FROM THE COLLECTION OF O. M. LELAND DEAN EMERITUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1921_44 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA LIBRAR_Y. J1' ‘- H’ ‘A5 i _‘__-__ *"_ i -_-- .9’ ,. A View frorq the Platform, looking . ‘\ dowq the St Lawrence, from ' the Citadel, Quebec. . A sketch by H. R. H. Princess Louise H %6I%E B%%K CONTAINING Information for Intending Settlers WITH ILLUS'1‘RATIO1\IS Published by the Government of Canada SEVENTH EDITION. REVISED AND CORRECTED TO DA TE 1886 f|»_ "1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Cnnran III.—PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA. mos Farming and Stock-Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Dairy Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Market Gardening, Poultry-Raising and Bee-Keeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Fruit-Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Forest Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Products of the Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 CHAPTER IV.-PUBLIC WORKS. Canadian Canal and Inland Navigation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Canadian Railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 CHAPTnR V.—PICTURESQUE AND SPORTING ATTRACTIONS. The Tourist and the Artist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 The Sportsman and the Angler . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 CHAPTER VI.—CANADA AS SHOWN BY FIGURES. Area of Provinces and Territory . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Population of the Dominion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 44 Trade of the Dominion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Imports and Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Canadian Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Revenue of the Dominion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Debt and Assets of the Dominion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Banking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Cnnran VII.—PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION. PROVINCn or ONTARIO. Extent and Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Population, Occupations and Cities... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Resources, and Demands for Labour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 50 Prosperity of Immigrants in Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Climate and Productions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Means of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Farms and Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Free Grant Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Conditions of Successful Settlement on Free Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . 56 Advantages for Persons with Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Pnovmcn or Qnnnnc. Extent and General Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 River St. Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Chief Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Lands and Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 SoilandProductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vii mes: Population and Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Territorial Divisions and Municipal Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Means of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Minerals and Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Religious and Charitable Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Farms for Sale, and Prices of Government Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Valley of the Saguenay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Valley of St. Maurice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Valley of the Matawan . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Ottawa Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Below Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Free Grants and Exemptions. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Titles to Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 THE EASTERN TOwNSHIPS. Climate and Productions . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Soil and Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66 Settlement on Land, and Purchase of Improved Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Productions and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Communications and Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . 67 Suitability for Emigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Pnovnvcn or Nnw BRUNSwICK. General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I . . . . . . . . . . 68 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Social Life, and Adaptability for Settlers from Great Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Pnovmca or NovA Scorn. General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Soil and the Productions thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Peat Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 72 Production of the Sea and Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Woods and Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Mines and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . 73 Crown Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Education . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . .. 74 Trade and Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Internal Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . 47 Time to Imrnigrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Halifax Harbour . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Pnovmcn or Pnmca Enwmn ISLAND. General Features—Climate, Industries, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . , . . . . 75 viii TABLE or coNrsurs. Pnovmcn or MAmrosA. PAGE General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 Climate, Soil and Productions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Yields of Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Fruits, and what may be Grown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Roots and Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Cattle and Stock Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Communications and Markets . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 System of Survey, and Directions for Taking up Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Free Grants and Pre-emptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Directions respecting Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 What Capital to begin with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Hints for Settlers in Manitoba. , . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 What to take to Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88 Routes, and when to go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88 Canadian Pacific Railway Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Hudson Bay Company's Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 School Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Lands at Private Sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Pnovmcn or BRITISH CoLuMBIA. General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90 Harbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . 91 Mineral Wea1th—Immense Gold and Coal Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . 93 Fisheries . . . . . .‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Agriculture and Fruit Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Manufactures and Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 LandRegulations........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Cmrrnn VIII.—THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 PnovISroNu_ DISTRICTS. District of Assiniboia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Athabasca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 CHAPTER IX.—TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS, TRAVELLERS, DELEGATES AND EMINENT MEN. Earl of Dufferin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Marquisof Lorne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 110 Rev. James MacGregor......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111 Hon. Horatio Seymour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Professor Sheldon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 The late Hon. Wm. Seward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 CaptainPalliser . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 I’. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Clzxsus ABSTRACT. mes: Census of Canada—187l and 1881 compared. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 146 Cnxsus or 1881. Religions of the People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Origins of the People.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Birthplaces of the People . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Increase per cent. in Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . 148 Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants compared . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Exroars AND I1vn>on'rs. Summary of Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Value of Fisheries of the Dominion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 RAILwAYS. Cost of Canadian Railways.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u. . . . . . . . . . . 151 BANKING. Bank Statement for December, 1884 and 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Government Circulation, 31st December, 1885. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Amount of Deposits in Savings Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Government Savings Banks, December, 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Post Oflice Savings Bank. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . .. 154 City and District Savings Bank of Montreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I54 Caisse d’Economie de Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 CnzAnmx Cmums. St. Lawrence System . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155 Ottawa Canals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 St. Lawrence and New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Trent River Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 St. Peter’s Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155 DISTANCES. Quebec to Liverpool via_ Straits of Belle Isle and Malin Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Quebec to Liverpool via Cape Race and Malin Head.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . i . . I56 Great Circle or Air Line Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 AmnrsIS or MANITOBA SoIL. Analysis of Sample of Manitoba Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 NA'rUmLIzA'r1o.\'. United States Naturalization Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Declaratory Statement of a United States Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Final Obligation of a United States Citizen . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Canadian Naturalization and Passports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 ILLHSTRATISNS -~/$fi’“* FnoN'r1s1>rncn. A View at Quebec. men Niagara Falls, from C.S.R. Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii Muskoka Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 3 Parliament House, Ottawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Departmental Buildings, Ottawa (East Block) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Departmental Buildings, Ottawa (West Block) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Post Oflice, Ottawa ............................................... . L. . .. ...... .. 14 Belvoir Farm Homestead, Delaware, Ont., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Belvoir Farm, Delaware, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 An Ontario Farm View at Burlington, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .- . . . . . . . . . 21 An Ontario Homestead, Burlington, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Jersey Cattle on an Ontario Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 An Ontario Vineyard at East Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Apple Orchard, East Hamilton, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 View from Governor-General’s Quarters, Citadel, Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 An Ontario Farm, St. Ann's, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 An Ontario Farm Homestead, St. Ann,s, Ontario . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ¥Volfe,s Cove: a View above Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Part of the Lower Ramparts: a View at Qucbcc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Ditch and Ramparts: a View at Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Interior of the Citadel, Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Niagara Falls, from Wesley Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Toronto in 1834 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Toronto in 1886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 City of St. Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 City of Ottawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 A View in the City of London, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 City of London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 City of Bellevillc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 City of Kingston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 City of Guelph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Town of Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 City of Brantford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 City of St. Catharines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 City of Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Port Arthur, Lake Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Citadel, Quebec, and a River Steamer . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 City of Montreal, from the Harbour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 CityofHalifax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74 xii ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Winnipeg in 1871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Winnipeg in 1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Minnedosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Homestead Farm at Kildonan, near Winnipeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 A Prairie Scene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 City of Victoria, Vancouver Island, B.C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 91 Logging Scene in British Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 “ Bell Farm,” Indian Head Station, C.P.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Sulky Ploughs on the “ Bell Farm ” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Twenty-three Reapers at work on the “ Bell Farm ” .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Medicine Hat, 660 miles west of Winnipeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 A Rocky Mountain View in the District of Alberta.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 A View in the North-West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 A Peep at the Rockies, from near Padmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Approaching the Rocky Mountains. Bow River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Products of Field and Orchard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 NIAGARA FALLS, mom THE CANADA SOUTHnRN RAILWAY. 2 DOMINION OF CANADA. idle or the dissipated, and none of this class should think of coming. But men of families who have even small means to live on, may do so cheaply and with comfort in Canada, and educate and settle their children with the best prospects. The late Minister of Agriculture (the Hon. J. H. Pope) stated in a Memorandum to the Colonial Secretary, which has been before quoted, but which cannot be too often read, that “ There are very many thousands of persons throughout the Dominion who came to this country as labourers, without any means, in fact almost in a state of pauperism, and tenant farmers with very little means, who have attained a state of comparative independ- ence, being proprietors of their own farms, and having laid by suflicient means for their declining years; while they have educated their children and settled them in conditions of ease and plenty. “ In fact, the inducements to emigrate to Canada are not simply good wages and good living among kindred people under the same flag, in a naturally rich country, pos- sessing a pleasant and healthy climate, but the confident prospect which the poorest may have of becoming a proprietor of the soil, earning competence for himself, and comfortably settling his children.” . _ These are facts which many thousands—not only poor men, but men with families who are now themselves getting good livings in the Old Country-—may profitably ponderu EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE. The continuous stream of emigration from the old settled countries of Europe has' within the last fifty years, constituted an exodus which is one of the most remarkable features of modern history, and there is very little sign of its abatement. On the con- trary, those who have settled in new countries are constantly inducing their friends to join them' and so the current becomes wider and deeper. It has in fact built up great and populous communities in Australasia, and on the continent of America. About two millions and a half of people have emigrated from and through Great Britain alone during the last twelve years; and the movement, as already stated, does not begin to show any signs of exhaustion. During the years 1882 and 1883 it was larger than ever before, as well from the United Kingdom as from Germany and other parts of Europe. It appears, however, that even in the face of this outflow there is crowding in the labour markets, and a very large amount of pauperism. Emigration relieves both of these, while it builds up prosperous and happy communities in hitherto waste places of the earth. One feature of this emigration is that very large amounts of money are sent home by the immigrants within one year after their arrival, to prepay the passages of their friends, in order to enable them also‘ to emigrate. The Irish and the Germans have been particu~ larly conspicuous in sending back money for this purpose. N o accurate statistics of the amounts can be obtained; but it is known that the sum sent to the United Kingdoni alone in one year reached over $10,000,000 (or over £2,000,000 sterling); and it is also known that many thousand Germans and other immigrants come annually in the class known as “prepaids,” that is, by money sent by friends who had come before to this continent. These striking facts are proof of the prosperity of the immigrants in their new homes. It is to show reasons why a large portion of this emigrating movement should be directed to the Dominion of Canada, that this book is published. CLASSES WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE. To prevent disappointments, it is important to point out with distinctness the classes of persons who should be advised to emigrate to Canada. The first great demand is for Luaouanns of all kinds. Agriculture being a leading industry of Canada, the first great and steady demand is for men who work on land. The demand for agricultural labourers has been and will probably continue to be greater than the supply for some time to come. Next in extent of demand is that for FnMALE Doimsrro SnnvANrs. Very large numbers of these would find immediate employment and good wages in all parts of the Dominion. , , : i GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 5 fertile belt, and at the “ gate” of the Rocky Mountains, crossing them on immensely more favourable conditions, both as respects grades and curves, than the line of railway which reaches the Pacific coast at San Francisco. Canada has fisheries of almost boundless extent, both on its Atlantic and Pacific coasts, which are without equals on the continent, or, it is believed, in the world. It has coal-fields of immense extent both on its Atlantic and Pacific coasts ; and there are large deposits beneath the surface of its prairie lands east of the Rocky Mountains. It has also iron, gold, silver, copper, lead, and other mines of great richness; together with almost every description of the most valuable building materials; also petroleum, salt, etc. It has great variety of climates, from the arctic to that of almost the most southern of the temperate zones. The climates of the settled portions of the Dominion, and of the lands open for settlement, are among the most pleasant and healthy in the world, and favourable to the highest development of human energy. The Dominion of Canada must therefore, from these facts, become in the not distant future the home of one of the most populous and powerful peoples of the earth. As at present constituted, it is divided into seven provinces, viz. : Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia, together with the vast extent of North-West Territory; out of which the Districts of Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Athabasca, have been formed ; districts which will in the near future become great provinces of the Dominion, each having a territory as large as a European kingdom or empire. Every immigrant will have an inheritance in the great future of the Dominion, and help to build it up. CHAPTER ll. FACTS ABOUT THE DOMINION. Fliers about the Dominion, with respect to its government, its people and their social T is desirable that the intending emigrant should be informed of what may be called position, and also with respect to population, wealth and general progress. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. The Government of Canada is Federal: that is, there is a Central General Govern- ment for the whole Dominion ; and the several provinces have separate Legislatures, and manage their own local affairs. The seat of the Federal Government is at Ottawa. The engravings in this chapter represent the Parliament Buildings, which are in three groups, namely, the Parliament House, Departmental Buildings, East Block, and Departmental Buildings, West Block. - Federal Government. The Federal Government has for its head a Governor-General appointed by the Queen, holding office for five years, having, however, his salary paid by the people of Canada; a Senate, consisting of members who are appointed for life by the.Crown on the nomination of the Ministry; a House of Commons, elected by the people of the whole Dominion, under a- very free suffrage, almost universal; and a Ministry consisting of Heads of Departments, having seats in the House of Commons and in the Senate, who are responsible to the House of Commons, not only for all moneys expended, but for their tenure of oflice. It is believed that this system is practically more free than that of the Republic of the United States, in that it gives the people’ more direct control over their rulers, to make and unmake them at pleasure, while at the same time it affords conditions of well- ordered stability. Provincial Government. The Lieutenant-Governors cf the several Provinces are appointed by the Federal or General Government, but the Legislatures are elected by the people of the Provinces, and are independent within their respective spheres. The Province of Ontario has only one chamber, the Legislative Assembly, and a, responsible Ministry, The Province of Quebec has two chambers, and a responsible Ministry, as have also New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and some of the other Provinces. Municipal Government. There is a very perfect system of Municipal Government throughout the Dominion- Both the counties and townships have local governments or Councils, which regulate their local taxation for roads, taxes for schools and other purposes, so that every man directly votes for the taxes which he pays. . 6 GUIDE BOOK ron SETTLERS. 9 iDE1_‘ARTMEXTAL BUILDINGS, O'1‘TAwA.—EAST BLOCK. THE MILITIA SYSTEM. The militia force of Canada is entirely composed of volunteers. The citizen soldiers, in camp and on parade, show that they have learnt their duties. They serve at once for the nucleus of an army, should the services of such ever be required, and give assurance of stability for the support of the laws. Forced service is practically unknown among the people, and could only come into play when the security of the State was seriously threatened. The volunteer soldiers are not by any portion of the people looked on as engines of oppression, but, on the contrary, as the guardians of liberty. The people of Canada are attached to their country and its institutions, and their loyalty is as unbounded as their prosperity. The volunteer militia force of Canada was put to an actual test in the early spring of 1885, in the suppression of the Metis rebellion in the North-West. They responded to the call of duty with alacrity, and endured hardships and marches of the greatest severity at the most trying time of the year, before the snow went away, when it was thought the prairie trails would be impassable for troops from the east. They displayed gallantry in action, eliciting the warmest praises from General Middleton, an English oflicer, for their steadiness and pluck. A formidable rising was rapidly put down by an improvised, so to speak, volunteer army and commissariat, in such way as to excite the admiration of millitary authorities in the neighbouring United States and the United Kingdom. NATU RALIZATION LAWS. Foreigners who may desire to emigrate to Canada should be informed of the nature of the Naturalization Laws. These are marked by a spirit of great liberality. A foreigner can transact any business and hold real estate in Canada without being naturalized. By residing three years, and taking the oath of allegiance, he becomes a naturalized British subject. The oath required to be taken is of simple allegiance, and does not require any -offensive renunciation. Naturalization confers political and all other rights of a British subject in Canada. There has long been a question as to the status which a person naturalized in Canada, say a German, would have on returning home to Germany. This has, however, at length been determined by a Circular Despatch from the Imperial Government, dated in May, 1882, and which is published at length in the Appendix to this book. ‘¢_.-..-‘~ 10 DOMINION or CANADA. It appears from this that aliens, naturalized in Canada, are placed on the same foot- ing, as regards their claim to British protection out of the Queen’s Dominions, as aliens naturalized in the United Kingdom. The point of reservation, however, is, that an alien is held to be subject to any duty he owed his Government at the time he left. Precisely the same rule prevails as regards all Germans who go to the United States; the United States and Canada being placed on an equal footing in this respect. It is of interest for persons who contemplate emigrating from the United Kingdom to the American Continent, to consider what they will find in, and what is implied by' the Naturalization Laws of America, if they should be asked to choose the United States rather than the Northern or British half of the continent. It is required of every person from the British Islands, who desires to become an American citizen, that he take two . oaths—one of intention, and one of facts, the latter after five years’ residence. These oaths are not simply of allegiance to the Constitution and Laws of the United States; but also of special renunciation of the status.of a British subject. In other words, in effect, by two solemn oaths, the emigrant is made to renounce his British birthright, and in the event of war to become an enemy of Great Britain. The exact forms of these oaths are published in the Appendix to this book; and intending British emigrants to America would do well to consider them. In some of the States, the great State of New York, for instance, a British subject could not hold real estate without taking such oaths; and he could not in any of the States exercise any of the political rights of American citizenship. THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. There is no more important question for an intending emigrant than the nature of the climate of the country to which he proposes to go. The climate of Canada has been already incidentally spoken of as having great variety—fr0m the arctic to that of the most southern of the temperate zones. It is more misconceived abroad than any other fact pertaining to the country. Perfectly absurd ideas prevail respecting the rigours of Canadian winters. It is true the winters are decided, and snow, in many parts, covers the ground to the depth of two or three feet ; but there are great advantages in this—the snow is perfectly dry and packs under foot, making the best roads, and forming a warm covering for the earth. In addition to this, it has an important manurial influence on the ground. The dry winter atmosphere is bracing and pleasant. The sun shines brightly by day, and the moon and stars by night, during by far the greater part of the time. And, besides being pleasant, there is no healthier climate under the sun. There are no endemic diseases in Canada. The sensation of cold is far more unpleasant in Canada during the damp and milder days (such as mark the winters in England) than when the winter regularly sets in. - The summers, like the winters, are also of decided character, being in the main warm and bright; and fruits and vegetables which cannot be ripened in the open air in Eng- land, such as the grape and the tomato, will here ripen to perfection. The summers are much more favourable for the horticulturist and the agriculturist than those of England, with the single exception of length of time in which outdoor work can be done. Canada has the latitudes of Italy, France, Germany, Austria, the British Islands, Russia, and Sweden and Norway; and has as many varieties of climates as have those countries. There is greater cold in winter in many of the latitudes of Canada than in corresponding latitudes in Europe. The summer suns, however, are about the same. The summer temperatures of England are from 60° to 62°; those of Central Illinois, Missouri and Kansas, 75° to 78°; London (during the months of July and August) has 61°; Liverpool, 57° 6’; Edinburgh, 57° 1,; Dublin, 60°; the Central Counties of England, 62"; the Northern Provinces of Prussia, 62° ; the Central Provinces of Prussia, 63°; Berlin, 64° 5'; Denmark (Central), 62° 7", but the Central part of Illinois, 75°; Kansas and Missouri higher still, 77° to 78°. These latter temperatures are 15° to 18° higher than those of England and the Northern Provinces of Prussia, and at least 10° to 15° higher than the best climates for grains and grasses. The summer temperatures of Montreal are from 65° to 69°, and those of Manitoba from 62° to 64°. But high temperatures and a burning sun are not the only enemies with which the emigrant going so far south has to contend. The want of rain is another and even more grievous defect in the climate in those parts of the United States; for high summer temperatures, with heavy rains, are conditions of climate favouring tropical plants; but - GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 1]- DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS, OTTAW.\.—WEST BLocK. high temperatures, without rain, are destructive of all vegetation; and high temperatures' with an insufficiency of rain, give only imperfect crops. Those parts of the States just named very much resemble Palestine, Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Independent Tartary. Both regions 'are similarly situated on the continents; both are in the zones of the summer droughts, high temperatures, arid winds and rapid evaporation; but with this important feature in favour of the Asiatic eountries—they lie nearer the ocean and Mediterranean Sea, which renders the atmosphere more humid and modifies the droughts. The most southern part of Canada is on the same parallel as Rome in Italy, Corsica in the Mediterranean, and the northern part of Spain—farther south than France, Lom- bardy, Venice or Genoa. The northern shores of Lake Huron are in the latitude of Central France, and vast territories not yet surveyed, embracing many million acres of land of good quality, lie south of the parallel of the northern shores of Lake Huron, where the climates are favourable for all the great staples of the temperate zones. It may be interesting to look at the climate of Canada in the light of its productions, and with this view some quotations will be made from Mr. Marshall’s recent work on Canada, because his opinions are those of a well informed stranger, and one who tells us that he entered Canada without prepossessions in its favour, meaning,‘ as we infer, that he was prepossessed unfavourably towards the country, having come into it through the States, and, like many Englishmen, received his first impression of Canada, both before he left England and afterwards, from Americans. Mr. Marshall visited an agricultural show which, however, only represented the- country around London, Ontario. Of this he says: “The fine display of produce surprised me. Wheat, barley, oats and other cereals were well represented. Maize showed excellent samples. The roots and vegetables were surprisingly fine. A field pumpkin which I measured was four feet ten inches in circum- ference; a squash eight feet three inches, weighing 150 lbs. [We have seen them 350 lbs., open air growth. No better illustration could be given of a summer, semi-tropical in heat and of great duration, than the maturing of the pumpkins and squash of such great size.] The potatoes were the finest I have ever seen; there were a great number of varieties. Citrons, melons, marrows and tomatoes, were also exceptionally large and fine.” “ It is diflioult to speak of the returns of grain commonly yielded to the farmer in this- country. I have seen some fields that yielded forty bushels to the acre, others not far distant giving but fifteen. [No doubt, in a new country where many turn farmers not before acquainted with it, the average yield gives a poor idea d the capabilities of the- 12 DOMINION or CANADA. soil.] I remarked one morning a particularly poor looking crop of Indian corn. On the Sunday, in the same county, I walked through a field of forty acres of this splendid plant, growing to a height of eighteen to twenty feet, and yielding thirty-seven tons to the acre as food for cattle. I plucked an ear nearly ripe, eighteen inches long, and counted six hundred grains on it” (p. 79). Usually there are two ears, sometimes three, on one stock or stem—not, of course, all so large. “ Upwards of a hundred varieties of apples were exhibited. For cooking there were the Cayuga, Red Streak, or twenty-ounce Pippin, an imposing fruit, measuring sometimes over fifteen inches; the Alexander, of glorious crimson, the red Astrachan, Snow apples, so named from the whiteness of the pulp, the Gravenstein, Baldwin, and many others. For dessert, there were the Fameuse, the streaked St. Lawrence, the Spitzenberg, the Seek-no-farther, of gold and red” (p. 76). “The Canadian apple is the standard of excellence ” (p. 5). ~ “ Even in California, the orchard of the Union, the superiority of the Canadian apple was, to my surprise, confessed—vast quantities are exported to England, and sold as American, their nationality being lost ” (p. 77). “ Fruit and vegetables grow generously. Melons and tomatoes grow equally with the potato, pea, turnip, and the rest of the vegetables known in England. The grape thrives well. Raspberries, strawberries, black- berries (or brambles), cranberries, cherries and other fruits, currants, plums, grapes, apples, etc., grow wild. Orchards everywhere thrive.” . These facts suggest some practical thoughts worthy the consideration of emigrants. LAND SYSTEM. As regards the land system of the Dominion, it may be stated that in the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and British Columbia, with the exception of a tract. in the last named Province, ceded to the Dom- inion for the purpose of the Pacific Railway, the lands are held by the several Provincial Governments. In several of the Provinces, free grants are given to immigrants, and in almost all cases in which Government land is for sale, it is oflered at prices which are merely nominal, and which really only amount to settlement duties. It_may also be stated that partially cleared farms, with the necessary buildings erected thereon, may be purchased in almost any part of the Dominion, at very moderate prices, and on very easy terms of payment. This arises from a disposition very common all over America, on the part of farmers, to sell out old settlements, and take up more extensive new ones. The facilities thus afforded are particularly advantageous to tenant farmers or farmers pos- sessing small capital who come to Canada, as from their previous training they are not so well adapted for the settlement of wild lands as persons brought up in this country. The lands in the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories are held by the Dominion Government, which gives a free grant of 160 acres to every settler on the condition of three years‘ residence, and the payment of an oflice or entry fee of $10.00 (£2 stg.) See Dominion Lands Regulations, published in Appendix. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has received a grant from the Government of 25,000,000 acres in alternate sections (this company’s lands are the odd-numbered sections), which they offer for sale at $2.50 (or 10s. stg.) an acre, and upwards, the prices varying with position. On the lands at $2.50 per acre, a rebate of $1.25 (or 5s. stg.) is made on every acre cultivated within four years. Lands are also for sale without any required conditions of cultivation. The great object of this company being to secure settlement, to bring traflic for their railway, they offer their valuable lands for sale at prices which are merely nominal. See Land Regulations of Pacific Railway Company, published in Appendix. The Hudson Bay Company nas yet to dispose of nearly 7,000,000 acres of land in the fertile belt, which it acquired at the cession of this territory to the Dominion. This company sells its lands at prices varying from $5.00 to $10.00 (or £1 to £2 stg.) per acre, its interest being to obtain fair market values. How to Obtain Lands. More particular details respecting the public lands of the Province and of the Dominion, the prices and modes of obtaining them, will be given under their appropriate heads in another part of this book, the object of these lines being to afford a general explanation of the Canadian land system. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 13 SEL.L|NG AND SYSTEM OF CONVEYING LANDS IN CANADA. Lands are bought and sold as readily in Canada as any kind of merchandise, and the- system of conveying them is not much more intricate or expensive than that of making out bills of parcels. This extreme simplicity and conciseness in conveyancing very frequently excites the astonishment of those who have been accustomed to the skins of parchment, and long and dreary nomenclature common in such instruments in the Mother Country. In Manitoba, for instance, a parcel of ground may be described by a few figures' namely, the number of the section or part of a section, the number of the township, and the number of the range. These three figures afford an instant and absolute description of any land in the surveyed portions of the North-West. The words “ sell and assign,” for so much money, cover the transfer. This is signed before a notary or a commissioner, the deed is registered, and the transaction is complete. In the other Provinces the forms are very little different and very little longer, although the definitions of property cannot be simply expressed by the numbers of the section, township and range. This simple system does not give rise to any ambiguity or doubtfulness of title; and the people who have become used to these concise and convenient forms would not endure any other. There is a question before the Legislature of making titles, as registered, final, thereby preventing any necessity on the occasion of transfers, of searches of titles, and curing all defects, the same as has been the practice in Australia and elsewhere. Such a system, in addition to the simplicity of transfers, would render very much more certain any deal- ings in real estate. . FARMS FOR SALE. What are called “improved farms ” may be purchased on reasonable terms in all the older Provinces. By the term “improved farms ” is meant farms either wholly or partially cleared of woods, and having fences, farm-houses, out-buildings, barns, etc. ; in short, every appliance with which to begin at once the life of a farmer. It has been sometimes asked: If farming is the main industry of the country, and the farmers are prosperous, why can farms be so readily purchased? The answer is simple. There is a tendency spreading over a large part of the continent of North America for farmers, comfortably settled in the east, to move to the west and again com- mence pioneer life. A farmer who has brought up a family of sons on the old homestead may not be able, perhaps, to buy other land near, on terms within his means, on which to settle his sons; but he may sell his holding for, to him, a considerable sum of money, and with this obtain still broader acres for himself and his sons in the newer or less settled parts of the Dominion. There is also a sort of fascination in this sort of pioneer life for many men who have once had experience of it. In consequence of this tendency many thousands of persons have left comfortable farms and residences, selling all out and proceeding to Manitoba or elsewhere in the west, within the last few years. This kind of movement is, in fact, a sort of fever at the present time, and it is exactly similar to that which prevailed in the Eastern States a few years ago, when the Western States were being settled; and population in some of the Eastern States actually went back. It happens in many cases, in fact almost as a rule, that immigrants accustomed to the manners and‘ settled life of an old country, would feel themselves more at home in taking up these improved farms in the older Provinces than in attempting pioneer life in unsettled portions of the country. As a rule, also, old Canadian settlers and pioneers are the best adapted for pioneer life on the prairies. Newly-arrived immigrants taking up the farms which would be sold by this class, would find themselves in the midst of society, churches and schools, such as they had been accustomed to. The social changes which they would have to make in selecting this mode of settlement would be only slight in degree; while in going to the unsettled portions of the Far West they would be deprived for a time—it might be, however, only for a short time’—of those conditions. It thus happen; fortunately for a large class, that improved farms can be so readily found and obtains . . The prices for improved farms in the Province of Ontario range from $25 to $50 (15 to £10 stg.) per acre; and in some cases more, where all the buildings and fences are specially valuable, or the farm has special features. In the Eastern Townships of the 14 DOMINION or CANADA. Posr OFFICE, OTTAwA. Province of Quebec such farms might be bought for $20 or $30 (£4 to £6 stg.) per acre; and in the Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia at about the same figure. These farms may generally be bought by paying down a part of the purchase money, and the remainder by instalments in four or five years as may be agreed. It thus happens that conditions are afforded especially favourable for the tenant farmer from the United Kingdom, with a little capital, to acquire a farm on which he is fitted by his pre- vious habits to live, while the older settler of the country, with more special adaptation for pioneer life, is afforded a chance to follow it. Some of the Agricultural Delegates who recently visited this country asked why farms might be so cheaply bought in the older Provinces of Canada. The answer given to them was, that in so far as respected price, it was to be observed that the value of occupied land in the older parts of a new country like Canada must necessarily, to a great extent, be governed—first, by the cost of clearing new forest land in the wooded parts; and, second, by the facility with which prairie land can be obtained free to the extent of 160 acres, on the simple condition of continuous settlement for three years. It must be plain to all men that the fact of vast areas being open to settlement on such conditions will largely affect prices of occupied land a few hundred miles distant, with which there is -connection both by water and rail. POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. Postal System. The Postal System of Canada extends to every village and hamlet in‘ the land. no matter how remote from the centres of business and population. The number of Post Oflices in November, 1884, was . . . . . . . . . . . 6,837 “ Miles of Post Route.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,131 4“ Miles of Annual Mail Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,886,316 “‘ Letters in the same year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,100,000 “ Post Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,580,000 “ Registered Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000,000 Postal Revenue to June, 1884 . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,330,741 ‘These figures show postal activity in Canada. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 15 The rate of letter postage is 3 cents (1§d.) per half-ounce, prepaid. The postage for letters between Canada and the United Kingdom is 5 cents (2§d.) The average passage of the Mail Steamers is about nine days. Postal Cards can be sent between Canada and the United Kingdom for 2 cts. (1d. stg.) The newspaper postage in Canada is merely nominal ; and there is a parcel, sample, and book post, at a cheap rate, which are found very useful. The money order system in operation is similar to that of England. All Money Order Offices are authorized to draw on each other for any sum up to one hundred dollars; and any applicant may receive as many one hundred dollar orders as he may require. The rates are as follows : On orders not exceeding 5 4 . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 cents. On orders up to 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 5 “ Over $10, up to 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 “ “ 20, " 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 “ “ 40, “ 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 “ “ 60, “ 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 “ “ 80, “ 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 “ The Money Order Offices in Canada issue orders payable at Money Order Oflices in the United Kingdom, and vire 1-ersa, for- any amount up to ten pounds sterling, and grant as many orders under and up to that sum as the applicant may require. The rates are : On orders up t0,£2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 cents. Over £2 and up to £5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 “ “ £5 “ £7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 “ “ £7 “ £10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100 “ Telegraphs. The telegraph system in Canada is in the hands of public companies chartered by Act of Parliament. The largest and most important of these is the Great North-Western Company of Canada. This is formed by the union of the old Montreal and Dominion companies; and the extent of its operations will convey an impression of the extent of telegraphy in Canada. This company has 31,982 miles of wire in operation, and 17,245 miles of poles. The rate in Canada for a message of ten words, address and signature not counted, is 25 cents (ls. stg.), and one cent for each additional word. A message is sent at this rate for a distance of 1,300 miles. The price for special newspaper reports is .as cheap as 25 cents ls. stg.) per 100 words; and the actual number of words of news- paper reports receive at one city Toronto), and furnished in one year, is 10,807,668. This Company has a capital of 3,500,000, with 2,000 oflices and 2,500 employees. Besides this great Company there is the Canadian lvlutual, and the Government also owns some telegraph wires. The Telephone system is in very active operation in all the towns of Canada; and the city of Ottawa alone, with a population of about 28,000, has about 100 miles of wire in operation. N EWS PAPER PRESS. The Canadians are well supplied with newspapers. Every considerable village in the Dominion publishes its newspaper ; and in all the large towns there are several. These newspapers are for the most part conducted with energy and ability. They are supplied with full telegraphic reports from all parts of the globe. All important news that trans- pires in the United Kingdom and Europe is instantly published in Canada; and, in fact, owing to the difference in mean time, an event which takes place in London at five o‘clock in the afternoon may be known in Canada at about noon of the same day. It ha pens often that important events which occur in England in the early forenoon are publ shed in the morning papers of the same day in Canada, while it is quite impossible that this same news can appear in the morning papers of England until the next day. As a rule the newspapers of Canada discuss party politics with vivacity, but all, with scarcely an exception, are in a marked degree loyal to British connection.‘ There are a number of special commercial publications; as well as monthly periodicals devoted to agriculture, literature, medicine and branches of science. CIIAPTER III. PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA. HE object of this chapter is less to give a detailed account of the productions of Canada, which would be impossible in a book of this kind, than to point out their nature for the information of possible workers in the several branches, or for men with capital who may desire to embark in them. At the head of these stand farming and stock-breeding. FARMING AND STOCK_BREEDING. Canada seems especially fitted to supply the United Kingdom with much of the farm produce that is necessary for her to import. The older Provinces export horses, beef, mutton, butter, cheese and fruits as their leading staples from the field and the garden, while Manitoba and the North-West export wheat and other grains. Large ranches have also been successfully established on the great grass lands at the base of the Rocky Moun- tains, and when these come into full play their products will be enormous. The cattle can be driven to the nearest railway stations, which are not more distant from the Atlantic sea-ports than are those railways in the United States, West and South-West, which now successfully bring cattle via Chicago to the Atlantic ports for export to Great Britain. The general healthfulness of climate, and favourable conditions for feeding all kinds of stock, which prevail in the older Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, as well as in what may be called the new North-West, leave no room for doubt that Canada is capable of supplying the needs of the Mother Country as respects supplies of horses, cattle and sheep. It is to be remarked, moreover, that since the beginning of this export trade, there have been marked improvements in stock, by the importation of Shorthorn, Polled Angus, Hereford and other varieties. It is also to be remarked that the facilities afforded in Manitoba are particularly favourable for feeding swine for export. The soil of Canada may be said to be the source of her greatest wealth and strength. Her forest lands, her smiling farms, and her rich and vast rolling prairies, make the attraction she offers for the agriculturist There may be more scientific farming in England and in Scotland than in Canada, English high farmers would find in Canada much that they would consider very rough work; but there are exceptions of highly cultivated farms. In the Province of Ontario there is a School of Agriculture, connected with a model farm, at which scientific and practical agriculture is taught. There are also model farms in the Province of Quebec. The result is a marked improvement of late years in the style of farming in some parts of the country. But there is much to be done yet in this direction. In too many instances the land is merely scratched over; and it speaks well for the character of the soil and climate that under such adverse circumstances such excellent yields are obtained. It has been hitherto found that what we may call pioneer farming, that is, taking from the soil in the roughest and readiest manner what it will produce, is more profitable than higher farming with its more costly appliances of labour and fertilizers. But in the older portions of the country this state of things is beginning to change. The suflicient reason for its existence in the past has been that the land has been plentiful, cheap and virgin, while, on the other hand, labour has been dear. It was, therefore, natural to take the most from the land at the least cost of labour. There is no more independent man in the world than the Canadian farmer; he may not have so much wealth as some English farmers ; he may not be in a position to- 17 THE BI:IL\.OIR FARM, DELAWARE, ONTARIO. \ ~ [The property of Mr. Richard Gibson-300 acres. Pasture, 130 acrgs; Hay, 60 acres; Grqin, 75 acres ;‘ Boots, 6 acjes; Cattle, 80; Horses, 6; Hogs, 25.] 20 DOMINION OF (‘-ANAl).‘\.. cultivate his land to such a degree of perfection; yet, as a rule, he is a happier, a more contented, and a more independent man. His land is his own absolutely. His taxes are light; his family are well to do; he is the equal in every respect (not unfrequently the superior) of the most successful persons in the towns near by. The English farmer coming to Canada, particularly to the older Provinces, will find a general similarity in work and conditions to those he left in England. The products are the same, and the nature of the work very little different. As a rule, machinery is more generally used in Canada, and farming tools are lighter and handier. The more general application of machinery naturally arises from the greater dearness and difliculty of getting labour. The farmer in Canada cannot do the same kind of field work in the winter as in England; but he finds enough to do, and there are ample compensations. The climate is a little warmer in summer and colder in winter; but it is clearer, brighter and more pleasant to live in; and, it is believed, more healthy. The great majority of English farmers who come to Canada will all testify to the truth of these statements. Again, the English farmer in coming to Canada, feels that~he has not gone a three months’ journey away from his old home, but only about nine days. The field crops produced are wheat, oats, barley, rye, Indian corn, potatoes, turnips, mangel wurzel, peas, buckwheat, flax, etc. The garden fruits and vegetables are similar to those.of England, except that tomatoes, melons, grapes, etc., ripen and are grown in the open air in Canada. Let a new-comer in Canada go into a farming district, and call at the first large, comfortable house he may meet with, surrounded with well-tilled fields, herds of sleek cattle, great barns and extensive stables, all showing evidence of prosperity. Upon asking the owner,s experience, in nine cases out of ten the reply to this would be that he came from the Old Country fifteen, twenty or twenty-five years ago, with an empty pocket; that in his early days he had to struggle with difficulties; but found his labours rewarded by success, and ultimately crowned with independence. Paying no rent, and owning no master, he has educated and settled his children around him in equally favourable con- ditions with his own. This is not an isolated case; it is the experience of hundreds and thousands of men. For the agricultural. labourer who comes to Canada, the question is not simply what wages he may earn, but to what position of independence he can attain in the evening of his life; in contrast to that possible goal in the Mother Country, if he should become unable to work with his accustomed vigour—the workhouse. The opening up and successful carrying on of the export of cattle trade with England have sensibly changed, in many cases, the character of the farming in Canada; and this is well, for farmers had begun to overcrop the soil, in so constantly producing cereals. In comparing Canada’s present standing as a stock-breeding country with her stand- ing twenty years ago, we find that her progress in this direction has been most remarkable. It is barely twenty years since the first herd of English thorough-bred shorthorns was brought to Canada. Previous to that time very little attention had been paid to stock raising. In many instances cattle were allowed to look after themselves, and for market purposes they added but little to the settler’s income. It was the opinion of many persons in those days that stock-breeding could never be successfully carried on in Canada. The experience of the last few years shows that that opinion was an error. Though the number of farmers who have ventured on the experiment of stock-breeding, on a large scale, is not great, the test has been most thorough and complete in both Ontario, Quebec, and part of the Maritime Provinces, and the result satisfactory. It may now be stated with confidence that the collection of cattle at the great stock- breeding farms of Canada is among the most valuable in the world. It is made up of the very best blood of the bovine aristocracy of England. Not many years ago there were no pure herds in the country, except the small species of cow in the French part of Lower Canada, which was brought in chiefly from Bretagne, and possesses the milking character- istics of the Alderneys. There is reason to believe that continuous selections of the best milkers of the Canadian cow would give results similar to those of the Alderneys and the Jerseys. To-day, there are in Canada many herds of the best English breeds, with a pure and unbroken record extending back many generations. It is a fact established beyond all doubt, that the famous shorthorns of England not only do well in Canada, but that the character of the stock actually improves in the new country. In not a few instances the offspring of stock taken out from England has been carried over to the Mother Country and sold at high prices, At a recent sale in England a three year old bull which brought the extraordinary price of three thousand six hundred AN ().\.TARlO FARM VIE\V. [The property of Mr. John Fotlwrgill, Burlington, Ontario—460 acres. Pasture, 110 acres, Hay, 90 acres; Grain, 100 acres; Boots, 16 acres; Horses, 14; Cattle, 8'); Hogs, 25; Sheep, 50.] JERSEY CATTLE ON AN ONTARIO FARM. [The property of Mr. Valancey E. Fuller, Jersey Farm, Oaklands, Ontario—365 acres. Pasturage, 150 acres: Grain and Ensilage Crop, 100 acres; Boots, 20 acres; Horses, 12; Cattle, 175; Hogs, 55. The Cow “ Mary Ann,” in the oflicial test gave 36 lbs. 125 ozs. butter in seven days; Mr. Fuller refusing $26,000 for her.] GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 25 of Italy and France. There are vineyards in the Province of Ontario of fifty or sixty acres in extent; peach orchards of similar extent; and apple orchards almost innumer- able. Strawberries are raised as a field crop. Plums, pears, gooseberries, currants and raspberries, are everywhere produced in the greatest abundance. The tomato ripens in the open air, and such is the profusion of this fruit that it is very often cheaper on the market than potatoes, selling at 50 cents (2s. stg.), and sometimes less, per bushel. Melons ripen in the open air, as a field or market garden crop, and this delicious fruit is sold at very cheap prices in the markets. Wine of excellent quality is now largely manufactured from the grapes, and this fruit is so cheap as to be within the every-day reach of the poorest. It may be mentioned that in the county of Essex, on the shores of Lake Erie, the vine is very largely grown for the purpose of wine-making, and both the growing of the vines and the making of the wines are systematically carried on by French viticulturists, by French methods and processes, with very great success. Frenchmen engaged in this work have declared the conditions for growing the vine are more favourable in Essex than in the east of France, while the wine which is made is of a superior quality. The great wealth of Canada in fruits is a fact which is not only interesting to the intending settler as an industry, but as a climatic fact, the country in this particular being much before the United Kingdom. It is especially interesting to the intending settler as a consumer, in that he can always obtain a supply of the healthful luxury of delicious fruits. The apples of Canada are especially very highly prized, and find their way in very large quantities to the markets of the United Kingdom; and it may be mentioned here that at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia the Americans honestly admitted themselves to have been fairly beaten by this Canadian product. A New York illustrated paper, on that occasion, stated that the finest show of fruits at that great Exhibition was “ made by the Fruit-Growers’ Association of Ontario, Canada; a Society which has done much to promote and encourage the cultivation of fruits in North America.” FOREST PRODUCTS. The forest products of Canada constitute one of her most important sources of wealth. They find their way to all parts of the world; to the United States; to the United Kingdom; and to our antipodes, the Australian colonies. The Canadian saw- mills are at once among the most extensive and best appointed in the world. It excites the wonder of a stranger to see a log taken out of the water by an automatic process, placed in position under the saws, and reduced to inch boards in a few seconds. An American naturalist, at a recent meeting of the Scientific Association, stated that this summary process of reducing in a few seconds a giant pine to board for the uses of man contrasted strangely with the period of more than a century required for its growth. This industry in all its stages employs large numbers of men, as well as affording freight to railways and shipping. The forests of Canada are rich with a great variety of noble trees, which are useful to man for lumber of many kinds; for building purposes, for furniture; and, in many parts of Canada, for fuel. Among the varieties are the maple (hard and soft), elm, hickory, ironwood, pine, spruce, cedar, hemlock, walnut, oak, butternut, basswood, poplar, chestnut, rowan, willow, black and white birch, and many more. These forest trees add a singular beauty to the landscape in many parts of the country, and also exercise a very beneficial influence on the climate in affording shelter and attracting rain-fall. The beauty of the tints and the brilliancy of colours of the Canadian forest trees in autumn require to be seen in the clear, bright atmosphere of the Canadian autumn to be understood. Some statistics of the export of Canadian lumber, over and above the immense quantities manufactured for domestic use in Canada, will be found in the Appendix to this Guide Book. PRODUCTS OF THE MINE. The mineral resources of Canada are among its great attractions, and their develop- ment in the immediate future will constitute one of the greatest sources of wealth for the Dominion. Nature has been extremely prolific in giving Canada, in its varied geological formations, many of the ordinary metals and ores. To quote the words of Lanman, s. _v£o.ia2 on .o.w| Sa .33» ‘mu.8ea Kim: b .3330 Sun: 315% anozam 3:5 dwwfl .3 Q95 22 89¢ 1,..:1.1‘ ~~ \1 \ ~.\ \ ‘‘ 2‘.-‘ ‘~a . ."\ .-.. ‘‘.2 2‘2.\ ‘‘ ‘E _; ‘?-‘‘ , s . ~ rrs\Il'ija4; "111 - E ‘ 4 \ 0' ‘ , ‘mr.'.Illl\.'..:§-1l'Tl,lI \ .- . 1 . Y _....| “ ; ‘ ' . if ' 4'' N11?‘ ~ lIm\lll§U " . jmunamlnnmnn APPLE ORCHARD‘ EAST HAMILTON‘ ONTARIO. [Lewi. Springer, E.q.‘ M. P., P1.oprie.0r.] 28 . DOMINION OF CANADA. well-known American writer, “ to particularize the undeveloped wealth of this northern land would require volumes.” The Atlantic coast embraces a large area of the oldest known formation, the Laurentian, which brings up from the bowels of the earth, either in its rocks or accompanying them, nearly all the known minerals. The Pacific coast, over an area of several hundred thousand square miles, is composed of rocks similar to those of Colorado and Nevada—the bonanza-bearing rocks. The district between the great lakes, while apparently without the precious metals, furnishes no small amount of other mine1.als, of which also the prairie regions contribute their share. The attention of capitalists, both native and foreign, which has within the last few years been attracted hither, has had the effect of eliciting facts which prove beyond a doubt that Canada is destined eventually to rank as one of the finest mining districts in the world. The impetus lately given to prospecting by inquiries constantly being made has caused the discovery of important deposits of economic minerals of vast extent, and of so varied and useful a character—the existence of which in Canada was previously unknown, or, at least, known only to the geologist and man of scientific pursuits—as in many cases to lead to the rapid development of new sources of industry. The system of scientific exploration and analysis afforded by the annual progress of the Government Geological Survey is gradually unfolding the hidden mineral wealth, and private enter- prise is doing much toward this end. A drawback has been that it has not unfrequently happened that many mining operations were only of a speculative character, the effect of which has been to throw doubts on all mining schemes. But foreign capital is still being brought in, and, under intelligent management, is producing good results. As the mineral resources of this country become developed, its agricultural capabilities will be fully brought out, manufactures and commerce will increase, and a numerous and thriving population will find ready employment in the various branches of trade. The following is the classification under which the economic minerals of Canada are arranged in the Geological Museum, where specimens of all of them are exhibited, while further details of their distribution are given in the maps and other publications of the Surve . 1.yMetals and their Ores.-Native iron, magnetic iron ore, iron sand, hematite, Ilmenite or titaniferous iron ore, limonite (including bog iron ore), spathic iron ore, clay ironstone, native copper, sulphides of copper, sulphide of zinc, sulphide of lead or galena, native silver and ores of silver, gold, platinum, sulphide of antimony, oxysulphide of antimony, and sulphide of bismuth. 2. Materials used in the Production of Heat and Light.—Anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite or brown coal, Albertite, bituminous shale, petroleum, peat. 3. Minerals applicable to certain Chemical Manufactures, and their Products. — Iron pyrites, sulphuric acid, etc., pyrrhotine or magnetic iron pyrites, apatite or phosphate of lime, magnesite or carbonate of magnesia, calcite or carbonate of lime, chromic iron, oxides of manganese. 4. Nirwral llIa.nures.—Gypsuni, shell-marl. 5. Mineral Pigments and Deu:rgL'ILL\s.—Ir0l1 ochres, etc., barytes or heavy spar, soap clav. . V 6. Salt, Brines, and Mineral ll'aters.—Salt and brine, mineral waters. '7. Minerals applicable to Conmwn and Decorative Construction?-Limestones, dolomites, sandstones, granite and syenite, gneiss, Labradorite rock, marbles (limestones), serpen- tines, breccias, slates, flagstones, common lime, hydraulic lime, bricks and brick clays, drain tiles. 8. Refractory lllaterials, Pottery Clays and Pottery.—Plumbago or graphite, soapstone, potstone, mica rock, mica, asbestos, fire clays, sandstone (refractory), pottery clay and ottery. P 9. Materials for Grinding and Polishin_a.—Whetstones, hones, bath -brick, Tripoli, grind- stones, millstones. 10. Minerals applicable to the Fine Arts and to Jewellery.—Lith0graphio stone, porphy- rites, Labradorite, albite, Perthite, jasper conglomerate, amethystine quartz, agates, Canadian precious stones. 11. Miscellaneous.—Sandstone for glass-making, moulding sand and clay, carbonaceous shale, artificial stone. Gold mines have been worked in Nova Scotia, in Quebec and Ontario, and largely in British Columbia, where there are yet immense fields to open up. Silver mines have been worked in Ontario; and that at Silver Islet, Thunder Bay, has been the richest yet discovered in Canada. Iron ore is found all over the Dominion, and many mines have AN ONTARIO FARM HOMESTEAD. Q - The property of Mr. Joseph Alton, St. Anns, Ontario—40O acres. Pasture, 100 acres; Hay, 74 acres; Grain, 120 acres; Boots, 6 acres; Horses, 12; Cattle, 40; Hogs, 20; Sheep, 14.] 34 DOMINION or CANADA. CAN ADIAN RAILWAYS. In the particular of the construction of railways, the progress of the Dominion of Canada has been very rapid since Confederation; and great efforts are being made at the present moment to extend and complete the system. In the Appendix to this book a statistical view of the railways of Canada is given, fron 1876 to 1885, inclusive, with a list of the railways in operation, taken from the Oflicial Report, together with a sketch of the progress now making on the great railway works. The projection and construction of new lines, and the extension of older roads into new districts, proceed with continued activity, proving the energy with which the resources of the country are being developed. During the past fiscal year 427.69 miles were added to the length of road constructed. bringing it up to 10,377.24 miles, while in every province of the Dominion, with the exception of Prince Edward Island (already amply provided for by the P. E. I. Ry.) , new roads are penetrating regions hitherto inaccessible. During the past fiscal year the railways felt the effects of the prevailing commercial depression in a slight reduction of passenger traffic; and although the freight tonnage exceeded that of 1884 by 359,294 tons, the receipts from freight were less by $753,797.00, showing the results of competition induced by the opening of new lines. But notwith- standing the reduction in the receipts, the net earnings exceeded those of 1884 by $437,522.00, proving greater economy in the management. The rapidity and thoroughness with which the Canadian Pacific Railway has been carried through to completion reflect the highest honour on all concerned. The construc- tion of our great highway is a feat without parallel in railway history. The Company completed their work in four years and nine months, instead of in ten years, as the terms of their contract permitted. rail connection from ocean to ocean having been accomplished on the 10th November, 1885_ With its branches, this great railway embraces 3,325 miles of road, and its leased lines bring the mileage under its management up to nearly 4,000 miles. Its earnings already give promise of the success of the enterprise, although so large a portion of it passes through regions very sparsely peopled or wholly unsettled.. The total amount of paid up capital expended in the construction of railways in Canada, at the end of the fiscal year, was $626,172,145.00. The natural and physical advantages for the construction of a transcontinental railway are very much greater in Canada than at any other point in North America. The Canadian line, in the first place, passes through that portion of the continent known as the “ Fertile Belt,” instead of over arid or salt plains. The highest pass, according to Mr. Fleming’s report on the line selected by him, was 3,372 feet above the level of the sea ; while the line of railway having its terminus at San Francisco has to scale an eleva- tion of 7,534 feet. It is understood, however, that the Canadian Pacific Railway Com- pany have found a more southern and shorter pass through the Rocky Mountains than that which was surveyed by the engineers under Mr. Fleming and selected by him. It is not certain that the gradients of the Kicking Horse Pass will be in all respects quite so favourable as the Tete Jaune. But the gain in distance is expected to be from fifty to one hundred miles. The following further statements are extracted from Mr. Fleming’s report: “ Viewing the Canadian Pacific Railway as a ‘ through ’ route between ports on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the comparative profile of altitudes as above given illustrates the remarkable engineering advantages which it possesses over the Union Pacific Railway. The lower altitudes to be reached, and the more favourable gradients are not, however, the only advantages. “ A careful examination into the question of distances, shows, beyond dispute, that the Continent can be spanned by a much shorter line on Canadian soil than by the existing railway through the United States. “ The distance from San Francisco to New York, by the Union Pacific Railway, is 3,363 miles, while from New Westminster to Montreal it is only 2,730, or 636 in favour of the Canadian route. “ By the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, even New York, Boston and Portland will be brought from 300 to 500 miles nearer the Pacific coast than they are at resent. - P “ Compared with the Union Pacific Railway, the Canadian line will shorten.the passage from Liverpool to China, in direct distance, more than 1,000 miles. 36 nommox or‘ CANADA. “ When the remarkable engineering advantages which appear to be obtainable on the Canadian Line, and the very great reduction in mileage above referred to are taken into consideration, it is evident that the Canadian Pacific Railway, in entering into compe- tition for the through traffic between the two oceans, will possess in a very high degree the essential elements for success.” It will thus be seen that the Canadian Pacific Railway has not only Canadian but Imperial interest. As regards the Pacific Ocean connections of the Canadian Pacific Railway, it is- worthy of note that the distance from Japan, China, or the Atlantic coast generally to- Liverpool is from 1,000 to 1,200 miles less by the Canadian Pacific than by the Union Pacific Railway. In reference to this point Prof. Maury, U. S., writes: “The trade- winds place Vancouver Island on the way side of the road from China and Japan to San Francisco so completely that a trading vessel under canvas to the latter place would take the same route as if she was bound for Vancouver Island; so that all return cargoes would naturally come there in order to save two or three weeks, besides risks and expenses.” It must, however, be clearly understood that this advantage, equivalent to the distance between Vancouver Island and San Francisco, viz., about 700 miles, is independent of, and in addition to, the saving of direct distance by the Canadian route given above. When the great advantages of favourable grades and curves, and shortness of line' passing through a rich and well watered agricultural country, bountifully endowed with coal, are taken in connection with the favourable conditions as respects navigation, both on the east and west sides of the continent, it will appear at a glance that there is a con junction of commercial forces presented which is unique in the world, and which must in the near future exercise a marked influence upon, if it does not command, what has been commonly known in England as the trade of the East; China and Japan, however, being the west from the Canadian point of view. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 39 and afford the accommodation of first-class hotels. He will find that though the scenery lacks the grandeur of that he has left behind him in the lower St. Lawrence, it is still very beautiful and enjoyable on a fine summer’s evening. If he prefers the rail, he can leave at night, enter what is called a “sleeping car,” and be at Montreal on awakening the next morning. Our traveller has now arrived at the commercial capital, over a thousand miles from the ocean. Montreal has a population in round numbers of 150,000 inhabitants within its somewhat narrow city limits. These figures would be largely increased if the adjacent villages, which virtually form part of the city, were taken in. Montreal is a handsome, well-built city, and a place of large commerce and great wealth. It is rapidly increasing, and probably in the immediate future will fill the whole island of Montreal. In addition to its commercial facilities, being the head of ocean navigation, it is a railway centre, and has very favourable manufacturing facilities. The population is mixed English and French speaking, each contributing to the city’s progress. The Victoria Bridge, crossing the river, about two miles wide at this place, is one of the features of Montreal. The city is beautifully situated, and the view from the Mountain Park overlooking it is one of the most charming to be found in any country. Proceeding west, the tourist may call at Ottawa, the seat of the Federal Government; which he may reach by the choice of three railways, or by the steamers on the Ottawa, a river having a course of more than 700 miles in length, yet itself but an affluent of the great St. Lawrence. Ottawa has a population of about 28,000. The Parliament Buildings form the most prominent feature of attraction to the tourist, from their architecture (Renaissance Gothic) and commanding situation. They stand on the south bank of the Ottawa, on high and spacious grounds, of about twelve acres in extent, and are visible for miles around. An eminent writer has well said of them that they “ are among the glories of the architecture of the world.” Proceeding westward, the pleasant city of Kingston, the former capital of the two old Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and situated at the foot of Lake Ontario, is next reached; and further west, at the head of the lake, the tourist-will come to the large and beautiful city of Toronto, claimed by its inhabitants to be the “ Queen City” of Western Canada. The city of Toronto had a population of 86,415 when the Dominion census was taken in 1881. But now, according to a municipal census, its population is much more than one hundred thousand. Its streets are beautifully laid out, and it has rnany handsome buildings. It is surrounded by a rich and pleasant farming country; and now there is direct rail connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway from this point. Many lines of railway centre in this city, opening up large portions of the Dominion tributary to it. If the tourist should make Toronto a point at which to stop, and from which to see the Province of Ontario in detail, he may visit Hamilton, St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Guelph, London and numerous other thriving and prosperous towns, situated in a rich farming country, where the numerous pleasant homesteads, with fields, orchards, flocks and herds, give everywhere the impression of agricultural contentment and success. If the tourist should continue on his journey westward, and go to Thunder Bay, near the head of Lake Superior, he will again have gone more than a thousand miles, as the crow flies, from his last stopping-place; or 2,500 miles from the ocean. In other words, he will have travelled as far from the Atlantic Ocean as from Liverpool to the city of Quebec. The upper lakes have not been inaptly termed “ inland seas;” and Lake Superior is at once the largest and most remarkable sheet of fresh water in the known world. The scenery is very beautiful, particularly about Thunder Bay, the lake terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where stands the town of Port Arthur, and where undoubt- edly in the near future a great city will arise The tourist from Port Arthur can take the Canadian Pacific Railway, and proceed direct to Winnipeg. Measured on the map in a straight line, the distance is about 400 miles; but the meanderings of the railway in the rugged and highly picturesque country it passes through would make that distance longer. It might be worth while to stop at a place called Rat Portage, a point at which the Lake of the Woods-a large and beautiful sheet of water literally studded with wooded islands, in the same way as the Thousand Islands below Kingston-—falls over a ledge of rocks into Winnipeg River; the waters of which now run northerly into Lake Winnipeg; a lake which is over 240 miles long. The scenery here is very beautiful; and the immense water-power will probably induce the building of a large manufacturing city—the Minneapolis of the Canadian North-West. 40 DOMINION or CANADA. Proceeding on his westward way, the city of Winnipeg, situated on the Red River, at the confluence of the Assiniboine, would surely give him a surprise. Within the years that may be counted on the fingers, Winnipeg was almost naked prairie. By the census of April, 1881, it had a population .of about 8,000; since which time it has steadily increased both in wealth and population; and it is now said to contain 30,000 inhabitants. There has been a rush to it from all parts, so great that building accommodation could not be procured for all incomers; and one saw, even late in the fall, whole streets of Dn-on AND RAnPARTSZ A VInw AT Qunsnc. Br H.R.H. THE Pnmcnss LouISr. canvas tents, and primitive constructions of merely wooden boxes, while substantial buildings of every kind were everywhere being “rushed” up. There are splendid villa residences in Winnipeg; handsome houses and magnificent blocks of shops or “ stores,” as they are called, which would be conspicuous in the great cities of Europe. A very large business is done, large numbers of people have grown rich, and the streets which have tram railways are already lighted with electricity. Its citizens believe, and appar- ently not without good reason, in view of the vast territories that must be tributary to GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 41 Winnipeg, that it will become in the near future one of the great cities of the world. Business eagerness seems to be depicted on the faces of the people, and at times the hurrying and crowding on parts of Main Street, Winnipeg, remind one of State Street, Chica 0. Agter having travelled about three thousand miles from the ocean, the tourist has now arrived at the centre of the continent of North America, and he has fairly entered on the prairie region of the great North-West of the Dominion of Canada. He may now drive over the plains, directing his course by the points of the compass in the same way as on the ocean; and proceeding west for about 1,000 miles, will reach the Rocky Mountains. Here the scenery has a grandeur which words fail to describe. The Rev. Dr. McGregor, in a paper contributed to the Contemporary Re'view, says: “Our first glimpse of that long and magnificent line of gigantic peaks and mighty masses——a broken mountain wall of glittering snow some hundred miles away—was a vision of glory never to be forgotten. On our ascending from a great Indian pow-wow on the Bow River to the upper level, they looked in the clear morning air like a long series of sharp-cut white pyramids built upon the prairie; then the great dog-toothed line rose higher; then the long serrated range of jagged peaks and twisted masses, seen under sunshine almost . tropical in its heat and purity, stood out in all its splendour, sharp and distinct as if only a few miles away, their sides blue in shadow, while their peaks and faces were a glittering snow_white down to the yellow prairie level out of which they seemed to rise. When forty_five miles distant from them, I noted as special features the straightness of the range from the two extreme points of vision, and that, though broken into every variety of form, the pyramidal peak predominating, the summit line was pretty uniform, like a deep and irregularly toothed saw. I suppose that nowhere else on earth is there such an ocean of verdure bounded by such a shore.” The Canadian Pacific Railway is completed through the mountains to the Pacific Ocean ; thus opening up a new route to the Province of British Columbia. His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne, on the occasion of his visit to British Columbia, made a speech in the autumn of 1882, in which he referred to the importance of culti- vating the attractions held out by the scenery of this Province. He said: “I would strongly advise you to cultivate the attractions held out to the travelling public by the magnificence of your scenery. Let this country become what Switzerland is for Europe in the matter of good roads to places which may be famed for their beauty, and let good and clean hotels attract the tourist to visit the grand valleys and marvellous mountain ranges. Choose some district—and there are many from which you can choose-where trout and salmon abound, and where sport may be found among the deer and with the wild fowl. Select some portion of your territory where pines and firs shroud in their greatest richness the giant slopes and swarm upwards to glacier, snow field, and craggy peak, and where in the autumn the maples seem as though they wish to mimic in hanging gardens the glowing tints of the lava that must have streamed down the precipices of these old volcanoes. Wherever you find these beauties in greatest perfection, and where the river torrents urge their currents most impetuously through the Alpine gorges, there I would counsel you to set apart a region which shall be kept as a national park.” Such are the merest outlines of a trip which any person from the United Kingdom can undertake at moderate expense, within a few weeks, and which may be varied with almost infinite detail and interest in any part of the Dominion. It is suggested as a variation from the now old round of the European watering places. THE SPORTSMAN AND THE ANGLER. Foremost among the attractions for sportsmen may be placed buffalo hunting on the vast prairies of the North-West, although, unfortunately, this noble game is beginning to disappear. Travelling via the Canadian Pacific Railway west of Winnipeg, which may be taken as a point of departure, sportsmen may there procure camping requisites, and may hire expert guides with trained horses ; but it is best before concluding arrangements to consult with some skilled person on the spot. These guides, or “ plain hunters,” are most expert, and, as a rule, trustworthy, honest and respectful. In the forests of New Brunswick and Quebec, moose are abundant; but the chase. if exciting, is most arduous, and experienced guides should be engaged. The best are the Canadian, French and Indian half_breeds, who are active, hardy, shrewd and skillful both in killing and caring for the game. They are more cleanly than the full-blooded Indians, and better cooks CHAPTER VIu CANADA AS SHOWN BY FIGURESu AREA OF PROVINCES AND TERRITORY. Territory of Canada ; the figures of the four old Provinces of Canada being taken TABLE is subjoined of the territorial area of the Provinces and North-West from the Introduction to the Census of 1881: Prince Edward Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,133 sq. miles. Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,907 “ New Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,174 “ Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,688 “ Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,800 “ Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,200 ‘ ‘ British Columbia. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341,305 “ The Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,585,000 “ Total square miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,470,257 It is to be observed that the areas of the great waters, such as the great lakes and ‘rivers of the Upper Provinces and the St. Lawrence, the bays and inlets of the Lower Provinces, are not included in the above table of square miles, these being compiled from census districts established with a view of apportioning population to specific areas of land. The areas of these waters, as nearly as they can be estimated from measurement on the maps, would be about 140,000 square miles, which, added to the areas taken from the census districts, would give a total of over 3,610,000 square miles. The area of the whole of the continent of Europe is 3,900,000 square miles; the area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, is 2,933,588 square mi1es—that of Alaska is 577,390 square miles—combined making 3,510,978 miles. Thus the Dominion is nearly six hundred thousand square miles larger than the United States without Alaska, and nearly eighteen thousand square miles larger than both combined. The total population of the Dominion by the census of 1881 was 4,324,810, against 3,687,024, as shown by the census of 1871. The increase in the old Provinces during the decenniad was over 18 per cent. The increase for the same Provinces in 1871 over 1861 was over 12 per cent. The number of males in 1881 was 2,188,854; that of the females 2,135,956; there being a preponderance of more than 50,000 males over the females in the Dominion. This has probably arisen from the excess in immigration of males over females; and it is very desirable in the social and economical interests of the Dominion that this difference should be redressed by an increased immigration of females. (See Census Tables in Appendix to this Guide Book.) Of this population, 478,235 were born in the British Isles and possessions; 101,047 in Prince Edward Island ; 420,088 in Nova Scotia; 288,265 in New Brunswick ; 1,327,809 in Quebec; 1,467,988 in Ontario; 19,590 in Manitoba; 32,275 in British Columbia; 58,430 in the Canadian North-West Territories; 77,753 in the United States; and 53,330 in -other countries. Of the population of the Dominion 641,703 live in cities and towns having a population of over 5,000 inhabitants. (See Census Tables in Appendix to this Guide Book.) 44 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 45 The trade of Canada has very greatly increased since Confederation. At the end of 1868, the first fiscal year after the.un10n, the total exports were $$57,567,888.00; in 1884-5, t89,238,36l.00. In 1868 the total imports were $73,459,644.00_, in 1884-5, $108,941,486.00. The total trade being in 1868, $131,027,532.00; and in 1884-5, $198,179.847.00, and the amount of duties collected was $19,133,558.99. Among the exports, the value of animals and their produce was $26,503,994.00; agri. cultural products, $19,120,366.00; products of the forest, $22,873,305.00 ; of the mine, $3,836,470.00; and of fisheries, $7,976,313.C0. The total value of the Canadian fisheries in 1884 was $17,852,721.00, against 814,499,- 979.71 in 1880. The “B1u6 Of fish 6XP0Ttef1 in 1884-5 wee $7,976,313.00. These figures show that by far the largest portion of the product of the fisheries of the Dominion is consumed at home. The total amount of receipts for the Dominion in the fiscal year 1884-5 was $78,41S,843.88, and the receipts at the credit of the Consolidated Fund were $32,797,001.32. The payments from the Consolidated Fund were 035,01-37,060.12. These two last sums represented the revenue and expenditure for the year. The total amount of the funded and unfunded debt of Canada on the 1st of July, 1885, was i$264,703,607.43, against which there are assets amounting to $68,295,915.29, leaving the net debt l$196,407,692-14- This would represent a net debt per capita_ of about $40.00. The total interest on the public debt of Canada for the same year was $9,419,482.19. The total amount expended directly on capital account for that year was $13,214,- 764.96, while subsidies to railways and public improvements swelled the aggregate to $24,147,578.96. The Dominion has made great strides in its banking operations since Confederation. The total paid-up banking capital in 1868, the first year after Confederation, was $30,477,899.18. In December, 1885, it was $61,761-3,279.48. The total amount of deposits in 1868 was $0,168,556.00. In Dec., 1885, the total deposits amounted to $111,270,950.78. The progress made in the construction of railways and canals has been previously shown in these pages. CHAPTER I'll. ‘PROVINOES OF THE DOMINION. THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. EXTENT AN D POSITION. NT]-{RIO is the most populous and wealthy province of the Dominion of Canada, and its growth has been exceedingly rapid. The area within its old limits, as taken from the census districts, is 101,733 square miles; but if we compute this area from simple measurement of the map, including rivers and lakes, its extent would be increased by about 20,000 square miles. It is further to be stated that the territory respecting which there has been dispute has been declared to belong to Ontario by a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and this adds about 80,000 square miles to the Province, making altogether a total of about 200,000 square miles. The Province of Ontario reaches the most southern point of the Dominion, namely, to the latitude of Rome in Italy; and being in a large measure surrounded by the great lakes of the continent of North America, its climate is much modified by their influence. The principal source of its wealth is agriculture, and it may be said to take the lead in the farming operations of the Dominion. The number of acres of land surveyed in this Province is about 31,000,000; and the number of acres already granted and sold is about 22,000,000. POPULATION, OCCUPATIONS AND CITIES. The population of Ontario is 1,923,228, as shown by the census of 1881, but the increase to the present date (1886) will bring these figures to over two millions, the increase as established by the last census being 18.6 in ten years; and, as already stated, agricul- ture forms the principal occupation of the inhabitants, although lumbering in the rich forests, mining in the bountiful deposits, commerce, and seafaring occupations on the great lakes attract a portion of the labour of the energetic people of the Province. Toronto, the seat of the Provincial Government, had a population of 86,415 by the census of 1881; but it appears, from a municipal census recently taken, its population is now considerably over one hundred thousand; it is a city of which any country might be proud, and it is very rapidly continuing to grow, both in wealth and population. There are also other cities of considerable extent. Ottawa has a population of over 28,000; it is the seat of the Dominion Government, and here are erected the Houses of Parliament and Departmental Buildings. These constitute three of the finest edifices on the continent of America, and excite the admira- tion of all beholders. Among the other large cities of the Province may be mentioned Hamilton, with a population of about 36,000; London, with a population of over 19,000; Kingston, with a population of about 15,000; and there are numerous other wealthy and really beautiful cities and towns of less population. ~ 47 .33 E .oE1-zu IN 187 80 DOMINION or CANADA. "N e its source in the accumulation from ages of natural vegetation, with little or no removal, it is to be supposed that, as a rule, there will not be a relative deficiency of the necessary mineral constituents. Surely, then, these new soils are ‘ mines ’ as well as laboratories ? If not, what is the -meaning of the term a fertile soil 7 “ Assuming these soils not to be deficient in the necessary mineral su plies, and that they yield annually in an available condition an amount of nitrogen at all corresponding to their richness in that constituent, it may be asked whether the should not yield a higher average produce of wheat per acre than they are reported to 0? “ The exhausted ex rimental wheat field at Rothamsted, the surface soil of ‘which, at the commencement 0 the experiments thirty-nine years ago, probably contained only about half as high a percentage of nitrogen as the average of these four American soils, yielded over the first eight years, 17¢; over the next fifteen years, 151; over the last fifteen years (including several very bad seasons), only 11§ bushels; and over the whole thirty- eight years about 14 bushels per acre, per annum. “ So far as we are informed, the comparatively low average yield of the rich North- West soils is partly due to vicissitudes of climate, partly to defective cultivation, but partly also to the luxuriant growth of weeds, which neither the time at command for cultivation, nor the amount of labour available, render it easy to keep down. Then, again, in some cases the straw of the grain crops is burnt, and manure is not returned to the land. Still, if there be any truth in the views we have advocated, it would seem it should be an object of consideration to lessen, as far as practicable, the waste of fertility of these now rich soils. At the same time it is obvious that, with land cheap and labour dear, the desirable object of bringing these vast areas under profitable cultivation cannot be attained without some sacrifice of their fertility in the first instance, which can only be lessened as population increases.” YIELDS OF THE GRAINS. The average yield of wheat in the Province of Manitoba, according to the returns obtained by the Department of Agriculture for the year 1884 (the latest so far received, although it is believed that 1885 was a more favourable year), was, from the theshers’ reports, 23.35 bushels per acre, the yield, according to the same reports, being 6,076,122 bushels. The average yield of oats in the same year was 39.95 bushels per acre accord- ing to the threshers’ reports, the number of bushels threshed being 1,041,539. The average yield of barley on the same authority was 25.50 bushels per acre, and the average yield 1,041,539 bushels. The average yield of peas was 18.62 bushels per acre. The average yield of flax seed was 14.56 bushels per acre. The average yield of potatoes was 192 bushels per acre; of turnips, 422 bushels per acre; of beets, 251 bushels per acre; of man- golds, 385 bushels per acre; and of carrots, 271 bushels per acre. It should be explained that these average yields would be very much higher with fair farming, the farming of many of the present settlers, and especially of the half breeds, being much below the average in other Provinces. The average of wheat, with fair farming, would be probably over 30 bushels, and the other yields in proportion. FRUITS, AND WHA1; MAY BE GROWN. All the small fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, cran- berries, etc., are very plentiful in Manitoba; wild grapes are very common, and it is thought from this fact that some of the hardier varieties of cultivated grapes, grafted on the wild stock, might ripen in sheltered places. But this has not been tried, and is not sure. Some varieties of apples have been tried by Mr. Hall, of Headingly, not far from Vifinnipeg, and he has measurably succeeded. But it has not yet been sufliciently demon- strated that the apple, at least on southern stocks, will succeed in Manitoba. There is, however, the fact of its being largely grown in very much higher latitudes in Russia, and the probability is, that by the use of stocks adapted to the climate, it will succeed in Manitoba. The fact is, that all kinds of horticulture and tree culture are yet in their infancy in Manitoba. The hop grows wild, with great luxuriance. Flax is adapted to the soil and climate. l\IINNE1>0sA‘ Psovmcs or 1\I.\xn'o1n. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 83 about 3s. 6d. stg.) per bushel, or 28s. per quarter. Charges and handling may bring it over this price, but the two naked elements of growth and transport are within the figures named. The farming interests of Manitoba and the North-West are not, however, confined to wheat. Large stock interests are bein rapidly developed. There are already 70,C0O head of neat cattle in .the newly started “ ranches ” in Alberta, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains. The progress made in them is giving entire satisfaction. Cattle are already shipped from more distant points in United States territory to Chicago, and thence to England with profit. It may further be remarked, that the conditions are so favourable for transport in the Canadian North-West, that cattle from Montana for the Chicago market enter at Maple Creek, and pass over the Canadian Pacific Railway to its connection with the American railway system, in the State of Minnesota. SYSTEM OF SURVEY AND DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING UP FARMS. The system of survey or of laying out the land in Manitoba is most simple. Every township is about six miles square, and is divided into sections of one mile square (or 640 acres) each, more or less, the scarcely appreciabledifference from this exact area being the result of the convergence or divergence of the meridians forming the eastern and western boundaries, as the township is north or south of one of the standard base lines of survey. These sections are again subdivided into half sections of 320 acres and quarter sections of 160 acres, and further into half quarters, which terms are legal or statutory definitions of the divisions and subdivisions of land in Manitoba and the North-West Territories of the Dominion. The townships are laid out upon certain “ base lines,” about twenty-four miles apart, running east and west, to the depth of two townships, both to the north and to the south, upon each. The lines upon which adjacent townships, surveyed from different base lines, abut, are termed “correction lines,” and upon these all discrepancies of survey are adjusted. The townships are arranged in tiers running from south to north, and starting from the southern frontier, which is the International boundary line. These tiers are marked’ on the map with ordinary numerals, thus, 1, 2, 3, etc. Township 1 being on the Inter- national boundary or province frontier, which is “ the first base line,” Township 2 would be six miles further north; Township 3 again six miles north, etc. The townships are further numbered in what are called “ ranges ” east and west, from lines called “principal meridians.” These numbers are marked on the map in Roman characters, thus: I., II., III., IV., etc. The first principal meridian starts from a point on the International boundary line about eleven miles west of Emerson. The west “ ranges ” run in regular numbers to the left or west of that meridian; and the east “ ranges ” to the right or east of that meridian. Thus, Township 3, Range III., west, would be three townships north of the boundary line, and three townships westof the principal meridian; or, Township 3, Range III., east, would be, in the same way, three townships north to the east of the principal meridian. Any- one with this simple direction could put his finger on any township in Manitoba or any other part of the N orth-West Territory, of which the number north of the International boundary or first base line might be given, with the number of the range or tier of town- ships east or west of the first or any of the principal meridians on the map. Any section of a township can be found by its number on the diagram of the map; and the reader, by looking at this and seeing the way in which the numbers run, can instantly put his finger on any section of any township marked on the map. The boundaries of these sections being all laid out on the cardinal points of the compass, east, west, north and south, the section is divided into east half and west half, or north half and south half, whichever way the dividing line is run. These half sections are again divided into quarter sections, such as north-east quarter, north-west quarter, south-east quarter, south-west quarter ; these quarters may again be divided in the same way ; and these terms, as before stated, are legal or statutory definitions of land in Manitoba and the North—West Territory. Under this very simple but scientific method of arrangement, any township, or section, or subdivision of a section, can be instantly and unerringly described. A trans- fer or conveyance of property may likewise be made by deed in as few words as any ordi- nary bill of parcels, and that with perfect accuracy and absoluteness of definition. ‘\ ‘z ug: m . ~-uu--|‘f . . I’IOMES.l‘}‘l.\l) 1".u...\1 AT IÍILUONAX, .\.1-;.u: \"'1.\.x11-1-10,. lilxulgnmu ¡mos. A, PIIOTOGRAPH, GUIDE BOOK ron ssrrnsns. 85 The settler from the United Kingdom will at first find the nomenclature of this sys- tem of survey a little new and strange ; but he ill, on slight acquaintance with it, become charmed with its simplicity. The surveyed lines are marked on the ground itself by iron and other kinds of monu- ments and posts at the corners of the divisions and subdivisions; and, so soon as the settler makes himself acquainted wiqh these, he will instantly understand the position and extent of his own farm on the prairie, or of any other in the country. Or, when travelling in any part of the country, these posts will tell him at a glance exactly where he is, so that he cannot get lost in any surveyed district. Distances on the map, in miles, may be ascertained approximately by counting the townships to be passed over and multiplying the number by six. The unit of the town- ships’ surveys is the statute mile or section of 640 acres, all the townships being made six statute miles or sections square, as nearly as it is possible to make a series of squares on the face of a globe. FREE GRANTS AND PRE_EMPTIONS. A settler may obtain a grant of 160 acres of land free, on even-1uunbercd sections, on condition of three years’ residence and cultivation, and payment of an oflice fee amount‘ ing to $10 (£2 stg.) ; and he may obtain the adjoining portions of sections by “ pre- emption ” or otherwise, at the rate of $2.00 (Ss. stg.) or $2.50 (l0s. stg.) per acre. The privilege of pre-emption, however, will cease after January 1st, 1887. All intending settlers should take notice that they are entitled to enter at the nearest Government Lands Office for a free grant of a quarter section in any even-numbered unoccupied land in Manitoba or the North-West; whether or not such even-numbered section is near a railway, or comes within the reserves of any of the Colonization com- panies. DIRECTIONS RESPECTI NG LAN DS. A settler should obtain from the Local Dominion Lands Agent general information as to lands open for settlement. The marks on the map show certain lands taken up, and therefore not available for settlement. Of course, other lands may have been taken up since those marked " taken ” on the map. Exact information can, therefore, only be obtained at the Local Land Offices, which are shown on the map. A list of these is also published as an Appendix to this Guide Book. All even-numbered sections (except 8 and three-quarters of 26, which are Hudson Bay Company Lands) are open for entry as free honiesteads, or as pre-emptions, unless already taken up by settlers. Odd-numbered sections (with the exception of 11 and 29, which are School Lands) for 24 miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway, may be generally stated to be Railway Lands, purchasable from the Company, and not open for homestead and pre- cmption. There are also other Railway Lands, which have been appropriated in aid of similar undertakings. (See Land Regulations in the Appendix to this Guide Book). Beyond the limits of the land granted to such enterprises odd-numbered sections may, if surveyed, be purchased direct from the Government, on terms stated in the regulations referred to. WHAT CAPITAL TO BEGIN WITH. A settler in Manitoba may commence on comparatively small capital ; that is, enough to build one of the inexpensive houses of the country, to buy a yoke of oxen and a plough, his seed grain, and sufficient provisions to enable him to live for one year, or until his first crop comes in. With a little endurance at first, from this point he may attain to a position of plenty and independence. . On the other hand, a settler may take with him to Manitoba or the North-West Terri- tories considerable capital, and invest it in large farming operations, either in wheat growing or stock raising, both of which he will probably find very profitable. The settler requires either a team of horses or yoke of oxen, a wagon or a cart, a plough and harrow, chains, axes, shovels, stoves, bedsteads, etc., which he can obtain for about $300.00, or £60‘ stg. A primitive house and stable may be built for £30 more. The ‘cost of necessary provisions for a family would be from £18 to £20. The cost of these ‘ The £1 wm terling is set down in round figures at $5.00 for convenience, and is sufllciently exact for the purpose of this paper. 86 DOMINION or CANADA several items may vary with circumstances, either being more or less, the prices being affected by the cost of transport and railway facilities; but a settler who goes on his farm sufliciently early to plant potatoes and other crops may live at very little cost. Or the sum of £125 stg., which is in round numbers about $600.00 of Canadian cur- rency, would enable a farmer to begin on a moderate scale of comfort. That sum would be divided, perhaps, in some cases, as follows : One yoke of oxen, $120.00; one waggon, $80.00; plough and harrow, $25.00; chains' axes, shovels, etc., $30.00; stoves, bedsteads, etc., $60.00; house and stable, $150.00; provisions, $135.00: in all, $600.00. The above prices are subject to variation for the reasons above stated. Of course, a capital of £200 (or $1,000.00) would enable a farmer to start in better style and with more comfort; but many have started with much less, and are now well off. For instance, the Red River cart, which costs from fifteen to twenty dollars, and one ox, might do all the teaming required on a small farm to begin with, and after the first “ breaking ” one ox could do all the ploughing required for a family. The German Mennonite settlers who came to Canada from Southern Russia a few years ago—that is, the poorer families of them—started with very much less; and they are to-day very prosperous, and raise large crops of grain, besides growing flax, of which they export the seed. They are also well supplied with live stock. The Mennonite outfit of one family, averaging five persons, consisted of one yoke of 0xen,one cow, one plough, one waggon, and one cooking stove~the whole obtained at a cost of $270.00, or £54. In the case of the poorer, two families clubbed together to use one outfit. The cost of provisions for the subsistence of one family for ayear was $93.00 (£18 15s.), the provisions consisting almost wholly of flour, pork and beans. No money was expended on the buildings in which they first lived. These consisted for the first year of brush, laid sloping on poles and covered with earth. This fact is stated to show from how small a beginning a settler may successfully start and attain plenty; but, seeing that the log or frame house of the country can be built at so moderate a cost, probably few settlers from the United Kingdom would be willing to do as the Mennonites did. Many a man will, however, make a hard struggle for independence, and find both his labour and his hardships sweetened by the consciousness of the daily steps he is taking towards that end. It may further be mentioned that, for some years to come, there will be railways and public works in progress, on which the poorer settlers may work for a part of the time at good wages, and so obtain means to tide over the first difficulties of a settler,s life with more comfort. By the Amendment to the Dominion Lands Act, passed in 1884, a settler is held to have performed his homestead duties if he has been a bowl_ fide resident within a radius of two miles from his homestead. But, within the first year after the date of his entry, he must have broken and prepared for crop not less than ten acres on his homestead. Within the second year he must have cropped these ten acres, and broken and prepared for crop not less than fifteen acres additional, making in all twenty-five acres under crop in the third year; and also not less than fifteen acres additional broken and prepared for crop for the next year. And he must, three months before applying for his patent, have erected a habitable house on his homestead, and resided in it. The settler must not have been continuously absent for more than six months in any one year. HINTS FOR SETTLERS IN MANITOBA. The settler from older countries should be careful to adapt himself to those methods which experience of the country has proved to be wise, rather than try to employ in a new country those practices to which he has been accustomed at home. For instance with respect to ploughing, or, as it is called, “breaking” the prairie, the method in Manitoba is quite different from that in the Old Country. The prairie is covered with a rank vegetable growth, and the question is how to subdue this, and so make the land available for farming purposes. Experience has proved that the best way is to plough not deeper than two inches, and turn over a furrow from twelve to sixteen inches wide. It is especially desirable for the farmer who enters early in the spring to put in a crop of cats on the first “ breaking.” It is found by experience that the sod pulverizes and decomposes under the influence of a growing crop quite as effectually, if not more so, than when simply turned and left by itself for that purpose. There are also fewer weeds, which is of very great importance, as it frequently happens that the weeds which grow GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 87 A Pmmm Scams. soon after breaking are as diflicult to subdue as the sod itself. Large crops of oats are obtained from sowing on the first breaking, and thus not only is the cost defrayed, but there is a profit. It is also of great importance to a settler with limited means to get this crop the first year. One mode of this kind of planting is to scatter the oats on the grass, and then turn a thin sod over them. The grain thus buried quickly finds its way through, and in a few weeks the sod is perfectly rotten. Mr. Daley, near Bigstone City, in the vicinity of Bigstone Lake, sowed ten acres of oats in this way. He put two bushels and a peck to an acre. In the fall be harvested 426 bushels of oats, which he found to be worth enough to pay for the “breaking” and give him $75.00 besides. This is a practical, reported experience. There is also testimony from other farmers to similar effect. Flax is a good crop to put in on the first breaking. It yields well, pays well, and rapidly subdues the turned sod. A practice which has been followed by other settlers, and which experience has proved to be successful, is to turn the sod two inches deep, and then by the device of removing one furrow and ploughing up from the bed it occupied a sufficiency of earth to make a covering of the ploughed sods, an admirable seed bed is obtained. The settler should plant potatoes the first year for his family use, and do other little things of that kind. Potatoes may be put in as late as June the 20th. All that is required is to turn over a furrow, put the potatoes on the ground, and then turn another furrow to cover them, the face of the grass being placed directly on the seed. N o hoeing or further cultivation is required except to cut off any weeds that may grow. Very heavy crops of fine potatoes have been grown in this way. Before the prairie is broken the sod is very tough, and requires great force to break it ; but after it has once been turned the subsequent ploughings are very easy from the friability of the soil, and gang ploughs may easily be used. On account of the great force required to break the prairie in the first instance, many prefer oxen to horses. There is a liability of horses becoming sick in Manitoba when first taken there from the older parts of the Continent, until they become accustomed to the new feed and the country, especially if they are worked hard and have not suflicient shelter. It is for this reason that oxen, which are not liable to the same casualties as horses, are better suited for breaking the prairie. A pair of oxen will break an acre and a half a day, with very little expense for feed. Mules have been found to do very well. and they are considered well adapted for prairie work. On the larger farms steam is beginning to be used, but the question of steam cultivation is not yet settled. GUIDE BOOK FOR Sl.lT'1‘LERS. 953 at Monte Diablo, San Diego and Monterey, lies well, but is bad in quality. Tasmania has good coal, but in no great quantity, and the beds nearest to the coast are formed of inferior anthracite. The three countries of the Pacific‘ which must for a time at l6mSl'; rise to manufacturing greatness are Japan, Vancouver Island and New South Wales; but which of these will become wealthiest and most powerful depends mainly on the amount of coal which they respectively possess, so situated as to be cheaply raised. The dearness of labour under which Vancouver suffers will be removed by the opening of the Pacific Railway, but for the present New South Wales has the cheapest labour, and upon her shores at Newcastle are abundant stores of coal of good quality for manufacturing purposes, although for sea use it burns ‘ dirtily ’ and too fast. . . . The future of the Pacific shores is inevitably brilliant, but it is not New Zealand, the centre of the water hemisphere, which will occupy the position that England has taken on the Atlantic, but some country such as Japan or Vancouver, jutting out into the ocean from Asia or from America, as England juts out from Europe.” The importance of these considerations will become more apparent to those readers of this Guide Book who have taken note of the enormous resources of the vast region- agricultural, industrial and commercial—through which the Canadian Pacific Railway passes, with its favourable grades and great saving in distances. These greatly important facts, affecting the considerations of empire, are fully set forth in the work from which the above extract is taken. FORESTS. The forest lands are of great extent, and the timber most valuable. They are found throughout nearly the whole extent of the Province. The principal trees are the Douglas pine, Menzies fir, yellow fir, balsam, hemlock, white pine, yellow pine, cedar, yellow cypress, arbor vitae, yew, oak, white maple, arbutus, alder, dogwood, aspen, cherry, crab apple, willow and cotton-wood. The Douglas pine is almost universal on the sea coast, and up to the Cascade range. It preponderates at the southern end of Vancouver, and along its east and west coast, the finest being found in the valley and low grounds along the west coast, and on the coast of British Columbia. It yields spars from 90 to 100 feet in length, can often be obtained 150 feet free from knots, and has squared forty-five inches for ninety feet. It is thought to be the strongest pine, or fir, in existence. Broken in a gale, the stem is splintered to a height of at least twenty feet, and it is astonishing to see how small a portion of the trunk will withstand the leverage of the whole tree. The timber contains a great deal of resin, and is exceedingly durable. The bark resembles cork, is often eight or nine inches thick, and makes splendid fuel. On the banks of the Nitinat Inlet and elsewhere, forests of the Menzies pine occur suitable in size for first-class spars, and the wood works beautifully. The white pine is common everywhere. The Scotch fir is found on the bottom lands with the willow and cotton-wood. The cedar abounds in all parts of the country, and attains an enormous growth. Hemlock spruce is very common. The ‘maple is universal everywhere. The arbutus grows very large, and the wood, in colour and texture, resembles box. There are two kinds of oak, much of it of good size and quality. There are few lumbering estab- lishments, the trade being hardly developed. The value of timber exports in 1881 was $162,747.00. The Fraser River and its tributaries, with the numerous lakes communicating with ,them, furnish great facilities for the conveyance of timber. The Lower Fraser country especially is densely wooded. Smaller streams and the numerous inlets and arms of the ‘ sea furnish facilities for the region further north. His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne said in a speech made by him at Victoria : " Every stick in these wonderful forests, which so amply and generously clothe the Sierras from the Cascade range to the distant Rocky Mountains, will be of value as communication opens up. The great arch of timber lands beginning on the west of Lake Manitoba, circles round to Edmonton, comes down along the mountains, so as to include the whole of your Province. Poplar alone, for many years, must be the staple wood of the lands to the south of the Saskatchewan, and your great opportunity lies in this, that you can give the settlers of the whole of that region as much of the finest timber in the world as they can desire, while your cordwood cargoes will compete with the coal of Alberta. Coming down in our survey to the coast, we come upon ground familiar to you all, and you all know how large a trade already exists with China and Australia in wood, and how capable of almost indefinite expansion is this commerce. Your forests are ‘.Ew‘\ =..nwnw3 .3 2 zmum P/Awwowm \ ~ ‘\ ‘- warm; . win I .1‘--\1. - GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 95 hardly tapped, and there are plenty more logs, like one I saw cut the other day at Burrard Inlet, of forty inches square and ninety and one hundred feet in length, down to sticks which could be used as props for mines or as cordwood for fuel. The business which has assumed such large proportions along the Pacific shore-—the canning of salmon—great as it is, is as yet almost in its infancy, for there is many a river swarming with fish from the time of the first run of salmon in spring to the last run of other varieties in the autumn, on which many a cannery is sure to be established.” FISHERIES. The fisheries are probably the richest in the world. Whales and seals abound in the northern seas. Sturgeon are plentiful in the rivers and estuaries of British Columbia. They are found weighing over 500 lbs., and are caught with little difficulty. Salmon are excellent, and most abundant. Those of Fraser River are justly famous. There are five species, and they make their way up the river for 1,000 miles. The silver salmon begin to arrive in March or early in April, and last till the end of June. The average weight is from four to twenty-five lbs., but they have been caught weighing over seventy. The second kind are caught from J une to August, and are considered the finest. Their average weight is only five to six lbs. The third, coming in August, average seven lbs., and are an excellent fish. The noan, or humpback salmon, comes every second year, lasting from August till winter, weighing from six to fourteen lbs. The hookbill arrives in September and remains till winter, weighing from twelve to fifteen and even forty-five lbs. Salmon is sold at Victoria at five cents per lb., and there appears to be no limit to the catch. The oulachans, a small fish like a sprat, appearing at the end of April, are a delicious fish, fresh, salted or smoked, and yield an oil of a fine and excellent quality. They enter the river in millions, and those caught at the north are said to be so full of oil that they will burn like a candle. Several species of cod are found, and it is believed that there are extensive cod banks in the Gulf of Georgia. Herring also abound during the winter months, and are largely used, both fresh and smoked, and are of good quality. Anchovies are only second to the oulachans in abundance, and may be taken with great ease during the autumn. Haddock is caught in the winter months. Dogfish can be taken with great facility in any of the bays and inlets, and the oi extracted from these is of great value. hlflsicellent trout are found in most of the lakes and streams, weighing from three to eig t lbs. . Oysters are found in all parts of the Province. They are small but of fine quality. AGRICULTURE AND FRUIT GROWING. The Province of British Columbia cannot be called an agricultural country through- out its whole extent. But yet it possesses very great agricultural resources, especially in view of its mineral and other sources of wealth, as well as its position. It possesses tracts of arable land of very great extent. A portion of these, however, requires artificial irrigation. This is easily obtained and not expensive, and lands so irrigated are of very great fertility. Land 1,700 feet above the level of the sea, thus irrigated, yielded last year as high as forty bushels of wheat per acre. The tracts of land suitable for grazing purposes are of almost endless extent, and the climate very favourable, shelter being only required for sheep, and even this not in ordinary seasons. On the Cariboo road there is a plain 150 miles long, and 60 or 80 wide, and between the Thompson and Fraser Rivers there is an immense tract of arable and grazing land. The hills and plains are covered with bunch grass, on which the cattle and horses live all winter, and its nutritive qualities are said to exceed the celebrated blue grass and clover of Virginia. At the north-east corner of British Columbia there is a district of prairie land, which is thus spoken of by Dr. Dawson in his evidence before the Parliamentary Committee : “I have spoken of the whole district, because that part in British Columbia—between 5,000 and 6,000 square miles of agricultural land-—is similar. I speak only of that part of the Peace River country south of the 59th parallel. I do not refer to that to the north, 96 DOMINION OF CANADA. because I have never been there myself, and could only speak of it from report. To give some idea of the value of the region as an agricultural country, taking the area I have given, and supposing as a measure of its capacity-—merely, of course, as an empirical supposition for the purpose of estimating its value—that the whole were sown in wheat, at twenty bushels to the acre, it would produce over 470,000,000 bushels of wheat annually. I believe that the whole of this area will eventually be cultivated. I am not quite sure that over every part of it wheat will ripen and be a sure crop, but as far as we can judge of the climate, it is as good as or better than that of Edmonton, on the Saskatchewan River; and where wheat has been tried in the Peace River district, as a matter of fact it succeeds as well. as other crops, such as oats and barley. We have, therefore, every reason to believe that‘ over the greater part of this area wheat will be a satisfactory and sure crop. If only the estimated prairie area be taken as immediately susceptible of cultivation, its yield, at the rate above estimated, would be 38,400,000 bushels.” Dr. Dawson stated that summer frosts, which sometimes occur in this region, were not sufliciently intense to prevent the ripening of wheat and other grains. This, he said, was a fact within his own knowledge. He was asked whether the season in which he was there was not more favourable than usual ; on the contrary, he said, it was an unusually severe season, but yet the frost did not affect the wheat crop. He added : “ I collected excellent specimens of wheat from the Hudson Bay post. In fact, the crops this year were later than usual, on account of a period of wet weather just before harvest, which delayed the ripening of the grain.” . His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne, in a speech at Victoria, made the following remarks: “ Throughout the interior it will probably pay well in the future to have flocks of sheep. The demand for w001 and woollen goods will always be very large among the people now crowding in such numbers to those regions which our official world as yet calls the North-West, but which is the North-East and east to you. There is no reason why British Columbia should not be for this portion of our territory what California is to the States in the supply afforded. of fruits. The perfection attained by small fruits is unri~ valled, and it is only with the Peninsula of Ontario that you would have to compete for the supplies of grapes, peaches, pears, apples, cherries, plums, apricots and currants.” His Excellency further said: “ For men possessing from £200 to £600, I can conceive no more attractive occupation than the_ care of cattle or a cereal farm within your borders. Wherever there is open land the wheat crops rival the best grown elsewhere, while there is nowhere any dearth of ample provision of fuel and lumber for the winter. As you get your colonization roads pushed and the dykes along the Fraser River built, you will have a larger available acreage, for there are quiet straths and valleys hidden away among the rich forests which would provide comfortable farms. As in the North-West last year, so this year I have taken -down the evidence of settlers, and this has been wonderfully favourable. To say the truth, I was rather hunting for grumblers, and found only one. He was a young man of supersensitiveness from one of our comfortable Ontario cities.” MANUFACTURES AND EXPORTS. The manufactories of British Columbia have been hitherto comparatively few in number; but water power is everywhere abundant. Those manufactures which are at present being carried on are in a prosperous state. The exports from the Province are already considerable, and will undoubtedly in the near future be largely developed. Besides the large number of vessels that visit the ports of British Columbia, there are steamers plying between Victoria and New Westminster, and on the Fraser River as far as Yale ; and there are also others. POPULATION. The total population of British Columbia was 49,459 by the census of 1881. But since that date there has been a large influx of Chinese, and also of whites, in connection with the works of the Canadian Pacific Railway. There is a large disproportion between the men and the women in the Province, the men being greatly in excess. The disproportion will, however, probably be remedied by the progress of immigration. The Indians of British Columbia are remarkable for their peaceable disposition. On thipy point His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne made the following appropriate remarks at ictoria : GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 97 “ I believe I have seen the Indians of almost every tribe throughout the Dominion, and nowhere can you find any who are so trustworthy in regard to conduct, so willing to assist the white settlers by their labour, so independent and anxious to learn the secret of the white man‘s power. While elsewhere are met constant demands for assistance, your Indians have never asked for any, for in the interviews given to the chiefs, their whole desire seemed to be for schools and schoolmasters; and in reply to questions as to whether they would assist themselves in securing such institutions, they invariably replied that. they would be glad to pay for them. It is certainly much to be desired that some of the funds apportioned for Indian purposes be given to provide them fully with schools, in which industrial education may form an important item. But we must not do injustice to the wilder tribes. Their case is totally different from that of your Indians. The buffalo was everything to the nomad. It gave him house, fuel, clothes, and bread. The disappearance of this animal left him starving. Here, on the contrary, the advent of the white men has never diminished the food supply of the native. He has game in abun- dance, for the deer are as numerous new as they ever have been. He has more fish than he knows what to do with, and the lessons in farming that you have taught him have given him a source of food supply of which he was previously ignorant.” His Excellency further pointed out that population would come to British Columbia so soon as the Pacific Railway is pushed through. Its isolated position, and the expense and difliculty of reaching it, have hitherto stood in the way of immigration. His Excel- lency eloquently said: “ There is no reason ultimately to doubt that the population attracted to you, as soon as you have a line through the mountains, will be the population which we most desire to have—a people like that of the old Imperial Islands, drawn from the strongest races of Northern Europe—0ne that with English, American, Irish, German, French and Scandi- navian blood, shall be a worthy son of the old Mother of Nations.” LAND REGU LATIONS. The public lands of British Columbia are vested in the Provincial Government with the exception of the 20 mile Railway Belt (so-called, that is, a belt on each side of the railway), which was made over to the Dominion Government as a set-off for railway works within the Province. The Provincial lands are under the management of the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, Victoria, who has oflicial assistants in the districts. Any head of a family, widow, or single man over 18 years of age, a British subjcet, or an alien declaring his intention to become such, may record any surveyed or unsurveyed Crown Lands not already occupied or recorded, as either a “ homestead” or “ pre-emp- tion.” The quantity of such land not to exceed 320 acres north and east of the Cascade or coast range of mountains, or 160 in any other part of the Province. The price to be one dollar per acre, payable in four annual instalments, the first instalment to be paid one year from the date of record. Application to be made in writing to the Land Commissioner in duplicate, with description and plan of the land, and delaration under oath that the land is properly subject to settlement, and the applicant qualified to record it. A recording fee of two dollars (8s. 3d. stg.) is to be paid. Land recorded or pre-empted cannot be transferred or conveyed until after a Crown grant or patent has been issued. The land must be staked off and posts put at each corner, not less than four inches square, and five feet above ground, with the applicant's name on each post, and its position as N.E., S.W., etc. The settler must enter into actual occupation of his location within thirty days after recording, and continuously reside on it, either himself, his family, or his agents. Neither Indians nor Chinese can act as agents. Absence from the land for more than two months consecutively, or for four months in the year, renders it subject to cancellation. After the payments for the land have been made, and the land surveyed, a patent will be granted, upon proof, by declaration in writing of himself and two other persons. of occupation for two years from date of pre-emption, and having made permanent improvements on the land to the value of $2.50 per acre. But any alien must become a naturalized subject before he can receive such patent. The patent excludes gold and silver ore and coal. 98 DOMINION or CANADA. The heirs or devisees of the household settler are, if resident in the Province, entitled to the Crown grant on his decease. If they are absent from the Province at the time of his death, the Chief Commissioner may dispose of the pre-emption, and make such pro- vision for the person entitled thereto as he may deem just. No person may hold more than one pre-emption claim at a time. Prior record or pre-emption of one claim, and all rights under it, are forfeited by subsequent record or pre-emption of another claim. By the Homestead Law of British Columbia, real and personal property, duly registered, is protected, to the value of $2,500 (£513 13s. 11d. stg.), from seizure and sale. Unsurveyed or unreserved Crown lands may be purchased in tracts of not less than 160 acres for $1 (4s. lid. stg.) per acre, payable at time of purchase, by giving two months, notice in the British Columbia Gazette, and any local newspaper, stating name of applicant, boundaries of land, etc. ; and such notice must also be posted in some conspicuous place on the land itself, and at the Government cflice of the district in which the land is located. The land must also be staked off as in case of pre-emption, and surveyed at the expense of the applicant. Surveyed lands, not town sites nor Indian settlements, may, after they have been ofl"ered for sale at public auction, be purchased at $1 (4s. 1§~d. stg.) per acre, to be paid for at time of purchase. Partners, not exceeding four, may pre-empt, as a firm, 160 acres, west of the Cascades, to each partner, or 320 acres, east of the Cascades, to each. Each partner must represent his interest in the firm by actual residence on the land, of himself or agent. But each partner, or his agent, need not reside on his particular pre-emption. The partners, or their agents, may reside together on one homestead, if the homestead be situated on any part of the partnership pre-emption. For obtaining a certificate of improvements, it is suflicient to show that improve- ments have been made on some portion of the claim, amounting in the aggregate to $2.50 per acre on the whole land. Military and naval settlers may acquire free grants of land under the Military and Naval Settlers Act, 1863. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may make special grants of free, or partially free lands, under such restrictions as he may deem advisable, for the encouragement of immigration or other public purposes. He may also sell, or make free grants of any vacant lands for the purpose of dyking, draining, or irrigating them, subject to such regulations as may be deemed fit. Landholders may divert, for agricultural or other purposes, the required quantity of unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream or lake adjacent to or passing through their land, upon obtaining the written authority of the Commissioner. . An Oregon newspaper lately said: “ Emigrants coming here are extremely wary in looking after the titles of the property they desire to purchase.” In British Columbia tgere is no necessity for this. Titles are secure, and there is no ditficulty with regard to t em. CHAPTER Vlll. THE NORTH_WEST TERRITORIES. GENERAL FEATURES. Outside of the Province of Manitoba extends the North-West Territory of Canada. It is bounded on the south by the 49th parallel, which divides it from the United States. It follows this line west to the base of the Rocky Mountains, which it touches at very nearly the 115th degree of west longitude, and takes a north-west trend along the base of the Rocky Mountains until it comes in contact with the Territory of Alaska, and proceeds thence due north to the Arctic Ocean. This vast territory contains great lakes and great rivers. The Mackenzie is one of the largest rivers in the world, and empties into the Arctic Ocean. Its estimated length is 2,500 miles, including the Slave River, which is a part of its system. This river is generally navigable' except at the base of the Rocky Mountains, where it is interrupted by cascades. The country through which it runs is rich in mineral deposits, including coal. The Peace, another great river oi the N orth-West, has an estimated course of 1,100 miles, draining a country containing vast agricultural and mineral resources. Another great river which takes its rise in the Rocky Mountains is the Saskatchewan, which empties into Lake Winnipeg, having a total length of about 1,500 miles. This river is navigable from the lake to Fort Edmonton, and it drains an immense agricultural region. There are numerous other rivers in this territory, such as the Nelson, the Churchill, the Winnipeg and the Assiniboine. The lakes are the Great Bear Lake,the Great Slave Lake, the Athabasca, Lake Win- nipeg, and others. The Great Bear Lake contains an area of 14,000 square miles. The Great Slave Lake has a length from east to west of 300 miles, its greatest breadth being 50 miles. The Athabasca Lake has a length of ‘230 miles, averaging 14 miles in width, having, however, a very much greater width in some places. Lake Winnipeg has a length of 280 miles, with a breadth of 55 miles, but its shape is very irregular. There are numerous other lakes of large size in the North-West. The Nelson River drains the waters of Lake Winnipeg into Hudson Bay; and the extent of its discharge may be imagined from the fact that this Lake receives the waters of the Red River of the North, as well as of the River Winnipeg, the Saskatchewan and others. The mouth of the Nelson River is nearer to Liverpool than is New York, and the navigation, it is believed, is continuously open for over four months in the year. Efforts are, therefore, already being made to render available this near communication from the very centre of the continent with the port of Liverpool. The Churchill River, which takes its rise near the base of the Rocky Mountains, and flows into Hudson Bay, is likely to become, in the near future, of great importance, as opening up the immense wheat and cattle raising areas of the Peace River region, con- necting them with Hudson Bay navigation. At the mouth of the Churchill River is found one of the best harbours in the world ; and this may give it an advantage over the Nelson, there being a sand-bar at the mouth of the latter. The Canadian Government is now engaged in obtaining more definite information with respect to Hudson Bay navigation. Generally speaking, a line drawn from the south-east corner of the Lake of the Woods, and running north-west to the height of land, divides this territory into two nearly equal portions, and for the most part follows the course of the isothermal lines. A diagonal line thus drawn also roughly separates two geological formations, the southern half being 90 GUIDE BOOK FOR ssrrnsns. 101 generally available for agricultural purposes. The portion north of this line comprises the wooded portion of the North-West. It is rich in mineral and other resources, and un- doubtedly, as the country comes to be more thickly settled, will be cultivated in parts. A remarkable feature of this great extent of territory is its division, along lines run- ning generally north-west and south-east, into three distinct prairie steppes, or plateaux, as they are generally called. The first of these is known as the Red River Valley and Lake Winnipeg Plateau. The width at the boundary line is about 52 miles, and the average height about 800 feet above the sea ; at the boundary line it is about 1,000 feet. This first plateau lies entirely within the Province of Manitoba, and is estimated to con- tl1_ll11(l;_l)Out 7,000 square miles of the best wheat-growing land on the continent or in the wor . The second plateau or steppe has an average altitude of 1,600 feet, having a width of about 250 miles on the National boundary line, and an area of about 105,000 square miles. The rich, undulating, park-like country lies in this region. This section is specially favourable for settlement, and includes the Assiniboine and Qu’Appelle Districts. The Bell Farm is situated in the Qu’Appelle District. The third plateau or steppe begins on the boundary line at the 104th meridian, where it has an elevation of about 2,000 feet, and extends west for 465 miles to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, where it has an altitude of about 4,200 feet, making an average height above the sea of about 3,000 feet. Generally speaking, the first two steppes are those which are most favourable for agriculture, and the third for grazing. Settlement is pro- ceeding in the first two at a very rapid rate; and in the third plateau it is beginning, while numerous and prosperous cattle ranches have been established. PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS. The Dominion Government, by Order-in-Council, has formed out of this territory, for postal purposes and for the convenience of settlers, four provisional districts, named respectively Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabasca. DISTRICT OF ASSINIBOIA. This district comprises an area of about 95,000 square miles. It is bounded on the south by the International boundary line, on the east by the western boundary of Mani- toba, on the north by the 9th Correction line of the Dominion Lands System of Survey into Townships, which is near the 52nd parallel of latitude. On the west it is bounded by the line dividing the 10th and 11th Ranges of Townships west of the 4th initial meridian of the Dominion Lands Survey. The Valley of the Qu’Appelle is in the District of Assiniboia, being on the second plateau or steppe of the continent, reaching from Red River to the Rocky Mountains. This valley is a favoured part of the North-West, and settlement in it is proceeding with surprising rapidity. The Dominion Government has an immigrant station at Troy, and this district has been selected for the large farming experiment known as the “ Bell Farm. ” This scheme has features which have interest beyond a simple private enterprise on a very large scale. The experiment embraces a scheme of a wheat farm of a hundred square miles, or 64,000 acres, but so divided as to make it also a colonizing scheme, the intention being to sell the whole out to the workers after a few years’ operations. A section of -one square mile of 640 acres is divided into three equal portions of about 213 acres, and the cultivation of this third of a section is placed in the hands of one man. Comfortable houses and stables are built at the corners of these third sections in such way that four houses and four stables come together, making, as it were, a little village on the road allowance. A man and his team are able to cultivate two-thirds of this apportionment, leaving one-third fallow every year, thus leaving the whole fallow once in three years, as well for recuperation as to destroy weeds, some kinds of which are apt, with the best cultivation, to make their appearance in wheat. The harvesting is done by the self- binder, and the threshing by the powerful steam machinery of the farm. The work is thoroughly systematized; and the whole of the buildings were about to be connected by telephone shortly after the writer of these lines left thisfarm a few months ago. The average .crop of wheat in 1873 was 21 bushels to the acre, much of this grown on the first turn- ing of the sod. The yield in 1884 was very bountiful, and much over that of the previous _year. ‘In order to save teaming very large weights of wheat, it is put in large wooden \.‘‘m ‘‘ - .. e\ h..\.. ‘‘m Nev 44.401‘. .>. nlpfi. Id 104 DOMINION OF CANADA. tanks or receivers spread over the farm, as it comes from the powerful steam threshers which are used. The wheat produced is of the very highest quality, and often weighs 65 lbs. to the bushel. Comparatively high wages (£84 stg. a year) are paid to the men employed, and each has a house and one acre of ground, rent free. These uniform arrangements, and division of men and horses at equal points over the immense area of the farm, with just as much placed under one man’s charge as he can comfortably manage, so simplifies the control of the whole as to place it under easy command from the centre of operations. The point of greatest attention of all is bestowed upon the care and feeding of the horses, as the source of motive power for the farming operations. The horses are, however, worked to their capacity. It seems to follow naturally that the men who work these good sized farms of 213 acres, and who are highly paid, and made as comfortable as possible, would embrace the opportunity that is to be offered them of becoming possessors of them ; the whole scheme thus melting into one of uniform colonization of a hundred square miles. Major Bell is the able projector and manager; and the scheme so far is reported to be largely pecuniarily successful. The Benbecula colony, settled by the crofters from the estate of Lady Gordon- Cathcart, is in this district, about ten miles south of the Wapella railway station, and the results which it has exhibited are worthy of notice. An advance of £100 stg. was made to each crofter, to enable him and his familyto emigrate and also to settle on land, security being taken on the land itself for repayment of the advance, with interest at 6 per cent. This security being on a farm of 160 acres, is of course more than ample. The colony has been decidedly successful. Professor Tanner visited it in 1883, and again in 1884. Speaking of these colonists, when he saw them, shortly after their arrival, he said: “ They soon (after their arrival in May) commenced ploughing the turf of the prairie, simply covering in their potatoes with the fresh-turned turf. They also sowed their wheat and oats upon the newly-turned sod. Very rough style of farming many will be disposed to say; still it must be remembered that they had no choice, but the results caused them no regret. Within eight weeks from the time of planting the potatoes they were digging their new crop, and beforetwo weeks had passed I had some of those potatoes for dinner, and I do not hesitate to say that for size, flavour and maturity, they were excellent. The roughly sown wheat and oats were then progressing rapidly, and a good harvest awaited their ingathering. During the summer they had raised a better class of house, they had secured a supply of food and seed for another year, and their settlement was practically completed. A total area of about 3,200 acres had thus been secured, the quality of the land was good, the surface was gently undulating over the entire area, and it was as nicely wooded as many a park in the Old Country. The change in their position had been so quickly accomplished, that I can readily imagine that they must at times have wondered whether it was a dream or a reality. Was it really true that they were no longer small tenants and labourers struggling against pecuniary difficulties which well nigh tempted them to rebel, and that they had so suddenly become the owners of happy homes and nice farms, without the shadow of a care or a fear as to their future support? It was true, and the deep gratitude manifested by those settlers towards Lady Gordon-Cathcart no words of mine can adequately describe, It was obviously unnecessary to inquire whether they were happy in their new homes; but I did ask one of the party whether he had sent home to his friendsa full account of the place. ‘ Why, sir,’he replied, ‘ if I only told them half, they would never believe me again.’ ” Professor Tanner’s report of his second visit in 1884 was in every way confirmatory of his first. These results show that capital may be safely as well as beneficently advanced, with suitable management, to persons who are able to shift and work for themselves on farms in the Canadian North-West. Another and somewhat similar attempt at colonizing was made in course of the year 1884 in this district, from, however, quite a different source, namely, the East End of London, by a society of which Mr. Burdett Coutts, Sir Francis de Winton, Sir John W. -Ellis, the late Lord Mayor of London, Mr. Rankin, M.P., and thers were the principal movers. This society made advances to a party of East End Londoners with their families, who were brought out under guidance, placed on homesteads, and generally instructed, as fully as possible, how to proceed; one hundred pounds to each family being advanced, in the same way as to the Benbecula colonists, and with the same security. There appeared to be more elements of risk in settling a colony of East End Londoners on farms than one of Scotch crofters. This colony, however, has, so far, succeeded beyond expectation. It has been oflicially visited by the Rev. Mr. Huleatt, of Bethnal Green, one of the promoters. He made an inspection of every family and homestead, and declares himself to have been CHAPTER IXu TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS, TRAVELLERS, DELEGATES AND EMINENT MEN. The Earl of Dufl"e-rin.-—When Lord Dufferin visited the North-West in 1877, travelling over large stretches and camping out for several weeks together, after observation of its resources and conversations with settlers, he declared in a speech of great eloquence at Winnipeg that when the Dominion of Canada came to these vast regions she was no longer “ a mere settler along the banks of a single river, but the owner of half a continent, and in the magnitude of her possessions, in the wealth of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, the peer of any power on earth.” His Excellency the Marquis of L0me.—His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne, late Governor-General of Canada, made an extensive tour in the North-West in 1881, crossing the plains in waggons until he came in sight of the Rocky Mountains, and spending his nights under canvas. He also made a speech at Winnipeg, in which he described with great eloquence the impressions he had received of the territory over which he had travelled. The following are extracts : “ Beautiful as are the numberless lakes and illimitable forests of Keewatin—the land of the north wind to the east of you—yet it was pleasant to ‘ get behind the north wind ’ and to reach your open plains. The contrast is great between the utterly silent and shadowy solitudes of the pine and fir forests, and the sunlit and breezy ocean of meadowland, voiceful with the music of birds, which stretches onward from the neighbourhood of your city. In Keewatin the lumber industry and mining enterprise can alone be looked for, and here it is impossible to imagine any kind of work which shall not produce results equal to those attained in any of the great cities in the world. Unknown a few years ago, except for some differences which had arisen amongst its people, we see Winnipeg now with a population unanimously joining in happy oncord, and rapidly lifting it to the front rank amongst the commercial centres of the .ontinent. We may look in vain elsewhere for a situation so favourable and so com- manding, many as are the fair regions of which we can boast. “ Nowhere can you find a situation whose natural advantages promise so great a future as that which seems ensured to Manitoba and to Winnipeg, the heart city of our Dominion. The measureless meadows which commence here stretch without interruption of their good soil westward to your boundary. The Province is a green sea over which the summer winds pass in waves of rich grasses and flowers, and on this vast extent it is only as yet here and there that a yellow patch shows some gigantic wheat field. “ Like a great net cast over the whole are the bands and clumps of poplar wood which are everywhere to be met with, and which, no doubt, when the prairie fires are more care- fully guarded against, will, whenever they are wanted, still further adorn the landscape. The meshes of this wood netting are never further than twenty or thirty miles apart. Little hay swamps and sparkling lakelets teeming with wild fowl are always close at hand, and if the surface water in some of these has alkali, excellent water can always be had in others, and by the simple process of digging for it a short distance beneath the sod with a spade, the soil being so devoid of stones that it is not even necessary to use a pick. No wonder that under these circumstances we hear no creaking. . . . - “ There was not one person who had manfully faced the first difficulties—always far less than those to be encountered in the older Provinces—but said that he was getting on well and he was glad he had come, and he generally added that he believed his bit of the country must be the best, and that he only wished his friends could have the same good 110 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 111 1 fortune, for his expectations were more than realized. It is well to remember that the men who will succeed here, as in every young community, are usually the able-bodied. “ Favourable testimony as to the climate was everywhere given. The heavy night dews throughout the North-Vlfest keep the country green when everything is burned to the south, and the steady winter cold, although it sounds formidable when registered by the thermometer, is universally said to be far less trying than the cold to be encountered at the old English Puritan city of Boston, in Massachusetts. It is the moisture in the atmosphere which makes cold tell, and the Englishman who, with the thermometer at zero, would in his moist atmosphere be shivering, would here find one flannel shirt suffi- cient clothing while working. . . . u u . . . " With the fear of Ontario before my eyes, I would never venture to compare a winter here to those of our greatest Province, but I am bound to mention that when a friend of mine put the question to a party of sixteen Ontario men who had settled in the western rtion of Manitoba as to the comparative merits of the cold season of the two provinces, fgurteen of them voted for the Manitoba climate, and only two elderly men said that they preferred that of Toronto. . . . . - . . . “You have a country whose value it would be insanity to question, and which, to judge from the emigration taking place from the older provinces, will be indissolubly linked with them. It must support a vast population. If we may calculate from the progress we have already made in comparison with our neighbors, we shall have no reason to fear comparison with them on the new areas now open to us. Exclusive of Newfoundland, we have now four million four hundred thousand people, and these, with the exception of the comparatively small numbers as yet in this Province, are restricted to the old area. Yet for the last ten years our increase has been over 18 per cent., whereas during the same period all the New England States taken together have shown an increase only of 15 per cent. In the last thirty years in Ohio the increase has been 61 per cent. ; Ontario has had during that space of time 101 per cent. of increase, while Quebec has increased 52 per cent. Manitoba in ten years has increased 289 per cent., a greater rate than any hitherto attained, and, to judge from this year’s experience, is likely to increase to an even more wonderful degree during the following decade.” Rev. James MacGi-egor, D.D.—One of the party who accompanied His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne on his journey in 1881, was the Rev. Dr. James MacGregor, who has since written a descriptive article in the Contemporary Review. In that article he says: “ As day after day, and week after week, we drove across those fertile regions, it was a daily wonder to us all how they had been so long kept hidden from the hungry millions of Europe. From Winnipeg to the Rocky Mountains we did not come across a thousand acres that were not fit either for grazing or for agriculture. Of the marvellous fertility of the first prairie steppe, the Red River region, there is no doubt whatever. The soil is a rich, black friable mould from two to four feet in depth, and has in some places yielded crops of wheat for fifty years without manure. The unbroken prairie has a sward of the richest green, thick and close in the pile as velvet. Here is the evidence of hard-headed, practical Scotch farmers who recently visited the country. Mr. Gordon, of Annandale, says that ‘ beneath that surface of dried grass and ashes, consequent upon the frequent fires, there lies hidden a treasure in fertility of soil which, when developed, will sustain millions of the human race., ‘ Along the Red River,, says Mr. Snow, of Mid-Lothian, ‘ the soil is a very strong, black vegetable mould, and would carry paying crops of wheat for thirty years.’ ‘ As a field for wheat raising,’ says Mr. Biggar, of Kircudbright, ‘ I much prefer Manitoba to Dakota. The first cost of land is less; the soil is deeper and will stand more cropping; the sample of wheat is better, and the produce five to ten bushels per acre more, all of which is profit. On the whole, I was favourably impressed with Manitoba. No one who sees the immense extent of fertile soil and the excellence of its products can for a moment doubt that there is a great future before that country.’ A writer in Ha1per’s New Monthly Magazine for September, 1881, says: ‘ If one-half of the ground of that comparatively small portion which is drained by the Red River and its aflluents were sown to wheat, the product at an average yield would be 500,000,000 bushels, or more than the entire amount raised in the United States in 1880., ” Of the second prairie steppe, Dr. MacGregor says: “ This second plateau, which appears at one time to have been completely covered by forest, comprehends the splendid countries watered by the Souris River, the Assiniboine, the Little Saskatchewan, and the Qu'Appelle. No words can exaggerate the prettiness _and the richness of the country along the line at which we crossed it. No words can 112 DOMINION OF CANADA. convey the impression produced by travelling day after day, in the most delightful weather, through this magnificent land, and finding ever as we moved onward that the fertility remained wasted and hungering for the plough. From the time we entered that second steppe till we struck the North Saskatchewan, a journey occupying fifteen days' the general character of the country may be described as that of vast rolling plains from ten to thirty miles broad, stretching as far as the eye can see, and covered with rich succulent grasses, these plains lying between long and broad ridges of upland from five to ten miles across, running mainly north-west and south-east, and dotted with clumps of copse or bush. These copse clumps and glades, interspersed with pretty lakes, often look less like the work of nature than of the landscape gardener. . . . . It required an effort often to believe that this was ‘ No Man’s Land.’ Taking notes of the country hour by hour as we journeyed on, I find the words ‘park-like,’ ‘ copsy glades,’ etc., occurring with almost wearisome reiteration. Here, for example, is what I note of the prairie near Humboldt, the largest and cleanest we have yet seen, stretching absolutely treeless north- west and south-east far beyondvision: ‘ It was a fine breezy day as we drove along those vast downs, rolling like a lumpy sea, the colour precisely that of the Cheviots in autumn. and covered with rich close-piled and flower-flushed grass. As we reached a higher rising ground than usual, and looked around upon the boundless plain, unbroken by rock, or tree, or shrub, as smooth-shaven as a well-kept lawn, the expression would force itself to the 1ips,—Wonderful l’ ” Of the third prairie steppe, Dr. MacGregor says: “ At the point where we struck it, the escarpment which divides it from the second steppe was most sharply defined, being nothing less than the fine and bold ridge of the Eagle Hills. On ascending these hills we found that there was no descent on the other side, but that before us stretched a level prairie, whose difference in character as well as height from the prairie of the previous steppe was at once apparent. South and west stretched a great yellow circle,but with no wooded purple ridge, as formerly, on the horizon.” Speaking of the section of country where the cattle ranches are situated, on the third prairie steppe, Dr. MaoGregor says: “ The whole of this region may be said to be more or less under the beneficent infin- ence of the warm winter winds known as the ‘ Chinooks,’ whose true physical explanation has not yet been accurately ascertained, but of whose extraordinary effects in tempering the cold of winter there can be no manner of doubt. It is owing to these winds that snow never lies to any depth, and as a consequence cattle and horses find food and shelter for themselves all the winter through. The result is that ranching or stock raising on a colossal scale has already begun.” Referring to the Cochrane ranch, Dr. MacGregor says the numbers of stock were to be 7,200 by the end of October, and 20,000 when complete. He then goes on to say: “ In spite of the necessarily defective arrangements of a first winter, the result speaks volumes as to the admirable capacity of the country for stock raising, and this, be it re- membered, at an altitude of some 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. In a letter which I received from Lord Lorne, dated Ottawa, 5th April, 1882, he says: 'Cochrane is going to send in another 8,000 head. All his beasts have wintered splendidly. They used none of the cut hay, except for the invalid beasts. The herd has increased in weight all round. Only two have been killed, whether by whites or our Blackfeet friends they do not know., Of the fertility of the soil throughout most of this region we had the amplest proof. It is a pitch-black sandy loam, very easy to work. Near the northern extremity of the region on the Indian supply farm, close by Calgary, we saw for the first time ploughing on the prairie. A pair of horses and a yoke of oxen were each ploughing a mile-long furrow on rich haugh land, a sight which set me thinking about our farmers at home. The virgin soil had been broken in spring, and they were turning it over for fall sowing. Labour was scarce, poor and dear. They were roughly stacking the barley like hay, and the oats were being reaped; the crops of all kinds were in splendid condition. On a farm close by, where the oat crop was a wonder to behold, and where the oats were standing strong in the stem, and 41 inches high, we had the curiosity to count the produce from one self- sown grain of oats, and found them to be 2,691 grains. At another Indian supply farm, at the southern extremity of the region, we counted the returns from single grains of oats, and found them to be three times that amount, with as many as forty-five stalks to the stool, and each stalk like a reed ; while from one wheat grain there were eighty-five stalks to the stool, and fifty grains on the average to the stalk, or a return of 4,250. While there can be no doubt whatever that in the region under review there is an ample supply of fertile land, it is only fair to state that there was some conflict of opinion as to its suit- GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 113 ability for agriculture, the one serious objection being the occasional occurrence of early frosts. On the other hand, there was a pretty general consensus of opinion that this difliculty would be got over by the practice which is beginning to prevail of fall sowing, which insures that the seed, which the severe frost does not in the least injure, comes away with the first breath of spring.” The Hon. Horatio Seymour. —The following is an extract from a letter of the Hon. Horatio Seymour, late Governor of the State of New York. It is interesting as contain- ing an American opinion. Writing of what he saw in Manitoba and the Canadian N orth- West, the Hon. Mr. Seymour says: “ I saw thousands and thousands of acres of wheat, clearing 40 bushels to the acre, weighing 63 and 65 pounds to the bushel, and was assured by undoubted authority that, on Peace River, 1,200 miles north-west of where I was, wheat could be produced in im- mense quantities, equal to the best I saw in Winnipeg, while great herds of cattle were being fed without cost on as fine grassy land as the world affords. In short, between our north-western line of 45 degrees and 54 degrees 40 minutes §General Cass’ fighting point) there is a country owned by England, with greater grain am stock-growing capacity than all the lands on the Baltic, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean combined. The land laws of Canada are now as liberal as ours as to the homestead, prc-emption and free claims. People are crowding there rapidly, and towns are springing up as if by magic. Their great railway will reach the Pacific at the grand harbour of Puget Sound before our Northern Pacific will, and it will be extended eastward promptly to Montreal. The dis- tance to Liverpool will be 600 miles shorter than any American line can get the wheat of Dakota there.” Professor Sheldon.—The following is from a report of Professor Sheldon, of the College of Agriculture, Downton, England 1 “ I was much surprised to find among the Manitoban farmers one of my old Ciren- cester pupils. He had bought a farm of some 400 acres a few miles west of Winnipeg, paying, as was thought, the extravagant price of $20 (£4) an acre. He declared, however, to me, that he had the best farm in the locality, which may be taken as evidence of his being satisfied with it; and he was growing crops of turnips, potatoes, oats, etc., which were already a theme of conversation in the Province. This was done by better cultiva- tion than the land of Manitoba is used to, and it is clear that the soil will produce almost any kind of crop in a very satisfactory way, providing it is properly attended to. “ The soil of Manitoba is a purely vegetable loam, black as ink, and full of organic matter in some places many feet thick, and resting on the alluvial drift of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. It is of course extremely rich in the chief elements of plant food, and cannot easily be exhausted; the farmers know this, so they take all they can out of it in the shortest possible time, and return nothing whatever to it in the form of manure. By turning up an inch or two of fresh soil now and again, the fertility of the surface is renewed, and the same exhaustive system of growing wheat year by year may he pursued for a long period with impunity. It is true, in fact, that for several of the first years, at all events, manuring the soil would do much more harm than good.” The late Hon. William Seward.—To take another American witness, the following is an extract from a letter of the late Honourable William Seward, the Foreign Secretary to the late President Lincoln during the war with the South. His statement is both frank and explicit: “ Hitherto, in common with most of my countrymen, as I suppose, I have thought Canada a mere strip lying north of the United States, easily detached from the parent State, but incapable of sustaining itself, and therefore ultimatelv, nay, right soon, to be taken on by the Federal Union, without materially changing or affecting its own develop- ment. I have dropped the opinion as a national conceit. I see in British North America, stretching as it does across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, in its wheat fields of the West, its invaluable fisheries, and its mineral wealth, a region grand enough for the seat of a great empire. - Captain Palli.ser.—“ It is a physical reality of the highest importance to the interests of British North America that this continuous belt can be settled and cultivated from a few miles west of the Lake of the Woods to the passes of the Rocky Mountains, and any line of communication, whether by waggon or railroad, passing through it, will eventually enjoy the great advantage of being fed by an agricultural population from one extremity to the other. No other part of the American Continent possesses an approach even to this singularly favourable disposition of soil and climate. GUIDE BOOK ron ssrrnsns. 117 “ Climate is indisputably the decisive condition, and when we find the isothermal of 60° for the summer rising on the interior American plains to the 61st parallel, or fully as high as its average position for Europe, it is impossible to doubt the existence of favour- .able climates over vast areas now unoccupied. “ This favourable comparison may be traced for the winter also, and in the average for the year. The exceptional cold for the mountain plateaux, and of the coast below the 43rd parallel, marks the advantage more or less to those who approach these areas from the western part of the Central States, and from the coast of California; but though the distant mountain ranges remain high at the north, the width of their base, or of the plateau from which they rise, is much less than at the 42nd parallel. The elevated tracts are of less extent, and the proportion of cultivable surface is far greater. “ It will be seen that the thermal lines for each season are thrown further northward on passing Lake Superior to the westward in the charts of this work than in those of the military report prepared by the author. . . . . A further collection and comparison warrants the position now given to the thermal lines, placing them further northward than before, and extending them in a course due north-west from Lake Superior to the 58th parallel. For the extreme seasons, winter and summer, this accurate diagonal extension of the thermal lines across the areas of latitude and longitude is very striking. The buflalo winter on the Upper Athabasca at least as safely as in the latitude of St Paul, Minnesota; and the spring opens at nearly the same time along the immense line of plains from St. Paul to Mackenzie River. “ The quantity of rain is not less important than the measure of heat to all purposes of occupation ; and for the plains east of the Rocky Mountains there may reasonably be some doubt as to the sufficiency, and doubts on the point whether the desert belt of lower latitudes is prolonged to the northern limits of the plains. If the lower deserts are due to the altitude and mass of the mountains simply, it would be natural to infer their existence along the whole line, where the Rocky Mountains run parallel and retain their altitude; but the dry areas are evidently due to other causes primarily, and they are not found upon the 47th parallel in fact. It is decisive on the general question of the sufiiciency of rain tojind the entire surface of the upper plains either well grassed or well wooded; and recent information on these points almost warrants the assertion that there are no barren tracts of consequence after we pass the bad lands and the Coteau of the Missouri. Many portions of these plains are known to be peculiarly rich in grasses; and probably the finest tracts lie along the eastern base of the mountains, in positions corresponding to the most desert. The higher latitudes certainly differ widely from the plains which stretch from the Platte southward to the Llano Estacado of Texas, and none of the references made to them by residents or travellers indicate desert characteristics. Buffalo are far more abundant on the northern plains, and they remain through the winter at their extreme border, taking shelter in the belts of woodland on the Upper Athabasca and Peace Rivers. Grassy savannas like these necessarily imply an adequate supply of rain; and there can be no doubt that the correspondence with the European plains in like geographical position—those of Eastern Germany and Russia—is quite complete in this respect. If a_ difierence exists it is in favour of the American plains, which have a greater proportion of surface water, both as lakes and rivers. 0 I I 0 I ‘ 0 - . - . - 1 0 I - . I “ Next, the area of the plains east of the Rocky Mountains is no less remarkable than the first for the absence of attention heretofore given to its intrinsic value as a pro- ductive and cultivable region within easy reach of emigration. This is a wedge-shaped tract, ten degrees of longitude in width at its base, along the 47th parallel, inclined north- westward to conform to the trend of the Rocky Mountains, and terminating not far from the 60th parallel in a narrow line, which still extends along the Mackenzie for three or four degrees of latitude in a climate barely tolerable. Lord Selkirk began his efforts at colonization in the neighbourhood of Winnipeg as early as 1815, and from personal knowledge he then claimed for this tract a capacity to support thirty millions of inhabit- ants. All the grain of the cool temperate latitudes are produced abundantly. Indian corn may be grown on both sides of the Saskatchewan, and the grass of the plains is singularly abundant and rich. Not only in the earliest exploration of these plains, but now, they are the great resort for buffalo herds, which, with the domestic herds and horses of the Indians and the colonists, remain on them and at their woodland borders throughout the year. ll8 DOMINION OF CANADA. “ The simple fact of the presence of these vast herds of wild cattle on plains at so high a latitude is ample proof of the climatological and productive capacity of the country. Of these plains and their woodland borders the valuable surface measures fully five hundred thousand square mi Les.” So much for the principles affecting the conditions of climate in the Canadian North- West. It only remains to add that the farming products coincide with the conditions. The Attorney-General and Governor of the State of Wiscons'in.—Hon. L. F. Frisby, Attor- ney-General, and His Honour J. M. Rusk, Governor of the State of Wisconsin, visited the Canadian North-West in the summer of 1882. Mr. W. C. B. Grahame, the Immigration Agent of the Canadian Government at Winnipeg, being anxious to learn the views of these gentlemen, addressed to them a letter, to which they kindly replied. The Hon. Mr. Frisby said, under date Sept. 23, 1882: “ I saw nothing that did not indicate thrift and prosperity. The city of Winnipeg is a marvel of modern times; its rapid growth, its large and costly business blocks filled with the choicest and richest goods of a metropolitan city, its fine dwellings with their beautiful surroundings, the thousand tents sheltering the immigrant while engaged in erecting the more substantial place of abode, and the many long and heavy laden trains which came and went, impressed me with the conviction that the country surrounding must be rapidly improving and settling up. The many and large wheat fields which I saw in the Red River Valley—certainly, this year—indicate that for wheat raising no place in the North-West can excel it. So far as one could judge from a hasty view of the country surrounding your city, it seems to me that it must attract the emigrant hither, who is seeking a new home in the Far West. Of the climate, little can be said from actual observation of a couple of days; but from conversations had with intelligent gentlemen who have spent some years in your city, I am led to believe that it is favourable to agri- cultural pursuits, and withal healthful. On the whole, I formed a very favourable opinion of the resources and productiveness of your country.” His Honour, Governor Rusk, wrote the following words in corroboration : “ Exncurrvn Orrrcn, Mu>rso.‘1, WIS., Sept. 23, 1882. “ I fully concur with General Frisby in the foregoing statement. “ (Signed) J. M. RuSK, Governor.” Archbishop Lynch.—His Grace Archbishop Lynch, of Toronto, on the occasion of a visit to Ireland, wrote a letter to the editor of the Dublin Freenlan’s Journal, under date of June 7th, 1882, in which he gives his appreciation of the suitability of Canada as a field for Irish immigration, as follows : “ I am interrogated on all sides concerning Canada by persons wishing to emigrate. I would feel much obliged and relieved if you would kindly publish in your excellent journal my answer to all. “ 1. I would not undertake to advise any one to leave Ireland who could live in it in moderate comfort, except, indeed, parents having large families, who see nothing in the future for their children but poverty or emigration individually. “ 2. The Catholic Church in Canada is in a very prosperous condition. Priests and churches are to be found everywhere throughout the country, and Catholic education is on abetter footing than in the United States, where Catholics are obliged to support by their taxes the common or irreligious schools, as also to keep up their own at great expense. “In Canada this is not the case. Catholic taxes go to Catholic schools, wherever Catholics are numerous enough to establish them, and Catholics al 0 receive for their schools the per capita bonus from the general fund. “ The Government is Home Rule, such as the Government and Parliament of Canada, in its recent address to the Queen, desired should be granted to Ireland. The address assured Her Majesty that the Irish in Canada were amongst the most prosperous and loyal in the country. In our mind, Canada is the freest and best governed country in the world, and the people are happy. “The climate of Upper Canada or Ontario (the English-speaking portion) is tem- perate. It is the same as the northern portion of the State of New York. The everlasting snow of Canada is a myth. Toronto is on the meridian of Florence, in Italy, and re- sembles its heat in summer, and the winter, with the exception of a few days occasionally' is not colder than in Ireland. , : ‘“tt21n: ‘. ' -'1 iii -*‘i** i uu “‘ :lii-iii?n ‘ . D . ;- ... ‘I 1| . ‘ n L ‘l pp i li,liiiii- ii \‘u>14no.\<:mxc THE R001; MoU.\.1‘.iI1\.s. Bow Rivim. ExuR.u'isu 1-‘non A PHOTOGRAPH. 1.20 DOMINION OF CANADA. “ The soil is very fertile, almost as fertile for wheat, potatoes and other vegetables as Ireland, and excellent for raising cattle. “ The wages for farm hands are as good as in the United States. Wages for mechanics generally not so good, except in Manitoba, where wages are enormous ; but living is cheaper in Canada than in the United States. “ The lands in Ontario are mostly taken up by old settlers, who are selling out their improvements to new comers at a fair price. “ The lands of Manitoba and the North-West—an unlimited territory formerly occupied by the Hudson Bay Company—are thrown on the market for homesteads and for sale. “ The Government has reserved a large portion of land for homesteads—of 160 acres —for actual settlers, who pay only a few dollars for surveying fees. “The climate of Manitoba and the North-West is very cold in the winter, but the people are well prepared for it. Besides, the air being free from moisture, is not so pene- trating as in Ireland, where the pores of the body are kept open by the humid atmosphere. The soil is, in most places, exceptionally fertile. I have travelled through the country, and was astonished at the size of the potatoes and vegetables. The winter is long, but the vegetation is very rapid, and the crops ripen comparatively soon. The country is filling up very rapidly with inhabitants, many of whom sold out in Ontario, to have homesteads for their children. I have found Irish everywhere and prospering.” Test of Saskatchewan Coal.—Subjoined is a letter from the Londonderry Steel Company of Canada (Limited), descriptive of a test of a specimen of coal brought down last fall by Mr. James Turner, of Hamilton. He says in a letter addressed to the Hon. J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture, dated December 6, 1882: “ The enclosed report, handed me by Senator Mclnnes, will no doubt interest you, as the coal referred to was brought down by myself this fall from Edmonton as a sample of what was two years ago mined, or rather, I should say, dug out from about midway on the rise of the bank of the Saskatchewan, directly opposite Edmonton.” “ STEEL Conmxr or Czmxm (Limited), “ LormoxnERnr, N.S., Nov. 13th, 1882. “ D. MCINNES, ESQ., CORNwALL. “ My Dear Sir,—I have received the analysis of the Edmonton Coal. It is as follows ; - Fast Coking. Slow Coking. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.76.5 17.76 5 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.40. 4.40. Volatile Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.23. 23.98. Fixed Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.60. 53,85. “ The moisture is quite heavy; exclusive from that, however, the ash is indeed very small as compared to Pictou or Spring Hill coal. “ The volatile matter is not very high—not as high as desirable to make it a good coking coal. It must be a very good steam coal if it holds its own in size. Altogether, I would say that it is a very fine coal, and if in sufiicient quantity or thickness of vein and suitable angle, should be a very valuable property.—I am, very truly, " (Signed) G. JA.\mm.” 'l'estinumy of Onr Hundred and Fifty-three Farmers.-—-The Department of Agriculture has published a statement respectingthe suitability of Manitoba as a place for settlement, based upon the answers of 153 farmers, whose names and addresses are given, and to whom reference may at any time be made. A copy of this statement in pamphlet form, entitled “ What Farmers Say,” will be furnished post free by any of the agents of the Canadian Government on application by letter. These farmers testify : 1. That both the country and the climate are healthy. 2. That the soil is exceptionally rich, there being a black loam from one to four feet in depth, resting on a clay subsoil ; and that this soil yields good crops without manure. 3. That they have found no difficulty in getting wood and water for the purposes of their farms, but that sawn lumber is found to be at present dear. 4. That the prairie hay, which is very nutritious for feed, can be obtained in illi|nit- able extent for merely the cutting and drawing. 5. That the effect of the winter is not unfavourable on cattle. 122 DOMINION OF CANADA. “ I consider the North-West as very well adapted for dairy purposes, as we have many miles of natural meadows throughout the country, and hay can be cut and cured for about $1 per ton. We have five or six varieties of grasses that are good, and well adapted for stock‘feeding, while a few others are not so suitable. “ We have occasional frosts; generally one frost about the first of June; but not severe enough to injure the growing crops, and showers are frequent during summer. The average depth of snow throughout Manitoba is about 20 inches, and is quite light and loose. . . “ I consider the country healthy, and we have not been subject to any epidemic. We had fever in Winnipeg in 1875, but none in the country places. It was brought into Winnipeg, and owed its continuance there, no doubt, to overcrowded houses and in- sufficient drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ The average yield of grain is—wheat, about 30 bushels per acre; oats, about 40; barley, about 35; peas, about 50 bushels. "The soil and climate are well adapted for growing root crops. Our potatoes are pronounced the best in the world. Indian corn is not extensively cultivated, and I think the large kind could not be cultivated. . . . . . . . . . . “ I think that extensive settlement will prevent the ravages of the grasshoppers, and we have good reason to believe that we will be exempt from them during the coming season, as there were no deposits of eggs in the Province in 1875, and, in all probability, we will be relieved from that plague for many years to come. To‘ my own knowledge, the Province was not affected by grasshoppers for forty years previous to 1867, since which date we have had them 05 and on.” Professor lllac0un.—Speaking of the country in the higher latitudes, nine degrees north of the boundary, Prof. Macoun stated in his evidence before the Immigration Committee: “ At Vermillion, latitude 513° 24', I had a long conversation with old Mr. Shaw, who has had charge of this fort for sixteen years; he says the frosts never injure anything on this part of the river, and every kind of garden stuif can be grown. Barley sown on the 8th May, cut 6th of August, and the finest I ever saw; many ears as long as my hand, and the whole crop thick and stout. In my opinion this is the finest tract of country on the river. The general level of the country is less than 100 feet above it. “ At Little River I found everything in a very forward state ; cucumbers started in the open air were fully ripe; at Windsor, pole beans and peas werelikewise ripe August 15th. Fort Chippeweyan, at the entrance to Lake Athabasca, has very poor soil in its vicinity, being largely composed of sand; still, here I obtained fine samples of wheat and barley, the former weighing 68 lbs. to the bushel, and the latter 58 lbs. The land here is very low and swampy, being but little elevated above the lake. At the French Mission, two miles above the Fort, oats, wheat and barley were all cut by the 26th of August. Crop rather light on the ground. “ Mr. Hardisty, Chief Factor in charge of Fort Simpson, in lat. 61° N., informed me that barley always ripened there, and that wheat was sure four times out of five. Melons, if started under glass, ripen well. Frost seldom does them much damage. “ Chief Trader McDougall says that Fort Laird, in list. 61° N., has the warmest sum- mer temperature in the whole region, and all kinds of grain and garden stuff always come to maturity. He has been on the Yucon for twelve years, and says that most years barley ripens under the Arctic Circle in long. 143° W. “ The localities mentidned were not chosen for their good soil, but for the facilities which they afforded for carrying on the fur trade, or for mission purposes. Five-sixths of all the land in the Peace River section is just as good as the point cited, and will produce as good crops in the future. The reason so little is cultivated is owing to the fact that the inhabitants, whites and Indians, are flesh eaters. Mr. Macfarlane, Chief Factor in charge of the Athabasca District, told me that just as much meat is eaten by the Indians when they receive flour and potatoes as without them. “ At the forks of the Athabasca, Mr. Moberly, the gentleman in charge, has a first-class garden, and wheat and barley of excellent quality. He has cut an immense quantity of hay, as the Hudson Bay Company winter all the oxen and horses used on Methy Portage at this point. He told me that in a year or two the Company purposed supplying the whole interior from this locality with food, as the deer were getting scarce and the supplies rather precarious. This is the identical spot where Mr. Pond had a garden filled with European vegetables when Sir Alexander Mackenzie visited it in 1787. “ From my former answers it will be seen that about the 20th of April ploughing can commence on Peace River, and from data in my possession the same may be said of the Saskatchewan regions generally.- It is a curious fact that spring seems to advance from GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. . 123 north-west to south-east at a rate of about 250 miles per day, and that in the fall, winter begins in Manitoba first and goes westward at the same rate. The following data, selected from various sources, will throw considerable light on the question of temperature. It is worthy of note that Halifax, on the sea coast, is nearly as cold in spring and summer as points more than twelve degrees further north. “ The following are the spring, summer and autumn temperatures at various points' to which is added the mean temperatures of July and August, the two ripening months : Latitude north. Summer. Spring. Autumn. July at Aug. Cumberland House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53.37 62.62 33.04 32.70 64.25 Fort Simpson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6l.51 59.48 26.66 27.34 62.31 Fort Chippeweyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58.42 58.70 22.76 31.89 60.60 Fort William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4824 59.94 39.67 37.80 60.52 Montreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-£5.31 67.26 39.03 45.18 68.47 Toronto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43.40 64.43 42.34 46.81 66.51 Temiscamingue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.19 65.23 37.58 40.07 66.43 Halifax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . .44.39 61.00 31.67 46.67 66.55 Belleville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44.l 0 temperature nearly that of Toronto. Dunvegan, Peace River. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 56.08 average summer six months. . . . 54.44 Edmonton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53.3l . . . . . 39.70 . . . . . . . . . . Carleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..52.52 .. . .. 35.70 . . . . . . . . . . Winnipeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49.52 64.76 30.13 35.29 65.32 “ Any unprejudiced person making a careful examination of the above figures will be struck with the high temperatures obtained in the interior. Edmonton has a higher spring temperature than Montreal, and is eight degrees farther north and over 2,000 feet above the sea. The temperatures of Carleton and Edmonton are taken from Captain ]’alliser’s explorations in the Saskatchewan country during the years 1857 and 1858. It will be seen that the temperature of the months when grain ripens is about equal throughout the whole Dominion from Montreal to Fort Simpson, north of Great Slave ]--ake. The country, in my opinion, is well suited for stock raising throughout its whole extent. The winters are certainly cold, but the climate is dry, and the winter snows are light both as to depth and weight. All kinds of animals have thicker coats in cold climates than in warm ones, so that the thicker coat counterbalances the greater cold. Dry snow never injures cattle in Ontario. No other kind ever falls in Manitoba or the North-West, -so that there can be no trouble from this cause. Cattle winter just as well on the Athabasca and Peace Rivers as they do in Manitoba ; and Mr. Grant, who has been living on Rat Creek, Manitoba, for a number of years, says that cattle give less trouble there than they do in Nova Scotia. Horses winter out without feed other than what they pick up, from Peace River to Manitoba. Sheep, cattle, and horses will require less attention, and not require to be fed as long as we now feed them in Ontario. Owing to the light rain-fall the uncut grass is almost as good as hay when the winter sets in, which it does without the heavy rains of the east. This grass remains good all winter, as the dry snow does not rot it. In the spring the snow leaves it almost as good as ever, so that cattle can eat it until the young grass appears. From five to six months is about the time cattle will require to be fed, and shelter will altogether depend on the farmer.” And again, referring to the region supposed to be desert, Prof. Macoun continues: “ Mr. George Dawson, speaking of this region, says: ‘ In July of last summer (1873) I saw a band of cattle in the vicinity of the line south of Wood Mountain, which had strayed from one of the United States forts to the south. They were quite wild, and almost as difflicult to approach as the buffalo; and notwithstanding the fact that they had come originally from Texas, and were unaccustomed to frost and snow, they had passed through the winter and were in capital condition.’ ” EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF TENANT FARMERS’ DELEGATES FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. In 1879-80 a number of delegates from tenant farmers in the United Kingdom were invited to visit Canada, for the purpose of examining into and reporting upon its suitability as a field for settlement by their class. All these gentlemen were men of great intelligence and good standing; and they did, as they were invited, report their honest opinions. The following are some extracts : . GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 129 At all of the foregoing places there are oflices and stations; at which all immigrants may rest and obtain temporary accommodation on their arrival, Thesebflicers will afford the fullest advice and protection. They should be imme- diately applied to on arrival. All complaints should be addressed to them. They will also furnish information as to lands open for settlement in their respective provinces and districts, farms for sale, demand for employment, rates of wages, routes of travel, distances, expenses of conveyance; and will receive and forward letters and remittances for settlers, etc. The immigrant may also write to the Department of Agriculture of the Government of Canada at Ottawa, for any information he may desire to obtain. Letters addressed “ Department of Agriculture, Ottawa,” are post free. This Department will also supply maps and pamphlets when required. “ All emigrants to Canada, with scarcely any exception, are now carried by ocean steamers, which are in every way better fitted and supplied for this service than the old sailing vessels. Emigrants are brought quickly over in eight or ten days, being amply supplied with good food. The numbers which can be carried, even in the most crowded or busiest times, are limited by the Imperial Passengers Act to such as can be properly carried. without resorting to overcrowding, or such crowding as would be injurious to health. A certain number of feet of space is prescribed by law for each passenger. The steamships are in all cases inspected by officers of the Imperial Government before de- parture, to ensure the carrying out of the provisions of the Passengers Act. The steamship owners are, however, as a rule, sufliciently alive to the conditions necessary to secure the comfort and well-being of their passengers, in order to continue to deserve public support, it being certain that those whom they have carried will send reports to their friends. From all this care and interest, it follows there is now very seldom room for any reasonable complaints. The old ship diseases, which were so com- mon and so disastrous under.I:he old system, are now almost unknown. IMMIGRANT STATIONS IN CANADA. At Quebec, on the Point Levis side, is the principal port of entry in Canada for immigrants from beyond the sea, and the Government at that point maintains a large establishment for their reception and proper care immediately on arrival. They can here obtain tickets for any point inland to which they may desire to go, if they have not been provided with through tickets before sailing. In this last case their steamship tickets are here exchanged. All their luggage is landed and passed through the Custom House, and all immigrants’ effects in use enter duty free. Immigrants can at this point obtain meals or provisions for use on the railway trains on very reasonable terms, under arrangements made by the Government and supervised by Government oflicials. Those who are absolutely indigent have meals provided for them at the expense of the Government; but as a rule it is better, and more consistent with the self-respect and self-reliance which are so generally the rule in a new country, that all those should pay their way who can. Immigrants may mail letters or send telegrams to their friends from this point; and they may also exchange an money they may bring with them for the currency or money of the country without su ering any loss in difference of values in these transactions, the Government oflicials supervising everything under rules, by which they are guided, from the Department at Ottawa. Immigrants who have any complaints about treatment should make them immediately after arriving at Quebec to Mr. Stafford, the Government agent, and he will take what action is necessary in the circumstances; but, as stated above, the arrangements and care are now so perfect on board the steamers, and particularly those of the >rincipal lines, that there is very little room for anything of this kind. The stringent aws and rules in force were really made for a past state of things; but it is well it should be known that such protection exists. Immigrants arriving at Halifax in winter, after the close of St. Lawrence navigation, will see Mr. E. McC. Clay, the Government agent at that point, where they will find all the provisions in force, as stated in the preceding paragraphs. The laws passed by andCanadian Parliament contain strict provisions for the protec- tion of immigrants, and for Imposing severe penalties for all attempts to practise imposi- tion upon them. l 3 2 DOMINION OF CANADA. ABOUT BUYING TICKETS. The intending emigrant will do well to put himself in communication with the agent of the steamship line by which he has made up his mind to sail, either living at or near the place where he resides. He will generally get all the information from such agent regarding the rates of passage, steamship outfit, and deposit to be made for secur- ing his passage. Such agent, moreover, will probably be able to give him information respecting the Government assisted passages. On this subject it is, however, well to write to any of the Canadian Government agents, whose addresses are given on page 128. An emigrant is generally advised to take his ticket to his place of destination in Canada, if that is fixed, as he will thereby be saved from the trouble of getting another ticket at the port of arrival; and in the case of assisted tickets, the lowest railway fares are added in the fares given by any of the agents of the steamship companies, either in taking an ordinary steerage ticket or an assisted passage. Emigrants who have no fixed place of destination should take their tickets to Quebec ; and at this point they will learn from the agent where they are likely to obtain work, and may take their further tickets accordingly. The prices of all ocean passage tickets are generally very widely advertised in the newspapers, and by means of handbills, etc. Immigrants should avoid trusting touters and bad characters who very often loiter about shipping oflices; and should take care only to have dealings with the regular agents of the steamship companies or the agents of the Government. It happened formerly, also, that immigrants were particularly liable to imposition on their arrival at American ports, but this has now for the most part been done away with. Young girls, however, should be very careful not to suffer themselves to be approached by persons whom they do not know, either on board steamships or after their arrival. Agriculturists in search of land, and specially those going to the North-West, should be very careful how they receive the glowing representations which are made to them by agents of land companies who will waylay them at many points on their journey, and particularly if the route taken should happen to be through some of the Western States. An immigrant bound for Manitoba should persevere, in spite of all representations or mis- representations, in going to see for himself. DURING THE PASSAGE. As soon as the emigrant gets on board the steamship he should make himself acquainted with the rules he is expected to obey whilst at sea. These are generally printed and himg up in-the steerage. He should do his best to carry them out; tobe well-behaved, and to keep himself clean. He will thus add not only to his own health and comfort, but to that of those around him. If he should have any grievance or real cause of complaint during the passage, he should of course make it known to the captain, who wlll naturally seek to have justice done, as well for his own interest as for that of his ship and his employers. But if for any reason there should be a failure in this, the immigrant should make his complaint to the Government agent immediately upon landing at Quebec, while the ship is in port. ‘ The master of the ship is responsible for any neglect or bad conduct on the part of the stewards,.or any of the oflicers, or the crew. All steamships carrying emigrants have doctors on board, and in case of sickness, any emigrants will receive medical care and medicine, with such comforts as may be considered necessary by the doctor. The large steamships have stewardesses to look after the female portion of the steer- age passengers, who have separate and isolated accommodation in the better class of steamers: a necessary precaution where large numbers of both sexes are carried within a limited space. LUGGAGE. The attention of emigrants cannot be too particularly directed to everything about their luggage. In the first place, it is very desirable that they should not encumber themselves with unnecessary articles, as these, besides causing them a great deal of trouble may in the end cost a great deal more than they are worth. On the steamship bills the passenger will find stated how many cubic feet of luggage he can take with him on board. Cabin passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet, intermediate GUIDE BOOK FOR ssrrmns. . 133 passengers 15 feet, and steerage passengers 10 cubic feet of luggage free. It may, however, happen that the number of cubic feet of luggage which the steamship will allow is very mulch heavier than the 150 lbs. in weight allowed to each passenger on the Western rai ways. The railways in the older Provinces of Canada are very liberal in dealing with emigrants’ luggage, and will let pass anything that is not very much out of the way. On the Western railways, however,the luggage is weighed, and high freight rates are charged for all in excess of 150 lbs. weight per passenger. A family or party going together may have their luggage all weighed together, and no charge made unless there is an excess above an average of 150 lbs. for each. Many heavy lumbering things sometimes carried by immigrants are not worth paying the excess of freight for, and can be better and more cheaply purchased on arrival at their destination. The luggage and boxes or trunks of every passenger should be plainly marked with his name and destination. All heavy luggage and boxes are stowed away in the hold, but the emigrant should put in a separate and small package the things he will require for use on the voyage; these he should keep by him and take into his berth. Emigrants sometimes suffer great loss and inconvenience from losing their luggage. They should, therefore, be careful not to lose sight of it until it is put on shipboard; it is then perfectly safe. Upon arrival in Canada, it will be passed by the Customs officers and put into what is called the “ baggage car ” of the railway train, where it is “ checked ‘ to its destination. This means that there is attached to each article a little piece of metal with a number stamped on it, while a corresponding piece, similarly numbered, is given to the passenger to keep until his destination is reached. The Railway is then responsible for the safety of his luggage, and will not give it up until he shows his “ check.” This custom has great safety as well as convenience. After arriving at Quebec or Halifax, however, the emigrant should see that his luggage is with him on the same train; and if he is going to the North-West via the United States, he must see that it is passed by the United States Customs oflicers there, and again put on the train. Many have suflered great loss of time and otherwise from not taking this precaution, their luggage having been left behind. WHAT TO TAKE. The emigrant should take with him as good a supply of clothing as he can. Woollen clothing and other kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, h0use-linen, etc., are generally cheaper in England than in Canada. Generally all bedding should be taken, and the covers or ticks of the beds, but not the materials with which they are stuffed, as these would be too bulky, and can readily be obtained on arrival. Many of the little household necessaries which the emigrant possesses he might do well to bring, and they may rove very useful; but still it is advisable to consider well the weight and bulk, and how ar it is worth while. Articles of household furniture, crockery, stoves, or heavy articles of hardware, should be left behind or sold, except in some circumstances for special reasons which the emigrant will consider. It must be borne in mind that such articles are very liable to breakage, especially on long railway journeys to the West. Agricultural labourers should not bring any of their tools with them, as these can easily be got in Canada, of the best kinds, and suited to the needs of the country. Gener- ally speaking, the farining tools used in England would not be suitable for Canada. Mechanics and artisans will of course bring the special tools for their special trades . and pursuits; but they must bear in mind that there is no difliculty in buying any ordinary tools in Canada at reasonable prices, and that it is better to have the means of purchasing what they want after reaching their destination, than to be hampered with a heavy lot of luggage on their journey, causing them trouble and expense. As a general rule the tools made in America are lighter and better adapted to the needs of the country than those made in the Old Country. MONEY. . In bringing out money from the United Kingdom, it is better to get a bill of exchange or a bank letter of credit for any large sum, as then there is no danger of its -being lost. Any smaller sums are better brought in sovereigns or half sovere.igns, as far as possible, rather than in silver or bank bills Even Bank of England bills are subject to the rate ot exchange, which may vary, and not always in favour of the emigrant. But gold sovereigns GUIDE BOOK FOR ssrrnsns. 135 cultnrist. A colony of East Londoners were settled in the North-West Territories during 1884, near the Moosomin station of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and they have already adapted themselves to the ways of the country and done fairly well. It has happened that young men who have been engaged in offices, and other sedentary occupa- tions, have settled on Government Free Grant lands in Manitoba with success and a sense of satisfaction. These statements are made to show what men can do who resolutely set about to adapt themselves to a given situation, rather than as a general invitation to men who would not have such power of adaptation to leave sedentary pursuitsior the occupation of agriculture. Any person whatever who goes to Manitoba—and more especially those who desire to take up land—should make himself acquainted with the system of the Dominion Lands Surveys and the marks on the maps—both the system of surveys and maps being quite different from those in the old Provinces and the Continent of Europe. The settler is referred to the directions under this heading in previous pages of this Guide Book in the chapter on Manitoba. The principles are very simple, and a half hour,s study will make him acquainted with them; and a very little practice will enable him to apply them to any map or any portion of surveyed territory in which he may find himself placed. In addition to learning the map and the arrangement of sections, parts of sections and townships on it, the settler should make himself acquainted, as soon as possible, with the mounds, posts or monuments, which are placed on the prairie itself, to mark the townships and sections down to quarter sections. So soon as a man has learned this he could not be lost in any surveyed part of the N orth-West; but, on the contrary, if he was dropped from the clouds or from a balloon. in any part of that region he would set himself to work to find the nearest mounds and posts; and, from the figures and letters that he would find on them, he would know his exact position, and the bearings of the compass, and his distance from any given point, as accurately as the most approved appliances and a good observation of the sun enable a mariner to know his exact spot on the ocean. A very full and exact direction how to obtain this information may be found in the “ Land Prospector‘s Manual and Field Book,” by Captain Chas. William Allen, of Winni- peg, which contains diagrams of the mounds and monuments, sections and townships; gie “éhole oflicially approved by the Department of the Interior of the Government of ana a. RATES OF WAGES AND COST OF ARTICLES \F LIVING IN CANADA. The tables following contain the wages actually paid in Canada averaged at the close of 1885, and also the cost of the common articles of living, as reported by the agents of the Government in the cities and Provinces named. All wages, as above explained, are of course liable to variation with circumstances, but the figures given may be accepted as actual quotations at the date and places named in the tables. It should be particularly borne in mind with respect to the Manitoba quotations, that they refer to the actual places named, and not to points in the North-West distant from those places, where all prices may be seriously affected by freight charges or other circum- stances. ;g[ .snzv1.LJ.ss nos xoos scnno AVERAGE RATE CF WAGES IN THE SEVERAL PROVINCES IN THE YEAR 1885.-Continued. . . . ~- IPROVINC. ', .\*1Z>U>. .. ~ \ll|‘,....‘\ Q mam“ wmmMmwmmwmwwwmmmmmwemwamwwmmwmW $ 000,H000OO0003O5467es00w002OO00O0O10H 0 0 00. mo“ mu‘. t t6 6 . . ‘ 6 U Q Hunmummm .mw% wnnm m muw mm mmm mww . . . . . .4 ..... ..H0H20H000.000m VV1xx1m~JG. to 66 66 66 to 66 t HwwamammflwwmmHwmwwwmmmamwww H0004.054H9500H0O6000O0O00Om 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 ‘ \ \ 6|‘ 6 mmm%HHmmH. Huumw mx mm %. .0 .0 0 ..HIQOOHH HHHOOOOHOO. l I l I I I MANITOBA. “H OH -4. Q Q PRICES IN 'rm.: YEAR 1885. BRANDON. 0 6.05 to o.1és\ 4 (0 to 0 30 Q “mm wuwmmmummwanawmmnnuwmasaammmmmmM ‘ .$ 000..0O0000000205544400400300600000OW l-IALIFAX. % r<2c\' ll _ , , ‘ 1 » BI:UNb~\*ICK_ I\()‘ .-\ §LOTIA. I II M‘ "“.— E.." l l: \ 1 I I 0 . t . Q n ImwmwmmwumammmmwwmuwwmmwmwmmwmmmaW 0 .Hm00OO0O0001054235O02002000000000H [' l ‘ ,l ‘i \ ‘F I 0 6 6 6 6 6 V 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 4010 0 50 ~ 1. l~-ln‘ll10§ .I|I.|..6Y v l I ._ Q mummHmmwmwmmmmmmmwmmnnmamwamwmwwwmw. $ 000..HOOOOOOOOIOPO_On/.~OOl00nDO03000000000H . . . . . . - - n - . - . - . . - - . . . ~ - ~ - . . . Colvrlcoox e Mmmmwmmmwmmw%wmmmwmwwwm%wm%uw%%m%%%QM M $ 00OOO0OOOOO002O552650O4002000000000H O 066 0 06666 0.06666 ‘ t66 t666 tt666 61 t _ ‘ Q m I “mum Hm I Hwm%mm Hw Hmmwwm Hm% H 0 . . . Hn000H0H.00020H4.52004.02H 0| t6 THE WQRKING GLASSES——Continued. PRov1NcE 6 - . - . - 4 - - - - - - - . . . - - n . n - . - . . . n - o - u a 6 u n - - o - a Q u 6 . n . - . . - . 5% gler bushel. . . . lb. - - u . n o n n AR'l‘ICLES. best V\’h-I-L.6., er lb. 66 I 66 66 rdoz........ 1.: ‘barrel, first Buckwheat, pe Fish, dry or green cod, pe per cord. .. perlb. .. shoulders, per lb Herrings, per barrel Mllstard, per lb. . . per 100 lbs Pepper, per Ker bushel umwflk brown ack, per lb. . “ green “ Tobacco “ Bacon, per lb . B.1.o:ad, Butter, Beef, per lb . .. . Mutton, p Veal, Pork, - Beer, per quart Candles, per lb. Cheese, Coffee, (lornmcal, per 100 lbs 1§ggS.PB 1‘“lo‘ur, pe Firewood Ham, 66 Milk, per quart... .. Oatmeal, Potatoes, Rice, per S0ap.y Sugar, Salt, Tea, Coal Oil, per gallon LIST OF RETAIL PRICES OF THE ORDINARY ARTICLES OF FOOD AND RAIMENT REQUIRED BY l,1.. Molasses, scion woos new wmaavwwm. Z; 1 i I PRICES IN 'rm‘; YEAR 1885. c wmwwm%%mmw..wwwMm%%%%wm%wmm%% THE WORKING CLASSES—C0ntinued. . _ M . . T DA OHNHHHNNHHIIIIIIIOIlllvllllm I m“ t »|-----'---h - . > m _ R . c wmwm..m“w§~ww%%www.mww%...m.w%..m%m..mmw . M _.B _ $.4.93100000002l00001122001011 M _ - -‘ ‘ll1;1 l ._ .‘. . , Q mmm.1;.8‘es.2\wwwa\ ‘ M M $. 594.111101003100009.l3ll1 H H H H _ F 0 ..v\ 1' S I t III -1" HHH -... L U m \ mmm .mw mum sw H2HH\mW O av..2..000.002.000Hn..nuHHn~“. . N Incl K. . .|l|l H E v c wwwww.ummwwwwwwmW..mwwmw%%.mm . . WW K _ 8. ,0_4.09_101110031000111w®.100 . . w0 Onn~uunuunnu> v_vvv\ |. m.“fJ Q .3. 0 -33 U . M.Mmww7wng%%1%w%w%mw%wwnwn..H“ W . 2100000001100001010 no N H H . . , .1\. .. O K c wmww%%m%mw% W mwuwwwwmww um H W W m M H . m. $. 8H532lll200 . .0000324 “O . . H H H H C m""-|%-'- ---1- ....HHW . n ---,---- ---- ..u|l W mm c mwwmmmwm%%mH..%wmw%wwu“ummmm F C _ 3 45321000000 H 0000111 . . H . . W W W H 0 ‘... -- - i E . u n.H..i , 4- C mmmmm..m.mm\>‘m‘‘ m H m . av5H322100200510000o.u.23200WHH“ _ V R Onnu nunn vulu . O . t --. ‘H‘ m M Mmmmmwmmmmammmmamsun111$A L .8211...1003.0000““..“|lHnHH, .1. nunuunnn .." . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..lW 233$ytmfifimtmtxfi I m$$$t.$$$$$%1W33 m fi$m$3m$$1$Twaxy HHnnnuuununuuunnnmummsemnH. . C unn'-m,nunuuuunnuu‘2\un_ I . . . . . ..»,....“HH . . . . . . ..o.k.. T R HHHH“.,...m“mnumH.m “uHnS-H%.H A "...“m,awm“m‘“mm. ..uuummuun .w uHw“nmu“mHr““mmmm.m.HRmm e“uu..Hw_.n.n....mr.mm. uHHHe¢ne.. w ..JmHHHa.r, .u. v mtm t L.-l.d.n.Hag h;s;sO o.mi _ n enrwHmmr.Ym m.n“nr 00 Q or- nw6w.S enrfi l,se,see Bn .. Tde_ ntd .rmp.e.l Cnmnmbttn 0 HVS a0n-t0t..,.D..h.... 6 eobtle . E r us 0 . n 0 e . uoe flc rtwcg1am.mmwmwM FMM _ mam. SSPN» Wf,& .%.mn.U.dS .. S ,8. I M‘ w+&r¢1 amk. nwsenweae B m ,n .w .. W 0. men- _ ram. nunmmmm. ml at ..e. . M m C T\S DHS BRFUSCS B .m M L C . LIST OF RETAIL PRICES OF THE ORDINARY ARTICLES OF FOOD AND RAIMENT REQUIRED BY 142 DOMINION OF CANADA. The preceding tables show the relative proportions between rates of wages and the cost of living. Of course, wages may fluctuate with circumstances in different localities, and so may the items which form the cost of living. In the older Provinces, however,. fluctuations of this kind are not likely to be so great as in a new community, such as in Manitoba or the North-West, for instance. Both the rates of wages and the cost of living are generally higher in Manitoba and . the North-West than in the older Provinces. This state of things is incident to the par- ticular circumstances of a new community, and especially in view of the suddenly rapid development which has taken place in Manitoba—a Province which is distant from the old centres, and one, moreover, which it takes the workingman considerable time and money to reach. In Manitoba there has been what is called a “rush” to obtain land. Large sums have been expended both by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Govern- ment. The effect has been to create excitement and high prices; but things are now beginning to settle down to the level of the older Provinces. A gentleman from England, who visited Canada to examine into the suitability of this country as a field for English immigration, inquired of the Department of Agriculture whether it would not be possible to indicate oflicially, and with precision, what kinds of mechanics, artisans or labourers, and in what numbers, would be sure to obtain work. This question is the first to occur to all men who give particular consideration to the sub- ject of immigration. It is the object of this Guide Book to furnish the information that will form the most intelligible answer to the question. The classes who would be sure to do well in this country, and the numbers in which they are invited to come, have been fully indicated. But it may be repeated here, and cannot be too well borne in mind, that there is practically no limit to the demand for men to work the land, and for women to assist in domestic service. Next in order of numbers would come those mechanics and artisans who do the work of building in all its branches, incident to opening up a new country. But these should. only come when specially re- uired. q The Department of Agriculture did, a few years ago, send circulars to all parts of the- Dominion to ascertain what numbers and what classes of immigrants were required in each locality, especially the numbers of labourers, other workmen and female domestics. The Department caused the answers received to be tabulated; and these indicated that in the five Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Manitoba,. nearly 150,000 persons of these classes were required. This system of ascertainin and tabulating the wants of localities was not continued, for the reason that it was foun to be impossible to obtain and transmit such lists to the United Kingdom in time to have the wants supplied. The time required to make repre- sentations to the emigrating classes, and afterwards for them to act on such representations, was too long to make that system of any practical use; and the conditions of a locality became changed in the meanwhile, other incomers supplying the wants. The practical course now taken is: the agents of the Department take means to inform themselves of the demand for labour of all sorts within their several districts, and direct the immigrants accordingly on their arrival. This system is found to be effective, and experience has demonstrated it to be the only one available. Those agents, in their respective localities, keep books of application and registration. It is practically found that prosperous times and the opening up of new lands attract a large immigration, while, on the contrary, times~ of commercial crisis and depression check it. Lastly, it may be pointed out that the communities which have been built up chiefly by emigration are among the most thriving, energetic and prosperous in the world. The group of Australian colonies, the United States and Canada, are examples of this. The men and women who voluntarily emigrate are naturally not the least energetic or enter- prising of the peoples from which they come, and fresh stimulus is given when they find in the new country the conditions of success in life open before them on almost every side. It is not simply or mainly, therefore, a question of the higher wages an immigrant can earn in the new country; but, although he may be called upon to endure some hardships, it is the chance of bettering his position in life; a chance which has come for hundreds of thousands who were poor, and are now well-to-do and even rich—for large communities' in fact, now claiming the rank of nations. GUIDE BOOK FOR SBTTLEBS. 1433 APPENDIX. DOMINION LANDS REGULATIONS. Under the Dominion Lands Re ulations all .snrvcyed even-numbered sections, excepting 8 and 26, in Manitoba and the North- ’est Territories. which have not been homesteaded, reserved to provide wood lots for settlers, or otherwise disposed of or reserved. are to be held exclusively for homesteads and pre_emptions. HOM ESTEADS. Homesteads ma be obtained upon payment of .an Oflice Fee of Ten Dollars, subject to the following conditions as to the l'BSl(l0l'lCP and cultivation: . In the “ Mile Belt Reserve,” that.is the e.ven-numbered sections lying within one mile of the Main Line or Branches of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and which are not set a art for town sites or reserves made in connection with town sites. railway stations, mounted po ce posts, minin and other special urposes, the honiesteader shall begin actual residence upon his homestead within six months mm the date of entry, and shall reside upon and make the land his home for at least six months out of every twelve _months for three years from the date of entry ; and shall within the first year after the date of his ho.me.stead entry, break and repare for crop ten acres of his homestead quarter-section, and sh.a_ll within the second year crop t e said ten acres, and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional makin. tweny-five acres ; and within the third year- after the date of his homestead .entr he shall crop. t e said twent -five acres, and break and pre- Eare for crop fifteen acres additiona ; so that within three years 0 the date .o_fhis homestead entry e 81:13? have not less than twenty-five acres cropped, and fifteen acres additional broken and pre- pare or crop. . . Land, other than that included in Mile Belt, Town Site Reserves and Coal and Mineral Districts' may be homesteaded in either of _the two following methods: 1. The homesteader shall begin actual residence on his homestead and cultivation of a reason- able portion thereof within six m_onths.from date of entry, unless entry shall have been made on or after the lst.day of September, in which case residence need not commence until the 1st day of June following. and continue to live upon and cultivate the land for at least six months out of every twelve months for three years from date of homestead entry. 2. The homesteader shall begin actual residence, as above, within a radius of two miles of his- homestead, and continue to make his home within such radius for at least six months out of every twelve months for the three years next succeeding the date of homestead entry; and shall within the first year from date.of entry break and prepare.f0r crop ten acres of his homestead quarter section; and shall.within the second year crop the said ten. acres, and_ break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional—makin twenty-five acres; and within the third ‘year after the date of his homestead entry he shall crop t c said twenty-five acres, and break an prepare for crop fifteen acres additional, so that within three years of the date of his homestead entry he shall have not less than twenty-five acres eropged ; and shall have erected on .the land a habitable house in which he shall have lived during the t ree n...oI.ll5h5 next preceding his application for homestead patent. In the event of a honiestender .d0Sll'1ng to secure his atent _within a shorter eriod than the three years provided by law, he will be permitted to pure ase his homestead on urnishin proof that he has resided on the land for at least twelve months subsequent to date of homestead; entry. PRE-EMPTIONS. Any homesteader ma at the same .ti_me as he makeshis homestead entry, but not at alater date, should there be avai able land adqoining the homestead. enter an additional quarter section of and as a prc-en.iptio.n on payment of an oflice fee of ten dollars. - The pre-emption right entitles the h.omeste.ader, who obtains entry for a pre-emption, to pur- chase the land so re-cmpted on becoming entitled to his homestead patent; but should the hoine- steader fail t0 ful l the homestead conditions, he forfeits all claim to hlwffi-CHIDIIOD. The price _of pre_emptions is two dollars and fifty cents an acre. here land is north of the northerly limit of the land grant, alon%the mainline of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and is not within twenty-four miles 0 an branc of that Railway, or twelve miles of any other Railway, pre-emptions may be obtained or two dollars per acre. TIMBER. Homestead settlers. whose land is destitute of timber .may, upon payment of an otflee fee or fifty cents, procure from the Crown Timber A ent a 1permit to cut the followiiig quantities of tim ber free of dues t 30 cords of wood, 1,800 lineal eet.o_f ouse logs, 2,000 cubic rails, and 400 roof rails. In cases where tl_iere_is timbered land in the vicinity, available for the urpose, the homestead settler, whose land is without timber, may purchase a wood lot, not exeee ing in area 20 acres, at the rice of five dollars per acre cash. icenses to cut timber on lands within surveyed townships may be obtained. The lands covered. by such licenses are thereby withdrawn from homestead and pre-emption entry and from sale. 144 DOMINION OF CANADA. PAYMENTS. Payments for land may be in cash, scrip, or Police or Military Bounty warrants. COAL. Coal Districts have been set apart as follows: 1. On the Souris River, south of Moose Mountain. 2. On the South Saskatchewan River, near Medicine Hat. 3. On the North Saskatchewan River, near Edmonton. 4. On the Bow River. 5. On the Belly River. . . _ 1Tl16l2])5lgC6 per acre is, for land containing lignite or bituminous coal, $10.00, and tor anthracite coa . . . en two or more parties apply to purchase the same land, tenders will be invited. GRAZING LAN DS- Leases of Grazing Lands may be obtained for a period not exceeding twenty-one years, but no single lease shall cover a greater area than 100,006 acres. The rental is two cents an acre per annum. The lessee is obliged, within each of the three years from the date of grantin the lease, to place upon his leasehold not less than one—third of the whole amount of the stock wl'iic he is required to p ace upon the tract leased, namely, one head of .catt.Ie for every ten acres of land embraced by the lease, and shall during the rest of the term maintain. cattle thereon in at least that proportion. After placing the prescribed number of cattle upon his leasehold, the lessee may purchase land, within the tract leased, for a home, farm and corra . MINERAL LANDS. Any person may explore vacant Dominion lands not appropriated or reserved by Government for other purposes, and may search therein, either by surface or subterranean pros cting, for mineral deposits, with a view to obtaining a mining location for. the same, but no mining location shall be granted until the discovery of the vein, lode, or deposit of mineral or metal within the limits of the location oi claim . . . . . On discovering a mineral deposit any person may obtain a mining location, upon marking out his location on the und, in accordance with the _r8glllal;l0l15 in that behalf, and filing wit the Agent of Dominion nds for the district, within ninety days from discovery, an aflidavit in form prescribed b Mining Regulations, and .ying at the same time an offlce fee of five dollars, which will entitle t e person so recording his c aim to enter on the land and work it_for one year. At any time before the expiration of one year from the date of recording his claim, the claimant may, upon filing proof with the Lo.cal A ent that he has expended in actual niinin_g operations on the claim the amount prescribed in the ining Re 1_ations in that behalf, by payin to the Local Agent therefor the price per acre fixed by the .regu .ations. and a further sum pf fi ly dollars to cover the cost of survey, obtain a patent for said claim as provided in the said Mining egulations. INFORMATION. Full information res ecting the Land, Timber, Coal and Mineral Laws, and copies of the regu- lations, may be obtaine upon application to THE MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR, Ottawa, Ontario ; THE COMMISSIONER OF DOMINION LANDS, V.Vinnipeg, Manitoba ; or to any of the Dominion Land Agents in Manitoba or the N orth-West Territories. t A. M. BURGESS. Dep. Minister of Interior. LIST OF DOMINION LAND AND CROWN TIMBER AGENTS IN MANITOBA AND NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. Name of Agent. Name of District. Agency. Post Office Address of Agent. A‘; \¥{l_iitcher . . . . . .. }¥l§_lllp8g-.. . . . . . Dominion Eds finntipeg, Manitoba. . . iam . . . . . . . .. u erin . . . . . . . . . . . .. ‘ “ ani ou, ‘ $7. .. . . . . ..|{§i.tttlle Saskatchewan. ‘Z :‘ gIl;IL{lBdO$a, “ . . en an . . . . . .. ir e.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ‘ ‘ i e, “ .. Olementi Smith.... Souris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. “ “ Brandon, “ John Flesher, Acting. Turtle Mountain. . . .. “ ‘ Deloraine, “ W. H. Stevenson . . %u.’Appelle . . . . . . . . . .. “ “ Regina, Assiniboia, N. VV. 1‘. John McTag art . . . . . . rince Albert .. .. “ “ Pr. Albert. Saskatchewan, “ J. J. McHu . . . . . . . .. Coteau . . . . . . . . . . . . .. “ ‘,‘ Carlyle, Assiniboia, “ Edwaig A. ash .... .. galttleford . . . . . . . . . .. ‘: “ galtt etorfilfialstliatchewan, “ mos owe. . . . . . . a gary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ‘ “ a gary, e , “ P. V. Gauvreau . . . . .. Edmonton . . . . .. , “ “ .dmonton, Alberta, .“ ,II:]‘i‘F. SAteplhenson Ecflinnipteig. [Crown Timber fjtzllnnipteg, Alb mi" ll/§iIa"n.‘%t;'iI}I_a. os. n erson . . . . . .. mon n ‘ mon on, e . . . C. L. Gouin ...... . . .. Cal ary... . “ “ Calgary, “ “ D. J. Waggoner . . . . . . . Prince Albert. “ “ Pr. Albert, Saskatchewan, “ 146 DOMINION OF CANADA. fiuni oudnvm ccodfi Q: dfianzumu on ~35 £ouE>c.~m oE3€d§H 05 5 use» 05 no mg was Pawn Q5 cud moo5>o.#~ ~25: 23 H0 @042 uaoam 05 ms :35 .E3e.$ 30.5 $5 ~o $6.5 Q.E.|.~.E.oZ _ 9% @ fin $4 8.2 I 8.8 _ ................ .. E2. N-8M . - ~ - ~ . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - - - . . - .. |. 8~ . . . - - - ¢ n - ¢-_- u - - - - - - . . ¢ 1mom-1 \>.-F oa._F 9% =2 54 “.2 E3 <83 QSG, 2. 24 mg ...................... .;=E==:=0 52.5 $2 ,15 ~3~ Qua ._.fi...E a.%3 >.m_a: H 3 N: 3.“ ............ ............. £€:=E>. 1 -!~ 4. ‘ ‘. \m 2w a\ v ¢ ...... ........................ ..¢¢o ‘' mi ~~ 4 '% ; .a 2 N\ ¢ ................................ .. \5 ~_.m.@. w.w~ wow“? Qua Quin mfiw Tum. .5 mmé. .h. ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x3e»m:=.Gm 3:,/. \| 1 ..‘ ~ ‘ ‘. . \ _ ‘ 2\ ‘ ............................ c¢s \ :‘ m.w@ Tm; mum.-w \1 wc~ _ m.\ m-m _ h\ ‘N ‘ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s00 to¢o 00 \1 - ' I I I I . _ _ I ~ 9» HOAH msmhfiaflz do QQ~M ~fi0@hU=-SK/. _ .6w.‘®nH _ . .‘iOwh®m .m0kO<. m2.u-norm 1 3 ~53 .:om.$nH BEA vm . 4 ~u~~ ‘. ‘ ‘ m‘o‘ m\u\.. \..‘‘~ Va\ ‘ .mu§.ww..~ 9,3 mHAas o.\~1/£0 _ I __ E5 zoikomomm II I . I .zF=o._om¢ “I I I I IIIII I R_¢.$u.~ EQQE i _ mi 352 _ ¢;.r§ .§.sa.~. §.¢_;.m ...................... A33. find“ _ N@N¢»mAaX|.>N I . . - . - . - . . . . ~ - . . \ . . . . - . . - . - - . . . . -DQMHSMHRQH anag- u1\ ,~ \.. ‘' ‘ ~-- '2 |l~\ ....|l.. . . . \W‘0 \ ,, ,, \,, -' -' Z|l|l 2 .... . . . . \‘' |n -. . ~~ .4 ‘‘ ‘ .. \.\ |l.\‘‘._ 22 .. . \¢s a1\.. ,,.‘ \‘.' ~\~ \ ‘. . ‘..‘ ‘m‘‘‘ 2&2 ..... .. ¢c\ .$nB_ ~-\| _ 8%~ \‘‘ .. ‘\ "‘‘ \¢ o.8e\_> ..¢ N \~, ,-, ‘ ‘' --‘.' - , Z.. __‘ ‘-‘ ........ \' \¢ N1 3 83¢ . 25.3 5.5 _ \‘ Eww $.-‘ &.‘.2 Q3 ‘..................... 6:53 ~.E,s§ 85.5 I |I.I_ _ “I _ I ‘ .m3dEwr.~ .‘25>~ _ .m2dEor.H .m2.5>H _ JO pom €._rE=Z — 1 . I II III II .. II II Am: .52 Jami. m . .. ‘ _ m Imflomaoh Im:o‘.$c~ ,, 5 .mm‘< v.mLZ~>ROZ L .5: _ .5w _ ."._‘_-O _ww_ QZ< Z|m_I$Bw uo 3 com N862 1%.» @168 '&2. ~ En t.- .8 a2 we“? 3 News. Em _2. web; 3&2‘ 5%. was Sade 136 2- Qwdq Eb; &~ wn1wi R8 3 “REM .m:.s:.gue: dovwnwfi .m:.S.-3 .oG .a50 .Z ‘3n__a .B£.mo5o_>~.m:.s.$5:A .m£Eo£Q .emo_rwcoO we £9550 .mo:o§.=O _ _ ‘_& mI_r e-0 ®Z\HU_\_m¢ Hwmn HHQ WDWZAWQ 83.8 2-32 was 81aa _ ::.2m._ Gwfiw ........ .333. 5. ~32 am N~ H Sew fin. .......... ..si2E.é 25. . 4 . w . . . .... .. . . ma. “mm mm: Wm. M? fir _. ..........._.“...~_.........m..s.»_ ease e~a..\_ es: fines ¢.:.H§. %~..§e M. . . 2.220 2&2 as.“ E..‘ _ =3.~ _ Q; as H . §..5 .. .... .. 8._...=2 §.§ BC _ Ea Maya $e.%. Ema a2sm==.5 .52 $93 as N 5 s_....e 5.3 Qmfi . .......... .. seem s:../. as as an so me». _ 5.2 as Q ... . .. E55 ssié 85.5 — . M 55 .E_.__.£ ..___..._a_...m.J_. a.._....H__mw~.H.w_s .._2s£ s.s_.w_ swws .3220 .=._sE<_ .weozH>oma _ . . . , _ _ |||I|| I-III CHI P _ $3\ | 9_3: mi? e83 ‘ $25 Nwqzn; §‘3m .385. §. ‘ ...........'......... . .. 1‘ 34 . ..m2._8is.._ 2!. \‘.. ~ . . ‘ _ .‘ \ E\‘ \ E2 1% 2: is 5.... _ 2?. 2% ...E8E\2 8.1 53~ 4‘ ‘~‘- .‘a @3e .. 2\.5 5?. 83 :. 1\ sums $.43 ewe $.55 23‘ an E} E3 85: §..§ ass as¢fiim ..<.../. 5.8 3% ea} 83 £3‘ 5;: 52¢ .. ........ .. seam s5./. u~ ~ ~,. ' ‘ \ ......... .. ‘2 2‘\ \ 1:8: .e=£a_§ .5=E.m .B.Easm .m~5z~>o.5 ||Il|..u. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS HAVING OVER 5,000 INHABITANTS COMPARED. I POPULATION. Numerical . increase . Percent- NAMES. PROVINCES. I or age_ 1871 I 18211 decP@==w8 _ I Montreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Quebec . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107,225 140,747 ‘$33,522 31.21 ' 56,092 86,415 30,323 54.05 59,699 62,446 2,747 4 .60 29,582 36,100 6,518 22.03 _ 26,716 35,961 9,245 I 34 .60 . 21,545 27,412 5,867 27 .23 St. John.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. New l_3runsw1ck . . . . . . .. 28,805 26, 27 * 2,678 * 9.29 London... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15,826 19,746 3,920 2476 Portland . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. New Brunswick . . . . . . .. 12,520 15,226 2,706 21.61 Kingston ................. .. Ontario ............... .. 12,407 14,091 1,684 13.57 -Charlottetown . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Prince Edward Island . 8,807 11,485 2.673 30.40 Guelph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6,878 9,890 3,012 43.79 St. Catharines . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,864 9,631 1,767 22.46 Brantford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ontario.. . . . . . . . . . .. 8,107 9,616 l,H)9 18.61 Belleville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ontario.. . . . . . . . . . .. 7,305 9,516 2,211 30.26 Trois-Rivieres . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Quebec .. . . . . . . . . . .. 7,570 8,670 1,100 14.53 St. Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario .. . . . . . . . . . .. 2,197 8,367 6.170 280.83 Stratford... . . . . . . . . . .. Ontario.... . . . . . . . . . .. 4,313 8,239 3,926 91.02 VVinnipeg .. . . . . . . . . . .. Manitoba.. . . . . . . . . . .. 241 7,985 7,744 3213.27 Chatham . . . ‘ . . . .. Ontario.... . . . . . . . . . .. 5,873 7,873 2,000 34.05 Brockville.. . . . . . . . . . .. Onta1'i0.. . . . . . . . . . .. 5,102 7,609 2,507 49.13 Levis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Quebec .. . . . . . . . . . .. 6,691 7,597 906 13.54 Sherbrooke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Quebec .. . . . . . . . . . .. 4,432 7,227 2,795 63.06 Hull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Quebec .. . . . . . . . . . .. t . . . . . . . . . .. 6,890 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . .. Peterborough . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ontario.. 4,611 6,812 2,201 47 73 VVindsor .................. .. Ontario.. . 4,253 6,561 2,308 J 21; . uebec . . . . .. . 1 . . . . . . . . . .. 6,415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ew Bl'11118W1 . . 6,006 6,218 212 _ . British Columbia 3,270 5,925 2,655 81.19 . uebec .. 4,408 5,874 1,466 33.25 . uebec .. 5,636 5,791 155 2.75 . Ontario 5,114 5,585 471 9.21 . Ontario 3,982 5,373 1,391 34.93 . Quebec .. 3,746 5,321 1,575 42.04 Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,827 5,187 1,360 35.53 Lindsay . . Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,049 5,080 1,031 25.46 Moncton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. New Brunswick . . . . . . .. t . . . . . . . . . .. 5,032 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Totals . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 494,699 641,703 147,004 29 71 * The indicated decrease of the plopulation of the City of St. John is attributable to the great fire which occurred in the year 1877, w en half of the city was laid in ashes. Great numbers were thereby driven into the surrounding districts, and many whose business and social ties were thus severed did not return to the city. 0 The limits of the City of Hull and the Towns of St. Henri and Moncton not havin§ been defined in 1871, no comparison can be made. Leaving out the above city and towns, the tota. increase and rate per cent. are as represented in the table. N 0'rE.—In 1871 there were in Canada twenty cities and towns of 5,000 inhabitants and over, with .a total population of 430,043. In 1881 the number of such cities and towns had increased to 37, having 41. total population of 660,040. GUID:1 BOOK -FOR SETTLERS. 151 VALUE OF FISHERIES OF THE DOMINION. PROVINC-ES. 188L 1882. I 1883. 1881. I 1885. N0\.a Scotia .... .. . 96.214,781 50 97,191,418 96 97.68.,974 75 I $8,769.779 96 I $8,283.92! 81 NGw Brunswick 2,990,904 58 3,192,338 85 3,13-5.574 88 I 3,730,453 99 I 4,005,431 29 61100 ....... .. 2,751,962 50 1 76,515 81 2,138,997 12 1,694,560 85 I 1,719,459 01 . 08 Edward Is 1,955,289 80 1,855,687 25 1.272,467 99 1,085,618 68 1,299,420 64 British 0616n11118 1,454,921 26 1,842,675 05 1,644,645 42 1,358,267 10 1,078,038 00 0019150 ......... .. . 509,909 00 825,4’? 02 1,027,092 88 . 1,199,724 26 1,942,691 77 $15,817,162 64 $16,824,092 94 $16,958,192 98 917,766,404 24 917,722,979 18 RAILWAYS. The following table shows the progress of the Railway interest of the l)uminion from the 30th J une, 1876, to the 31th June, 1885: I ,,.§ 8 . I 3 . 5 I 81;; 1 8 8’: 8'9 4.9% E" -E 2 YEAR. 3-5 I 3 u =.;: I 5 Q‘: I -E f 5 33 \1 §§ ggs HQ; ; ; 5 O 1: FM J I ‘5 J I‘ " "“‘ Year 004199 30111 June,1876-... $317,795.468 5,157 5,544,814 I 6,991,757 ‘$19,358,084 n$15,802,721 1- 9 1977 ... 326,328,976 5,574 6‘073,233 ‘ 6,859,796 18,742,059 * 15,290,091 " " 1878 - -- 360,617,186 6,149 6,443,024 I 7,883,472 20.5 ,078 16,100,102 " -I 1879- - -1 362,068,198 6,484 6,523 816 8,348 810 19,925,066 16,188,282 " ,. 1880. . . ‘ 971,051,192 6,891 6 462918 9 968858 29,561,447 16 840,7¢ 5 -1 " 1881- - - ~ 389,285,700 7 260 61949611 12'065’923 27 987 509 20’121 418 _ -- 1- 1882- -- 415,611,810 7590 9 952995 19’575’7s7 29,027'789 22'990'708 ,. ,. 1889.... 494,253,046 818 5 91488625 191575787 99'228’865 2416891720 " , . 1881- - - -$57,614,469 9,55 99921958 197121269 931422404 25,595,992 __ " ,. 1885- -_ 1- 926,142,145 10.243 9,685,904 14,071,563 92,912,915 24,048,321 1-5'3 DOMINION OF CANADA. LIST OF CANADIAN RAILWAYS. June 30th, 1885. _ ’ Lnxern OF LINE. 8 , NAME or RAILWAY. Completed. - Under Z - Construc- ‘ (Rails laid.) tion. 1 Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 Atlantic & North-west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . ‘ . . . -- 7‘00 3 : Bay of Quinte & Navigation Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.50 ‘ _ . . , ‘ . . ‘ . . _ ‘ _ 4 (Canada Atlantic . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13430 . . . . . . . ‘ . _ _ . ._ 5 \Canada Southern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36-344 . ‘ . ‘ ‘ ‘ . _ . . . . __ 6 Canadian Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,119.20 3,744.40 207.00 \ Montreal to Ottawa (Section of Q. M. B. & 0. Railway). . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Credit Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 183.00 L Manitoba. South-western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50.70 ’ Ontario & Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199.50) Toronto, Grey & Bruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 192.00 7 (Caraquet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grog 40.()() 8 Carillon & Grenville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l 13.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Central Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 Chatham Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 Cobour , Peterboro' & Marmora . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35.00 , . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 Cumber and Railway & Coal Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Eastern Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.75 ‘ . . . . ‘ ‘ . . . . . _ _ 14 Elgin, Petitcodiac & Havelock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘ 14.00 13.00 15 Erie & Huron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 41.50 . . ‘ . ‘ ‘ . . . _ . ‘ _ _ 16 Grand Southern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......-. . ., 82.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17 Grand Trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 887.25 2,591.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Buiialo & Lake Huron . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 162.00 , Georgian Bay & Lake Erie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.50 Montreal & Champlain Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62.25 1 . ' Great Western Division Great Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 539.53 London & Por Stanley ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.66 Wellington, Grey 8; Bruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 168.35 Brantford, Norfolk & Port Burwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34.74 London, Huron & Bruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68.89 Midland Division Midland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.75 (Toronto & Nipissing ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.50 Grand Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.75 whitby, Port Perry & Lindsay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.3) Victoria—Lindsay to Haliburton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53.25 Madoc Junction to Bridgewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.50 13 Great Northern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 7.84 . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . 19 Hamilton & N orth-western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 176.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 Intercolonial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 861.00 19.(!) 21 International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘Z3 Jacques Cartier Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.81 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 Kent Northern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 Kingston & Pembroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 Manitoba & North-western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.54 51.60 26 Massawipgi Valley...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ 34.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27 Montreal Sorel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ 44.67 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 Montreal & Vermont Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. ; 23.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 l Napanee, Tamworth & Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l 28.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 .New Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 174.00 ’ New Brunswick & Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127.00 \ 415 00 St. John & Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. %.00 . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . Fredericton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $.50 31 New Brunswick & Prince Edward's Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17.00 20.00 32 Northern Railway of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l $119.74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Northern & western of New Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 67.00 40.00 34 \ Northern & Pacific Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60 101.25 35 North Shore (Section of Q. M. O. & O. R’y) Quebe : to Montreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 North-western Coal & Navigation Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109.50 37 Nova Scotla, Nictaux & Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73.00 38 ,Oxford to New Glasgow (Section of Montreal & European Short Line R’y. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 00 39 }Pontiac & Pacific Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 Prince Edward Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 210.60 * . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 Qu’Appell a Long Lake & Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Quebec & Lake St. John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.00 L 15.00 43 Quebec Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154.00 40.00 44 Stanstead, Sheflford & Chambly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43.00 ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 South-Eastern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.00 I . Montreal, Portland & i"0.—ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45.00 ~ 260.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lake Champlain &. St. Lawrence Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63.00 \ 46 St. Lawrence & Ottawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47 St. Martin's & Uphain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 29.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48 Thousand Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49 waterloo & Magog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.00 4 30 10 Mis>.i1‘quoi Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.10 . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . 50 western Counties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 .00 ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 windsor & .- napolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84.00, 116 00 E windsor Branch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32.00) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " : . ]0,55.'.84 - 812.25 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 153 BANKING. BANK STATEMENT FOR DECEMBER I884 AND I885. LIABILITIES. 18111 I 1885. Usvltal paid u11 - $61,605,520 71 , $ 61,763,279 48 C1rculat1on.... 31,935,933 10 32,363,992 53 Deposits: - Payable on demand. . 48,230,&36 36 1 59,210,% 92 Payable after notice 71 a fixed day . 51,428,550 87 51,324,060 63 Held as securit¥3.... . 575,113 65 1 736,534 2; Made by other an 1,423,516 42 . 1,246,377 27 Due other Banks or Agenc . . . . . . . . . . . 1,474,289 72 2,230,724 Other Liabilities... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 306,977 84 328,207 45 Total Liabilities . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $135,374,937 96 $147,440,252 65 ASSETS. 1884 1885 S ecie and Dominion Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $18,477,386 33 3 19,156,888 12 otes of and Cheques on other Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,100,270 03 7.869.777 29 Due from Agencies and other Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19,861,448 87 23,239,223 03 Dominion Debentures or Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,405,435 84 4,317,070 50 Other Government Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: 1,612,985 81 1 3,351,106 04 Loans to Dominion and Provincial Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,368,310 77 2,466,832 74 Loans or Discounts for which Collateral Securities are held. . . . . 11,929,655 74 12,556,050 53 Loans to Municipal and other Corporations. .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,210,155 07 15,649,229 43 Loans to or Deposits made in other Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 741.508 71 851,742 0'» Discounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,109,496 22 125,493,660 61 Debts Overdue, not Secured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,345,542 69 | 1,644,546 82 Debts Overdue. Secured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . 3,091,569 07 2,022,278 95 Mortgages on Real Estate and Real Estate held by the Banks .. 2,053,782 28 2,040,939 14 Bank Premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,188,745 14 3,317,860 03 Other Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . .. 2,291,199 16 3,886,342 50 Total Assets .......................................... $215.7§7§11 73- $227,863,546 72 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 155 THE CANADIAN CANALS. S'r. LAwRENCE SYs'rEM.-The great lake and river system of Canada has been made continu- ously navigable for a distance of 2,384 statute miles, by a connecting chain of ten canals, oom- risin 71 miles of artificial na . tion. This system extends from the Straits of Belle Isle to un er ay, at the head of Lake uperior. The following table of distances indicates also the respective positions of these canals, thus :— STATUTE MILES Straits of Belle Isle to Father Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Father Point to Rimouski . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. 6 Rimouski to Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 177 Quebec to Three Rivers (or tide-water) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Three Rivers to Montreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 86 Lachine Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8} Lachine to Beauharnois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17% Beauharnois Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 17} St. Cecile to Cornwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32} Cornwall Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11} River and Farran‘s Point Canal. . . . . . . . . . . . 16} Rapide Plat Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 River and Point Iroquois Canal. . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Junction and Galops Canals... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 4k Prescott to Kingston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66% Kingston to Port Dalhousie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Port Dalhousie to Port Colborne (Welland Canal) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 27 Port Colborne to Amherstburg. 232 Aniherstburg to Windsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Windsor to Foot of St. Mary’s Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 ‘ Foot of St. Mary’s Island to Sarnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 Sarnia to foot of St. J oseph’s Island . . . . . . . . . . .. . 270 Foot of St. J oseph’s Island to Sault Ste. Marie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Sault Ste. Marie Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Head of Sault Ste. Marie to Pointe aux Pins. 7 Pointe aux Pins to Duluth, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 390 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,384 DISTANCES 'ro. Li_vER.PO0L.—Add to this table the 2,234 statute miles, distance from the Straits to Liverpool, and it gives a total navigable length of 4,618 miles from Duluth, the extreme head of Lake Superior, to Liverpool. DIFFERENCE OF LEvELs,—The difference in level to. be overcome, to where tidal influence ceases, is about 600 feet. Of this, the Canadian canals, with a total number of 53 locks, overcome aheight of 532% feet. The one-mile long Sault Ste. Marie Canal, built by the United States, has one lock, lifting 18 feet. SizE 01-‘ L0oKs.—The size of the locks in this system ranges from 200 to 270 feet in length by 45 feet in width; The depth of water is from 9 to 14 feet, and the Government intends to make the whole route flt for vessels of 12 to 14 feet draught of water. OTTAWA CANALS.—The canal route from Montreal to Ottawa and Kingston has a total length of 246} miles, with 59 locks exclusive of the Lachine Canal, and a lockage of 533} feet. The new works on this route give 9 feet water in locks 45 x 200 feet. ST. LAwRENCE AND NEw YonK.—Canal navigation is secured between the St. Lawrence and New York by means of the Richelieu River and.Chambly Canal. This has 9 locks, with 7 feet depth of water; and connects by Lake Champlain with the United States Erie Canal, and the Hudson River; a total distance of 411 miles. TRENT RIVER N AVIGATION.—0f the Trent River navigation, between. Lake Huron and the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario, 235 miles, only part has been made navigable, chiefly for the passage of timber; and 155 miles’ distance is available for light draft vessels. Sr. PE'rER‘s CANAL.—FiIla11y, there is the St. Peter's Canal cut through an isthmus half-a-mile wide, between St. Peter's Bag on the Atlantic and the Bras ‘Or Lakes of Cape Breton. It has a lock 48 x 200 feet, with a dept of 18 feet and a breadth of 55 feet. 156 DOMINION OF CANADA. \ DISTANCES. QUEBEC T0 LIVERPOOL, Via STRAITS or BELLE ISLE AND MALIN HEAD, NORTH OF IRELAND I I I s L. 5°? ' 55 <15 FROM | To melons 55-32 135 Navigation. gfifi I 52 Quebec. ., . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..|Sa_g'uenay_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. River St. Lawrence .. . . 106 122 Saguenay . . . . . . . .. .. .. Father Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. do 53 61 Father Point . . . . . . . . . . .. Lighthouse West End Anticosti. do 176 202 West End of Anticosti. . ga 1e V£'lliittIlJe, 1Ilitiilbrador goast. ..‘Gnlf of St. Lawrence. .. 175 201 - j‘ e e se ig ouse, ast en- Cape Whlme ------- -- 1 trance of Straits .............. ..' do 209 240 Belle Isle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Malin Head, North of Ireland. . . . Atlantic Ocean . . . . . . . . . 1,750 2,013 Malin Head . . . . . . . . . . . Liverpool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do and Irish Sea 192 221 Total from Quebec to Liverpool, via Belle Isle and Malin Head, North of _- Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,661 3,060 QUEBEC TO LIVERPOOL, Vla CAPE RACE AND MALIN HEAD, NORTH OF IRELAND . ‘ _ Sections ‘£75 *2 g; FROM To N .of t_ g~§= E: , avi 2:. ion. Q , s L, =2 we Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Saguenay .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... .. River St. Lawrence .. .. 106 122 Saguenay _. . . . . Father Point. .. do . . . . 53 61 Father Point.. . Metis Point . . . . . . . . . . . . .. do 22 25 Metis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Cap Ste. Anne des Monts do 71 82 Cap Ste.Annedes Monts. Cap de la Madeleine. . . . . .. do 46 53 Cap de la Madeleine. . . Fame Point . . . . . . .. .. do . . . . 29 33 Fame Point . . . . . . . .. Cap des Rosiers . . . . . . . . .. .. . . do . . . . 25 29 Cap des Rosiers.. . . .. . . . . Cap St. Pierre de Miquelon . . . . . . Gulf of St. Lawrence. .. 343 394 Cap St. Pierre di Mique- lon . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Cape Race . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Atlantic Ocean . . . . . . . . . 132 152 Cape Race .. . M.a1in Head.. ....| do do _ 1,8(X) 2,070 Malin Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liverpool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .do and Irish Sea. . . . 192 221 Tfltiitl fidom Quebec to Liverpool, via Cape Race and Malin Head, North of Ire‘ -E-8—9— 249 - an . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , 1 _. 3 GREAT CIRCLE OR AIR LINE DISTANCES IN GEOGRAPHICAL MILES, AS PER MAP on THE DOMINION or CANADA PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE Hox. THE MINISTER or TEE INTERIOR, NOVEMBER 1s'r, 1878. FROM To Miles. Yokohama (Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Port Sim son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,865 do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. Port Mo y (Burrard Inlet) . . 4,374 do . .. . . . . . . .. San Francisco . . . . . . . . . . .. 4,470 San Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. New York . . .. 2,228 , do . Montreal 2,202 - Burrard Inlet. . do 1,992 Port Sim son. . . . do 2,194 St. John ( ewfoundland Cape Clear 1,670 do 11 . . Tory Islan .. . . . . . . . . . . 1,693 Montreal. . . . . . . . . . . Quebec (River S . Lawren 145 do Ca e Race (1/ia St Paul) 825 do . Be le Isle 735 Belle Isle Tory Island. 1,657 Cape Race . do 1,736 do . Cape Clear 1,708 Tory Island Liverpool . 240 Ca e Clear. do 310 Ha ifax . . . . Cape Race 470 Portland . do . . . . . . 767 Boston..... do . . . . . . .. 808 New York.. . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1,010 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 151 ANALYSIS OF MANITOBA SOIL. (Translation of Letter to Senator Emil Klotz.) KIEL, 29th April, 1872. Hon. Snnlrron : “ The analysis of the Manitoba soil is now completed, and the result is in 100,000 parts: Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228.7 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 33.8 Phosph0!'ioAcid.... . . . . . . . . .. 69.4 Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.6 Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 486.1 “ Yours truly, “ (Signed), V. EMMizRLlNe." Extrcctfrom Letter of Senator Emil Klotz to Jacob E. Klotz, Agent for the Dominion Gouemment. “ KIEL, 4th May, 1872. “After considerable delay, I succeeded in obtaining the anal sis of the Manitoba soil from Professor Emmerling, Director of the Chemical Laboratory of the gricultural Association of this place, and hope it.may be of service to you. Annexed I give you our analysis of the most product- 1V8 soil in Holstein, whereb you will see how exceedingly rich the fifoductive qualities of the Manitoba soil are, and whic fully explains the fact that the land in anitoba is so very fertile, even without manure. “The chief nutrients are, first, nitrogen, then potash and phosphoric acid, which predominates there; but what is of particular im ortance is the lime contained 1n the soil, whereby the nitrogen 15 set free, and ready to be absorbe in vegetable organisms. The latter property is defective in‘ many soils, and when it is found defective recourse must be had to artificial means by putting lime or marl Ia clay which contains much lime) upon the same. “According to the analysis of the Manitoba soil, there is no doubt that, to the farmer who desires to select for his future home a countr which has the most productive soil and promises the richest harvest, no country in the world 0 ers greater attractions than the Province of Mani- mba, in the Dominion of Canada. “A1u1_lysis of the Holstein soil and Manitoba soil compared : Holstein Excess 0! Properties of Soil. Manitoba Soil. Potash.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 198.7 .. 20 13.8 Phosphoric Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 29.4 Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 130 552.6 Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . 6.1 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 446.1 ANALYTICAL Lsnonxronr, SuRoEON,s HALL, EDINBURGH, 14th December, 1876. Analysis of Sample of Manitoba Soil : MoxsTonn . . . . . . . . . .. 21.364 Organic matter contai ng nitrogen equal to ammonia, 23° . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.223 Saline matter: Phosphates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.472 Carbonate of lime. . .. 1.763 Carbonate of magnesia. 0.937 Alkaline salts .. .. .. .. 1.273 Oxide of iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,115 — 7.560 Silicious matter: Sandandsi1ica,........................................... .... 5L721 Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.132 _ 59.853 100.000 The above soil is very rich in organic matter, and contains the full amount of the saline ferti- lizing matters found in a 1 soils of a good bearing quality. (Signed) STEPHENSON MAC.\DAM, M.D., Lecturer on Chemistry, etc. ‘ [A statement of analysis by Sir J. B. Lawes and Professor Gilbert is given in this Guide Book, under the head of Manitoba] GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. I59 1)ISTRI("l‘ (‘()L'R'l‘, ;\."l‘A'l‘E OF MIXNESO'l‘.‘\. J ndicial District Count ). of And now, to wit: At a term of the said. Court, now being held at in and for the County of in said State, upon the foregoing oath and affldavits, and upon furt er proof having been made by the production of a certificate that the said did, efore the Clerk of _ Court _ . the same being a Court of Record, havinglCommon-law Jurisdiction, make the requisite declaration of his intention to become a citizen of t e United States, and to renounce all other a.Il0g1Hnc0, as required by the laws of the United States. Ir is ORDERED BY THE Covnr, that the said be, and he is hereby admitted to be, a citizen of the l.nitcd States. By the Court, A true Record. Attcst: Clerk. (‘lcrl-c. CANADIAN NATURALIZATION, PASSPORTS, AND OATHS OF ALLEGIANCE. CIRCULAR. DOwNING STREET, 18th May, 1882. S1R,—I[c.r Majesty's G0\'0l'l’\1.l’l0l'lt.ha\.0 had under their consideration the position of Aliens naturalized in a Colony, when travellin beyond the limits of the Colon in whl(.h naturalization has been granted, and they have dec.i edthat Aliens naturalized in. ritish Colonies shall, as regards their claim to British protection out of Her Majesty's Dominions .be placed, in future, on the same footing a-_s Aliens naturalized in this country under the hatura, zation Act of 1870. 2. To carry out this obgect, Aliens naturalized in British Colonies will be allowed to receive from the Governor of the Colony in which they have been naturalized a passport unlimited in point ot_ duration, instead of a assport for one year, as is now authorized. These passports will also be issued by the Foreign 0 co in London, on the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 3. If, however, an Alien naturalized in the Colony, and not possessing such passport, finds himself in need of one when in a foreign country, a British Minister or Consul will be empowered, on such evidence as he may deem suflleient, to grant him a Provisional Pass ort, limited in duration, in order to meet the immediate requirements of his case, and to enable iin to return to his Colony or to the United Kingdom, and so establish his identity beyond question, and obtain a Permanent Passport. 4. I enclose an amended Regulation, which will be substituted in the Colonial Regulations for the present Regulation No. 404, in Chapter XIV. - and also an amended Form of Passport, which will be inscrlcd in the Appendix, in place of the Form and Mcniorandum now in use. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient, humble servant, KIM BERLEY. 'i.hc Ofllcor udniinistcring the (iovernnncnt of Canada. FoRm or PASSPORT‘. This Passport. is granted to A. B., naturalized as a British subject in this Colony, to enable him to travel in foreign parts. This Pass ort is granted with the qualification that the bearer shall not, when within the limits of the oreigii tate of which he was a subject previously to obtaining his Colonial (‘emin- rate of l\_at_.uralizat1on, be entitled to British protection, unless he has ceased to be a subject. of that State in pursuance of the laws thereof or in pursuance of a Treaty to that effect. . (Signed) C. D. - ‘Governor (Lieutenant-Governor, or Officcr Administering the Govern- / ment) of the Colony, Island, or l,ro\.incc) of (. Snc. II.—P.\SSPORTS ro NATURALIZEI) BRITISH Si's.n-:c'r IN THE COLONIES. .404. Governors sre_auth0rized to issue Passports‘for forci travel to persons-naturalize‘ their respective Colonies. (The Form of Passport is inserted in the Appendix ,page 159). Th Passports must be si ed by the Ofilcer administering the Govcrninent, and must i-onlaiii cxp_ress.dcclai-ation t iat the person receiving the Passport has been naturalized as a Brit sub_1ect lli the Colony. \ -/"