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THE
(INADI IN (IIDE BOOL
WITH
A MAP OF THE PROVINCE.
MONTREAL : ARMOUR & RAMSAY,
Messrs. J. M'Coy, R. & C. CHALMERs, C. Bryson, B. Dawson,
R. & A. MILLER. Three Rivers, GEORGE SToBBs. Quebec,
P. SINCLAIR. Sherbrooke, W. Brooks. Bytown, A. BRy--"
son. Brockville, W. BUELL. Perth, J. ALLAN. Kingston,
RAMSAY, ARMoua & Co. Belleville, J. HARRIson. Toronto,
Scopie & BALFour, H. Rows ELL, and T. M.AcLEAR.
Hamilton, M. MACKENDRICK. Niagara, J. SIMPson. Lon-
don, C. W., T. CRAIG. New York, G. P. PUTNAM & J. Dis-
TURNELL.
1849.





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CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. X),
THE NIAGARA RIVER,
which conveys the waters of Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, is about
thirty-four miles in length. At its entrance on the left appear
the remains of Fort Erie, which was destroyed during the
American War; and about a mile below stands the village of
Waterloo. Between it and Black Rock, a village directly opposite
on the American side, a steam-ferry-boat constantly plies. Here the
river is about a mile wide. About three-and-a-half miles below is
Grand Island, belonging to the Americans, aud bearing splendid
timber. It is about nine miles long by seven in its greatest width.
At its eastern extremity is White Haven, whence there is a ferry to
Tonawanda, where the Erie Canal reaches the Niagara and skirts it
onward to Buffalo. A little to the N.W. of this island lies Navy
Island, far inferior in size and richness of soil. During the late
insurrection William Lyon M'Kenzie issued his proclamations, as
Provisional President of Canada, from the latter island, and a party of
rebels and American sympathizers took possession of it. Thither the
American steamboat Caroline was employed to convey ammunition
and stores from Schlosser Landing on the American side. From
this place she was cut out (in Dec. 1837), set on fire, and sent over
the Falls about two-and-a-half miles below. This was effected by
Captain Drew and a party of Volunteers by order of Col. M'Nab,
who was then commanding the British Militia at the opposite village
of Chippewa. At this place the Welland River falls into the Nia-
gara. CHIPPEwA is very advantageously situated for ship-build-
ing, and many vessels of large tonnage for the Upper Lakes have
been built here by the Niagara Harbour and Dock Company. Hence
a steamboat plies during the season to Buffalo. Here navigation


2 CANA DIAN GUIDE BOOK.
ends, and even the Canadian boatmen dare not venture beyond. A
little below, the river contracts suddenly to less than a mile, and the lº
current rapidly increases from three to eight miles.
We shall now present our readers with a few paragraphs from l
Roy's History of Canada, descriptive of the world-renowned Falls'
of Niagara and their surrounding scenery :
“Whilst travelling over the few intervening miles before reach-
ing the Falls, you can, by looking upwards, see the calm waters in the
distance, whilst nearer they swell, and foam, and recoil, and seem to
be gathering up all their force for the mighty leap they are about to
make. Mrs. Jameson, when speaking of them, says in her own
beautiful manner, “The whole mighty river comes rushing over the
brow of a hill, and, as you look up at it, seems as if coming down to
overwhelm you; then meeting with the rocks as it pours down the
declivity, it boils and frets like the breakers of the Ocean. Huge
mounds of water, smooth, transparent, and gleaming like an emerald,
rise up and bound over some impediment, then break into silver
foam, which leaps into the air in the most graceful and fantastic
forms,” -
“The Horseshoe or Canadian Fall is not quite circular, but is
marked by projections and indentations which give amazing variety
of form and action to the mighty torrent. There it falls in one dense
mass of green water, calm, unbroken, and resistless ; here it is
broken into drops, and falls like a shower of diamonds, sparkling in
the sun, and at times it is so light and foaming that it is driven up
again by the currents of air ascending from the deep below, where
all is agitation and foam.
“Goat or Iris Island, which divides, and perhaps adds to the sub-
limity of, the Falls, is three hundred and thirty yards wide, and covered
with vegetation. The American Fall, which is formed by the east
branch of the river, is smaller than the British, and at first sight has a
plain and uniform aspect. This, however, vanishes as you come near,
and, though it does not subdue the mind as the Canadian one does, it
fills you with a solemn and delightful sense of grandeur and simplicity.
It falls upwards of two hundred feet, and is about twenty feet wide
at the point of fall, spreading itself like a fan in falling.
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CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 3
“An ingenious American has thrown a curious wooden bridge
across this Fall to Goat Island, which you cross only a very few yards
above the crest of the cataract. Passing by it, and crossing the island >
you reach the extremity of the British Fall on its eastern side.
Here a piece of timber projects about twelve feet over the abyss, on
which you can stand safely, and view the waters as they rush by,
whilst the spray dashes over you, and your frail support quivers under
your feet. Here you may follow the course of the waters as they
roll from the rude confusion below you, and spread themselves out
into bright, curling, foaming green and white waves. To some
persons nothing at the Falls appears so beautiful as the columns of
mist which soar from the foaming abyss, and shroud the broad front
of the great flood, whilst here and there rainbows peep out from the
mysterious curtain.
“At the foot of the Canadian Fall, there is a ledge of rock,
which leads into a cavern behind the sheet of waters, called ‘the
Cavern of the Winds.” It is in the form of a pointed arch, the span
on the left hand being composed of rolling and dark water, and that
on the right of dark rocks. It is fifty or sixty feet large, and the
obscurity that surrounds it, together with the strong wind which
blows the spray and water all over you, render this rather a difficult
undertaking, especially for young persons.
“Within a few minutes’ walk of this lovely scene are to be found
all the bustle and activity of life. On the American side are hotels
and mills of every description, and a busy town called Manchester,
through which passes the railroad that connects it with Lockport
and Buffalo. On the Canadian side, too, several mills are built on
the edge of the beautiful rapids, large and elegant hotels are erected,
and a railroad is in operation from Chippewa to Queenston Heights.
“A little below the Falls the Niagara resumes its usual soft and
gentle beauty. The banks here are very high and beautifully wooded.
About four miles below, the river has formed a circular excavation
called “ the Whirlpool.” The rapid current here sweeps wildly past
the sides of the high and perpendicular banks; and in its course the
dead bodies or trees, that come with its reach, are carried with a
quivering circular motion round and round this dismal spot. The
º,
2- - -


4. CANADIAN GUIDE Book.
rocks are steep, and no boat dares approach it, so that whatever gets
into the current must there remain until decomposed, or broken to
pieces by the action of the water. Having made this extraordinary
circuit, the river regains its proper course and rushes between two
precipices, which are not more than nine hundred feet apart.
“Seven miles below the Falls the country on the Canadian side
suddenly rises into abrupt and elevated ridges, called Queenston
Heights, and supposed to have been the banks of the river, and ‘the
place of the Falls’ in former ages. During the war a large body of
American troops was driven down this steep precipice, and nearly all
perished in the river. The monument erected to the memory of the
brave General Brock, who ſell here, lies in ruins, having been blown
up by one of the disaffected in 1838. At the foot of the hill is
Queenston, a romantic looking village, where the Niagara again
becomes navigable. on the American side, opposite to Queenston,
stands the pretty town of Lewiston. A few miles below is Youngs-
town, an inconsiderable place; and at the mouth of the river is the
quiet town of Niagara with its four thousand people. Fort Missis-
sagua guards the river on the Canadian side, and on the opposite
shore the Americans have a strong stone fort, called Fert Niagara.
The banks of this river are very pleasing, and the water of a pecu-
liarly beautiful colour.”
In connection with the above extract we subjoin a very few par-
ticulars. On the Canadian side the principal hotels are the Clifton
House and the Pavilion Hotel; and parties, wishful to enjoy the
magnificent scenery for a few weeks, can readily procure accommo-
dation in private boarding-houses. On the American side there are
numerous hotels, the principal of which is the Cataract House,
which generally overflows with visitants during the season. Here
are large grist, paper, and timber mills. In Goat Island near the
steps, called the Biddle Staircase after an individual of that name who
appropriated a sum for their construction, the celebrated, or motori-
ously fool-hardy, Sam Patch made two successful leaps from a plat-
form, erected at the water’s edge and sustained from the bank above,
the height of ninety-seven feet, in the presence of a vast concourse of
enthusiastic spectators. This same individual perished in leaping over


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 5
the Genesee Falls at Rochester in the State of New York.-It is
worthy of remark that the first fatal accident that has occurred in the
numerous situations of considerable risk, where thousands upon thous
sands have been exposed, was in the case of Dr. Hungerford of West
Troy, N. Y. State, in May of 1839. While he and his fellow-traveller,
Mr. Nile of Columbus, Ohio, accompanied by a guide, were passing
under Hog’s Back Point, the air above them was suddenly discover-
ed to be filled with falling earth and stone. In springing to their
escape, the unfortunate Dr. was struck to the ground; and his com-
panions, on removing him to a more secure spot, found that the vital
spark had fled.—On the 16th of August, 1844, a Mr. Thompson, of
Philadelphia, visited the Falls, and took rooms at the Clifton House.
His first visit was to Table Rock, when he was one of a party that
went under the sheet of water. While the rest of the party were
ascending the bank towards the staircase on their return, he was
observed to go down to the water’s edge and seat himself on a rock.
As he was not seen thereafter, it is supposed that, in attempting to
get on a rock at a little distance from the shore, between which
surges occasionally pass with much violence, he was swept into the
frightful current and perished.—On the 24th of August, 1844, a Miss
Rugg, of Lancaster, Massachusetts, arrived at the Falls in com-
pany with an elderly gentleman of Detroit, in whose care she was
placed to accompany her on a visit to a sister living in Detroit. As
they were passing near the bank about fifty rods below the Museum
on the Canadian side, Miss Rugg left the gentleman’s arm, and step-
ped to the edge to pluck some evergreens. In doing so, the earth
slipped from under her, and she was precipitated one hundred and
fifty feet upon a ledge of rocks. A Dr. Sturgis of New York, who
happened to be in the Museum at the time, and several others de-
scended the staircase at Table Rock, and, after clambering over rocks,
fallen cedars, and tangled underbrush for nearly a quarter of a mile,
reached the fair sufferer, strange to say, still alive, but apparently
dying. On being bled, she so far rallied as to say to those standing
by, “Pick me up.” By this time a boat had been brought near to
the fatal spot, in which she was conveyed to the ferry-landing, and
thence to the Clifton House. She lived three hours after the acci.
A 2


6 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK,
dent, and retained her reason to the last, frequently exclaiming,
“What will my poor mother say !” The sorrowing guardian took
the body to Buffalo, and thence by steamboat to Detroit.—The first
bridge from the main shore to the island was constructed in 1817,
and was carried away by the ice in the ensuing spring. In 1818 a
bridge was constructed, where Bath Island Bridge now stands, by
the Hon. Augustus Porter and General P. B. Porter, brothers, the
proprietors of the island. In the spring of 1839 its timbers were
examined and found to be in a decayed condition ; and during the
summer of the same year the present bridge was constructed at a
cost of £750. The projecting platform at Table Point, from which
the visitor can in perfect safety gaze on “Niagara’s spray” with its
perpendicular cataract of one hundred and sixty-four feet almost
Theneath his feet, was finished in the season of 1844.
The Suspension Bridge is unquestionably as stupendous and
sublime a work of art as any on this Continent. Its span is eight
hundred feet; height from the water, two hundred and thirty feet;
the depth of water, two hundred and fifty feet. The height of the
stone tower is sixty-eight feet, and of the wooden, fifty. The num-
ber of cables for bridge is sixteen; of strands in each cable, six hun-
dred; of strands in the ferry-cable, thirty-seven, the diameter of
which is seven-eighths of an inch. The ultimate tension is six thous-
and five hundred tons, and the capacity of the bridge, five hundred.
A passage across is thrillingly exciting. In December of 1848 the
Suspension Bridge Companies agreed, after a long pending contro-
versy, to give Mr. Ellet, the Engineer, the sum of 12,000 dollars in
full of all demands, each party paying its own costs. It is understood
that arrangements are in progress for making another Suspension
Bridge over the Niagara at Queenston. The location is just above
the point where the ferry-boats cross. The water space is abºut
six hundred feet, and that between the towers, which are to be of
stone, is about eight hundred and fifty feet.
The traveller will be gratified in no ordinary degree by viewing
the Falls not only in the small ferry-boat, which is rowed across by
a single Indian of long experience, but also in the steam-boat which
ascends at stated hours to within a few yards of the descending mass
º


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 7
amidst the dense foam of the boiling caldron.—Few travellers, who
pass a Sabbath here, fail to visit the village of Tuscarora Indians,
distant about ten miles on the Lockport road. They are a remnant
of a once powerful tribe from North Carolina, and number about
five hundred. A venerable chief, who held a commission under
General Lafayette during the Revolution, died in 1840. In the
Presbyterian Church a Missionary preaches in the English language,
and one of the chiefs interprets the discourse. In the Baptist Church
a chief preaches in their own language.—Seven miles below the Falls,
the country on the Canadian side suddenly rises into abrupt and ele-
vated ridges, called Queenston Heights,rising more than three hundred
feet, and running to a considerable distance east from Queenston.
This striking escarpment, or line of inland cliff, is supposed to have
anciently been the banks of the river and the “Place of the Falls.”
QUEENston, before the opening of the Welland Canal, had a consi-
derable business as a principal depot for merchandize intended for the
West, shipping some forty or fifty thousand bushels of wheat in a
season. A rail-road thence to Chippewa, which cost £19,000, was
opened in 1841. A horse-ferry-boat crosses regularly to the opposite
village of Lewiston, where the Buffalo rail-road terminates. A
party of Rifles are stationed here. Above the village stands the
once handsome monument to the memory of the brave General
Brock, who was killed here in October, 1812, while repelling an
invading army of Americans. The result of the attack was the cap-
ture of the entire American force, including General Scott, recently
Commander-in-Chief of the American Army in Mexico, and then a
Colonel of Artillery. This monument was blown up by a disaffected
American, named Lett, in April, 1841, who has met with some
meed of his deserts in the New York State Prison at Auburn. It is
expected that it will shortly be rebuilt on a more magnificent scale,
as the necessary sum has been nearly realized by public subscription.
The General’s remains were originally interred at Fort George
(now in ruins) within half a mile of the town of Niagara, but were
removed in 1824 to their resting-place under the monument.—Niag-
ARA, which lies at the distance of seven miles below, was formerly
called Newark, and was settled by Colonel Simcoe, then Lieutena;


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 9
change in this respect among the American, native Canadian, and
also not a few Pennsylvanian Dutch farmers, by whom the District
was settled after the American War of Independence. Extensive
orchards are abundant, and large quantities of apples, peaches, and
cider are annually shipped at Niagara.
LAKE ONTARIO,
along the British or American side of which the tourist will now
proceed according to his selection of a steamboat at Queenston or
Lewiston, is about one hundred and eighty miles long by about sixty
in its greatest breadth. It is two hundred and thirty-four feet above
the Atlantic, is so deep 'that in many places it exceeds one hun-
dred fathoms, and is never frozen over. It is the safest of the
three Lakes for navigation, as it has several excellent harbours, and
numerous bays. On the British side the usual route is straight
across from the mouth of the Niagara to Toronto, a distance of
thirty-six miles; although there is an opportunity of visiting the west-
ern extremity of the Lake, called Burlington Bay, afforded by a daily
steamboat. This is distant about forty-five miles. About midway
is the opening of the Welland Canal at Port Dalhousie.—On the
south side of the Bay at the western extremity lies the rapidly im-
proving town of HAMILTON, which was laid out in 1813 by a person
of that name, and now contains a population upwards of ten thou-
sand. From being the principal market for the Western merchants it,
seems destined to become second to no city in Upper Canada. An
ample supply of excellent freestone and limestone behind the city
affords the means of erecting handsome buildings, of which the mer-
chants now generally avail themselves; and considerable quantities
are exported to Toronto and other places on the Lake. It is expected
that it will soon be furnished with gas and water-works. From the
Bay is seen Dundurn, the handsome mansion of Sir Allan M“Nab,
lately Speaker of the House of Assembly. It returns one M.P.P.
Three newspapers are published. It is worthy of notice that behind
the city rise the Burlington Heights, a continuation of the ridge from
Queenston Heights, and that the same ridge stretches along gradually
inwards till it recedes about twenty miles between Toronto and Hol-


CANADIAN GUIDE Book. 11
The city labours under the disadvantage of having no quarries, so
that the private buildings are of brick. Property has increased
greatly in value, and the rents of houses in good situations for busi-
ness are upwards of £150 to £200. The principal public buildings
are the Jail at the east end, the Court-house, the old Market-house,
the new City Hall, the Upper Canada College, the old Parliament
Buildings (partly occupied by the officials of King’s College) and the
Hospital, the last two of which lie towards the west end on the Bay.
The stranger should visit the extensive and tastefully laid-out grounds
of King’s College, which will be a splendid edifice, should it ever be
completed in the costly style which the finished portion presents as a
specimen. This University is empowered to grant degrees in Arts and
Sciences. The Free Church Presbyterians have a Theological Semi-
nary and Academy, and the Congregationalists an Academy. The Lu-
natic Asylum and Observatory are worthy of a visit. There is a great
number of institutions and societies for benevolent, religious, scien-
tific, economical, and other objects. Ten newspapers and three
monthly periodicals are published. The tonnage of steamboats
owned here is about four thousand tons; and the yearly value of the
Exports is estimated at £200,000. Toronto sends two members
to the House of Assembly.—In coasting from Toronto to Cobourg,
a distance of seventy-two miles, the villages or towns of Picker-
ing, Windsor Harbour, Darlington and Port Hope, are passed
in succession, all of which are well supplied with mills, and export
several hundred thousand feet of lumber annually. - Cobou Re is well
laid-out, and has a flourishing appearance. The merchants have
established a Board of Trade. About a mile and a half to the west
stand the Jail arº Court-house, a handsome stone building. The
principal building is Victoria College, which was constituted as such
by Act of Parliament in 1842 with power to confer degrees in Arts
and Sciences. It was originally founded by the Wesleyan Confer-
ence, but is unsectarian in its character. It is chiefly supported by
a Legislative grant of £500 per annum, and by tuition-ſees. It cost
about £10,000, and contains Lecture-rooms, Chapel, Library, and
Reading-room, which is, perhaps, overstocked with Canadian news-
papers liberally forwarded by the Editors. It is commonly attended


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 13
mains, is always well pleased to exhibit it to the traveller. They are
attached to the Church of England, and, their place of worship having
become too small for the congregation, they have recently erected
a commodious stone church, the expense of which has been defrayed
out of their own funds. A missionary was first appointed in 1810 by
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Their
present excellent missionary reports that during his incumbency they
have been making a gradual advance in morals, piety, and industry.
They support a school-master out of the produce of certain small
rents, which they receive and manage themselves. Their number is
about four hundred. It is highly gratifying to the Christian philan-
thropist to mark such progress among the descendants of the ancient
proprietors of the American soil.—Between the Peninsula of Prince
Edward and Kingston lies AMHERST ISLAND, so called after Lord
Amherst, one of the Generals in command of the British forces in
1760 when Canada was transferred to Britain. It was originally
granted to Sir John Johnson for military services. The Earl of
Mountcashel owns the principal part. The land is very good, and
the tenants are in comfortable circumstances.--It is worth remarking
here that the real settlement of Upper Canada took place in 1783 at
the close of the first American war. At that time many inhabitants
of the United States, who had adhered to Britain during the unfors
túnate contest, sought refuge within Canada. As they were gener-
ally in a very destitute state, the Government treated them liberally,
and afforded them the utmost possible compensation for their losses
and sufferings. With this view the whole land along the St. Law-
rence above the French settlements to, and around, the Bay of Quinté
was formed into townships. The settlers were termed the United
Empire (U. E.) Loyalists, and besides an ample supply of land
received farming utensils, building materials, and subsistence for two
years; and every member of their families, on attaining the age of
twenty-one, had a donation of two hundred acres.


14 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
w
KINGSTON
is built on the site of the old Fort Cataraqui, subsequently called
Fort Frontenac in honour of the Count de Frontenac, one of the
French Viceroys. Its advantageous position at the outlet of Lake.
Ontario into the St. Lawrence has raised it to considerable impor-
tance as an entrepot between the two Provinces. To accommodate
this trade, wharfs and spacious warehouses have been provided. The
streets are regularly arranged, and the houses are chiefly built of
stone, of which there is an abundant supply. About half a mile
distant is a low peninsula ending in Point Frederick, which with the
other parallel one, terminating in Point Henry, encloses Navy Bay,
the depot for the maritime armament formed during the late war.
On an eminence of the peninsula is Fort Henry, which commands the
entrance to the Lake. Point Frederick is connected with the town
by a wooden bridge across the Cataraqui Bay, near which are the
Marine Barracks. The town has recently been put into a state of
complete defence by the erection of large substantial martello towers.
In 1841 Lord Sydenham removed the Seat of Government thither
from Toronto, when the inhabitants, indulging the hope that it
would continue to be the Capital, went to considerable expense
in making improvements. The removal of the seat of Government
to \lontreal in 1844 proved for a time a severe shock to its prospec-
tive prosperity, from which it is rapidly recovering. Its commercial
importance is enhanced by being the port of the Rideau Canal, which
communicates with the Ottawa at Bytown, and thus opens up so
much of the back country. The principal building is the Market-
House so called, although only a portion of it is occupied as such.
It is the linest and most substantial building in Upper Canada, and
cost £25,000. In the front are several public offices, and above are
the Fown-Hall and a room opposite, of the same size, capable of ac-
commodating five hundred persons. From the gallery surrounding
the interior of the dome a very extensive view is commanded. The
Presbyterians in connection with the Church of Seotland have
a Collegiate Institution, called Queen's College and University of
Kingston. The Hospital is supported partly by Government and
partly by voluntary contributions The Hotel Dieu is attended by


CANADIAN GUIDE Book. 15
Sisters of Charity, and the Roman Cathºlic Cathedral is of recent
erection. There are two Marine Railways, one for hauling out
vessels of three hundred tons, and the other for hauling out river
boats and barges. At Portsmouth Harbour, a little to the west,
lies the Provincial Penitentiary, a visit to which, and inspection of
the internal arrangements, will not disappoint the traveller. It is a
Jarge stone building, surrounded by a high and most substantial
stone wall with towers at the corners. The arrangements are so
complete that escape seems under any circumstances impracticable.
Blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, tailors, &c., are busily em-
ployed in different workshops. The silent system is pursued except
in necessary intercommunication at work. The inmates in general
display a contented and subdued appearance. Perseverance in good
behaviour entitles in remarkable cases to a discharge some years be-
fore the expiration of the term of confinement. It seems that there
are not a few instances of convicts becoming inmates but a short
time after receiving their liberty; so irresistible is the force of habit,
when again subjected to temptation. The cells are so arranged that
each keeper has a great number of prisoners, apart from each other,
:ompletely under his eye in his round,and can at all times ascertain,
without being perceived, what is going on. Near the Penitentiary
are baths and mineral springs, which have been much frequented.
In the neighbourhood is an extensive saleratus ſactory in connection
with a brewery. The proprietor offers to supply two thousand lbs.
per day. Five weekly newspapers are published. Kingston returns
one M. P. P. The population, including two villages, is about
twelve thousand. The tonnage of steamers and schooners owned
here is upwards of seven thousand. -
Before descending the St. Lawrence and bidding farewell to the
Dntario, for the sake of the tourist who may prefer to steam along
the American or Southern shore of the Lake, we shall ſurnish a few
particulars. From the outlet of the Niagara at the Fort of that
hame to the boundary line of 45°, the entire littoral is in the State
5f New York, and comprises in succession the counties of Niagara,
Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, the northern corner of Cayuga, Oswego,
Jefferson, and St. Lawrence. The last along its entire western
-------- **


16 CANADIAN GUIDE Book.
frontier, and a half of Jefferson County are bounded by the River.
From Fort Niagara to the mouth of the Genesee River in Monroe
County, a distance of about eighty-five miles, the coast presents an
, almost undeviating level under the primeval brush-wood, relieved by
a few scattered clearances.
Rochester,
Should the tourist on ascending the Genesee to Carthage, which
is the port of Rochester, resolve upon visiting this city, he will
find enough to engage and gratify his curiosity till he resume
his journey by the next steamer. The road for a mile from
Carthage has been excavated to the depth of from sixty to
eighty feet, and in some parts overhangs the rugged banks of
the river to an equal height, so that the stranger on his return, as
he is borne along in the omnibus, from its peculiar construction
making a regular alternation of jolts from side to side, notwithstands
ing the romantic scenery cannot help yielding to an uncomfortable
impression of danger. An Englishman in 1810, having penetrated
many miles into the bush, was struck with the water advantages
which the Genesee afforded, and selected for his loghouse a portion
of the locality which the wide-spreading Rochester now fills-up.
Some idea may be formed of its astonishing progress from the fact
that the population, which in 1825 was 5,271, and in 184020,191,
amounts now to about 35,000. This large commercial and manu-
facturing city owes its greatness mainly to the “water privileges”
which the proprietors on the banks of the Genesee here possess. For
a considerable way above the Upper Falls the banks are on both
sides surmounted by a great variety of mills. Its proximity to Lake
Ontario, and the passage of the Erie Canal through its principal
streets, contribute materially to its prosperity. A frontage on the
river fetches a high price, as from the nature of the situation a supply
of water from the canal or race can in many cases be rendered
available twice or thrice. The aqueduct, by means of which the
Canal crosses the river, is eight hundred and four feet long, contains
ten acres, and is finished off in a most substantial manner. The vast
produce of the Genesee Valley, which stretches sixty or seventy


cANADIAN Guide Book. I7
miles, and is unsurpassed in fertility even on this Continent, is con-
veyed thither by the Genesee Canal, and thence to Albany, &c. The
passage of the great Erie Railroad has recently contributed its share.
The Upper Falls are about one hundred feet in height, and, though
much diminished in effect by buildings, still present a magnificent
view. In their waters the fool-hardy Sam Patch, buoyed up by one
successful plunge in them on a previous cecasion, as well as by two
at Niagara Falls, in making a second leap, perished in presence of
a vast concourse of spectators. The body submerged, and was
never discovered. The streets of Rochester are wide, aud well laid
out, containing many first-rate private and public buildings. Of
these we may mention the court-house, jail, arcade, and observatory,
upwards of a dozen churches, and about six hotels, &c. &c. The
Mount Hope Cemetery in the vicinity vies in extent and appropriate-
ness of design and scenery with those of Greenwood near Brooklyn
and Laurel Hill at Philadelphia. Before closing this notice we shall
subjoin a statement of some particulars as to the flouring-mills,
which are regarded as the largest in the world. A few years ago
(1835) they amounted to twenty-one, and the capital invested in
them exceeded half a million of dollars. When in full operation, they
require daily twenty thousand bushels of wheat, and are capable of
manufacturing five thousand barrels per day. So effective is, the
machinery connected with several runs of stones that one can grind,
bolt, and pack one hundred bushels of flour daily. Besides the
wheat drawn frºm the rich wheat-growing valley of the Genesee and
the shores of Erie and Ontario, some millers imported from Canada
(in 1835) about one hundred thousand bushels. Such is the high
character of the “Rochester brands”, that, besides the large ship-
ments to foreign ports, they may be seen at Montreal and Quebec,
New Orleans, New York, and Boston. The water-power of the
two falls is estimated as equal to one thousand nine hundred and
twenty steam-engines of twenty horse power. Calculated according
to the cost of steam power in England, the annual value of this
water power would amount to nearly ten millions of dollars. A
large capital is also invested in cotton and woollen mills, iron-
B 2


18 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
works, tanneries, &c. &c.—Oswego, the principal commercial
port on the American side of the Lake, is pleasantly situated at the
mouth of the river of that name. The principal part of the town is
on the western bank, and has a neat and stirring appearance. On
the opposite bank are some large mills, and here terminates the
Oswego Canal from Syracuse, distant about thirty-eight miles.
About half-way betwixt Carthage and Oswego is Great Sodus Bay.
—At the eastern extremity of the Lake, on the south side of Black
River Bay, lies in a very sheltered situation SACKEtt’s HARbour.
This was the naval station of the United States on the Lake during
the last war with Great Britain. In May, 1813, Sir George Prevost
effected a landing with one thousand men, but hastily re-embarked
without accomplishing his purpose. The Navy Yard is a conspicus
ous object from the landing.—About twenty miles north of sackett's
Harbour, French Creek enters the St. Lawrence. Hence, in the
beginning of November 1813, General Wilkinson embarked at the
head of seven thousand men with the view of descending the St.
Lawrence and attacking Montreal, expecting to be re-inforced by
troops from Plattsburg. Six days thereafter an engagement took
place near Williamsburgh on the Canadian shore, when the Ameris
cans were worsted. On the arrival of the army at St. Regis, disaps
pointed in his expectation of a re-inforcement, General Wilkinson .
retired to French Mills, and encamped there for the winter. This
place was subsequently named Fort Covington, in memory of General
Covington who fell at the battle of Williamsburg.
Opposite Kingston lies a large island, called Wolfe’s Island,
It is well settled, having upwards of six thousand acres under
cultivation. The stream, which in the course of a few miles
issues from the Lake, is now for the first time called the St. Law-
rence; and its channel so expands, and becomes so full of islands,
that it obtains the name of the “Lake of the THous AND Isles,”
These islands present every imaginable shape, size, and appearance—
some barely visible, others covering many acres. As one is convey-
ed along the unruffled surface with a cloudless sky overhead, survey-
ing from the steamer's deck the ever varying combinations of wood
rocks, and water, he imagines that he is passing through some de-


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 19
lightful fairy-land. He finds himself sometimes enclosed within a
narrow channel, shortly discovers openings as of noble rivers, and
then seems to be on the bosom of a spacious lake.--Shortly after
entering this picturesque scene, sixteen miles from Kingston, is the
village of Gananoque, and on emerging from it is BRockvi L.L.E, one
of the prettiest towns in Canada. Most of the houses and public build-
ings are constructed of limestone, on a bed of which the town is
built. In the neighbourhood is granite, but not used from its hardness
to be worked and consequent expensiveness. A good road is con-
structed thence to Perth, which is about forty miles north-west. Op-
posite the town is a rocky islet, surmounted by a blockhouse,
where a few Riflemen are stationed. The population is upwards of
two thousand with two weekly newspapers. It returns a member to
the House of Assembly.—Five miles east lies the small village of Mait-
land, built on the site of an old French fortification. Seven miles
below lies PREsco TT, called after a lieutenant Governor of that
name, and rendered memorable during the late rebellion. Before
the opening of the Rideau Canal it was a place of considerable
trade. A company of Rifles and a few Artillerymen are stationed
here. The population is two thousand A steam-ferry boat plies to
the American town of Ogdensburgh, which lies directly opposite.
The river is about a mile and a half broad here.—Between i rescott
and Dickenson’s Landing at the head of the Cornwall Canal, a
distance of thirty-eight miles, are in succession the villages of Ma-
tilda, Mariatown, Chrysler's, and Moulinette, and in succession, at
nearly equal distances of seven or eight miles, are the Galoppes Rap-
ids, the Point Iroquois Rapids, the Rapide Flat lapids, and the
Farren’s Point Rapids, in which the current varies from six to ten
miles per hour. Canals of a few miles in length have been con-
structed that trade-vessels may pass. An island shortly obstructs
the current, producing what is called the “LoNG SAULT” i. e. Long
Leap. The stream rushes through a narrow, passage on each side,
and hurries on the bark with great velocity; and the two currents,
meeting at the lower end of the island, dart most furiously against
each other, and form what is called the “Big Pitch.” To avoid
these rapids on the upward passage, Government has constructed, at


------->====- - E=- º
20 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. ,
a cost of nearly sixty thousand pounds, a magnificent canal, called
the Cornwall Canal, which was opened in 1843. It is eleven-and-
a-half-miles long, and has seven locks.-The town of CoRNw ALL is
well laid out, and has a pleasant situation. It returns a Member to
the House of Assembly, has a population of nearly two thousand,
and a newspaper. It is worth the tourist’s while to avail himself of
the opportunity afforded for going on shore and inspecting the work-
manship of the canal. The French inhabitants formerly called this
place “ Pointe"Maline” from the difficulty they experienced in as-
cending this portion of the river with their bateaua.-Opposite to
Cornwall lies the Indian village of St. REGIs, where line 45° strikes
the St. Lawrence, and forms the boundary between Lower Canada
and the State of New York, intersecting, also, the tract of land
which is the property of this body of Iroquois, numbering in all
about one thousand, and about equally British and American.
There is a large stone church, which was erected upwards of fifty
years ago at their own expense. The Government maintains a
French Canadian missionary, who resides permanently at the village,
and devotes his whole time to the tribe. A great portion of the
service consists of singing, of which the Indians are passionately
fond. The men procure a precarious subsistence chiefly by hunting,
and the women employ themselves in making mitts and moccassins
from the skins of animals that have been killed duriug the winter,
and in manufacturing splint baskets and brooms —After passing the
Canal the St. Lawrence widens into one of those beautiful expanses,
called Lakes, which tend not a little to impart variety to the course
of this majestic river. LAKE St. FRAN cis is forty miles long. About
halfway down the lake on the left hand stards the village of Lancas-
ter,close on the boundary line between the West and East Provinces.
Here the Loyal Glengary Highlanders raised a large cairn or pile
of stone (a memorial occasionally erected for warriors of old in Scot-
land) in honour of Sir John Colborne, now Lord Seaton, formerly
Governor General. TH E R A Pips. At the extremity of the lake com-
mences a succession of very formidable rapids, called the Coteau du
Lac, the Cedars or the Split tºock, and the Cascades. The voyage
down this sixteen miles’ declivity of boiling waters, often presenting,
! ſt


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 21
as it were, sea-waves lashed by tempestuous winds under a burning
and unclouded sky, is perhaps as exciting as this or any country offers.
The landscape along the shore is in some parts romantic, exhibiting
a few villages with handsome churches and parsonages and mills,
with an uninterrupted succession of cottages on the water’s edge.
The excitement is enhanced by a sense of risk accompanying the
vessel as she sweeps with the utmost speed close past islands and
rocks, whilst her straight course in the channel is maintained by the
steady exertions of eight voyageurs at the wheel and rudder. A cons
siderable island, called Grande Isle, lies a little below the east end
of the Lake. In order to open up a communication between this
Lake and the next expanse, called Lake St. Louis, which is twenty-
four miles in length, the Beauharnois Canal has been constructed by
Government at a cost of £162,281. It is eleven-and-a-quarter
miles long, and has nine locks.-The St. Lawrence, on emerging from
the Cascades, receives a great influx of waters from the Ottawa,
and their combined waters form the expanse of Lake St. Louis, at
the western extremity of which is the considerable island of Isle
Perrot, and along the north shore is the Island of Montreal, which
is above thirty miles in length. For some distance below the junc-
tion the brown waters of the Ottawa roll on unmixed with the clear
stream of the St. Lawrence. At the outlet of the Lake on the right
is the Iroquois settlement of CAUGHNAwaga or “The Village of the
Rapids,” in allusion to those that lie a little below. It was granted for
their benefit by Louis XIV. in 1780, and enlarged by Governor
Frontenac. These Indians in summer chiefly subsist by navi-
gating barges and rafts down to Montreal, and in winter by the sale of
snow-shoes, moccassins, &c. They are Roman Catholics, and have
lately rebuilt a handsome and substantial church They behaved
nobly during the recent disturbances, and since that period have
received special marks of Her Majesty's favour.—On the left
bank stands LAchi NE, the central situation of which bids fair to en-
sure its growth and prosperity. Here is the residence of Sir George
Simpson, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, and of the staff
of officers in charge of this, the principal post of the company.
Hence emanate the instructions, received from head-quarters in Lon-


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 23
It seems proper to premise that Lower Canada is divided into
five Districts; three superior, Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec;
and two inferior, St Francis and Gaspé. These are Judicial divi-
sions, having Courts of superior and inferior jurisdiction. The Dis-
trict of Montreal is intersected by the St. Lawrence, and each por-
tion is nearly equal in point of extent, pºpulation, and value. The
northern portion extends along the Ottawa which forms the boundary
between Upper and Lower Canada, till it is bounded by Lake
Temiscaming; the southern has for its opposite frontier the northern
boundaries of the States ºf New York and Vermont. The island of
Montreal is the largest and most fertile in Canada and is formed by
the waters of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence on its northern and
southern sides respectively. Its generally level surface is diversified
by several gentle ridges called coleaua, while the eminence in rear
of the city attains' a height of five hundred and fifty feet. Its lux-
uriant production of the choicest fruits and vegetables has deservedly
earned for it the appellation of the “Garden of Canada.” The
island, which in conjunction with a few islands around it constitutes
the County of Montreal and returns a member to Parliament, is
divided into ten parishes; whereof that of the City of Montreal com-
prises besides the Royalty and the Suburbs the villages of Hcchelaga
below the city, Cote des Neiges behind the ‘Micuntain', and St.
Henry or the ‘Tanneries.” and the intermediate localities. It is
orthy of notice that the intrepid discoverer Cartier for the first time
tered Hochelaga, on the 3rd of October, 1535, then a village of
tºuron Indians, destined, however, to be the nucleus of the modern
ty of Montreal. On the 15th ºf August, 1642, the day observed
aſ the Romish Church in honour of the Assumption of the Virgin
*ary, the spot destined for the city was consecrated with due
"emnities, commended to the protection of the “Queen of Angels,”
...d named Wille Marie. In 1644 the whole of this valuable island
tº came by royal grant the property of the St. Sulpicians at Paris,
* hose founder, the Abbé Quelus, landed with authority from the
iminary of St Sulpice, and before 1657 had cleared and settled a
rge part of the property. He founded the Seminary of that name
Montreal, and the land of the entire island has been purchased
w


24 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
from that body, or is in the hands of tenants for a stipulated rental.
The population of the island is estimated at from sixty-five to seventy
thousand souls, of which the city contains about fifty thousand. The
relative population of the latter stands nearly thus ; two-tenths are
French Canadians; nearly one-tenth, British Canadian; one-and-a-
half-tenth, English, Irish, and Scotch; somewhat less than one half-
tenth, Germans, United States, &c. For municipal purposes the
city is divided into nine Wards, three of which send three represen-
tatives to the Council each, aud the other six send two each. The
corporation is thus composed of twenty-one members, comprehending
the Mayor, five Aldermen, and fifteen Councillors. Their labours
are subdivided amongst seven Committees of Finance, Fire, Light,
Markets, Police, Roads, and Waters. The city sends two members
to the House of Assembly.
We shall now conduct our tourist from Donegana's Hotel, as a
convenient starting point for an excursion through the city. The front
portion of this large building was occupied as Government House
during Lord Sydenham’s administration. In 1846 Mr. Donegana
by extensive additional buildings in the rear completed this hotel in
a manner not surpassed by any hotel on the American continent,
not excepting the celebrated “Astor-House’, of New York. From
its dome a delightful view of the surrounding country is commanded.
The Hotel opens upon Notre Dame Street, the principal and most
fashionable. It is worth noticing that the other principal streets run
parallel to this, north and south, and are crossed at right angles by
streets running east and west. The streets of the Old City have been
named after a variety of the Saints, whilst the nomenclature in the
more modern part reminds us of Governors Craig, Dorchester, Sher-
brooke, &c. On proceeding a little southwards is seen a low
building within a railed parapet, called the Old Government House.
This house, which was originally erected by a company of fur-
traders, has been partially repaired and modernized, so as to adapt
its suite of apartments, along with those in the adjoining buildings, to
the services of various Governmental Departments. The Governor’s
presence for the transaction of public business is intimated by the
floating of the Union-jack on the flag-staff. He resides at Monk-


26 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
of combining honour to the departed and utility to the living, the
funds were devoted to the erection of this wing, and so commemorate
the worth of the first President of the Hospital, who had so liberally
contributed to its foundation and support. The second wing has
been erected (1848) from funds left by the late Judge Reid, also
a Scotsman, at the disposal of his widow, who made the grant subject
to the single condition that a tablet, similar to the one in the north
wing, should commemorate the donation. This institution is under
excellent management, and has proved highly beneficial to the com-
munity. The average scale of In-door and Out-door patients for
several years somewhat exceeds a thousand in each class annually.
Medical students on payment of a small fee receive much insight into
their profession by attending the practise of the Hospital. The only
inadmissible cases are those of advanced stages of pregnancy, insani-
ty, and incurable disease.—At the north end of the Parade Ground
stands Gosford Street Church, being the Second Congregational or
Independent Church; and at the south-eastern corner stands St.
Gabriel Street Church. It was opened in 1792, and for several years
was called the Scottish Church, as it was the only one in this Prov-
ince in connection with the Established Church of Scotland. It is
remarked that the bell in its steeple is the first Protestant bell that
sounded in Canada.—It is probable that the two buildings within the
enclosure betwixt the Champ de Mars and Notre Dame Street will
be soon replaced. The one, whose walls only are standing, was
occupied as a Court House since 1800 till it was destroyed by fire in
1845. The other edifice was occupied as the Gaol of the city from
1806 to 1836, when the inmates were transferred to the more com-
modious building called the New Gaol, It was afterwards occupied
by the Government as Barracks until, in consequence of the de-
struction of the Court House by fire, it was selected as a temporary
Court House. Here are the Judges’ Chambers, the Rooms of the
Grand and Petty Juries, the Offices of the Clerks of the Crown and
Peace, &c. &c. It might afford an agreeable variety to a stranger
to visit the Courts during their session and hear the debates in both
languages. It may be mentioned that the Superior Courts have
jurisdiction in suits above £20, and the Inferior Courts in suits under


28 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
no doubt after many pecuniary embarrassments, in the erection of the
present handsome structure in 1814. It is worthy of record here that
the congregation was in the meantime accommodated with the use
of the Scotch Church. Such accommodation on the part of
Roman Catholics to Protestant congregations under similar eireum-
stances, and of Protestants of different denominations to each other,
is matter of fact in the Ecclesiastical history of the city deserving of
honourable mention. The interior of Christ Church presents neat-
ness and simplicity of design and execution. The organ, which is a
powerful and elegant instrument made by Elliot, of London, was
erected in 1816 at an expense of nearly £1600. From the balcony
at the base of the spire (two hundred and four feet high) is an exten-
sive view of the whole city and circumjacent country.—The Convent
of the Congregation of Notre Dame, or the Black Nunnery, as it is
colloquially called from the black dress worn by the sisters, was
founded in 1659. It is composed of a superior and sixty sisters, the
waost of whom are employed in instructing the pupils in the different
branches of female education. The block of very elegant shops and
houses to the corner of St. Jean Baptiste Street stands upon the prop-
erty of the Nunnery, which besides the chapel and a large garden
comprises the entire side of the street just mentioned. We shall
afterwards make mention of the enterprising foundress of this estab-
blishment.—On the east side of the Place d’Armes or French Square
stands the highly imposing front of the Parish Church or Cathedral.
From the foundation of Montreal in 1642 to 1672 public worship was
performed in a wooden chapel, which in the latter year was succeeded
by a more commodious and substantial erection of stone. This
stood quite across the middle of Notre Dame Street, exactly in front
of the present magnificent Cathedral, so that passengers were obliged
to pass half round the church on either side. Even this church was
found inadequate for accommodating the rapidly increasing popula-
tion, and in 1675 the Church of Bonsecours was opened. These
were the first churches of stone erected in the island of Montreal.
The present Cathedral was commenced in 1824, and in 1829 was in
so forward a state as to be opened for public worship. It is of the
perpendicular style of Gothic architecture of the middle ages, and,


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 29
notwithstanding a manifest destitution of ornament, it is regarded as
not inferior to any ecclesiastical structure on the continent of North
America in the combination of the grand and simple in architecture.
The six towers are so arranged that each flank presents three, and the
east and west ends present two each. The towers in front are two
hundred and twenty feet high, and strangers usually avail themselves
of the magnificent prospect which the southern one affords, and in
which is placed the largestbell in America, weighing twenty-nine thou-
sand four hundred lbs, or upwards of thirteen tons, and cast in London,
expressly. The interior strikes the spectator more from its vast
capacity than otherwise. The ground-floor and two galleries ac-
commodate ten thousand sitters in one thousand two hundred and
forty-four pews. The five public and three private entrances to the
former, and four to the latter, are so arranged that this vast assem-
blage can assemble and disperse without disagreeable pressure. The
building comprises seven chapels and nine spacious aisles, all of
which are visible from the front entrance. The high altar, which is
somewhat in the florid style, bears a resemblance to that of St.
Peter's at Rome, the pulpit to that of the Cathedral at Strasburg.
The pillars, which support the galleries, are wooden and painted in
imitation of clouded Italian or American marble. The organ and
painting call for no especial notice. The large figure, occupying a
prominent niche in the centre of the front, is one of the Virgin, to
whose protection the edifice is dedicated. The amount laid out in
the construction of this ecclesiastical edifice has reached nearly
£100,000, a considerable portion of which remains unimbursed. A
night-view from the opposite side of the Square is considered to cons
vey to an observer as striking an impression of the imposing magni-
tude of the front as any other. The entire space under the Cathedral
forms a cemetery in which the more wealthy Catholics are interred.
—The handsome and substantial edifice immediately adjoining the
Cathedral to the south-west, and which replaces one of the oldest
establishments in connection with the Roman Catholic Church in
the city, is the Seminary of St. Sulpice. It was founded about 1657
by the Abbé Quelus, who had been commissioned by the St. Sul-
C 2


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 31
establishment, but now occupied by the Banque du Peuple or People’s
Bank. Its front is ornamented with four emblematical devices of
Agriculture, Manufactures, Arts, and Commerce in bas-relief. Its
erection cost upwards of £11,000. It was opened in 1835 and has
a capital of £200,000.-A little farther on the opposite side of the
street (Great St. James's) is the Bank of British North America.
The principal stockholders are in London, where is the head-office.
The capital is one million sterling. It has Branches and Agencies
in the principal towns of Canada, and in the capitals of the Lower
Provinces, besides an Agency in New York.-The New Wesleyan
Church in this street is a spacious building, and is regarded as a fine
specimen of the Florid Gothic style of architecture of the fourteenth
century. It can seat two thousand persons, and cost £12,500.--
The Odd Fellows' Hall, the Ottawa Hotel, and the American Pres-
byterian Church contribute a due share to the substantial and taste-
ful architecture of this superior street. The congregation of this
church was organized in 1822. The individuals originally compos-
ing it seceded from the St. Andrew’s (Scotch Establishment) con-
gregation, conceiving themselves aggrieved by certain measures
pursued therein. The name assumed intimated their national origin.
It was opened for public worship in 1826.-By going a few yards
beyond this church the stranger can command a fine view of the well
wooded and precipitate portion of the Mountain, and has on the
rising foreground St. Patrick’s Church to the right, and to the left
Zion Church, New St. Andrew’s Church, and the Unitarian Church
fronting the spectator a few yards to the right of the one just men- .
tioned.—St. Patrick's, which is in the Gothic style of the fifteenth
century, is comfortably seated for nearly five thousand persons. The
interior is finished off in a chaste and simple manner, whilst the
absence of galleries imparts a light and airy appearance to the lofty
walls and ceiling. The spire is two hundred and twenty-five feet
high, and is one of the most striking objects to one approaching the
city.—The congregation of Zion Church comprises the members of
the First Congregational or Independent Church of this city. This
body in 1832 did not number above fifteen individuals, when they
formed themselves into a Christian Church. A neat place of wor-
* -


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 35
now in use on the St. Lawrence may pass each other at any portion of
the line. It is believed that no canal structure in the world exceeds in
depth and breadth the Lachine for its length. There is in process of
formation at Lachine a spacious harbour by means of running out
an embankment of stone, “puddled” in the interior, several
thousand feet into the Lake, and quarrying the granite bed of the
river for the breadth of a hundred feet or more within the line of wall,
so as to give vessels a clear channel into deep water, and a basin for
small craft and rafts inside. The continuous alluvial bottom along
the entire line, and the escarpment by which it is bounded, intimate
that the main flood of the St. Lawrence in former times covered
these parts.-It may be noted here that the wire of the Montreal and
Troy Telegraph is carried across the St. Lawrence near the chute of
the Lachine Rapids. The breadth of the river here is six thousand
three hundred and eighty feet. The wire is supported on two masts,
one hundred and fifty feet from the ground, erected on strong scaf.
folding in the middle of the river, the one on Alsopp's Island and the
other on a submerged rock. Near the Upper Basin there has been
recently erected a large flouring establishment, called the City
Mills. It contains six runs of stones, and can manufacture from
five to six hundred barrels of superfine flour per day. The Stores
along this Basin are very commodious and capable of receiving a
vast amount of produce. In returning along the wharves towards
the Barracks, the stranger will pass the Custom-House, a small
but handsome building occupying the centre of the Square to which
it gives name. It is of the Tuscan order, and its fronts are sur-
mounted by triangular pediments. Some idea may be formed of the
amount of business done in the Customs here, from the statement
that in 1847 one hundred and sixty-two vessels were entered, whose
tonnage amounted to forty-one thousand eight hundred and eleven
tons.—Proceeding a little northward in St. Paul Street, the stranger
will come to the Hotel Dieu Nunnery, the church of which fronts
this street. This was the first Religious House formed in the
city, having been founded in 1644 by Madame de Bouillon. It
is conducted by a superior and thirty-six nuns. Here the dis-
eased poor of both sexes have for generations found an asylum.


36 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
An air of convenience and neatness pervades all the buildings
belonging to this institution. Strangers wishful to see the interior
of this, or any of the Nunneries, by making application for permis-
sion from the Lady Superior, seldom fail in having their wishes
gratified.—A little northward along the River will be found the
Bonsecours Market, which for spaciousness and conveniency in
arrangements is not surpassed on this Continent. Its interior is
worthy of a visit. This edifice cost upwards of £70,000—In its
close vicinity is the Church of Notre Dame de Bonsecours. It was
founded in 1658, but in consequence of several obstacles was not
finished till 1675. This was the first church built of stone in the
island. In 1754 it was consumed by fire, and its re-erection was
not completed till 1773. The foundress was the celebrated Mar-
guerite Bourgeois, a native of Troyes in France. She came to Mon-
treal in 1653, and, after a series of obstacles which would have
daunted less benevolent minds, and the removal of which she accom-
plished by revisiting France and obtaining the authority of Govern-
ment, she was enabled to complete this church, and to establish the
Congregational Nunnery, already noticed. A little beyond is the
Engine-house for forcing up from the River the water for the supply
of the city. It is received into two reservoirs capable of containing
about half a million of gallons.—A little farther on are situated the
Commissariat Buildings and the Barracks, which from their situation
are frequently distinguished as the Quebec Gate Barracks. Under
the French this building belonged to a nunnery, but shortly after the
conquest, was converted to its present purpose. These barracks
were enlarged in 1822, and are capable of containing about
one thousand troops. There are other, but not regular, barrack-
buildings in this suburb and at the Cross, three miles below.
On the beautiful island of St. Helen, which lies opposite and belongs
to Government, are permanent barracks, an armoury, magazine, &c.
—In returning to his hotel, the stranger may pass through Dal-
housie Square, the west-side of which contains the Quarters of the
Military Officers. On the south-west side has been recently erected
a massive building of substantial workmanship, including the New
Freemasons' Hall and the Theatre, which has been finished off in a


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 37
*
style not surpassed on this Continent.—A few minutes' walk from
the Parade will conduct the stranger to the Bishop’s Church or rather
Cathedral. It was erected in 1824, and is capable of containing
three thousand persons. Montreal was erected into a Bishopric in
1836. J. J. Lartigue was first Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal.
Previously he was Suffragan of the Metropolitan Bishop of Quebec,
under the title of Bishop of Telmesse. His successor is the present
incumbent, the Right Rev. Ignace Bourget. In place of the Palace,
which at present adjoins the Cathedral, contributions are being
raised for erecting one on a larger and more imposing scale. In the
rear stands the Nunnery of the Sisters of Charity.—The Jail is the
chief public building towards the northern extremity of the city. It
cost about £30,000. The building consists of three stories, and a
fourth in the centre, besides the basement. This contains thirty-
two cells for solitary confinement, and the kitchens, bath-rooms,
&c. The first story contains the Magistrates’ or Grand Jury-room,
Instruction-room, &c., and sixty-four cells. Besides the Gaoler's
and Matron’s apartments, the second story contains fifty cells and
three day-rooms for prisoners. The third story is entirely occupied
... by thirty-three bedrooms and three day-rooms for debtors. Female
prisoners occupy the cells in the back-wings of each story. The
chapel surmounts the centre of the third story. It is so constructed
that five classes of prisoners, entering by separate stairs, can sit in
view of the pulpit, and are prevented from seeing each other. Each
of the three wings has a cistern capable of holding ten hundred and
seventy-seven gallons. These three cisterns supply the whole estab-
lishment with water, and can be filled in forty minutes by means of
a forcing-pump, worked by ten of the prisoners, although fixed
nearly one hundred feet above the river. We believe that the estab-
lishment has not the benefit of a resident chaplain, and that there
is an urgent call for improving the moral and religious instruction.
of the inmates. The present keeper, Mr. M'Ginn, is well entitled
to favourable notice here in consideration of his zealous exertions to
better the condition of the depraved and wretched indwellers.-In
this direction lie the City Gas-works, the St. Mary Foundry, and the
Rope Manufactory. Last year (1848) a New City Gas-work with
D


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 39.
lege.—The Synagogue is a fine specimen of the Egyptian style of
architecture. It is substantially built, and the interior is very hand-
somely finished off. Mrs. Frances Michaels contributed £575 to-
wards the defrayment of the expenses. It is the only Synagogue in
British North America.-Amongst the Public Institutions we notice
the University of M*Gill College, the High School, and the Baptist
College. The first was endowed from funds arising from a valuable
estate at the base of the Mountain (on part of which the buildings are
erected) and the sum of £10,000, bequeathed in 1814 in trust to The
Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning in Lower Canada
by the Hon. James M'Gill, an opulent merchant in this city. For
several years the will was contested, so that the Governors, who
were incorporated in 1821, did not obtain full possession of the prop-
erty until 1828. No religious test is imposed upon professors or
students. There are three terms, the ſee for each of which is
£3 6s 8d. At present the Medical Staff comprises one Professor,
eight Lecturers, and a Demonstrator of Anatomy. The number of
students in this department has been on the increase for some years
past; and betwixt a dozen and a score graduate yearly. Besides a
Professor of Classics there are Lecturers in Botany, Law, French,
History and Logic, and Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. The
attendance at present holds out better prospects. The Vice-Princi-
pal, the Registrar, &c., and the French Lecturer are resident within
the College. It is to be hoped that this institution may ere long be
rendered really beneficial to the youth of the Lower Province espe-
cially. The College occupies a delightful site, and, when completed
according to the plans, will form an architectural ornament to the
city.—The High School occupies an airy and commanding situation,
a little to the south of New St. Andrew’s Church. It was erected
in 1845 through the laudable exertions of a number of citizens desir-
ous of securing a liberal education for the youth of the middle and
upper classes. It is to be hoped that an institution calculated to
confer lasting benefits upon the community, and quite unsectarian
in its Directory, internal management, and system of instruc-
tion, may receive due countenance and support. The atten-
dance has averaged upwards of two hundred ; but there is accom-


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 41
Shakspeare Club) Reading-rooms well supplied with Provincial and
British Newspapers and Periodicals. Some of them possess Mu-
seums. The Montreal Library, which was founded in 1796, and
contained upwards of six thousand English Works and about two
thousand French, was recently gifted to the Mercantile Library
Association by the few remanent subscribers.--The Societies for
benevolent and religious purposes are too numerous for notice here.
—lt has been elsewhere noticed that the Original Burying-ground
occupied the present site of the Cathedral and other parts of the
French Square. A large extent of ground has been appropriated as
a Cemetery for Roman Catholics in the St. Antoine Suburbs. The
Cemetery for the Protestant inhabitants was purchased in 1799, and
is now in the centre of the city; such has been the increase of popu-
lation within half a century. Efforts have been made for some
years, but hitherto ineffectually, for appropriating suitable grounds
for an extensive cemetery in the vicinity. -
No traveller, we hope, will think of leaving Montreal without
gratifying himself with a drive round the Mountain, returning by the
road between its two ridges. In the course of the drive from the
N.W. to the village of Cote des Neiges, he will have a very extensive
prospect of the Island of Montreal, that of Isle Jesus, and of the
country lying beyond, as well as of the expanse of the Ottawa. As
he emerges from the hollow, he has a beautiful panorama of the city
with its suburbs, covering an area of above one thousand acres. For
many miles above and below, his eyes view the wide St. Lawrence
flowing majestically along, and range over a wide intervening land-
scape, terminating in the Mountains of Beloeil and Rouville, Mount
Johnson, the Green Mountains of Vermont, and those of New York
. State. As he descends, he will descry immediately below on the
right a conspicuous mansion, surrounded by extensive gardens and
orchards, which was formerly known as the Chateau des Seigneurs
de Montreal from its belonging to the gentlemen of the Seminary. It
is now generally called the Priests' Farm, as several acres of the
adjoining land are cultivated as a farm for their benefit. In sum-
mer the Seminarists and the professors and pupils of the College re-
sort hither weekly for recreation and refreshment. Till of late years
D 2


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 45
consequence of some companies of troops being usually stationed
here from its important position in commanding the communication •
between Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence. The Commander
of the Forces occupies the Government-cottage, as it is called. The
population amounts to about two thousand five hundred. The
houses, though generally constructed of wood, are substantial.
The Protestant and Catholic churches are of stone. On the opposite
shore of the Richelieu are excellent accommodations for ship-build-
ing, in which vessels of large tonnage used to be constructed. This
branch of trade, however, has not been pursued to the extent that
might have been expected. Here most of the Montreal steam-
ers are laid up for the winter.—A few miles below William Henry
the St. Lawrence widens into its last expansion, called Lake
St. Peter. It is about twenty-five miles long, and from five to ten
in width. Its upper extremity for about mine miles is studded with
numerous islands, some affording excellent pasturage, and others
still covered with tall primeval trees. Some of the group belong to
Government. On approaching the Lake the stranger can descry,
overtopping the islands, the church-spire of Berthier, a village
pleasantly situated on the North Channel of the River. From being ,
midway between Montreal and Three Rivers in the direct route of
the stages established on the plan of those in the Mother Country
between the Capital and Quebec, and from having well furnished
stores for the supply of the neighbouring populous seigniories, it
has become a place of considerable resort and traffic. Hence large
quantities of grain are annually exported. From its flat situation
much damage has been sometimes caused to the basements of the
houses and goods in the stores by the melting of the snow and ice in
spring. So great has the rise been that it has been necessary to
remove large quantities of grain to the upper stories of granaries in
order to preserve it from injury. A similar inconvenience happens
at Wercheres on the south side. The banks on either side of the Lake
are very low,and shoals stretch from them to a considerable distance,
so that there is but a narrow passage for shipping from two to three
fathoms in depth. This intricate channel is marked off by poles
and other beacons. Large sums of money have been expended by


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 47
tributed somewhat to its improvement. At the conquest of the Prov-
ince the right of the French king devolved on His Britannic Majesty,
and the Forges were leased to private persons who worked them
with success. More recently they have passed into the hands of
the Honble. James Ferrier, lately Mayor of Montreal, an enterpris–
ing citizen. The Foundry, by means of furnaces, forges, smelting-
houses, and workshops, manufactures stoves of every description,
large caldrons or kettles for pot-ashes, machinery for mills, wheels
for rail road-cars, lamp-posts, &c., &c. Large quantities of pig
and bar iron are exported. Upwards of three hundred men are em-
ployed, and their dwellings present the appearance of a small village.
The manager is a Scotchman: the pattern-makers, moulders, and
other workmen are Canadians. The ore which is abundant, is equal
to the best Swedish. It is singular that hitherto there has not been.
found in either province sand suitable for the purpose of casting iron.
For this reason the proprietors import from Britain what they use in
this operation. The stoves manufactured here are preferred by the
habitans to those of any other manufacture. Peltry in small quanti-
ties is still brought by the Indians, and received by the Agents of the
Hudson's Bay Company. The site of the town and vicinity is flat
and sandy. The wharfage is good, admitting ships of large tonnage
close to it. The streets are narrow, of which the principal one,
Notre Dame, runs the whole length of the town, nearly parallel with
the River. The Ursuline Convent was founded in 1677 by the then
Bishop of Quebec. It has a Superior and twenty-four nuns. The
original building was destroyed by fire in 1806, but, from the high
estimation in which the Ursulines were held, it was rebuilt and re-oc-
cupied in 1808. A decided improvement in the construction of pri-
vate residences has taken place. The court-house,gaol, barracks, and
churches are substantial buildings of stone. In this town there are
about one hundred of the Algonquin tribe of Indians in a state of
great poverty. On the St. Maurice there are nearly as many of the
Tête de Boule tribe in a similar condition. Three Rivers has a popu-
lation of upwards offive thousand, and sends a member to the Legis-
lative Assembly. We beg to refer the tourist to the Appendix for an
account of the scenery of the St. Maurice and in particular of that of


48 CANADIAN GUIDE Book.
*
the Falls of the Shewinagam and Grande Mère.—Nearly opposite to
Three Rivers, the Becancour, after a course of about seventy miles,
joins the St. Lawrence. A little above the village of Becancour,
which lies to the east, is a settlement of Abenaquais Indians, occu-
pying a few acres of land and three islands. They only amount to
about one hundred, and in their customs and occupations are quite
similar to those at St. Francis—A few miles below on the left bank
is Batiscan, at the mouth of the river of that name. Six miles up on
its east side is a foundry of the same description with that on the St.
Maurice, but on a much smaller scale. It is the property of several
individuals. It is proper to remark that, without almost a single ex-
ception, the numerous tributaries of the St. Lawrence from the top of
Lake St. Peter to Quebec are rendered unnavigable on account of
falls and rapids. These tributaries used to be crossed by means of
canoes and scows kept by ferry-men at a somewhat high charge for
the transport of passengers, carriages, &c. Of late years, how-
ever, a great improvement has taken place in this respect, as the
post-road is now generally continued across these ancient ferries by
means of the substantial wooden bridges that have been construct-
ed.—The village of Ste. Anne next appears on the same side, to the
east of the river of that name. Here the large District of Quebec
commences on both sides of the St. Lawrence.—The steamer is
now approaching the Richelieu Rapids, which extend for upwards of
eight miles. These are about equally distant between Three Rivers
and Quebec. Here the channel is so contracted that the navigation
is rendered very hazardous except at particular periods of the tide.
During this passage may frequently be seen a considerable fleet of
vessels of various classes lying at the mouth of the Portneuf, for the
purpose of receiving freights of flour and timber from the extensive
grist and saw-mills beautifully situated in a hollow near the main
road. During low water, vessels, in passing up and down, usually
anchor here. In this way Portneuf presents a bustling appearanee.
—Eastwards the banks gradually increase in elevation until at Cap
Santé they are one hundred and fifty feet above the River. The
Church, standing on the point of the Cape, cannot fail to attract
the stranger's notice. This Church, with its three spires, is distin-


52 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
ble for vessels of a large size in the world. From its mouth in the
Gulf to Quebec is three hundred and sixty miles, and European
vessels ascend to Montreal, which is one hundred and eighty miles
higher up. The river is about a mile in breadth in front of the city,
and about thirty fathoms (one hundred and eighty ſeet) in depth.
Good anchorage is everywhere found.—We would recommend the
stranger, as soon as he finds himself in readiness to proceed from his
lodgings for the purpose of enjoying the scenery of Quebec and its
environs, to visit in the first place the Citadel, and place himself
near to the flag staff. His interest will be more correctly gratified,
if he be accompanied by an individual conversant with the surrounding
localities and their associations. The Citadel, which surmounts the
summit of Cape Diamond, is three hundred and fifty feet above the
River, and includes about forty acres. This fortress, admitted as un-
equalled by any military work on this Continent, and as second to few
of the most celebrated fortresses in the Old World, has been frequent-
ly and appropriately called the “Gibraltar of America.” Hence is
commanded a coup d'acil, which American and European travellers
have pronounced unsurpassed in the New and Old Worlds. The
view embraces the opposite banks of the majestic river for forty
miles up and down, backed by extensive plains receding to lofty moun-
tains in the distance, the Island of Orleans between its shores, and on
either hand the lively village of Pointe Levy and that of Beau-
port, whilst the Great River and the St. Charles unite in form-
ing the magnificent basin, on whose bosom vessels of every size
are continually floating. Here the position of the City, on the tongue
of land formed by these two rivers, is well seen. The Cape is com-
posed of dark-coloured slate, in which are found in veins quartz
crystals, sparkling like diamonds, and hence arose the name of
Cape Diamond. A walk along the ramparts above the Esplanade
is a delightful promenade. Hence the eyes rest on the small group
of hills,forming the portal to the wilds which are trodden only by the
feet of the Indian hunters as far as Hudson’s Bay. It is worthy of
remark here, that the lower range of mountains seen from Quebec is
the boundary to civilization in this direction. The St. Charles is
seen to most advantage at sun set, when its shores, studded with
- - - - --- ---


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 55
for holding the Quarter-Sessions and other inferior Courts, offices of
Clerks of the different Courts, &c. &c. Above there is a spacious
chamber, in which are held the Courts of Queen’s Bench and Com-
mon Pleas, the Court of Appeals, and the Admiralty Court. There
are also offices for the High Sheriff and other magistrates, and a room
for occasional Militia Courts-martial. It occupies, like the En-
glish Church, part of the site on which stood a monastery and church
of the Recollets, which were destroyed by fire in 1796,-We shall
now briefly allude to such public edifices as seem worthy of notice
from their antiquity or interesting associations.—The Castle of St.
Louis was built shortly after the city was fortified with solid works,
and comprised four acres, once fortified; but the great extension of
the works rendered the walls superfluous, and they were allowed to
go to decay. Here was the residence of the Representative of the
Crown, while Quebec continued the Seat of Government. The
Castle was entirely consumed by fire in 1834.—The chief religious
edifice is the Roman Catholic Cathedral. It was built under the
auspices of the first Bishop of Quebec, and was consecrated in
1666 under the title of the Immaculate Conception. It is two hun-
dred and sixteen feet long by one hundred and eighty in breadth, and
stands on ground belonging to the Fabrique, or Church land. It is
divided into a nave and two aisles. At the upper end of the former
is the grand altar; and in the side aisles are four chapels, dedicated
to different saints. It is dedicated to Notre Dame de Victoire, and
can accommodate about four thousand persons.—Adjoining stands
the Seminary, forming three sides of a square, and occupying with
its attached buildings a large space of ground. It was founded
and endowed in 1663 by Monseigneur de Laval de Montmo-
rency, first Bishop of Canada. During his life-time the buildings
were twice burnt to the ground. Having resigned his Bishopric, he
passed the last twenty years of his life within the Seminary. This in-
stitution was originally intended for the instruction of the Catholic
Clergy exclusively. The early regulations have long ago been set aside;
and students of the Catholic persuasion, intended for any profession,
are instructed in the different branches of literary and scientific
knowledge, on paying the trifling sum of 5s, annually for defraying


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 57
outcasts, to the number of fourteen and twenty-five respectively,
were most hospitably sheltered for the space of three weeks under
the roof of the Hospitalières, or Nuns of the Hotel Dieu. Within
the precincts of the Convent are interred the remains of the gallant
Marquis de Montcalm, who was mortally wounded in the eventful
battle on the Plains of Abraham in 1759. Lord Aylmer, Governor-
in-Chief, caused a marble slab with an appropriate inscription to be
erected to his memory in the Chapel. The Chapel contains
about a dozen paintings which may be examined on application to
the Chaplain. Those within the Convent are not open to the public.
This establishment is usually visited by strangers, who, on making
application to the Roman Catholic Bishop, will receive the necessary
introduction or permission.—On the arrival of some of the Jesuits
in Canada in 1635, they erected a suitable habitation, the de-
struction of which a few years afterwards made way for their
spacious Monastery. It was forfeited on the suppression of that
order, and at the conquest was regarded as Crown property.
ſt was formerly surrounded by extensive gardens, which were
then destroyed and converted into a place of exercise for the
troops. The citizens with much regret saw felled to the ground the
stately trees, yet untouched by decay, that had been the primeval
tenants of the site at the foundation of the city.—The elegant build-
ing denominated the Bishop’s Palace, standing on an elevated
spot, is very conspicuous, and originally had a chapel connected
therewith. The Bishop having accepted an annuity in lieu of it, the
Government fitted it up for the accommodation of the two branches
of the Legislature, by whom it continued to be used until the re-
moval of the Seat of Government.--The Quebec Library, a valuable
collection of books numbering upwards of six thousand volumes, is
also in this building. It was founded in 1779 during the administra-
tion of General Haldimand, who liberally contributed one hundred
volumes of valuable works towards its formation. This building
contains the Museum of the Literary and Historical Society, which
was founded in 1824, and united in 1829 to that for the Promotion
of Arts and Sciences. The Mineralogical and Botanical collections
are said to be valuable. The apartments are open to the public


60 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
Dr. Spark, who died in 1819. In 1821 it was found inadequate for
the accommodation of the members, when the Earl of Dalhousie
was pleased to grant an additional space of ground, on which the
presently enlarged church, which was completed in 1824, and .
a comfortable manse for the Minister, now stand. The Church
accommodates thirteen hundred sitters.—In St. Francis Street
stands St. John’s Church, previously a Congregational Chapel.
It was erected in 1816. In 1830 the Congregation, having con-
formed to the doctrine, discipline, and laws of the Church of
Scotland, received the ministrations of a regularly ordained clergy-
man of that church. At the disruption of the Scottish Establish-
ment, a majority of the Congregation connected themselves with the
Free Church of Scotland.—The Wesleyan Methodists have two
Chapels, one in St. Anne Street, and the other in St. Louis Suburb,
called the “Centenary Chapel”.
The Lower Town extends along the base of the precipice on
the summit of which the Upper Town is built. The site is almost
entirely the creation of human industry, having been gained by ex-
cavation from the base of the precipice, or redeemed from the River
by building out into its waters. The towns are connected by
Mountain Street, which was formerly almost impassable for carri-
ages. Foot passengers avail themselves of the shorter passage, po-
pularly known as the Break-neck Stairs. The wharves are very
extensive, and are generally carried out upwards of two hundred
yards into the River. The Chapel (Secoursale, i. e. in aid of the
Parish Church,) standing in the Square, is of great antiquity, as it
was built and used as a church before 1690. In that year Sir Wm.
Phipps in attempting to capture Quebec was defeated; and the
Féte of Notre Dame de Victoire was instituted for annual celebra-
tion in this church on the 7th of October. After the shipwreck of
the English fleet in 1711, which was regarded by the inhabitants not
only as a second victory but as a miraculous interposition in their
favour, the church received its present name of Notre Dame des
Victoires, that both events might be commemorated at once.—We
may here notice the other Roman Catholic Churches, viz. that of
the Congregation, on the hill leading from the Esplanade and St.


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 6i
John's Gate, and that in the populous suburb of St. Roch. The
former is perfectly plain in the interior, while the latter is well finish-
ed and has several paintings. Among them is one of Bishop Plessis,
a great benefactor to this Church.--Another is also in course of
erection in St. John’s Suburbs, equal in size to the Cathedral.—St.
Patrick’s occupies an area of one hundred and thirty-six by fifty-
two feet. Its corner-stone was laid in the fall of 1831, and was
opened for religious service on the first Sabbath of July, 1833.
The steeple is well proportioned, and stands one hundred and twenty
feet from the ground to the ball supporting the cross. The interior
is calculated to strike the beholder with religious awe and admir-
ation.—The Quebec Exchange dates its first institution in 1817.
In 1822 it was removed from the house in St. Peter Street, in which
it was established, to a handsome room in the new building erected
by the Fire Assurance Company. The present commodious edifice
of cut stone was erected in 1828-9, and has answered the sanguine
expectations of the Proprietors. The second-floor is “where the
merchants most do congregate”, and is devoted to the Reading-
room, which is admirably conducted ; the upper part contains
the rooms of the Board of Trade, and the Telegraph Office. The
Quebec Bank, which was established in 1818 and incorporated in
1822, occupies the lower story of the handsome edifice built by the
Quebec Fire Assurance Company, whose office is on the second story.
—In this part of the Lower Town are the Branch Agencies of the
Bank of Montreal, Bank of British North America, and Montreal
City Bank.--The King’s Wharf,which is appropriated to the purposes
of Government, has on it extensive stores belonging to the Com-
missariat Department, which were erected in 1821. Here land
and embark the officers of the Army and Navy, the troops, &c.
—The building formerly used as a Custom House adjoins on
the west. Nearly opposite to this there anciently stood a barrier,
where the two ways diverge, one to the steps leading to the
Upper Town, and the other to the Harbour. Near this spot
the American General, Montgomery, and other officers, were killed
during a daring attack upon the Lower Town by the discharge of a
F *


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 63
*
through the noble exertions of the 43rd and 89th Regiments, then
composing the Garrison, and of part of the Royal Artillery. The
appeals of the Committee of the Quebec Relief Fund were nobly
responded to, not only by the Mother Country and the Sister Pro-
vinces, but by the Colonies generally and by the United States. A
sum, amounting, we believe, to nearly £100,000, was thus raised,
and the sufferers were enabled to rebuild their houses in many in-
stances in a more substantial manner than before. The Corporation
enjoined the use of bricks and stone instead of wood for the walls,
and of tin instead of shingles for the roofs.--We may notice
here a few things that could not be properly introduced elsewhere,
The city was incorporated in 1832, and for municipal purposes is
divided into six wards. Each ward is represented by two members
of the Council, from whom the Mayor is annually chosen. There
are six Aldermen, and the following standing Committees, for By-
laws, Elections, Finance, Fire, Markets, Police (including Lighting
and Watching), Public Health, and Roads. The Court of King's
Bench for the Quebec District comprises one Chief Justice and three
Puisné Judges. The Criminal Court sits for ten days in March and
September. The Superior Court sits four times a year for twenty
days each time. The District Court has jurisdiction in cases over
C6 5s to £20 sterling. The Division Court has jurisdiction in cases
o the amount of £6 5s sterling. Each of the Districts of Gaspé
and St. Francis has a Provincial Judge, and that of Three Rivers a
Resident Judge, aided by a Sheriff, Prothonotary, Coroner, and
High Constable. Steam communication between Quebec and
Montreal commenced in November, 1812. The Swiſtsure was the
first Steamboat between the two cities. In 1816 the Malsham was
added, and in 1819 the Telegraph. The communication by steam,
after the breaking-up of the ice each season, generally takes place in
..he latter half of April; and the first arrivals of Ships from Sea
ºn the Port of Quebec generally take place in the last week of April
ºr in the first week of May.
It seems proper to give an abstract of the relative population,
&c., of the County of Quebec, according to the census of May 1st,
1844. At that date the entire population amounted to 45,676. Of
hese there were


64 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
º
Canadians of French origin . - - . 27,698
Do. Of British do. - - - - . 7,734
Natives of Ireland . . . . . 7,267
Do. of England . - - • * . 1,598
Do. of Scotland . - - - - . 981 -
Continent of Europe or otherwise . - - 276
United States - . • - - - e . 122
45,676
Belonging to Church of Rome . - - 36,371
Do. do. England . . . 5,494
Do. do. Scotland . - - 2,569
Wesleyan Methodists - - - - - 877
Congregationalists e • - - - i80
Presbyterians not in connection with ; 123
the Church of Scotland - -
Baptists and Anabaptists - - - - 29
Jews - - - - - - - - 13
Quakers . • • - - - - 8
Lutherans e • - • • - - 3
45,676
The population of the city and suburbs amounts to 42,860;
banlieu, 2797.
Having brought under the Tourist's notice the principal features
within the city of Quebec that seem worthy of his attention, we propose
now to accompany him in a few excursions to the surrounding
country. A morning’s ramble to the Plains of Abraham would not
fail to recal historical recollections and to gratify a taste for beautiful
scenery. On leaving the St. Louis Gate, let him ascend the coun-
terscarp on the left, that leads to the Glacis of the Citadel ; and
hence pursuing a direction to the right, let him approach one of the
Martello Towers, whence he may enjoy a beautiful view of the St.
Lawrence. A little beyond let him ascend the right bank, and he
reaches the celebrated Plains of Abraham near the spot where
General Wolfe ſell. On the highest ground, surrounded by wooden
fences, can be clearly traced out the redoubt where he received the
- - - -- - - - - -


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 69
Christianity, on which the world has not yet created that contagious
air which corrupts it, and which is frequently attended with acts of
the most heroic virtue. Nothing can be more affecting than to hear
them sing in two choirs, the men on one side, and the women on the
other, the prayers and hymns of the church in their own ianguage,
* * * * This village has been formerly much better peopled, but
distempers, and I know not what causes, which insensibly reduce to
nothing all the nations of this continent, have greatly diminished the
number of its inhabitants. Intoxicating liquors, the most common,
and almost the sole, stumbling-block which is able to cause the
savages to fall off, are prohibited by a solemn vow, the breach of
which is subjected to a public penance, as well as every other fault
which occasions scandal: and a relapse is generally sufficient to
banish the criminal, without any hopes of return, from a place which
ought to be the impregnable fortress and sacred asylum of piety and
innocence. * * * * We are here surrounded by the vastest woods
in the world; in all appearance they are as ancient as the world
itself, and were never planted by the hands of man. Nothing can
present a nobler or more magnificent prospect to the eyes; the trees
hide their tops in the clouds; and the variety of the different species
of them is so prodigious that, even amongst all those who have most
applied themselves to the knowledge of them, there is not perhaps
one who is not ignorant of at least one half of them.”—On arriving
at Lake St. Charles, by embarking in a double canoe, the tourist will
have his taste for picturesque mountain scenery gratified in a high
degree. The lake is four miles long and one broad, and is divided
into two parts by projecting ledges. The lake abounds in trout, so
that the angling tourist may find this spot doubly inviting. On the
route back to the city the village of Charlesbourg is passed. It is
one of the oldest and most interesting settlements in Canada. It
has two churches, one of which is the centre of the surrounding
farms, whence they all radiate. The reason for this singular dis-
posal of the allotments arose from the absolute necessity of creating
a neighbourhood. For this purpose each farm was permitted to
occupy only a space of three acres in front by thirty in depth. Pop-
ulation was in these days scanty, and labourers were difficult to be
-


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 71
against fire and missiles of every descriptton. On the top of Dal-
housie Bastion is an extensive covered way, or broad gravel walk,
with embrasures for mounting cannon, commanding every part of the
Ditch and Glacis, and every avenue of approach to the Citadel.
From this elevated spot is obtained an extensive and delightful view
of the surrounding scenery, forming a panorama that competent-
judges have pronounced not inferior to the celebrated Bay of Naples,
An equally magnificent view is obtained from the summit of the
Cavalier, on which stands the Telegraph, at the eastern extremity of
the Citadel, and also from the Observatory on its western point
towards the Plains of Abraham. Within the Citadel are the various
magazines, storehouses, and other buildings required for the accom-
modation of a numerous Garrison ; and, immediately overhanging
, the precipice to the south, in a most picturesque situation looking
perpendicularly downwards on the River, stands a beautiful row of
buildings, containing the mess rooms and barracks for the officers,
their stables and spacious kitchens. The fortifications, which are
continued round the whole of the Upper Town, consist of bastions
connected by lofty curtains of solid masonry, and ramparts from
twenty-five to thirty-five feet in height and about the same in thick-
ness, bristling with heavy cannon, round towers, loopholed walls,
and massive gates recurring at certain distances. On the summit of
the Ramparts from Cape Diamond to the Artillery Barracks is a
broad covered-way or walk, used as a place of recreation by the in-
habitants, and commanding a most agreeable view of the country
towards the west. This passes over the top of St. John’s and St.
Louis Gate, where there is stationed a sergeant's guard. Above
St. John’s Gate there is at sunset one of the most beautiful views
imaginable. The St. Charles gamboling, as it were, in the rays
of the departing luminary, the light still lingering on the spires of
Lorette and Charlesbourg until it fades away beyond the lofty moun-
tains of Bonhomme and Tsounonlhuan, present an evening scene
of gorgeous and surpassing splendour.—The city, being defended on
the land side by its ramparts, is protected on the other sides by
a lofty wall and parapet, based on the cliff and commencing near the
St. Charles at the Artillery Barracks. These form a very entensive


72 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
range of buildings, the part within the Artillery-Gate being occupied
as barracks by the officers and men of that distinguished corps,
with a guard and mess room. The part without the Gate is used
as magazines, storehouses, and offices for the Ordnance Department.
These buildings were erected by the French before 1750 on the site
of others which had formerly stood there. They are well secured
against fire, and are nearly six hundred feet in length by about forty
in depth.-Immediately adjoining the Artillery Barracks, and con-
necting the works on the left with their continuation along the St
Charles, stands Palace-Gate, having a guard-house attached on the
right. This has lately been rebuilt, and is the most classical and
beautiful of the five Gates. Though perfectly strong for all purposes
of defence, it has an airy and light appearance, not unlike in design
the gates of Pompeii. It stands at the northern extremity of Palace
Street, which was so called from its leading to the Intendant’s House
or Palace, which formerly stood on the beach of the St. Charles out-
side of the Gate, on the site of the present Queen's Woodyard. This
building was destroyed during the siege by the American troops un-
der General Arnold in 1775. From Palace-Gate the fortifications are
continued along the brow of the cliff overlooking the mouth of the St.
Charles until they reach Hope-Gate, a distance of three hundred yards.
A broad and level walk divides the outward wall from the possessions
of the Community of the Hotel-Dieu. The wall near Hope-Gate
and Guard-house is loopholed for musquetry. At Hope-Gate com-
mences the gradual elevation of the ground which terminates at the
eastern point of Cape Diamond. Beyond the Gate the wall is con-
tinued until it reaches a point opposite St. George Street and the
store house at the angle of the Seminary Garden. Here it reaches
the perpendicular cliff Sault au Matelot, or Matelot’s (Sailor’s) Leap,
so called from a favourite dog of that name that there fell over the
cliff, on part of which Champlain commenced his first settlement in
1608. From this eminence the Grand Battery, mounting a range
of heavy guns carrying balls of thirty-two pounds, commands the
Basin and Harbour below. In front of the Grand Battery, which
extends to the Bishop's Palace, and where the escarpment of the
cliff is nearly three hundred feet above the water, the stone parapet
w


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 73
is but a few feet high. The black artillery, as Professor Silliman
observes, “ look like beasts of prey crouching and ready to leap
upon their victims.”—Close to the Bishop’s Palace, long used as
the place where the Provincial Legislature met previously to the re-
union of the Canadas, is Prescott-Gate with its Guard-house. Under
its arch is the principal avenue to the Lower Town by Mountain
Street. It is protected by powerful defences, and by works which
connect it on the right with the former Castle of St. Louis. Here
the stone-rampart forms part of that ruin, and is supported by but-
tresses built upon the solid rock, and immediately overlooking the
Lower Town, at an elevation of more than two hundred feet. To
the south-west side of the Castle is the Government Garden, one hun-
dred and eighty yards long by seventy broad, within which a small bat-
tery commands part of the harbour. In front the fortifications are
continued three hundred yards, until they reach the foot of the Glacis
or acclivity towards Cape Diamond, crowned at that point by the
Round Tower and Flagstaff—The extent of the Ramparts towards
the land-side, from the south-west angle of the citadel to the cliff above
the St. Charles, is stated to be eighteen hundred and thirty-seven
yards. Within this rampart is the Esplanade, a level space covered
with grass, between St. Louis and St. John Gates. Here are mount-
ed the several guards on duty at the Citadel and other public build-
ings each forenoon, except Sabbath, at eleven o’clock; and here
occasional parades of the Garrison take place, particularly on the
Queen’s birth-day. The circuit of the Fortifications enclosing the
Upper Town is two miles and three quarters; the total circumfer-
ence outside the Ditches and space reserved by Government, on
which no house can be built on the west side, is about three miles.
—Generally speaking, the City may be said to be entirely surround-
ed by a lofty and strong wall of hewn stone, constructed with
elegance as well as with regard to durability. The castellated ap-
pearance produced by the battlements, ditches, embrasures, round
towers and gates, adds much to its grand and imposing effect from
without. There are five Gates, opening in different directions to
the country, the suburbs, and the Lower Town. Towards the
south-west are St. John’s and St. Louis’ Gates, protected by out-
- G


78 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
visitors to the shrine. The walls display crutches and other helps to
suffering humanity, with which the halt and the lame were enabled
to dispense, and which they left as memorials of the efficacy of their
faith in the power of the Saint . In connection with St. Anne it
may be stated, that pigeons in vast numbers yearly visit Canada,
when the inhabitants not only get an ample supply for their own
subsistence, but send such numbers to market that in Quebec they
are sold at as low a price as a shilling per dozen, and sometimes
even at a less rate. The parishioners of St. Anne are much spoken
of for the successful means which they have adopted for killing and
taking alive thousands of these birds; and the stranger on enquiry
can learn the method by which the sportsman seldom fails to bring
down all the pigeons as they settle on the loftiest trees, and how, by
means of perpendicular nets and poles managed by pulleys, whole
flocks are entrapped. Two miles beyond the village of St. Anne, at
the Toll-bridge on the river of this name, the Tourist may be com-
fortably accommodated, and will meet with civility and kindness.
Hence he can procure a guide to the Falls, which are situated about
three miles farther on. The ascent commands extensive views of
Quebec and the surrounding country. After continuing his journey
for a mile and a half on a level but rather rough and wearisome path
through a forest, the Tourist suddenly descends and finds himself
enclosed in a rocky and wooded valley, through the centre of which
rushes the St. Anne, and, forcing itself through a narrow chasm of
the rocks at an angle of forty-five degrees, continues to roar and
tumble to the River below. We cannot afford space here for a
description of the variety of awfully grand and imposing scenes,
which a visit to these magnificent Falls will present to the Tourist’s
view. Suffice it to say, that the time slips unconsciously away, and,
surprised by the information that he has been on the spot for hours,
he at length reluctantly turns away, consoling himself with the re-
flection that he can never efface the sublime picture from his mind.
The Tourist should now cross from Quebec to Pointe Levi,
with which a steam-ferry-boat keeps up a half-hourly commu-
nication, with the view of visiting the Falls of the Chaudiere, distant
about eight miles. On ascending the bank, and from different


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 81.
war, played by the most skilful hands, and for the noblest stake :
The scene of this heroic drama, the actors, and the event will be
for ever memorable. The tale has been handed down by various
writers; but to do justice to the narration it requires the pen of
Wolfe himself.
Wolfe, having safely landed his army on the 27th June near the
Church of St. Laurent on the Isle of Orleans, where they encamped in
one line about a mile from the shore, proceeded to the west end of the
Island to reconnoitre the position of the enemy. The view he then
beheld was most magnificent and imposing. The French army ex-
tended along the sloping ground upon the north shore, and occupied
the heights of Beauport from Quebec on the right to the Cascades
of Montmorenci on the left. The village of Beauport rose in the
centre among the battalions of old France; the right rested upon
the St. Charles with the beautiful village of Charlesbourg in its
rear; the left extended to the chasm at the Falls. The whole front
was entrenched, and protected from the English cannon, while all
accessible points along the shore were occupied and defended by
batteries and by every means which the science of war provides.
Beyond the right a bridge had been thrown over the St. Charles in
order to communicate with the town and garrison. This was protect-
ed by tetes du poni and strong works at each end, as well as by two
batteries, of eight guns each, mounted upon hulks sunk in the chans
nel.
The French army was composed of about thirteen thousand
men, six battalions of which were regulars, and the remainder well
disciplined Canadian militia with some cavalry and Indians. The
right was under the command of Brigadier General the Baron de St.
Ours, the centre, of Brigadier General De Senezergues, and the left
of M. Herbin. The garrison was commanded by M. De Ramezay.
Although the Fleet had safely arrived at the place of disem-
barkation, no sooner were the troops on shore than it met with one
of those storms of wind and rain which are frequent in the St.
Lawrence. The hurricane was of such violence as to do great,
damage to the transports and boats of the fleet by their driving on
board each other.


82 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
It being absolutely necessary for the combined operations of the
two services that the English should possess the command of the
basin, General Monckton, second in command, was detached on
the º the 29th with four battalions, with orders to land at
Beaumont, and to clear the south shore from that village to Pointe-
Lévi, which post he was to occupy and fortify, a duty which he
accomplished with little opposition. Here he erected batteries and
works, the remains of which may be traced at the present day. In
the meantime Colonel Guy Carleton, afterwards Lord Dorchester,
established himself at the western point of the Isle of Orleans, where
he erected works for the defence of the magazines, stores, and
hospitals.
Montcalm, who too late perceived the importance of the works
at Pointe Levi, sent a corps of sixteen hundred men against them;
but these troops, unluckily for themselves and for the English Gen-
eral, who was anxious to defeat so large a detachment, fell into
confusion, and, having fired upon each other instead of upon the
enemy, returned in utter discomfiture.
General Wolfe, perceiving that the ground to the eastward of
the Fall of Montmorenci, on which rested the left flank of the
French army, was higher than that on the enemy’s side, determined
to take possession of it; and, having passed the North Channel, he
encamped there on the 9th July, not without severe skirmishing and
considerable loss. Here he erected batteries which greatly galled
the left of the entrenchments, and conceived the design of attacking
the French in their entrenchments. This attack, which, looking at
the difficulties of the ground, appears to have been carefully con-
sidered and planned with judgment, took place on the 31st July. It
failed through want of caution and excess of courage on the part of
the grenadiers, although the grounding of the boats upon the ledge,
some distance from the shore, was doubtless the primary cause of
the disaster. The return of our loss at the battle of Montmorenci
is stated to have been one hundred and eighty-two killed and six
hundred and fifty wounded.
The failure at Montmorenci had made a deep impression upon
the mind of Wolfe. He had a spirit impatient of anticipated cen-


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 83
sure, unable to bear disappointment where he was conscious of
having deserved success, and he cherished an eager desire to retrieve
the laurels which he feared some might think had fallen from his
brow. His situation, however, was such that he despaired of find-
ing an opportunity; he was often heard to sigh, and observed to
betray great inward agitation. His constitution, naturally delicate,
gave way under his excitement: which, added to the great fatigues
he had undergone, brought on a fever and dysentery, and, for some
time totally disabled him. Such was the affection of the whole
army for "Wolfe that his sickness made a general impression upon
them; and, when his health, after ten day’s severe illness, permitted
him to return to the camp, and once more to visit the guards and
posts as usual, they gave the strongest proofs of the most heartfelt
joy ; and his presence infused fresh spirits into the troops.
Every preparation having been made, and Admiral Saunders
having engaged to co-operate by a feigned attack upon the intrench-
ments at Beauport, the eventful day approached when the blow was
to be struck. Rear Admiral Holmes had the command of the naval
force employed in covering the disembarkation, the immediate man-
agement of which was entrusted to Captain Chads, a name to this
day distinguished in the Royal Navy. On the 12th September Gen.
Wolfe issued the following order:
“On board His Majesty's ship Sutherland.
“The enemy’s force is now divided : great scarcity of provi-
sions is in their camp, and universal discontent among the Canadians.
The second officer in command is gone to Montreal, or St. John’s ;
which gives reason to think that General Amherst is advancing into
the colony. A vigorous blow struck by the army at this juncture
may determine the fate of Canada. Our troops below are in readi-
mess to join us ; all the light artillery and tools are embarked at
Pointe Levi ; and the troops will land where the French seem least
to expect it. The first body that gets on shore is to march directly
to the enemy, and drive them from any little post they may occupy.
The officers must be careful that the succeeding bodies do not by
any mistake fire upon those who go before them. The battalions


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 85
the 13th, they arrived at a cove below Sillery, now for ever celebrat-
ed as Wolfe's Cove, which was the place chosen for the disem-
barkation. The light infantry, which had been carried a short
distance below by the rapidity of the tide, were the first that landed,
and, scrambling up the woody precipice, the ascent of which was
so difficult that the soldiers were obliged to pull themselves up by
the roots and boughs of trees, displaced a French guard at the top
under the command of Captain De Verger, which defended the
narrow path, and thereby enabled the rest of the division to reach the
summit. The boats in the meantime had returned for the second
division tinder Brigadier General Townshend, which arrived and land-
ed in like good order. General Wolfe was with the first division,
and he was one of the first on shore. On seeing the difficulty of
ascending the precipice, he observed in a familiar strain to Captain
Donald M*Donald, a very gallant officer of Fraser’s Highlanders,
who commanded the advanced guard of the light infantry:—“I don’t
believe there is any possibility of getting up; but you must do your
endeavour.”
The exultation of Wolfe on thus finding himself, with scarcely
any loss, on the heights of Abraham, may easily be conceived. After
more than two months of solicitude the object of his long and
anxious wishes was before him ; his only remaining hope was that
Montcalm would give him battle ; of the result he entertained no
doubt. The hour of triumph so long sought for, so eagerly expected,
was at hand; he was determined that day to decide the supremacy
of England or France, in America, before the walls of her most im-
portant fortress.
the attle of the plains or ABRAHAM-DEATH
OF WOLFE AND MONTCALM.
Any one who visits the celebrated Plains of Abraham, the scene
of this glorious fight, equally rich in natural beauty and historic
recollections, will admit that no site could be found better adapted
for displaying the evolutions of military skill and discipline, or the
exertion of physical force and determined valour. The battle-ground
presents almost a level surface from the brink of the St. Lawrence
to the St. Foy road. The Grand Allee, or road to Cap Rouge,
H


88 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK,
having thrown the French into confusion, orders were given, even be.
fore the smoke cleared away, to charge with the bayonet. Wolfe, ex-
posing himself at the head of the battalions, was singled out by some
Canadian marksmen on the enemy’s left, and had already received
a slight wound in the wrist. Regardless of this, and unwilling to
dispirit his troops, he folded a handkerchief round his arm,and, putting
himself at the head of the Grenadiers, led them on to the charge,
which was completely successful. It was bought however with the
life of their heroic leader. He was struck with a second ball in the
groin, but still pressed on ; and, just as the enemy were about to give
way, he received a third ball in his breast and fell mortally wounded.
Dear, indeed, was the price of a victory purchased by the death of
Wolfe, of a hero whose uncommon merit was scarcely known and
appreciated by his country before a premature fate removed him for
ever from her service.
He met, however, a glorious death in the moment of victory, a
victory which, in deciding the fate of Canada, commanded the ap-
plause of the world, and classed Wolfe among the most celebrated
Generals of ancient and modern times. Happily, he survived his
wound long enough to learn the success of the day. When the
fatal ball took effect, his principal care was, that he should not be
seen to fall. “Support me,” said he to an officer near him,
“let not my brave soldiers see me drop. The day is ours, keep it!”
He was then carried a little way to the rear, where he requested
water to be brought from a neighbouring well to quench his thirst.
The charge still continued, when the officer, on whose shoulder
the dying hero leaned, exclaimed, “They run! they run º’ “Who
run ?” asked the gallant Wolfe with some emotion. The officer
replied, “The enemy, Sir: they give way everywhere !” “What,”
said he, “do they run already? Pray, one of you go to Colonel
Burton, and tell him to march Webb’s regiment with all speed
down to St. Charles River, to cut off the retreat of the fugitives from
the bridge. Now God be praised, I die happy l’” So saying, the
youthful hero breathed his last. He reflected that he had done his
duty, and he knew that he should live forever in the memory of a
grateful country. His expiring moments were cheered with the
British shout of victory.


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 89
Such was the death of Wolfe upon the Plains of Abraham, at
the early age of thirty-two years It has been well observed, that
“death, more glorious and attended with circumstances more pic-
turesque and interesting, is no where to be found in the annals of
history.” His extraordinary qualities, and singular fate, have af-
ſorded a fruitful theme of panegyric to the historian and the poet to
the present day. How they were appreciated by his gallant com-
panions in arms, may be learned by the subjoined extract from
a letter written after the battle by General, afterwards Marquess,
Townshend to one of his friends in England: “I am not ashamed
to own to you that my heart does not exult in the midst of this suc-
cess. I have lost but a friend in General Wolfe, our country has
lost a sure support, and a perpetual honour. If the world were sensi-
ble at how dear a price we have purchased Quebec in his death,
it would damp the public joy. Our best consolation is that Provi-
dence seemed not to promise that he should remain long among us.
He was himself sensible of the weakness of his constitution, and de-
termined to crowd into a few years actions that would have adorned
length of life.” The feeling and affecting manner in which Wolfe
is spoken of in this letter, and its elegance of expression, confer
equal honour upon the head and heart of the accomplished writer.
The spot consecrated by the fall of General Wolfe in the charge
made by the Grenadiers upon the left of the French line, will to the
latest day be visited with deep interest and emotion.
A few years ago His Excellency Lord Aylmer, then Governor-
in-Chief, caused a small pillar to be erected on the spot with the
following inscription :
HERE I) IED
W. O. L. F. E.
VICTORIOUS.
This memorial has been sadly mutilated; we trust, however, ere
long it will give place to a more enduring memento, such as an iron
pillar cast from some of the old cannon. -
Montcalm received his fatal.wound in the front rank of the
French left, and died at five o'clock on the morning of the 14th Sep-
tember. He was buried in an excavation made by the bursting of a
H 2


CANADIAN GUIDE Book. 91
The news of the failure of Wolfe at Montmorenci reached
England on the morning of the 16th October. It was made known
to the public in an extraordinary Gazette of that date, and caused a
general gloom,
The satisfaction with which they received the glorious accounts
of victory brought by Colonel Hale, on the same evening with the
publication of the Gazette, may be well imagined. A day of pub-
lic thanksgiving was set apart by authority for the signal success of
His Majesty’s arms. The House of Commons addressed His
Majesty to erect a national monument to the memory of Wolfe in
Westminster Abbey, which was carried into effect, and to this day
remains an object of patriotic interest and exultation."
We take it for granted that our Tourist has no intention of
terminating his tour with Quebec and its interesting scenery. For
our own part, speaking from experience, we can assure him that a
visit to the river Saguenay, unquestionably one of the most remark-
able in many respects on this continent, will amply repay him for
the money, time, and trouble which he may expend in it. With
the view of accomplishing this object, he will do well to ascertain on
landing at Quebec how soon the steamer may start, which makes
occasional trips to the Rivière du Loup and the Saguenay, that he
may so arrange his excursions for a few days around the city as not
to let slip this most convenient way of visiting the grand scenery of
On the Coffin to the left is the following:—
The Homble.
Lieutenant Genl.
E D WA R D W O L FE,
Died March 26th,
1759,
Aged 74 Years.
The vault was in perfect order, and no appearance of decay could be
observed on the Coffins, save the ravages of the moth. Not a word was
spoken, and all stood uncovered. Before retiring we placed a wreath of
laurel upon the Coffin, and deposited in the vault a copy of the Quebec
Mercury, of 21st November, 1839, containing a list of subscribers to our
engraving commemorating the glorious victory and death.—A. Hawkins.
* Here terminate our extracts from Hawkins’s valuable work on
Quebec, of which every traveller should possess himselſ.


92 CANADIAN GUIDE Book.
the noblest tributary of the St. Lawrence. If our Tourist should be
of an accommodating spirit, desirous of adventures by land and
flood, and of studying the characters of the Canadian people, he
will find little difficulty in striking a bargaiſ, with some skipper,
and transferring his luggage on board some one of the smacks or
schooners that trade to and from the Saguenay. In sailing down the
basin, which is between three and four miles wide, one cannot fail
to be struck with the imposing appearance of the Citadel-city with
its tin-covered cupolas, domes, and roofs. This capacious basin is
in some places twenty-eight fathoms deep; and its water has no
saline taste, although the spring-tide ordinarily rises from seventeen
to eighteen feet, and the neap-tide from thirteen to fourteen. About
five miles below the city the River is divided into the North and
South Channels by the Isle of Orleans, which is nearly twenty miles
long and about five broad. Like the island of Montreal, it forms a
county. It is next to it in size, and approaches it in fertility of
soil, furnishing Quebec with large quantities of grain and most sorts
of provisions. Its fruits, especially apples and plums, though attain-
ing to a greater degree of perfection than elsewhere in the District
of Quebec, are inferior to those of Montreal. It was originally
called the Isle of Bacchus from the number of wild vines. A good
road encompasses the whole island, and several cross it. It contains
five parishes, three of which are watered by the South Channel.
The churches and tidy villages of St. Laurent and St. Jean are
situated close upon the shore. Patrick’s Hole, a little to the west
of the former, is a well sheltered cove, where outward-bound vessels
frequently come to anchor, and wait final instructions for sailing.
The highest part of the island is just above Patrick's Hole, about
four miles from the western extremity. On the south side of this
elevation is placed the second of the chain of thirteen telegraphs that
during the last war extended from Quebec to Green Island, which
lies opposite to the mouth of the Saguenay. These had been discon-
tinued and taken down for some years, but have since been re-estab.
lished as far as Grosse Isle, for the purpose of communicating
with the Quarantine Establishment there. In sailing down the River,
the Tourist may be reminded that the trip to the head of steam-navi,


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 93
2
gation on the Saguenay is entirely in the District of Quebec, that the
counties of Montmorenci and Saguenay intervene betwixt the Fall
of Montmorenci and the mouth of the Saguenay, the latter county
occupying, however, double the frontage of the former, and that from
near Pointe Levi the four counties of Bellechasse, L'Islet, Kamour-
aska, and Rimouski extend in succession to the extreme District of
Gaspé. A level tract of land, varying in width, extends from the
River to a range of mountains, forming a continuation of the Alle-
ghanies and terminating the prospect in the direction of Maine State
and New Brunswick. The greater portion of this tract is under
cultivation, and presents a striking contrast with the dark hue of the
forests in the receding back-ground. At a short distance from the
shore passes the highway, on either side of which is a succession of
cottages and farm-houses, painted in a variety of hues, white pre-
dominating. The dwelling—houses are of wood, and the roofs are
covered with thin pieces of ash, called shingles, which are nailed on
in the same manner as slates in England. A parish-church with its
tin-roof and belfry shining to the sun, overtopping the houses of a
surrounding village, presents itself to the view at intervals of five or
six miles. The seigniories, that extend along shore, and were granted
when Canada belonged to France, are still chiefly possessed by
French Canadians. According to the French laws the property of
parents is at their death divided among their children. Large farms
have thereby been split into small ones, and the new occupants, for
the same reasons which guided their fathers, have placed their dwell-
ing-houses and their granges, or barns, on the road side, so that the
entire farming population, with the different tradespeople which such
a population require, are settled in a nearly continuous line. From
the River are seen the fences, forming the boundary of farms of great
length and of very disproportionate breadth. In some instances the
breadth is only a sixtieth part of the length. A few miles below
Patrick’s Cove are seen on the right shore the churches of St. Michel
and St. Vallier, near each of which is a telegraph station. On pass-
ing the eastern end of the Isle of Orleans the River widens to eleven
and twelve miles, and is beautifully varied by groups of islands,
particularly those lying off the west end of Crane Island. Here


94 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
w
Cape Tourment is seen rearing its summit up to the height of
eighteen hundred feet, and the lofty mountains behind bound the
distant view on the north. On the southern side of Grosse Isle (Big
Island, so called comparatively with many smaller ones around) is
the Quarantine Establishment, off which all merchant vessels are
obliged to anchor till they undergo examination by the Medical
Superintendant appointed by Government, and, if not detained are
allowed to proceed to Quebec. At the Lazaretto here five thousand
emigrants died of ship-ſever in 1847. In connection with this state-
ment it is lamentable to be recorded, that about four thousand emi-
grants perished at Montreal, and that about twenty thousand, chiefly
Irish, perished either at sea or in the Government sheds of this Pro-
vince in 1847. Several medical men and clergymen, who caught
the infection during the discharge of their perilous duty, ſell victims.
A little below are seen the church and village of St. Thomas on the
Riviére du Sud, over which is built a handsome bridge, called the
* Regent’s Bridge'. On the other side of this river is a church dedi-
cated to St. Peter. The soil in this locality is so productive, especially
in corn of every species, that it has obtained for it the distinguishing
epithet of the “Granary of the Lower District.” Crane Island and
Little Goose Island, which at high water appear two islands, are
at low water connected by an isthmus affording ready passage in
charrettes, &c. They are together about twelve miles in length, and
are well peopled and cultivated, producing wheat much beyond their
own consumption. The marshes produce abundance of fine hay,
and afford pasture sufficient for upwards of two thousand head of
cattle. These islands were originally appendages of the seigniory of
Riviére du Sud, but many years ago became the property cf Mr.
M“Pherson, and are now generally called “M'Pherson’s Island.”
The residence of the proprietrix is at the N. E. end. On the north
side is a church with a village. Soon is seen the church of L'Islet
de St. Jean on a point of land, which is completely isolated at high
water. Hence has arisen the name of the seigniory, which has ex-
tended itself to the county, which fronts the River for thirty-eight
miles.—It is worthy of notice that the St. Lawrence, in its course
from the Isle of Orleans to beyond the mouth of the Saguenay, is


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK, - 97
rugged mountains. The sojourner is enlivened by the sight of nu.
merous large vessels constantly navigating the broad expanse. Green
Island lies off Cacona, and has a light-house sixty feet above the sea.
The light is fixed, and can be seen at the distance of from twelve to
seventeen miles, according to the height of the observer’s eye from ten
to sixty feet. The light is shown from sunset to sunrise between the
15th of April and the 10th of December. From this light-house to the
light-vessel at the Traverse is fifty-four miles; and for the first thirty
miles above, the River is divided into the North and South Channels by
numerous islets with banks and reefs attached to them. Among these
we may mention Hare Island, which is seven miles long in the direc-
tion of the River, and the three Brandy Pots, off which vessels bound
down, and waiting for a wind or the tide, usually rendezvous. These
islands are upwards of one hundred miles from Quebec. It is
worthy of notice that the islands, reefs, and ridges along the Southern
Shore from Quebec downwards, are of gray-wacké and slate. These
southern ridges only rise a few hundred feet, while the granitic
mountains of the North Shore in some parts exceed an elevation of .
two thousand feet above the River.—Before transporting our Tourist
to the Saguenay, we notice briefly the North Shore from that river to
Cape Tourment. In most parts granitic hills rise immediately from
the River, forming steep or precipitous headlands. Near the western
entrance of the Saguenay these hills do not exceed one thousand
feet in height, but those of Eboulemens attain an elevation of two
thousand five hundred and forty-seven feet above the tide-waters of
the River. The cliffs at either entrance of the Saguenay are of clay.
Capes Basque, Dogs, Salmon, and Eagle are descried in succession,
and present the same bold and precipitous features. A little east-
ward from the last the Settlements begin, and continue along the
shore to Quebec. A few miles beyond is Murray Bay, at the head
of which is a village with a church delightfully situated at the mouth
of a river, on which are grist and saw-mills. Few places in Canada
can be justly compared with this in beauty of scenery. Here
lumber is shipped to a considerable amount. Malbay and Eboule-
mens Bays lie south-west. Slight shocks of, earthquakes are
occasionally felt here, and in their neighbourhood. It is remarked
I


100 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
>
or “Ha! Ha!” descriptive of the surprise which was experienced by
the first French explorers, when they ascertained that this expanse,
instead of conducting up the noble river, had no other outlet except
the one by which they had entered it. Hence to the trading port of
Chicoutimi, which by land is about ten miles distant, but upwards of
twenty by water, the river is comparatively shallow, and tastes fresh
when the tide is out. Chicoutimi is an important trading-port, cons
taining two settlements about two miles apart, and has a population
of upwards of four hundred, chiefly French Canadians employed in
lumbering. It has been observed that grain ripens earlier in this
locality than around Quebec. In the vicinity there stands on an
eminence a small rude Catholic Church almost entire, but stripped of
all its ornaments except a crucifix and a few candle-sticks. It is
said to have been constructed by Jesuit missionaries upwards of a
century ago. Several of these were buried in the church, and the
tombstones may still be seen. In the belfry is a bell, on which is an
inscription that has hitherto baffled the learned of Canada to explain
or translate. About fifty miles above Chicoutimi, the Saguenay issues
from Lake St. John, which is about forty miles long, and receives
eleven large rivers. The country surrounding the Lake is well tim-
bered, and rather level, and holding out the prospect of being well
adapted for agriculture, while the climate is said to be far preferable
to that of the sea-coast of the St. Lawrence. The only outlet of the
Lake besides the Saguenay is the Metabethshuan, the waters of
which, after passing the expanse of Lake Kiguagomi, become the
Chicoutimi, and unite with those of the Saguenay near the village of
Chicoutimi. The portion of the Saguenay from this village to the
Lake is unavailable on account of the numerous falls and rapids,
and the Chicoutimi affords a very circuitous communication by boats
through the Lake Kiguagomi and the River Metabethshuan. The
influence of the tide is felt as far up as the Rapid of Terre Rompue,
six miles above Chicoutimi. The ordinary spring-tides rise seven-
teen feet at Tadousac, and twelve at Chicoutimi. To this point
schooners and steamers can ascend with the assistance of flood-tide,
and the largest ships to Point Roches, fifty-seven miles up. At the
mouth of the Metabethshuan on the south shore of Lake St. John


102 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK,
A P P E N D I X.
THE OTTAWA, CALEDONIA SPRINGS, BYTOWN,
ETC.
As the romantic scenery of the Ottawa, especially in the neigh-
bourhood of Bytown, and the benefits resulting from the use of the
Caledonia Springs, deservedly induce numerous tourists and invalids
to visit these localities every season, we subjoin a brief notice. With
this view the passenger will leave the terminus of the Rail-road at
Montreal for Lachine at eight, A. M. At Lachine he embarks
in the steamer for Point Fortune, which is distant upwards of forty
miles on the south side of the Ottawa. He proceeds for a short time
along the north shore of the expansion of the St. Lawrence, called
Lake St. Louis, passing on the right Pointe Claire, and to the leſt
Isle Perrot, so called after the Sieur to whom it was originally grant-
ed. The island is seven miles long by three in width, is tolerably
well cultivated, and has ferries to the Island of Montreal and the
mainland. It contains a church. At the south-western extremity
of the Island of Montreal, the traveller passes through the St. Anne's
lock, thus avoiding the Rapid celebrated in the ‘Canadian Boat
Song,” and enters the Lake of Two Mountains, into which the
• On account of the frequent communication betwixt the islands
and mainland at the confluences of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence,
great numbers of Canadian habitans along the shores, instead of at-
tending to agricultural pursuits, follow the occupation of voyageurs.
They are much employed in managing the large rafts of lumber
that are yearly floated down the Ottawa and St. Lawrence to Que-
bec, and many accompany the arduous expeditions of the officers of
the Hudson's Bay Company to the North West. The flourishing
village that surrounds the church of St. Anne mainly owes its exis-


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 105
and charged a small fee for the liberty of using the waters. They
now assumed the character of a Spa, and attracted invalids from some
distance. A house was erected for the accommodation of visitors, and
the wonderful efficacy of the waters was more and more acknowledg-
ed. In 1835 they were purchased by Mr. Lemuel Cushing, who erect-
ed a Hotel in the hope that a better class of visitors might be induced
to resort thither. Up to this period little had been done towards im-
proving the roads leading to Caledonia, and still less towards attract-
ing visitors to prolong their stay by doing somewhat for the surround-
ing locality. At length the property in 1836 came into the possession
of William Parker, Esq., who immediately commenced improve-
ments by clearing and building. The springs were secured from the
drainings of the land, cleaned out, and encased. In 1837 the land
in the vicinity was laid out in lots for a village, having a large pub-
lic square in the centre. Besides the erection of a well stocked
store, and of a large hotel, a post-office was established, and a
carriage-road opened through the woods to the Settlement. In
June of 1838 the Hotel, called “ The Canada House,” and capa-
ble of accommodating one hundred persons, was opened under
favourable circumstances, and received a great influx of visit-
ors. A bath-house also was erected, and an octagon temple over
the Gas-spring. The value of the land had now advanced fifty per
cent, several shops had sprung into existence, and the Caledonia
$prings held out most encouraging prospects of success, when a most
untoward event occurred, which seemed to have inflicted a mortal
wound on the proprietor’s enterprising exertions. The new hotel
was entirely destroyed by fire in a single night, a little more than a
month after it was opened. So convinced, however, were the visit-
ors of the benefits they had received from the use of the waters, that
most preferred to remain and put up with such lodgings as could be
hastily prepared, than to forego these benefits by returning home.
The proprietor was thereby so encouraged that, when winter set in,
the entire frame of the new hotel was completed upon the site of the
one destroyed. In order to have the means of suitably finishing and
furnishing the hotel, and continuing further improvements, he had re-
course to the sale of one hundred building lots, that had been already


106 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK,
iaid out around the Springs. These lots were valued at £25 each,
and the purchasers had their chances of location by a tirage au sort.
The undertaking proved successful, and the drawing took place at
Montreal in March of 1839. Through the liberal patronage of many
influential persons in both Provinces, the proprietor was thus enabled
to throw open the present splendid hotel to the public in the follow-
ing July, and throughout the season began to see some accomplish-
ment of his hopes, and to derive some reward from his great exertions
and outlay. By a second tirage au sort at Montreal in June of
1840, the terms of which we cannot now state, Mr. Parker was en-
abled to realize a large sum, the whole of which was expended in
making various alterations and additions to the attractions of the
Spa. Besides the enlargement of the Hotel and the improvement of
the Baths, a billiard-room and ball-alley were built and furnished, a
weekly newspaper, called “Life at the Springs,” was established,
and a church and school-house erected. Since that time improve-
'ments have been made each successive year. Among these we may
mention the circular railroad. It bears two cars, traversing in
opposite directions, and carrying each two persons; they are impel-
led by the riders, and thus afford amusement and healthful exercise.
A well beaten race-course encircles the property, and affords an
arena for matches among the visitors or a riding-ground for exercise.
The spacious galleries around the Hotel command a view of its entire
extent. Gentlemen fond of fishing and shooting can find good em-
ployment for rod and gun. The lawn is at hand for cricket, quoits,
and “la grace.” There is a boarded walk through the woods to the
New Spring, which is distant more than two miles. There are four
Springs, called the Saline, Sulphur, Gas, and Intermittent. The
water is bottled and exported in large quantities. For full particu-
lars of the history, rise, and progress of the Caledonia Springs, we
must refer the reader to Mr. Parker’s pamphlet, in which has been
adduced ample attestation of the efficacy of the waters in the cure of
rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, dyspepsia, liver complaint, &c. &c.
The Springs' property has within the last three years passed into the
hands of John L. Wilkinson, Esq. The Canada House is now leased
by Mr. William Scobie, formerly of the Catskill Mountain Hotel,


108 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
Great Britain. A vast number of hands are employed in its prepar-
ation during the long winter, and in rafting it to Quebec during the
summer. In the prosecution of the latter occupation not a few perils
are encountered in the navigation of the rapids, even when committed
to the most experienced voyageurs. It is indeed a gay sight to be-
hold on the broad expanse of the St. Lawrence under a cloudless sky a
fleet of these rafts, manned each by some twenty rowers or more,
striking their huge oars in cadence, and enlivening their toils with
popular airs and hymns, but chiefly with the refrain (chorus) of .4
la Claire Fontaine." They sometimes take advantage of a favoura-
ble wind by erecting across the raft a wall of perpendicular deals.
The rafts are generally anchored at night, and the hardy raftsmen
t * A LA CLAIRE FONTAINE.
1
A la claire Fontaine
M’en allant promener,
J’ai trouvé l’eau si belle
Que je me suis baigné;
Il y a longtemps que je t'aime,
Jamais je net’oublierai.
2
J’ai trouvé l'eau si belle
Que je me suis baigné, ,
Et c’est au pied d’un chène
Que je me suis reposé ;
w Il y a longtemps, &c. &c.
3
Et c’est au pied d'un chène
Que je me suis reposè ;
Sur la plus haute branche
Le rossignol chantait;
, Il y a longtemps, &c. &c.
3.
Sur la plus haute branche
Le rossignol chantait :—
—Chante, rossignol, chante,
Toi qui as le coeur gai;
Il y a longtemps, &c. &c.


CANADIAN GUIDE B0OK, 109
repose in their plank shanties. Sometimes, however, rafts may be
seen floating quietly down the stream during the still night, while
brilliant fires light up the figures of the raftsmen. Within these few
years much has been done to facilitate and assure the passage of lum-
· ber down the Ottawa by the construction of slides and dams, and by
the removal of many obstructions, such as rocks, &c. The four
following slides, viz., the Madawaska, Mountain, Calumet, and
Joachim, cost É24,438 2s 3d. Bytown is the head-quarters of the
lumberers, upon whom it principally depends ſor support. It is
5
Chante, rossignol, chante,
Toi qui as le cœur gai ;
Tu as le cœur à rire,
Moi je l'ai à pleurer ;
Il y a longtemps, &c. &c.
6
Tu as le cœur à rire,
Moi je l'ai à pleurer ;!
J'ai perdu ma maitresse !
Sans pouvoir la trouver ;
Il y a longtemps, &c. &c.
7
J'ai perdu ma maitresse,
Sans pouvoir la trouver ;
Pour un bouquet de rose
Que je lui refusai ;
Il y a longtemps, &c. &c.
8
Pour un bouquet de rose
Que je lui refusai ;
Je voudrais que la rose
Fût encore au rosier ;
Il y a longtemps, &c. &c.
9
Je voudrais que la rose
Fût encore au rosier,
Et que le rosier même
Fût dans la mer jeté.
Il y a longtemps, &c. &c.
K


110 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
situated at the mouth of the Rideau River or Canal, and is named in
honour of Colonel By, its able engineer. The large house, which
the enterprising colonel occupied for several years, was burnt to the
ground last year (1848) to the universal regret of the inhabitants.
Bytown is the District-town of Dalhousie, and contains a popula-
tion of nearly ten thousand. It is known as Upper and Lower
Bytown. The former is situated about half a mile higher up the
river, and on considerably higher ground. The land on which it is
erected, together with a portion of that composing the Lower Town,
was purchased some years ago for £80, and is now computed to be
worth upwards of £50,000. The appearance of the town has recently
been much improved by the erection of several handsome stone build-
ings. A fine single-arched bridge of hewn stone, called the “Sappers
and Miners,” is thrown over the Rideau Canal, connecting the Towns.
Eight handsome locks have been constructed to overcome the fall of
thirty-four feet in the River. The Barracks, which occupy a com-
manding situation between the Towns, are garrisoned by a company
of Rifles. From the Barrack-Hill is commanded a magnificent view,
embracing the Chaudiére Falls, the Rapids above them, the Union
Suspension Bridge (which connects Upper and Lower Canada, and
cost £17,133 17s. 5d.), and the Mountains to the North, with the
Ottawa, a hundred and fifty feet below, gliding on in its winding
course, dotted with numerous rafts, till it is lost in the distance. In
the Upper Town are agencies of the following banks, viz., Mon-
treal Bank, Bank of British North America, City Bank of Montreal,
Commercial Bank, and Upper Canada Bank. In it are three
churches, the Episcopal, Presbyterian in connexion with the Church
of Scotland, and Methodist. The Lower Town is chiefly inhabit-
ed by Irish and French Canadians, the latter amounting to about
a third. It contains the following places of worship, the Roman
Catholic Cathedral, which is well worthy of a visit, Free Church,
Baptist, and two Methodist. Here, also, are a Roman Catholic
College and Nunnery. Bytown has recently become the official res-
idence of a Roman Catholic Bishop. It sends a representative to
the Legislative Assembly. We regret to understand that the Coms
mercial Reading-room, and Mercantile Library Association,


112 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
the resemblance to a curtain which the beautiful fall of about thirty
feet at its mouth presents. The Canal is formed through the bed of
the Rideau, with two or three deviations on account of obstructions,
through the Great Rideau Lake, and Mud Lake, into the bed of the
Cataraqui River to Kingston. But little of the land on the Canal is
under cultivation, as much of it is poor and rocky. Thousands of
acres of cultivable land have been flooded by the damming of the
rivers for the formation of the Canal, and immense quantities of tim-
ber have been consequently destroyed. Notwithstanding the deserted
miserable appearance which is presented in several parts by great
numbers of trees still standing dead amid water, there are some pic-
turesque and even romantic scenes. The finest spot is Kingston
Mills, about six miles above Kingston. Formerly the traffic was
very great, as, before the opening of the St. Lawrence Canals, the
merchandize intended for the country beyond Kingston was trans-
ported by this line at a great expense, whilst the major part of
passengers from Montreal ascended by the same route.—The Tourist
will proceed in the morning by a calèche to Aylmer, which is dis-
tant some eight miles. The drive is interesting, at a short dis-
tance from the Ottawa, which is here very wide. On crossing the
Suspension Bridge he will enjoy a view of the magnificent Chaudière
Falls, which are two hundred and twelve feet broad, and sixty high.
On the Hull or Canada East side the water descends into a large
basin, a large portion of which is believed to escape by subterraneous
outlets. Hundreds of logs, that have fallen into this basin, still re-
main. From Aylmer an iron steamer plies to the Chats. The in-
terval comprises the expansions of the River, called Lake Chaudiére
and Du Chêne. The approach to the Chats Falls is most imposing.
The Cascade, generally about twenty-five feet, extends across the
river in a curved line, and is divided into upwards of a dozen dis-
tinct falls by a number of wooded islands. The River, three miles
above, contracts suddenly, and dashes through the Rapids of the
Chats in violent eddies amid a labyrinth of islands. On the Canada
West side is situated Fitzroy Harbour, containing about five hundred
inhabitants, and a Catholic Church. The space between this and
Mississippi Island is unnavigable. On the other side is the landing-


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. II 9
nation to that branch of the Green Mountains which divides the
waters of Lake Champlain from the sources of the Yamaska and St.
Francis, and is similar to that of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire. The spectator occupies, as it were, the centre of a
circle, whose circumference extends before his eyes upwards of sixty
miles in almost every direction. In one direction he finds the Green
Mountains of Vermont, Lake Champlain stretching along its slug-
gish length until it is cut off by the visible horizon, or the blue
hills that crowd the north-eastern frontier of the State of New
York. In another direction, when the state of the atmosphere is
favourable, he can trace the St. Lawrence, after receiving into its
capacious channel at Sorel the waters of the Richelieu, wending its
shining current until it is lost in the distance; or he can trace the
majestic river upwards to Montreal and Lachine, and some twenty
or thirty miles farther up. Again, reverting to Sorel, he can trace
the Richelieu to Chambly, thence to St. John’s, and onwards to the
upper end of Lake Champlain. We have not brought under notice
beyond a third part of the extensive prospect which the spectator
commands from the summit of Beloeil. Hence, besides, he over-
looks a vast woodland, intersected by numerous strips of cultivated
fields, and thickly studded with neat villages and churches.
THE ST. LAWRENCE AND ATLANTIC RAIL-ROAD
TO ST. HILAIRE AND ST. HYACINTHE.
This railroad, the completion of which is regarded as an event
of paramount importance to Canada generally and to Montreal
especially, was opened as far as St. Hyacinthe on the 26th of last
December, (1848). Passengers are conveyed in a steam-boat from
Montreal to the Company’s Wharf at Longueuil. The Depot here is
large and handsome, two hundred and thirty feet long by sixty.
The offices and waiting-rooms are fitted up on a scale of great con-
venience. The engine-house, which is ninety-four feet long by fifty-


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 125
ſtag
theſt
So do I say,
“If you would see fair Shewinaga,
Go visit her in the month of May.”
The same writer, keeping up his happy nomenclature, thus carries
on the description. “On ascending the portage path we descried
through the trees fair Shewinaga, dancing down the slope of the hill
on our right hand with sinuous courses; about midway she grows
suddenly fretful, and tosses herself headlong down a precipice of
thirty feet; then, skipping along as before, glides gently at last
with the main body cf the river. * * * * * So much for the
beauty and elegance of Shewinaga. But what pen shall describe
the terrific contrast—the collision, the conflict, the co-thunder of the
waters of Shewinagus and Shewinagum. I ascended the hill with
the chasm on my right hand, till I came to a point, which I shall
call the Point of Co-thunder. There, looking up, I saw an inclined
plane, swift as an arrow, and Shewinagus tumbling and bounding
from rock to rock to meet him, and, when they met in the chasm
below, what a sublime and terrific scene what rattling, roaring,
tossing, boiling and foaming of waters! -
“When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war !”
It was indeed an angry ‘meeting of the waters,” and far from a
“mingling in peace.” There are large fissures in the precipitous
rock, into which the waves are driven by the force of the collision.
Immediately above the fall the current is unbroken and quiet, though
very rapid, as might be observed on seeing a huge log suddenly dip
one end, and wholly disappear, on approaching the edge of the prec-
ipice.” The traveller on returning embarks in his canoe and de-
scends swiftly for some distance. After a long portage, which
occupies considerable time, the Falls of the Grès are reached, and
are well worth seeing. The pleasing appearance of the Gabelle -
Falls, like that of many others in America, has been much injured
by being denuded of the fine trees that once graced it. Some
miles below are passed the Forges of St. Maurice, to which we have
elsewhere alluded. In conclusion the Falls of Shewinagam, although
very interesting at any season, are visited under the most favoura-
ble circumstances during the high waters of the spring and fall, or
during the latter end of Ms.* the first half of October.


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 129
We are indebted for the information which follows to the first
Report of the Board of Registration and Statistics, published by order
of Parliament in 1849. This Board consists of the Inspector Gener-
al, Receiver General, and Provincial Secretary, and the Secretary
to the Board is Mr. W. C. Crofton. On the last gentleman, we
presume, the labour devolved of digesting and arranging the mass of
interesting matter before the Board; and, considering the difficulties
in the way of 'all first attempts of the kind, we congratulate the
country on its having been so efficiently and satisfactorily performed.
POPULATION OF CANADA.
There has not unfortunately been any census taken of Lower or
Eastern Canada since 1844. In that year it showed a total of
690,782, and the result of a series of four independent calculations
based on the progressive increase of former years, shows a total in
1848 of 768,334, which is distributed thus among the Counties.
LOWER CANADA.
Counties. Population of 1848.
Saguenay . - - - 19364
Ottawa . - - e 17870
Two Mountains - - 29952
Terrebonne . - - 23052
Leinster . - • . . 28507
Berthier • . - 29988
Drummond - - - 10467
Sherbrooke County. - 14168
&g Town e - 887
Shefford - e - 11282
Beauharnois . - • 32095
Montreal, City - - 551.46
Quebec, City . • - 39.830
Megantic . - - 7535
Rimouski . - s º 19683
Dorchester . - * 38877
Lotbiniére - - e 15292
Portneuf - - - 17777
Vaudreuil . º • * * 18554


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK, 135
This indicates the value of Imports into Canada for the year
1847 to have been £3,795,847 5s. 11d. and with the addition of
Free Goods, about £4,000,000, or very nearly £3 to each inhabitant,
or £15 for each family of five persons, contributing towards the
Revenue of the Country f1 7s. 7d. Of the large amount of Im-
ports in 1847, we find that Great Britain and her Colonies furnish
£2,677,260,exclusive of the Imports by Sea into the Ports of Western
Canada, and Goods passing through the States under the Drawback
Act. *
When we come to consider the consumption of Articles, we shall
see how capable of extension even this large Trade is, and how
adequate the resources of the Country are to meet it. The real
wealth of the Country is but little known, and till within a few years,
when the regulations of the Customs were rendered more stringent
and efficient, there was no information whatever in the hands of the
Government as to the Trade carried on by the Inland Ports. To the
introduction of the present system we owe much, and, if the same
check could be placed on the Export Trade, we would soon be able
to arrive at a definite knowledge of our Trade, which knowledge
would cause a greater energy in all our efforts to bring forward the
resources of the Colony.
Let us now turn our attention for a few moments to the Export
Trade, and endeavour to make available the scattered information
we possess on the subject. With regard to the Ports of Montreal
and Quebec, no diſficulty arises; we find the Exports from these
Ports to have amounted in 1848 to £1,749,167 10s. 11d. 6 which
adding for the Fisheries not included £91,252 15s. 8d. we have for
the Exports by Sea £1,840,420 6s. 7d., the great portion of which
was to England and her Colonies. As to the Exports by the United
States, we have only partial returns from some Ports, and at evidently
under-rated values, viz:
Produce of the Forest . - 36159,551 6 5
Agricultural Productions . 454,350 0 9
Live Stock . - - - 54,243 7 6
Other Articles . - p 104,287 10 8
E772,432 5 4
*
r – e-ºe--"


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 137
>
and even in that class, in the Western Section of the Province, were
very many who were far removed from the corresponding class in
other countries. Taken as a whole, it may be safely asserted, that
in no country do the agricultural classes enjoy a greater degree of
comfort or are liable to fewer deprivations.
We first present the result of investigation as to the consump-
tion of those articles which, by reason of the payment of Customs
duties, are easily ascertained.
sugar.
From the Tables given by Mr. Porter in his Progress of the
Nation, we find on the average of years from 1830 to 1841 the con-
sumption of Sugar and Molasses in Great Britain to have been
minimum in 1840, 15.28 lbs. per head, maximum in 1830–19.94
lbs. or on the average 17.61, exactly the consumption of 1841.
In Canada for the year 1847, we have the following :
Refined Sugar . - - 1,067,767 lbs.
Raw “ - . 10,586,893 “
Bastard ** . . . 3,559,110 “
Molasses, - - . . 5,459,619 “
being 20,673,389 lbs. of Sugar, paying a duty of £108,774 12s 3d.
20,673,389 lbs.
To this quantity we must however add
Maple Sugar (L.C.), 1844, 2,272,457
Add one-tenth, . . . 227,245 = 2,499,602
Do. do, (U.C.), 1847, . . . 3,764,243 = 6,463,845
27,137,234 lbs.
The Export of Maple Sugar being a mere trifle, more as an ar-
ticle of curiosity than of trade, amounting in the whole to less than
5,000 lbs., we may take the above quantity as the consumption;
which gives, according to the Census for 1847 (of 1,491,667 souls),
an average consumption of 18.20 lbs. per head, or 91 lbs. to each
family of five persons. It has been asserted that a large quantity of
contraband Sugar is annually brought in from the States to the west-
ern parts of the Upper Province, but whether sufficient to affect the
consumption to any extent, there is no means of ascertaining. The
M 2


140 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
In England the consumption
In 1801 was 20,237,753 lbs. or 1 lb. 3 ozs. per head.
1811 “ 20,702,809 “ “ 1 “ 1 “ &c.
1821 “ 22,892,913 “ “ 1 “ 0 “ &f
1831 “ 29,997,101 “ “ 1 “ 3 “ ge
1841 “ 36,657,667 “ “ 1 “ 5 “ «
1846 “ 46,728,208 “ about 1 “ 8 “ cº
The whole importation into the United States of Teas for the
year ending 30th June, 1847, was 4,278,463 lbs., and for the year
ending 30th June, 1848–6,217,111 ; see Report of the Secretary of
the Treasury. -
WINE AND spirits.
The total quantity of Wine and Spirits which paid duty in
1847 was - - - - 553,849 gallons.
1848 “ . - - . . 392,580 “
The deficiency in Rum being 71,806 gallons, and in Wine
94,817 gallons, leaving an increase of 5,354 gallons on other spirits.
The quantity manufactured in Canada in 1847 was 2,134,721 gal-
lons, and in 1848 1,905,150 gallons. This, however, must not be
taken as a criterion of consumption, as, at the beginning of 1848,
there was a large supply on hand.
- ToBA CCO.
The quantity of Tobacco which paid duty in 1847 was 2,643,
552 lbs. and in 1848, 1,840,158 lbs. It is to be regretted that from
the Western District, where a large quantity of Tobacco is grown,
no Returns have been made for the year 1848.


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK, 14]:
TARIFF of DUTIES,
PAYABLE ON IMPorts INTo can ADA, UNDER THE ACT 12 vict.
cHAP. 1–April 25, 1849.
...Articles. Duties.
ALE, e e º - - • - - 12% per cent.
Allspice, - • * * - º - - . 30 per cent.
Almonds, . e - - - e- - - 30 per cent.
Anatomical Preparations, . . . . . Free.
Anchors, . - - - - > * º - 24 per cent.
Anchovies, . . . - - - - - . 24 per cent.
Animals and Live Stock, all, . . . 20 per cent.
Animals, specially imported for the improvement of
Stock, . - - - - - - . Free.
Apples, . - - - • e e - 30 per cent.
Arrowroot, . - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Articles, ALL UNENUMERATED, - - - 12% per cent.
Ashes, Pot and Pearl, . - - - • . Free.
Do. Soda, . - - - - - . Free.
Bacon, . . . . . . . . 20 per cent.
Baggage of Travellers, . • - e - Free.
Bark, . - e - - - - - . 2% per cent.
Barley, . e • e e e e - 20 per cent.
Beans, Bere and Bigg, . - • * * . 20 per cent.
Beef, - - • º - - º - 20 per cent.
Berries, used in dyeing, . - . 2% per cent.
Biscuit, . . - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Books, Printed, except foreign reprints of British copy-
right works, which are prohibited by an Imperial
Act, - - - - - - - Free.
Books, Blank, . - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Books and Drawings of an immoral or indecent char-
acter, - e - - e - - Prohibited.
" Tr"Tºº-----~~~~~~~~~ ** --~~


142 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. *
.Articles. Duties.
Boots and Shoes, . - - e e - . 12% per cent.
Bran and Shorts, . • e • - . 20 per cent.
Brandy, • - - - 2s. per gallon and 25 per cent.
Bristles, . - - - - - * e 24 per cent.
Broom-Corn, e • - . 2% per cent.
Brooms, . e e e - o e - 12% per cent.
Brushes, . w - - - - e . 12% per cent.
Buckwheat, . - - - > - e 20, per cent.
Bulbs and Roots, - e - - e . Free.
Burr Stones, . . . - o e e - 2} per cent.
Burr Stones, Wrought . - - - - . 12% per cent.
Busts and Casts of Marble, Bronze, Alabaster, or
Plaster of Paris, - - - - - Free.
Butter, - - - - - e - . 20 per cent.
CABINETs of Coins, Medals, or Gems, and other
Collections of Antiquity, . - - . Free.
Camphine, . - - - º - - . 12% per cent.
Candles, . - - - - - - - 124 per cent.
Cassia, º e - - - • . 30 per cent.
Castings, e - e - - - - 124 per cent.
Cattle, º - - - - - . . 20 per cent.
Chain Cables, not less than fifteen fathoms, and links
five-eighths of an inch thick, - - - 24 per cent.
Chairs, - e • e - - - . 12% per cent.
Cheese, . º - - • - e - 20 per cent.
Chocolate, . - e - - - - . 12% per cent.
Cider, . - - • e - - • 123 per cent.
Cinnamon, . - - • e > - . 30 per cent.
Clocks, - - - - - - - . 124 per cent.
Cloves, . - - - - - - - 30 per cent.
Coals and Coke, - - e - e ." 2} per cent.
Cocoa, - - - - - - - . 124 per cent.
Coffee, green, • e - 4s 8d per cwt. and 123 per cent.
Do. roasted or ground, . . 14s per cwt. and 12% per cent.
Coin and Bullion, . º s - Free.
--~~~~~~~ * ~ *- -


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 143
Joins, base, e - - e - - . Prohibited.
Cordage, (see Rope).
Cordials, * - - . 3s per gallon and 25 per cent.
torks and Cork, - - e - - e 12% per cent.
Corn, Indian, . - e - - e - Free. .
Cotton Wool, . e e - - - . Free.
Cotton Manufactures, - - - • e 12% per cent.
}rackers and Biscuit, . - - - - • 12% per cent.
Currants, - - - - - º - 30 per cent.
Cutlery, - e - - - - - • 12% per cent.
DRAWINGs, . - - - - - " - Free.
Drugs, - • • - - - - • 12% per cent.
Drugs, used solely in dyeing, . - e - 2} per cent.
Dye Woods, - - - - - . 2% per cent.
FARTHEN waRE, . - - - - - 124 per cent.
Engravings and Etchings, . - e - . . Free.
Feathers, • - • • - - - 12% per cent.
Figs, - - - - • e - . 30 per cent.
Fish, . - e - - • * - - 12% per cent.
Flax and Tow, undressed, . - * 2% per cent.
Flour, - - - - - e º º 20 per cent.
Flowers, artificial, - - e - - • 12% per cent.
Fruits, all kinds, - - - - • - 30 per cent.
Furniture, e • e - - - - 124 per cent.
tºurs, . - - • e - - - • 12% per cent.
**IN, . - - - - 2s per gallon and 25 per cent.
Ginger, . - - - - - - - 30 per cent,
t;lass, and Manufactures of - - e • 12% per cent.
• *lue, - - - - - - - º 123 per cent.
tºoods, &c., all not enumerated, . - - • 12% per cent,
Grapes, . - - - - e - • 30 per cent.
ºrease and Scraps, - - - - e • 23 per cent.
tºuano, . - e - - º - - Free.
**ypsum, . - - - - - e • Free.
AIR, and Manufactures of . . . . 12% per cent.
*ams, . e - - • - • - . 20 per cent.


144 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
Járticles.
Hardware, . - • - º • -
Harness, . - - e - - - e --
Hats, - - e - - - -- --
Hay, . - - -- - -- - -
Hemp, . - - -- - * -- --
Hides, • p • • e •e e
Honey, . . • * • * : * *
Hops, . - - * • - • -
Horses . - • - - e - -
INDIAN CoEN, . - e • . e. e
Indian Rubber, • * , ” - * º
Indigo, - - .* * * - - º
Ink, . - e - - - s º •
Iron, viz.:-
Bar and Rod, not hammered, . -
Sheets not thinner than sixteen wire gauge,
Hoop, not over two inches broad, . -
Charcoal-made or refined, .
Boiler Plates, . . . e - - -
Railroad Bars, . - - - -
Spike Rods, . - - - • -
Pig and Scrap, . - º • -
All not enumerated, -- • - --
Manufactures of • , e. - -
Ivory, . - - - e - e -
JEWELRY, . • - - • - -
Junk, - - º - - - - -
LAMPS, - - e * • - -
Lard, - -> - • • . " - -
Lead, Pig and Sheet, . •. •. •. -
Do. Manufactures, • - • . -
Leather, . - e - e • e
Do. Manufactures, , - • - •
Leeches, e - - - º • •
Lemons, . - - • - • * *.
-
Duties.
12% per cent.
12% per cent.
12% per cent.
12% per cent.
2} per cent,
2} per cent.
12% per cent.
20 per cent.
20 per cent.
Free.
123 per cent.
24 per cent.
124 per cent.
24 per cent.
. 24 per cent.
2} per cent.
2} per cent.
2} per cent.
2} per cent.
2} per cent.
2} per cent.
12% per cent.
12% per cent.
: 12% per cent.
12% per cent.
2} per cent.
12% per cent.
2} per cent.
2} per cent.
12% per cent.
12% per cent.
12% per cent.
12% per cent.
30 per cent.


*-i-º-º-º-º-º-º: -
146 CANADIAN Guide BOOK.
Járticles. Duties.
NAILs, . - - - - - • - 12% per cent.
Nuts, . - - - - - - - . 30 per cent.
Nuts used in Dyeing, - - - • * 2} per cent.
Nutmegs, . - - - . 30 per cent.
OAKUM, . - - - - - 2} per cent.
Oats, . - - - - - - - . 20 per cent.
Oil—Cocoanut, - - - - - - 2} per cent.
Palm, - - - - - - . 2% per cent,
All other, - - - - - - 12% per cent.
Oilcloth, . . - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Oranges, . - - . . - - - 30 per cent.
Ores of all metals, . . . . . . 24 per cent.
Oysters, . - - - - - - - 124 per cent.
PAILS, - - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Paints, . • • - - - - - 12% per cent.
Paint Brushes, . - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Paintings, - - - e - - . Free.
Paper, . - - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Paper Manufactures, . . - - - - 12% per cent.
Peaches, . - - - - - - . 30 per cent.
Pears, - - - - - - - - 30 per cent.
Peas, . - - - - - - - . 20 per cent.
Pepper, . - - - - - - - 30 per cent.
Perfumery, . - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Philosophical Instruments and Apparatus, . - Free.
Pianos, - - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Pickles, . - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Pimento, . - - - - - - • 30 per cent.
Pipe Clay, - - - - - - 2} per cent.
Pipes, Smoking, . . - - - . . 12% per cent.
Pitch, - - - - - - - - 24 per cent,
Plate, . - - - . . - . . . 12% per cent.
Playing Cards . - - - - - - 12% per cent.
Pork, Mess, . - - - - - - . 12% per cent.
Pork, all other, - - * * - - - 20 per cent.
Potatoes, . - - - - - - • 12% per cent.


CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK. 147
Järticles. Duties.
Poultry, . - - - - - - - 12% per cent.
Preserved Fruits (in sugar, candy or molasses), . 30 per cent.
Prunes, . - - - - - - - 30 per cent.
Putty, . - - - - - - - . 12% per cent.
QUILLs, . - - - - - - - 12% per cent.
Quinces, - - - - - - - . 30 per cent.
RAIsINs, . - - - - - - - 30 per cent.
Resin or Rosin, . - - - - - . 2% per cent.
Rice, - - - • - - - - 12% per cent.
Rope, . - - - - - - - . 12% per cent.
Rope, Tarred—when imported by ship-builders for rig-
ging their ships, - - - 2} per cent.
Rum, at proof, by Sykes' Hydrometer, 1s 3d per gal, and 25 per cent.
Rye, - - - - - - 20 per cent.
SALERATUS, - - - - - - . 12% per cent.
Salt, - - - - . 1d. per bushel and 124 per cent.
Sauces, - - - - - - - . 12% per cent.
Saw Logs, . . - - - . . - 2} per cent. -
Scythes - • ' . - - - - ... 12% per cent.
Seeds, . - - - - - - - 124 per cent.
Segars, - - - - 1s. 6d. per lb. and 124 per cent.
Sheep, . - - - - > - - 20 per cent.
Shell Fish, . - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Shingles, . - - - - - - - 12% per cent.
Ships’ Water Casks, in use, . - - - . 2% per cent.
Shoes, . - - - - - - - 12% per cent.
Shot, . - - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Silk Manufactures, . - - - - - 124 per cent.
Slates, - - - - - - - . 124 per cent.
Snuff, . - - - - - 4d. per lb, and 124 per cent.
Soap, . - - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Soda Ash, - - - - - - - Free.
Specimens of N atural History, Mineralogy or Botany, Free.
Spices, all, . - - - - - - . 30 per cent.
Spikes, . - - - - - - - 124 per cent


148 CANADIAN GUIDE BOOK.
**::==-----------------------→º
JArticles. - Duties.
Spirits, except Rum and Whisky, at proof, 2s per gal. & 25 per cent.
Spirits or Cordials, sweetened so that the strength can-
not be found by the Hydrometer, 3s. per gal. and 25 per cent.
Spirits of Turpentine, . - - - - . 12% per cent.
Sponge, . - - - • - - - 12} per cent.
Starch, - - - - • * - . 124 per cent.
Steel, - - - - - - - - 2} per cent.
Do. Manufactures, . - - - - . 12% per cent.
Stoves, . - - - - - - - 12% per cent.
Straw Boards, . - - - - - . 12% per cent.
Sugar, Refined, in loaves, or Crushed and Candy,
14s, per cwt. and 124 per cent.
Sugar, Bastard and other kinds, . 9s. per cwt. and 123 per cent.
Sumach. . . . - - - - - - 2} per cent.
Sweetmeats, - - - - - - . 30 per cent.
Swine, . - - . . . . - - 20 per cent.
Syrups, - - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
TAL Low, - - - - - - - 2} per cent.
Tar, . - • . . - - - . 2% per cent.
Tea, . - - - • . 1d. per lb. and 12% per cent.
Teasels, - - - - - . . • 24 per cent,
Tin and Tinware, . - - - - - 12% per cent.
Tobacco, Manufactured, - ... }d. per lb, and 12% per cent.
Tobacco, Unmanufactured, - 1d. per lb. and 12% per cent.
Tongues, . - - - - - - - . 20 per cent.
Tow, Undressed, - - - - - - 2} per cent.
Toys, - - - - - - - - 124 per cent.
Trees and Shrubs, • * * - - - , Free.
Type Metal, in blocks or pigs, - - - . 2% per cent.
Types, . - - - - - - - 124 per cent.
WARNISH, . - - . - - . 12% per cent.
Vegetables used in dyeing, - - - - 2} per cent.
Vegetables, . - - - - - - • 12% per cent.
Veneers, . - - - - - - - 124 per cent.
Wermicelli, , . - - - - . . .30 per cent.


CATALOGUE OF BOOKS.
TABLEs showING THE INTEREST at 6 per cent. on any sum from
£1 to £1000 from one day to three hundred and sixty-five days
and from one month to twelve months. Price 7s 6d.
CoMMERCIAL TABLEs for calculating Interest after the rates of 6
per cent. and 5 per cent., Commission from ºth to 5 per cent.,
Exchange on England, Army Sterling, &c. Price 3s 9d.
FEssenden's TABLEs for converting Sterling Money into Provin-
cial Currency at various rates of Exchange. Price 3s 9d.
THE MERcANTILE CALculAToR, arranged for the British
Colonies, particularly adapted to the Forwarding, Iron, Ashes,
Drug and Grocery Trades. Price 10s.
THE GARLAND–a choice collection of Songs. Price 1s 3d.
THE Hous Ewif E’s GUIDE—a Book of Domestic Cookery. Price
1s 3d, or 1s in paper covers.
And the above works can also be procured at the Bookstores of
Messrs. R. & C. Chalmers, J. M'Coy, C. Bryson, B. Dawson, R. &
A. Miller. Three Rivers, G. Stobbs. Quebec, P. Sinclair. Sher-
"brooke, W. Brooks. Bytown, A. Bryson. Brockville, W. Buell.
Perth, J. Allan. Kingston, Ramsay, Armour & Co. Belleville, J.
Harrison. Toronto, Scobie & Balfour, H. Rowsell, and T. M'Lear.
Hamilton, M. Mackendrick. Niagara, J. Simpson, London, T.
Craig.


-