ILLIN O I S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2013. COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923. This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law. Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2013 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILNOIS 10 DEC1914 THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK 1914 Photo by] [G. C. Beresford SIR STARR JAMESON PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY SIR STARR JAMESON IS A RHODESIAN PIONEER, AND WAS THE FIRST ADMINISTRATOR OF THE COUNTRY so- CONTENTS + -aPAGE \ - SI. HISTORICAL ... ... ... ... 9 o- II. GEOGRAPHICAL ... ... ... 15 SIII. FARMING ... ... ... ... 18 SIV. MINING ... ... ... ... 46 V. PLACES OF INTEREST ... ... 79 VI. GOVERNMENT ... ... ... ... 98 '"VII. CLIMATE AND POPULATION ... 139 VIII. EDUCATIONAL, RELIGIOUS, PHILAN- S THROPICAL... ... ... ... 144 SIX. COMMERCE AND CUSTOMS ... ... 151 SX. RAILWAYS, POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS, DEFENCE ... ... ... ... 157 "EL XI. SOCIAL AND SPORTING ... ... 167 ,.XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ... ... 214 PREFACE T HE following pages constitute the first issue of "The Southern Rhodesia Hand- book." They have been compiled with the -object of extending the information generally current about Rhodesia, particularly in the direction of affording possible settlers a com- prehensive idea of the country to which they would be going. Every phase of Rhodesian life has been dealt with-mining, agricultural, municipal, social, and so on. Much of the Handbook is devoted to the domestic, social, and religious life of the several communities. It will rightly be gathered from this that Rhodesia is not only an important contributor to the world's gold supplies, and a country with greater agricultural and pastoral possibilities than any other, but that it possesses all the advantages enjoyed by older established countries, notably in the matter of climate, and of education, police, and municipal services. Further, despite the great distance from the big centres of civilisation, there is no lack of social diversion, of both the serious and lighter types. The full significance of this is appre- ciated only when it is realised that where are now fine roads, magnificent buildings, and all the amenities incidental to settled and civilised existence, twenty-one years ago were the kraals and villages of a primitive and barbarous race of natives. The transition generally is one that is without parallel in the annals of the British nation. March 1914. 7 I. HISTORICAL N Southern Rhodesia and the immediately surrounding country there are at least 500 ruins or vestiges of former buildings, and there is ground for the assumption that some were built in an era at any rate prior to the sixth century. Considerable diversity of opinion exists as to their origin and their date. That Rhodesia has a lengthy history cannot in any event be doubted. For all practical purposes, however, the country's history may be said to begin in 1888. At that time what is now Southern Rhodesia was under native dominance--the Eastern half or Mashonaland, of the Mashonas; the Western half or Matabele- land, of the Matabele, under Lo Bengula. In that year, on February 11th, Lo Bengula, in order to escape the importunities of the Portu- guese on the one hand, and of the Boers on the other, entered into atreaty with Mr. J. S. Moffat, representing the British Government, by which he pledged nimself not to enter into any corre- spondence or treaty with a foreign power, and not to sell or alienate any part of his territory without the sanction of the High Commissioner. In the same year, on October 30th, Lo Bengula granted for a consideration a complete and exclu- sive concession of all mining rights in his territory to Messrs. C. D. Rudd, Rochfort Maguire, and F. R. (" Matabele ") Thompson, on behalf of the Gold Fields of South Africa Company and of a syndicate of which Mr. C. J. Rhodes, Mr. Rudd, and Mr. Alfred Beit were the principal represen- tatives. This, the "Rudd Concession," in com- bination with other concessions and interests, formed the basis on which the British South Africa Co., now generally referred to as the " Chartered Co.," was formed. Mr. Rhodes sub- sequently laid proposals before the Imperial Government for the formation of a company to develop the Bechuanaland Protectorate and the territories lying to the North, under Royal Charter. The objects outlined were to extend the railway and telegraph systems northwards SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK. 1914 in the direction of the Zambesi; to encourage emigration and colonisation; to promote trade and commerce; and to develop and work mineral and other concessions under the manage- ment of one powerful organisation. The Charter was granted on October 29th, 1889, the Imperial Government favouring the scheme partly because a chartered company could be better controlled than a limited liability one, and partly because such a company would relieve Her Majesty's Government from diplomatic difficulties and heavy expenditure. In 1891 the Company bought what was known as the Lippert Concession, being a grant from Lo Bengula to Edward Amandus Lippert of the right for 100 years to lay out, grant, or lease land, then or thereafter occupied by or under the sphere of operations of the British South Africa Co., for farms, townships, building plots, and grazing areas. The capital of the Company was �1,000,000. It is to-day �9,000,000 (�8,987,559 issued), with �1,250,000 of debentures. With a view to opening up Mashonaland, Mr. Rhodes fitted out, and Major Frank Johnson organised, a pioneer expedition, consisting of 187 Europeans, 150 natives, and some 40 wagons. At Macloutsi, a tributary of the Lim- popo, the expedition was reinforced by a body of police, with Col. Pennefather in command. The whole body, some 400 (Whites) strong left the Macloutsi on June 28th, 1890, and without loss reached the site of the present city of Salisbury on September 12th, where the British flag was raised and formal possession of the territory taken. To accomplish the journey-one of about 450 miles--the pioneers had to cut a road 400 miles long; and they established forts at Tuli, Victoria, and Charter. The members of the expedition were allotted farms as a reward for their work. Dr. (now Sir Starr) Jameson was appointed Administrator of the country, and the work of settlement on British lines was proceeded with, rapid progress being made. In 1893 trouble arose with the Matabele, who claimed the Mashonas as their subjects, denying the right 10 HISTORICAL of the British to protect them. A number of outrages were reported, but the culminating act was the attack, on July 18th, by a Matabele impi 300 strong, on the township of Victoria, when Mashona servants and refugees were killed in wholesale manner. War against the Matabele was decided on, and in October four columns of troops, commanded by Major Forbes, Major Alan Wilson, Commander Raaf, and Col. Goold- Adams marched on Bulawayo, Lo Bengula's capital, which was taken on November 4th, after severe fighting. The Matabele King and his followers fled. They were pursued, and a force of 31 men, led by Major Wilson, came into touch with them near the river at Shangani. During the night of December 3rd, this detachment was surrounded by Lo Bengula's warriors and com- pletely wiped out. The sudden rising of the river had cut the party off entirely from the main body. It is known they fought gallantly to the end, and each anniversary of the tragedy-" Shangani Day "-is observed by a public holiday through- out Rhodesia, on December 4th. The bodies were recovered and subsequently entombed in a granite mausoleum in the Matopo Hills, near Bulawayo, by the direction of Mr. Rhodes and at the cost of his estate. Lo Bengula died a natural death on January 23rd, 1894, at a spot some 40 miles south of the Zambesi. The war, which cost �119,954, ended in the complete subjugation of the Matabele ; and after entering into a formal agreement on the matter with the Imperial Government, the Company assumed possession of Matabeleland. Mashonaland and Matabeleland were officially designated "Rhodesia " in 1895, a description which, it is interesting to observe, was first employed by Dr. Jameson at a banquet in Cape Town in 1894. The natives rose in rebellion in 1896 (March 20th), and were only subdued after an arduous campaign involving an expenditure of �2,587,411. Various causes led to the rising, but it may generally be ascribed to the inability of a war- like and masterful people to settle down at once under a peaceful rigime. A far-reaching con- 11 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 T.R.H. THE DUKE AND DUCHESS OF CONNAUGHT AT BULAWAYO. (RHODES'S STATUE ON THE LEFT) tributory cause was undoubtedly the losses among the native herds from rinderpest, a disease which swept through the country in 1896. They developed peculiar ideas as to the cause of this outbreak, and totally misunder- stood the measures adopted by Government for its eradication. And the fact that a con- siderable number of the White men had left the country to take part in the Raid offered an opportunity for action which the natives were not slow to take. The final settlement was effected in dramatic manner by Mr. Rhodes himself, who, unarmed and unescorted by troops, held a prolonged " indaba" with the natives in their Matopo fastnesses and received their submission on October 13th, 1896. To the everlasting regret of the country at large, Mr. Rhodes passed away on March 26th, 1902, at the age of 49, a lamentably premature death in the case of one so gifted. He lies buried in the Matopo Hills. In his honour and in honour of the men associated with him, two days in the Rhodesian calendar are set apart as public holidays-the first consecutive Monday and Tuesday in July. The former, changed from July 5th, the actual date, represents the anniversary of Rhodes's birth. Since his death Rhodesia has, of~course, progressed enormously, but Mr. Rhodes lived sufficiently long to see the country around which he had dreamed great dreams permanently settled according to the HISTORICAL highest British traditions, with churches, schools, railways, industries, in fact all the adjuncts of settled, healthy, and cultured life. The first Royal visit to Rhodesia was paid in November, 1910, by the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, who specially represented Their Majesties King George V. and Queen Mary. Their Royal Highnesses toured the whole country and were everywhere received by the settlers with acclamation. In 1911 General Sir Ian Hamilton, G.C.B., D.S.O., Inspector-General of Oversea Forces, visited Rhodesia and inspected the police and volunteer forces of the territory. Both police and volunteers acquitted themselves satisfac- torily. THE PIONEERS. The following is a complete list of the men who formed the Rhodesian Pioneer Corps:- a Major Frank Johnson. Captains: b E. Burnett, a M. Heany, a H. F. Hoste, b J. J. Roach, a F. C. Selous. Lieuts.: b R. Beal, a Biscoe E. C. Tyndale, b H. J. Borrow, a R. G. Burnett, a A. Campbell, b A. Dennison, b E. 0. C. Farrell, a W. E. Fry, b F. Mandy, a R. G. Nicholson. Doctors: b J. Brett, b J. Lichfield (believed to be dead), b A. J. O. Tabuteau. Reverends: a F. H. Surridge, a Father Hartman, S.J. a R.M.S. W. F. King, a Q.M.S. C. C. Vialls, a O.R.S. W. Dixon, b P.M.S. J. Spreckley, a S.S.M. M. C. McGie, b S.-Sergt. A. S. Fraser, b F.-Sergt. J. Wallace, a B.S.M. J. Wheaton, T.S.M.'s b H. P. Brown, b J. Mahon. Conductors: a T. Alexander, a C. Human, b A. Morris, a W. Palmer, b J. R. Rowland, b F. L. Stevenson, a - Solomon. Sergeants: b W H. Birkley, b J. Drysdale, b G. Elliott, b E. Finnucane, a H. Minshull, a R. H. Nesbitt, a O. H. Ogilvie, b E. Suckling. Corporals: a E. A. Bent, b E. Berrington, a E. Butcher, a C. Camp, a A. Chase, a J. W. Corderoy, a J. S. Crawford, b A. Eyre, b H. R. Hamilton, b W. Hill, a W. H. Hosking, b D. Hoste, a H. S. M. Montagu, a C. Nesbitt, b F. Scherm- brucker, b A. Steward, b L. Vincent. Troopers: a F. W. Adcock, a W. J. Aggett, b O. R. Arm- strong, a S. Arnott, a W. V. Baker, a H. B. Banks, a J. A. G. Barter, b J. W. Barry, b A. H. S. Bird, a J. B. Borius, b M. P. Bowden, a G. J. Bowen, a B. Bradley, a C. Bradley, a T. T. Brand, b W. Harvey Brown, b A. D. Campbell, b Pat. W. Campbell, a Lorenzo Chiappini, a T. J. Christison, a G. E. Christopherson, b W. N. Clay, b W. J. Clinton, b F. C. Colquhoun, a W. L. Cornwall, a R. T. Coryndon, a W. W. (Cowie, a L. Cripps, a J. H. Darling, a A. Darter, a G. G. D. Downing, a C. R. Drabble, b G. N. Drennan, b W. D. Durell, a L. L. B. Dykes, b E. R. Edgill, a J. A. Edmonds, b F. a Living; b dead, 13 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Ehlert, a A. Eliot, b F. Everett, a H. W. Featherstonhaugh, b F. W. Ferguson, a P. C. Fletcher, a J. L. Francis, a Reg. Frost, a Tom Fry, b C. R. Gaylard, b A. M. Graham, a L. Griffiths, a H. F. Griffiths, b J. Grimmer, b A. C. Halkett, b Geo. Hall, a J. G. Harty, a J. T. Harvey, b J. H. Hay, b E. E. Hepworth, a G. Histon, a A. T. Holmes, b F. T. Hunter, a P. S. Inskipp, b R. Jameson, a H. B. Jay, b W. Judd, a A. F. Krohn, a L. Kronstein, a F. H. Langerman, a C. Larson, b R. Law, b A. Lea, b C. A. Logan, a C. B. Lovemore, a H. C. Lovemore, a J. Lust, a J. McCall, a W. Mackay, a A. McLachlan, a R. R. McLelland, b J. N. Mc- Robert, a G. S. T. Mandy, b C. Masters, a W. F. G. Moberley, a J. F. W. Moore, a C. F. Mosenthal, a R. Murch, a Alec T. Nesbitt, b F. Nesbitt, a W. M. Nesbitt, b Leo Neumeyer, a D. Nowers, a J. O'Connell, a E. A. O'Meara, a C. A. Orr, b E. O'Toole, V.C., b A. J. F. Pattinson, a H. A. Pengelly, b E. J. Pocock, a G. H. Pusey, a A. Puzey, a T. W. Rudland, a Jas. Scallen, a W. J. Selby, b G. E. Seward, b J. H. Shep- pard, b F. Shepperson, b E. Slater, b J. Somerville, b A. F. Stanford, b W. K. Stier, a R. Taylor, b E. C. Tregenza, a E. G. Treneman, a A. Tulloch, b J. Upington, a C. J. van Eyk, a J. W. E. Venables, a J. Walker, a R. Walker, b A. H. Warren, a R. J. Warren, a P. H. Watney, a E. H. Whitmore, a B. Wimble, b H. F. Wyatt. a Living; b dead. Totals, 109 living, 78 dead= 187. 14 II.- GEOGRAPHICAL HE country known as Rhodesia lies within latitudes 90 and 220 S. and longi- tudes 22� and 330 E. The boundaries have been officially outlined as follow: The Shashi River, the Tati Concession, the Panda- matenka (hunter's) road, the German Protec- torate, the rivers Chob6 (Linyante) and Zambesi, the Portuguese Possessions, the Belgian Congo, German East Africa, Nyasaland, Portuguese East Africa, and the Transvaal. The area is about 440,000 square miles. THE LAND: ALIENATED AND UNALIENATED. The territory is administered in two sections -Southern Rhodesia, or that part lying south of the Zambesi, with which this Handbook chiefly deals; and Northern Rhodesia, or that part lying north of the Zambesi. Southern Rhodesia is 148,575 square miles in extent, which is two and a half times the size of England and Wales. The altitude varies from 3,000 to 6,000 ft., most of the land being 3,500 ft. and more above sea level, and therefore quite suitable without special preparation for European occu- pation. It has been calculated that 58,997,284 acres out of the whole 95,088,000 acres are at an altitude of not lower than 3,500 ft. Doubtless the balance will become fit for close European settlement as civilisation advances; and, as it is, this acreage is eminently suited for ranching and planting operations. Land is cheap, and runs from 7s. per acre, payable on easy terms spread over a number of years. At June 1st last 47,825,668 acres of land remained unalienated, of which 23,007,968 acres were available for immediate European settle- ment. In addition, companies, including the railway companies, held 9,667,617 acres, of which 7,815,236 acres were available for settlement. The balance was made up of land held by indi- viduals, 12,561,356 acres, the bulk of which it 15 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 may be assumed is actually being farmed to-day ; 24,877,150 acres alienated for native reserves; and 156,209 acres alienated for the Company's Estates Department, on which agricultural experiments and tests are mostly carried out. How TO REACH RHODEFSIA. Rhodesia can be reached by two routes. The shorter and quicker one, and therefore the one mostly used, is via Cape Town, by which it can be reached in 19 days, 5 hours-Southampton to Bulawayo. The sea journey is 5,970 miles (16j days); railway journey, 1,360 (2 days). The alternative route is via the Mediterranean, Suez Canal, and Beira, which occupies 35j days -Southampton to Salisbury. This sea journey is 7,678 miles (34k days), and the railway journey 374 (1 day). Bulawayo is 301 miles from Salisbury, and this journey occupies under 19 hours. When not pressed for time, the Beira or East Coast route is infinitely preferable. There are about a dozen most interesting places of call along it, as against only one on the Western route. And by travelling overland between London and Naples the journey can be curtailed by at least eight days. It should be noted that Rhodesia can also be reached via Beira by the Western route, the journey being continued beyond Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban. The principal steamship line running between England and South Africa is that of the Union- Castle Mail Steamship Co. (Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.), which covers both routes. The following are other lines: Aberdeen (G. Thompson & Co., 7 Billiter Square, London, .C.). Bucknall (23 Leadenhall Street, London, E.C.). Harrison-Rennie (J. T. Rennie, Son, & Co., 4 East India Avenue, London, E.C.). Natal (Bullard, King & Co., 14 St. Mary Axe, London, E.C.). New Zealand Shipping Co. (138 Leadenhall Street, London, E.C.). P. & O. Branch Service (3 East India Avenue, London, E.C.). Shaw, Sevill Q Allion Co. (3$ Leadenhall Street, London, E.C.). 16 III. THE FARMING INDUSTRY HODESIA'S ultimate prosperity is bound up in farming. Its future, consequently, is assured. The whole territory is suitable for stock-raising. Agriculture in some form or other can be undertaken in almost every district. Stock-raising and agricultural operations are already of substantial proportions, and a source of considerable profit. As an evidence of activity and success, it may be mentioned that agricultural shows of some magnitude are held each year in every important centre in the country. Established farmers are doing well, especially those who started with adequate financial means. To such Rhodesia offers a better and surer return on the capital invested than perhaps any other British possession. At the same time it also offers an unusually wide scope for the man of limited means who is prepared seriously to take up farming. There are extensive markets in the country, and un- limited markets just beyond. In 1913, for example, between a quarter and half a million sterling went out of the country for dairy and agricultural products, and in the same com- modities the neighbouring province of the Transvaal spent over a million sterling outside its borders. There are also overseas markets to which Rhodesia can become a successful feeder, notably in the matter of maize, tobacco, and citrus fruits. The Government through the Agricultural Department, and the British South Africa Company through its commercial branch, exercise a fostering supervision over the farming industry generally, while assisting individual farmers in cash and by free technical advice, etc. AGRICULTURE. Agriculturally, the staple products at present are maize and tobacco, both of which are ex- 18 FARMING mnoto oyJ LPedrotti, Butawayo. FIELD OF MAIZE (MEALIES) ported. It is confidently expected that within a few years the country will also become an impor- tant producer of citrus fruits and wheat. Other crops cultivated are: Oats, barley, buckwheat, hay, lucerne, millets, onions, potatoes, beetroots, mangolds, pumpkins, ground nuts, many kinds of beans and most kinds of fruits; and, specially in Northern Rhodesia, cotton and rubber. It is worth noting that on some farms there are as many as four different kinds of soil, each in itself peculiarly suited for certain kinds of cropping. Maize, or mealies, is the crop most largely grown. Probably 75,000 acres of it are now cultivated yearly. The average yield per acre is between six and eight bags (200 lb. each), though ten and upwards are not uncommon. Last year the Farm Lands of Rhodesia, Ltd., on their Dandazi farm reaped 2,300 bags from 155 acres, or nearly 15 bags to the acre, this SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 TOBACCO FARMING: SEED BEDS being the first year of production by this com- pany ; the whole was disposed of at the rate of 14s. per bag. Generally speaking, the costs of production range from 3s. 6d. to 5s. per bag. Selling price, 9s. to 23s. 6d. per bag. Calculated on the least favourable of these figures, 100 acres of mealies will return a profit of �120; and a farmer working from a capital of �800 can well handle from 200 to 800 acres of mealies in the season, besides cultivating other lines. In 1911 maize and maize meal to the value of �22,498 were sold outside Southern Rhodesia, over �10,000 worth going to Europe; in 1912, a year of limited production owing to a period of drought, the export fell to a value of �12,285, but prices were higher all round. Maize is transported to England from any station in Rhodesia at a cost of 3s. per bag. Tobacco.-Both Turkish and Virginian leaf is cultivated, the latter the inore largely. Indi- vidual planters handle about 35 acres each on the average. The leaf is raised and cured by the grower at a cost ranging from �9 to �12.per acre ; the return varies from �20 per acre in the case of ordinary leaf, to �85, and even over, for leaf of exceptionally good quality. The British South Africa Company maintains a tobacco warehouse at Salisbury, where growers can get their leaf graded, prepared for FARMING y THRESHING WHEAT districts. The average yield per acre is from five to eight bags (200 1bs.). Selling price 27s. to 31s. 6d. per bag ; chaff, 7s. to 15s. per 100 lbs. Experiments have latterly been con- ducted, however, with a view to the discovery of a rust-resisting variety of wheat, which can, therefore, be grown in summer, and there is good reason for the belief that these researches have proved completely successful. In this event, the possibilities for Rhodesia in .the production of wheat are enormous. Wheat can be grown even more cheaply than maize. At present, Rhodesia is importing over 50,000 bags of wheat annually, and the Union over twelve times that amount. Besides, overseas Photo by] LFmevLD u OAsw FIELDn of OATB SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 r ORAGE markets are ever expanding. There are several milling plants in the country. Prices of flour: 18s. to 35s. per 100 lbs. ; bran, 12s. to 20s. per 100 lbs. Oats and barley are both grown under irriga- tion, and with very satisfactory results. Se]ling prices : Oats, 22s. 6d. to 30s. per bag of 150 lbs., oat-hay, 7s. to 15s. per 100 lbs.; barley, 25s. to 32s. 6d. per bag of 150 lbs.; chaff, 7s. to 15s. per 100 lbs. HAY FARMING Buckwheat is a crop which is highly valued as a poultry feed. The yield averages from six to eight bags per acre. Selling price: 16s. to 17s. Gd. per 200 lbs. Millets.-Various millets (manna) are grown for their hay, which makes a good cattle feed. The yield of cured hay averages from 2,000 to 3,000 lbs. per acre. Selling price: 5s. to 15s. per 100 lbs. Hay.-The Rhodesian veld provides good hay, for which there is a regular demand. Prices : 35s. to 60s. per ton (2,000 lbs.). Potatoes, both sweet and the ordinary kind, are very largely grown. The yield is from 14,000 to 20,000 lbs. per acre. Selling price: (small quantities), ld. to lid. per lb., and (in bags), 17s. 6d. to 35s. per 150 lbs. Sweet potatoes make an excellent cattle feed, both vines and tubers, and the latter also meet with a ready sale at the mines for human consump- tion. Selling price: 12s. 6d. to 15s. per bag (150 lbs.).. Onions are grown at present to only a limited extent, usually as a winter crop, under irrigation. Selling price : 18s. to 35s. per 100 lbs. Beans.-Various kinds of beans are grown. The yield is from 800 to 1,200 lbs. per acre according to the variety planted. Selling price, 25s. to 37s. 6d. per bag of 200 lbs. Velvet beans are extensively grown as a cattle feed; they yield an average crop of 3,500 lbs. of cured hay to the acre. Experiments have been tried with the castor bean, with quite satisfactory results. A pro- posal to establish an oil reduction plant is now being examined. Should one be built, there is reason to suppose that the cultivation of other oil beans and nuts will be largely extended, thus opening up what may eventually become an extensive and important industry. Ground Nuts (or pea or monkey nuts) are a prolific crop, and the sale is a good one; the nuts also yield a vine that makes excellent fodder for cattle. The production is from 1,000 to 1,500 lbs. of nuts to the acre. Selling price: 8s. 6d. to 25s. per bag of 100 lbs. 25 FARMING XUUN(* UUAN VbS VtIVt', 1 LAZUOj VAtL�1 products, quantities of which are now imported from Natal. Vegetables are grown in great variety, but not at present in quantities sufficient to meet the demand, which is, moreover, increasing largely. Cotton is being grown experimentally in the district of Melsetter. On a much larger scale cotton planting is carried on in Northern Rhodesia, where the British South Africa Com- pany, in conjunction with the British Cotton Growing Association, put down a ginnery (at Mazabuka). Rhodesian cotton has been sold in England for is. ld. per lb. Rubber is produced on a limited scale in the Melsetter district. It is now being systemati- cally and scientifically produced in Northern Rhodesia. The Company has just established a rubber factory at a point on the Chambesi river, midway between Mpika and Kasama. Coffee is grown to a fairly large extent in the Melsetter district, though the country's require- ments are chiefly met by importation. Other Crops.-Tea (in the Melsetter district), broom corn for brushes; sisal, Mauritius and New Zealand hemps; and sunflower seed, flax and ramie are among the numerous crops with which experiments are at present being under- taken. In most instances results are very pro- mising. FARMING enables growers to market lemons and oranges in Europe at a time when supplies from else- where are lowest, and when prices are conse- quently most favourable to the grower. The opening for fruit growers is therefore an excep- tionally promising one, for the country is un- doubtedly capable of producing and exporting on a substantial scale. Making the liberal allowance of 75 per cent. for the cost of produc- tion and shipping to the London market, it is calculated that oranges of ordinary quality can be grown in Rhodesia at a profit of �25 per acre at least. Other Fruit.-Practically every kind of European and sub-tropical fruit grows to perfec- tion in Rhodesia, especially in the Melsetter district, among them: Apple, plum (Japanese plums do particularly well), peach, pear, grape, guava, paw paw, loquat, banana, pineapple, Cape gooseberry, grape fruit, quince, apricot, medlar, custard apple, avocada pear, mango, persimmon, pomegranate, Kei apple, tamarind, tree tomato, fig, cactus pear, grenadilla, melon, chou chou, mulberry, strawberry, wonderberry, loganberry, raspberry, walnut, hickory nut, peccan nut, almond, amatungula, amangana, mugibi, maungu, Hottentot fig, roselle, ziziphus. Afforestation.-Every encouragement is given to schemes of afforestation. An established " forest " or area given over to cultivated trees becomes a profitable investment in from 10 to 15 years. It is estimated that an expenditure of �100 in planting and maintaining saplings until they require little or no further attention will return �100 a year and more from the sale of timber for fuel, mine props, etc. RANCHING AND STOCK BREEDING. Only within the past few years has it been possible seriously to apply schemes for the development of Rhodesia's latent possibilities as a stock-raising country. Various causes combined to bring this about, in particular the success that has attended the efforts of the Veterinary Department in its campaign against stock diseases, to which Rhodesia in common with all stock countries is subject. Well- 29 r SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK 1914 RHODESIAN-BRED CATTLE stocked ranches are now established in all parts of the country. Extremely rapid progress is being made. A stock census at the end of 1912 showed a total of 600,000 head, of which 250,000 head-all good-class cattle-were held by Europeans. The natural rate of increase is about 75 per cent. There is an enormous acreage available for ranching schemes, espe- cially between Victoria and the Limpopo river, where there are at least ten million acres. An important announcement in connection with the ranching induistry was made at Bulawayo in 1913, to the effect that the Bulawayo Agricul- tural Show Society will offer a 1,000 guinea (floating) trophy at the 1914 and subsequent shows for the best bull in Rhodesia, the com- petition being open to the whole world. The position and possibilities of Rhodesia from the ranching point of view are summarised in a statement which has been made by Mr. Richard Walsh, an American ranching expert. Mr. Walsh, who has considerable experience of Texas, a country like Rhodesia in many respects, was engaged by the British South Africa Com- pany to report on Rhodesia, and he writes : " I am greatly impressed with Rhodesia as a cattle country. The grasses are very good indeed, and must have great sustaining and fattening 80 FARMING CATTLE BEING DIPPED qualities. It has surprised me to see the con- dition which the stock carry. In theTopen country the grazing is not a bit rank, and im- proves with stocking and close feeding. There is an abundant supply of water to be obtained. There ought to be ten million head of cattle in the country. The native cattle are very small, inferior animals, but they are amenable to a good cross, which has been proved by crossing with imported bulls from England : Herefords, Shorthorns, Aberdeen Angus, North and South Devons, and Sussex have all been successful. When the country develops into a large meat producer, as I am sure it will, there will have to be packing and refrigerating plants established." Prices of stock : Native cows, �5 to �9 each ; cross-bred bulls, �12 10s. to �22; Colonial heifers, �8 to �17 10s.; cross-bred draught oxen, �8 10s. to �15 ; slaughter oxen, �6 to �12 10s., or 32s. to 45s. per 100 lb. ; young steers, suitable for ploughing and general farm work, �4 to �12. Ox-hides, 7s. 6d. to 20s. each. The British South Africa Company has recently commenced extensive ranching opera- tions, on 4,000,000 acres of land, under the management of Mr. Richard Walsh. Other ranching companies :- FARMING RHODESIAN OSTRICHES of this 400 acres will be irrigated for the purpose of growing lucerne. Sheep.-Sheep and goats are not farmed to any great extent as yet, though the scale of operations, is undoubtedly extending. The principal centre is at present Inyanga, but during last year a number of Cape sheep farmers took up 45,000 acres near Gwelo with the inten- tion of breeding sheep on a large scale. The breeds favoured in Rhodesia are Merinos, Per- sians, and their crosses with native sheep. The RHODESIAN SHEEP AND GOATS 3 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 -I flHUDESIAN riGB flocks number about 300,000 sheep and 850,000 goats all told, of which the bulk is in the hands of natives. Rhodesian wool was sold at Port Elizabeth in 1913 at a price averaging 8)d. per lb., whereas the top price of Woodhouse skirted wool (fleeces only) was only 7jd. per lb. Local prices : Merino ewes, 15s. to 30s.; wethers, 19s. 6d. to 25s.; Persian ewes, 18s. 6d. to 22s. 6d.; wethers, 20s. to 25s.; cross-bred ewes, 15s. to 17s. 6d. Cape fat-tailed breeding sheep, 21s. to 30s.; slaughter sheep, 16s. to 25s., or 50s. per 100 lb.; Angora goats, 18s. to 40s.; Boer goats, 19s. to 30s.; native goats, Os. to 20s. Sheep skins, Od. to 3s. each; goat skins, Od. to Ss. each. Pigs thrive well, and are expected to lead to a large and profitable industry. Maize is a staple food, and they are therefore cheaply fed. RHODESIAN FOWLS FARMING The breeds chiefly kept are: Large Black, Middle Yorkshire, Berkshire, Large Yorkshire, Tamworth, and their crosses. Prices: �1 to �9 each fot breeding stock ; 4d. to 5(d. per lb. for slaughter stock. The British South Africa Company has formed a bacon factory company for the purpose of establishing factories in Rhodesia, and a commencement is being made during 1914 with a small factory at Salisbury. Plans are also out for the erection of a big factory at Bulawayo as soon as circumstances justify such a venture. Prices : Bacon, ls. 2d. to 2s. 6d. per lb.; ham, ls. 6d. to 2s. 9d. Horses, Mules, Donkeys.-These are bred on only a limited scale, horses particularly owing to the prevalence of horse-sickness. There is little demand for horses, but a good sale for mules and donkeys. Prices : " Salted" (accli- matised) horses, �35 to �70; unsalted, �20 to �35. Mules, "salted " or inoculated, �25 to �40 ; unsalted, �20 to �32. Donkeys, �5 to �10 10s. Poultry, etc.-This is a much-neglected in- dustry in Rhodesia, though the drawbacks to it are no greater than elsewhere, while the financial results are entirely satisfactory. About �20,000 is spent yearly on imported poultry and eggs (which come from as far away as China and Australia), and the demand is increasing. Prices: Farm fowls, 2s. 6d. to 5s. each, native 1s. to 2s.; ducks, 4s. to 10s.; geese, 9s. to 15s.; turkeys, 12s. 6d. to 25s.; farm eggs 2s. to 3s. 6d. per doz., native ls. to 2s. Od. DAIRY FARMING. Dairy farming has extended largely within recent years. That there is still scope for very much further expansion is obvious from the fact that over �50,000 is paid annually by Rhodesia for imported butter, cheese, and milk. A practical step towards the more rapid develop- ment of the dairy industry was taken in 1913, when the British South Africa Company estab- lished a creamery at Gwelo at a cost of �3,000. The creamery is admitted to be one of the most finished in the whole of South Africa. Its situation is such that cream can be safely railed 35 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 NEW CREAMERY AT GWELO: OPENING BY H.H. THE ADMINISTRATOR to it from any part of Rhodesia. Farmers are paid for their cream on the following basis : is. per lb. for first-grade butter fat; 9d. per lb. for second-grade butter fat. They also receive a pro rata share of the net profits of the creamery. Special railway rates for the transference of cream have been introduced, viz. : from 2d. per gallon over a distance not exceeding 25 miles to 3d. per gallon for distances exceeding 300 miles. Cans are returned free of charge. The creamery has a capacity of 4,000 lb. of butter per day, and a cold storage capacity for 150,000 lb. of butter. Manager, W. J. Elliott ; Secretary, A. E. Adams. Prices : Dairy cows, �10 to �35 ; milk, 2d. to 6d. per pint ; butter, fresh, 2s. to 2s. 6d. per lb., salt butter 1s. to 2s. Od. LAND SETTLEMENT. The sale of land to settlers and immigrants has hitherto been entirely undertaken by the Estates Office, a department of the Commercial Branch of the British South Africa Company, with headquarters at Salisbury and a branch office at Bulawayo. With a view to accelerating closer settlement, a scheme is now before the country under which it is proposed to constitute a Land Settlement Board under the control of the Administration to foster immigration and to supply settlers with farms, either ready made or otherwise. With 36 FARMING funds advanced by the British South Africa Company, land within a radius of 25 miles of any railway:. would be acquired from the Company or from other landowning companies at current rates, and surveyed and prepared into farms ready for the new settlers. When no more land in the 25 mile zone is available by ordinary puishase, the Board would have the power to acquire by expropriation such land as was not being beneficially occupied, paying for the same at fair market prices, which, if necessary, would be settled by arbitration. Farms either developed, or partially developed, or not developed at all, would be sold to settlers on easy terms, payment being spread over a number of years; an interest of 6 per cent. would be charged. The current expenses of the Board would be met by a tax of �1 per 1,000 acres or less, according to the distance from a railway, on all undeveloped land in Southern Rhodesia. The Company is prepared to advance �250,000 as capital for the Board, and the taxation is calculated to produce a yearly revenue of �32,500. The following figures show the disposition of the land in Southern Rhodesia :- Acres. Unalienated land ... ... ... 47,825,668 B.S.A. Co.'s Estates ... ... ... 156,209 Railways ... ... ... ... 437,023 Amalgamated Properties of Rhodesia 1,544,000 Anglo-French Matabeleland ... ... 390,668 Bechuanaland Exploration ... ... 145,648 Bulawayo Syndicate ... ... ... 326,680 Charterland General Exploration and Finance ... ... ... ... 243,972 Crescens Matabele ... ...... 501,150 Farm Lands of Rhodesia ... ... 160,870 Exploring Lands and Minerals ... 770,000 Gold Fields Rhodesian Development ... 650,000 Liebig's Extract of Meat Co.... ... 1,200,000 Mashonaland Agency ... ... ... 478,570 Matabele Ranching Co.... ... ... 120,000 Rhodesia Consolidated ... ... ... 506,000 Rhodesia Lands ... ... ... 240,000 Rhodesia Limited ... ... ... 250,000 Trust and Agency Assets ... ... 364,000 Willoughby's Consolidated ...... 1,339,036 Smaller Companies and Individuals ... 12,561,356 70,210,850 Native Reserves ... ... ... 24,877,150 TOTAL ... ... ... ... 95,088,000 37 FARMING transport being provided from the nearest rail- way station or siding. Settlers who intend to become farmers should be possessed of capital amounting at least to �800. Tobacco planters should have at least �1,000, and stock farmers not less than �2,000. The capital of the new farming settlers in 1912 averaged �970 per head; in 1911 the figure was �832. An "occupation clause " is inserted in all agreements. This binds the owner or occupier to carry out a certain amount of cultivation or stocking, or certain improvements. These conditions are not onerous, and are easy of fulfilment. Farm (native) labour is plentiful and cheap. Wages range from 10s. to 20s. per month plus rations and quarters. The Rhode- sian Native Labour Bureau recruits labour for farmers at a cost of �2 per head (as against �5 to the mines and other employers) plus a monthly fee of 1s. for Government administra- tion purposes. Natives, however, also volunteer for work, and can be engaged independently of the Bureau; the monthly shilling fee applies to all Native workers. There are now nearly 8,000 farmers in Southern Rhodesia, and new farms are being taken up at the rate of about 350 a year. There are also a number of women farmers, about 100 all told. A RTODESIAN FARM SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 In 1912 the Company started a closer settlement scheme near the township of Gwelo, cutting up 20, 000 acres of land into farms of 500 acres each, and generally dealing with it in much the same way as the Canadian Pacific Railway Company did with its land along the railway in Canada. Houses are being built, the farms fenced, water boreholes made and windmills erected, and in some cases a certain area is being ploughed and planted with crops. Each settler on these farms is being supplied with a number of head of dairy stock. These improvements are added to the cost of the land. OCEAN AND RAILWAY CONCEssIONs. Approved settlers and their wives and families are, through the agency of the British South Africa Company, granted specially low passenger and freight rates from England into Rhodesia. Settlers' wives and families may, moreover, travel any time within six months via Cape Town, or any time within two years via Beira, after the settler himself. These fares cover the journey to any station in the country, being as follow :- By mail steamer- � s. d. 2nd class ... ... ... ... 26 0 0 3rd class (2nd on railway) ... ... 16 0 0 By intermediate steamer- 2nd class ... ... ... ... 23 10 0 3rd class (2nd on railway) ...... 13 0 0 3rd class (men only, open berths) ... 11 0 0 and upwards, according to the class of accom- modation desired. Twice the usual amount of free luggage is allowed on the railways, and excess luggage is charged at half rates. Excess luggage (in the case of farming settlers) may include poultry, dogs, small lots of meal, oats, salt, potatoes, and similar articles of foodstuffs, and also a reason- able quantity of second-hand galvanised iron and timber. Furniture is carried from Port Elizabeth to Bulawayo at the rate of 7s. 6d. per 100 lbs., and the special rate for farming machinery and implements is 6s. 3d. per 100 lbs. Special rates for livestock and vehicles are also in force. Certi- 40 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 two months (price 5s. per annum); by means of special bulletins which are distributed free to farmers; and by means of lectures. There are over 70 different bulletins at present in issue. The lectures are delivered at various centres periodically by the technical officers of the department ; and in addition a course of some 60 lectures takes place every year at Salisbury free, and is attended by large numbers of farmers and prospective farmers. The course extends over a period of three weeks, and includes tours over the laboratories and Government and other farms. Examinations are subsequently held, and a gold medal is awarded the student who secures the highest number of marks. Subjects taken : Entomology, engineering, chemistry, veterinary science, live stock, and agriculture. This departure may be regarded as the first step in the direction of the formation of an agricultural college, which will doubtless be established in reality so soon as funds permit. Farmers also have the benefit of the know- ledge gleaned by experiments made under the direction of the Rhodes Trustees at the Matopos and Inyanga farms. In his will the late Mr. Rhodes left the sum of �6,000 to be expended in such manner as his Trustees think fit in experimental farming, forestry, market and other gardening, irrigation, and the teaching of any of these things, and in the establishing and maintaining of an agricultural college-for the instruction of the people of Rhodesia. The department furnishes farmers with free technical advice, either by correspondence or, where possible, by personal visits. It is of considerable importance to cattle breeders that the Administration maintains a large and efficient staff of veterinary officers. Government veterinary surgeons are estab- lished in the various centres, and without charge attend all cases of disease amongst livestock which may be of general public importance. Certain nominal fees are charged for attendance and advice in other cases, as follows :- � s. d For every professional visit within three miles of Surgeon's office or residence .. .. .. 0 5 0 42 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 THE LAND BANK. For the purpose of assisting farmers to develop their farms, the British South Africa Company recently formed a subsidiary company known as the Rhodesia Land Bank (Chairman : R. Little- john), and itself provided the whole of the capital of �250,000. The Bank advances loans to farmers up to a maximum of �2,000, on the security of a first mortgage over landed property, at the rate of 6 per cent. per annum, repayments being spread over a period of ten years, for the following purposes : To purchase land or pay off existing liabilities on land. To purchase live stock, plant and agricultural implements generally. To effect improvements on land, including farm buildings, fencing, irrigation works, and afforestation. Small yearly loans of not more than �150, bearing 7 per cent. interest, are made on the guarantee of two sureties. The Bank is situated in Bulawayo, but appli- cation forms for loans are obtainable at the Estates Office in Salisbury and at the offices of the principal Civil and Native Commissioners throughout the country. Manager: W. Olive. FARMERS' AssocIATIONs. Farmers and those materially interested in farming have formed associations in various parts of the country to look after and further their interests, and much useful work is being done by them. Particulars of each are given under the districts. Practically the whole of these associations are affiliated with a central body known as the Rhodesian Agricultural Union, which holds a big congress every year, sitting first at one and then at another centre. The officials of the Union are :- President: E. Wilson. Vice-Presidents : E. A. Hull, A. McAlister. Executive Committee: The President of every affiliated association. Secretary : J. Reid Rowland, Plumtree. During the year the chairman of the Union- Castle Steamship Co. (Sir Owen Philipps) ex- tended to Rhodesia, in common with the rest of 44 FARMING South Africa, an invitation to send a body of representative farmers on a tour of Europe to study farming conditions, under the direction and as the guests of the Union-Castle Co. The Rhodesian invitation was for ten farmers, and the Agricultural Union selected the following nine as representing Southern Rhodesia, the tenth being the representative of Northern Rhodesia: E. A. Hull (Matopos, Bulawayo); J. Reid Rowland (Plumtree), E. Wilson (Salis- bury), A. Shone (Somabula), W. M. Leggate (Hartley), W. F. Readman (Victoria), W. Martin (Melsetter), J. Finch (Marandellas), E. Peake (Umvukwe). 45 MINING are yet being worked on a large or commercial scale, and for the present the list is more of academic than practical value. The most useful guide is one provided by the table of mining claims current at the end of the last official year for which returns have been made out (1912). The claims then current were as follow :- Mineral. Claims. Gold ... ... ... ... ... ... 77,488 Tin ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,035 Copper ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,567 Lead ... ... ... ... ... ... 560 Aluminium ... ... ... ... ... 380 Graphite ... ... ... ... ... 270 Chrome ore ... ... ... ... ... 265 Asbestos ... ... ... ... ... 260 Iron ... ... ... ... ... ... 240 Antimony ... ... ... ... ... 90 Mica ... ... ... ... ... ... 60 Scheelite ... ... ... ... ... 30 Nickel ... ... ... .... ... ... 30 Azurite ... ... ... ... ... 23 There were also 23 coal prospecting areas current. The diamond deposits of the whole country are held under concession by De Beers Consolidated Mines, and no data as to claims, etc., have been published. At the end of 1913 the claims current were: gold, 59,587; base metal, 8,048. Mining first took place in Southern Rhodesia under British South Africa Company auspices in 1890. By 1898 a gold output of 6,470 oz. had been declared--all from Mashonaland, with the exception of 218 oz. Between September, 1898 and June, 1899, a tremendous spurt was recorded, and Matabeleland produced 57,007 oz, and Mashonaland 635 oz. To date (December 31st, 1913) Southern Rhodesia has produced minerals, etc., in the following quantities :- Value � Gold ... ... 6,403,415 ozs. ... 25,281,965 Silver ... ... 1,715,432 ozs. ... 188,770 Lead ... ... 6,895 tons ... 91,743 Coal ... ... 1,609,687 tons (sold 681,648 Chrome iron ... 279,651 tons ... 639,466 Copper ... ... 359 tons ... 23,058 Tungsten ores ... 129 tons ... 11,624 Antimony... ... 14 tons ... 275 Asbestos ... ... 1 409 tons ... 18,216 Diamonds... ... 9,558 carats ... 42,024 Other precious stones 90,070 carats 8,246 GwRtD TOTAL VA Luv ... �26,987,035 47 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 For the purpose of comparison details are appended of the outputs for the past two years, and also for the first two months of 1914 :- 1912. Gold ... Silver ... Chrome iron Coal ... Lead ... Diamonds Tungsten ores 642,807 ozs. 176,532 ozs. 69,261 tons 216,140 tons ( 588 tons 587 carats 1 ton TOTAL 1912 ... ... 1913. Gold ... Silver ... Chrome iron Coal ... Lead ... Diamonds Tungsten ores Asbestos ... Gold .. Silver .. Lead .. Chrome iron Coal .. Diamonds Asbestos .. 689,954 ozs. 142,390 ozs. 63,384 tons 243,328 tons 327 tons 998 carats 4 tons 290 tons 59,212 ozs. 10,658 ozs. 20 tons 9,534 tons 29,014 tons 66 carat 59 tons Value. � ... 2,707,369 ... 20,010 ... 154,600 old 73,267 ... 9,253 ... 2,348 ... 100 ... �2,966,947 Value � ... 2,903,268 ... 15,105 ... 141,482 (sold 78,421 ... 5,234 ... 7,781 ... 427 ... 5,224 ... �3,156,942 Value. � . 249,031 . 1,069 .. 349 . 21,281 (sold 9,882 is .. 118 .. 1,060 .. �282,860 February, 1914. Value. � Gold .. .. 61,704 ozs. .. 259,722 Silver .. .. 10,701 ozs. .. 1,089 Lead .. .. 20 tons .. 349 Chrome iron .. 5,980 tons .. 13,347 Coal .. .. 25,746 tons (sold 8,803 Diamonds .. 146 carats 414 TOTAL FEBRUARY .. .. �283,724 With the new mines referred to on page 68 producing, an increase in the total output for 1914 may be expected. 48 TOTAL 1913 ... ... January, 1914. TOTAL JANUARY .. s, MINING MINING IN RHODESIA: THE FIRST STAGE GOLD. It may safely be said that gold occurrences are to be found all over Rhodesia, though for the most part actual gold mining is yet confined to various fairly well-defined stretches known as gold-belts. With an extension of prospecting, however, new fields may and doubtless will be located from time to time ; at any rate, not a tithe of the country has been prospected scien- tifically and systematically up to the present. Bearing this fact in mind, and contrasting it with the splendid mining achievements that have been recorded, it will be seen that the possibilities of Rhodesia as a mining field are immense. Mr. A. H. Ackermann, the Com- pany's Resident Mining Engineer, reporting in 1911, stated that " exploration work has proved that gold is not confined to quartz reefs, but apparently is found in every kind of formation existing in the country-e.g. in the Enterprise district it is found in schists; in the Kimberley district in the granite; in the Abercorn district in sandstone; in other sections in banded ironstone; and in the Eldorado district in con- glomerates; while at the Eileen Alannah and Cam and Motor there are rich impregnations in dolorite and sandstone." D 49 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 The systematic prospector, therefore, has a great field and splendid prospects in front of him. In the past prospectors have almost wholly confined their operations to a search for " old workings," i.e., the abandoned mines of the ancients, whose limited knowledge of mining compelled them to cease work so soon as water level was reached. These workings or pits were by 1890, of course, all overgrown with shrubs and trees. It was, and is, no doubt rightly assumed that as enormous quantities of gold had evidently been obtained from "ground " above water level, there, below water level, must be greater quantities still. Further pros- pecting, consequently, was not thought necessary. Not all, but a good number of the mines of Rhodesia were, as claims, originally pegged because of the old workings on them. The great majority of these old workings must by now have been relocated. It is most im- probable, however, that all the gold reefs of the country are confined to old workings or ground near them; hence the scope for men with a working knowledge of geology searching for virgin gold reefs. The Company andjthe Govern- ment offer various incentives to this class of worker. The latter, through its Geological Survey, provides scientific data as to the country in general and old or new mining fields in par- ticular. The value of this may be gauged from the fact that the tin discoveries which were MINING 'IN RHODESIA: A "SMALL WORKER'S" PROPOSITION MINING of the mining industry, the British South Africa Company in 1911 formed and financed a develop- ment company-the British South Africa Mines Development Company. The special objects of the new concern were to consider schemes for prospecting districts hitherto undeveloped, and to make arrangements with individual prospec- tors and miners for the more rapid development and equipment of their mines. For administrative purposes the country is divided into eight mining districts, each in charge of a mining commissioner, at the head of whom is the Secretary for Mines-the Bula- wayo, Gwelo, Hartley, Lomagundi, Mazoe, Salisbury, Umtali, and Victoria districts. Gwelo, in which district is situated what is at present the leading mine of the country, the Globe and Phoenix, is the largest producer, and the Hartley district, which may be described as the " home" of the prospector and the man who works small mines, either his own property or the leased property of a Company, has the greatest number of producers. With the Cam and Motor mine at work, Hartley may also become the largest producer. The biggest mine in Rhodesia, potentially, is the Shamva, in the Salisbury district, which was discovered in 1909, and com- menced crushing in February, 1914. Many of the mines worked by the "small" man are amongst the most successful in the country. The number of producing mines in 1913 was 468, made up as follows : (1) mines owned and worked by companies, 36; (2) owned by companies and worked on "tribute " by syndi- cates or individual workers, 79 ; (3) owned and worked by small companies or syndicates and individual workers, 353. The following table gives particulars of the tonnage milled by each section, the gross value, and the average value per ton milled : Tonnage Value Average. treated. extracted. � s. (1) 1,103,065 .. 1,905,806 .. 3455 (2) 322,229 .. 410,592 .. 25'84 (3) 328,631 .. 586,870 .. 35.71 Totals, 1,753,925 .. 2,903,268 .. 3310 53 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 The average value per ton milled has gradually increased since 1907, when the figure stood at 27*50 shillings. In the main this is the effect of the ore treated having a higher value, though in the opinion of the Secretary for Mines there is little doubt that the better extraction of gold now being secured has also helped to improve the average. Working costs vary considerably. But speak- ing in 1910, the then President of the Rhodesia Chamber of Mines stated that the returns from thirteen of the largest producers in the country, which were responsible for about 45 per cent. of the total yield, worked out at 17s. 7)d. per ton. The stamps at work in 1912 numbered 1803, an increase of 104 on the year. Gravity stamps chiefly are used ; a new type of gravity stamp, the heavy Nissen stamp, is now being installed on several of the mines, notably the Shamva. Tube mills, as auxiliaries, are being increasingly used. SILVER. There are no silver mines in Rhodesia. Silver is found on most mines as a by-product of gold, particularly on the properties of the Rezende Mines, Ltd., near Umtali. Of the total declara- tion of 176,532 ozs. of silver in 1912, these properties accounted for 103,380 ozs. Silver was first produced in Rhodesia in 1899. BASE METALS. A base metal location in Rhodesia is equal to thirty gold reef claims, or 90,000 square feet. On discovery the prospector has the right to prospect within a radius of 3,000 ft. of his discovery peg. The registration certificate costs �1. The royalties payable to the British South Africa Co. are :- 3 per cent. of the gross output per month on : Bismuth, cobalt, copper, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, thorium and allied substances, tin, tungsten, scheelite, uranium, vanadium, mineral oils, natural gas or salts. 2 per cent. of the gross output per month on : Aluminium, or any of its compounds, antimony, asbestos, varium, strontium, chrome, graphite, gypsum, iron, lead, man- ganese, magnesite, mica, and zinc. 54 MINING Prior to the producing stage, Inspection Certificates, as in the case of gold claims, must be taken out yearly; and when working for profit commences a claim licence of �5 per block per month is charged. Lead.-Lead is widely distributed throughout the country, chiefly as galena. The present production comes entirely from the properties of the Rezende Mines, Ltd., near Umtali, as a by-product of gold. Chrome Iron.-There are several deposits of chrome iron in the territory, notably in the Selukwe, Victoria, and Hartley areas. Only one is being worked at present. It is situated near Selukwe, and the claims are owned by the Rhodesia Chrome Mines, Ltd., who commenced operations in 1906. The ore is shipped direct to Europe and there subjected to reduction treatment. In 1912 the greater part of the world's supplies of chrome iron came from Rhodesia. Tungsten Ores. -Tungsten, as wolfram or tungstate of iron and manganese, and as scheelite or tungstate of lime is found in many parts of Rhodesia. Asbestos.-The present output comes from the King Mine in the Victoria district. New deposits were discovered in 1913 near Umsweswe, in the Hartley district. A local syndicate, whose shares were over-subscribed, was formed locally to work the claims. Copper.-Copper occurs in many districts, both as native copper and as sulphides and carbonates, as well as in other combinations. The mineral is not being produced at present, but with extended railway facilities and conse- quent cheap coal for smelting, there is reason to believe a number of properties would be opened up. Tin.-During 1913 valuable deposits of tin were reported to have been discovered in the Enterprise district, and much prospecting activity ensued. Excellent specimens of cassi- terite have been obtained, but so far nothing that would justify operations on a large scale. 55 MINING Photo byJ [Renton, Gwelo MINING IN RHODESIA: THE DIAMOND FIELDS AT SOMABULA at 969,411,000 tons, of which 825,852,000 tons, or 85 per cent., are steam coal, the balance including both semi-anthracite and bituminous coals. The average price of Wankie coal in 1912 worked out at 9s. per ton. The railway freight- age per ton of 2,000 lbs. to the various centres in the country and to Beira is as follows: Bulawayo, 7s. lld.; Gwanda, 10s. Id.; Gwelo, 10s. 10d. ; Selukwe, lls. 8d.; Gatooma, 12s. 7d.; Hartley, 14s. Od.; Salisbury, 17s. ld.; Eldorado, 21s. Sd.; Shamva, 22s. Od.; Umtali, 19s. lld.; Beira, 26s. PRECIOUs STONES. The diamond rights of Southern Rhodesia belong exclusively to De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd., by reason of a financial arrange- ment entered into in the early days of the country. The terms under which diamonds and other precious stones may be worked, however, are not satisfactory, and the matter is now the subject of negotiations between De Beers and the British South Africa Co. 4 Prospecting for diamonds or other precious stones is allowed by Digger's Permit, costing �1. The discovery of any precious stones must be notified to the nearest Mining Commissioner SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 within thirty-one days. Claims must be re- gistered within thirty-one days of pegging, the cost of registration being 5s. A claim licence of 2s. 6d. per month is due to the Administration for every claim held. In 1903 Sir John Willoughby and others formed the South African Option Syndicate for the purpose of acquiring and dealing specially with a prospecting grant of 200 square miles in Rhodesia, with the ultimate right of locating in one or more areas 20 per cent. for the working of diamonds or other precious stones. The Syndicate entered into agreements on the matter both with the British South Africa Co. and De Beers. Subsequently 20 square miles were located on diamond-bearing ground at Somabula, and in the Bembesi district (Colossus' and Wessels' blocks). Yellow ground was discovered at Somabula, and in the Bembesi area not only yellow ground but what was considered to be a true pipe. Exploration work, however, has not fulfilled expectations. The Syndicate has now thrown open the Somabula field to diggers on very favourable terms, and during 1913 considerable activity was reported from it, while the results were encouraging. New diamondiferous strata were discovered at a far greater depth than before- at from 60 to 100 ft., as against 30 ft. and less hither to. The diamonds are all excellent in quality and perfect in colour, the largest yet discovered weighing 37j carats, and being a perfect octahedron. A diamond weighing 12 carats was found in 1912, and previously Sir John Willoughby himself found one weighing 19 s carats, but the quality is not so fine as that of the later finds. There are now from 15 to 25 diggers at work. EMPLOY S. Nearly 3,000 White men are directly employed in mining in Southern Rhodesia. At the end of September, 1913, the natives employed on the mines totalled 34,444, of whom. 24,853 were on producing gold mines, 9,429 on non-producing mines, and 1,437 on coal and 58 MINING other mines. Of the whole, 12,444 were local " boys," 6,171 Portuguese, 8,809 Northern Rhodesian, and 6,122 Nyasaland, while 918 came from various parts of South Africa. THE NATIVE LABOUR BUREAU. Since 1906 the recruiting for native labour for the mines and other employers has been carried out by a corporate body now styled The Rhodesian Native Labour Bureau. The present Bureau is a registered concern with a capital of �250,000 in �1 shares, of which 1]6,910 are issued. The issued shares have been taken up by 759 members. There is a 5 per cent. debenture issue of �75,000, created mostly for the purpose of liquidating the debts of a previous Bureau. The first year's operations of the new Bureau-those of 1912-resulted in a surplus revenue of �14,746-more than suffi- cient to meet the debenture interest and other charges. In 1912 the Bureau recruited 14,742 natives, and distributed them as follows :- To Mines ... ... ... ... 7,018= 47.60 per cent. To Farms ... ... ... ... 6,527-= 4428 To General Employers ... ... 1,197= 8.12 Of the mine labour, 24*6 per cent. or 1,720 natives went to the properties of small workers. The period for which the natives " signed on " averaged 11.9 months each. The Bureau does not recruit in Southern Rhodesia, but it is continually extending its operations outside the territory. It was reported by the Rhodesia Chamber of Mines in September that the supply of natives was plentiful for all classes of employment. The following . capita- tion fees are charged: For mine labourers, �5 for a twelve months' contract ; for farm labourers, �2-plus in each case a monthly fee of ls. for administrative purposes. All non-farming employers are rated for the higher capitation fee. Mine natives are paid on an average about 30s. per month in wages, with free rations, quarters, and medical service; their food costs about 14s. a month. The following is the constitution of the Board of Management of the Bureau : G. Wolfe Murray 59 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 (chairman and managing director), H. J. Taylor, C.N.C. (nominated by the Administrator), P. S. Inskipp, E. R. Ross (nominated by the British South Africa Co.), G. Mitchell, M.L.C. (nominated by the debenture holders other than the British South Africa Co.), P. B. S. Wrey (re- presenting the Joint Stock Company members), E. A. Begbie, M.L.C., representing the Small (Mine) workers), and T. W. Savory (representing the farmers); with G. Upton as manager and secretary. Offices and headquarters : Salisbury. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. A geological survey of the territory was commenced in 1911 and is now proceeding under the direction of Mr. H. B. Maufe, B.A. (Cantab.) and a staff of geologists. It is already proving of valuable assistance to the mining industry. Technical reports are issued periodi- cally as bulletins. To date, two districts have been mapped out, viz., Selukwe and Enterprise. The former extends over an area of 400 square miles, and the latter over 160 square miles, and the two maps are now obtainable by the public. A map dealing with the north-west portion of the Wankie coal field is in course of completion. In his report for 1912, Mr. Maufe states that as the result of detailed work amongst the metamorphic rocks, it is becoming increasingly clear that they are divisible into three series, one of which consists of three groups: (a) a greenstcne schist group, including epid'orite; (b) a banded ironstone group; and (c) a con- glomerate and grit group. The second series consists of ultra-basic rocks, some of which contain chromite and asbestos. The third series comprises a very valuable group of fine- grained and frequently schistose acid rocks which have not hitherto been recognised as a distinct series. The recognition of the three series, coupled with a consideration of the distribution of gold-bearing quartz reefs and the mode of occurrence of an important class of auriferous impregnations, has led up to what is probably the point of greatest practical import- ance resulting from the year's work, viz., that 60 MINING the gold deposits of the territory are closely associated to the last-named series of acid igneous rocks. From some points of view, proceeds Mr. Maufe, it would be preferable to wait until the evidence could be presented in a complete form, but as the subject has a direct bearing on prospecting it has been deemed advisable to draw the attention of prospectors and mining engineers to it at once. "For if, as it seems, there is a close relationship between the gold ores and a group of acid rocks, a know- ledge of the character and behaviour of the latter would be valuable to the prospector, giving him a rational guide in examining new ground, and a lead to the discovery of new ore bodies." The Department has also made investigations into limestone and cement-making materials and into certain soils. Regarding the former, a syndicate, as a result, has since proved by trial test to its own satisfaction that a Portland cement exceeding the requirements of the revised British standard specification in strength, etc., can be made out of materials occurring near Bulawayo, and that a sufficient quantity of these materials is available. The soil observa- tions need to be prosecuted further and syste- matically, in which event "there can be no doubt that the results would have an important bearing on the classification of new lands and the treatment they should receive." MINES OF RHODESIA. During 1913 the following mines contributed a value of �100 or over to the gold output of Southern Rhodesia. The location given is in every case the official mining district : - Output MINE, DISTRICT, AND EQUIPMENT. Value. � Abercorn, Salisbury; tailings .. .. .. .. 1,185 Abercorn No. 1, Bulawayo; 2 stamps .. .. 2,706 Acorn, Hartley ; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 8,614 Agincourt, Bulawayo; 5 stamps, 1 grinding pan .. 12,738 Agnes, Hartley ; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 8,152 Alabama, Hartley ; 3 stamps .. .. .. .. 3,224 Alderman, Gwelo; 3 stamps .. .. .. .. 994 Alexandra, Bulawayo; 2 stamps .. .. .. 287 Allanah, Gwelo; 5 stamps . ....... 204 Alluvial (from), Lomagundi . .. ..... 2,217 61 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Output MINE, DISTRICT, AND EQUIPMENT. Value. � Alice, Mazoe .. .. .. .. .. .. 229 Alice and Atlas, Bulawayo; 10 stamps .. .. 8,011 Amaroso, Hartley ; 5 stamps . ....... 1,551 Anchor, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 1,383 Anglian, Lomagundi; 2 stamps .. .. 370 Antelope, Bulawayo; 10 grinding pans, 2 ball mills 4,612 Antenior, Bulawayo; 2 stamps .. .. .. 1,261 Arab, Salisbury; 1 dolly .. .. .. .. 382 Ardpatrick, Gwelo; 3 stamps .. .. .. 7,282 Arizona No. 2 S, Gwelo; 2 stamps . .. .. 1,387 Arthur, Umtali; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 195 Athi, Bulawayo; 2 stamps . . . .. .. 570 Auriga, Hartley ; 5 stamps . . . .. .. 578 Authentic, Mazoe; tailings . . . .. .. 325 Avice, Hartley; sands . ... . .. .. 106 Ayrshire, Lomagundi; sluicing 363 Baltimore and Virginia, Hartley ; 1 pneumatic mill 338 Bangali, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 1,600 Bank, Salisbury ; 2 stamps . .. .. .. 509 Banker, Salisbury; 3 stamps . . . .. .. 100 Banshee, Hartley; 2 stamps .. .. .. .. 320 Battlefields, Hartley ; 2 Chilian mills .. .. 20,726 Beacon Hill No. 1, Gwelo; 4 stamps .. .. 4,825 Bedad, Gwelo; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 1,082 Bee, Gwelo; 2 stamps.. .. . . .. .. 1,577 Belmont, Bulawayo; 5 stamps . .. .. 3,846 Bembesi, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 321 Big Ben, Bulawayo; 4 stamps .. .. .. 11,735 Bilhah, Bulawayo ; 2 stamps .. .. .. 429 Birdie, Hartley ; 5 stamps . . . .. .. 157 Blanket, Bulawayo; 15 stamps .. .. .. 5,100 BIlue Gum, Gwelo; 1 Huntingdon . .. .. 270 Blue Reef, Bulawayo; 2 stamps .. .. .. 1,457 Blue Rock, Hartley ; 2 stamps .. .. .. 4,731 Bobs, Bulawayo ; 5 stamps . . . .. .. 1,788 Botha H., Mazoe; 5 stamps . . . .. .. 1,915 Bowie No. 1, Gwelo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 576 Briar, Salisbury ; tailings .... .. .. 335 Brilliant, Hartley; 7 stamps and 1 grinding pan . 25,222 Broad Arrow, Gwelo; 10 stamps .. .. .. 1,720 Bucks Reef, Bulawayo; 5 stamps . ..... 3,626 Buckwal No. 1, Hartley ; 5 stamps . . . .. 373 Buller, Hartley ; 5 stamps . ....... 2,354 Burton, Bulawayo; 5 stamps . 1,950 Bushtick, Bulawayo; 24 stamps, 3 tube mills .. 57,797 Bute, Gwelo; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 172 Butterfly, Hartley ; tailings . . . ..... 226 " C," Bulawayo ; 10 stamps, 1 Chilian .. .. 16,471 Cactus, Gwelo; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 1,770 Cairndhu 2 WV.; Umtali .. .. .. .. 548 Calli, Bulawayo ; 5 stamps . ..... . 179 Calton A., Hartley ; 5 stamps .. .. .. 528 Camelia, Gwelo; 10 stamps .. .. .... 447 Cardiff, Hartley ; 1 Huntingdon mill . .. 111 Carry, Bulawayo; 1 Huntingdon .. .. .. 7,159 Chadshunt, Hartley ; 5 stamps .. .... 711 Champion, UTmtali; 5 stamps . .. . 7,051 Champion H., Bulawayo; 5 stamps.. .. .. 7,084 Cheshire Cat, Hartley ; 5 stamps, 1 grinding pan .. 12,407 62 MINING Output MINE, DISTRICT, AND EQUIPMENT. Value. � "L," Bulawayo ; 5 stamps .. .. 2,179 Last Kick, Mazoe ; 5 stamps 258 Li Hang Chang, Bulawayo; 3 stamps 798 Limes, Bulawayo ; 5 stamps .. .... 667 Lina, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 1,276 Linnett, Lomagundi; 3 stamps .. .. .. 7,427 Little Beauty, Bulawayo; 3 stamps 686 Liverpool, Umtali; 5 stamps ... . 3,463 Lone Hand, Bulawayo ; 5 stamps ... .. 8,548 Lone Hill, Lomagundi ; 2 stamps . . 1,438 Lonely Reef, Bulawayo; 20 stamps, 3 tube mills 219,134 Loongana, Gwelo; 5 stamps ..651 Louise Grand, Salisbury; 1 Huntingdon 7,329 Luke, Hartley ; 5 stamps .. "" "" "" 588 Maisie Luck, Gwelo; 6 stamps .. .. .. 128 Mali, E., Hartley ; 2 stamps .. .... . 413 Mamba, Bulawayo; 5 stamps 1,149 Mamine, Umtali; 5 stamps . . " '' ". 104 Manx Cat, Bulawayo, 4 stamps . " "' ' 1,055 Mashona, Salisbury ; 2 stamps " " ''41,097 Mask, Gwelo; 1 dolly ..440 Matabele Queens, Bulawayo; 10 stamps 47,292 Mecca, Umtali; 10 stamps .. .. .. 1,094 Mediteraneo, Lomagundi; 2 stamps 264 Micky, Mazoe; 2 stamps .. .. .. 3,808 Midwinter, Hartley ; 4 stamps �1,909 Minnie's Luck, Bulawayo; 5 stamps 1,870 Mitre 8, Mazoe; 1 dolly .. .834 Mont d'Or, Salisbury; 2 stamps . .. .. 5,013 Montezuma, Umtali; 5 stamps 621 Monti, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. ..252 Moonie River, Gwelo; 5 stamps "" '' '" 2,503 Moss, Gwelo; 2 stamps "" "" '' " 10,527 Mtakati, Bulawayo; 2 stamps . " ''. . 148 Mystery, Bulawayo; 2 stamps 347 Nada, Hartley ; 1 pneumatic mill .. "" ' 500 Namaqua, Bulawayo ; 2 stamps 530 Nelly, Bulawayo; 3 Huntingdons .. .. .. 23,148 Nevada, Gwelo; 2 stamps .. . .. .. 174 New Clifton, Bulawayo; slimes 175 New Dunraven, Gwelo; 5 stamps . .. .. 8,315 New Eclipse, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 10,660 New Found 1 N., Mazoe; 5 stamps 7,655 New Full Back, Salisbury ; 2 stamps 1,103 New Insimbi, Bulawayo; 5 stamps 2,027 New Jess No. 1, Bulawayo; 2 stamps 1,307 New Milky Way No. 3, Hartley ; 5 stamps 1,213 New Moss, Gwelo; 2 stamps .. .... . 2,117 New Trial, Gwelo; 1 Huntingdon .. . 107 New Union Jack, Hartley ; tailings 323 Nita, Bulawayo; 5 stamps . . .... . 1,280 North Bonsor, Gwelo; 20 stamps . " "' 25,212 Old Loyalty, Salisbury ; 5 stamps .. .. 3,728 Old Nic, Bulawayo; 15 stamps, 4 grinding pans 44,451 Oleander, Hartley ; 3 stamps "" ' 5,901 Olga, Bulawayo; 2 stamps .". 318..... 9437 Owl, Hartley ; 10 stamps '5...... . 31,894 Palm, Gwelo; 5 stamps.. 17...... 98253 Paradox, Gwelo; 5 stamps . .....1,798 E 65 MINING Output M1INE, DISTRICT, AND EQUIPMENT. Value. � Star, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 1,481 Stator, Gwelo; 2 stamps .. . .. .. 234 Stranger, Gwelo; 2 stamps .. .. .. .. 475 Suffolk, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 157 Surprise, Gwelo; 10 stamps .. .. .. .. 673 Susanna, Bulawayo; 8 stamps .. .. .. 22,855 Swallow, Bulawayo; 4 stamps .. .. .. 266 Tea, Hartley ; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 9,061 Tebekwe, Gwelo; 15 stamps .. .. .. 5,640 Tebekwe B., Gwelo; 10 stamps .. .. .. 292 Tebekwe No. 1, Gwelo; 15 stamps .. .. .. 3,033 Teutonic, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 10,690 Texas, Victoria; 10 stamps .. .. .. .. 12,606 Thistle-Etna, Hartley ; 1 Chilian .. .. .. 58,131 Thorn, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 761 Thornhill, Mazoe; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 12,861 Three Cheers, Hartley; tailings .. .. .. 395 Togo, Hartley; tailings .. .. .. .. 207 Togo No. 2, Hartley; 5 stamps . ... .. 309 Tom-Cat, Mazoe ; 1 pneumatic mill . .. 2,815 Trinidad No. 1, Hartley ; 5 stamps.. .. .. 1,668 Trump, Bulawayo; tailings .. ... .. .. 311 Try Me 2, Hartley; 5 stamps .. .. .. 6,735 Tuff Nut, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 12,180 Turkois, Hartley; 5 stamps .. .. .. .. 332 Twin Nugget, Gwelo; 2 stamps .. .. .. 379 Two Sisters, Umtali; 2 stamps .. .. .. 994 Ubigubi No. 1, Bulawayo; 2 stamps . .. 328 Umkulu, Mazoe; 2 stamps .. .. .. .. 1,712 Umtali, Umtali; 10 stamps .. .. .. . . 1,082 Umvoti, Bulawayo; 2 stamps .. .. .. 1,418 Up-to-Date, Bulawayo; 3 stamps .. .. .. 3,069 Ventura, Lomagundi; 2 stamps .. .. .. 2,762 Venus, Mazoe ; 2 stamps .. .. .. .. 1,238 Veracity, Gwelo; slimes .. .. .. .. 2,369 Victoria, Hartley ; 2 stamps .. .. .. 429 Virgin, Salisbury ; 2 stamps .. .. .. .. 157 Wainui, Bulawayo; 1 internal roller . . 285 Wanderer, Gwelo; 4 Gates rolls .. .. . . 73,862 Wanderer's Rest, Bulawayo; 5 stamps . .. 4,904 Warthog, Hartley ; 5 stamps .. .. .. 685 Washington, Hartley ; 5 stamps .. .. .. 15,274 Welcome Back, Gwelo; 2 stamps, 1 Huntingdon . 1,736 What Cheer, Hartley ; 5 stamps, 1 Huntingdon . 3,281 White Rose, Hartley ; 5 stamps .. .. .. 2,365 Winifred, Bulawayo; 1 internal roller . . 3,529 Winston, Gwelo; 6 stamps .. .. .. .. 1,106 Worthless, Bulawayo; 5 stamps .. .. .. 224 Xmas, Bulawayo; 2 stamps . . .. .. .. 333 Xmas 1 N.W., Mazoe; 2 stamps .. .. .. 1,313 There are several alluvial workings in the Lomagundi district. NEW MINES AND DISCOVERIES. The following mines either reached the pro- ducing stage towards the close of 1913 or .are due to reach it during 1914 :- 67 MINING Further exploration work is being done on both properties. Reference to a new and important discovery of asbestos will be found under the heading of "Asbestos." RHODESIAN MINING COMPANIES. The following is a list of the Mining and Finance Companies now operating in Rhodesia. The particulars include the name of the Company, date of registration, capital, share denomination, name of the Chairman, and the address of the Head Office, in this order, certain other data being added :- Acorn Gold Mines.-Registered 1911. Capital, �110,000, in �1 shares. Chairman: R. F. Fuller. Head Office: 39 Salisbury House, London Wall, E.C. Amalgamated Properties of Rhodesia, 1913.-�800,000 (5s.). Chairman and Managing Director: Gustave R. Bonnard, 377 Salisbury House, E.C. Manager in Rhodesia: H. A. de Beer. Consulting Engineer : S. C. Dyer. Anglo-French Matabeleland Co., 1895.-�110,000 (�1). Chairman: F. A. Robinson, 224 Salisbury House, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit of �2,828. Manager in Rhodesia: R. H. Urmson. Anglo-Rhodesia Development Co., 1910.-�60,000 (�1). Chairman: Lord Tenterden. Managing Directors: W. N. Reynolds and W. A. Wills, Pinners' Hall, Austin Friars, E.C. Agent in Rhodesia : W. H. Davey. Anglo-Transvaal Rhodesian Gold Trust.-�300,000 (�1). Antelope Gold Mine (Rhodesia), 1908.-�400,000 (5s.). Chairman: R. G. Fricker, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Arizona (Rhodesia) Gold Mining Syndicate, 1910.-�7,500. Chairman: J. G. Hamilton. Offices: Consolidated Mines Selection Co., Corner House, Johannesburg. Manager in Rhodesia: C. E. Britten. Asp Gold Mining Co., 1911.-�200,000 (�1). Chairman: Major Frank Johnson, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Agents in Rho- desia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Associated Mines of Rhodesia, 1910.-�350,000 (�1). Chairman: R. R. Hollins, Standard Bank Buildings, Johan- nesburg. Manager in Rhodesia : D. V. Burnett, Bushtick. Astroide Syndicate, 1910.-�6,000 (�1). Property situated in the Hartley district. Battlefields (Rhodesia), 1904.-�250,000 (�1). Chairman: H. L. Stokes, 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit �3,279. Managers in Rhodesia : Mashonaland Agency. Bechuanaland Exploration Co., 1888.-�200,000 (10s.). Chairman: Edmund Davis, 365 Salisbury House, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit of �7,616; dividend, 4 per cent. General Superintendent in South Africa: H. U. Moffat, Bulawayo. Belingwe Gold Reef, 1897.-�200,000 (�1). Chairman: A. E. Ann, 15 Copthall Avenue, E.C. 69 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Bell Reef Development Co., 1910.-�200,000 (�1). Chair- man : R. G. Fricker, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Bembesi Goldfields of Rhodesia, 1908.-�100,000 (5s.).- Chairman: J. J. Mackay, 2 Tokenhouse Buildings, E.C. Bembesi District Gold Claims.-�100,000 (�1). Chairman: H. Partridge. Blue Duck Gold Mines, 1910.-�25,000 (�1). Chairman: D. C. Grieg, 93a Stock Exchange, Johannesburg. British South Africa Co.'s Mines Development Co., 1912.- �250,000 (�1), entirely subscribed by the British South Africa Co., 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Bucks Reef Gold Mines, 1909.-�150,000 (�1). Chairman: W. H. Dawe, Cullinan Buildings, Johannesburg. London Office: Salisbury House, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �1,513. Mines now let on tribute. Bulawayo & General Exploration Co. 1906.-�100,000 (5s.). Chairman: Hon. John A. de Grey, 10-11 Austin Friars, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �3,682; dividend, 5 per cent. Agent in Rhodesia : J. Ferguson, Gwelo. Bushtick Mines, 1908.-�75,000 (�1). Working in con- junction with Associated Mines of Rhodesia. Manager: D. V. Burnett. Bulawayo Gold Mining Syndicate, 1911.-�3,000 (3,000 Ordinary shares of 1s. and 2,850 Preferred shares of �1). Chairman : T. K. Irwin, 5 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Bwana M'Kubwa Copper Mining Co., 1910.-�600,000 (lOs.). Chairman: R. Littlejohn, Salisbury House, E.C. General Manager in Rhodesia: James Cook. The mine is situated in Northern Rhodesia, and during 1913 regular shiploads of copper concentrates were made to England via Beira. Cam and Motor Gold Mining Co., 1910,-�517,500 (�1). Chairman : Julius Weil, 5 Moorgate Street, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: London and Rhodesian Mining and Land Co. Central Rhodesia, 1911.-�100,000 (5s.). Chairman : G. S. Fort, 85 London Wall, E.C. Manager in Rhodesia: F. J. Penn-Smith. Consulting Engineer: R. H. Murray. Charterland and General Exploration and Finance Co., 1909.-�250,000 (5s.). Chairman: Edmund Davis, 19 St. Swithin's Lane, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Balance Profit and Loss Account, �18,279; dividend, 4 per cent. Agents in Rhodesia : Bechuanaland Exploration Co. Consulting Engineer: N. H. Griffin. Chicago-Gaika Development Co., 1897.-�250,000 (�1). Chairman: Sir John Willoughby, 2 London Wall, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Credit balance, �271. Agents in Rhodesia: Willoughby's Consolidated. Claremont Mines (Rhodesia), 1912.-�100,000 (�1). Chair- man : W. J. O'Brien, 9 Timber Street, Maritzburg. Accounts, 1912: Profit, �6,480. Consulting Engineer: T. J. M. Macfarlane. Mine now on tribute. Commonwealth Gold Mining Co., 1910.-�40,000 (5s.). Chairman: C. Hilliard, 110 Bishopsgate, E.C. Consulting Engineer in Rhodesia : C. E. Parsons. SConnaught Mining Syndicate of Rhodesia, 1911.-�30,000 (10s.). Chairman : A. H. Walker, Craven House, Kingsway, W.C. Connemara Mining Co., 1912.-�250,000 (5s.). Chairman: Colonel Weston Jarvis, C.M.G., M.V.O., 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Willoughby's Con- solidated. 70 MINING Crescens (Matabele) Mines and Land Co., 1895.-�75,000 (10s.). Chairman: W. F. Forbes, 31 Copthall Avenue, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �57 10s. Managers in Rhodesia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Criterion Gold Mines, 1911.-�100,000 (�1). Chairman: R. M. Nairn, Bulawayo. Accounts, 1913 : Interim dividend, 2j per cent. Don Proprietary Mines, 1910.-�75,000 (�1). Chairman: Si E. H. Dunning. Head office : Gwelo, Rhodesia. London Office: 4-6 Throgmorton Avenue, E.C. Consulting Engi- neer : C. Dixon. Dominion Gold Mines (Rhodesia), 1912.-�120,000 (5s.). Chairman : G. T. J. Boissevain, 62 London Wall, E.C. Mines are in the Mazoe district. Eileen Alannah Mining Co.. 1911.-�500,000 (�1). Chair- man: Sir John Willoughby, 2 London Wall, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia : Willoughby's Consolidated. Eldorado (Banket) Gold Mining Co., 1906.- �300,000 (�1). Chairman: R. G. Fricker, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia : Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �120,112; dividend, 30 per cent; dividend for half-year 1914, 15 per cent. Enterprise Gold Mining and Estates, 1899.-�200,000 (�1). Chairman: S. Weil, 5 Moorgate Street, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �10,017. Agents in Rhodesia: London and Rhodesian Mining and Land Co. Exploring Land and Minerals Co., 1909.--�375,000 (�1). Chairman: G. A. Murray. Managing Director: J. B. Brook, 85 London Wall, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Falcon Mines, 1910.-�600,000 (�1). Chairman: Major F. Johnson, Finsbury Pavement House. Agents in Rhodesia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Develonment Co. Finsbury Rhodesia Options, 1910.-�50,000 (�1). Fins- bury Pavement House, E.C. Forbes (Rhodesia) Syndicate, 1906.-�60,000 (10s.). Chair- man: G. Forbes, J.P., 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Managing Director: Gordon S. D. Forbes, D.S.O., C.M.G., M.L.C., Bulawayo, Rhodesia. Gaika Gold Mining Co., 1902.-�300,000 (�1). Chairman: Alexander Davidson, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �5,838. Agents in Rhodesia : Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Gem (Rhodesia) Gold Fields, 1911.-�75,000 (5s.). Chair- man: Sir R. R. Wilmot, 322-325 Moorgate Station Chambers. E.C. Consulting Engineer in Rhodesia : R. O. Weston. Giant Mines of Rhodesia, 1903.-�262,500 (�1). Chair- man: S. Weil, 5 Moorgate Street, E.C. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �28,192 ; dividend, 5 per cent. Agents in Rhodesia: London and Rhodesian Mining and Land Co. Glenrosa Mines, 1914.-�30,000. Chairman : R. Clarkson, Duchess Hill, Rhodesia. Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Co., 1895.-�200,000 (5s.). Chairman: T. B. Reynolds, 35 Old Jewry, E.C. Accounts, 1912: Profit, �312,913; dividend, 140 per cent. General Manager in Rhodesia : Theo. Haddon. Consulting Engineers : H. A. Piper and Hon. A. J. Fraser. Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co., 1912.-�3,000,000 (�1). Chairman: Lord Harris, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Resident 71 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 H. L. Stokes, 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Managers in Rhodesia : Mashonaland Agency. New Rhodesia Mines, 1909.--�150,000 (2. 6d.). Chairman: Marquess of Winchester, 9 New Broad Street, E.C. Agents in South Africa: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �11,431. North Charterland Exploration Co., 1910.-�500,000 (10s.). Chairman: Sir H. F. Wilson, 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Manager in Northern Rhodesia : H. B. McKerrow. Engineer : J. Morrell. Northern Copper (B.S.A.) Co., 1895.-�250,000 (�1). Chairman: Edmund Davis, Salisbury House, E.C. Mana- gers in South Africa : Bechuanaland Exploration Co. New Dunraven Gold Mines, 1911.-�5,000 (�1). Selukwe. New Full Back Gold Mining Syndicate, 1912.-�6,000 (�1). 8 Market Hill, Cambridge. Property situated in the Salisbury district. Night Adder Gold Mining Syndicate, 1911.-�5,000 (�1). 85 Gresham Street, E.C. Property in the Mazoe district. Natta Banket Syndicate, 1909.-�7,000 (�1). Chairman: W. F. Crutch, 65 London Wall, E.C. Managers in Rhodesia: N. A. Arnold & Co., Salisbury. Oceolo Gold Mining Co., 1912.-�8,000 (10s.). Salisbury. Pickstone Gold Mines, 1912.-�50,000 (Ss.). Chairman: Herbert E. Hamshaw, Duchess Hill, Rhodesia. Consulting Engineer: R. W. Pringle. Accounts, 1913: Dividend, 12j per cent. Planet-Arcturns Gold Mines, 1911.-�475,000 (�1). Chair- man : A. Davidson, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Rezende Mines, 1908.-�120,000 (�1). Chairman : S. H. Farrar, 4 London Wall Buildings, E.C. General Manager in Rhodesia: S. R. Jameson. Accounts, 1912: Profit, �22,247; dividend, 15 per cent. Rhodesia and Ashanti, 1910.-�80,000 (10s.). Chairman: Col. H. Villiers, 1 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Rhodesia (Broken Hill) Development Co., 1910.-�350,000 (5s.). Chairman: Col. C. H. Villiers, 365 Salisbury House, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Bechuanaland Exploration Co. The property (lead and zinc) is situated in Northern Rhodesia. Rhodesia Chrome Mines, 1908.-�60,000 (�1). Chairman: Edmund Davis, 365 Salisbury House, E.C. Manager in Rhodesia : G. Musgrave. Accounts, 1913 : Profit, �9,853. dividend, 20 per cent. Rhodesia Consolidated, 1909.-�700,000 (10s.). Chairman: Major Frank Johnson, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Agents in Rho- desia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Rhodesia Copper and General Exploration and Finance Co., 1909.-�352,793 (4s. 6d.). Chairman: Edmund Davis, Salisbury House, E.C. Managers in South Africa : Bechu- analand Exploration Co. Accounts, 1913 : Profit, �5,026. Rhodesia Gold Mining and Investment Co., 1910.- �300,000 (�1). Chairman: C. F. Rowsell, Willoughby's Buildings, Bulawayo. (London office: African and Euro- pean Investment Co., Ltd., Threadneedle House, 34 Bishops- gate, E.C.). Engineer and Manager : Francis Drake. Accounts, 1912: Profit, �4,204. Rhodesia-Katanga Junction Railway and Mineral Co., 1909.-�1,510,000 (�1, except �10,000 in ls. shares). Chair- man: Tyndale White. Managing Director : Robert Williams, 74 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Shamva East, 1910.-�150,000 (�1). Chairman: Major F. Johnson, Finsbury Pavement House, E.C. Shamva Mines, 1910.-�600,000 (�1). Chairman: E. Birkenruth, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Simoona Development Co., 1899.-�70,000 (�1). Chair- man : C. F. Rowsell, 110 Bishopsgate, E.C. Societe Francaise de la Rhodesia.-8,000,000 francs (100 francs). Chairman: M. Henri Say, 51 Rue de la Chaussde d'Anton, Paris. The Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. have a half interest in this company. South African Copper Trust.-�375,000 (5s.). Chairman: A. Simpson, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Secretaries: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. South African Option Syndicate, 1903.--�100,000 (�1). Chairman and Managing Director: Sir John Willoughby, 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Wil- loughby's Consolidated. Southern Rhodesia Mining Syndicate, 1909.-�25,000 (�1). 5 Moorgate Street, E.C. Managers: London and Rhodesian Mining and Land Co. Surprise Gold Mining Co., 1899.-�300,000 (�1). Chair- man: Sir John Willoughby, 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Willoughby's Consolidated. Mine on tribute. Susanna Mines, 1911.-�60,000 (10s.). Main Street, Bulawayo. (London Office: Salisbury House, E.C.). Con- sulting Engineer: Clement Dixon. Accounts, 1912: Profit, �2,551; dividend, 15 per cent; interim dividend 1913, 5 per cent. Seigneury Gold Mining and Development Co., 1913.- �20,000 (�1). Arnold's Buildings, Salisbury. Consulting Engineer: Clement Dixon. Sinte Reefs, 1909.-�50,000 (5s.). Chairman: Col. J. B. de la Poer Beresford, 62 London Wall, E.C. St. Ives (Banket) Exploration Co., 1909.-�81,500 (5s.). Chairman: R. L. Mayne, 4 Broad Street Place, E.C. Tanganyika Concessions, 1899.-�1,000,000 (�1). Chair- man : Tyndale White. Managing Director : Robert Wil- liams. Managers: Robert Williams & Co. Head Engineer: Allan Gibb, Friars House, New Broad Street, E.C. Agent at Bulawayo : A. G. Keith. Thistle-Etna Gold Mines, 1908.-�125,000 (�1). Chairman: R. G. Fricker, 8 Old Jewry, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co. Toronto and Rhodesia Syndicate. 1912.-�60,000 (5s.). 522 Salisbury House, E.C. Transvaal and Rhodesian Estates, 1911.-�1,000,000 (5s.). Chairman and Managing Director: G. R. Bonnard, 377 Salisbury House, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia: Amalgamated Properties. Accounts, 1913 : Profit, �14,246. Trust and Agency Assets, 1907.-�1,000 (�1). Chairman: R. H. Benson, 24 Throgmorton Street, E.C. Transvaal and Rhodesian Acquiring Syndicate, 1910.- �50,000 (5s.). Bulawayo. Try Again Syndicate, 1912.-�5,000. Gatooma. Union and Rhodesia Trust, 1912.-�100,000 (�1). 4-6 Throgmorton Avenue, E.C. United Excelsior Mines, 1898.-�87,500 (5s.). Chairman E. L. Lucas, 15 Angel Court, E.C. 76 MINING United Rhodesia Gold Fields, 1894.-�318,750 (7s. 6d.). Chairman: C. F. Rowsell, 110 Bishopsgate, E.C. General Manager in Rhodesia: Col. Raleigh Grey, C.V.O., C.M.G., M.L.C., Consulting Engineer: C. E. Parsons. Accounts, 1913 : Profit, �10,310. Umsweswe (Rhodesia) Gold Mines.-�15,000 (10s.). Chair- man : C. G. Temple, Bush Lane House, Cannon Street, E.C. Umsweswe Asbestos Syndicate, 1913.-Managing Director: Hugo am Ende, Umsweswe, near Hartley. Union Trust, 1908.-�1,000 (�1). Managing Director: G. T. Broadbridge, 62 London Wall, E.C. Viking Gold Mines.-�250,000 (10s.). Chairman: R. Mayer, P.O. Box 356, Salisbury, Rhodesia. (London Office: 638 Salisbury House, E.C.). Wanderer (Selukwe) Gold Mines, 1909.-�150,000 (5s.). Chairman: Edmund Davis, 19 St. Swithin's Lane, E.C. Agents in Rhodesia : Bechuanaland Exploration Co. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �11,377. Wankie Colliery Co., 1909.-�205,000 (10s.). Chairman: Edmund Davis, 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Manager in Rhodesia: A. R. Thomson. Accounts, 1913: Profit, �36,774; dividend, 17* per cent. White Mule (Abercorn) Development Co., 1910.-�60,000 (�1). Chairman: A. H. Walker, 1 Broad Street Place, E.C. Willoughby's Consolidated Co., 1894.-�750,314 (10s.). Managing Directors : In London, Sir John Willoughby: in Rhodesia, Col. H. M. Heyman, M.L.C.; 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C. Accounts, 1912: Profit, �8,692. Zambesi Exploring Co., 1891.-�870,000 (�1). Chairman: Tyndale White. Managing Director: Robert Williams, Friars House, New Broad Street, E.C. Managers: Robert Williams & Co. Accounts, 1912: Profit, �16,284. CHAMBERS OF MINES, ETC. Representatives of companies and mines have formed various associations in Rhodesia to look after and further their interests : The Rhodesia Chamber of Mines, Bulawayo. The Salisbury Chamber of Mines, Salisbury. The Mine Managers' Association, Selukwe. The Rhodesian Small Workers' and Tributors' Association, Hartley. The lists of officials are given under the towns named in another section of the Handbook. DIVIDENDS. In 1910 the leading Rhodesian mining companies paid out �477,750 in dividends; in 1911, �598,735 ; in 1912, �516,268 ; 1913, �536,626. 77 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 The following are the individual dividend returns for 1913 .- Per Amount. Mine. Cent. � Criterion .... .. 2j .. 1,500 Eldorado Banket . 30 .. 90,000 Giant .. . .. 5 .. 13,104 Globe and Phoenix .. 140 .. 280,000 Hanover .. .. .. 45 .. 765 Lonely Reef .. . 30 .. 81,300 Oceola .. .. . 22 .. 1,296 Pickstone .. ... .. 5 .. 1,800 Rezende .. .. .. 15 .. 17,764 Rhodesia Chrome . .. 20 .. 11,890 Susanna .. . .. 5 .. 1,750 Wankie Colliery .. . 17j .. 35,457 Total .. . �536,626 78 V. PLACES OF INTEREST. 1.-THE VICTORIA FALLS. S a country offering scenes of interest for the traveller Rhodesia stands pre-eminent in the world by reason of its Victoria Falls. Without them, however, it would be a place of no mean attraction. It has ruins-notably those at Zimbabwe-whose origin is quite lost in antiquity and has excited and absorbed the speculative mind of the cultured world. It has wondrous caverns of stalactite at Sinoia. It has a mighty range of hills which fascinated the greatest Empire-builder of modern days and contain the view which, in Rhodes's eyes, was the finest in the world-" The View of the World," or "World's View," where he lies buried. The Victoria Falls (Zambesi River) were dis- covered in 1855 by David Livingstone, the great missionary-explorer, who marked the historic occasion by cutting his initials in the bark of an adjacent tree-" the only instance," he records in one of his letters, " in which I have indulged in this piece of vanity." Much has been written of the beauties of the Falls, but for combined brevity and effectiveness few descriptions sur- pass that written by Mr. Archibald Colquhoun, a one-time Administrator of Southern Rhodesia. Mr. Colquhoun wrote: "The majesty and mystery of these gigantic gorges, these foaming torrents, these wonderful atmospheric effects, these clouds of water, these masses of rock and rich ravines of foliage-all these came upon me with a force and power as though I had never read a description or heard a statistic in connection with them. If the earth can show any sight more dramatic, majestic or sublime in its suggestion than ' Mosi-oa-tunya ' (the native name for the Falls, meaning " The smoke that 79 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Photo byJ LE. H. V. Metvi tle THE VICTORIA FALLS SHOWING THE WIDTH sounds') then I have not seen it, and yet it has been my lot to see most that is held fairest in the two hemispheres." Situated 280 miles to the north-west of Bulawayo, the Falls are within a few yards of the Victoria Falls railway station. The main line to the north crosses the Zambesi within sight of the Falls, the spray from which frequently "washes" passing trains. Trains-de-luxe, con- necting with trains from Cape Town,Port Eliza- beth, Durban, Beira, Johannesburg, Kimberley, Salisbury, etc., leave Bulawayo three times a week in the season; twice weekly at other times. Fares from Bulawayo: First-class, �2 16s. 9d.; second, �2 2s. 6d. Parties of four are granted return tickets for single fare over the Rhodesian system, provided the journey they travel is not less than 280 miles. In the "season "-from May to August-numbers of excursions at remarkably low inclusive fares are run from all the important centres in the Union and Rhodesia, and are usually crowded. Special tours are also run from London, mostly by "Cook's." These occupy 77 days out and home, and cost �94 10s., which includes first-class steamer and rail accommodation and meals, and bedding on the 80 PLACES OF INTEREST Photo by] [F. W. Sykes THE VICTORIA FALLS : THE MAIN FALL F 81 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 train. Close by the railway station is a spacious, comfortably furnished hotel, electrically lit and having cold storage, which is conducted by the railway catering department on the most up-to-date lines; the terms are from 21s. per day, inclusive, or 17s. 6d. per day for parties of five and more. At the lip of the precipice, which is slightly horseshoe in shape, the Falls are 5,770 ft. wide, the main fall having a width of 2,694 ft. The drop is 366 ft. Particularly when the river is at full flood the roar is terrific-a continual thunder-and can be heard many miles away. Spray clouds are thrown up by the churning waters to a tremendous height, and at times are so thick that one can clearly see them when 20 miles and more away. After the fall, the river finds its direct course barred by a wall of rock which, however, is riven in two by a com- paratively narrow gorge, opposite the northern end of the Falls. This gorge is the only escape for the waters, and the turmoil, of course, is stupendous. For the purposes of comparison some figures relating to other preat Falls of the world are appended. From these it will be seen that the Yosemite Falls in California are the deepest in the world. The comparison ends here. As for Victoria and Niagara, the consensus of opinion seems to be that while the latter has the greatest volume of water, VICTORIA 'ALLS. COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS: Width compared with length of Oxford Street, London, and depth with height of St. Paul's Cathedral. SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 ABOVE THE PALLS: THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA COURSE In 1901 the British South Africa Company granted the African Concession Syndicate, in which it held a 50 per cent. interest, a 75 years' concession of the use of the Falls for the genera- tion of electrical power. The Syndicate parted with its interest in 1907 to the Victoria Falls Power Company. Up to the present no active steps to harness the Falls have been taken. It is computed that they have a capacity of from 300,000 to 600,000 horse-power. The Zambesi River above the Falls contains a number of islands-notably, Kandahar Island, named after Lord Roberts-which are generally the objective of picnic parties, who proceed thither either by motor-launch (which can be hired from the hotel) or in canoes, which are paddled by sturdy and skilful Zambesi natives. The route to Kandahar Island is over an ex- tremely picturesque reach of water, which was the course for the great international sculling contest in 1910, when Ernest Barry, of England, unsuccessfully rowed Dick Arnst, of Australia, for the sculling championship of the world. Regattas now take place there yearly under the management of the Zambesi Regatta Club. Good fishing is to be obtained in the vicinity, but little game shooting within 50 miles. 2.-THE ZIMBABWE AND OTHER RUINS. As already indicated, ruins of ancient stone buildings are to be found in numerous parts of the country. The principal are the celebrated Zimbabwe Ruins near Victoria. There are also notable ruins near Bulawayo (Khami Ruins), near Gwanda (Golulu), near Insiza (Dhlo-Dhlo), PLACES OF INTEREST and in Charter District (Matindere). The route to the Zimbabwe Ruins is vid Gwelo and Umvuma to the present railhead at Victoria. The ruins are 17 miles from Victoria, from where they can be visited at leisure, the town offering comfortable accommodation and adequate facili- ties as a base. Arrangements to visit other ruins can be made at the places named. Matin- dere Ruins are nearly as extensive as the Zim- babwe Ruins, and those near Insiza, which are described by one eminent authority as being in design and decoration far more elaborate than those at Zimbabwe, are undoubtedly among the most interesting to be found south of the Equator. Small ruins, but probably more perfect than any yet found, are to be seen about midway between Victoria and Tuli, but to visit them requires time and elaborate transport. The origin of Rhodesia's ruins is an unsolved mystery, and the subject of much speculation. The most interesting suggestion that has been offered is undoubtedly the one by which it is sought to identify Rhodesia, or at any rate that stretch of territory lying between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers, as the Ophir of the Bible. Dr. Carl Peters, the well-known German ex- plorer, perhaps most persistently holds this view, which, however, is not generally accepted. Dr. Peters is now arranging to elaborate it in a volume dealing with the Pund kingdom, from which the Egyptians about 1600 B.C. got their gold. Another view is that the ruins were (as buildings) the work of natives more or less indigenous to the country who, by contact with traders from the East, or other peoples, had acquired a civilisation comparable with the high degree of barbaric culture attained by the Aztecs, yet not quite so advanced. The most exhaustive researches into the question have been made by Mr. R. N. Hall, F.R.G.S., an old Rhodesian resident and now Curator of the Zimbabwe Ruins, who is of the confirmed opinion, which is shared by a wide circle of authorities, that the Zimbabwe buildings were the work, in design at any rate, of an alien race 85 PLACES OF INTEREST dently of the buildings of an ancient race who carried on mining over a wide extent of Southern Rhodesia. There are also signs in the terraced walls to be seen here and there, notably at In- yanga, that an ancient people also carried on an intensive system of agriculture on a rather large scale. It would seem that, at some period of the mining operations - it is argued there were mines long before there were buildings-Great Zimbabwe was the headquarters, and that the smaller ruins were the forts which guarded the routes thereto, and to Sofala at the sea-coast, for the purpose of ensuring the safe transit of the gold. That the mining operations were on no inconsiderable scale is apparent from the computations made by mining engineers, ac- cording to whom �75,000,000 worth at least, and possibly �100,000,000 worth, of gold was extracted from the mines of Southern Rhodesia by these ancient workers. The ruins at Zimbabwe are in three distinct groups, stretching from the Elliptical Temple to the Acropolis standing on a hill some 700 yards away and about 200 feet high. The Temple, though apparently a good circle, is irregular in plan. It has a circumference of 833 ft., a length of 300 ft., and a width of 230 ft. The most striking features are the extremely massive outer wall, which is some 1]6 ft. thick at the widest part, and rises to a height of 35 ft.; the great solid cone (Conical Tower) 31 ft. high and 57 ft. 6 in. in circumference at the base; and the remarkable passage leading from the north entrance to the cone. Among the relics found in the ruins may be mentioned gold crucibles, beaten gold, burnishing tools, soap- stone beams crowned with eagles, gold bangles, phallic symbols, copper spearheads, and copper and iron articles. Zimbabwe was visited by Dr. Randall Melver for the purposes of a British Association lecture. This lecture was delivered in Bulawayo in 1905, on the occasion of the Association's tour of South Africa (including Rhodesia). Dr. Melcver's conclusions indicate that Zimbabwe 87 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 GREAT ZIMBABWE: THE CONICAL TOWER dates no further back than A.D. 1400, the builders being a skilled native people. The Khami Ruins, which are believed to be later by from 500 to 700 years than those at Zimbabwe, are situated 14 miles to the west of Bulawayo, with which they are connected by a good road. The ruins cover an area some two square miles in extent, and are mostly situated on a farm called "Hyde Park." According to Mr. Hall the buildings are of native origin and of four different periods; and at more than one epoch they formed the centre of a dense popula- tion. Some of the walls are remarkable ex- amples of building. The elaborate terracing, the stairway, patterns, wooden posts, etc., are prominent among the many features of interest. Some Bushman stone paintings can be seen 88 PLACES OF INTEREST j' WORLD'S VIEW " : RHODES'S GRAVE, SAME SPOT AS THAT ON OPPOSITE PAGE of Bulawayo. It is proposed to extend the line to the outspan at World's View, 6 miles further on, the survey for which has already been made. The Trustees also maintain a good motor road connecting Bulawayo with World's View. For a distance of 4 miles it passes through the park, and is made great use of. Two hotels have been built on the estate, one at railhead, the other on the main road about 4 miles away. As in the case of the railway, they were built by the Trustees in conformity with the wish of Mr. Rhodes, "that the people of Bulawayo may enjoy the glory of the Matopos." Both hotels are well appointed and managed, and are much frequented by holiday makers and those recuper- ating their health. Near the "road" hotel known as the Dam Hotel, is the huge dam which was constructed by Mr. Rhodes at a cost of �30,000, for the purpose of irrigating the farms on the estate. The capacity is 910,000,000 gallons, and when full the dam has a water surface about a mile long. This quantity of water will irrigate 2,000 acres all the year round. 4.-THE SINOIA CAVES. The Sinoin Caves are in the Lonmtgundi district about 8 miles from Eldorado station on the branch line from Salisbury. They are in a 91 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 sINOIA CAVES, LOMAGUNDI limestone formation, very extensive, and offer much scope for excitement and adventure. The caverns are the result of the action of water upon the rock, and effects are to be seen which are weird and striking. One is numerous columns of stalactites of wondrous beauty; another a pool of clear water some 300 feet deep, and with "banks " rising 150 feet sheer. VI.GOVERNMENT URING 1914 Southern Rhodesia becaine practically a self-governing territory. By proclamation of the High Commissioner the Legislative Council was increased from 12 members to 18-12 elected by the country, and six nominated by the British South Africa Company, with the Administrator as President. The last word in finance, however, rests as before with the Company, which is responsible for any excess of expenditure over revenue that may arise. Previously the elected members had a possible majority of one, which was given them by an amendment of the constitution in 1907. Before then the majority of the Company, through its nominees, was absolute. On the whole the form of government which has been operative in Rhodesia hitherto has proved to be one eminently suited to the task of opening the country to civilisation, and all things considered, the rate of progress has been exceptionally rapid. The result of the elections in March, 1914, for the Legislative Council indicates that this opinion is the one generally accepted by the Colonists themselves. The administration of the country, as distinct from legislation, is carried out by an Adminis- trator assisted by an Executive Council com- posed of the heads of administrative departments. At the outset, the law and systems in vogue in the then Cape Colony were taken over as a basis for Southern Rhodesia. These have from time to time been modified and elaborated in accor- dance with the requirements of the country. To-day the system of government is admittedly as complete and advanced as in any colony of the British Empire, and in some respects- notably, in the matter of education-the facilities enjoyed by the people are ahead of any to be found in other Colonies. The law of the country is Roman-Dutch. The Imperial Government is officially represented in Rhodesia by a Resident 93 SDUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 OPENING OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL Commissioner. Present occupant of the office: Lt.-Co]. R. Burns Begg, K.C.; Secretary: C. Douglas Jones. Offices: Salisbury. BOARD OF THE COMPANY. The Board of the British South Africa Com- pany is now constituted as follows: Rt. Hon. Sir Starr Jameson, Bart., C.B., President; Rochfort Maguire, P. Lyttelton Gell, Hon. Sir Lewis Michell, C.V.O., Henry Birchenough, C.M.G., Most Hon. the Mar- quess of Winchester, Otto Beit, H. Wilson Fox, Baron d'Erlanger, Dougal 0. Malcolm, Lt.-Col. Everard Baring, C.V.O., His Grace the Duke of Abercorn. Secretary and Head Offices : Douglas E. Brodie, 2 London Wall Buildings, London, E.C. Emigration and Information Office: 138 Strand, London, W.C. Emigration and Information Office for Scotland: 140 Buchanan Street, Glasgow. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. The following are the members of the Legislative Council, 1914: Sir William H. Milton, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., Adminis- trator of Southern Rhodesia, President. Col. R. Burns Begg, K.C., Resident Commissioner (without vote). Francis J. Newton, C.V.O., C.M.G., Treasurer. Clarkson H. Tredgold, K.C., Attorney-General. Ernest W. S. Montagu, Secretary for Mines and Works. James H. Kennedy, Master of the High Court. Eric A. Nobbs, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.H.A.S., Director of Agri- culture. George Duthie, M.A., Director of Education. Sir Charles P. J. Coghlan, Kt., representing Bulawayo North. Milton E. Cleveland, representing Salisbury. Gordon S. D. Forbes, C.M.G., D.S.O., representing Bula- wayo South. 94 GOVERNMENT Lt.-Col. Raleigh Grey, C.V.O., C.M.G., representing Salis bury District. Lt.-Col. Herman M. Heytian, representing Gwelo. George Mitchell, representing Bulawayo District. J. A. Edmonds, representing the Northern District. Lionel Cripps, representing the Eastern District. B. I. Collings, representing Hartley District. Col. W. Napier, C.MQ., representing Marandellas. E. A. Begbie, representing Victoria. Capt. W. B. Bucknall, representing the Western District. The Clerk of Councils is J. Robertson, and the headquarters of the Government are at Salisbury. The following is a list of the constituencies, with voters: Voters. Northern, includes Lomagundi, Darwin, and Mazoe districts ... ... ... ... 721 Salisbury Town ... ... ... ... 791 Salisbury District ... ... ... ... 884 Hartley, includes Gatooma ... ... ... 871 Marandellas, includes Mrewa, Mtokos, Enkle- doomr, Charter, Inyanga, Makoni, and Central Estates (Chilimanzi) ... ... 690 Eastern, includes Umtali, Penhalonga, and Melsetter ... ... ... ... ... 785 Victoria, includes Selukwe, Gutu, Chilimanzi, Chibi, and Insiza ... ... ... ... 743 Gwelo, includes Que-que and Sebungwe ... 819 Bulawayo North ... ... ... ... 887 Bulawayo South, includes Raylton ... ... 885 Bulawayo District, includes Umzingwani and Gwanda ... ... ... ... ... 737 Western, includes Matobo, Bulalima-Mangwe, Nyamandhlovu, Bubi, and Wankie ... 689 Total voters ... ... ... 9,502 THE CIVIL SERVICE. The strength of the Civil Service is fixed at 305, the schedule being as follows: Grade. Salary. No. I. ... ... ... �1,000 to �1,250 7 II. ... ... ... 800 ,, 950 12 III. .... ... ... 700 ,, 850 10 IV. ... ... ... 600 ,, 720 23 V. ... ... ... 450 ,, 600 33 Ungraded ... ... 400 ,, 600 5 VI. ... ... ... 350 ,, 450 45 VII. ... ... ... 240 ,, 340 60 VIII. ... ... ... 280 ,, 340 40 IX. ... ... ... 200 ,, 260 70 95 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 EXPENDITURE. Department. Actual. � Administrator ... .. 9,454 Executive and Legislative Councils... ... ... 2,042 Public Health ... ... 29,177 Hospitals and Asylums ... 28,283 Education ... ... 55,380 Native ... ... ... 66,720 District Courts ... ... 32,290 Printing and stationery ... 13,333 Audit Office ... ... 5,500 Volunteers... ... ... 29,997 Geological survey... ... 2,937 Treasury ... ... ... 10,810 Posts and Telegraphs ... 84,698 Customs ... ... ... 13,166 Miscellaneous ... ... 57,484 Agriculture ... ... 23,371 Veterinary... .. .... 47,553 Attorney-General... ... 6,465 High Court ... ... 12,156 Prisons ........ 27,961 B.S.A. Police ... ... 152,796 Mines ... ... ... 21,404 Public Works ... ... 149,046 Surveyor-General ... 2,609 884,632 Estimated. � - 9,686 2,436 29,053 33,574 53,877 68,099 31,590 13,346 5,047 27,500 3,200 11,238 89,043 13,557 52,689 24,909 39,817 6,628 12,570 26,531 143,675 22,882 182,045 2,666 905,658 leaving a deficit of �99 8s. 11d. The estimated receipts for the year ended March 31st, 1914, were �811,000 ; expenditure, �810,867. The actual receipts for the nine months ended December 31st, 1913, were �602,144 ; expenditure, �595,231. MUNICIPALITIES, TOWNSHIPS, DISTRICTS, ETC. The following is a list of the municipalities, townships, districts, etc., which have so far been opened up in Southern Rhodesia. The informa- tion is representative, rather than complete in every detail. For instance, lists of pioneer bodies and of clubs entirely associated with private firms have been omitted in favour of organisations which it is open to any new resident to join, subject to certain conditions. Altogether the list informs the prospective settler as to the size and importance of" the nearest settlement," its educational and other facilities, and the character and extent of the social life to be found there. 98 GOVERNMENT ABERCORN (SHAMVA). Mining and farming district, 80 miles north of Salisbury. About a dozen mines are being worked, the largest, which will probably become the greatest mine in Rhodesia, being the Shamva. The township is a mile and a half away from the Shamva mine. Telephone connection with Salis- bury. Police post, hotels. Altitude.-3,260 feet; average temperatures, maximum 82.3, minimum 57.5. Government Hospital (9 beds, White patients).-Dr. E. O. Jackson, who is the District Surgeon. Rifle Company (30 strong).-Lieut. J. H. Good. Postmaster.-H. P. le Heaume. Bank.-African Banking Corporation. Shamva Farmers' Association.-Secretary J. M. Mow- bray. Shamva Sports Club.-President : J. Hynd; secretary: R. Hamilton. BATTLEFIELDS. Mining centre, between Gwelo and Gatooma, 22 miles from the latter township. Police post. Postmaster.-A. K. Willburn. BELIINGWE. Town and district 120 miles east of Bulawayo. Police post. Farmers' Association. A hospital is maintained by private subscription and by a government grant-in-aid, and controlled by a Board of public and government nominees. Population : Whites, 163 : natives, 38,020. Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-A. A. Campbell. Rifle Company (63 strong).-Lieut. W. E. Farrer. District Surgeon.-W. H. Bournes. Native Dispensary and Hospital (" Mwembe ").-Medical Officer in Charge : W. S. McGowan. Postmaster.-F. Nichol. BINDURA. Mining, ranching, and agricultural centre, formerly known as Kimberley Reefs, 61 miles from Salisbury via Mazoe, 46 via Poore's road. Township was formally founded on February 5th, 1913. There are over a dozen mines in the immediate neighbourhood, and there is a big ranch on the Lone Low Estate, belonging to the Thorneycroft Ranching Company. Telephone connection with Salisbury, Mazce, Shamnva, Mount Darwin. Cricket club, police post, 99 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 hotels. Government public school was open for 5 months in 1912; expenditure 1912 �82, receipts, �5. Population: Whites, 250. Assistant (Mazoe) Native Commissioner and Magistrate.- J. B. Henry. District Surgeon.-Dr. McDonnell. Government School.-Headmistress : Miss Hutchons. Postmaster.-F. W. Smith. Bank.-Standard Bank of South Africa. Farmers' Association.-President: J. H. Farmer; Secre- tary : A. M. Robb. Umrukwe Farmers' and Ranchers' Association.-President: W. Brown Robertson; Secretary: Hon. John Parker. Rifle Company (30 strong).-Lieut. K. Dingwall. BUBI AND NYAMANDHLOVU. Farming district immediately to the north of Bulawayo. Nyamandhlovu is on the main line, 31 miles to the north, and the meeting place of the farmers of the neighbourhood. There is a saw- mills at Sandback. Police posts at Nyamandh- lovu and Inyati. Population: Whites, 600. Native Commissioner and Magistrate, at Bubi.-R. Lanning. Native Commissioner and Magistrate, at Nyamandhlovu.- L. G. Robinson. Rifle Company (52 strong) at the Claremont Mine.-Lieut. Sutherland. District Surgeon at Inyati.-J. Ewart Martin, Surgeon- Major. Postmster at Inyati.-A. J. P. de Buys. Farmers' Association at Nyamandhlovu.-President : W. C. Morgan. Athletic Club at Nyamandhlovu.-Secretary : M. H. Shippey. BULALIMA-MANGWE. Farming district, to the extreme south-west of the territory, with sidings on the main line at Figtree, 24 miles, and Marula, 45 miles from Bulawayo, as well as at Plumtree. Government farm school at Driehoek, Marula, costing, in 1912, �153; fees received, �1. Population : Whites, 607 ; natives, 39,541. Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-C. L. Cat butt. Police posts.-Figtree, Holi, Mphoengs, Mdabis, Ramaqua- bane. Rifle Company (32 strong) at Marula. - Lieut MacW. Ingram. District Surgeon.-S. R. Haworth. Wesleyan Mission (at Tegwani).-Rev. C. W. Harpur. Figtree Farmers' Association.-President : R. B. R. Granger ; Secretary : A. Curtis. Marula Farmers' Association.-President : W Wilson ; Secretary : MacW. Ingram. 100 GOVERNMENT residence of Visiting Directors of the British South Africa Company and of distinguished guests. The famous "indaba" tree of Lo Bengula stands a few yards to the east of the House. Khami Ruins are 14 miles from Bula- wayo. Hillside, a residential suburb with schoo and Raylton, the railway camp, with school, institute, and athletic grounds, adjoin the town proper. Population : Town-5,190 Whites; district- Whites, 5,606 ; natives, 13,818. Altitude: 4,480 feet; average temperatures : maximum 79.3; minimum-52.4. Rainfall, 23.36 inches. Town Council.-A. Fraser (Mayor), Capt. Bucknall, M.L.C. (Deputy-Mayor), W. J. Atterbury, E. Basch, Col. W. Baxen- dale, G. M. Isaac, A. Macdonald, I. Nicholson, G. Stewart; Town Clerk: J. Macdonald; Engineer: vacant; Superin- tendent: J. W. Mayne; Parks Curator: J. H. Ayling; Public Analyst: G. A. Pingstone. Fees Due to the Council.-Cycle, 2s. 6d. per annum; other vehicles, from 10s. 6d. to (for cars plying for hire), �5; visiting cars, 10s. per month; dogs, 10s. per annum; dairies, �3. Magistrate and Civil Commissioner.-Ryk H. Myburgh. Native Commissioner.-H. M. G. Jackson, who is also Superintendent of Natives. Police.-Superintendent: Capt. A. J. Tomlinson; Assis- tants : Lieuts. A. de M. Myburgh, V. A. New, J. C. Brun- dell. Posts at Essexvale, Umzingwani, Inyati, Nyamandh- lovu, Wankies, Victoria Falls. Volunteers.-Headquarters of the Western Division. Five squadrons with ambulance, maxim gun, and signalling sections, and band are stationed in Bulawayo; Establish- ment, 392 Cadets, 337. BULAWAYO: GRAND HOTEL SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Photo by] [Pedrotti, Blulawoayo THE RHODESIA MUSEUM, BULAWAYO FIRST PORTION HAS BEEN ERECTED AND IS NOW OCCUPIED Memorial Hospital.-Dr. W. M. Eaton (Assistant Medical Director of Southern Rhodesia), who is also the District Surgeon. Matron: Miss Skey. Chairman of the Board: Col. W. Baxendale; Secretary : H. W. Garbutt. Accommo- dation: 70 White, 50 native patients. Fees for paying patients : From lOs. per day whites, 2s. Od. natives, exclusive of medical attendance. Schools.-Government High Schools: Milton, E. B. de Beer, B.A. (Cantab), headmaster, with eight teachers; Eveline, Miss Milne-Langdon, with fifteen teachers, head- mistress. Three Primary Schools with seven teachers. Government-aided schools: St. George's High School, con- ducted by the Jesuit Fathers, 10 masters (Principal: Rev. Father F. Johanny); Convent High School, conducted by tile Dominican Sisters, 11 teachers. Other School: St. Peter's Diocesan, conducted by the (Anglican) Sisters of the Community of the Resurrection. Advisory Committee for Government Schools : J. D. Mackenzie (Chairman), W. J. Atterbury, E. Basch, Col. Baxendale, Capt. Bucknall, H. A. de Beer, Major D. Judson, R. A. Letts, A. R. Welsh; Secretary : G. N. Bromehead. Postmaster.-F. R. Barnes. Customs Collector and Warehouse Keeper.-H. A. Cloete. Registrar of Deeds.-A. R. Tonge. Chamber o/ Commere.-President J.W. Sly : Committee: G. Johnson, G. Fortune, W. H. Haddon, F. E. Woods, H. B. Thomas, E. Basch, J. Campbell Rodger, W. L. Sharples, W. E. Tongue ; Secretary : H. S. Hopkins. Banks.-Standard Bank of South Africa, National Bank of South Africa, African Banking Corporation. Mining Commissioner.-C. D. Flemin;. Rhodesia Chamber of Mines.-President: P. B. S. Wrey; Vice-Presidents: F. Drake, G. Stewart; Committee: Capt. Bucknall, D. V. Burnett, H. A. de Beer, N. H. Griffin, Col. H. M. Heyman, M.L.C., Theo. Haddon, Major M. Heany L. Ludlow, J. G. lMcDonald. G. Mitchell .LL.C., R. M. Nairn ; Secretary: W. W. Jenkins. 106 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Clubs.-" Bulawayo " : President, P. B. S. Wrey; Secre- tary, K. W. Aldridge. The Rhodesia Club. Masonic, etc.-Three Lodges and three Chapters of Free- masons under the following constitutions : E.C., S.C., G.E.N. Two Lodges of the R.A.O.B. One Lodge of the .. .G.T. Devonian Society.-President : Dr. Dyke-Acland; Sec- retary : C. F. Osmond. Midland Counties Association.-President : The Bishop of Mashonaland; Secretary : S. Wiggin. Lancashire and Yorkshire Assoiation.-President Col. Baxendale; Secretary : F. R. Thompson. Caledonian Society.-Chief : D. MacGillivray; Secre- tary : J. Mirtle. Irish Association.-President : Sir Charles Coghlan, M.L.C.; Secretary: W. W. R. Macfarlane. Automobile Club of Matabeleland.-President: G. H. Laidman. Turf Club.-President: Sir Joseph Vinteent; Secretary: H. S. Hopkins. Golf Club.-President: G. Mitchell, M.L.C.; Secretary: A. H. Hill; Professional : J. Fotheringham. S.R.V. Rifle Club.-President: Col. Baxendale; Secretary: R. S. M. Hoaten. Gun Club.-President: Dr. W. Gladstone Clark; Secre- tary : J. W. Mayne. Ladies' Rifle Club.-President : Mrs. Strong; Secretary: Mrs. Collins. Ladies' Pioneer Fencing Club.-President: Mrs. Vigne Secretary : Mrs. L. W. White. Bulawayo Athletic Club (Cricket, Football, Lawn Tennis).- President : R. Bannatyne; Secretary : E. J. Leslie. Kings' Athletic Club (Cricket, Football, Lawn Tennis).- President: W. J. Atterbury; Secretary: C. F. Wells. Queens' Sports Club (Cricket, Football, Lawn Tennis).- President : P. S. Inskipp; Secretary, A. K. Carstens. Suburban Recreation Club (Lawn Tennis, Croquet).- President : R. H. Myburgh. Raylton Athletic Club (Cricket, Football, Lawn Tennis).- Chairman: W. A. Caton; Secretary : H. R. Barbour. Bulawayo Bowling Club.-President H. Baird; Secre- tary : A. W. Mercer. Bulawayo Celtic Harriers.-President: Sir Charles Coghlan, M.L.C.; Secretary : C. Stevens. Chess and Whist Club.-President : Sir Charles Coghlan, M.L.C.; Secretary : C. C. Woollacott. Newspapers.-Bulawayo Chronicle (daily and weekly), editor, F. H. Voss; Rhodesia Mining Review (weekly), editor, H. S. Hodges. Theatres.-Empire, Palace. Hotels.-Grand, Avenue, Cecil, Carlton, Great Northern, Imperial, Palace, etc. Terms range from 11s. 6d. to 21s. per day. There is also a residential hotel at Forest Vale, some four miles from Bulawayo. Cab Fares, etc.-Motor-cabs and horse vehicles, 3s. per mile, 2 passengers; jinrickshas from 1s. per journey per passenger. 108 GOVERNMENT CHARTER. Farming district, east of Gwelo. Population: Whites, 417 ; natives, 55,525. Native Commissioner.-J. W. Posselt. Police Post.-Superintendent: Lieut. H. J. K. Brereton. Farmers' Association (Mgezi).-Secretary : W. Krienke. CHIBI. Native district, south of Victoria. Popu- lation : Whites, 12; natives, 28,822. Police post. Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-P. Forrestall. CHILIMANZI. Farming district. Town: Umvuma. Police post. Population : Whites, 359 ; natives, 14,419. Native Commissioner.-A. T. Holland. EIFFEL FLATS. Mining centre, five miles from Gatooma. Is being connected up by railway. Postmaster.-C. F. Hobbs. Sports Club.-President : G. C. Woodforde. ENKELDOORN. Township and district in the district of Charter, populated mainly by Dutch farmers. Much of the land is suited to the growing of tobacco, and ostrich farming is carried on to an increasing extent. Government public school in the town, and four farm schools in the dis- trict, which cost in 1912 �1,334 gross, �1,152 net. Police post. Population : Whites, 149. Average rainfall: 27.57 inches. Magistrate and Civil Commissioner.-J. P. L. de Smidt. Government Hospital (beds : 4 White, 4 Native).-Dr. R. C. Vernon, who is the District Surgeon. Postmaster.--E. W. Burton. Rifle Company (50 strong).-Lieut. E. Schultz. English Church.-Services taken by Rev. A. S. Cripps, of Wremingham All Saints' (Native) Mission. ENTERPRISE. Mining and farming district, 23 miles from Salisbury on the main Mtoko and Mrewa road. The principal mines in the district are those of 109 SOUTHIERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 the Planet-Arcturus Company (three mines), to which a branch railway from Salisbury is shortly to be constructed. Is in telephonic com- munication with Salisbury. Hotel. Government school at the Arcturus mine; expenditure 1912, �179; receipts, �17. The native district is Goromonzi, and some 15 miles from Salisbury, amid pretty farming country, is the well-known model missionary station of Chisawasha, con- ducted by the Roman Catholic Church. Population :Whites (about) 250. District Surgeon.-P. L. Moore. Postmaster, at Arcturus.-L. F. Griffiths. Enterprise Farmers' Association.-President : Dr. Peall; Secretary : - Pilgrim. Arcturus Farmers' Association. GADZEMA. Mining township, eight miles east of Hartley. Is the site of the Giant mine. Government school; expenditure 1912, �196; receipts, �52. Postmaster.-J. S. Boswell. Rifle Company (60 strong).-Capt. R. Allwright. Athletic Club.-Secretary : G. Crompton. GATOOMA. Town on the main line from Bulawayo to Salisbury, 204 miles from Bulawayo, 20 from Hartley (the Government centre), and 97 from Salisbury. Has grown at a phenomenal pace, and is now a large and important centre. This is entirely due to the energy and influence of the " small worker " in the mining field. Nearly fifty mines are at work in the district, practi- cally all small mines, but mostly rich ones. The Cam and M1otor, and the Thistle-Etna are exceptions in the matter of size. Most properties are in either telegraphic or telephonic communication with Gatcoma. A new and most promising find of asbestos has been made at Umsweswe, and a local syndicate is now at work upon it. In 1912 the town rose from the status of a Village Management Board to that of a Sanitary Board, and one of the big schemes now before the community is the provision of an adequate water supply. Valuation, stands and buildings: �190,210. Government main- 110 GOVERNMENT tains a public school at Gatcoma at a cost of �544 in 1912; the receipts totalled �110. Race- course. Two Bioscope theatres. Town police station. Hotels. Population: Whites, 600. Average rainfall: 28.51 inches. Sanitary Board.-A. L. Baker (Chairman), F. A. Yates, Dr. W. C. P. White, G. S. Fitt, A. R. Garratt, C. J. Camp- bell, J. Paynter; Secretary: H. B. Collings. Assistant (Hartley) Magistrate.-F. A. Yates. Rifle Company (40 streng).-Lieut. W. Burnett. School Advisory Committee.-F. A. Yates, G. T. Brauer, C. Holderness, A. R. Garratt, G. Calder, J. Paynter ; Secre- tary : N. D. Jackson; Headmaster : W. J. Sheppard, B.A. Postmaster.-J. W. Coleman. Chamber of Commerce.-A. R. Garratt '(Chairman), O. Anderson, G. S. Fitt, E. J. Davis, J. Paynter, R. W. Taylor; Secretary : H. Grant. Banks.-Standard Bank of South Africa, African Banking Corporation. G(a'ooma Farmers' and Stockowners' Association.-Presi- dent: G. C. Woodforde; Secretary: O. Anderson. Churches.-Anglican: Rev. P. H. Green; Roman Catholic; Rev. Father Perry; Wesleyan : Rev. J. W. Nave. Literary and Debating Society.-President : S. Thornton; Secretary: W. S. Ayes. R.A.O.B.-One Lodge. Caledonian Society.-Chief : J. Fettes; Secretary : B. H. Dods. Irish Association.-President : P. Triggs; Secretary: M. King. Sporting Club.-President: R. H. Ulyett; Secretary: A. H. Tummell. Athletic Club.-President : M. S. Munro; Secretary : H. Grant. Golf Club.-President : F. A. Yates; Secretary : C. Ander- son. Football (Association) Club.-President : Rev. P. H. Green. Newspaper.-Gatooma Mail and Mining Exchange (weekly). GOLDEN VALLEY. Mining centre near Gatooma. Postmaster.-C. G. Duffy. GUTU. Native district, east of Victoria. Population : Whites, 36 ;natives, 35,654. Police post. Native Commissioner.-E. T. Kenny. 111 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 GWANDA. Township 91 miles south-east of Bulawayo on the Bulawayo-West Nicholson line, and 29 miles from railhead. The extension of this line to the Transvaal 'border is in prospect. Gwanda is the centre of a small but active mining district, and of an extensive ranching area which is rapidly being opened up. The ranches of the Liebig Extract of Meat Company, at Mazunga, covering 1,250,000 acres, are in the district. Golf links. Population (town and district): Whites, 469 ; natives, 18,492. Average rainfall : .19*35 inches. Village Management Board.-Chairman : C. M. Fletcher. Magistrate and Civil Commissioner.-C. M. Fletcher. N1ative Commissioner.-H. A. Elliott. Police.-Superintendent of the District: Capt. W. S. Spain; Assistant : Lieut. G. J. Thornton. Posts at Filabusi, Belingwe, Tuli, West Nicholson, Fort Rixon. Rifle Companies.-Gwanda, 48 strong: Lieut. A. W. Forrester; Antelope, 38 strong: Lieut. G. A. Woodthorpe. Government Hospital (beds : 8 White, 12 Native).-Dr. A. W. Forrester, who is also the District Surgeon; Matron : Miss S. E. Honey. Postmaster.-A. J. Sperring; at West Nicholson : F. K. Taylor. Lawn Tennis.-President: C. M. Fletcher. At the Antelope Mine: Secretary, Dr. G. C. Neilson. Hotel.-" Gwanda," from 10s. per day. GWELO. Mining and farming district, with town on the Bulawayo-Salisbury line, 113 miles from the former and 188 from the latter. The district is in a thriving condition. There are a number of well- stocked ranches, and dairy farming, especially in the immediate vicinity of the town, is carried on with increasing success. The town is a growing commercial centre. One feature of its business life is the great cattle sales, which take place at frequent intervals, attracting buyers from all parts of the country. A new industry in the shape of a creamery was opened up during 1913, the British South Africa Company having erected and equipped what has been independently described as "one of the most finished creameries in South Africa." Gwelo is also an important railway junction. Branch lines run out to Selukwe, a distance of 23 miles, 112 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Sanitary Board.-W. R. Shand (Chairman), Dr. F. P. Maitland, Major H. Hurrell, HI. R. Cumming, A. G. Wood; Secretary: S. B. Simpson. Magistrate and Civil Commissioner.-W. R. Shand. Native Commissioner.-S. N. G. Jackson, who is also Superintendent of Natives. Police.-Superintendent of the District: Capt. J. S. Ingham; Assistant : Lieut. F. R. Lark. Posts at Selukwe, Que-Que, Enkeldoorn, Umvuma. Volunteers.-Headquarters of F Squadron, 59 strong, under Lieut. Jackson; Cadets under Capt. A. Macdonald. Government Hospital (beds : 24 White, 40 native).-Dr. F. P. Maitland, who is also the District Surgeon. Matron: Miss Hardy. Advisory School Committee.-Major Hurrell (Chairman); Principal : A. Macdonald, with 3 teachers. Postmaster.-W. H. Macey. Customs Ofl'eer.-T. J. Wadeson. Chamber of Commerce.-President : J. Antoniades; Secretary : Major Boggie. Banks.-Standard Bank of South Africa, National Bank of South Africa. Mining Commissioner.-E. T. Bolling. Government Veterinary Surgeon.-W. Kingcome. Midland Farmers' and Stockowners' Association.-President Col. T. T. Leonard; Committee: Major Boggie, Major Marshall, H. R. Cumming, A. E. White, A. T. Creswell, Coles, F. Rodgers; Secretary : J. F. Ward. Gwelo and District Agricultural and Horticultural Show Society.-President : W. R. Shand; Secretary H. K. Pinches. Gwelo Creamery (Company formed by the British South African Company).-Manager : W. J. Elliott; Secretary: A. E. Adams. Greystone (in district of Gwelo) Farmers' Association.- President : M. P. Eva; Secretary : J. W. Spencer. Churches.-Anglican: Rev. W. G. Webster. Roman Catholic: Rev. Father Bernard Lickorish, S.J. Congrega- tional : Rev. G. P. Fuller. Ratepayers' Association.-President : Major Boggie Secretary: M. L. Price. Women's Guild.-President : Mrs. Hurrell; Secretary: Mrs. Macdonald. Gwelo Club.-Secretary : R. L. Ward. Masonic, etc.-One Lodge of Freemasons, one Lodge of the I.O.G.T. Caledonian Society.-Chief: Dr. F. P. Maitland; Secre- tary : A. Macdonald. Sporting Club.--Secretary : P. Fleming. Golf Club.-President : W. R. Shand ; Secretary : Capt. 3. Ingham. Rifle Club.-President: Major Hurrell; Secretary: J. A. Wilson. Ladies' Rifle Club.-President: Mrs. Ingham; Secretary: Mrs. Macey. 114 GOVERNMENT Cycling Club.-President: W. R. Shand; Secretaries: J. A. Haarhoff, M. P. Milner. Cricket and Football (Association) Clubs.-President: J. Campbell; Secretary, H. H. Crampin. Lawn Tennis.-President : J. Ferguson; Secretary: A. R. Russell. Newspaper.-Gwelo Times (weekly); Editor and pro- prietor : Major Boggie. Hotels.-Royal, Horseshoe ; from 15s. per day. HARTLEY. Town and district on the Bulawayo-Salisbury line, 77 miles from Salisbury. District embraces Gatooma, Gadzema, Shagari, Eiffel Flats, Golden Valley, and Battlefields. Is very rich in minerals, there being nearly 100 mines in the mining area-more than in any other district. The surrounding country is also very closely settled with a farming population, and there is considerable activity in ranching and agriculture. The town is a large distributing centre commer- cially, and contains the Government offices. Is governed by a Village Management Board. Government maintains a public school in Hart- ley, and a farm school near the Beatrice mine ; in 1912 these cost �269 gross, �252 net. Anglican and Roman Catholic churches, race-course, golf links, Lodge of R.A.O.B. Population : Town-Whites, 175 ; district- Whites, 2,035 ; natives, 21,339; altitude, 3,900 feet; average temperature: maximum, 85; minimum, 58. Village Management Board.-A. L. Baker (Chairman), H. P. Selmes, Dr. A. J. Mackenzie, E. Seale, S. L. Fiander ; Secretary : J. de L. Nimmo. Magistrate and Civil Commissioner.-A. L. Baker. Native Commissioner.-E. G. Howman. Police.-Superintendent: Capt. F. H. Addison; Assis- tant: Lieut. R. H. Lidderdale. Posts at Gatooma, Sinoia, Kanyemba, Battlefields, Sipololo. Rifle Company.-Lieut. E. G. Howman. Government Hospital (beds: 16 White, 60 native).-Dr. A. J. Mackenzie, who is the District Surgeon. Matron: Miss E. Walker. Postmaster.-W. C. Flynn. Hartley and District Chamber of Commerce.-President: V. C. Rumble; Secretary : E. Seale. SBank.-Standard Bank of South Africa. Mining Commissioner.-H. P. Selmes. Rhodesian Small Workers' and Tributors' Assoiation.- President: E. A. Begbie, M.L.C.; District Committees:- Duchess Hill: W. McDonald Stokes, C. E. Simpson, F. N. 115 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Hambly ; Gatooma : G. C. Woodforde, A. E. Ward, F. J. Ii. Green; Shagira: B. I. Stokes, C. H. Wheildon, S. H. Coker; Umsweswe : J. W. Banner, H. Moser, Capt. Bass; Battle- fields: I. J. Minaar; Golden Valley: J. Mack; Salisbury: I. Tebbitt; Abercorn: D. Abrahamson; Enterprise: H. S. Plant. Secretary : E. Seale. Hartley Farmers' Association.-President : C. S. Knight; Secretary : L. Savory. Women's Guild.-President : Mrs. Howman; Secretary: Mrs. Hills; District Nurse : Miss Quihampton. Sporting and Athletic Club.-President : A. L. Baker; Secretary : H. C. Malone. Gymkhana Club.-President: I. J. Minaar; Secretary; G. B. Smith. Cricket.-Hartley District Cricket Association. Football.-Association and Rugby clubs. Hotels.-Fianders, Commercial, from 10s. 6d. per day: 6 hotels in the district. HUNTERS ROAD. Mining and farming centre in the Gwelo district, with siding on the main line from Bulawayo to Salisbury, 24 miles east of Gwelo. Recreation and Sports Club.-President : Col. Heyman, M.L.C.; Secretary : W. C. Fleming. INSIZA. Farming and mining district, with station on the main line from Bulawayo to Salisbury, 56 miles from Bulawayo. Population : Whites, 493 ; natives, 16,641. Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-W. E. Farrer. Rifle Company at the Lonely Mine.-Lieut. S. H. Boright. District Surgeon.-F. C. Sutherland. Postmaster.-F. W. Dennison. Insiza Farmers' Association.-President : T. M. Rixon; Secretary : N. C. St. J. Breslin. Southern Insiza Farmers' Association.-President : B. L. Whyte; Secretary : W. J. B. Harris. Anglican Church (St. Aidan's Native Mission).-Rev. J. L. Williams. Queen's Mine Sports Club.-Secretary : E. H. Carlisle. INYANGA. Rich farming district lying from 60 to 90 miles north of Umtali, at an altitude averaging 6,000 feet. Appearances point to considerable stretches having been cultivated by the ancients. The principal farming centre is the Rhodes (Inyanga) Estate, made up of several farms purchased by Mr. Rhodes, who himself spent large sums of money in stocking and developing them; the 116 GOVERNMENT estate is now controlled by the Rhodes Trust. Much of the work done on it is by way of experi- ment, the results of which are published periodi- cally for public information. Woolled sheep do particularly well,land cattle and horses also. Very fine apples are grown on the estate. There is a small township named after the district, 75 miles from Umtali, and 60 from Rusape, the nearest railway station. Police post. Govern- ment school opened on Somershock Farm in October, 1912; expenditure, 1912, �32. Population : Whites, 100; natives, 18,004. Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-D. H. Moodie. District Surgeon.-E. B. Cashel. Rifle Club.-President : Dr. Cashel. IRON MINE HILL (AND LALAPANZI). Farming and mining centre, 39 miles from Gwelo, on the Matabeleland and Mashonaland border, with a siding on the Umvuma railway ; Lalapanzi (siding) is 31 miles from Gwelo. Contains some of the best mixed farming lands in the Gwelo district. Congregational Church.-Services by the Gwelo minister. Rifle Company.-Lieut. P. T. Webb. Lalapanzi and Iron Mine Hill Farmers' Association.- President : A. McAlister ; Secretary : B. Smit. LOMAGUNDI (INCLUDING ELDORADO AND SINOIA). Mining and farming district, and also a tourists' place of call (the Sinoia Caves), 80 miles from Salisbury on the Lomagundi railway extension. The Government offices are at Sinoia, 4 miles west of the Eldorado mine, where there are also race-course, golf links, etc. Govern- ment maintains a school at the Eldorado mine; expenditure, 1912, �164; receipts, �38. Prin- cipal mines: Eldorado, Golden Kopje. Police post. Population: Whites, 511; natives, 31,365. Altitude, 4,070 feet. Average rainfall, 29 78 ins. Native Commissioner and Magistrate, at Sinoia.-H. S. Keigwin. Eldorado Rifle Company (30 strong).-Lieut. G. A. Moulds. Government Hospital, at Sinoia (beds: 6 White, 6 native).- Dr. G. H. Peall, who is the Government Medical Officer for the district. Matron : Miss Miller. 117 GOVERNMENT Farmers' and Tobacco Growers' Association.-President : J. H. Finch; Secretary : E. P. de Kock. Churches.-Anglican : Rev. E. J. Simpson (St. Bernard Mission); Wesleyan: Rev. H. J. Baker (Nengubo Mission), Rev. J. W. Butler (Chimanza Mission), Dr. Sidney Osborn (Kwenda Hospital). Sports Club.-President : E. W. Norris; Secretary: J. Thackara. Lawn Tennis.-Secretary : C. E. Nesbitt. MiATOBO. Farming district south-east of and adjoining Bulawayo. Embraces the Rhodes Matopo Es- tate of 115,000 acres, which, with the exception of 18,000 acres laid out as a park, is cut up into farms. The central farm, which is irrigated, is worked in partnership by Rhodes Trustees and Mr. E. A. Hull, and is one of the model farms of the country. Two hotels on the Estate. Railway connection with Bulawayo, a distance of 27 miles. The administrative camp is at Fort Usher. Police post. Population: Whites, 283 ; natives, 21,499. Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-F. G. Elliott. Farmers' Association.-President : E. A. Hull; Secretary : W. Bathurst. Rifle Company (58 strong).-Lieut. W. E. Dowsett. AIAZOE. Farming and mining district, 40 miles north of Salisbury, on the branch line to Shamva. One of the most fertile valleys in the whole of the country. Few of the farms in the immediate neighbourhood of the railway are unoccupied. Telephone, police post. Population : Whites, 675 ; natives, 13,541. Altitude, 3,870 feet. Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-A. Drew. Rifle Company (45 strong).-Lieut. A. Drew. Government Hospital (10 beds, White).-Dr. D. J. 0'Keefe, who is the District Surgeon. Postmaster.-T. F. Burne. Postmaster at Jumbo Mine (5 miles from Mazoe).- J. M. Andrews. Farmers' Association.-President: J. Appleby; Secretary: F. C. Peek. Hotels.-Four in the district. MELSETTER. Probably the most fertile farming district in the whole of Rhodesia. Lies some 65 miles to 119 SOUTHIIERN RHIIODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 the south of Umtali, and about 125 to the east of Victoria. Its development has been retarded owing to the mountainous nature of the sur- rounding country and the consequent heavy expenditure necessary to establish railway com- munications between it and the markets of the country. It is now proposed to carry on the Umvuma extension to Victoria and thence to Odzi, near Umtali, which may possibly enable a branch line to be thrown out, about midway, to tap Melsetter. It is confidently asserted by those familiar with this part of the country that Melsetter can grow "anything and everything" in sufficient quantity to feed a crowded Rhodesia. At any rate, the climate allows of a wide selection of crops. In the hills it is temperate. Con- ditions in the valleys, where frost is unknown, favour the cultivation of tropical products, as coffee, rubber, etc. Pasturage is excellent and unlimited. Water and timber are abundant. The township of Melsetter is 98 miles from Umtali by road, but only 65 by path. Trans- port costs 14s. per 100 lbs. Churches. Public school, with four others in the district, including Chipinga; expenditure, 1912, �1,828; receipts, �45. Police posts at Melsetter and Chipinga. Population : Whites, 601 (Melsetter town, 87) ; natives, 25,912. Altitude, 5,000 ft. Average maximum temperature, 71*7. Average rainfall, 44-50 ins. Magistrate, Civil Commissioner and Native Commissioner.- W. M. Longden. Police-Officer in Charge : Lieut. J. S. Bridger. District Surgeon.-W. G. Rose. Postmaster.-F. A. Wallace. Government Veterinary Surgeon.-J. D. Ferguson. Gazaland Farmers' Association.-President : Z. F. Joubert; Secretary : W. Wood. North Melset'er Farmers' Association.-President : R. A. Hulley; Secretary, N. N. Rutherford. Melsetter Planters' Association. MOUNT DARWIN. Mining, farming and native district, 105 miles north-east of Salisbury, and 145 south- est of Tete on the Zambesi. Government Medical Officer. Police post. 120 GOVERNMENT Population : Whites, 71 ; natives, 15,410. Mean rainfall, 26.02 ins. Native Commissioner.-D. M. Powley. Bank.-Standard Bank of South Africa agency. MREWA AND MACHEKE. Farming district, with station (Macheke) on the main line to Umtali, 66 miles from Salisbury and 104 from Umtali; and settlement (Mrewa), 60 miles to the north-east of Salisbury. Govern- ment schools at Macheke farm (opened Septem- ber, 1912) and Athlone farm: expenditure, 1912, �208 ; receipts, �29. Race-course and Turf Club. Population : Whites, 83; natives, 22,788. Mean rainfall, 32.15 ins. Native Commissioner.-W. Edwards. Macheke Farmers' Association.-Secretary : H. H. Kidson. Mangwendi Farmers' Association.-President : P. Wilmot ; Secretary : L. L. Green. Headlands Farmers' Association.-President : C. L. Lyle ; Secretary : H. Barnes Pope. Headlands Rifle Company (30 strong).-Lieut. R. S. 1' Fischer. Police Post at Mrewa. Macheke Sports Club.-Presidcnt : W. Edwards; Secre- tary: H. R. Kelly. MTOKO. Farming and native district. North-east of Salisbury. Population : Whites, 32; natives, 20,517. Native Commissioner.-Cecil Crewe. NDANGA. Native district near Victoria. Population : Whites, 33 ; natives, 67,742. Police post. Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-W. S. Bazeley. Government Dispensary and Hospital (Native).-Dr. T. J. Williams. ODZI. Mining township on the main line from Salisbury to Umtali, 19 miles from Umtali. The centre of a number of "small worker" proposi- tions, and possibly the future junction of a line to Victoria and Gwelo by means of which the fruitful district of Melsetter may be opened up. Hotel. Police post. 121 SOUTIHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 PENHALONGA. Mining town, 12 miles north of Umtali. The principal mine is the Rezende, and there are several smaller properties at work. They are worked'by power generated at some falls about 10 miles away. Town governed by a Village Management Board. Government public school and school at Imbeza Valley farm; expenditure, 1912, �657; receipts, �122. Hotels. Police post. Population : Whites, 330. Mean daily tem- perature, 67.7. Average rainfall, 34.29 ins. Village Management Board.-Dr. E. H. Flanigan, R. F. Arkwright, J. Cinamon, Critten, Rausch. Rifle Company (100 strong).-Capt. W. E. Parker. Postmaster.-H. Cooper. Bank.--Standard Bank of South Africa. Churches.-Anglican : Rev. Canon J. Hallward (St. Augustine's Mission); St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church: Rev. H. J. James. Golf, Lawn Tennis. Cricket Club.-President: S. R. Jameson; Secretary: T. A. Cowley. Football Club.-President: S. R. Jameson; Secretaries; Association, D. Partridge; Rugby, F. W. Winder. PLUMTREE. Township in the Bulalima-Mangwe district, on the main line 66 miles south of Bulawayo. Is the centre of a rich pastoral and agricultural area and the seat of a most successful Govern- ment-aided High School (boarding only), which was originally started in 1902 by the English Church and railway authorities. In 1912 the Government grant to the school amounted to �885, and there were boarding grants amounting to �819. Police post; telephone exchange. Population : Whites, 137. Altitude, 4,560 ft. Average teinperatures: Maximum, 82; mini- mum, 58. Village Management Board.-C. L. Carbutt (Chairman), W. J. Baker, R. W. Hammond, Dr. 8. R. Haworth, H. Parrack; Secretary : H. V. Woolwright. Rifle Company (40 strong).-Cadets commanded by Lieut. B. K. Castor. School.-Headmaster: R. W. Hammond, M.A. (Cantab.); 7 other teachers. Council: The Bishop of Mashonaland (President), Revs. F. A. Rogers and E. G. Holden, E. C. Baxter, R. A. Letts, J. Reid Rowland (Secretary), A. Barclay, W. D. Estment, R. A. Fletcher, E. R. Ross, L. Thomas, Dr. R. M. Townsend, S. F. Townsend, A. H. Wallis. 122 GOVERNMENT There is a chapel (St. Michaels' and All Angels') attached to the school, service being conducted therein monthly by the representative of the Railway Mission. Postmaster.-J. G. Riach. Farmers' Association.-President : J. Reid Rowland; Secretary : - Witmore. Cricket.-President: Lieut. A. de M. Myburgh; Secretary, J. B. Parkin. Ladies' Rifle Club.-Secretary : Mrs. Payne. Hockey (Mixed).-President: R. W. Hammond; Secre- tary : J. H. Williams. QUE-QUE (GLOBE AND PHENIX). Mining township, Gwelo district, on the Gwelo- Salisbury line, 42 miles from Gwelo. The Globe and Phoenix, Gaika, and Bell mines are close by. The local authority is the Village Management Board. Government Medical Officer. There is a Government public school, on which �540 was expended in 1912; the fees came to �155. Police post. Population : Whites, 105. Village Mana7ement Board.-Chairman : Theo Haddon; Secretary: A. H. Lunn. Assistant (Gwelo) Magistrate.-F. J. Clarke. Rifle Association.-Secretary : W. Methven. Postmaster.-P. G. Hunt. Bank.-Standard Bank of South Africa. Sebakwe and District Farmers' and Stockowners' Associa- tion.-President : Dr. J. Davey; Secretary: E. E. Somerset. Churches.-St. Luke's (Anglican): Rev. F. L. Ashworth; St. Stephen's (Independent) : Rev. A. H. Lunn. Club.-Globe and Phoenix-President : Theo. Haddon; Secretary : A. H. Lunn. Women's Guild.-President: Mrs. Haddon; Secretary Mrs. Lunn. Sports Club.-Secretary : A. H. Lunn. Football Clubs.-Association: Secretary, J. W. Cron; Rugby: Secretary, G. A. Davenport. Cricket.-Secretary: C. C. Ritchie. Lawn Tennis.-Secretary : E. E. Somerset. Hotel.-Globe and Phoenix, from 12s. 6d. per day. RUSAPI. ,Farming centre, with township, on the Salisbury-Umtali line, 62 miles from Umtali. Rusapi is the station for Inyanga. Government District Surgeon. Government school opened on the Rusapi farm, February, 1912; expendi- ture, 1912, �152; receipts, �19. Police post. Hotel. Population: Whites, 22. Average rainfall, 29-91 ins. 123 GOVERNMENT Photo byJ [Strachan & Co., Salisbury (2) THE ATRIUM covers 1,327 acres. There are several very pleasant residential suburbs, including Avondale, which is controlled by a Village Management Board, and where there is a school; and there is a commonage 19,769 acres in extent. Salisbury became a Municipal Council on December 1st, 1897. There is a "Town House." Is the head- quarters of the Government, whose offices and officials, of course, are in addition to those set forth below. Government House, which was rebuilt on the occasion of the Royal visit in 1910, is a magnificent building within a short distance of the centre of the town, and is the residence of the Administrator. Within the last few years Salisbury has expanded almost beyond recog- nition, handsome and commodious shops and offices and attractive residences having sprung up in all directions. The present rateable value is, buildings and stands, �1,897,360 (stands, �968,975; buildings, �928,385), and an owners' rate of lid, in the pound is levied for municipal purposes. Salisbury possesses all the conveniences and attractions of along-settledgo-ahead community. It has an excellent water supply and electric 195 GOVERNMENT Salisbury is the centre of the Bishopric of Mashonaland -cum- Matabeleland, and a new cathedral, in stone, is in course of erection; the first completed portion will cost �13,000. Is also the headquarters of the Eastern Division of the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers, who possess a fine Drill Hall standing in six acres of ground. Two railway lines branch out from Salisbury, one to Lomagundi, 70 miles long, the other to Shamva, 80 miles away. Thirteen miles out of Salisbury, and at the actual junction of the Lomagundi with the Mazoe railway, is Mount Hampden, the original objective of the Pioneer Expedition. Mount Hampden had previously been a favourite camping ground of Mr. F. C. Selous, the famous hunter. Population: Town-Whites, 3,479; District -Whites, 4,914; natives, 28,979. Altitude, 4,880 ft. Average temperatures: Maximum, 78-4; minimum, 52-4. Average rainfall, 32-19 inches. Town Council.-E. Coxwell (Mayor), H. L. Lezard (Deputy- Mayor), W. M. Epton, J. A. Cope-Christie, D. E. McCausland, J. Pascoe, W. E. Gill, P. H. Bonnard; Town Clerk: P. S. Warden ; Engineer: J. P. Horsfield; Medical Officer: Dr. F. E. Appleyard. Fees payable to the Council, practi- cally as Bulawayo. Magistrate.-E. A. Law Brailsford. Civil Commissioner.-Godfrey J. King. Native Department.-Superintendent of Natives: W. S. Taberer. Native Commissioner (Goromonzi).-Major R. C. Nesbitt, V.C. Police.-Superintendent: Capt. G. Stops; Assistants: Lients. E. Ashmead Bartlett C. E. Pitt-Schenkel, R. Photol by] LStrachan * Co., Salsoury SALIBURY : A SaUBRBAN RESIDENCE 127 GOVERNMENT subscription, �50).-Board: J. H. Finch, R. G. Garvin, A. Henderson, E. E. Hirst, C. S. Jobling, C. S. Knight, J. McChlery, A. R. Morkel, G. M. Odium, Dr. Peall, W. B. Robertson, C. Wilmot, E. P. de Kock. Rhodesian Tobacco Plan'ers' Associa ion.-President : J. McChlery. Farmers' Co-operative Society (grain and produce stores, mills, etc.).-Chairman: E. Wilson; Executive: H. O. Backhouse, D. Black, M. Den, C. C. McArthur, J. Pascoe, H. W. Ross; Manager : Ll. Lloyd. Kennel Club.-President: A. E. Holloway; Secretary: A. Mitchell. Churches.-Anglican (Cathedral Church of St. Mary and All Saints) : Rector : Rev. E. J. Parker. Roman Catholic: Rev. Fr. Parry, Rev. Fr. Burbridge. Wesleyan: Rev. F. Conquer and (natives) Rev. Avon Walton (Acting-Superin- tendent of the Circuit). Presbyterian: Rev. J. Simpson. Dutch Reformed Church: Rev. C. R. Kotze. Salvation Army: Adjutant S. J. Richards. Hebrew: Rev. M. L. Harris. Museum.-Provisional Curator : C. Wilde. Queen Victoria Memorial Library.-Subscription, 25s. yearly. Clubs.-" Salisbury " : President : A. D. Scanlen; Secretary : A. P. Bell. Mashonaland Tattersalls : Sec- retary : A. E. Taylor. St. John Ambulance Brigade.-President : Lady Milton; Secretary : Mrs. Burnside. Girls' Friendly Society.-President : Mrs. Beaven; Sec- retary : Mrs. Crastor. South African Colonisation Society.-Secretary : Mrs. J. Arnold Edmonds. Masonic.-Two Lodges (one E.C., one S.C.). Royal Society of St. George.-President : G. J. King; Secretary: G. H. Williams. Galedonian Society.-Chief : R. B. Mitchell; Secretary: G. S. Bremner. Mashonaland Irish Association.-President : J. H. Ken- nedy; Secretary : J. J. Healey. Motor Club.-President: Col. R. Grey, C.V.O., C.M.G., M.L.C. Hunt Club.-President : H.H. Sir W. H. Milton; Master: C. D. Wise. Mashonaland Turf Club.-President: H.H. Sir W. H. Milton ; Secretary : P. E. Craven. Golf Club.-President: H.H. Sir W. H. Milton; Sec- retary : J. N. Mason ; Professional : J. M. Thomson. Mashonaland Gun Club.-President : Col. R. Grey, C.V.O., C.M.G , M.L.C.; Secretary : R. C. Walsh. Ladies' Rifle Club.-President : Mrs. Fleming ; Secretary Mrs. Prentice. Athletic Club (Cricket, Rugby and Association Football, Hockey).-President : Hon. Mr. Justice Watermeyer ; Sec- retary: E. H. Beck. Alexandra Amateur Athletic Club.-President: R. B. Mitchell; Secretary : W. Atkinson. Lawn Tennis Club (11 courts, 2 croquet lawns, 1 bowling green).-President : P. D. L. Fynn; Secretary : A. E. Boyton. Newspaper.-Rhodesia Herald (daily and weekly). Editor: C. D. Don. Theatres.-Palasce, and two " P}ctt}re " touses. 129 GOVERNMENT Mine Managers' Association.-President : G. Musgrave ; Secretary : E. R. Pattison. Farmers' Landowners' and Stockowners' Association.- President : F. Hazelhurst ; Secretary : F. S. Clark. Churches.-Anglican: Rev. G. L. Ashworth. Wesleyan: Rev. J. W. Stanlake. Masonic, etc.-One Lodge of the Irish Constitution. R.A.O.B.: One Lodge at the Wanderer Mine. (ymkhana Club.-Secretary : W. T. Simpson. Cricket.-Secretary : A. E. West. Hotel.-Dunraven; from 12s. 6d. a day. SHAGARI. Mining centre near Gatooma. An important discovery of precipitated lime wias made here towards the end of 1913, and a local company has been formed to exploit it. Postmaster.-W. W. Woollam. SHANGANI. Farming centre in the Gwelo district, with station on the main line from Bulawayo to Salisbury, 44 miles west of Gwelo. There is a school on the Weltevrede Farm, on which Government spent �127 in nine months of 1912. The scene of the historic fight between Major Alan Wilson and his band and the Matabele hordes is in the district. Postmaster.-S. W. G. Isaacs. SOMABULA. Diamond mining and farming area in the Gwelo district, with siding on the main line from Bulawayo to Salisbury, 21 miles west of Gwelo. The diamonds are being worked by independent diggers under licence from the South African Option Syndicate, who have latterly increased in number. Government school at Pender's Farm opened July, 1912; expenditure, 1912, �82 ; receipts, �9. Rifle Company (42 strong).-Lieut. S. Annandale. Somabula and Shanqani Flats Farmers' Association.- President: - Shore ; Secretary : S. Annandale. UMTALI. Important town and district on the eastern edge of the Territory, 170 miles from Salisbury. 131 'SouTIIERN RIHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 UMTALI : SUBURBAN RESIDENCE 204 from Beira. Was the headquarters of the Rhodesian railway system until their transference to Bulawayo a few years ago. The change has not interfered with the prosperity or the prospects of the town, which has continued to progress, is now the scene of considerable business activity, being the distributing centre for a large and always extending agricultural district, and will doubtless grow in size and importance as the surrounding districts of' Penhalonga and Odzi (mining) and Inyanga and Melsetter (farming), etc., develop. The Rezende mine, where operations are on a larger scale than at any other mine in the country, is a few miles away. Umtali is most picturesquely situated and enjoys all the advantages of a settled population. It has telephones, water system, churches, schools, park, public market, entertainment halls, racecourse and athletic grounds. Government, in 1912, built a new boys' and girls' school at a cost of �10,000, which already is in need of enlargement, and during the same year opened a school at Battery Spruit; expenditure, 1912, �2,879; receipts, �468. There are large railway repairing shops in the town. Volunteer Drill Hall. Local farmers have formed an organisation called the Co- operative Dairies, to further their interests, and have amalgamated the Marandellas, Mangwendi, 182 GOVERNMENT UMTALI: VIEW IN THE PARK Macheke, Headlands, Makoni, and Umtali Farmers' Associations into "The Affiliation of Eastern Farmers' Associations." Umta]i is governed by a Sanitary Board and the rates are 4d. on buildings and 3d. on stands. There has latterly been much controversy on a suggestion that Umtali should be made a municipality. Population : Town-Whites, 1,056. District (includingPenhalonga)-Whites, 1,773; natives, 26,502. Altitude, 3,700 ft. Average tempera- tures : maximum, 77; minimum, 53. Average rainfall, 32.72 ins. Sanitary Board.-P. G. Smith (Chairman), T. B. Hulley, E. A. Crake, Dr. J. Harpur, W. J. Hosgood, G. Dawson, C. Eickhoff ; Secretary: 8. W. 8. Morris. Water Board.-Chairman: W. J. Hosgood; Secretary: F. O. John. Magistrate and Civil Commissioner.-P. G. Smith. Native Commissioner.-T. B. Hulley, who is also Super- intendent of Natives. Police (Umtali and Melsetter).- Superintendent: Capt. W. E. St. John; Assistants: Lieuts. J. S. Bridger (at Melsetter), G. M. M. Robinson. Posts at Penhalonga, Rusapi, Melsetter, Chipinga, Inyanga, Odzi. Volunteers.-Headquarters of F Squadron and the Engineer Company of the Eastern Division, 186 strong, under Capt. J. A. Methuen and Capt. W. J. Hosgood respectively. Band and Cadets (26 strong). Government Hospital (beds : 22 White, 10 native).-Dr. J. Harpur, who is the District Surgeon. Matron: Miss Back- house. Government Public School.-Headmaster: J. Sutherland, M.A., F.G.S., with seven teachers. SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Postmaster.-G. H. Wolhuter; at Paulington (suburb): H. E. Balch. Customs Collector and Warehouse Keeper.-E. A. Crake. Chamber of Commerce.-President : J. Meikle; Secretary : J. H. Holland. Banks.-Standard Bank of South Africa ; National Bank of South Africa. Mining Commissioner.-O. H. Ogilvie. Government Veterinary Surgeon.-D. R. Chatterley ; Assistants: J. B. Idle, B. L. King. Umtali District Farmers' Association.-President : L. Cripps, M.L.C.; Secretary : J. Holland. North Umtali Farmers' Association.-Secretary : R. V. H. Blurton. Umtali Co-operative Dairies.-Directors : F. R. Myburgh, J. Meikle, E. M. Webber, E. M. Jarvis, 3. Bekker, J. Lamport Stokes, J. L. Crawford; Acting Secretary: A. Howat. Umtali Horticultural Society.-President : J. Meikle ; Secretary : A. Howat. Churches.-Anglican: Rev. P. F. Kynaston. Roman Catholic : Rev. Fr. P. Bontemps. Presbyterian : Rev. G. P. Philps. St. Andrew's Methodist (Episcopal) : Rev. C. Kent. Public (Turner Memorial) Library.-Librarian : F. E. Lochner. Ratepayers' Association.-Committee : J. Meikle (Chair- man), F. John, Cramp, Dawson, A. McDowell, English, S. Harrison, Nesbitt, W. E. Harvey, Howat, Holland, Dr. Harpur; Secretary : - Morgan. Club.-" Umtali " : Secretary : G. F. Gubbins. Masonic, etc.-Two Lodges Freemasons, E.C. and S.C. R.A,O.B. one Lodge. Society of St. George.-President : F. R. Myburgh; Secretaries : 3. Hall, A. F. Ternouth. Caledonian Society.-Chief : A. Laing ; Secretary : J. McTurk. Lancashire and Yorkshire Society.-President : H. E. Goulder ; Secretary : F. 8. Cowburn. Sporting Club.-Secretary : J. Holland. Golf Clubs.-Umtali : President : R. G. Snodgrass ; Secretary : R. D. Hayes. Hillside: President : T. B. Hulley; Secretary : E. A. Crake. Cricket Clubs.-Umtali : Secretary : E. Webb. Railway : Secretary : F. J. Millership. Football Clubs.-Umtali : Secretary : T. H. Henry. Railway : Secretary : F. J. Millership. Lawn Tennis.-President : J. Meikle ; Secretary : A. Harrison. Piscatorial Society.-Secretary : P. C. Rutherford. Newspaper (daily and weekly).-Rhodesia Advertiser. Hotels.-Cecil, Royal, Masonic, etc.; from 10s. 6d. per day. UMVUMA. Township in the Chilimanzi district, 57 miles from Gwelo. Is the centre of a busy ranching district. Falcon mine in the vicinity. Govern- ment Public School, which cost �197 in 1912; fees amounted to �36. Government Medical Officer. Police post. Hotel. 134 GOVERNMENT Population : Whites, 320. Postmaster.-H. R. H. Keen. Bank.-Standard Bank of South Africa. Gymkhana and Sports Club.-President : Col. W. Napier, C.M.G., M.L.C.; Secretary : H. R. H. Keen. Farmers' Association.-Secretary : C. Napier. UMZINGWANI. Native district near Bulawayo. The Bushtick and various other mines are situated in this district. Police posts at Umzingwani and Essexvale. Population included under "Bulawayo Dis- trict." Native Commissioner and Magistrate.-T. M. Thomas. Bushtick Rifle Company.-Lieut. D. V. Burnett and 62 men. Postmaster.-Essexvale : C. S. Davies. Postmaster.-Bushlick : A. T. Creswell. VICTORIA. Town and district 131 miles south-east of Gwelo, and the terminus of a branch line from Gwelo. An excellent agricultural district. Is known as "the granary of Rhodesia." About 17 miles away are the famous Zimbabwe Ruins. The town is controlled by a Sanitary Board. Government maintains a Public School, at a cost, in 1912, of �410 ; the receipts amounted to �44. Population : T'own-Whites, 119. District- Whites, 288; natives, 30,521. Average rainfall, 25.52 ins. Altitude, 3,200 ft. Average tem- peratures : maximum, 79.1 ; minimum, 53.6. Magistrate, Civil Commissioner and Mining Commissioner. -C. W. Cary. Native Commissioner.-W. E. Thomas, who is also Super- intendent of Natives. Police.-Acting Superintendent : Capt. L. C. Masterson. Posts at Ndgana, Chibi, Gutu, Zimbabwe. Government Hospital (beds : 12 White, 6 native).-Dr. P. A. Nightingale, who is the District Surgeon. Government Veterinary Surgeon.-E. Middleton. Postmaster.- 4. T. Harpham. Bank.-Standard Bank of South Africa. Victoria Farmers' Association.-Secretary : J. Rutherford. English Church.-Services taken by the Rev. H. R. Quinn, of St. Francis Mission, Selukwe Native Reserve. VUNGU RIVER. Farming centre in the Gwelo district. In addition to having formed a Farmers' Associa- tion, the local farmers are erecting a brick 135 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Livingstone, seven miles from the Victoria Falls, is the seat of government. There is a considerable settlement at Lusaakas, where a gymkhana meeting was held during the year. Farmers have formed a very strong Farmers' Association, and an agricultural show for 1914 has been mooted. There is a political asso- ciation. The lighter side of life is well developed in the territory, especially in Livingstone, where there is a comfortable well-appointed club. " At Homes " are occasionally given at Government House. There are frequent dances, cafe chan- tant gatherings, theatricals and concerts (there is a Musical and Dramatic Society) and various sporting events, as golf, cricket, football (both codes), and lawn tennis games. There is a Ladies' Rifle Club. Hotels and numerous stores. Weekly newspaper, the "Livingstone Mail " ; editor and proprietor, L. F. Moore. Northern Rhodesia is a Mission Bishopric of the Church of England, with the cathedral at Livingstone. Bishop : Rt. Rev. A. J. W. May. The various missionary bodies have 42 mission stations in the Territory. 138 VII. CLIMATE O' POPULATION RDINARY precautions being taken, Southern Rhodesia is undoubtedly one of the healthiest countries in the world. Moreover, cases are known of people who have migrated from Great Britain and elsewhere, owing to ill-health, being restored to perfect health. There are no extremes in temperature, the atmosphere is pure and dry and bracing, and the sun shines the whole day practically every day in the year. The rainfall is adequate, and owing to its distribution the country is greener than is generally the case in the territories in the Union of South Africa; and many streams are running the whole year round. There are two seasons only in Rhodesia-summer and winter, or the "wet " season and the "dry " season. The former extends from November to April, the latter from May to October. At six of the principal meteorological stations in the country, which number 124 in all, the highest mean maximum temperature in 1912 was 79.5, and the lowest mean minimum tem- perature 53. At the same stations the highest average rainfall worked out at 44-50 inches, and the lowest 23.79 inches. Vital statistics show that in 1912 there were 734 births (375 males, 359 females), which gives a crude birth-rate of 27.30 per thousand. The deaths totalled 341, as against 288 in 1911. This gives a crude death rate of 12.68 per thousand. Owing to the disproportionate dis- tribution of age and sex in Rhodesia, the death rate has also been calculated in accordance with the principle adopted by the Registrar- General of England, and this calculation works out at 13.18 per thousand. 139 VIII. EDUCATIONAL, RELIGIOUS, PHILANTHROPICAL HE first school in Southern Rhodesia was opened in 1895, in Bulawayo. The same year a Convent school was established in Bulawayo ; and then Church of England schools, assisted by Government grants, followed at Bulawayo, Salisbury, and Gwelo, while the Government made an agreement with the Dutch Reformed Church to pay one-third the salaries of ministers at Bulawayo, Melsetter, and Enkeldoorn, on condition that they conducted schools in those centres for the education of Dutch children. An Education Department was created in 1899, but until 1903 the Govern- ment was only authorised to assist voluntary schools on the � for � principle. In 1903 the scope of the department was materially widened, power being given the Government to establish schools and maintain them entirely out of public funds. The educational system of the country is now almost wholly State directed, though there arc five aided schools with-as in the case of the State schools-up-to-date curricula, most modern equipments and highly-trained teaching staffs. By means of boarding grants, bursaries and scholarships, it is possible for a Rhodesian scholar to pass with little or no expense to himself or his parents from an elementary to a secondary school, thence to one of the South African Universities, and finally to Oxford (as a Rhodes scholar). In proportion to the population probably no other community in the Empire is so richly endowed with educational facilities as Rhodesia. Number of schools, scholars, etc., with com- parisons :- Public Schools. Scholars. Expenditure. Teachers. 1903 ... 14 ... 630 ... �6,480 ... - 1912 ... 49 ... 2,530 ... 55,898 ... 157 144 EDUCATIONAL, RELIGIOUS, ETC. Photo by] LPedrotti, Bulawayo HIGH SCHooL, BULAWAYO Since 1909 the Government has expended con- siderably over �100,000 on new buildings; this sum is in addition to the amount already quoted. Other bodies interested in education-the Jesuit Fathers principally-have also spent large sums on the provision and equipment of schools. In 1906 the late Mr. Alfred Belt left the sum of �200,000 for educational, charitable, and other public purposes in Rhodesia. The Trustees of this fund are temporarily keeping the principal intact, and administering the annual income only. Under this arrangement they have contri- buted very materially to the educational facilities of the country, especially by providing :- Twenty Belt Scholarships annually, value �40 each [�20 for day scholars, �40 for boarders], tenable for three years, to enable promising children to obtain secondary education in the higher schools at very small expense to their parents. A sum not exceeding �2,000 a year for boarding grants of not more than �20 per annum per child, to enable children whose homes lie outside a walking radius of a school to attend boarding schools. [The Government provides 200 other such grants.] Two grants of �50 per annum each to enable lady students and acting teachers to obtain professional training as teachers at the Ladies' Training College, Grahamstown. Three Beit Bursaries annually of �100 each for students who have matriculated to enable them to graduate or obtain a diploma at any college of University standing in South Africa. Funds for the education (and in some cases board and clothing also) of destitute and orphan children. Three of the well-known "Rhodes " scholar- ships, which are of the value of �300 a year, and tenable for three years in the University of Oxford, are allocated to Rhodesia. The principal schools are the Eveline High School, Bulawayo, 300 scholars; the Milton SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 TYPICAL RURAL SCHOOL High School, Bulawayo, 158 ; Primary School, Bulawayo, 100; St. George's Public School, Bulawayo, 129; Convent School, Bulawayo, 214; Girls' High School, Salisbury, 194; Boys' High School, Salisbury, 166; Convent School, Salisbury, 154; Public School, Umtali, 185; Public School, Gwelo, 93 ; Public School, Gatooma, 64; and the Plumtree School, 94. Of the remainder, nineteen are farm schools. By means of its farm schools and boarding grants, Rhodesia provides education for a larger proportion of children of school-age than any other State or Province in South Africa; 422 of the children at school are under six years of age ; 218 are over fifteen years of age. The principal schools are equipped with apparatus for instruction in natural sciences and handi- crafts, while the teaching of Latin and French is carried out on modern lines. Cookery and laundry work are taught at the Eveline School, Bulawayo. The Associated Board of the Royal Academy and Royal College of Music, London, hold yearly examinations in the territory. Of the various teaching staffs, seventeen teachers are graduates of either British or Colonial universities. Most of the schools possess libraries, the total number of volumes being now 6,000. All kinds of sports and gymnastics are fostered and provided for, and some schools have flourishing cadet corps and patrols of Boy Scouts. Fees range from : Kindergarten classes, �3 146 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 open up mission stations in the country. Bishop Bruce was succeeded by Dr. W. T. Gaul in 1895, and Dr. Gaul by Dr. E. N. Powell in 1908, the latter being succeeded by Dr. Beaven in 1910. Bishop's chaplain, Rev. W. F. Lack. Chapter: The Bishop, the Ven. Archdeacons J. H. Upcher, E. H. Etheridge (" of Mashonaland ") and E. G. Harker (" of Matabeleland "), and the Rev. Canon J. Hallward. Staff: Seventeen priests, one deacon, and fourteen lay workers, ten of whom are ladies. Clergy are resident in eight townships; White membership, 10,050. Diocesan school at Bulawayo for White children. There are thirty-six native schools with 3,880 scholars. The Presbyterian Church commenced work in Rhodesia in 1895, at Bulawayo. The Presbytery is the smallest in the world, though the territory over which it has jurisdiction is the largest. Members : The Ministers at Bula- wayo, Salisbury, and Umtali, the Superintendent of Native Missions, the Itinerary Agent, and lay members from the congregations, with the Rev. J. Simpson, of Salisbury, as clerk. Schools for natives 4, scholars 190. Practically the whole of Rhodesia constitutes a Prefecture-Apostolic of the Roman Catholic Church, being created such in 1897. The present Superior is the Very Rev. Richard Sykes, S.J., who occupies the position for the second time; the first Superior was the Very Rev. H. Depelchin, S.J., whose successors have been consecutively the Very Rev. A. Weld, S.J., the Very Rev. A. M. Daignault, S.J., the Very Rev. H. Schomberg Kerr, S.J., the Very Rev. R. Sykes, S.J., and the Very Rev. I. Gartlan, S.J. Headquarters, Bulawayo. The Church is estab- lished in most centres in the country, and conducts four schools for White children, which are attended by 533 scholars; and two large and successful missions (among others) at Chisa- washa and Empandeni, the latter being the first Roman Catholic mission in Rhodesia (1887); there are 20 schools for natives altogether, with 2,387 scholars. Staff : 35 priests, 101 nuns. The Wesleyan Methodist Church opened its 148 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 in addition to those which will be found attached to the various religious bodies and territorial associations. The South African Colonisation Society, of 2, Army and Navy Mansions, Flat 23, Francis Street, Victoria Street, London, S.W., through its Rhodesia Committee (secretary, Miss E. F. Thompson), assists British women to settle in Rhodesia, and selects women workers of all kinds for employers in Rhodesia, arranging their passage thereto at reduced rates. The Society, in conjunction with the Women's Guild, conducts a residential hostel in Bulawayo, called The New Rhodes Hostel; and there is also a residential hostel and a nursing hostel at Salisbury. There are branches of the Girls' Friendly Society in many parts of the country, as well as various Ladies' Benevolent Societies, and Women's Guilds. Further particulars of these are given under each town. 150 IX. COMMERCE AND CUSTOMS RACTICALLY every class of business is established in Rhodesia. Very large stocks are carried, and business methods are most up-to-date. The following table shows the number of businesses licensed :- Agents, Foreign Firms ... ... ... 65 Auctioneers ... ... ... ... ... 26 Bakers ... ... ... ... ..... 72 Bottle Stores ... ... ... ... ... 43 Brokers ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 Butchers ... ... ... ... ... 141 Chemists ... ... ... ... ... 21 Clubs ...... ... ... ..... 16 General Dealers ... ... ... ... 1,104 Joint Stock Companies ... ... ... 313 Retail Liquor ... ... ... ... ... 107 Theatres ... ... ... ... ... 39 Wholesale Importers ... ... ... ... 100 Wholesale Liquor ... ... ... ... 7 Most of the concerns are of local creation, though a number of the larger ones-among them the Bechuanaland Trading Association, the Anglo-African Trading Co., the Rhodesia Trading Co.-have their headquarters in London. During 1912, 15 joint stock companies were registered in the country, representing a capital of �262,930. Among the new companies are the New Premier Portland Cement Co. (Rhodesia), capital �7,000, which has commenced work on some lime deposits near Bulawayo; and Win. Cubit & Co. (S.A.), capital �70,000, an offshoot of a well-known London firm of builders and contractors. During the same year 127 trade marks were registered, and 147 letters patent issued. Regarding the latter, the Registrar of Patents reports : " A few attempts are still being made to file applications by post, but the public are beginning to realise that their wisest course is at once to employ a patent agent." The following banks have, one or other of them, branches in every town in the country- 23 in all :-The Standard Bank of South Africa, the African Banking Corporation, and the 151 COMMERCE AND CUSTOMS ADMISSION FEES, STAMPS, ETC. � s. d. Advocate ... ... ... ...... 20 0 0 Ante-nuptial Contract ... ... ... 1 0 0 Attorney .... ... ... ... ... 20 0 0 Bill Stamp up to and including �50 ... 0 0 6 Ditto, exceeding �50, but not �100 ... 0 1 0 Ditto, every additional �100 or frac- tion thereof ... ... ... ... 0 1 0 Conveyancer ... ... ... ... 12 10 0 Chemist ... ... ... ... ... 5 0 0 Dentist ... ... ... ...... 5 0 0 General Powers of Attorney ... ... 1 0 0 Land Surveyor ... ... ... ... 5 0 0 Medical Practitioner ... ... ... 5 0 0 Notary ... ... ... ... ... 12 10 0 Sworn Appraiser ... ... ...... 5 0 0 Special Marriage Licence ... ... 5 0 0 Special Powers of Attorney ... ... 0 1 0 The currency in Rhodesia is entirely English; what is known as "Kruger" money-legal tender in the Union of South Africa-is not accepted unless at a discount. Copper coinage is not yet in general use, the lowest denomination of currency being generally the threepenny- piece, commonly called a "tickey." English weights and measures are generally adopted, though in survey work the Cape land measure is used-1,000 Cape feet equal 1,033 British Imperial feet; 12 Cape feet, one Cape rood; 425.944 Cape roods, 1 English mile; 1 Cape morgen, 2.11654 English acres. The ton is the (short) Colonial ton of 2,000 lb. Stands (or town lots) for business premises or residences vary greatly in price. In Bulawayo the sum of �7,500 was recently paid for a central business site. During 1912 the British South Africa Company, which owns stands in most towns, sold in all 47 stands for an average price of �118 each; in six months of the year ended 1913 the Company sold 25 stands, which averaged �124 each. Outside of towns a system of leases prevails. In 1912 the Company leased 45 store and trading sites at a rent value averag- ing �60 each; in six months of the year ended 1913, 35 leases were granted, the average rent value being �32. Vacancies in commercial houses in Rhodesia are now generally filled by men on the spot. 153 COMMERCE AND CUSTOMS date a scheme came into force whereby certain articles were taxed sufficiently to bring in a revenue of �60,000 yearly. The produce and manufactures of the South African Customs Union and the articles on the Union's free list were exempted. In 1903 a new Customs Union for regulating the customs tariff of South Africa was formed, the signatories to the convention being the Transvaal, the Cape Colony, Natal, the Orange River Colony, and Rhodesia ; and also Basutoland, the Bechuanaland Protec- torate, and Swaziland. The value of dutiable merchandise imported in 1912 totalled �1,490,497, made up of : From beyond British South Africa, �1,468,026 ; included in South African manufactures, �22,471. The total in 1911 was �1,704,054. The amount of the duty collected was �278,326. The following table shows the duty divided into classes, along with the percentage of the duty to value :- Duty. Per cent. Foodstuffs ... ... �47,279 ... 8.84 Liquors ... ... ... 84,766 ... 87.16 Tobaccos ... ... 15,595 ... 21 64 Sundries ... ... ... 130,686 ... 6.79 �278,326 ... 10.59 The actual duty paid equals 18.68 per cent. of the value of the dutiable merchandise imported in 1912. There are six classes in the Customs tariff, viz.: special rates, mixed rates, 25 per cent. ad val., 3 per cent. ad val., free, and general ad val. (15 per cent.). A preferential rebate is allowed by the Customs Union on goods imported from the United Kingdom and the colonies which grant reciprocal privileges to British South Africa. In 1912 this averaged �2 16s. per cent. Under what is known as the " Rhodes " Clause (Clause 47 in the Southern Rhodesia Order-in- Council, 1898), an additional preference is given by Rhodesia to British goods to that granted by the Customs Union. This clause was embodied in the Constitution of Rhodesia through the instrumentality of the Founder of the Country. It provided that the Customs duty levied on 155 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 any articles imported into Southern Rhodesia, being the produce or manufactures of any part of the British Empire, was not to exceed in amount the then existing duties in the Cape. In 1912 the special preference under the Rhodes Clause came to �1 17s. 3d. per cent. on the total value of the British goods imported, making the total preference �4 14s. 3d. per cent. as against the Union's �2 16s. per cent. In addition to the ordinary and special preferences, Rhodesia sus- pended the duty entirely on fresh, chilled and frozen meats (�185) and on non-potable spirits (�3,025). The total amount of duty thus rebated in 1912 was �80,759, equal to 22.5 per cent. of the full tariff. 166 X. RAILWAYS POSTS & TELEGRAPHS, DEFENCE HE railway system of Rhodesia is a private undertaking, being the property of the following companies :- The Rhodesia Railways, Ltd. Capital: �6,258,000, in �8,000 shares, and �6,250,000 debentures bearing interest at varying rates up to 5 per cent. Secretary : R. J. Hackshaw, 2 London Wall, London, E.C. The Mashonaland Railway Company, Ltd. Capital: �5,510,000, in �450,000 shares and �5,060,000 5 per cent. debentures. Secretary: R. J. Hackshaw, 2 London Wall, London, E.C. The Beira Railway Company, Ltd. Capital, �2,415,114 16s. 9d., in "loans" bearing interest at rates varying from 4j to 6 per cent. Secretary: John Reed, 2 London Wall, London, E.C. The Beira Junction Railway (Port Beira to Fontesville), Ltd. Capital, �437,500, in "loans" bearing interest at from 5 to 6 per cent. Secretary: John Reed, 2 London Wall Buildings, London, E.C. The Blinkwater Railway Company. Authorised capital �200,000. Secretary : R J. Hackshaw, 2 London Wall Buildings, London, E.C. The bulk of the shares in the Rhodesia Rail- ways and the Mashonaland Railway companies is held by the Rhodesia Railways Trust, in which the British South Africa Company holds an interest amounting to 83 per cent. Chairman of the Trust (and of the railway companies, ex- cept the Blinkwater Railway Company, of which Mr. Otto Beit is the Chairman): J. Rochfort Maguire, 2 London Wall, London, E.C. In 1906 the late Mr. Alfred Beit bequeathed �1,200,000 in trust for purposes connected with the Cape to Cairo railway system, and the trustees of this fund have advanced various sums to the Rhodesian companies for the develop- ment and equipment of the system in Rhodesia. The management in Rhodesia is carried out by the Mashonaland Railway Company, being known as the Beira and Mashonaland and Rhodesia Railways (Northern Extensions). Headquarters: Bulawayo. Staff : General manager, E. R. Ross; chief engineer, G. R. Holgate; traffic manager Lewis Thomas; chief accountant, Frank Key. 157 RAILWAYS, POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS, ETC. in the Enterprise district-a distance of 20 miles in all-and the Sinoia extension to a point north- wards on the Angwa river, and thence to Kafue, in Northern Rhodesia, a distance of 293 miles; and to connect Umvuma with Odzi, near Umtali. For the year ended September 30th, 1912, the Rhodesia Railways' accounts showed a net revenue amounting to �242,773. The Mashona- land Railway Company's accounts showed a loss of �107,422. I he Beira Railway Company's accounts showed a net revenue of �161,029. Surplus revenues are applied to the liquidation of past deficits, which amount to a considerable sum. The gross revenue of the whole system for the year ended September 30th, 1913, totalled �1,702,400 ; for the year ended September, 1912, the figures are approximately �1,910,491 (figures unaudited). Railway fares are on the basis of 3d. per mile first-class, 2d. per mile second, I d. per mile third ; no Europeans travel third class. Over long distances fares are reduced : particulars of fares over certain journeys will be found on page 17. Trains leave Cape Town every Tuesday (English mail), Thursday and Saturday, arriving at Bulawayo on Thursdays, Sundays and Tues- days. En route these connect up with trains from Port Elizabeth, East London, Durban, Pretoria, Johannesburg, Bloemfontein, etc. Connections are made up at Bulawayo for practically every station in Southern Rhodesia and in Portuguese East Africa to Beira. A similar service is maintained from Beira and all stations in Rhodesia to Bulawayo, and thence every Wednesday (English mail), Friday and Monday for Southern stations, arriving at Cape Town on Saturdays, Mondays, and Thursdays. Additional trains leave Bulawayo for Salis- bury every Wednesday and Friday, and Salis- bury for Bulawayo every Monday and Friday, making five trains each way weekly. Trains leave Bulawayo for the Victoria Falls and Elisabethville (Belgian Congo) every Sunday and Thursday, reaching the Falls the following day, and Elisabethville on Wednesdays and Sundays; and leave Elisabethville for the 159 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 book packets, d. per 2 ozs. South Africa, id. per 2 ozs. British Empire overseas; sample packets, ld. per 4 ozs. Southern Rhode3ia, id. per 2 ozs. S. A. Union, ld. per 2 ozs. British Empire overseas. Parcels.-ls. per lb., 6d. each additional lb., Southern Rhodesia; ls. 6d. per lb. S. A. Union; 1s. 9d. per lb. United Kingdom, via Cape Town, 3s. per 3 lbs., 5s. per 11 lbs., via Beira. Registration : 4d. per article. Telegrams.-12 words 1s. Southern Rhodesia, 12 words 2s. S. A. Union; press messages, 48 words 1s. Southern Rhodesia, 48 words 2s. S. A. Union. Cablegrams.-2s. 8d. per word Great Britain; deferred, half rate; press messages, 4id. per word; week-end cable- grams, 15s. for 30 words, 2s. 6d. for every 5 additional words. Money Orders.-For South Africa : Up to �2, 6d.; to �5, ls.; to �7, 1s. 6d.; to �10, 2s. For United Kingdom : To �2, ls. Od.; to �5, 2s. 3d.; to �7, 3s.; to �10, 4s. An agricultural parcels post is conducted, by which an article manufactured or produced in R iodesia may be sent anywhere in the country for 6d. per lb. and 3d. per additional lb., limit lllbs. A system of rural telephones has been intro- duced. A central farm or business is connected with the nearest convenient telephone exchange or telegraph office. The parties interested attend the telephone and transmit the messages for the public at the tariff in force. The department charges no rental for the lines. Branch lines are run from these centres to individual farms. Charges : For farms and private residences, �6 6s. per mile per annum; for business premises, �10 10s. per mile per annum. A Savings Bank is conducted in connection with the Post Office, in which sums amounting to �100 may be deposited in any one year. Interest is paid at the rate of 2j per cent. for the first �100, and of 3 per cent. on balances amounting to over �100 ; no interest is paid on balances of more than �500. The bank was established on January 1st, 1905. At Decem- ber 31st, 1913, the deposits totalled �717,875 gross, or �131,807 net. During 1913 the sum of �29,675 was placed in the bank, and �27,603 withdrawn, leaving a balance of �2,072. The accounts number between 4,500 and 5,000. THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA POLICE. The permanent defence force in Southern Rhodesia is the British South Africa Police, 162 RAILWAYS, POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS, ETC. B.S.A. POLICE which carries out the policing of the territory, both urban and rural. Strength : 548 Whites, 597 natives. Except for tie urban police, the force is entirely mounted. A reorganisation scheme was introduced in' 1918, on the appoint- ment, by the Imperial Government and the British South Africa Company conjointly, of Co. A. H. M. Edwards, C.B., M.V.O., as Comman- dant-General. Staff: Chief Inspector.-Major A. E. Capell, D.S.0. Controller of Defence Force.-Major T. S. Masterman; Assistant Controllers : Lieut. L. S. Dacomb, Lieut. E. T. Fox. Chief Staff Officer.-Capt. R. E. Murray; Staff Officer: Lieut. G. Parson. Headquarters Training School.-Commandant and Chief Instructor : Capt. R. Cashel : Assistant Instructors : Lieut. F. T. Stephens, Lieut. A. L. Tribe, Lieut. A. L. Lockwood. Applications for appointment to the Police can be made to the Secretary, the British South Africa Company, London, E.C. Applicants must be smart, well educated men, British subjects, unmarried, used to an outdoor life and able to ride and shoot, and prepared to pay their own passages to Cape Town (�11 5s.). The subsequent expense of reaching Rhodesia is met by the police authorities. The following phiysical conditions are enforced : Age, between 20 and 25 years, height between 5ft. 6 in. and 5 ft. 10 in., weight 11 st. 7 lbs. maximum, chest, not inflated, 84 ins. minimum. Applicants must also pass a strict medical examination. 163 SOUTHERN RHODESIA IHANDBOOK, 1914 CADETS The first period of enlistment is three years, and on enlistment a liberal issue of clothing is made. Pay ranges from 5s. to 12s. 6d. a day, the latter being the scale for regimental sergeants- major. There are numerous "extras " : allow- ances are made for rations, maintenance of clothing, town police duty, efficiency in native languages and law, and re-enlistments. There is a liberal scale of holiday leave, and pensions or gratuities are provided for. Promotions to the commissioned establish- ment are almost invariably made from the non-commissioned ranks. On an average, 100 recruits are yearly enlisted for the British South Africa Police. THE VOLUNTEERS. The Southern Rhodesia Volunteers is the country's citizen army. It consists of two divisions-Eastern and Western-each contain- ing mounted, cyclist, engineer, machine gun, sig- nalling, cadet, and ambulance sections. Each division has attached to it a number offrifle com- panies, a form of volunteer organisation most suited to the outside districts. Both divisions go into camp annually for four days, and numerous field parades are held during the year. Great attention is paid to musketry, in which a high proficiency has been attained, and a " Bisley " 164 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 Hon. Lieutenants: E. R. Thorpe, H. E. Gregory. Capt.-Chaplains : E. J. Parker, P. E. Kynaston. Surgeon-Captains: F. E. Appleyard, J. Harpur, B. A. Cheadle. Veterinary-Lieutenants : W. R. O. Williams, B. L. King. The Western Division has its headquarters at Bulawayo, with out-stations at Gwelo and Selukwe, and eleven rifle companies. At headquarters there are five squadrons and the regimental band, at Gwelo one squadron, and at Selukwe one squadron. Total strength: Officers, 38; N.C.O.'s and privates, 959, with 337 cadets. Musketry : Figure of merit, head- quarters, 80.28 ; out-stations, 83-30 ; rifle companies, 73.21; cadets, 68-40. Officers : Hon. Colonel: Sir L. S. Jameson, C.B. Commanding Officer : Lt.-Colonel W. Baxendale. Major and Adjutant : J. F. Purcell, D.S.O. (C.M.R.). Major: D. Judson. Captains: J. C. Jesser-Coope, A. C. L. Webb, A. G. Hen- drie, H. M. G. Jackson, J. B. Hendrie. Lieutenants: J. Sybray, W. Ross, J. H. Ayling, W. E. Farrer, G. H. Adams, W. E. Dowsett, A. R. Thomson, G. V. Baird, F. C. Sutherland, S. A. Annandale, G. A. Woodthorpe, C. D. Fleming, M. W. Ingram, F. Moutray, D. V. Burnett, F. A. Haslett, P. T. Webb, C. M. Fletcher, C. Wv. Houlten, S. N. G. Jackson. Surgeon-Major: E. HI. Strong. Surgeon-LJ.ieutenant : W. M. Hewetson. Veterinary-Lieutenant : G. C. Hooper-Sharpe. Chaplain-Captains: M. I. Cohen, E. C. Greenfield, G. L. Ashworth, T. O. Beattie, F. L. Ashworth, A. M. Filmer. Hon. Captain : A. Macdonald. Hon. Lieutenant : J. M. Wilkinson, Rev. Father T. Gardner, Rev. Father D. Brand, B. K. Castor, R. V. Fenn. 166 SOCIAL AND SPORTING GAME SHOOTING: SPORTSMAN'S UAMNP boxing championship meeting takes place every year, the principal trophy being one given by the Rhodes Trustees. Regatta meetings occasionally take place on the Zambesi, on a "reach" just above the Victoria Falls, over which Dick Arnst and Ernest Barry rowed their famous race on August 18th, 1910, for the sculling championship of the world, the former being the victor. This course is probably the best regatta course in the world. BIG GAME SHOOTING. Rhodesia, particularly Northern Rhodesia, is one of the finest big game and carnivora countries in the whole of Africa, and is the Mecca of most A MoRNING's BAG SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 A big game shooting expedition costs from �100 to �150 per month. There are firms in Bulawayo and elsewhere that contract for shoot- ing trips on any scale. For the convenience of those who desire to move from district to district, the railway administration provides private railway cars with accommodation for six persons, and containing dining room, kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, lavatories, storeroom, etc., for an inclusive charge of �360 per month, cook, board and lodging, and haulage included. 172 SUMMARY OF LEADING EVENTS IN 1913 JANUARY 1.-Race Meeting at Bulawayo. Athletic championships at Salisbury. Caledonian Sports at Umtali. Gym- khana at Inyati. Howett-Phillips' Theatrical Company commences the first of two tours of Rhodesia. [NOTE.-Throughout the year the theatres in Bulawayo and Salisbury were continuously open, giving either bioscope, variety, or theatrical enter- tainments; and the halls at Umtali, Gatooma, Gwelo, and elsewhere were frequently engaged by touring theatrical parties.] 6.-The Constitutional League issues from Salisbury a manifesto on the political situation in Rhodesia. 7.-Service at Bulawayo in memory of the late Duke of Abercorn, President of the B.S.A. Co. ; a similar service was held at Salisbury on the 10th. Wesleyan Church Synod at Salisbury, lasting 4 days. 25.-Anniversary of Burns' Birthday; Caledonian Societies' observance; the Salisbury Society holds an At Home. Cricket at Salisbury; Salisbury wins the Logan Cup, defeating Bulawayo by 8 wickets. 30.-Rhodesian Scientific Society (Bulawayo): Paper on "The Abenanzwa Tribe," by Mr. H. N. Hemans, N.C. FEBRUARY 1.-Race Meeting at Salisbury. S.-Gymkhanas at Bulawayo and Umtali. 15.-Fifth show of the Umtali Horticultural Society, followed by a concert. 17.-Annual Tobacco Sales at Salisbury, lasting 2 days. nearly 1,000,000 lbs. came on offer. 24.-Annual Congress, at Salisbury, of the Rhodesian Agricultural Union. Opening ceremony by H.H. the Administrator. 25.-The Constitutional League holds a public meeting at Salisbury. 27.-First annual conference, at Gatooma, of the Sanitary Boards of Rhodesia. MARCH 1.-The Salisbury Cambrian Society gives a banquet, being St. David's Day. Hunt and gymkhana meeting at Salisbury. 3.-Big cattle sale at Gwelo. About 2,000 head were sold, realising over �12,000. 173 SOUTHERN RHODESIA HANDBOOK, 1914 JULY 2.-Members of the Mangwendi Farmers' Association give a dance in connection with their annual meeting. 4.-Annual FancyDressBallof the GadzemaDancing Society. 5.-RHODES DAY, observed throughout Rhodesia. 6.-FoUNDFRS' DAY, observed throughout Rhodesia. Inaugural Run, to Mazoe, of the Salisbury Motor Club. 11.-Calico dance at Umtali. Fancy Dress Ball at Que-que. 12.-Golf : Rhodesian Championship Meeting, at Salisbury, lasting 4 days. The Gladstone Cup was won by W. J. Knott, of Salisbury, who did the course in 157. Southern Rhodesia Volunteers go into annual camp of training for 4 days: Eastern Division at Maran- dellas; Western Division at Heany Junction. 14.-Gymkhana and Ball at Umvuma. 15.-Race Meeting at Macheke. 16.-Missionary Conference (Rhodesian) at Bulawayo, lasting 4 days. 18.-Annual dance of the Gatooma and District Caledonian Society. 19.-Concert at Sinoia. 22.-Annual Ball of the Selukwe Volunteers. 23.-Thirteenth Annual Show of the Rhodesian Agricultural and Horticultural Society, at Salisbury, lasting 2 days; 800 entries. Rhodesia Scientific Society: Paper on "The Social Organisation of the Baila of Northern Rhodesia," by the Rev. E. W. Smith. 24.-Annual Masonic Ball, Bulawayo. 26.-Race Meeting at Salisbury. 29.-Dr. Charles Vintcent arrives from London to conduct examinations for the Trinity College of Music. 30.-New Church at Que-que dedicated .by the Bishop of Mashonaland. AUGUST 1.-Annual Fancy Dress Ball of the Salisbury Cricket Club. 9.-Race Meeting at Umtali. 12.-Church Social at Salisbury. 15.-Athletic and Race Meeting at Marandellas, lasting 2 days. 18.-" At Home," Government House, Salisbury. 21.-Rugby Football: Inter-Province match at Salisbury- Mashonaland, 10 points ; Matabeleland, 7 points. 22.-Volunteer Ball at Selukwe. 23.-Annual Sports of the Selukwe Volunteers. 25.-Concert at Mazoe. 29.-Volunteer Ball at Umtali. 30.-Race Meeting at Bulawayo, 176 SOCIAL AND SPORTING SEPTEMBER 6.-Race Meeting at Salisbury. 10.-Royal Colonial Institute Luncheon at Bulawayo to the London Secretary, who is touring Rhodesia. 11.-Moonlight church fate at Gatooma. 12.-Occupation Day, Mashonaland-observed by Pioneers at Salisbury. 13.-First Race Meeting at Hartley. Annual Sports and Ball of the Bulawayo Caledonian Society. Police and Volunteer Sports at Umtali. 18.-Fancy Dress Ball, Umtali, Lancashire and Yorkshire Society. 19.-Football Club Dance at Penhalonga. 20.-Rugby Football : Matabeleland Juniors meet Mashona- land Juniors. 21.-Automobile Club of Matabeleland : Hill-climbing con- test at the Matopos. 26.-Annual Dance of the GwelolVolunteers. 29.-H.E. the High Commissioner (Lord Glads one tours Rhodesia : Arrival at Bulawayo. 30.-Lord Gladstone visits the Zimbabwe Ruins. OCTOBER 2.-Lord Gladstone at Umvuma. 3.-Dance of the Mashonaland Cricket Association at Salisbury. 4.-Race Meeting at Salisbury. 6.-Lord Gladstone at Salisbury. 7.-Capt. Kelsey's Cape-to-Cairo Motor Expedition arrives in Bulawayo. 9.-Conclusion of Lord Gladstone's tour: Departure for Beira. 11.-Floral Fete at Salisbury. Race Meeting at Umtali. 15.-Moonlight Church Fete at Hartley. Race Meeting at Gatooma. 18.-Motor Expedition leaves Bulawayo en route to Cairo. Gymkhana at Umvuma. 23.-Masonic Ball at Gwelo. 177 BIOGRAPHY Eaton, Walter Musgrave, M.B., M.C.(Edin.), D.P.H.(Cantab.). Bulawayo. Assistant Medical Director. Is also medical superintendent, Bula- wayo Memorial Hospital. Born 1863, Wyn- burg, Cape Colony. Formerly in the service of the Cape Government. Married. Edmonds, John Arnold, M.L.C. Lomagundi. Was for some years president of the Rhodesian Agricultural Union. Born 1867. Joined the Pioneer Corps, 1890 ; served in the Native Rebellion, 1896. Married. Edwards, Col. Alfred Hamilton Mackenzie, C.B., M.V.O. Salisbury. Commandant of Rhodesian (Police and Volunteer) Forces. Born 1862, India. Formerly Chief Constable, Metropolitan Police Force, Scotland Yard. In the Anglo- Boer War commanded the Imperial Light Horse. Everett, Richard Horace. Salisbury. Auditor for Southern Rhodesia. Served in the Matabele War, 1893, and the Native Rebellion, 1896. Eyles, Frederick, ex-M.L.C. Hartley. Farmer. Is one of the "leaders " of the farmers. Eyre, George Henry. Salisbury. Postmaster- General of Southern Rhodesia. Born 1861, Denby. From 1876 to 1880 in English postal service; from 1880 to 1897 in Cape Colony postal service. Married. Fleming, Andrew Milroy, C.M.G., M.B., C.M., F.R.C.S.(Edin.), D.P.H.(Cantab.). Salisbury. Medical Director Southern Rhodesia, and Prin- cipal Medical Officer, B.S.A. Police. Born 1871, Stirling. Married. Fletcher, Charles McKenzie. Civil Commis- sioner and Magistrate of Gwanda. Formerly in the Cape Civil Service. Married. Fletcher, Robert Alexander, J.P., ex-M.L.C. Bulawayo. Born 1865, Keerom, Namaqualand. Civil engineer and land surveyor. President of Rhodesian Agricultural Union and Rhodesian Landowners' and Farmers' Association. Takes a prominent part in political controversies affecting the country's farming interests. Mar- ried. 181 BIOGRAPHY McDonald, James Gordon. Bulawayo. Joint general manager of the Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Co., Ltd. Is manager in Rhodesia for the Rhodes Trustees. Born 1868, Aber- deenshire. McIlwaine, Robert, M.A., LL.B.(Ireland). Salis- bury. Secretary of the Law Department. Born 1871, Larne, Co. Antrim. Formerly in the Cape Civil Service. Has acted as Attorney- General and Member of the Legislative Council. Hobby : Fruit culture. Married. Meikle, Thomas. Bulawayo. Merchant. Mac- ried. Milton, Sir William Henry, K.C.V.O., K.C.M.G. Salisbury. Administrator of Southern Rhodesia. Born 1854, son of the Rev. William Milton, Newbury, Berks. Educated at Marlborough. Entered Cape Civil Service, 1878, and in 1891 was private secretary to the Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes, then the Premier of the Cape Colony. He was transferred to Rhodesia in 1896 as Chief Secretary and Secretary for Native Affairs. Became Administrator of Mashonaland, 1898, and Administrator of Southern Rhodesia, 1902. Sir William married in 1888 a daughter of Mr. A. R. Borcherds, Wynberg, Cape Province. Mitchell, George, M.L.C. Bulawayo. Joint general manager of Gold Fields Rhodesian De- velopment Co., Ltd. Formerly general manager Rhodesian Exploration and Development Co., Ltd. Born 1867, Woodhall, Bothwell, N.B. Married. Montagu, Ernest William Saunders, M.L.C. Salisbury. Secretary for Mines and Works. Member of the Executive Council. Born 1868, Rondebosch. Formerly in the Cape Civil Ser- vice. Myburgh, Francis Rudolph, ex-M.L.C. Umtali. Solicitor. Myburgh, Ryk H. Civil Commissioner and Resident Magistrate, Bulawayo. Formerly in the Cape Civil Service. Married. 185 JANUARY SNEW YEAR'S DAY 1 Th 2F 3 S 4S8 5M 6 Tu 7W 8 Th 9 F 10 S 11 S 12 M 13 Tu 14 W 15 Th 16 F 17 S 18 8 19 M 20 Tu 21 WV 22 Th 23 F 24 S 25 S 26 M 27 Tu 28 W 29 Th 30 F 31 S 190 Death of the Duke cf Abereorn President B.S.A. Co., 1913 Death of Lo Bengul , 1894 High Court : Provisional Day, Salis- bury MA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 191 S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu RCH ST. DAVID'S DAY High Court: Civil Term, Salisbury. ends Provisional Day, Bula- Criminal Sessions, Bula- ST. PATRICK'S DAY High Court: Civil Term, Bulawayo, begins Livingstone born, 1803 Matabele Rising, 1896 Death of Cecil John Rhodes, 1902 End of Financial Year, British South Africa Co. High Court: wayo High Court: wayo A P R I L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 W Th F S S SST. GEORGE'S DAY M High Court: Circuit, Victoria Tu W Th W Rhodesia entered Universal Postal Union, 1900 Th High Court: Civil term, Bulawayo, ends F S S PALM SUNDAY M High Court : Circuit, Umtali Tu W Th F GOOD FRIDAY. Burial of Cecil John Rhodes, World's View, Matopos, 1902 S S EASTER SUNDAY M BANK HOLIDAY Tu W Legislative Council meets. High Court : Circuit, Gwelo Th F S David Livingstone buried Westminster Abbey, 1874 S M Tu 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 196 MEMIORANDA 197 A Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 198 M F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S Game, Class A: Season begins Livingstone died at Ilala, Northern Rhodesia, 1877 Death of King Edward VII., 1910 High Court: Criminal Sessions, Salis- bury First Agricultural. Show, Bulawayo, 1899 First Session Legislative Council, 1899 High Court: Civil Term, Salisbury, begins ASCENSION DAY Railway, BeiratoSalisbury,opened,1899 EMPIRE DAY Queen Mary born, 1867 Bulawayo Agricultural Show, two days WHIT SUNDAY Boer War : Peace, December, 1902 Union of South Africa, 1910 MEMORANDA 199 U N E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 J M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S M Tu BANK HOLIDAY King's Birthday. George V. born, 1865 High Court: Civil Term, Salisbury, ends High Court: Criminal Sessions, Bula- wayo Mashona Rising, 1896 High Court: Civil Term, Bulawayo, begins Railway to Victoria Falls opened, 1904 Degree D.C.L. conferred on Mr. Rhodes, Oxford University, 1899 Coronation of George V., 1911 Pioneer Column left Macloutsie River, 1890 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 200 MEMORANDA 201 J U L Y 1 W Rhodesia entered S.A. Customs Union, 1903. Game, Class B : Season begins 2 Th 3 F High Court: Civil Term, Bulawayo, ends 4S 5 S Cecil John Rhodes born, 1853. Shangani Memorial, Matopos, un- veiled, 1904 6 M RHODEs's DAY. 1890 and 1893 Columns' Society formed, 1904. High Court : Criminal Sessions, Salisbury 7 Tu FOUNDERS' DAY. The Rhodes Statue Bulawayo, unveiled, 1904 8 W 9 Th 10 F 11 S 12 S 13 M 14 Tu 15 W 16 Th Death of Alfred Beit, 1906 High Court: Civil Term, Salisbury, begins 17 F 18 S 19 8 20 M 21 Tu 22 W 23 Th 24 F 25 S 28 8 Rhodesia Chamber of Mines incorpo- rated, 1895 27 M 28 Tu 29 W 80 Th 31 F High Court: Civil Term, Salisbury, ends 202 A U G U ST 1 s 28 S 3 M 4 Tu 5W 6 Th 7F 8 S 98 10 M 11 Tu 12 W 13 Th 14 F 15 S 16 8 17 M 18 Tu 19 W 20 Th 21 F 22 S 23 S 24 M 25 Tu 26 W 27 Th 23 F 29 S 30 S 31 M 20i Rhodesia entered into Customs Agree- ment with Cape Colony, 1899 High Court: Criminal Sessions, Bula- wayo High Court: Civil Term, Bulawayo, begins Mr. Rhodes's indaba with Native rebels, Matopos, 1896 High Coort: Civil Term, Bulawayo, ends Lord Gladstone (High Commissioner) toured Rhodesia, 1911 MEMORANDA 205 MEMORANDA o 209 NOVEMBER 1 S Game, Class A : Close season 2M 3 Tu Bulawayo lighted by electricity, 1897 4 W Occupation Day, Matabeleland (B.S.A. Co.'s forces entered Bulawayo, 1893) Railway to Bulawayo from Mafeking opened by Lord Milner (High Com- missioner) 5 Th 6F 7 TS 88 S 9 M 10 Tu Stanley found Livingstone at Ujiji (Lake Tanganyika), 1871 11 W 12 Th Royal Tour of Rhodesia commenced, 1910 (Duke and Duchess of Con- naught) 13 F High Court : Civil Term, Salisbury, ends 14 S The Royal Party at Livingstone, 1910 15 8 16 M High Court: Criminal Sessions, Bula- wayo 17 Tu 18 W The Royal Party at Salisbury, 1910 19 Th 20 F 21 S The Royal Party at Bulawayo, 1910 22 S 23 M 24 Tu 25 W Royal Tour of Rhodesia concluded, 1910 High Court: Civil Term, Bulawayo, begins 26 Th 27 F 28 S 29 S 30 M ST. ANDREW'S DAY 210 DECEMBER 1 Tu First Public Telephone, Bulawayo, 1898. Game, Class B : Close season 2W 3 Th 4 F SHANGANI DAY (Major Wilson's force annihilated at Shangari, 1893). Public Holiday 5 S 6 S 7 M 8 Tu 9W 10 Th 11 F 12 S 13 S 14 M 15 Tu 16 W 17 Th 18 F 19 S 20 S 21 M 22 Tu 28 W 24 Th 25 F 26 S 27 S 28 M 29 Tu 30 W 31 Th 212 Railway crossed the Congo border, 1909 High Court: Civil Term, Bulawayo, ends CHRISTMAS DAY BOXING DAY XII.-BIBLIOGRAPHY The following is a selected list of books dealing with Rhodesia :- Life of the Rt. Hon. Cecil John Rhodes. By Sir Lewis Michell. London: Arnold. Cecil Rhodes :His Political Life and Speeches. By" Vindex." London: Chapman & Hall. The Rt. Hon. Cecil J. Rhodes. By Sir T. E. Fuller. London: Longmans. Dr. Jameson. By G. Seymour Fort. London: Hurst & Blackett. Prehistoric Rhodesia. By R. N. Hall. London : Unwin. Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia. By Hall and Bent. London: Methuen. Great Zimbabwe, Mashonaland and Rhodesia. By R. N. Hall. London: Methuen. The Eldorado of the Ancients. By Dr. Carl Peters. London: Pearson. Mediaeval Rhodesia. By D. R. Melver. London: Mac- millan. The Gold of Ophir : Whence Brought, and by Whom. By A. H. Keane. London: Stanford. The Matabele Campaign. By Sir R. Baden Powell. London : Methuen. Matabeleland. By A. R. Colquhoun. London: Simpkin Marshall. Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia. By F. C. Selous. London : Rowland Ward. African Nature Notes and Reminiscences. By F. C. Selous. London: Macmillan. WVild Game in Zambezia. By R. C. F. Maugham. London: John Murray. Exploration and Hunting in Central Africa. By Col. A. H. St. Gibbons. London: Methuen. Rhodesia of To-day (1895). By E. F. Knight. London: Longmans. Big Game Hunting in N.E. Rhodesia. By Owen Letcher. London: Long. Southern Rhodesia. By Percy F. Hone. London: Bell & Son. The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia. By Gouldsbury & Sheane. London: Arnold. Agricultural and Pastoral Prospects of South Africa. By Owen Thomas. London : Constable. The Mineral Industry of Rhodesia. By J. P. Johnson. London: Longmans. The Rhodesian Miners' Handbook. By F. P. Mennell. Bulawayo: Allen. The Guide to South and East Africa, for the use of tourists, sportsmen, invalids and settlers. By A. S. & G. (. Brown. Edited annually for the Union-Castle Mail S.S. Company. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 214 I N PAGE ABERCORN .. .. .. 99 Administration .. .. 93-8 - Northern Rhodesia .. 137 Admission fees, stamps, etc... 153 Adventists, Seventh Day .. 149 Advice for farmers .. .. 42 -- miners .. .. .. 51 Afforestation .. ... .. 29 Agricultural Department .. 41 -Bulletins . ..... 42 -College, proposed .. .. 42 - Examinations .. .. 42 - Experiments .. .. 41 - Lectures . ...... 42 - Parcels Post .. .. 162 -Products .... .. 18 - Shows (see Townships) . Agricultural Journal .. . 41 Alan Wilson .. . 11,131 - - (Shangani) Memorial .. 90 Alienated land .. .. 37 Alluvial mining .. .. 52, 67 Altitude .. 15 American Board of Foreign Missions .... . 149 Anglican Church .. .. 147 Animals exported .. . 154 Appointments, business . 153 Arcturus .. .. .. 110 Area .. ... .. .. 15 - Northern Rhodesia .. 137 Arms and ammunition, im- portation of.. .. .. 171 Arnst, Barry, sculling cham- pionship .. .. 84,169 Asbestos .. .. 55,110 BANK, LAND .. .. .. 44 Banks, general (see Townships) 151 Barley . . .. 24 Barry-Arnst, sculling cham- pionship .. .. 84,169 Base Metals . .. .. 54-6 Battlefields .. .. .. 99 Beans .. . .. .. 25 Beetroots .. .. .. 26 Beit, Alfred .. .. .. 9 - Scholarships . 145 - Trust .. 102, 126, 157 Belingwe . . 99 Benevolent Societies (see town- ships) ...... .. 150 Bibliography . ..... 214 Big Game .. 169-172 Bindura .. .. .. 99 Biography .. .. 179-188 Birth-rate .. .. .. 139 -PAGE Boarding-houses .. . 143 Books on Rhodesia .. . 214 Boxing, inter-schools .. . 169 Boy Scouts . .. .. 146 Brethren in Christ .. 149 British Association visit .. 87 - - Zimbabwe lecture .. 87 British South Africa Co. .. 18 - - - -Board .. .. 94 - - - -Capital .. .. 10 - - - -Creamery.. .. 35 - - - -Commercial Branch .. .. .. ..36, 97 - - -- Estates .. 16 - - - -Expert advisers.. 41 - - - -Formation of .. 9 - - - -Headquarters .. 94 - - - Mines Develop- ment Co. .. .. .. 53 - - - -Railway interest.. 157 - - - -Ranching scheme 31 - -- Police .. .. 162 Broom corn .. .. .. 27 Bubi .. .. .. .. 100 Buckwheat .. .. .. 25 Building plot prices .. .. 153 Bulalima-Mangwe .. .. 100 Bulawayo 53, 101 Bull, trophy for . . .. 30 Butter, prices .. .. .. 36 Bushman's Haunt . .. 89 Business appointments .. 153 - leases .. .. .. 153 Businesses licensed .. .. 151 CABLEGRAM charges .. .. 162 Cadets .. .. 146,165,166 Cam and Motor mine .. .. 53 Cattle ... ... 29,137 - Bull, trophy for .. .. 30 - Dipping .. .. .. 43 - Prices .. .. .. 31 - Purchasing of .. .. 43 - Sales. . .. .. .. 112 Caves, Sinoia . . .. 91, 117 Census .. .. .. .. 141 Chambers, Mines .. 77,106,128 - Commerce (see Townships) 152 Charter granted .. .. 10 Charter (place). . 10,109 Chartered Company (see B.S.A. Co.) Chibi .. .. ... .. . 109 Chicory .. .. .. 41 Chilimanzi .. .. .. 109 Christ, Brethren in .. .. 149 - Church of .. .. .. 149 215 D E X INDEX-continued PAGE Silver .. .. .. .. 54 Sinoia Caves .. .. 91, 117 Sisal hemp .. .. .. 27 Sites, building .. .. .. 153 -- trading .. .. .. 153 Skins and hides . .. 154 Small Workers and Tributors Association .. .. 77, 115 Social events, 1913 . 173-8 Societies (see Townships). Somabula . . . .. 131 South African Colonisation Society .. . 150 -- General Missions .. 149 Southern Rhodesia, area .. 15 - -Volunteers .. .. 164 Sport .. .. .. 167 - controlling bodies .. .. 167 - clubs (see Townships). Stamps, admission fees, etc... 153 Stands, prices of .. .. 153 Steamship routes .. .. 16 -fares .. 17,40 Stock farming, capital required 39 - dipping of .. .. .. 43 - pices .. .. .. 31 -purchase of .. .. 43 Store, or trading leases .. 153 Sugar, proposed factory .. 26 Sunflower seed.. .. .. 27 TEA .. .. .. .. 27 Teachers Association .. .. 147 Teff grass .. .. 41 Telegraphs, statistics .. .. 161 - charges .. .. .. 162 Telephones .. .. .. 161 -rural.. .. .. .. 162 Temperature .. .. 139 Theatres (see Townships). Tin discoveries.. .. 50, 55 Tobacco .. .. 18, 20, 154 -Planters Co-operative Society .. . . 128 - Planting, capital required.. 39 - warehouse .. .. .. 20 Town lots, price of . . 153 Townships .. .. 98-138 Trade Marks . . . . . 151 Trades .. .. .. .. 142 Trading licences .. . 152 -sites .. .. .. .. 153 Training farms... ..... 43 Tributors Association.. 77,115 PAGE Tuli .. .. .. 10, 56 Tungsten ores .. .. .. 55 Turf clubs (see Townships). UMTALI .. .. 33, 131 Umvuma .. .. .. 134 Umzingwani . ... .. 135 Unalienated land .. .. 37 VEGETABLES .. .. .. .27 Velvet bean .. ... .. 41 Veterinary Department .. 42 - surgeons, charges .. 42 Victoria.. .. .. 10, 53, 135 Victoria Falls .. .. 79-84 - - comparative measure- ments .. .. 83 -- cost of visiting .. .. 80 - - Power Company .. 84 Vital statistics . . .. .. 139 Volunteers .. .. .. 164 -see Townships. Voters, totals .. .. .. 95 Vungu River .. .. .. 135 WAGES ... .. .. .. 143 Walsh on ranching .. .. 30 Wankie .. . 56, 136 Weights and Measures .. 153 Wesleyan Church .. .. 148 West Nicholson .. .. 104 Westacre .. ... .. 90 Western Division, Volunteers 166 Wheat .... .... 22 Who's Who .. .. 179-188 Wilson, Alan .. .. 11, 90, 131 Wolfram .. .. .. 55 Women farmers .. .. 39 -guilds of .. .. .. 150 - workers .. .. .. 142 -societies (see Townships). Wool .. .. .. .. 154 World's view .. . . .89, 9J ZAMBESI .. .. .. 79 - sculling on .. .. .. 84 -regattas .. .. 84, 169 Zimbabwe ruins .. 84, 102 - route to .. .... 85 Zinc . . . .. 137 Zoological Gardens .. 89,102 55 Fetter Lan London, E *