. The northernmost
of these is named Windmill Street, from its being
the first line of communication opened between
the Rocks and the windmills at the Millers'
Point, in the vicinity of the mouth of Darling
Harbour.
This street is about 1000 feet throughout its
whole extent; has an excellent view of the
aquatic scenery of Port Jackson, and from its
being situated in the vicinity of, and nearly paral-
lel with the north front of the Quarries, which
afford abundance of excellent building materials;
it would naturally be supposed that this is one
of the best built streets in Sydney; such, how-
ever, is not the case, throughout the greater part
of its extent, Windmill Street is still to be built;
and that portion of it which has been completed,
is generally of such a description as to say little
in praise of the architecture of New South
Wales. At its western extremity, as already ob-
served under the description of Kent Street, a
very considerable population has assembled, par-
ticularly in the neighbourhood of Clyde Street;
so named from its having been at one time princi-
pally the property of a number of Glasgow arti-
zans, who emigrated hither about five years ago,
under the Rev. Dr. Lang.
It is rather singular, that although Windmill
Street is the only direct thoroughfare between the
northern extremities of Kent Street and George.
Street, and of course commands the whole of the
wharfs between Dawes' Point and the Millers'
Point, yet but few of the proprietors of these
landing places have taken up their residences in
this quarter, although, by doing so, they might:


78 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
not only have enjoyed one of the finest prospects
in Sydney, but also have had their dwelling
houses in the immediate vicinity of their busi-
ness. Among the various alterations which ap-
pear to be designed with regard to the streets of
Sydney, that of carrying Windmill Street east-
ward in a straight line from the wharf of Messrs.
Giles, Ritchie, and Co., appears to be one which
will require a considerable time for its accom-
plishment, as the proposed line is at present
occupied by the north end of the elevated free-
stone ridge on which Prince, Cumberland, Glou-
cester, and Harrington Streets, are built; and
the whole ridge must be cut through before the
line can be extended. At present, the carriage-
way between Dawes' Point and the Millers' Point,
is by North Fort Street, a prolongation of the
Fort Street already described. The former is
equal in length to the present Windmill Street,
and is formed by the line of the latter bending a
little to the eastward, and nearly opposite Lamb
and Parbury's Wharf, runs north-east in a line
nearly parallel with the coast of the bay, till it
is due south from Walker's Wharf, where it meets
the prolongation of George Street. In this
uarter a number of respectable dwelling houses
have lately been erected on the north side of the
street, having a fine appearance from their uni-
formity of build, and are mostly occupied by
opulent persons; as a whole, it is probably one
of the best neighbourhoods in Sydney.
Argyle Street consists of two parts, that to the
westward intersecting Fort, Prince, Cumberland,
and Gloucester Streets, and is called Upper (or
West) Argyle Street, and is upwards of 400 feet


THE STREETS. 79
in length; while the division on the east, which
passes from Harrington Street to George Street,
is called Lower (or East) Argyle Street; this sec-
tion being about the same length as the upper
part. These two divisions are separated from
each other by a precipice of considerable height,
at the base of which Lower Argyle Street termi-
nates on the west, and the upper portion of the
street commences on its summit towards the east,
and rises gradually till it terminates in Fort
Street, on the east brow of the hill on which Fort
Phillip is built. There appears to have been at
one time a series of steps cut in the rock, so as to
render the communication between the upper and
lower divisions of the street available to pedes-
trians; but these have of late years become
greatly dilapidated, and are, in fact, dangerous
to ascend. This cut would considerably shorten
the distance between the Custom House and the
Signal Station, and would be more frequented
were they made safe and accessible; it would
also prove a great convenience to those who had
to pass between the upper and lower districts of
the town in this vicinity.
Proceeding southward along George Street,
there are several lines of communication between
it and Prince Street, which are not only precipit-
ously steep and narrow, but are also so com-
pletely overrun with the filth which is discharged
from the upper streets, to which they act as a
kind of common sewer, that they are seldom
passed through—persons generally preferring to
go a distance round, rather than encounter the
abominable stench which pervades the lanes and
alleys here referred to.
Essex Street is about 800 feet in length, and


80 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
leads up from George Street along the south side
wall of the Gaol, till the line of direction be ter-
minated by the Military Hospital, situated at the
intersection of this with the south end of South
Fort Street. The ascent of Essex Street, from
the Gaol until it reaches Cumberland Street, is
exceedingly steep—so much so, that it is almost
impassable for wheeled carriages of every descrip-
tion; besides, the carriage-way is so out of repair,
that even pedestrians have to exercise caution in
passing along it. There are a few good houses
in Essex Street, but until the foot and carriage
way be repaired, there is reason to believe that
the proprietors of the frontages on either side
will prefer having them untenanted, rather than
risk their capital in buildings which has so indif.
ferent a thoroughfare passing in front of them.
It is more than probable that this street, if ren-
dered safely passable for carts, drays, &c., would
form the principal line of communication between
Sydney Cove and the whole of Darling Harbour
that is included between the north-west corner of
Church Hill and the west end of King Street.
Charlotte Place.—About 400 feet to the south-
ward of the intersection of Essex Street with
George Street, is Charlotte Place, so named in
honour of the late mother of His Majesty the
present King of Great Britain. It is a broad, spa-
cious street, leading from George Street to the
south end of Prince Street, in a line nearly due
west. About 200 feet from its termination in
George Street, a branch or arm runs off to the
south-west along the front of a range of large
dilapidated brick edifices, called Underwood's
Buildings, and terminating at the north end of
the large house on Church Hill at present occu-


THE STREETS. 81
pied as a family hotel. The whole length of the
south-west arm of Charlotte Place, is about 700
feet, and its upper division has a fine prospect of
the waters of Port Jackson to the eastward of
Sydney Cove. Between the north and south
side of Charlotte Place, about 400 feet west from
George Street, is the site of St. Phillip's Church.
The north-east corner of Charlotte Place is at
present unoccupied—the old Guard House, which
until of late stood on that spot, having been re-
moved in order that the ground may be rebuilt
upon. At the south-east corner stands the most
splendid and capacious building in Sydney, and
will bear a comparison with the corner erections
at the extremities of any of the principal streets in
North or South Britain, and is a substantial proof
of the worth of the proprietor. Nearly in a line
with Charlotte Place, on the east side of George
Street, there are two openings running eastward,
the northern one is named Queen's Place, in com-
pliment to the same royal personage which gave
name to Charlotte Place; this is a small court or
alley, terminated on the east by the Tanks; at
the bottom, or eastward of the alley, there is a
very neat little square of brick cottages, several
of which are inhabited by respectable people.
Bridge Street is so named from its being crossed
by the bridge over the Tanks stream, about 120
feet to the eastward of the lower end of Queen's
Place. This street nearly continues the line of
Charlotte Place eastward as far as the south end
of Macquarie Place, being upwards of 500 feet in
length; but when the longitudinal streets on the
east of George Street shall have been extended
to Sydney Cove, and Bridge Street continued east
till it intersects Macquarie Street, this street will
*


THE STREETS. 83
Hunter Street runs from the east side of George
Street, which it enters a little to the southward
of the east end of Jamison Street, and extends
eastward to Macquarie Street; this street received
its name in honour of the late Governor Hunter:
it is an excellent but irregularly-built street.
The Hunter Street line descends with a gentle
declination until it crosses the passage of the
Tank stream, a short distance to the westward of
the north end of Pitt Street. From this point
eastward, the street gradually rises till it
reaches the front of the buildings occupied as the
School of Industry. Throughout its whole ex-
tent Hunter Street is an excellent site; several of
its frontages being occupied as the town resi-
dences of gentlemen of the first respectability.
The great error practised in the buildings of
this as well as in many other streets, not only in
ydney, but in other townships, is, that each have
adopted their own frontage designs and elevations,
and their own modes of making the dwellings
they erect as convenient and valuable as possible,
instead of agreeing on a general plan of building,
which would at once have enabled all who were
proprietors of the ground to realize a good
rental, and at the same time led the public to
prefer the buildings so erected as the site of their
residences and mercantile stores—for both of
which Hunter Street is naturally adapted. It is
pleasing to observe, however, that even in this
street an attempt has been made, not only in the
vicinity of George Street, but also in other com-
partments of the line, to get a general contour
adopted, and we hope such a scheme will be ulti-
mately agreed to among the people.
King Street.—About 1100 feet southward from


84 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
the west end of Hunter Street, George Street
is intersected at right angles by King. Street, so
named after the late Philip Gidley King, Esq.,
Post Captain of the British Navy, who succeeded
Captain Hunter in the government of the colony.
ing Street stretches from Hyde Park, or the
Prisoners' Barracks, to Darling Harbour, inter-
secting all the main streets between these two
limits, and is upwards of 2600 feet in length;
that part on the east of George Street being called
East King Street, that on the west, King Street
West. This street, taken as a whole, is decidedly
the best transverse street in Sydney; its eastern
section is generally well built, many of the build-
ings are of recent erection, and some of them
rank amongst the best in the town—particularl
those on the north side, commonly called Moore's
Corner, from the name of the person who re-
ceived the original grant of land.
The Colonial Depository of the Bible and Re-
ligious Tract Society, is held in King Street, and
there is a considerable demand for the works on
sale.
The south side of King Street is terminated b
St. James' Church, on the west side of whic
stands the Court House, where the Judges and
Crown Officers have their chambers. The north-
east side of the street is also terminated by a
Government building, which, up to the com-
mencement of the present year was occupied as
the chambers of the Collector of Internal Reve-
nue; but now that the duties of this department
are added to those of the Colonial Treasury
Office, the premises are occupied by the Surveyor-
General's Department.
Market Street received its name from its being


86 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
the northward of Messrs. Barker and Hallen's
extensive premises, to Elizabeth Street, which it
intersects at about 2000 feet east from the pre-
mises already mentioned. The upper, or east
end of Bathurst Street, is occupied by a num-
ber of very neat cottages; there being also a
few substantial buildings interspersed. The west-
ern division has lately been much improved, by
being levelled, and the ascent from the west ren-
dered accessibie to wheeled carriages; the north-
east end of Bathurst Street West, is formed by
the south side of the Old Burying Ground, on
the east side of which stands the Presbyterian
place of worship named St. Andrew's Kirk; also"
the Baptist Chapel.
Liverpool Street.—About 700 feet south from
Bathurst Street, and nearly parallel with it, is
Liverpool Street, which, like that just described,
is named after the late Prime Minister of Bri-
tain : its whole extent, from east to west, is
upwards of 1700 feet; and although there are
several substantial private buildings in it, and a
very numerous population taken up their resi-
dence in its vicinity, yet, they being composed
principally of the working classes, the houses in
general are of the humble order.
Goulburn Street.—This street is also named
after a British legislator, and is about the same
length as Liverpool Street, with which it is drawn
parallel, and is about 500 feet to the westward of
that street: it is principally occupied by labouring
people, is very irregularly built, and inferior in
appearance to the other transverse streets.
Campbell Street was named after the present


THE STREETS. 87
Member of our Legislative Council, whose wharf
occupies the northern extremity of George Street:
it is at present the southernmost transverse street
in Sydney, and extends in a direct line from the
east side of George Street to Elizabeth Street,
which it meets about 500 feet south from Goul-
burn Street. The whole front or south side of
Campbell Street, is still in the possession of the
Government, and the greater part of it is occu-
pied by the Cattle and Corn Markets, the latter
being held by appointment in the vicinity of the
building erected about two years ago, at the west
end of the Street. There are several excellent
freestone buildings on the north side of Camp-
bell Street, and it has a pretty extensive prospect
to the southward, the view being terminated in
this direction by the Surry Hills.
Campbell Street is the straightest and most
level transverse street in Sydney, and, but for its
distance from the resort of the shipping, would be
the most valuable street in the township; as it is,
there is not a more convenient residence in Syd-
dey, for although it is not in the vicinity of the
harbour, yet its defect is atoned for by its prox-
imity to the markets already mentioned.
The only other streets worthy of notice are
what may be called the diagonal streets, which
occupy the north end of the eastern ridge on
which the town is built. These streets are four
in number, the northern one acting as the north
limit of the other three—it is called Bent Street,
and when the projected improvements in this
part of the town are completed, will extend in a
straight line in a south-west direction from the
intersection of Pitt Street and Bridge Street,
to the entrance of the ground of the Government
Domain at the north end of the land at present


88 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
occupied by the School of Industry, and will then
be nearly 1800 feet in length. At present it is
only 800 feet in length, and is built only on its
south side; it is, however, one of the most plea-
sant situations in the township—for while it is in
the immediate vicinity of Sydney Cove, its eleva-
tion gives it a fine prospect of the waters of Port
Jackson as far as the inner heads; and as it is not
in the line which connects the mercantile part of
the town with either the cove or the interior, its
inhabitants are not annoyed by the noise of the
different manufactories, nor the din of loaded
drays, waggons, &c., passing through it. Through-
out its whole extent, it is already occupied by
elegant well-built houses of merchants and pri-
vate gentlemen, many of whose dwellings being
erected at a considerable distance from the foot-
path, and the intervening ground at the same time
being tastefully laid out in garden grounds, ren-
ders this part of the town a most desirable resi-
dence: and as it is intended to build the new
public offices at its south-west extremity, the
whole of this street will, ere long, be the most
valuable in Sydney.
At the intersection of this street with O'Connell
Street, stands the Pulteney Hotel, erected a few
years ago; it is one of the most respectable and
elegant structures in the colony—the exterior of
the building has a fine appearance from the
water: its interior arrangements are ample, and
such as would do honour to any provincial town
in Britain. Among othef accommodations, it has
a large and commodious ball-room, where public
meetings are frequently convened.
Spring Street, O'Connell Street, and Bligh
Street, are three parallel short streets, occupying


THE STREETS. 89
º
f
3
the north-west end of the great western ridge on
which the eastern side of Sydney stands; the
first crosses from the north end of Pitt Street, in
a north-east direction, till it is terminated by
Bent Street, and is about 500 feet in length; the
western confine of Spring Street is on the eastern
bank of the Tanks. This side of the street is
not yet built upon, the northern end being at
present employed as garden ground. The east
side is principally occupied by buildings used as
stores, counting-houses, &c.; most of them are
ample and substantial freestone erections, and are
conveniently situated for the purposes to which
they are appropriated.
O'Connell Street runs parallel with Spring
Street, at the distance of about 200 feet to the
eastward of it: its whole extent is about 560 feet,
and gradually ascends from Hunter Street to its
northern extremity in Bent Street, where its north-
east corner is terminated by the ball-room of the
Pulteney Hotel. On either side of O'Connell
Street, there are several excellent specimens of
modern architecture, forming the residences of
some of the most respectable families in the
colony. The buildings are mostly at a consider-
able distance from the street, the frontages being
neatly railed in. The intervening spots are taste-
fully laid out in gardens, which appear to be kept
in excellent order; and being adorned with nu.
merous floral and artorial foliage of Australia,
give to O'Connell Street an appearance of rustic
grandeur not to be surpassed.
Bligh Street is the eastern one of the three
north-east diagonal streets, and received its name


90 -º-,
PICTURE of syDNEY.
as a memorial of respect to Governor William
Bligh. This street is of the same length as
O'Connell Street, and runs parallel with it; it is
inhabited by several first-rate families.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
THE eastern prospect from the elevated parts of
the town, is terminated by the parallel ridge of
Woolloomooloo—whence the heads of the dif.
ferent departments of the civil establishment
have, within these few years, erected their resi.
dences, all of them in a style of architecture
which is not only chaste, but highly creditable to
their present denizens. Among these, it might
be deemed invidious to enter into a close investi-
gation of the beauties and peculiar merits of any
single mansion; but we cannot avoid inviting the
attention of the admirers of architectural beauty,
to the handsome residences in this quarter, which
have been erected by the late Colonial Secretary,
Alexander M'Leay, Esq.; the Surveyor-General,
Major Mitchell; Acting Chief Justice Dowling,
the late deceased Deputy Commissary-General
Laidley; the High Sheriff of New South Wales,
Thomas M'Quoid, Esq., and other gentlemen,
who either are, or lately were, in the service of
the Government; besides, a number of the mer-
chants of Sydney have also erected their dwel-
lings in this quarter—among which, those of
T. Barker, Esq., R. Jones, Esq., T. U. Ryder,
Esq., J. P., &c., are particularly deserving of
notice, both with respect to their external appear-
ance and their internal accommodations. .


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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 91
The prospect on the other sides of Sydney, are
at once extensive and varied. The view to the
eastward is terminated by the elevated land of
Woolloomooloo Hill, while the interjacent grounds
are occupied by the Botanical Garden and Go-
vernment Domain. The Sydney College Grant
extends to the site of the New Gaol and Court
House at present erecting; the view from
which, till the eye is turned nearly due south,
is circumscribed by the elevated land of the
Surry Hills, on the north brow of which there
are several neat private residences, and others
are daily rearing their heads. . Towards the west-
ward, the prospect embraces an immense tract of
country included between the township and the
Blue Mountains, which, branching off from the
centre of the County of Cook, extend throughout
a considerable portion of Hunter and Westmore-
land.
St. Phillip's Church.-This has the honour of
being the first building of importance that was
erected for public worship in the colony. It is a
§. and commodiously-situated edifice, and
uilt on the eastern brow of Church Hill, at the
expansion of Charlotte Place, the vicinity around
it possesses a pretty extensive prospect, particu-
larly to the eastward, embracing a great portion
of the lake scenery of the lower harbour of Port
Jackson. The building was commenced in July,
1793, during the Provisional Governorship of
Francis Grose, Esq., Deputy Governor, who had
received the authority from Governor Phillip, im-
mediately before the latter departed from the
colony. In the then infant state of the colony,
the building, as might be supposed, proceeded but


92 PICTURE O’ SYDNEY.
slowly—however, it was so far advanced in the
course of the next four years, as to admit of the
present town clock being introduced into the
tower; from this time the building has been
used as a place of public worship. It also de-
serves to be recorded, that George the Third, the
father of His present Majesty, regarded the erec-
tion of St. Phillip's Church, at the time, as so
favourable an omen of the prosperity of the
colony, that he not only expressed his satisfaction
on learning such a building was in progress, but
also forwarded to the colony, from his own privy
purse, a splendid communion service of plate,
per the Calcutta, which arrived safely in October,
1803, and is still used in this church. It is pro-
bable that this unexpected testimony of the royal
favour was the means of expediting the comple-
tion of the edifice, as we find it carefully recorded
by the historian of the time, that the walls of St.
Phillip's Church were finished in the April fol-
lowing; but it was not consecrated till December
25, 1810. .
The building lies in a line nearly south-east and
north-west, having two entrances, one from the
south-east end, and the other at the north-east
side. The former passes through the castellated
turret, which serves the double purpose of belfry,
and also of pedestal for elevating the parish clock.
The interior of St. Phillip's Church bears evident
marks that it is the most ancient erection in the
colony—in fact, whoever visits it, and looks be-
yond its precincts, must be convinced, that when
such a place was actually regarded and employed
as the metropolitan place of worship, that then
the people of this land were few ; we may also
state, that we are credibly informed even in these


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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 93
early days of the colony, when its whole popula-
tion did not equal the half of what at present
constitute the residents of the Parish of St. Phil-
lips that this church was as much frequented as
it is at present—in other words, the accommoda-
tions of St. Phillip's are, as they have hitherto
been, too limited for the parishioners, not a tithe
of whom, even if willing, could hear their clergy-
man during the hours of public worship.
The pastor of this parish has no sinecure ; for
there is no clergyman in Sydney who is paid,
either in whole or in part, from the public purse,
that labours more ardently or perseveringly for
the spiritual and moral benefit of the people
under his charge, than the Rev. W. Cowper, who,
independent of discharging his duties as parson of
the parish and military ºl. to the garrison,
also visits daily, and attends to the primary and
infant schools in connexion with his church; he
likewise labours to benefit his townsmen as a
member of committee and acting secretary to se-
, veral of the most important Christian and charit-
able institutions in Sydney; and has always been
found uniformly liberal and evangelical in his
doctrines. -
St. James' Church.-The Parish Church of St.
James occupies a commanding site at the north
end of Hyde Park, standing in a line with the
intersection of King Street and Phillip Street.
The foundation of this church was laid by His
Excellency the late Governor Macquarie, on the
7th of October, 1819, and so rapidly was the
building proceeded with, that it was formally
opened as aplace of worship about the end of the
year 1822.


94 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
The building is in the Grecian style of archi-
tecture, reared with bricks of colonial manufac-
ture; but the strength of the whole is much
increased by large and handsome pilasters of
colonial freestone, of which the principal entrance
is also formed. At the east end, included under
the same roof, is the vestry-rooms; and the organ,
which is of a superior kind, is also placed at this
end of the church. The pulpit stands nearly in
the centre of the building, and is regarded as an
excellent specimen of workmanship; but its po-
sition is objectionable, as a considerable portion
of the auditory can only be accommodated with
seats in the rear of the pulpit, which not only
destroys the sound, but is also considered as an
annoyance by those who take pleasure in contem-
plating the attitude of delivery made use of by
the minister, at the same time that he delivers to
them his solemn message. At the western end of
the building there is a lofty and elegant spire
attached, which acts as an ornament and paro-
chial belfry; it might be rendered still more
useful, were a public clock inserted in it. . At the
eastern end, under, the vestry-room, is the sex-
ton's office: the rest of the space under the church
is also excavated, and fitted up as a Male and
Female Infant School, where, we are happy to
say, a very considerable number of children are
instructed in the elements of a religious and
moral education. Since the death of the pastor
of this church, the late Rev. R. Hill, divine ser-
vice has been performed, first, by a clergyman of
the name of Yates, who left the colony some
months ago. His place was temporarily ºpiº
by the Rev. S. Marsden, senior chaplain of the
colony, whose labours to advance the cause of





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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 95
missions among the numerous islands in the
reat Pacific, has endeared him among the pious
of the colonists. Mr. Marsden was succeeded by
the Rev. R. Cartwright, the present pastor, who
has been appointed to that church, and, we are
.# to say, performs his sacred duties with
credit to himself, and, it is hoped, benefit to his
hearers. Besides the usual morning and after-
noon worship, this church is regularly opened
during the evening of the Lord's day, and it is
not saying too much when we assert, that the
average attendance on the evening service is more
numerous, and as respectable, as that which is to
be met with in most of the parochial churches in
and around London. Service is also performed
every Wednesday evening. Among the other
signs of the times which prove an advancement
in the moral and religious feeling among the
inhabitants of New South Wales, we may state
that the numerical attendance on public worship
is evidently increasing in a greater ratio than that
of our population; so much so in the parish of
St. James, that strangers often find it difficult to
obtain seats.
The Scots Kirk.-This building is situated on
the south side of the west end of Jamison Street.
Its foundation stone was laid on the first day of
July, 1824, by His Excellency Sir Thomas Bris-
bane, at that time Governor of the colony; and
it was opened as a place of public worship by its
present pastor, the Rev. John Dunmore Lang,
D. D., whose labours for the interests of this his
adopted country, has, to a certain extent, identi-
fied him with its history. #.
In consequence of a misunderstanding which


96 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
unhappily took place between the Presbyterians
and the local authorities, the building of this
place of public worship was not only seriously
impeded, but had not the pastor and the mem-
bers of his family sacrificed their pecuniary inte-
rests to a degree hitherto unparalleled in Aus-
tralia, Sydney might yet have been without a
place of worship where the sincere Calvinist
might worship the God of his fathers according
to the dictates of his heart. We have adverted
to this part of the history of the Scots Kirk, not
with the intention of deciding which party was in
the right or which was in the wrong—but merely
for the purpose of inculcating moderation and
benevolence to all sects, in our present and future
rulers.
The appearance of the Scots Kirk is plain
and substantial, and finely portrays the form of
the religion which has hitherto been taught
within its walls.
St. Andrew's Kirk.—This Church, erected
for the use of persons connected with the
Established Church of Scotland, in the southern
parts of Sydney, is a handsome gothic structure,
situated in the extension of Clarence Street, near
Bathurst Street and Kent Street; and is a consi-
derable ornament to that part of the town. The
engraving will present a better outline of the
front of this building than any description can
convey.
The foundation stone of this church was laid by
the Hon. Colonel Snodgrass, M.C., C.B., on the
30th of November, 1833, in the presence of the
trustees, and a large concourse of spectators.
The walls are elevated, and include a spacious


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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 97
area, there being a projecting entrance in front
leading to the gallery, and a meat vestry in the rear.
The walls are supported between the main win-
dows, by square buttresses, and also by two circu-
lar turrets, surmounted by small pointed spires.
The interior is tastefully fitted up. The venerable
roined arches of the ceiling, resting upon six
É. columns, with ornamented capitals, pre-
sent an imposing appearance, highly favourable
to the purposes of a place of worship. The front
of the gallery and the pulpit are considered
ieces of tasteful and excellent workmanship.
The cedar pannels and gothic framing are parti-
cularly admired by good judges. A handsome
elock, the gift of Leslie Duguid, Esq., Cashier
of the Commercial Bank, forms a pleasing em-
bellishment to the internal decorations of the
church.
The ground on which the church is erected
was given as a grant by the Government. The
cost of the erection was above £2200, consisting
of subscriptions by the public, and donations
from Government. Edward Hallen, Esq., gene-
rously gave his professional service gratis. Tho
mas Barker, Esq., Treasurer, and the other trus-
tees, have great merit for their exertions in the
erection of this church. Divine service was
performed by the Rev. John M'Garvie, A.M.,
minister of the congregation, in the Old Court
House, during the time the church was in the
course of building. It was opened for divine
worship on the 13th of September, 1835.
St. Andrew's Cathedral Church.-The founda-
tion stone of a handsome gothic structure, to be-
come the Episcopal Church of New South Wales,
which has been recently created into a bishoprick,
- I


98 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
under the title of the See of (eastern) Australia,
was laid by His Excellency Sir Richard Bourke,
assisted by the Right Rev. Dr. William Grant
Broughton, first Bishop of Australia, on the 17th
of May last; on the site of the foundation for-
merly laid by Governor Macquarie for the same
purpose, near the old Burial Ground, at the top
of Brickfield Hill, at the corner west of George
Street, and north of Bathurst Street. Our illus-
tration of the elevation will show at a single
glance, that architectural beauty of design has not
been neglected, by which to improve Australia's
capital, whilst providing for the spiritual wants
of the inhabitants of our young metropolis.
The dimensions of this elegant edifice, now in
progress, are 720 feet from east to west, includ-
ing the tower; and 300 feet from north to south.
The height of the body of the church 70 feet, and
120 feet to the pinnacles of the tower. It will be
arranged to contain about 2000 souls, including
one-third that number of free sittings, and its
estimated expense is £40,000; towards, which,
munificent donations are already subscribed by
most of our wealthy and patriotic inhabitants—
one respected family alone, that of Robert Camp-
bell, Esq., M.C., having contributed the princely
sum of £500.
At present, like, almost all other buildings,
St. Andrew's Cathedral is progressing but slowly,
for want of mechanical labour; but as a constant
supply may be expected to commence immedi-
ately, it is hoped that the fabric may be com-
pleted in about four years.
St. Mary's Chapel.—The foundation stone of
this, the first Roman Catholic Chapel, was laid
vs.


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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 99
on the 29th of October, 1820, by His Excellency
Governor Macquarie, on the east side of Hyde
Park, in a line nearly due east from the upper
end of East King Street. This building is, per-
haps, the most expensive sacred edifice in the
colony; and, principally owing to the money
which has already been expended on it, is still in
an unfinished state. It is an excellent specimen
of gothic building, being generally admired as an
... ornament to the town.
It is estimated that upwards of £2000 has been
obtained during the last twelve months towards
the completion of this building. There is an
excellent organ in the chapel, and the clergymen
are zealous and persevering in their duties. On
the north side of the building a confessional and
several other rooms are erected.
Wesleyan Meeting Houses.—There are two
Wesleyan Meeting Houses in Sydney, the first
one erected was that in Macquarie Street, oppo-
site the General Hospital; it is a plain but com-
modious place of worship, and was opened as
such on the 1st of July, 1821. It has accommo-
dation for about 500 persons; and is frequented
by a respectable auditory, who hold weekly meet-
ings in it for prayer and Christian conferrence
with each other. The clerical duties are at present
performed by the Rev. J. M'Kenny and others.
The other Wesleyan Chapel is built near the
south end of Prince Street, and has lately been
enlarged and improved : it is capable of contain-
ing about 300 persons, and from its proximity to
the Rocks, is not unfrequently visited by many of
those who reside in that quarter. Like that in
Macquarie Street, it is opened on stated evenings


100 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
of the week, for prayer and conferrence meetings;
and the ministrations are also attended to by
Messrs. M'Kenny and other Wesleyan Methodist
Preachers. The erection of these chapels are not
only creditable to the liberality of the community
under whose control they are, but have been of
very considerable advantage to the public in their
more immediate vicinities: indeed there is no
Christian sect to the labours of which the popu-
lation of the colony stand more deeply indebted,
than to that of the Wesleyan Methodists, who
not only supply the ministration of the Word to
the inhabitants of Sydney without fee or reward
from the public purse, but are also at a very con-
siderable annual expense, in supplying the means
of grace in several townships in the colony; and
also send forth their preachers to teach and preach
every Lord's day, at such parts of the adjacent
country where auditors are likely to be ob-
tained.
The Independent Chapel, in Pitt Street, was
founded in the year 1830, and opened as a place
of public worship on the 15th of . 1833.
It is a compact, respectable-looking edifice, and
ossesses a faithful and pious pastor in the Rev.
§. Jarratt, whose ministrations are attended by
a very select body of professing Christians. Since
this chapel was opened, it has been so much fre-
quented, that some time ago a public subscription
was set on foot to defray the j of erecting
a gallery in it, and a very considerable portion of
the sum has been already subscribed, so that this
addition to the church accommodation of the
Parish of St. James may confidently be expected
to be soon carried into effect.


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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 101
The Baptist Meeting House, situated at the
intersection of Kent Street and Bathurst Street,
was founded on the 28th of November, 1835, by
the Rev. J. Saunders, and a respectable number
of the people belonging to that communion; and
so rapidly was the work proceeded with, that the
place was opened for public worship on the 23rd
of November, 1836. It is an excellent specimen
of colonial workmanship in the Grecian style, and
can accommodate upwards of 300 persons. It
deserves also to be mentioned, that, with the
exception of the site, which was a grant from Go-
vernment, the whole of the expense has hitherto
been defrayed by private contributions; and it is
probable that the whole debt incurred will ulti- `
mately be cleared off without the pecuniary aid
of Government. X. f
The Friends' Meeting House was erected in the
year 1835, and opened on the 5th of November
in the same year. This place owes its existence
to the liberality of Mr. John Tawell, who not
enly gave the site upon which it stands, but also
defrayed the expense of the building, and made
a present of the whole to the body of Christians
who meet regularly in it for public worship on
the forenoon and evening of the Lord's day, and
also on the forenoon of every Thursday. The
interior of the house is at once commodious and
neatly seated, and is capable of accommodating
about 200 persons. The west end of the building
has been partitioned off, and divided into two
small rooms, in one of which there is a neat and
valuable library of moral and instructive books,
which are lent to the public gratuitously: nor are
these the only public acts of Mr. Tawell's liberality,
a *
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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. } 03
the members increased in number, a meeting of
that body was called, on which occasion J. B. Mon-
tefiore, Esq., acted as chairman. He implored
his brethren in faith to organize some plan for the
erection of a place of worship, but owing to a
variety of circumstances, his plan was defeated
by a cabal; yet he, with the assistance of some
few, rented extensive premises in George Street,
and fitted it up neatly as a place of worship,
which answered all the purposes required. A co-
mitia was formed, and a few gentlemen who were
well acquainted with the Judaical belief, volun-
teered their services to act on all occasions—and
among others, Mr. George Moss, who acted as
Honorary Secretary, which office he discharged
with zeal and integrity, and for the benefit of his
brethren in faith. Nearly every resident Israelite
in the colony joined in a weekly subscription to
defray the general expenses—“the poor man's
copper and the rich man's gold” were freely given
and accepted, and the beneficial result was quickly
perceived. The house of prayer was established
under the name of “Beth Zephillah.”
In the present year (1837), the members in-
creased in numbers, and a more commodious
building was required for their religious meeting;
and as sufficient funds - could not be raised to
build, more extensive premises were leased, and
by a voluntary subscription from their own body,
they have now a well-arranged place of worship,
containing about 100 seats, which are rented by
the rate-payers; a reading desk and pulpit, for
the officiating minister, and an ark, which con-
tains the decalogue and a manuscript copy, written
on vellum, of the Books of Moses—also a ladies
gallery, containing about thirty seats, fitted up


104 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
with neat candelabras, &c. The chief times of
attendance for divine worship, are—the Vigil of
the Sabbath (Friday evening), as also the vigils
of the days of the festival, the morning of the
New Year's Day (according to the Judaical ca-
lendar), the Day of Expiation, the first and last
day of the Tabernacle Festival, the Pentecost
Day, the first and last of the Passover Festival,
and the Anniversary Day of the Victory of Queen
Ester, as also every Sabbath evening.
At present, private persons who are competent
to officiate as readers and ministers, voluntarily
perform those services, their funds not yet admit-
ting them to obtain a regularly-ordained minister
from England. Among themselves they have a
society, named “The Jews' Philanthropic Institu-
tion;" the fund of which supports about twenty
decrepit individuals of their own faith, by allow-
ing them a weekly stipend. . Although those of
the Hebrew faith have a charitable institution for
the members of their own body, yet the wealthy
among them subscribe to nearly all the benevo-
lent and charitable institutions in the colony, of
other sects and creeds. They also have a Burial
Ground, granted to them by Governor Darling,
in which they have erected a charnel house, &c.
His Excellency Sir Richard Bourke, in his well-
known spirit of religious toleration, offered them
a portion of ground for the erection of a syna-
gogue; the situation not being sufficiently centri-
cal is the chief reason for it not being yet ac-
cepted; but we understand that His Excellency
has given directions for another site to be looked out
in a better situation than the one first offered them.
Sydney College.—The foundation stone of this
.


PUBLIC BUILDING5. 105
building was laid with due form on the 26th of
January, 1830.
About the close of the year 1825, most of the
civil officers, and many other gentlemen residing
in Sydney and its vicinity, formed themselves
into a society or body of trustees, for the erection
and endowment of a Grammar School, in the
town of Sydney. On announcing the object of
their association to His Excellency Sir Thomas
Brisbane, who was then Governor of New South
Wales, a piece of ground, near the Race Course,
was immediately granted, for the erection of the
requisite buildings. A head master and assistant
were forthwith appointed for the immediate com-
mencement of the business of education, in a
house rented by the subscribers or trustees; a
train of untoward circumstances unhappily threw
this plan a long time into complete abeyance, and
even threatened its entire dissolution. In 1828,
a prospectus was submitted to a meeting of the
trustees by Dr. Bland (to whose liberality and un-
remitting activity in its behalf the institution has,
from its commencement to the present day, been
under the highest obligations), but from the de-
pression of trade, and a continued drought in the
colony, which powerfully affected its agricultural
interests, precluded the trustees from carrying this
plan into effect. Before the close of 1829, every
circumstance connected with the interest and
well-being of the institution, had gone through a
most favourable change for the better, a fresh and
most powerful excitement of public feeling in
regard to the establishment immediately ensued,
and a meeting of the trustees, and friends of
education in general, took place on the 14th of
January, 1830. At this meeting it was deemed


106 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
expedient to have the institution called the Syd-
ney College. The following are the unchange-
able resolutions passed at this meeting:—
l. That the institution hitherto inominated
the Sydney Public Free Grammar School, shall
in future be designated the Sydney College.
2. That the sum of £10,000 sterling be raised
for the establishment of this institution, in 200
shares of £50 each. *
4. That ten per cent be paid upon each share at
the time of subscribing, and the remainder by
such instalments as the Committee of Manage-
ment, and as the purposes of the institution, may
require.
7. That each share shall entitle the holder
thereof, his or her executors, administrators, and
assigns, to the right, in tºº, of having one
boy or student at the College.
8. That each share of £50 shall entitle the
holder thereof to one vote at all general meet-
ings, but that no one trustee shall have more than
five votes, and that each trustee be privileged to
vote by proxy, provided such proxy be a trustee,
and produce an authority in writing from the
trustee in whose behalf he is authorised to vote.
9. That the entire control of the establishment
be vested in the trustees, and that a President,
Treasurer, Secretary, and Committee of fifteen
Members, be elected annually by the aggregate
body of trustees for the management of the funds,
and for the regulation and superintendence of
the concerns of the institution; and that five
members form a quorum.
11. That the institution be available to all par-
ties, of whatever religious persuasion, and that no
religious book be used by authority, except the


PUBLIC BUILDINGS, 107
Old and New Testament without note or com-
ment.
13. That the Committee be authorised to send
powers of attorney to such places abroad, and in
the mother-country, as they shall think fit, con-
stituting agents for the Sydney College.
These are the only unchangeable resolutions out
of nineteen passed at this meeting, and on which,
with others more recently passed, the rules of ma-
nagement in the establishment are founded.
The courses of education in the Sydney Col-
lege, are:—
1. The Latin and Greek languages.
2. English grammar, elocution, and the ele-
ments of English composition.
3. Writing, arithmetic, bookkeeping, geogra-
phy, and drawing.
4. Mathematics and natural philosophy.
For these branches of education, four masters
of eminent abilities and unimpeachable moral
character, have been appointed. For these
masters liberal salaries have been nominated;
but the amount of these salaries, together with
other matters relating to the internal manage-
ment of the institution, are regulated by the ge-
neral annual meeting of the shareholders or
trustees.
The classical tutor, or head master, is considered
the most important in the institution, he having
pupils under his superintendence in various stages
of progress; at the same time, each master is in-
dependent of all the others in his own department,
and is amenable only to the Committee of Ma-
nagement, for the improvement of pupils placed
under his special care by the head master.
All matters relative to the internal discipline


10 3 pictumn of Sydney.
of the institution, such as the subdivision of
classes, the regulation of the course of study,
and the use of particular class books, are left
under the sº the masters themselves, sub-
ject to the º of the Committee of Ma-
nagement. ith regard to the cost of education
in the Sydney College—the sum of £5 sterling
is paid annually, for the education of each pupil
nominated by a trustee; the terms for a student
not so nominated, are £12 per annum, if he be
ten years of age, and £10 if under, leaving the
difference of these charges from £5 to £12, max-
imum interest of a £50 share. As no trustee,
whatever be his number of shares, has any claim
or title whatever to cash dividends. The revenue
of this institution arising from the pupils, is con-
verted to the paying of the masters' salaries, fur-
niture, and repairs, servants' wages, fuel, &e. :
and when any surplus funds remain, they are
either added to the masters' nominated salaries,
or converted to the payment of additional mas-
ters, as the wants of the establishment may re-
quire.
The various shares remain in one common fund,
to be appropriated exclusively to the completion
of additional buildings: or should there arise any
surplus therefrom, this surplus shall be vested in
such permanent species of capital, as may be
considered most advantageous for the institution.
At present there have been 131 shares depo-
sited in this fund, besides £500 bequeathed to the
institution by the late Mr. Solomon Levey, for
benefit of orphan children.
The following are a few unchangeable resolu-
tions passed at the last general annual meeting.
4. That no boy be admitted until he shall have


PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 109
completed his eighth year, and until he be per-
fectly grounded in the elementary branches of
spelling and reading the English language.
5. That a student persisting in a course of vi-
cious conduct, by playing in the streets with low
company; by habits of lying, swearing, and
indecency; or of stealing; or of rebelling against
the rules of the College, be suspended, at the
discretion of the head master; and expelled, if
found necessary, after reference to the committee,
which would be convened, with due notice of the
object.
6. That an annual public examination take
place at the close of Christmas half-year, when
prizes shall be awarded to the most deserving
among the students. -
7. That the hours of attendance be from nine
in the morning till three in the afternoon, with
half an hour's interval for lunch—or dinner,
List of Benefactors.-1. Sir T. Brisbane, formerly
Governor, &c.—a grant of land from the Crown,
for the erection .# the buildings and use of the
institution, 2. Saxe Bannister, Esq.--forty-nine
volumes of Valpy's Delphin Classics. 3. Late :
Soloman Levey, Esq.-É500 by bequest, for the J
benefit of orphan children. 4, Edward Hallen,
Esq., architect—the amount of one-third of his sº
professional claim on the institution, viz.,
£125.
º
Patron-His Excellency Sir Richard Bourke, &
K.C. B. President.—Sir John Jamison. Trea.
surer.—W. Bland, Esq.; Secretary.—George Al- :
len, Esq. Masters.-W. J. Cape, Esq., head ,
master; Mr. J. Murray, teacher of English :
grammar and mathematics; Mr. J. M. O'Brien, i-º,
teacher of writing, geography, mathematics, and +.
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110 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
natural philosophy; Mr. W. Woolls, classical
department.
The Australian College, instituted the 23rd of
December, 1831, was established for the education
of youth, and combines a series of schools for
the elementary, with a gradually extending pro-
vision for the higher branches of education.
There has been expended in erecting the build-
ings which already exist, the sum of £7000; one-
half of which has been contributed by the Colo-
nial Government, by order of the †. Hon.
Lord Viscount Goderich, His Majesty's late Prin-
cipal Secretary of State for the Colonies, on
condition that a similar amount should be contri-
buted by the friends of the undertaking.
The buildings, which are now nearly completed,
will accommodate from eighty to a hundred
boarders. The number of pupils, or students, at
present in the institution, is about ninety. Each
successive quarter, during the last two years, has
presented a gradual increase of numbers. In
short, such has been the success of the institution,
that it is now able—not only to pay all salaries
and other current expenses, from its ordinary
revenue, and to afford a bounty of eight per cent
to the shareholders, in a reduced rate of educa-
tion—but to leave a considerable balance this
year in the hands of the Treasurer.
It is proper to mention, that the Australian
College is neither a theological institution, nor
confined in its advantages to any particular reli-
gious denomination; but is open to pupils of
every creed. There is no catechism of any sort
taught there—the only religious book used, being
the Bible, from which a chapter is read by each
Ales A Jºº & /**** /* º ... . . . - , , ,


PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 111
teacher every morning in presence of all the
upils attending his class.
The College Council for the present year, is
composed of the following gentlemen :-C. D.
Riddell, Esq., M.C., Colonial Treasurer, Chair- -
man; Richard Jones, Esq., M. C.; Alexander
Berry, Esq., M.C.; Thomas Barker, Esq., J. P.;
A Thomas Walker, Esq., J. P.; David Ramsey,
Esq., of Dobroid; George Bowman, Esq., of
Richmond; Robert Campbell, Esq., tertius;,
Rev. Robert Wylde, A. M., ; Rev. David Mac-
kenzie, A. M.
Treasurer.—(Vacant by the death of the late
J. Wallace, Esq.) Secretary-Rev. J. D. Lang,
D. D., of the Scots Church.
Teachers in the Institution.—Rev. Robert
* Wylde, A. M., classical department; Rev. Tho-
mas Aitkin, A. M., English department; Rev.
David Mackenzie, A. M., mathematics and na-
tural philosophy; Monsieur Duvauchelle, French;
Mr. Elyard, drawing.
Class fees per annum :—English elementary
class alone, £6; writing and arithmetic (with the
above), £8; mathematics, £10; Latin and
Greek, with all the others, £12.
A subscription of £25 constitutes a shareholder,
--- and every holder of two such shares is entitled to
send a pupil to the highest class, at the fee of £8
per annum.
Terms for board (exclusive of education) in
this institution, are as follow:—For boys under
nine years of age, £25 per annum; above nine
and under twelve ditto, £30 ditto; above twelve,
£35 ditto., Washing, £4 per annum. To be paid
quarterly in advance, and a quarter's notice to
be given previous to the removal of any boarder.
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112 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
Normal Institution.—This institution was form-
ed with the express view of plying exclusively
the business of secular education. At the time
of its formation, it was expected that there would
be philosophy and courage enough in the colony
to support an educational establishment, which
should be altogether independent on the control
of clerical umpireship, and unswayed by the
narrow-minded enactments of party spirit or sec-
tarian influence: and this expectation was grounded
on the thorough conyiction that, without the en-
tire disseveration from its management of clerical
authority and influence, there never can be esta-
blished in any country an effective system of
national education. The expectation then formed,
has not been altogether disappointed : inasmuch
as the numbers and respectability of the pupils on
the books of the institution, have continued gra-
dually to increase, every quarter, from the com-
Imencement.
The classes are, of course, open to the children
of all denominations of religionists equally; as,
in the course of their management, the inculca-
tion of any given set of religious opinions, as
matter of faith, is distinctly disclaimed. The
main object aimed at, in the course of tuition, is
to enable the pupil, at as early a period as possible,
to undertake the task of educating himself; and
thus becoming—on religious topics as well as on
all others—the framer of his own opinions. One
object, besides, kept especially in view in the
daily conduct of the classes, as the name of the
establishment indicates, is to train up the youths
of the colony to be capable of acting as teachers
of others. Unless a man feel himself in a posi-
tion capable of teaching others, it may fairly be


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114 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
recommended, especially to the boarders of the
establishment: moreover, with the permission of
the Commanding Officer of the Garrison, the
Sergeant-Major of the regiment on duty has
hitherto been induced to attend, three days a
week, for the purpose of drilling the pupils in the
military extension-motions, and in gymnastic and
sword exercises.
In the conduct of the classes, much inconveni-
ence has been felt, from the want of proper text-
books. The best procurable of ordinary school-
books have been in use, yet these are felt to be
far inferior to the requirements of a properly phi-
losophical education. In the course of the year
1836, through the kind offices of Dr. Bowring,
M. P., His Grace the Archbishop of Dublin,
Dr. Whately, transmitted for the use of the in-
stitution, four copies of that series of elementary
works on education, which has been compiled
under the auspices of the Commissioners of Na-
tional Education in Ireland. At the time of the
arrival of these books, the subject of making
provision out of the Colonial Treasury, for the
establishment of a general system of education,
was under discussion. It was therefore deemed
due to the public interests to disseminate these
copies, by presenting one to the Governor, and
other two to the Sydney and Australian Colleges.
The remaining series, as far as it could be ren-
dered available, was employed in the daily busi-
mess of the institution. Of this series, the Fourth
and Fifth Lesson Books, the Bookkeeping, the
Arithmetic, the Mensuration, the Geometry—
besides the Arithmetical Tablets, and the Tablet
Lessons—were found especially useful. Yet the
range of elementary books fitted for doing due


PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 115
justice to the early stages of school-training,
must be of a higher cast still than even these. At
present some of the school-books published by
the Kildare Street Association are, for lack of
better, in use; and also a few copies of Chambers's
Educational Course, lately imported into the
colony. These last are valuable; and will be
used till better can be procured from home, or
compiled in the colony expressly for the use of the
institution.
The pupils are arranged into four classes, viz:—
1. Those who may not have begun to practice
writing and slate arithmetic. 2. Those who have
commenced writing and the elements of arith-
metic, but who may not have begun fractional
calculations. 3. Those who have commenced
fractional arithmetic, and who may wish to ac-
quire a knowledge of the elements of general
mathematics—mensuration, algebra, trigonome-
try, surveying, perspective, use of the globes,
bookkeeping, &c. . 4. Those who, in addition to
the studies of class 3, begin the study of the
classics, and the philosophical structure of lan-
rua,9'e.
In all the classes, too, a course of English
reading is taught, adapted to the progress of the
pupils; and the scheme of tuition embraces a
course of jurisprudence and political economy,
for the benefit of the more advanced students.
The terms of education per quarter, are—for
pupils of the 1st class, £1 10s.; 2nd class, £2;
3rd class, £2 10s. ; 4th class, £3.
The terms of Board per quarter, are—under
nine years, £7.7s.; above nine and under twelve
years, £8 8s. ; above twelve and under fifteen
years, £9 9s.; above fifteen years, £10 10s.
Washing, £1 1s. extra.


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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 117
the masonry is solid. The situation is elevated,
and commands a magnificent view of our noble
harbour, and will become a striking object to
ships and passengers arriving in Port Jackson,
which will add greatly to the favourable impres-
sion which the harbour and town of Sydney can-
not fail to make on the newly-arrived immigrant.
The building is undertaken under the authority
of, and according to designs from, the Home Go-
vernment. The formal laying of the first, or
at least, of the corner stone, has not yet taken
place, but is understood to be fixed for the 26th
of January, 1838, being the day on which, from
its foundation by Governor Phillip, the colony
will have completed its fiftieth year.
The Council Chambers and Hospitals.-The
apartment used for the meetings of the Governor
and Council, though adequate to the purpose as
the Colonial Legislative is at present constituted—
consisting of the limited number of fourteen
senators, deliberating with closed doors—is a
handsome room, but of no extraordinary dimen-
sions; and so soon as that anxiously-expected
boon shall be conferred upon the colony by Her
youthful Majesty, Queen Victoria—an elective
Representative House of Assembly—a more spa-
cious hall will be found indispensable to receive
the eloquence, and to contain the united wisdom,
of New South Wales.
The building, however, of which the debating
chamber forms an apartment, is a handsome
stone edifice on the east side of Macquarie Street,
with a noble colonnade forming a verandah and
balcony to the ground and second floor. This
forms the northern range of these buildings en


118 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
suite, which are amongst the best monuments of
the government of General Macquarie.
The following are the Members of the Coun-
cils:—Executive CouncIL.—President.—His
Excellency the Governor, the Hon. Lieutenant-
Colonel Kenneth Snodgrass, C. B. ; the Lord
Bishop of Australia, the Hon, the Colonial Se-
cretary, the Hon. the Colonial Treasurer. Clerk
of the Executive Council.—William M*Pherson,
Esq. LEGISLATIVE AssEMBLY.— President.—
His Excellency the Governor. Presiding Mem-
ber in the absence of the Governor.—His Honour
the Chief Justice, the Hon. Lieutenant-Colonel
Kenneth Snodgrass, C.B.; the Lord Bishop of
Australia, the Hon. the Colonial Secretary, the
Attorney General, the Collector of Customs, the
Auditor General, Robert Campbell, Esq., Alex-
ander Berry, Esq., Richard Jones, Esq., John
Blaxland, Esq., Edward Charles Close, Esq.,
Hannibal Hawkins M*Arthur, Esq., Sir John
Jamison. Clerk of the Legislative Council-Wil-
liam M'Pherson, Esq.
The centre building is an hospital for the use
of the free poor of the colony, to which persons
are, however, admissible on payment of a fee of
ls. per diem. The southern §. is the hos-
pital for prisoners, that is, for convicts whose sen-
tences are unexpired. It is but justice to the
Government and Medical Staff to add, that for
order, cleanliness, and careful attention to the
inmates, no hospital in the world can be superior
to that of Sydney; and from the extensive salu-
brity of our climate, it is rare that the wards are
half filled. -
The Court House.-This building, which is of
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PUBLIC Blu ILDINGS. 119
handsome proportions, contains two courts for
the administration of civil and criminal justice;
which, if inferior to some, is greatly superior,
both in size and convenience, to the majority of
the assize courts in the cities and county towns of
Great Britain. Over the courts, to which you
ascend by a good geometrical staircase, in a cir-
cular lobby, surmounted by a neat dome—are a
handsome suit of rooms, appropriated as offices to
the Attorney and Solicitor Generals, the Sheriffs,
Clerk of the Courts and Registrar, and other
officials connected with the courts of law.
This fine edifice, for which—as well as St. James’
Church, from which it is separated only by a
passage from King Street into Hyde Park—the
colony is indebted to Governor Macquarie. It
was erected in 1820, by Mr. Greenaway; and as
a public building in a colony not then thirty-three
years old, does infinite credit to all concerned in
its erection. Still we are bound to add, that from
some defects either of the architect or builders,
but probably of both; and also from defects in
the material (for the lime, which is extracted from
oyster-shells, is seldom very strong, and always
very sparingly used), the Court House has latterly
been found to be in a very perilous state; and
according to the report of our able Colonial Ar-
chitect, M. W. Lewis, Esq., from survey, it is
hardly in a state to admit of repair. The fact
appears to be, that for want of pillars and proper
precautions in the use of bond timber, &c., the
superabundant weight of the offices has forced
the walls to such a degree externally, as that the
law officers of the Crown may be expected to find
themselves, some fine morning, with their tomes
of law and all their paraphernalia, on the floor


120 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
of the Supreme Court, without being brought
thither by attachment, or by the more circuitous
route of a spiral staircase—but by a direct, that is
to say, a perpendicular descent, by means of their
own proper and specific gravity, from the ceiling
to the floor aforesaid.
To avert such an exhibition and calamity; and
finding that an effectual repair would be nearly
equivalent to rebuilding the courts of law, His
Excellency the Governor and Council, decided
on the immediate erection of a New Court conti-
guous to the New Gaol, at Woolloomooloo, which
is accordingly now in progress, from Mr. Lewis's
design, and is the first specimen of really good
and iº masonry. Here it is intended that
the criminal sessions shall be held, as soon as the
building is in a sufficient state of forwardness;
and this arrangement, when the New Gaol is oc-
cupied, will obviate the lamentable exhibition of
prisoners parading through the town to the Court
House for trial, and the risk of their escape;
and the New Court may of course be used for try-
ing civil issues at nisi prius, whilst the building
in King Street undergoes repair; or until a new
one can be completed, should this be taken down.
The Wew Court House.—With respect to this
building we may remark, that as the environs of
Sydney are distinguished for their beautiful diver-
sity of natural scenery, its immediate neighbour-
hood is not without its artificial decoration, by
erections of a superior order. Cottages, villas,
and even mansions, partaking of a grandeur of
character which could not i. been contem-
plated in the early history of the colony, are now
to be seen in almost every direction in which the


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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 121
eye may carry us. We must not omit to allude
to the architectural beauty with which this edifice
is becoming conspicuous on an elevated eminence
called the Surry Hills, about a mile distant from
the more crowded part of the town contiguous to,
or adjoining, the New Gaol. Great benefits will
be conferred on the town by the removal of the
confines of the present gaol to a more extensive
and wholesome building, forming a greater secu-
rity, and stricter adherence to prison discipline;
and also by a transfer of the legal duties from the
present Court House to that of the new one.
The highest praise is due to the projectors of, and
to the Government for, adopting the design; yet
some inconvenience is anticipated by the profes-
sional authorities and jurors, who will be kept
somewhat longer from their families and homes
by those duties requiring their attendance at a
greater distance than at present.
Fort Macquarie is a square; the length of
each face being 130 feet. It is neatly constructed
with masonry, on a low site; the base of the
rampart is washed by the sea at high water. It
mounts fifteen pieces of ordnance, viz., ten
twenty-four, and five six-pounders. At each of
the angles is a small circular bastion, in which
one of the twenty-four pounders is placed, en bar-
bette. There is a tower of two stories in the
centre of the land face, ninety feet in circum-
ference; it is appropriated as a store and guard-
room, and through which the Fort is entered by a
permanent bridge over a dry ditch; at each ex-
tremity of the counterscarp there is a small
tower, but in common with the large one, they
are not intended for any military offensive pur-
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FUBLIC Bu II,IDINGS, 123
quarie, Esq., Governor of New South Wales, in
the year 1815. The front, or middle building,
commands an extensive picturesque view of the
town of Sydney and its environs. The mess-
room of the officers is a splendid building, per-
haps not to be excelled in the world for its size
and comfort. To add to the beauty of the above,
is the surrounding dwellings of the officers, built
in a very regular style. In the centre of the
square is a beautiful fountain, erected by Lachlan
Macquarie, supported by nine pillars, with an at-
tached sun-dial. On entering the George Street
gate, on the left hand stands the guard-house.
The gates are shut every night at nine o'clock in
the summer, and at half-past eight o'clock in the
winter, by which time, every soldier belonging
to the garrison must be within; excepting those
who are out on duty. This regulation is produc-
tive of the best effects, not only to the men them-
selves, but to the public in general.
The Banks.-There is not perhaps any por-
tion of the British dominions, in which the mo-
netary system is more healthy, and the Banking.
arrangements more satisfactory, than in New
South Wales.
The Banks of the colony consist of
The Bank of New South Wales, established
1817.
The Bank of Australia, established 1825.
The Commercial Bank, established 1835.
The Bank of Australasia, established in 1836.
These are all in Sydney. •
The Bathurst Bank was established in 1835;
and a branch Bank of the Commercial Bank, at
Maitland, in 1836.


124 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
The Bank of New South Wales, situate oppo-
site the Military Barracks, in George Street, was
founded in 1816, under the auspices of Governor
Macquarie, by a company of the more wealthy
colonists; including in their number no small
sprinkling of emancipists. This, indeed, was
the first step which raised any of that body to .
importance in the colony. Great were the ad-
vantages which the whole colony immediately ex-
perienced on the introduction of something like
a circulating medium, which began a little to mo-
derate theºrate of discounts, and to make Bank
notes well secured upon colonial capital and pro-
perty, supersede rum, and “dumps, and holey dol-
lars;” i.e., Spanish dollars, with a round piece
of about the size of a shilling punched out of the
centre—the small piece being called a dump, and
the circumference the holey dollar. These, for
many years—indeed so late as within the last
seven or eight years, circulated as “currency
coin.” The Spanish, or “pillar dollar,” as colo-
nially denominated, from the Arms of Spain on
the reverse, is intrinsically of the value of 4s.
English; and as currency coin was always at a
premium, these dumps used to circulate at from
10d. to 1s. 3d. ; the holey dollar at 3s., and the
pillar dollar at four dumps. So great used to be
the fluctuation in price, dependent on no known.
rules, that this imperfect coin was frequently
bought up and transmitted to Van Dieman's Land
when it was at a premium, or sent hither from
the Derwent, when at a premium here over the
Hobart Town market.
The capital of the Bank of New South Wales,
is £200,000, which amount may appear small to
the reader: however, it is said that they com-


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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 125
mand more hard cash than any other Bank in
Sydney.
The Bank of Australia, was established by a
body of gentlemen of a character exclusively re-
spectable, indicated by the appellation at that
time colloquially applied to them, of “pure Me-
rinos.” This Bank was favoured by the support
of Governor Darling, who paid the whole of the
Civil Establishment in the paper, or by orders
from the Colonial Treasurer on the Bank of Aus-
tralia; and, indeed, it has never been deprived by
the Government of the preference originally be-
stowed upon it.
Its capital is £220,000.
The Commercial Bank owes its existence to its
present able Managing Director, Leslie Duguid,
Esq., who had been some years one of the chief
clerks in the Bank of Australia; and from dissa-
tisfaction at not being elected cashier of that es-
tablishment, on the death of Mr. M*Vitie, sent
in his resignation to the directors. Intimately
acquainted with the commercial interests, and
with the majority of the capitalists of the colony,
and respected by all; aware also of the fact, that
with their limitted capital and circulation the two
old Banks were very insufficient to meet the
wants of the community—increasing as it was,
and is, with almost incredible rapidity in wealth
and commerce, still more than in population—he
suggested to his friends the expediency of esta-
blishing another “Commercial Bank,” and it was
dene with the same facility that we pen this
account of it. The assent of His Excellency Sir
Richard Bourke, having been given to any of the
civil officers who might desire it, and be thought
eligible, being elected directors, several of the





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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 127
doors from George Street. The Bank is open
for the purpose of discounting bills and lending
money, on the first Tuesday in every month; it is
open, likewise, on every Thursday, from 1 till 2
o'clock, P.M., and every Saturday evening, from
7 to 8 o'clock, to receive deposits. The interest
allowed on deposits is at the rate of 5 per cent per
annum, independent of a share of the profits
accruing from loans. His Excellency the Go-
vernor is the President.
The Sydney Mechanics' Institution.—This popu-
lar and highly-useful association for the rational
amusement and instruction of the mechanics in
and around Sydney, owes its existence to the
tradesmen brought out to erect the buildings of
the Australian College; and to the fostering care
of its patron, His Excellency Sir Richard Bourke,
who not only expressed himself favourable
to the institution, but exerted himself to get
it provided with a suitable lecture-room, and
such other necessaries as might render it still
more useful to the public. The lecture-room,
together with apartments for the library and
museum, are erected on a piece of ground ad-
joining the Independent Chapel, in Pitt Street,
and is a plain brick structure. It was opened on
the 6th of February, 1837, for the third annual
meeting of the members of the institution. -
The Post Office.—This building was formerly
occupied as the Police Office; it is situated
very º being in the most central
part of the town, in George Street. It has several
flights of steps, with iron palisading; it being
mo way beneath some of the public post offices in


128 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
Europe. The regularity of this department re-
flects great credit on our worthy and much
respected Post Master, James Raymond, Esq.,
who has filled the situation to the satisfaction of
the Government and public in general; great
praise is due to the above gentleman for his
impartial conduct to the public.
Post Master General, James Raymond, Esq.;
accountant, H. D. Kemp, Esq.; inland letter
clerk, Mr. R. A. Hunt; letter-sorter, Mr. C.
Harpur; clerk, Mr. F. Gosling; junior clerk,
Mr. C. W. Still; first letter carrier, Thomas
Horne; second ditto, Richard Rambant ; third
ditto, William Dunshea; fourth ditto, C. Sted-
man; fifth ditto, C. Dear; office-keeper, Cathe-
rine Whelan.
The Theatre.—It is a well-known fact, that
Englishmen venerate, with a degree of sacred-
mess, their “Bard of Avon.” In infancy the
urchin at school spouts forth as Othello, Hamlet,
Brutus, &c. In manhood the same feeling is
nourished, and we either go to hear others spout,
or we ourselves become spouters: the sailor on
his ship's deck, the soldier in his barrack, the
citizen in his back apartment, and the villager in
his barn, are all desirous of holding “the mirror
up to nature;” or, in more familiar phraseology,
of getting up a play. In whatever part of the
world Englishmen congregate, we find this feel-
ing pervade them in a greater or lesser degree;
and accordingly we have now briefly to narrate
the rise and progress of the drama in a colony
scarcely fifty years old. In looking over some
old papers entrusted to us, and reverentially pre-
served by “an old hand,” we find, that as far back


130 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
guard-bed of many an insolvent was converted
into the stage. Persons of respectability in the
town visited the Gaol, and witnessed the rude
performance through the iron gratings of the
window; their astonishment, no doubt, being
excited at the cultivation of the drama being
pursued in such a place, and by such persons.
After some years, a spacious building was
erected in George Street, Sydney, called the
Royal Hotel, to which was attached an extensive
store; and Mr. Barnett Levey, the proprietor of
the building, who is now named “the founder of
the legitimate drama in this colony,” laid a plan
to transform the said store into a Theatre; and
in the first year of the administration of His
Excellency the Governor, Major-General Sir
Richard Bourke, he gave Mr. B. Levey a license
for dramatic performances, restricting him to pro-
duce such pieces only as had passed the ordeal of
the Lord Chamberlain's Office in England.
The first regular performance took place on De-
cember 26, 1832, in the Saloon of the Royal Hotel,
which was fitted up as a neat “Miniature Theatre,”
and the opening night introduced us to the old fa-
vourite drama of “Black-eyed Susan,” and the
farce of “Monsieur Tonson,” preceded by the Na-
tional Anthem of “God Save the King.” For
two seasons the little theatre was crowded to ex-
cess every night of performance; the experiment
met with the greatest marks of encouragement
from the “lovers of the Drama,” and the colonists
generally, and an overflowing treasury, induced
the proprietor to transport his little theatre and
the theatricals, to his new and larger place of en-
tertainment, which was now ready for the recep-
tion of the corps dramatique, and which is known


PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 131
now under the name of the “Theatre Royal,
Sydney.” The stage department, the scenery,
dresses, and decorations, were appropriately got
up, and the interior of the theatre was hand-
somely fitted up with a neat circle of dress and
private boxes, an upper tier of boxes, a gallery, and
a spacious pit. The house is capable of containing
in admission money, about 130l. ; it opened in
the latter end of 1833, with the dramas of the
“Mutiny of the Nore,” and the “Miller and his
Men.”
The principal portion of the company improved
in the “histrionic art,” and many new members
of the “sock and buskin” were added to the num-
ber; improvements followed in quick succession;
the arduous and complicated duties of manager
were placed in the hands of a very talented and
ingenious individual named Meredith, which he
held for about two years, and is now part proprietor
of a theatre in the sister colony. During his
stay among us, he was a very great favourite, and
discharged his managerial duties to the satisfac-
tion of all interested. About May, 1834, a gen-
tleman named Simmons became connected with
the theatre, and was appointed by the proprietor
to take charge of the reins of the theatrical go-
vernment, which post he occupied for about
two years, and had established himself a favourite
—his versatility of powers being great, but has
since followed other and more profitable pursuits.
After his retirement, the theatre fell into the hands
of Mr. Joseph Wyatt, who appointed Mr.
Knowles as manager, who has since left the co-
lony for England. This gentleman's forte was
tragedy and comedy; his loss is much regretted.
At the expiration of the lease, Mr. Wyatt under-


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PUBLIC BUILDINGs. 133
w
glance relative to theatricals, since their establish-
ment in the colony. We doubt, if any of our
performers, male or female, ever appeared on any
public stage in England, in any prominent cha-
racter (with the exception of Mrs. Chester
and Miss Lazar), and, therefore, much praise
is due to them for the talent they possess; and
as we do not intend to point out the merits
or demerits of any particular one of the corps,
there can be but little harm in stating, that at
one period, the Sydney Stage could boast that
three-fourths of its members were competent to
play on any of the Minor-metropolitan Boards, in
their respective lines; whilst the remaining mem-
bers commenced as amateurs, and remain so to the
present day. At the time of our writing, the Stage
is very poor in talent, in consequence of so many
of the performers having retired from the profession
in ease and comfort. But if these “stray leaves”
and this “honest told story” should meet the eye of
any “poor Dunstable actor” who has the talent of
the “renowned Manager Strut,” “let him cut his
engagement and fly from the scene of his glory,”
ack up his little sundries, if he has any, bring a
etter of introduction and recommendation from
some London Manager, and report himself (and if
he has a theatrical wife and family so much the
better) to the “London Emigration Committee,”
and “come o'er the rolling wave and cross the
deep sea,” and settle, alias, play among us; for we
ean safely assure him he will receive a good sa-
lary; his talent, if he has a fair share of it, will
render him a favourite with the public, and correct
conduct will secure him many private friends,
and a good benefit—and an overflowing house will
be the reward of his exertion.
3M


134 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
**-
The Old Theatre has not yet closed its thea-
trical campaign, and the new one is progressing
as fast as possible; we understand that the building
will cost upwards of 8000l., and the rent is 1000l.
per annum—it is not yet decided on whom the ma-
nagement will devolve, or to whose care it will be
entrusted; the great desideratum we are la-
bouring under is a Theatrical Company, and our
two Theatres cannot go on without a supply. To
ſº a list of all the pieces produced during the
ast five years, would exceed our limits; but we
wish to detain the reader, with the following list,
which will prove that we have some sort of taste:
—Tragedies and Plays produced: Othello, Hamlet,
Macbeth, Henry the Fourth, Merchant of Venice.
Comedies: The Wonder, the Rivals, Heir at Law,
Hypocrite, A bold Stroke for a Wife, She Stoops
to Conquer. Operas: Love in a Village, Don
Giovanni, Clari, The Padlock; and a great num-
ber of domestic dramas and farces.
Since the foregoing was written, Mr. B. Levey
has gone “to that bourne, whence no traveller
returns.”
George Street Markets.-The whole are paved
with free stone, and covered over for shelter with
roofs supported on stone piers, under which the dif-
ferent commodities of Australia are exposed for sale.
By means of a pump in the centre of the market-
places, they are kept always perfectly agreeable and
clean. The market days are Tuesdays and Fridays:
The market opens at seven o'clock in the morning,
by the ringing of the bell; and from the elegance
of its appearance, and peculiar form, it bespeaks
rather an amphitheatre, than a public market.
The masonry work of this building reflects great
credit on the builder, Mr. Brodie.
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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 135
The Benevolent Asylum.—This building, which
is one of the handsomest public edifices in Syd-
ney, was established on the 4th of June, 1818, by
our late worthy Governor, Lachlan Macquarie.
It is situate on the south-west side of the Burial
Ground, in an airy and agreeable situation. In
this asylum the aged and infirm are protected and
supported by the Government and a liberal pub-
lic. In this institution the poor are well lodged,
clothed, and fed; besides which, they are in-
structed in the principles of the Christian religion.
The following is the committee of this truly phi-
lanthropic institution :--
Patron.—His Excellency the Governor. Pre-
sident.—The Hon. Alexander M“Leay, Esq.,
F. R. S. and L. S. Treasurer.—Richard Jones,
Esq., M. C. Gratuitous Medical Attendants.-
Doctors Bland, Blake, Wallace, Hosking, Smith,
and Nicholson.
The Prisoners' Barracks.-This erection stands
at the head of King Street, and nearly parallel
with Macquarie Street and Hyde Park. It con-
sists of a front of three stories, and extends
backwards about 300 feet or upwards, with about
100 feet frontage. In the upper compartment of
the building is placed a clock. It is a handsome
pile of buildings, erected by Governor Macquarie,
as a depôt for male convicts, and is still used for
that purpose. It is chiefly occupied by prisoners
on their landing, immediately after their arrival
in the colony, until assigned to private service,
and forwarded to their masters in the various
districts of the colony. It is also the quarters of
all prisoners, not being under colonial sentence,
who are employed on the streets and other public
works in Sydney. Experience in this and other


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George J'treet
HEAD police office
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THE COUNTIES. 137
second ditto,C. Wyndeyer, Esq.; third ditto, R.
Stewart, Esq.; chief clerk, C. Delhorey; clerk
of records, j. Wesgate; clerk of fees and fines,
C. M*Dermott; clerk to First Police Magistrate,
R. Ormiston; chief constable, Mr. George Jilks;
assistant chief constable, G. Mitchell; superin-
tendent of police, J. Rawson.
THE COUNTIES.
The territory of New South Wales consists of
alternate hills, valleys, mountains, and plains;
the sea coast has a range of lofty and steep hills,
nearly parallel with the coast, at a distance of
from forty to fifty miles, and called the Blue
Mountains; the intervening space being an un-
dulating plain, intersected by several rivers which
have their rise in the elevations just mentioned;
beyond which, a considerable extent of table land
stretches in every direction, gradually sinkin
towards the interior. The territory is divide
into nineteen counties, the first of which, in point
of settlement, is—
CUMBERLAND ; which is an undulating plain,
bounded on the N. and W. by the rivers Hawkes-
bury and Nepean; on the S. W. and S. by the
Nepean, the Cataract River, and a line bearing
E. 20° S. to Bulli, on the sea coast, which forms
the eastern boundary. The Hawkesbury and
Nepeanformseven-eighths of the interior boundar
of the county, which is in length from N. to §.
aboutfifty-threemiles, and in extremebreadth from
the sea to the base of the Blue Mountains, forty-


138 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
six miles; divided into thirty-one districts, con-
taining about 900,000 English acres. The prin-
cipal towns of New South Wales are situate in
this county, viz., Sydney, the capital, Parramatta,
Liverpool, Windsor, Richmond, Castlereagh,
Penrith, &c.; and is the most densely inhabited,
there being nearly 40,000 inhabitants. The
creeks of the county are South, Prospect, Cabra-
matta, and East; the rivers Parramatta, Hawkes-
bury, and Nepean.
Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, is
situate nearly equidistant from the extreme
northern and southern extremities of the County
of Cumberland. The second town in the County
of Cumberland, is—
Parramatta; which is built on the banks of
the Parramatta River, and is, properly speaking,
the head of the harbour of Port.Jackson,itis distant
from Sydney eighteen miles by water and fifteen
by land. It was originally called by its first set-
tlers, Rose Hill, which, with good taste, was after-
wards changed to the more euphonous appellation
of Parramatta, the name given by the natives to
the river. The town is situate on either side of
a small fresh-water river, uniting with the sea
inlet above decribed, and contains about 4000 in-
habitants. Its main street is above a mile long,
and extends from the country residence of the
Governor to the wharf, whence the view down
the river is extremely interesting. Several pub-
lic buildings are in the town and neighbourhood;
there is an excellent establishment for female or.
phans on the river's banks, and within half a mile
of Parramattais the factory, or rather penitentiary,
for female prisoners, where those convicts who have
not been assigned as servants, or who are returned
.
i


THE COUNTIES. 141
country, there are several large tracts throughout
the county, unsurpassed any where in fertility.
Of these, the principal are the Cowpastures, so
called, from large herds of wild cattle having been
found there, and which had for their original stock
three runaway cattle, belonging to the herd
landed from H. M. S. Sirius, soon after the found-
ing of the colony. These pastures extend north-
ward from the river Bargo to the junction of the
Warragumba and Nepean Rivers, bounded to the
W. by some of the branches of the latter river,
and the hills of Nattai; and contain an area of
60,000 acres. Camden County is celebrated for
containing within its boundaries the fertile, beau-
tiful, and romantic district of Illawarra, or the
Five Islands, which extends in a N. and S. direc-
tion for the space of eighteen miles along the
eastern coast, commencing at a point in which a
range of high hills (the Merrigon) terminates in
the sea, receding gradually S. towards Shoal-
haven, and comprising 150,000 acres. The
Shoalhaven River, which forms the S. boundary
of Illawarra, and distant 190 miles from Sydney,
is navigable for about twenty miles into the coun-
try, for vessels of eighty or ninety tons burthen.
Barrogorang, in the same county, is a long nar-
row valley, hemmed in between the Merrigong
Range and the Blue Mountains, with only one
pass into it, and that a very precipitous one. It
runs N. and S. along the banks of the Warra-
gamba. The County Camden contains about
3200 inhabitants.
County Argyle, which is bounded on the N. by
the river Guinecor, from its junction with the
Wollondilly, to its source near Burra Burra
Lagoon on the dividing range: on the W. by the


144 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
quantity of rocky soil in this county. At King's
Table Land the view is magnificent: for eighteen
miles from the commencement of the ascent of
the Blue Mountains at Emu Plains, the slope is
gradual; from thence to the twenty-sixth mile is
a succession of steep and rugged hills, some
almost so abrupt as to deny a passage across them
to King's Table Land, on the S.W. of which the
mountain terminates in lofty precipices, at whose
base is seen Prince Regent's Glen, about twenty-
four miles in length. From Mount York the
view is superbly magnificent—mountains rising
beyond mountains, clothed with impenetrable
forests, and buttressed with stupendous masses of
rock in the foreground. The Vale of Clywd runs
along the foot of Mount York, extending six
miles in a westerly direction, its rich soil irrigated
by Cox's River, which runs easterly into the
Hawkesbury; while eight miles further again to
the left, the Fish River, rising in Clarence Range,
runs westerly into the Macquarie, forming the
boundary line between Westmoreland and Rox-
burgh counties: population 2100.
County Bathurst is bounded on the N.E. by
the river Campbell, from Pepper Creek, and the
river Macquarie to the Currigurra Rivulet; on
the N.W. by that rivulet, the Callalia Rivulet,
and a line of marked trees to the Molong River:
on the W. by the river and a range of hills,
named Panuara Range, to the Panuara Rivulet;
and by the upper part of Limestone Creek from
its junction with the Belubula; and on the S. b
the road to Dunn's Plains; and by Pepper dº.
to its junction with the river Campbell. It is, in
its extreme length, seventy-two miles, and in


146 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
County Bligh is bounded on the N. by the
range of mountains extending from Pandora's
Pass W., and forming the present prescribed
boundary of the colony: on the W. by the west-
ern limit of the colony: on the S.W. by the
Cudjeegong River to Waldrar Creek; and from
Waldrar Creek by a N.E. line across the moun-
tains to the south-western angle of the County of
Brisbane: the population of this county is up-
wards of 200.
County Brisbane is bounded on the E. by the
river Hunter, and the western boundary of Dur-
ham : on the N. by the great mountain range,
the northern boundary of the country at W.;
prescribed for location to settlers: on the W. and
S. by the river Goulburn, which joins the Hunter
near the S.W. angle of Durham : length ninety
miles by forty breadth, and area 2344 square
miles; with a population of about 1400 inha-
bitants. . . .
County Hunter is bounded on the N. by the
river Hunter, the Goulburn, and a natural boun-
dary between it and the County of Phillip : on
on the W. by the dividing range which separates
it from Roxburgh: on the S. by the range which
separates it from the eounties of Cook and Nor-
thumberland, and on the E. by Wollombi Brook
to its junction with the Hunter. Length seventy-
one miles, breadth forty-seven, and area 2056
square miles; population between 800 and 900.
County Worthumberland is bounded on the N.
by the river Hunter, and on the S. by the Hawkes-
bury; its length being sixty-one miles, breadth


THE COUNTIES. J47
fifty, with an area of 2342 square miles. The
river Hunter affords a water communication
throughout its northern boundary; and along its
banks some of the most flourishing farms and
estates in the colony are situate. Newcastle, the
maritime town of the county, is situate on the
sea coast, and fast rising into eminence, not less
by reason of its position at the commencement of
the navigation of the Hunter, than from the loca-
lity of the coal mines, now actively worked.
Maitland, on the Hunter, distant twenty-five
miles from Newcastle, with 1600 inhabitants, and
the seat of the county executive, is a meat and
flourishing settlement. The entire population of
this county is upwards of 5000.
County Gloucester is bounded on the N. by the
river Manning: on the S. by the sea coast: and
on the W. by a line due S. to the river Thalaba;
and by Williams' River to the sea coast: length
seventy-four, breadth sixty-nine, and area 27C i
square miles; containing a population of about
900 inhabitants. This county possesses the fine
harbour and rising town of Port Stephens. To
the northward is the County of Macquarie, now
thrown open to settlers. -
County Durham is bounded on the E. by Wil-
liam's River and the Church Lands adjoining on
the Australian Agricultural Company's grant: on
the North by the upper part of the river Man-
ning, and the range of Mount Royal ; and on
the W. and S. by the river Hunter, to the junc-
tion of William's River. Length sixty, breadth
fifty, and area 21 17 square miles; with a popula-
ºw
lation of above 3300.


THE MOUNTAINS. 149
River, a branch of the Lachlan running into the
great interior marshes.
County St. Vincent is situate along the sea
shore to the southward of Camden County,
bounded on the N. and W. by the Shoalhaven
River; it is in length eighty-four miles, with a
breadth of forty, and an area of 2709 square
miles; and has a population of about 600 inha-
bitants.
THE MOUNTAINS.
The principal range in the colony is that
termed the Blue Mountains, which, rising with a
nearly perpendicular elevation of from 3000 to
4000 feet, seem like a mighty bastion, to cut of
all communication with the interior. This range .
runs nearly N. and S., in some places º:
ing within thirty miles of the sea shore; and, in
others, receding to sixty or ninety miles: the
country beyond descending to the W. : thus show-
ing a dividing range for the rivers, flowing from
their lofty summits. Some mountains to the
northward of 329 are considered to be 6000 feet
high ; and the Warrangong Range, or Australian
Alps, in 36° S. latitude, are covered with perpe-
tual snow, and appear to extend, without inter-
ruption, to Wilson's Promontory, the southern-
most extremity of Australia. A burning moun-
tain, without a crater, and devoid of lava, has
been, within these few years, discovered in the
vicinity of Hunter's River, and named Mount
Wingen. Mount Wingen is situate on the S.E.
's


150 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
side of the dividing range which separates the
lands of Hunter's River from Liverpool Plains, in
latitude 31.54 S, longitude 150.56 E., the ele-
vated portion under the process of combustion,
being about 1500 feet above the level of the sea,
From innumerable cracks and fissures on its sur-
face, asulphureous flame constantly issues, scarcely
visible by day, but discernible at night, as a steady
blaze. It appears that the subterraneous fire, as
it increases, forms several chasms in the superin-
cumbent solid sandstone rock. On looking down
one of these, to the depth of fifteen feet, the sides
of the rock were perceived to be of a white heat,
like that of a lime kiln, while sulphureous and
steamy vapours arose from the aperture, amidst
sounds and blasts. On hurling stones down the
chasm, the noise made in the fall seemed to die
away in a vast abyss. The area of the mountain,
over which the fire is raging, is upwards of two
acres, and its extent is continually increasing as
the fury of the vast internal combustion aug-
ments; from the numerous chasms are constantly
emitted sulphureous columns of smoke, accom-
panied by a brilliant flame; the margins of the
chasms are beautified with efflorescent crystals of
sulphur, varying in colour, from the deepest red
orange, occasioned by ferruginous mixture, to the
palest straw colour, where alum predominates.
A black, tarry, and lustrous substance, somewhat
like bitumen, abounds on the edges of these
cliffs, specimens of which are with difficulty ob-
tained, owing to the intense heat under foot, and
the suffocating quality of the vapours emitted
from the chasms. No lava or trachyte of any.
description is to be met with, nor is there any ap-
pearance of coal, although it abounds in the vici-


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THE RIVERS. 151
,
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º
:
nity. Mount Wingen has, evidently, been on
fire for a great length of time; several acres of
the part now under combustion (on which trees
are standing, of great age), having, as it were
been steamed; and many of the stones bear the
marks of vitrification. Each successive visitor
thinks that the fire was on the increase. The
rocks of solid sandstone cleft asunder; the innu-
merable fractures made on the surface; the falling
in of the strata; the half-consumed prostrate
trunks of trees; the pernicious vapours rising
around, amidst the roaring of the fires, and the
white and red heat of the burning crevices, pre-
sent an awful appearance.
THE RIVERS.
Parramatta River may almost be considered a
narrow continuation of Port Jackson, rather than
a river; the distance between Sydney and Parra-
matta is about eighteen miles, and the navigation,
in two places, rather shallow. A steam-boat
comunication is now established between the
capital and second town in the colony; and the
lovers of picturesque scenery may be amply gra-
tified by a trip up this long arm of the sea.
The Hawkesbury, which is a continuation of the
Nepean River, after the junction of the latter
with a considerable stream, called the Grose,
issues from a remarkable cleft in the Blue Moun-
tains, in the vicinity of the beautiful town of
Richmond, about forty miles from Sydney. Along
the base of these mountains, the Hawkesbury.


152 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
flows in a northerly direction, fed by numerous
tributary mountain torrents descending from nar-
row gorges, which, after heavy rains, cause the
Hawkesbury to rise, and overflow its banks as it
approaches the sea. The Hawkesbury disem-
bogues into an excellent harbour, about fourteen
miles to the northward of Port Jackson, called
Broken Bay. As the river is traced inland, it
becomes extremely tortuous, the distance of
Windsor (which is built on the Hawkesbury)
from the sea, in a direct line, being not more
than thirty-five miles; but, by the windings of
the river, 140 miles; the rise of the tide is about
four feet, and the water fresh forty miles below
Windsor. The Hawkesbury is navigable for ves-
sels of 100 tons, for four miles above Windsor,
but its navigation is impeded by some shallows
after it has joined the Nepean.
Hunter's River, about seventy miles to the
northward of Port Jackson, disembogues into the
sea at Newcastle: so called on account of the
coal mines discovered in its neighbourhood. It
is safe, and sufficiently capacious for vessels of
300 tons burthen. The town is situate on the
slope of a hill, presenting an abrupt front of
sandstone rock towards the sea. The river,
which has its rise from several streams in the
Blue Mountains, is navigable for fifty miles from
Newcastle, by small craft of thirty or forty tons
burthen; beyond this distance there are several
shallows, which only admit the passage of boats
over them. There are three branches to the
Hunter, called the Upper, the Lower, and the
Middle; the two former are navigable for boats
for about 120 miles, and the latter for upwards of


THE RIVERS. 155
The Macquarie takes a winding course through
the plains to the N.W.; in some places it is deep,
broad, and navigable for large boats, ; in others
rapid, and obstructed by falls. In about 324° S.
latitude it is from twenty to sixty yards wide, and
twenty feet deep, with a current of one mile and
a half per hour. Thirty miles beyond this, the
Macquarie begins to expand over the surrounding
country, which declines rapidly towards the
N.W., the whole area becoming, at last, a perfect
sea, or, after a dry season, covered with reeds.
The Bell, or Molong River, is one of the tribu-
taries of the Macquarie, near Wellington Valley,
about 170 miles W. of Newcastle. The Cudjee-
gong, distant fifty miles N. of Bathurst, is an-
other tributary of the Maequarie.
The Lachlan River, having its origin in the
Cullarin range of mountains, on the borders of
Argyle county, after running a north-westerly
course, loses itself in a marsh like the Macquarie,
in nearly 33°S. latitude, but after passing through
this marsh; it is said to join the Morrumbidgee in
34° S. latitude, and 1433° E. longitude: in the
parallel of 148", at 200 yards above the level of
the sea is forty yards wide, and navigable for
large boats. -
The Morrumbidgee River has its origin in the
western ridge of the dividing range of mountains
in Murray county, about 200 miles S.W. of Syd-
ney, in the parallel of 35° S., and under the me-
ridian of 149° E., at a distance of about eighty
Iniles from the sea: after joining the Yass River,
and other minor streams, to the northward of


156 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
35°, and in 1484° E. longitude, the Morrumbidgee
pursues a long and tortuous course for upwards
of 300 statute miles without deriving the smallest
increase from the country it waters: as its course
extends to the W. of the meridian of 1479, the
Morrumbidgee falls on a low level, the hills of
sandstone rock, which give a picturesque appear-
ance to the land on its banks, disappear higher up
the stream, and flats of alluvial deposit occupy
their place. The Morrumbidgee expands itself in
the marshes of the Lachlan, in the meridian of
1479, and to the southward of the parallel of 33°;
but it pursues its course to the westward, the two
rivers uniting in 344° S. latitude, 143.57. E.
longitude, and ultimately joining, after a course
of ninety miles to the westward. These rivers
traverse a great extent of fine country, adapted
for the abode of man, offering to millions of the
human race all the comforts that civilization and
plenty can confer. - º * …
- - ſ
The Murray River.—Mr. Allan Cunningham
thinks the Murray is formed by the junction of
the Hume and Ovens streams, which have their
rise in the great Warragong chain, and were
crossed by Messrs. Hoveli and Hume, in their
enterprising excursion to Port Phillip in 1824,
250 statute miles nearer their source. Captain
Sturt, at the close of 1828, set out with a party to
explore this country; after tracing in a boat the
united waters of the Morrumbidgee and Lachlan
for ninety miles to the westward, through a level
and monotonous country, the channel of the
Morrumbidgee became much narrowed, and par-
tially choked by drift-wood; when suddenly our
adventurous countrymen found that the Morrum-
d
*





160 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
tribes have the front tooth struck out on attainin
puberty, and the women are frequently .#
with a joint of the little finger cut off. When
going to war, or grieving for a deceased friend,
or occasionally even for ornament, white and yel-
low pigments are applied in streaks over the
whole body, according to the taste of the deco-
rator—such as a large white circle round each
eye, waving lines down and across the thighs and
legs. In general, it may be said, that the whole
of the Aborigines of this vast island are of the
same stock, though it is not a little singular that
their language differs so much, that tribes within
short distances of each other, unless inhabiting
the bank of the same river, are quite strangers to
each other, while almost every large community,
or family, as they may be termed, has its own
peculiar dialect. Of their numbers it is difficult
to form a correct idea; depending, however, as
they do, entirely on the chase or fishing, or on
gum or bulbous roots, and subject to the effects
of long droughts, the country is very thinly
H. No houses are constructed; an over-
anging rock, or a slip of bent bark, serves for
temporary shelter. In many places a log of
wood, or a wide slip of bark tied at either end,
and stuffed with clay, is the only mode invented
for crossing a river or arm of the sea; while, in
other parts, a large tree, roughly hollowed by fire,
forms the canoe. The nearest approximation to
ingenuity, is the fishing net, prepared by the wo-
men from fibres or grassy filaments. Their only
cutting implements are made of stone, sometimes
of jasper, fastened between a cleft stick with a
hard gum. Their arms of offence or defence
consist of the spear, boomerang, several kinds of


The ABORIGINEs. 16;
waddies or nullah-nullah, a small stone toma-
hawk, and bark shield; no bows and arrows have
ever been seen among them. The spear is about
ten feet long, as thick as a man's finger, tapering
to a point, sometimes jagged or barbed, and har-
dened in the fire; this they can throw from fifty
to sixty yards with great precision, the impetus
being greatly increased by the use of the womera
or throwing-stick, which is a piece of wood from
two to three feet in length, about three inches
broad at one end, and going off to a point at the
other, to which a sort of hook is fastened; the
hook is inserted into a small hole at the extremity
of the spear, and the womera being grasped at
the broad part, acts somewhat on the principle of
the sling, enabling a powerful man to send the
spear above 100 yards. The boomerang is still
more curious—it is of a curved form, made of a
piece of hard wood, thirty to forty inches in
length, two and a half to three inches wide at the
broadest part, and tapering away at each end
nearly to a point; the concave part is from one-
eighth to one-fourth of an inch thick, and the
convex quite sharp. A native can throw this
simple instrument forty or fifty yards, horizon-
tally skimming along the surface not more than
three or four feet from the ground, when it will
suddenly rise into the air to the height of fifty or
sixty yards, describing a considerable curve, and
finally fall at his feet! During the whole of this
evolution, the boomerang keeps turning with
great rapidity, like a piece of wood revolving on
a pivot, and with a whizzing noise. Lieutenant
Breton justly observes, that it is not easy to com-
prehend by what law of projection the boomerang
is made to take the singular direction it does.


162 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
In the hands of a European it is a ticklish imple-
ment, as it may return and strike himself; but
the Aborigine can inflict with it the most deadly
wounds on others. The waddie and nullah-nullah
are clubs of different sizes and solidity; the to-
mahawk is a piece of sharpened stone, frequently
quartz, fixed in a cleft stick with gum ; with this
they cut notches in the trees, and ascend them to
the height of sixty feet, though without a branch,
and far too thick to be grasped. Their form of
government is patriarchal; each tribe consists of
thirty to fifty men, women, and children (some-
times more), and has its own territory of about
twenty or thirty square miles, on which no other
tribe is permitted to encroach. It is probable
that trespassing on each others grounds is one of
the main causes of their frequent quarrels, war
being the occupation in which they seem to
delight. No laws or regulations for the govern-
ment of the country have been discovered; po-
lygamy is practised; women are treated in the
most inhuman manner, wives being procured
from adjacent tribes by stealing on the encamp-
ment during the night, beating a young girl on
the head till she falls senseless, when her future
spouse drags her off through the bushes, as a
tiger would his prey.
Too many instances have occurred to permit
us to doubt that cannibalism is practised among
many of the Australian tribes, and in a manner
the most revolting; not only are their enemies
slain in war eaten, or those unfortunate Euro-
peans who have fallen into their power, but nu-
merous examples have occurred of the father
killing and eating his own offspring ! Hunger,
long continued, intense ravening hunger, is the


THE ABORIGINES. 163
excuse made for such barbarism. Of religion,
no form, no ceremonial, no idol, has ever been
discovered, but they possess many superstitions;
and, it is said, when one of their own tribe is
killed in war, they invariably destroy one of an-
other tribe. They have strange ideas of futurity,
and the whites are considered reanimated beings
who had formerly been their ancestors. The dead
are buried in graves, of which the earth is ele-
vated in an oval shape; sometimes they are
burned.
In an affray that took place on the Wollombi,
between two tribes, four men and two women of
the Comleroy tribe were slain: Lieutenant Bre-
ton describes the ceremony of their interment at
a very pretty spot, in the following manner:—The
bodies of the men were placed on their backs in
the form of a cross, j' to head, each bound to
a pole by bandages round the neck, middle, knees,
and ancles, the pole being behind the body; the
two women had their knees bent up and tied to
their neck, while their hands were bound to their
knees; they were then placed so as to have their
faces downwards: in fact, they were literally
packed up in two heaps of earth, each of the form
of a cone, about three feet high, and rather re-
moved from the cross; for the supposed infe-
riority of the women forbids their being interred
with the men. The neatness and precision ob-
served with respect to the cross and cones, are
very remarkable, both being raised to the same
height, and so smoothly raked down, that it
would puzzle the nicest observer to discover the
slightest inequality in the form. The trees for
some distance around, to the height of fifteen or
twenty feet, are carved over with grotesque


164 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
figures, meant to represent kangaroos, emus,
opossums, snakes, &c., with rude representations
.. of the different weapons they use. Round
the cross they made a circle, about thirty feet in
diameter, from which all rubbish was carefully
removed, and another was made outside the first,
so as to leave a narrow interval between them;
between this interval there were laid pieces of
bark, each piece touching the rest, in the same
way that tiles do. The debil-debil, they say, will
not leap over the bark, and cannot walk under it!
They will not pass a grave at night, and the
name of the deceased is not again mentioned by
the tribe. Their corrobaries, or nightly meetings
at the full moon, have some resemblance to the
devil-worship prevalent among the mountain
tribes in Ceylon. In the interior, their numbers
seem to be diminishing from famine and war; and
at Sydney and other towns, where they exist
chiefly by begging, vice and disease are fast de-
stroying them. They have an instinctive aversion
to labour, very few instances having been known
of their continuing for any length of time as
agricultural servants. As bush constables, in aid
of the police, they are sometimes employed with
advantage; and from their being excellent shots,
and possessing a keen scent and sight for tracing
runaway prisoners in the forest, their services,
when they can be induced to remain, are found
very useful.
The accompanying plates will show, more than
any description, the difference between the Abo-
rigines of New South Wales, and the natives of
New Zealand.





166 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
the neighbourhood of Sydney, for the purpose of
ascertaining the best mode of conducting water
into the town; and having made estimates of the
expense of the Tunnel, the local Government, on
the 7th of December, 1827 (his previous engage-
ment having expired), re-engaged his services, on
the suggestion of Mr. Busby himself, that the
work could be performed in three years, at a
salary of £500 per annum, in lieu of all allow-
ances, to take effect from the 1st of January pre-
ceding; and, at the same time, appointed his son,
Alexander Busby, as his assistant, at a salary of
£100 per annum, from the 25th of August, 1826,
until the pleasure of the Secretary of State
should be made known; and under this engage-
ment, Mr. Busby commenced operations on the
Tunnel in September, 1827.
The Tunnel in its present state, commencing
at Hyde Park, and terminating at the edge of
an extensive swamp, called Lachlan Swamp, to
the south-east of the town, is upwards of two
miles and a quarter in length: there is yet, how-
ever, much to be done before it can be said to be
completed. There remains an open cut through
sand, at the extremity of about seventy feet in
length, which requires to be covered in with ma-
sonry, in order to complete a passage for the
waters of the swamp in question, into the Tunnel.
The whole is subterraneous; about four-fifths
excavated through solid rock, and the residue
in several places formed with chiselled masonry,
without cement, through sand, and averaging
five feet in width and five in height throughout
the line. Those parts which are formed by ma-
sonry, are backed or puddled with clay, in a man-
ner sufficient to prevent the ingress of sand. The


THE TUNNEL. 167
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bottom, or floor, has been found to be unequal in
several places; these inequalities have arisen
from the line not having been correctly worked
out—2950 feet of the bottom are irregular, being
a mean average of a foot above the true level. It
will be necessary to build up that end of the Tun-
nel to the height of three feet, to force the waters
to flow over these inequalities.
Mr. Busby adopted the levels taken by Messrs.
Hoddle and Finch, the Government Surveyors in
1826. There are three off-cuts, one forty-five
feet in length, another eighty, and a third 284, all
of the same depth and width as the main Tunnel,
and the whole mass of excavation throughout the
work amounts to 255,930 cubic feet. The ori-
inal design was to carry the Tunnel in a direct
#. from Sydney to the swamp, in the expecta-
tion of finding rock the whole way; but at the
eleventh pit from Sydney, the workmen having
come upon a bed of quick-sand, it was deemed
expedient to deviate to the eastward, out of the
direct line, in order to secure a rock covering
throughout the course. This part of the labour,
however, cannot be considered as entirely lost,
the springs which occur therein serving as an ad-
ditional supply to the common aquaduct.
It is due, however, to Mr. Busby, to observe,
that in the state of the town when the work was
commenced, it was considered an important
object to keep upon such a level, with reference
to the apparent sources of the swamp, as would
supply the General Hospital in Macquarie Street,
the site of which is of considerable altitude in
comparison with other parts of the town. The
Tunnel, even in its present state, is of much pub-
lic advantage, and with regular falls of rain,


168 PICTURE OR SYDNEY.
there is no doubt it will afford a sufficient supply
of water for 20,000 inhabitants.
The cost of the Tunnel in the construction, as
appears from an official return prepared by the
Auditor-General, from the 15th of August, 1827,
to the 30th of June, 1837, amounted to £22,971
10s. 94d., including the salary of the engineer,
and every other expense.
APPENDIX.
Irrawang Vineyard and Pottery.—Had New
South Wales been the colony of a vine-growing
country, wine and fruit would have been, years
ago, among the staple articles of our export;
while at present not above 1000 gallons of toler-
able wine are annually produced in the colony.
The climate is dry and warm: none in the world
can be more genial to the growth of the vine, or
more favourable to the production of that juice
which so gladdens the heart of man. The soil is
as various as that of Europe, from the most bar-
ren, to the most productive. Here we have the
débris of the primitive granite, the fertile soil
resulting from the decomposition of volcanic
trap, extensive tracks of lime, unmeasured ex-
tents of drift land, proceeding from the decom-
position of sand-stone, equally extensive portions
of country consisting chiefly of alumina, and rich
alluvial recent deposits, which to a great extent
occur on the banks of our rivers; in short, we
have soils in almost every possible variety, which
to a greater extent influence the quality of the
wine than is generally supposed. W. may, there-
#.


170 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
inferior quality of the product of the vineyards at
the Cape of Good Hope, deters many from attempt—
ing, the culture of the grape here: but that
ought to be no reason, when it is known that the
greater part of the wines already grown in the
colony, are far superior to the generality of those
of the Cape. On this account, we are induced to
notice particularly the very superior quality of
the wine of Irrawang Vineyard, on the River
William, which has come under our notice. It is
#. of very limited extent, only a few acres (which
ave been trenched about three feet deep). The
soil consists of sandy black loam, with a sub-soil
of a lighter coloured earth, intermixed with cla
and gravel. Both the soil and the aspect, whic
is northerly, were approved of by the late
Mr Shepherd, the most competent judge in the
colony. The vines have grown luxuriantly in this
vineyard these five years past, and borne abun-
dantly. The white wine, of vintage 1836, which
was made and preserved with care (but is.’ “
the addition of brandy or any other drug), resem-
bles high-flavoured Sauterne. Some of it was
bottled last winter in the cellars of a respectable
firm, wine merchants, in Sydney. A few gentle-
men, connoisseurs, then tasted it; some consi-
dered it resembled Hock—others Moselle; some
supposed it to have the flavour of Barsac, but it
was generally considered to approach nearest to
Sauterne. Without reference, however, to any
other wine, all were of opinion that it was a
sound, light, high flavoured, pure wine, and an
agreeable beverage in a warm climate, which
would be greatly improved by age, and could
not fail to be much esteemed by those whose
tastes had not been vitiated by the use of spirits,


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APPENDIX: 171
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or the vulgar brandied wines of Portugal. The
red wine of the same vintage was equally sound,
and resembled Bordeaux, in colour and flavour,
but had not remained long enough in wood to
develope its bouquet. -
The Pottery ſ. also been established under
considerable difficulties. . Clay had to be pro-
cured, or rather discovered, that would dry with-
out cracking, stand the fire without fusing—and
be at the same time capable of receiving a perma-
nent glaze. Workmen, moulds, &c., had to be
procured from England. All this has been accom-
plished, and the manufactory now produces very
superior goods of the kind, being mostly common
brown cottage ware.
Regentville.—This splendid mansion, vying
in magnificence of structure with the princel
residences of some of the nobility of Great Britain,
is situated about thirty-five miles from Sydney,
and within a quarter of an hour's ride to the town-
ship of Penrith, on the road to Richmond. The
wealthy founder of this beautiful edifice, is Sir
John }. K. G. V., a member of the Legis-
lative Council; and one of the oldest and most
respectable of the colonists of New South Wales.
The beauty of the surrounding scenery, being
situate at the foot of the Blue Mountains, can-
not fail of rivetting the attention of the stranger
on first beholding Regentville—heightened as it
is by an extensive and well laid out park, large and
well cultivated garden, and . agricultural
improvements. On this valuable estate, also,
there is the largest vineyard in the colony, besides
well stocked orchards: and it is to the patriotic
exertions of Sir John Jamison, that Australia is


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178 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
Hawkesbury Rivers. Sydney a quagmire, and
mud-boots a necessary appendage. Australian
fruits vanish, and apples make their appearance
from Van Dieman's Land. Monsieur Mosquito
tenders his farewell card, leaving only a few
skirmishers to look after the fresh arrivals. Ave-
rage º: 650.
May. The finest month of the year, and the
most congenial to the European constitution.
Weather clear, cool, and bracing. The sun sets
and rises in a cloudless sky for weeks together.
Heavy mist at times, succeeded by tolerably
mild days. Average temperature 58°.
June. Wheat-sowing finished in all the dis-
tricts. Oranges brought to market, and continue
in season for six months. Vegetables of all kinds
in the greatest abundance, and of the finest qua-
lity. General character same as last month.
The maize harvest ends. Average tempera-
ture 53°.
July. Generally clear and cool, like the two
preceding months. Ice may be seen a few miles
out of town; and thirty or forty miles inland, the
thermometer falls to 30° and 32°. In and about
Sydney it is rarely seen under 40° Average tem-
perature 52°.
August. Broken weather about this period,
with heavy gales of wind. The bull-frog all alive
in the ponds and marshes—“Croak, croak,
croak.” Heavy rains from the S.S. E. and S.W.
The peach-tree puts forth its delicate blossom
about the middle of the month, clothing the gar-
dens and orchards with beauty. Average tempe-
rature 559.
September. The vernal equinox; fresh, hard,
and heavy gales. The orchards present a beauti-


182 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
value of 876l. ; arrow-root and sago, 358 cwt.,
4081.; apparel and slops, 1995 packages, 72,835l.
—Barilla, 183cwt.,226l.; bark (mimosa), 746cwt.,
2291. ; barley, oats, and pease, 27,567 bushels,
7068l.; barley (Scotch and pearl), 56,082 bushels,
733l.; beer and ale, 275,238 gallons, 30,973l.;
béche-le-mer,450 packages, 1000l.; billiard tables,
2, 210l.; blankets and counterpanes, 14,778 pairs,
82791.; blacking, 558 barrels, 2085l.; bricks and
rotten stone, 753 packages, 201. ; butter and
cheese, 34,067 lbs., 1344l.—Candles, 23,884 lbs.,
14214.; canvas bagging,450,573 yards, 14,2391. ;
candlewick, 22,756 lbs., 1471 l.; cards, 12 cases,
2131. ; carpeting, 17,774 yards, 3733l.; carriages,
129,8647l.; casks and staves, 1456 tons, 4463/.;
cattle (horned), 4, 74l. ; cement, 633 casks, 764!. ;
coffee and cocoa, 90,389 lbs., 1786l.; coin, 15
boxes, 27,002l.; colours (painters'), 213, 208 lbs.,
3928l.; confectionary and preserves, 654 cases,
2262l.; copper, 152,941 lbs., 74811. ; corks and
corkwood, 10,922 gross 126 cwt., 1708l.; cord-
age, 2520 cwt., 6757l.; cottons, 1,139,635 yards,
38,574l.; curiosities, 19 packages, 128l. ; cider
and perry, 750 gallons, 33l.—Deals and battens,
92.12, 1970l. ; drugs and medicines, 1124 pack-
ages, 9484l—Earthenware, 542 packages, 5090l.
—Felt (patent), 13 cases, 971. ; fire-arms, 69 cases,
1461 l.; flax, 150% tons, 2150l. ; flour and bread,
4,385,550 lbs., 31,535l. ; fruits, 596 packages,
87 ll.; fruits (dried), 442,150 lbs., 5392l.; furni-
ture, 746 packages, 8409!.-Glass and glass-
ware, 3550 packages, 17,961 l.; glue, 22,060 lbs.,
626l. ; grindery, 117 casks, 1682l.; grindstones,
19, 8l ; gunny bags, 58,122, 13791.; gunpowder,
iiš,635ibs., 4588i-Haberdashery, io93 pack:
ages, 71,657l.; hardware and ironmongery, 11,113


184 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
278l. ; skins (seal), 386,5271. ; skins (kangaroo
and opossum), 147,015, 1574l.; skins (roan), 85
dozen, 2911. ; sheep and hogs, 449, 14921. ; seeds
and plants, 238 packages, 8991. ; ship chandlery,
60 packages, 574l.; silks, 41,335 yards, 7376l.;
shot and balls, 676 cwt., 1116l.; slates, 42,000,
228l.; soap, 709,402 lbs., 10,770l.; spirits
—brandy, 42,580 gallons, 8575l.; gin, 27,280
gallons, 5385l.; rum, 457,667 gallons, 64,237l.;
whisky, 954 gallons, 260l.; other spirits, 12,879
gallons, 1706l.; starch and blue, 30,209 lbs.,
985l. ; stationary and books, 746 cases, 21,654l.;
sugar, 7,409,991 lbs., 58,794l.—Tallow and fat,
61,797 lbs., 605l. ; tea, 687,655 lbs., 33,714l.;
timber and spars, 577,150 feet, 4098l.; tin and
wire plates, 1336 packages, 4609l.; toys and
turnery, 88 packages, 1643l.; tobacco, 388,602
lbs., 27,2021.; tortoiseshell, 130 lbs., 130l. ; tur-
pentine and varnish, 6121 gallons, 1386l. ; types
and ink (printers'), 69 packages, 1368l.; twine,
25,314 lbs, 1155l.—Umbrellas, and parasols, 24
ackages, 7831.-Vinegar, 28,623 gallons, 2463l.
atches, 25 boxes, 808l. ; whalebone, 96 tons
6 cwt., 8732l.; wheat, 263,956 bushels, 94,4131.;
whiting and chalk, 39 tons, 221.; wine, 320,934
gallons, 52,865l.; wool, 40,4671bs., 2698l.; wool-
lens and stuffs, 139,482 yards, 22,619l.; wool-
packs, 101 packages, 2510l.; all other articles,
144 packages, 63.11.
Value of Imports: from Great Britain,794,4221.;
British Colonies, 220,254!. ; South Sea Islands,
1972l.; New Zealand, 32,155l.; Fisheries,
103,575l. ; United States of America, 22,739l.;
Foreign States, 62,2891. Total, 1,237,406l.
Exports for the year ended January 5, 1837.-
Bark (mimosa), 8 tons, of the value of 105l. ;


APPENDIX. 185
bark (extract), 54 pipes, 25l. ; bones, 2240, 4l.;
butter and cheese, 89,139 tons, 5232l.; bricks,
19,000, 15l. ; baskets, 3 bundles, 7l.; botanical
specimens, 3 cases, 42l.; birds (stuffed), 1 box,
5l. ; bran and pollard, 7 tons, 115l. ; beer and ale,
620 gallons, 3Il.—Coals, 1724 tons, 1717l.; carts
and trucks, 4, 33l.; curiosities, 76 cases, 730l. ;
candles and soap, 108,760 lbs., 2746l.; confec-
tionary, 3 cases, 191. ; casks, 27 tons, 100l. ;
chaise, 1, 50l.—Drays, 3, 77.l.—Furniture, 200
packages, 1479l.; flour and bread, 1,134,600 lbs.,
6566l.; fruits, 4877 bottles, 346l.; fruits, 3 cases,
16l.; flax, 28 tons, 420l.; feathers, 650 lbs., 20l.—
Grain—barley, 85 bushels, 24l.; maize, 1626
bushels, 384l.; oats, 700 bushels, 180l. ; wheat,
1264 bushels, 490l.—Hair, 2 bags, 21. ; hides,
27,142, 6449l.; horns, 11,848, 370l.; hoofs, 8877,
hay, 15l.; horses, 34, 10471.; hats, 28 dozen, 1091.;
6 tons, 75l. ; horse-shoes, 1 case, 10l.—Leather,
20,860 lbs., 6091. ; lard, 4619 lbs., 131 l. ; live
stock (pigs), 30, 30l. ; cattle (horned), 438,
39391.; sheep, 4400, 7010l.—Oil (sperm), 1682
tons, 101,410l.; oil (black), 1149 tons, 31,3991.;
oil (cocoa-nut), 53 tons, 1000l.—Pease, 24 bushels,
2l. ; pipes, 322 gross, 10l.; ploughs, 1, 5l. ; po-
tatoes, 35 tons, 270l.; paper, 2 cases, 221. ; pic-
tures, 1 box, 5l. ; portraits, 1 case, 50l.—Sand,
144 tons, 136l. ; seeds, 27 cases, 94l.; skins
(sheep), 600, 491.; skins (opossum), 80, 21. ;
skins (seal), 386, 405l.; snuff, 1050 lbs., 180l. ;
shoes, 740 pair, 160l. ; stones (wrought), 3282,
4071. ; stones (ground), 27, 26l.; sundries, 3
packages, 201. ; salt provisions—suet, 336 lbs.,
8l.; tongues, 1712,105l.; beef and pork, 1,508,160
lbs., 21,535l.; bacon, 6526 lbs., 65l.; hams, 1262
lbs., 831.; mackarel, 5 casks, 10l.—Tips (horned),


186 PICTURE OF SYDNEY.
2497, 131.; tallow, 24,446 lbs., 502l.; tobacco,
2182 lbs., 103!. ; tomahawks, 4 dozen, 81. ;
wood—beef, 106 logs, 226l.; cedar, 1,409,467
feet, 13,930l.; palings, 2000, 8l.; pine, 3720 feet,
216l.; shingles, 1100, ll.; tulip, 58 feet, 91.-
Wool, 3,693,241 lbs., 369,324l, ; whalebone, 79
tons, 7110l.; waggon wheels, 70, 361 l.
Value of Exports: to Great Britain, 512,133l.;
British Colonies, 49,3791. ; South Sea Islands,
5171.; New Zealand, 6240l.; Fisheries, 8950l. ;
United States of America, 12,4891.; Foreign
States, 330l. Total, 590,043l.
List of Merchants, Agents, and Brokers, in
Sydney.—Aspinall, Brown, and Co., merchants.
and agents, Charlotte Place.—H. M. Bagster,
merchant and agent, Wilson's Wharf, Darling
Harbour; W. P. Burne, broker, Pitt Street;
Barker and Hallen, flour merchants, steam mills,
Sussex Street; W. Barton, broker, Macquarie
Place; Betts Brothers, merchants, Pitt Street;
Brownlow, merchant and agent, George Street;
S. A. Bryant and Co., merchants and agents, King
Street; Brown and Co., wine merchants and
agents, George Street; Botts and Anderson,
merchants, Pitt Street.—E. Cox, broker, Eliza-
beth, Street; Campbell and Co., merchants and
agents, George Street; R. Campbell, jun., and
Co., merchants and agents, Bligh Street; J. F.
Church, merchant and marine surveyor, Mil-
ler's Point; Cooper and Holt, merchants and
agents, George Street; R. Cooper, merchant and
distiller, Brisbane Distillery.—Dacre and Wilks,
merchants and agents, Pitt Street; W. Dawes,
merchant and agent, Bligh Street; P. De Mestre,
merchant, George Street; Dodds and Davies,


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