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H. NNP 19499 24 24 Stetson Stetson NNP 19499 24 25 , , , 19499 24 26 Professor Professor NNP 19499 24 27 of of IN 19499 24 28 Psychology Psychology NNP 19499 24 29 , , , 19499 24 30 Oberlin Oberlin NNP 19499 24 31 College College NNP 19499 24 32 ; ; : 19499 24 33 Arthur Arthur NNP 19499 24 34 E. E. NNP 19499 24 35 Heacox Heacox NNP 19499 24 36 , , , 19499 24 37 Professor Professor NNP 19499 24 38 of of IN 19499 24 39 Theory Theory NNP 19499 24 40 , , , 19499 24 41 Oberlin Oberlin NNP 19499 24 42 Conservatory Conservatory NNP 19499 24 43 of of IN 19499 24 44 Music Music NNP 19499 24 45 ; ; : 19499 24 46 and and CC 19499 24 47 Charles Charles NNP 19499 24 48 I. I. NNP 19499 25 1 Rice Rice NNP 19499 25 2 , , , 19499 25 3 Supervisor Supervisor NNP 19499 25 4 of of IN 19499 25 5 Music Music NNP 19499 25 6 , , , 19499 25 7 Worcester Worcester NNP 19499 25 8 , , , 19499 25 9 Mass. Massachusetts NNP 19499 25 10 , , , 19499 25 11 as as RB 19499 25 12 well well RB 19499 25 13 as as IN 19499 25 14 to to IN 19499 25 15 various various JJ 19499 25 16 members member NNS 19499 25 17 of of IN 19499 25 18 the the DT 19499 25 19 Music Music NNP 19499 25 20 Teachers Teachers NNPS 19499 25 21 ' ' POS 19499 25 22 National National NNP 19499 25 23 Association Association NNP 19499 25 24 who who WP 19499 25 25 have have VBP 19499 25 26 offered offer VBN 19499 25 27 valuable valuable JJ 19499 25 28 advice advice NN 19499 25 29 along along IN 19499 25 30 certain certain JJ 19499 25 31 specific specific JJ 19499 25 32 lines line NNS 19499 25 33 . . . 19499 26 1 K.W.G. K.W.G. NNP 19499 27 1 OBERLIN oberlin JJ 19499 27 2 CONSERVATORY conservatory NN 19499 27 3 OF of IN 19499 27 4 MUSIC MUSIC NNP 19499 27 5 , , , 19499 27 6 _ _ NNP 19499 27 7 June June NNP 19499 27 8 , , , 19499 27 9 1913 1913 CD 19499 27 10 _ _ NNP 19499 27 11 CONTENTS CONTENTS NNP 19499 27 12 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 27 13 I.--Some i.--some NN 19499 27 14 Principles principle NNS 19499 27 15 of of IN 19499 27 16 Correct Correct NNP 19499 27 17 Notation Notation NNP 19499 27 18 1 1 CD 19499 27 19 1 1 CD 19499 27 20 . . . 19499 28 1 Note note VB 19499 28 2 . . . 19499 29 1 2 2 CD 19499 29 2 , , , 19499 29 3 3 3 CD 19499 29 4 . . . 19499 30 1 Rules rule NNS 19499 30 2 for for IN 19499 30 3 turning turn VBG 19499 30 4 stems stem NNS 19499 30 5 . . . 19499 31 1 4 4 LS 19499 31 2 . . . 19499 32 1 Use Use NNP 19499 32 2 of of IN 19499 32 3 cross cross JJ 19499 32 4 - - NN 19499 32 5 stroke stroke NN 19499 32 6 . . . 19499 33 1 5 5 CD 19499 33 2 . . . 19499 34 1 Rest rest VB 19499 34 2 . . . 19499 35 1 6 6 CD 19499 35 2 . . . 19499 36 1 G G NNP 19499 36 2 Clef Clef NNP 19499 36 3 . . . 19499 37 1 7 7 LS 19499 37 2 . . . 19499 38 1 F F NNP 19499 38 2 Clef Clef NNP 19499 38 3 and and CC 19499 38 4 C C NNP 19499 38 5 Clef Clef NNP 19499 38 6 . . . 19499 39 1 8 8 LS 19499 39 2 . . . 19499 40 1 Sharp sharp JJ 19499 40 2 and and CC 19499 40 3 double double JJ 19499 40 4 - - HYPH 19499 40 5 sharp sharp JJ 19499 40 6 . . . 19499 41 1 9 9 CD 19499 41 2 . . . 19499 42 1 Flat flat JJ 19499 42 2 , , , 19499 42 3 double double JJ 19499 42 4 - - HYPH 19499 42 5 flat flat JJ 19499 42 6 and and CC 19499 42 7 natural natural JJ 19499 42 8 . . . 19499 43 1 10 10 CD 19499 43 2 . . . 19499 44 1 Tie tie NN 19499 44 2 . . . 19499 45 1 11 11 CD 19499 45 2 . . . 19499 46 1 Dot dot NN 19499 46 2 after after IN 19499 46 3 a a DT 19499 46 4 note note NN 19499 46 5 . . . 19499 47 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 47 2 II.--Symbols ii.--symbol NNS 19499 47 3 of of IN 19499 47 4 Music Music NNP 19499 47 5 Defined define VBN 19499 47 6 5 5 CD 19499 47 7 12 12 CD 19499 47 8 . . . 19499 48 1 Staff staff NN 19499 48 2 and and CC 19499 48 3 Great Great NNP 19499 48 4 Staff Staff NNP 19499 48 5 . . . 19499 49 1 13 13 CD 19499 49 2 . . . 19499 50 1 Leger Leger NNP 19499 50 2 Lines Lines NNP 19499 50 3 . . . 19499 51 1 14 14 CD 19499 51 2 . . . 19499 52 1 Staff staff NN 19499 52 2 degrees degree NNS 19499 52 3 . . . 19499 53 1 15 15 CD 19499 53 2 . . . 19499 54 1 Clef Clef NNP 19499 54 2 . . . 19499 55 1 16 16 CD 19499 55 2 . . . 19499 56 1 Treble treble JJ 19499 56 2 and and CC 19499 56 3 bass bass NN 19499 56 4 Clefs clef NNS 19499 56 5 . . . 19499 57 1 17 17 CD 19499 57 2 . . . 19499 58 1 Movable movable JJ 19499 58 2 C C NNP 19499 58 3 Clef Clef NNP 19499 58 4 . . . 19499 59 1 18 18 CD 19499 59 2 . . . 19499 60 1 Sharp sharp JJ 19499 60 2 . . . 19499 61 1 19 19 CD 19499 61 2 . . . 19499 62 1 Flat flat JJ 19499 62 2 . . . 19499 63 1 20 20 CD 19499 63 2 . . . 19499 64 1 Double double JJ 19499 64 2 - - HYPH 19499 64 3 sharp sharp JJ 19499 64 4 and and CC 19499 64 5 double double JJ 19499 64 6 - - HYPH 19499 64 7 flat flat NN 19499 64 8 . . . 19499 65 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 65 2 III.--Symbols III.--Symbols NNP 19499 65 3 of of IN 19499 65 4 Music Music NNP 19499 65 5 Defined define VBN 19499 65 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 65 7 _ _ NNP 19499 65 8 continued continue VBD 19499 65 9 _ _ NNP 19499 65 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 65 11 8 8 CD 19499 65 12 21 21 CD 19499 65 13 . . . 19499 66 1 Natural natural JJ 19499 66 2 22 22 CD 19499 66 3 , , , 19499 66 4 23 23 CD 19499 66 5 . . . 19499 67 1 Key key JJ 19499 67 2 - - HYPH 19499 67 3 signature signature NN 19499 67 4 ; ; : 19499 67 5 how how WRB 19499 67 6 determine determine VBP 19499 67 7 whether whether IN 19499 67 8 a a DT 19499 67 9 major major JJ 19499 67 10 or or CC 19499 67 11 minor minor JJ 19499 67 12 key key NN 19499 67 13 . . . 19499 68 1 24 24 CD 19499 68 2 , , , 19499 68 3 25 25 CD 19499 68 4 . . . 19499 69 1 Accidentals accidental NNS 19499 69 2 ; ; : 19499 69 3 with with IN 19499 69 4 tie tie NN 19499 69 5 across across IN 19499 69 6 bar bar NN 19499 69 7 . . . 19499 70 1 26 26 CD 19499 70 2 . . . 19499 71 1 Rules rule NNS 19499 71 2 concerning concern VBG 19499 71 3 altered alter VBN 19499 71 4 staff staff NN 19499 71 5 degrees degree NNS 19499 71 6 . . . 19499 72 1 27 27 CD 19499 72 2 . . . 19499 73 1 Enharmonic Enharmonic NNP 19499 73 2 . . . 19499 74 1 28 28 CD 19499 74 2 . . . 19499 75 1 Notes note NNS 19499 75 2 ; ; : 19499 75 3 pitch pitch NN 19499 75 4 and and CC 19499 75 5 length length NN 19499 75 6 of of IN 19499 75 7 tones tone NNS 19499 75 8 . . . 19499 76 1 29 29 CD 19499 76 2 . . . 19499 77 1 Rests rest NNS 19499 77 2 . . . 19499 78 1 30 30 CD 19499 78 2 . . . 19499 79 1 Lists list NNS 19499 79 2 of of IN 19499 79 3 notes note NNS 19499 79 4 and and CC 19499 79 5 rests rest NNS 19499 79 6 . . . 19499 80 1 31 31 CD 19499 80 2 . . . 19499 81 1 English English NNP 19499 81 2 names name NNS 19499 81 3 for for IN 19499 81 4 . . . 19499 82 1 32 32 CD 19499 82 2 . . . 19499 83 1 Less less RBR 19499 83 2 common common JJ 19499 83 3 forms form NNS 19499 83 4 . . . 19499 84 1 33 33 CD 19499 84 2 . . . 19499 85 1 Whole whole JJ 19499 85 2 rest rest NN 19499 85 3 , , , 19499 85 4 peculiar peculiar JJ 19499 85 5 use use NN 19499 85 6 of of IN 19499 85 7 . . . 19499 86 1 34 34 CD 19499 86 2 . . . 19499 87 1 Bar bar VB 19499 87 2 . . . 19499 88 1 35 35 CD 19499 88 2 . . . 19499 89 1 Double double JJ 19499 89 2 - - HYPH 19499 89 3 bar bar NN 19499 89 4 . . . 19499 90 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 90 2 IV.--Abbreviations IV.--Abbreviations NNPS 19499 90 3 , , , 19499 90 4 Signs Signs NNPS 19499 90 5 , , , 19499 90 6 etc etc FW 19499 90 7 . . . 19499 91 1 13 13 CD 19499 91 2 36 36 CD 19499 91 3 - - SYM 19499 91 4 40 40 CD 19499 91 5 . . . 19499 92 1 Signs sign NNS 19499 92 2 for for IN 19499 92 3 repetition repetition NN 19499 92 4 . . . 19499 93 1 41 41 CD 19499 93 2 . . . 19499 94 1 Continuation continuation NN 19499 94 2 . . . 19499 95 1 42 42 CD 19499 95 2 . . . 19499 96 1 Rest rest VB 19499 96 2 . . . 19499 97 1 43 43 CD 19499 97 2 . . . 19499 98 1 Pause pause NN 19499 98 2 . . . 19499 99 1 44 44 CD 19499 99 2 . . . 19499 100 1 Hold hold VB 19499 100 2 . . . 19499 101 1 45 45 CD 19499 101 2 - - SYM 19499 101 3 47 47 CD 19499 101 4 . . . 19499 102 1 Alteration Alteration NNP 19499 102 2 of of IN 19499 102 3 Pitch Pitch NNP 19499 102 4 . . . 19499 103 1 48 48 CD 19499 103 2 . . . 19499 104 1 Octave octave NN 19499 104 2 names name NNS 19499 104 3 . . . 19499 105 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 105 2 V.--Abbreviations v.--abbreviation NNS 19499 105 3 , , , 19499 105 4 Signs sign NNS 19499 105 5 , , , 19499 105 6 etc etc FW 19499 105 7 . . . 19499 106 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 106 2 _ _ NNP 19499 106 3 continued continue VBD 19499 106 4 _ _ NNP 19499 106 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 106 6 17 17 CD 19499 106 7 49 49 CD 19499 106 8 - - SYM 19499 106 9 51 51 CD 19499 106 10 . . . 19499 107 1 Dots dot NNS 19499 107 2 after after IN 19499 107 3 notes note NNS 19499 107 4 . . . 19499 108 1 52 52 CD 19499 108 2 . . . 19499 109 1 Dots dot NNS 19499 109 2 over over IN 19499 109 3 or or CC 19499 109 4 under under IN 19499 109 5 notes note NNS 19499 109 6 . . . 19499 110 1 53 53 CD 19499 110 2 . . . 19499 111 1 Dash dash VB 19499 111 2 over over IN 19499 111 3 note note NN 19499 111 4 . . . 19499 112 1 54 54 CD 19499 112 2 . . . 19499 113 1 Tie tie NN 19499 113 2 . . . 19499 114 1 55 55 CD 19499 114 2 . . . 19499 115 1 Slur slur VB 19499 115 2 . . . 19499 116 1 56 56 CD 19499 116 2 . . . 19499 117 1 Slur slur VB 19499 117 2 or or CC 19499 117 3 tie tie VB 19499 117 4 with with IN 19499 117 5 dots dot NNS 19499 117 6 . . . 19499 118 1 57 57 CD 19499 118 2 . . . 19499 119 1 Dash dash VB 19499 119 2 over over IN 19499 119 3 note note NN 19499 119 4 . . . 19499 120 1 58 58 CD 19499 120 2 . . . 19499 121 1 Dash dash NN 19499 121 2 and and CC 19499 121 3 dot dot VB 19499 121 4 over over IN 19499 121 5 note note NN 19499 121 6 . . . 19499 122 1 59 59 CD 19499 122 2 . . . 19499 123 1 Accent accent JJ 19499 123 2 marks mark NNS 19499 123 3 . . . 19499 124 1 60 60 CD 19499 124 2 . . . 19499 125 1 m.d m.d NNP 19499 125 2 . . NNP 19499 125 3 , , , 19499 125 4 m.g m.g NNP 19499 125 5 . . NNP 19499 125 6 , , , 19499 125 7 etc etc FW 19499 125 8 . . . 19499 126 1 61 61 CD 19499 126 2 . . . 19499 127 1 Arpeggio arpeggio NN 19499 127 2 . . . 19499 128 1 62 62 CD 19499 128 2 . . . 19499 129 1 Messa Messa NNP 19499 129 2 di di FW 19499 129 3 voce voce NNP 19499 129 4 . . . 19499 130 1 63 63 CD 19499 130 2 . . . 19499 131 1 Violin Violin NNP 19499 131 2 bow bow NN 19499 131 3 signs sign NNS 19499 131 4 . . . 19499 132 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 132 2 VI.--Embellishments vi.--embellishment VBZ 19499 132 3 22 22 CD 19499 132 4 64 64 CD 19499 132 5 . . . 19499 133 1 Definition definition NN 19499 133 2 and and CC 19499 133 3 kinds kind NNS 19499 133 4 . . . 19499 134 1 65 65 CD 19499 134 2 . . . 19499 135 1 Trill trill NN 19499 135 2 . . . 19499 136 1 66 66 CD 19499 136 2 - - SYM 19499 136 3 68 68 CD 19499 136 4 . . . 19499 137 1 Mordent mordent JJ 19499 137 2 . . . 19499 138 1 69 69 CD 19499 138 2 - - SYM 19499 138 3 72 72 CD 19499 138 4 . . . 19499 139 1 Turn turn VB 19499 139 2 . . . 19499 140 1 73 73 CD 19499 140 2 , , , 19499 140 3 74 74 CD 19499 140 4 . . . 19499 141 1 Appoggiatura Appoggiatura NNP 19499 141 2 . . . 19499 142 1 75 75 CD 19499 142 2 . . . 19499 143 1 Acciaccatura Acciaccatura NNP 19499 143 2 . . . 19499 144 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 144 2 VII.--Scales VII.--Scales NNP 19499 144 3 27 27 CD 19499 144 4 76 76 CD 19499 144 5 . . . 19499 145 1 Definition definition NN 19499 145 2 , , , 19499 145 3 and and CC 19499 145 4 old old JJ 19499 145 5 forms form NNS 19499 145 6 . . . 19499 146 1 77 77 CD 19499 146 2 . . . 19499 147 1 Origin Origin NNP 19499 147 2 . . . 19499 148 1 78 78 CD 19499 148 2 . . . 19499 149 1 Key key JJ 19499 149 2 . . . 19499 150 1 79 79 CD 19499 150 2 . . . 19499 151 1 Three three CD 19499 151 2 general general JJ 19499 151 3 classes class NNS 19499 151 4 . . . 19499 152 1 80 80 CD 19499 152 2 . . . 19499 153 1 Diatonic Diatonic NNP 19499 153 2 , , , 19499 153 3 defined define VBN 19499 153 4 . . . 19499 154 1 81 81 CD 19499 154 2 . . . 19499 155 1 Major major JJ 19499 155 2 diatonic diatonic NN 19499 155 3 . . . 19499 156 1 82 82 CD 19499 156 2 . . . 19499 157 1 Tetrachords tetrachord NNS 19499 157 2 . . . 19499 158 1 83 83 CD 19499 158 2 . . . 19499 159 1 The the DT 19499 159 2 fifteen fifteen CD 19499 159 3 positions position NNS 19499 159 4 . . . 19499 160 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 160 2 VIII.--Scales VIII.--Scales NNP 19499 160 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 160 4 _ _ NNP 19499 160 5 continued continue VBD 19499 160 6 _ _ NNP 19499 160 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 160 8 33 33 CD 19499 160 9 84 84 CD 19499 160 10 . . . 19499 161 1 Minor minor JJ 19499 161 2 diatonic diatonic NN 19499 161 3 . . . 19499 162 1 85 85 CD 19499 162 2 . . . 19499 163 1 Original original JJ 19499 163 2 form form NN 19499 163 3 . . . 19499 164 1 86 86 CD 19499 164 2 . . . 19499 165 1 Harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 165 2 minor minor NN 19499 165 3 . . . 19499 166 1 87 87 CD 19499 166 2 . . . 19499 167 1 Melodic melodic JJ 19499 167 2 minor minor NN 19499 167 3 . . . 19499 168 1 88 88 CD 19499 168 2 . . . 19499 169 1 Eleven eleven CD 19499 169 2 positions position NNS 19499 169 3 . . . 19499 170 1 89 89 CD 19499 170 2 . . . 19499 171 1 Relative relative JJ 19499 171 2 minor minor NN 19499 171 3 . . . 19499 172 1 90 90 CD 19499 172 2 . . . 19499 173 1 Tonic tonic JJ 19499 173 2 minor minor NN 19499 173 3 . . . 19499 174 1 91 91 CD 19499 174 2 . . . 19499 175 1 Diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 175 2 scale scale NN 19499 175 3 names name NNS 19499 175 4 . . . 19499 176 1 92 92 CD 19499 176 2 . . . 19499 177 1 Syllable syllable NN 19499 177 2 - - HYPH 19499 177 3 names name NNS 19499 177 4 . . . 19499 178 1 93 93 CD 19499 178 2 . . . 19499 179 1 Chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 179 2 scale scale NN 19499 179 3 . . . 19499 180 1 94 94 CD 19499 180 2 . . . 19499 181 1 Nine nine CD 19499 181 2 positions position NNS 19499 181 3 . . . 19499 182 1 95 95 CD 19499 182 2 . . . 19499 183 1 Whole whole JJ 19499 183 2 - - HYPH 19499 183 3 step step NN 19499 183 4 scale scale NN 19499 183 5 . . . 19499 184 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 184 2 IX.--Auxiliary IX.--Auxiliary NNP 19499 184 3 Words Words NNPS 19499 184 4 and and CC 19499 184 5 Endings ending NNS 19499 184 6 42 42 CD 19499 184 7 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 184 8 X.--Measure x.--measure NN 19499 184 9 44 44 CD 19499 184 10 97 97 CD 19499 184 11 . . . 19499 185 1 Definition.--Two Definition.--Two NNP 19499 185 2 essential essential JJ 19499 185 3 characteristics characteristic NNS 19499 185 4 . . . 19499 186 1 Rhythm rhythm NN 19499 186 2 vers ver NNS 19499 186 3 measure measure VBP 19499 186 4 . . . 19499 187 1 98 98 CD 19499 187 2 . . . 19499 188 1 Syncopation syncopation NN 19499 188 2 . . . 19499 189 1 99 99 CD 19499 189 2 . . . 19499 190 1 Simple simple JJ 19499 190 2 and and CC 19499 190 3 compound compound JJ 19499 190 4 measures measure NNS 19499 190 5 . . . 19499 191 1 100 100 CD 19499 191 2 . . . 19499 192 1 Commonest commonest JJ 19499 192 2 varieties variety NNS 19499 192 3 . . . 19499 193 1 101 101 CD 19499 193 2 . . . 19499 194 1 Other other JJ 19499 194 2 varieties variety NNS 19499 194 3 . . . 19499 195 1 102 102 CD 19499 195 2 . . . 19499 196 1 Rare rare JJ 19499 196 2 varieties variety NNS 19499 196 3 . . . 19499 197 1 103 103 CD 19499 197 2 . . . 19499 198 1 The the DT 19499 198 2 signs sign NNS 19499 198 3 , , , 19499 198 4 C c NN 19499 198 5 and and CC 19499 198 6 [ [ -LRB- 19499 198 7 cut cut VBN 19499 198 8 - - HYPH 19499 198 9 time time NN 19499 198 10 symbol symbol NN 19499 198 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 198 12 . . . 19499 199 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 199 2 XI.--Tempo XI.--Tempo NNP 19499 199 3 48 48 CD 19499 199 4 104 104 CD 19499 199 5 . . . 19499 200 1 Misuses misuse NNS 19499 200 2 of of IN 19499 200 3 the the DT 19499 200 4 word word NN 19499 200 5 " " '' 19499 200 6 time time NN 19499 200 7 . . . 19499 200 8 " " '' 19499 201 1 105 105 CD 19499 201 2 - - SYM 19499 201 3 107 107 CD 19499 201 4 . . . 19499 202 1 How how WRB 19499 202 2 to to TO 19499 202 3 correct correct VB 19499 202 4 these these DT 19499 202 5 : : : 19499 202 6 by by IN 19499 202 7 substituting substitute VBG 19499 202 8 " " `` 19499 202 9 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 202 10 , , , 19499 202 11 " " '' 19499 202 12 " " `` 19499 202 13 measure measure NN 19499 202 14 , , , 19499 202 15 " " '' 19499 202 16 and and CC 19499 202 17 " " `` 19499 202 18 tempo tempo NN 19499 202 19 . . . 19499 202 20 " " '' 19499 203 1 108 108 CD 19499 203 2 . . . 19499 204 1 Three three CD 19499 204 2 ways way NNS 19499 204 3 of of IN 19499 204 4 finding find VBG 19499 204 5 the the DT 19499 204 6 correct correct JJ 19499 204 7 tempo tempo NN 19499 204 8 . . . 19499 205 1 109 109 CD 19499 205 2 . . . 19499 206 1 A a DT 19499 206 2 convenient convenient JJ 19499 206 3 grouping grouping NN 19499 206 4 of of IN 19499 206 5 tempo tempo NN 19499 206 6 - - HYPH 19499 206 7 terms term NNS 19499 206 8 . . . 19499 207 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 207 2 XII.--Tempo XII.--Tempo NNP 19499 207 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 207 4 _ _ NNP 19499 207 5 continued continue VBD 19499 207 6 _ _ NNP 19499 207 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 207 8 52 52 CD 19499 207 9 110 110 CD 19499 207 10 - - SYM 19499 207 11 119 119 CD 19499 207 12 . . . 19499 208 1 Tempo tempo NN 19499 208 2 - - HYPH 19499 208 3 terms term NNS 19499 208 4 . . . 19499 209 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 209 2 XIII.--Dynamics XIII.--Dynamics NNP 19499 209 3 56 56 CD 19499 209 4 120 120 CD 19499 209 5 - - SYM 19499 209 6 131 131 CD 19499 209 7 . . . 19499 210 1 Terms term NNS 19499 210 2 relating relate VBG 19499 210 3 to to IN 19499 210 4 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 210 5 . . . 19499 211 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 211 2 XIV.--Terms xiv.--term NNS 19499 211 3 Relating relate VBG 19499 211 4 to to IN 19499 211 5 Forms Forms NNPS 19499 211 6 and and CC 19499 211 7 Styles Styles NNPS 19499 211 8 62 62 CD 19499 211 9 132 132 CD 19499 211 10 . . . 19499 212 1 Definition definition NN 19499 212 2 of of IN 19499 212 3 form form NN 19499 212 4 . . . 19499 213 1 133 133 LS 19499 213 2 . . . 19499 214 1 Basis basis NN 19499 214 2 of of IN 19499 214 3 form form NN 19499 214 4 . . . 19499 215 1 134 134 CD 19499 215 2 . . . 19499 216 1 Difference difference NN 19499 216 2 between between IN 19499 216 3 form form NN 19499 216 4 and and CC 19499 216 5 style style NN 19499 216 6 . . . 19499 217 1 135 135 CD 19499 217 2 . . . 19499 218 1 Introductory introductory NN 19499 218 2 . . . 19499 219 1 136 136 CD 19499 219 2 . . . 19499 220 1 Two two CD 19499 220 2 styles style NNS 19499 220 3 . . . 19499 221 1 137 137 CD 19499 221 2 . . . 19499 222 1 Monophonic monophonic JJ 19499 222 2 music music NN 19499 222 3 . . . 19499 223 1 138 138 CD 19499 223 2 . . . 19499 224 1 Polyphonic polyphonic JJ 19499 224 2 music music NN 19499 224 3 . . . 19499 225 1 139 139 CD 19499 225 2 . . . 19499 226 1 Counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 226 2 . . . 19499 227 1 140 140 CD 19499 227 2 . . . 19499 228 1 Imitation imitation NN 19499 228 2 . . . 19499 229 1 141 141 CD 19499 229 2 . . . 19499 230 1 Canon Canon NNP 19499 230 2 . . . 19499 231 1 142 142 CD 19499 231 2 . . . 19499 232 1 School school NN 19499 232 2 round round NN 19499 232 3 . . . 19499 233 1 143 143 CD 19499 233 2 . . . 19499 234 1 Fugue fugue NN 19499 234 2 . . . 19499 235 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 235 2 XV.--Terms xv.--term NNS 19499 235 3 Relating relate VBG 19499 235 4 to to IN 19499 235 5 Forms Forms NNPS 19499 235 6 and and CC 19499 235 7 Styles Styles NNPS 19499 235 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 235 9 _ _ NNP 19499 235 10 continued continue VBD 19499 235 11 _ _ NNP 19499 235 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 235 13 67 67 CD 19499 235 14 144 144 CD 19499 235 15 . . . 19499 236 1 Phrase phrase NN 19499 236 2 - - HYPH 19499 236 3 section section NN 19499 236 4 . . . 19499 237 1 145 145 CD 19499 237 2 . . . 19499 238 1 Period period NN 19499 238 2 . . . 19499 239 1 Antecedent antecedent NN 19499 239 2 . . . 19499 240 1 Consequent consequent NN 19499 240 2 . . . 19499 241 1 146 146 CD 19499 241 2 . . . 19499 242 1 Primary primary JJ 19499 242 2 forms form NNS 19499 242 3 . . . 19499 243 1 147 147 CD 19499 243 2 . . . 19499 244 1 Theme theme NN 19499 244 2 . . . 19499 245 1 148 148 CD 19499 245 2 . . . 19499 246 1 Thematic thematic JJ 19499 246 2 development development NN 19499 246 3 . . . 19499 247 1 149 149 CD 19499 247 2 . . . 19499 248 1 Rondo Rondo NNP 19499 248 2 . . . 19499 249 1 150 150 CD 19499 249 2 . . . 19499 250 1 Suite suite NN 19499 250 2 . . . 19499 251 1 151 151 CD 19499 251 2 . . . 19499 252 1 Dances dance NNS 19499 252 2 in in IN 19499 252 3 suite suite NN 19499 252 4 . . . 19499 253 1 152 152 CD 19499 253 2 . . . 19499 254 1 Scherzo Scherzo NNP 19499 254 2 . . . 19499 255 1 153 153 CD 19499 255 2 . . . 19499 256 1 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 256 2 . . . 19499 257 1 154 154 CD 19499 257 2 . . . 19499 258 1 Trio trio UH 19499 258 2 . . . 19499 259 1 Quartet quartet NN 19499 259 2 . . . 19499 260 1 Chamber Chamber NNP 19499 260 2 Music Music NNP 19499 260 3 . . . 19499 261 1 155 155 CD 19499 261 2 . . . 19499 262 1 Concerto Concerto NNP 19499 262 2 . . . 19499 263 1 156 156 CD 19499 263 2 . . . 19499 264 1 Symphony Symphony NNP 19499 264 2 . . . 19499 265 1 157 157 CD 19499 265 2 . . . 19499 266 1 Sonata sonata NN 19499 266 2 - - HYPH 19499 266 3 form form NN 19499 266 4 . . . 19499 267 1 158 158 CD 19499 267 2 . . . 19499 268 1 Sonatina Sonatina NNP 19499 268 2 . . . 19499 269 1 Grand Grand NNP 19499 269 2 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 269 3 . . . 19499 270 1 159 159 CD 19499 270 2 . . . 19499 271 1 Program program NN 19499 271 2 music music NN 19499 271 3 . . . 19499 272 1 160 160 CD 19499 272 2 . . . 19499 273 1 Symphonic symphonic JJ 19499 273 2 or or CC 19499 273 3 tone tone NN 19499 273 4 poem poem NN 19499 273 5 . . . 19499 274 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 274 2 XVI.--Terms xvi.--term NNS 19499 274 3 Relating relate VBG 19499 274 4 to to IN 19499 274 5 Vocal Vocal NNP 19499 274 6 Music Music NNP 19499 274 7 76 76 CD 19499 274 8 161 161 CD 19499 274 9 . . . 19499 275 1 Anthem Anthem NNP 19499 275 2 . . . 19499 276 1 162 162 CD 19499 276 2 . . . 19499 277 1 A a DT 19499 277 2 capella capella NN 19499 277 3 . . . 19499 278 1 163 163 CD 19499 278 2 . . . 19499 279 1 Motet Motet NNP 19499 279 2 . . . 19499 280 1 164 164 CD 19499 280 2 . . . 19499 281 1 Choral choral JJ 19499 281 2 . . . 19499 282 1 165 165 CD 19499 282 2 . . . 19499 283 1 Mass. Massachusetts NNP 19499 284 1 166 166 CD 19499 284 2 . . . 19499 285 1 Cantata cantata NN 19499 285 2 . . . 19499 286 1 167 167 CD 19499 286 2 . . . 19499 287 1 Oratorio oratorio NN 19499 287 2 . . . 19499 288 1 168 168 CD 19499 288 2 . . . 19499 289 1 Opera Opera NNP 19499 289 2 . . . 19499 290 1 169 169 CD 19499 290 2 . . . 19499 291 1 Libretto Libretto NNP 19499 291 2 . . . 19499 292 1 170 170 CD 19499 292 2 . . . 19499 293 1 Recitative Recitative NNP 19499 293 2 . . . 19499 294 1 171 171 CD 19499 294 2 . . . 19499 295 1 Aria Aria NNP 19499 295 2 . . . 19499 296 1 172 172 CD 19499 296 2 . . . 19499 297 1 Lied lie VBN 19499 297 2 . . . 19499 298 1 173 173 CD 19499 298 2 . . . 19499 299 1 Ballad Ballad NNP 19499 299 2 . . . 19499 300 1 174 174 CD 19499 300 2 . . . 19499 301 1 Folk folk NN 19499 301 2 - - HYPH 19499 301 3 song song NN 19499 301 4 . . . 19499 302 1 175 175 CD 19499 302 2 . . . 19499 303 1 Madrigal Madrigal NNP 19499 303 2 . . . 19499 304 1 176 176 CD 19499 304 2 . . . 19499 305 1 Glee Glee NNP 19499 305 2 . . . 19499 306 1 177 177 CD 19499 306 2 . . . 19499 307 1 Part part NN 19499 307 2 - - HYPH 19499 307 3 song song NN 19499 307 4 . . . 19499 308 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 308 2 XVII.--Rhythm XVII.--Rhythm NNP 19499 308 3 , , , 19499 308 4 Melody Melody NNP 19499 308 5 , , , 19499 308 6 Harmony Harmony NNP 19499 308 7 and and CC 19499 308 8 Intervals Intervals NNPS 19499 308 9 82 82 CD 19499 308 10 178 178 CD 19499 308 11 . . . 19499 309 1 The the DT 19499 309 2 four four CD 19499 309 3 elements element NNS 19499 309 4 of of IN 19499 309 5 music music NN 19499 309 6 . . . 19499 310 1 179 179 CD 19499 310 2 . . . 19499 311 1 Rhythm rhythm NN 19499 311 2 . . . 19499 312 1 180 180 CD 19499 312 2 . . . 19499 313 1 Melody melody NN 19499 313 2 . . . 19499 314 1 181 181 CD 19499 314 2 . . . 19499 315 1 Harmony harmony NN 19499 315 2 . . . 19499 316 1 182 182 CD 19499 316 2 . . . 19499 317 1 Timbre Timbre NNP 19499 317 2 . . . 19499 318 1 183 183 CD 19499 318 2 . . . 19499 319 1 Interval interval NN 19499 319 2 -- -- : 19499 319 3 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 319 4 and and CC 19499 319 5 melodic melodic JJ 19499 319 6 . . . 19499 320 1 184 184 CD 19499 320 2 . . . 19499 321 1 Number number NN 19499 321 2 name name NN 19499 321 3 and and CC 19499 321 4 specific specific JJ 19499 321 5 name name NN 19499 321 6 . . . 19499 322 1 185 185 CD 19499 322 2 . . . 19499 323 1 Prime Prime NNP 19499 323 2 . . . 19499 324 1 186 186 CD 19499 324 2 . . . 19499 325 1 Second second JJ 19499 325 2 . . . 19499 326 1 187 187 CD 19499 326 2 . . . 19499 327 1 Third third JJ 19499 327 2 . . . 19499 328 1 188 188 CD 19499 328 2 . . . 19499 329 1 Fourth fourth JJ 19499 329 2 . . . 19499 330 1 189 189 CD 19499 330 2 . . . 19499 331 1 Fifth fifth JJ 19499 331 2 . . . 19499 332 1 190 190 CD 19499 332 2 . . . 19499 333 1 Sixth sixth JJ 19499 333 2 . . . 19499 334 1 191 191 CD 19499 334 2 . . . 19499 335 1 Seventh seventh JJ 19499 335 2 . . . 19499 336 1 192 192 CD 19499 336 2 . . . 19499 337 1 Octave Octave NNP 19499 337 2 . . . 19499 338 1 193 193 CD 19499 338 2 . . . 19499 339 1 Ninth ninth JJ 19499 339 2 . . . 19499 340 1 194 194 CD 19499 340 2 . . . 19499 341 1 Major major JJ 19499 341 2 , , , 19499 341 3 minor minor JJ 19499 341 4 , , , 19499 341 5 perfect perfect JJ 19499 341 6 , , , 19499 341 7 diminished diminish VBN 19499 341 8 and and CC 19499 341 9 augmented augment VBN 19499 341 10 intervals interval NNS 19499 341 11 . . . 19499 342 1 195 195 CD 19499 342 2 . . . 19499 343 1 Inverted inverted JJ 19499 343 2 intervals interval NNS 19499 343 3 . . . 19499 344 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 344 2 XVIII.--Chords XVIII.--Chords NNP 19499 344 3 , , , 19499 344 4 Cadences Cadences NNP 19499 344 5 , , , 19499 344 6 etc etc FW 19499 344 7 . . . 19499 345 1 87 87 CD 19499 345 2 196 196 CD 19499 345 3 . . . 19499 346 1 Chord Chord NNP 19499 346 2 . . . 19499 347 1 Triad Triad NNP 19499 347 2 . . . 19499 348 1 Root root NN 19499 348 2 . . . 19499 349 1 197 197 CD 19499 349 2 . . . 19499 350 1 Major major JJ 19499 350 2 , , , 19499 350 3 minor minor JJ 19499 350 4 , , , 19499 350 5 diminished diminish VBN 19499 350 6 , , , 19499 350 7 augmented augment VBN 19499 350 8 triads triad NNS 19499 350 9 . . . 19499 351 1 198 198 CD 19499 351 2 . . . 19499 352 1 The the DT 19499 352 2 Common common JJ 19499 352 3 chords chord NNS 19499 352 4 . . . 19499 353 1 199 199 CD 19499 353 2 . . . 19499 354 1 Fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 354 2 position position NN 19499 354 3 . . . 19499 355 1 First first JJ 19499 355 2 inversion inversion NN 19499 355 3 . . . 19499 356 1 Second second JJ 19499 356 2 inversion inversion NN 19499 356 3 . . . 19499 357 1 200 200 CD 19499 357 2 . . . 19499 358 1 Figured figure VBN 19499 358 2 bass bass NN 19499 358 3 . . . 19499 359 1 201 201 CD 19499 359 2 . . . 19499 360 1 Seventh seventh JJ 19499 360 2 - - HYPH 19499 360 3 chord chord NN 19499 360 4 . . . 19499 361 1 Ninth ninth JJ 19499 361 2 chord chord NN 19499 361 3 . . . 19499 362 1 202 202 CD 19499 362 2 . . . 19499 363 1 Cadence Cadence NNP 19499 363 2 . . . 19499 364 1 203 203 CD 19499 364 2 . . . 19499 365 1 Authentic authentic JJ 19499 365 2 cadence cadence NN 19499 365 3 . . . 19499 366 1 204 204 CD 19499 366 2 . . . 19499 367 1 Perfect perfect JJ 19499 367 2 authentic authentic NN 19499 367 3 . . . 19499 368 1 Imperfect imperfect JJ 19499 368 2 authentic authentic JJ 19499 368 3 . . . 19499 369 1 205 205 CD 19499 369 2 . . . 19499 370 1 Plagal plagal JJ 19499 370 2 cadence cadence NN 19499 370 3 . . . 19499 371 1 206 206 CD 19499 371 2 . . . 19499 372 1 Half half JJ 19499 372 2 - - HYPH 19499 372 3 cadence cadence NN 19499 372 4 . . . 19499 373 1 207 207 CD 19499 373 2 . . . 19499 374 1 Deceptive deceptive JJ 19499 374 2 cadence cadence NN 19499 374 3 . . . 19499 375 1 208 208 CD 19499 375 2 . . . 19499 376 1 Sequence sequence NN 19499 376 2 . . . 19499 377 1 209 209 CD 19499 377 2 . . . 19499 378 1 Modulation Modulation NNP 19499 378 2 , , , 19499 378 3 harmonic harmonic NNP 19499 378 4 and and CC 19499 378 5 melodic melodic JJ 19499 378 6 : : : 19499 378 7 Dominant dominant JJ 19499 378 8 Seventh Seventh NNP 19499 378 9 . . . 19499 379 1 210 210 CD 19499 379 2 . . . 19499 380 1 Suspension suspension NN 19499 380 2 . . . 19499 381 1 211 211 CD 19499 381 2 . . . 19499 382 1 Retardation retardation NN 19499 382 2 . . . 19499 383 1 212 212 CD 19499 383 2 . . . 19499 384 1 Anticipation anticipation NN 19499 384 2 . . . 19499 385 1 213 213 CD 19499 385 2 . . . 19499 386 1 Pedal pedal JJ 19499 386 2 point point NN 19499 386 3 . . . 19499 387 1 214 214 CD 19499 387 2 . . . 19499 388 1 Close close JJ 19499 388 2 and and CC 19499 388 3 open open JJ 19499 388 4 position position NN 19499 388 5 . . . 19499 389 1 215 215 CD 19499 389 2 . . . 19499 390 1 Transposition transposition NN 19499 390 2 . . . 19499 391 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 391 2 XIX.--Miscellaneous XIX.--Miscellaneous NNP 19499 391 3 Terms term NNS 19499 391 4 95 95 CD 19499 391 5 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 391 6 XX.--Miscellaneous XX.--Miscellaneous NNP 19499 391 7 Terms term NNS 19499 391 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 391 9 _ _ NNP 19499 391 10 continued continue VBD 19499 391 11 _ _ NNP 19499 391 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 391 13 98 98 CD 19499 391 14 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 391 15 A.--The a.--the IN 19499 391 16 History history NN 19499 391 17 of of IN 19499 391 18 Music Music NNP 19499 391 19 Notation Notation NNP 19499 391 20 101 101 CD 19499 391 21 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 391 22 B.--Musical b.--musical NN 19499 391 23 Instruments Instruments NNP 19499 391 24 112 112 CD 19499 391 25 1 1 CD 19499 391 26 . . . 19499 392 1 Two two CD 19499 392 2 classes class NNS 19499 392 3 . . . 19499 393 1 2 2 LS 19499 393 2 . . . 19499 394 1 Piano piano NN 19499 394 2 . . . 19499 395 1 3 3 CD 19499 395 2 , , , 19499 395 3 4 4 CD 19499 395 4 . . . 19499 396 1 Organ Organ NNP 19499 396 2 , , , 19499 396 3 reed reed NN 19499 396 4 and and CC 19499 396 5 pipe pipe NN 19499 396 6 . . . 19499 397 1 5 5 CD 19499 397 2 . . . 19499 398 1 Instruments instrument NNS 19499 398 2 used use VBN 19499 398 3 for for IN 19499 398 4 ensemble ensemble JJ 19499 398 5 playing playing NN 19499 398 6 . . . 19499 399 1 6 6 CD 19499 399 2 . . . 19499 400 1 Band band NN 19499 400 2 . . . 19499 401 1 7 7 LS 19499 401 2 . . . 19499 402 1 Orchestra Orchestra NNP 19499 402 2 . . . 19499 403 1 8 8 LS 19499 403 2 . . . 19499 404 1 The the DT 19499 404 2 stringed stringed JJ 19499 404 3 instruments instrument NNS 19499 404 4 . . . 19499 405 1 9 9 CD 19499 405 2 . . . 19499 406 1 Wood wood NN 19499 406 2 - - HYPH 19499 406 3 wind wind NN 19499 406 4 . . . 19499 407 1 10 10 CD 19499 407 2 . . . 19499 408 1 Brass brass NN 19499 408 2 . . . 19499 409 1 11 11 CD 19499 409 2 . . . 19499 410 1 Percussion percussion NN 19499 410 2 . . . 19499 411 1 12 12 CD 19499 411 2 . . . 19499 412 1 Proportion proportion NN 19499 412 2 of of IN 19499 412 3 instruments instrument NNS 19499 412 4 , , , 19499 412 5 in in IN 19499 412 6 an an DT 19499 412 7 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 412 8 . . . 19499 413 1 13 13 CD 19499 413 2 . . . 19499 414 1 Books book NNS 19499 414 2 recommended recommend VBD 19499 414 3 . . . 19499 415 1 14 14 CD 19499 415 2 . . . 19499 416 1 Violin Violin NNP 19499 416 2 . . . 19499 417 1 15 15 CD 19499 417 2 . . . 19499 418 1 Viola Viola NNP 19499 418 2 . . . 19499 419 1 16 16 CD 19499 419 2 . . . 19499 420 1 Violoncello violoncello UH 19499 420 2 . . . 19499 421 1 17 17 CD 19499 421 2 . . . 19499 422 1 Double double JJ 19499 422 2 - - HYPH 19499 422 3 bass bass NN 19499 422 4 . . . 19499 423 1 18 18 CD 19499 423 2 . . . 19499 424 1 Flute flute NN 19499 424 2 . . . 19499 425 1 19 19 CD 19499 425 2 . . . 19499 426 1 Piccolo Piccolo NNP 19499 426 2 . . . 19499 427 1 20 20 CD 19499 427 2 . . . 19499 428 1 Oboe oboe JJ 19499 428 2 family family NN 19499 428 3 . . . 19499 429 1 21 21 CD 19499 429 2 . . . 19499 430 1 Clarinet clarinet NN 19499 430 2 and and CC 19499 430 3 bass bass NN 19499 430 4 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 430 5 ; ; : 19499 430 6 saxophone saxophone NN 19499 430 7 . . . 19499 431 1 22 22 CD 19499 431 2 . . . 19499 432 1 French french JJ 19499 432 2 horn horn NN 19499 432 3 . . . 19499 433 1 23 23 CD 19499 433 2 . . . 19499 434 1 Trumpet trumpet NN 19499 434 2 . . . 19499 435 1 24 24 CD 19499 435 2 . . . 19499 436 1 Cornet Cornet NNS 19499 436 2 . . . 19499 437 1 25 25 CD 19499 437 2 . . . 19499 438 1 Trombone trombone NN 19499 438 2 . . . 19499 439 1 26 26 CD 19499 439 2 . . . 19499 440 1 Tuba Tuba NNP 19499 440 2 . . . 19499 441 1 27 27 CD 19499 441 2 . . . 19499 442 1 Kettle Kettle NNP 19499 442 2 - - HYPH 19499 442 3 drum drum NNP 19499 442 4 . . . 19499 443 1 28 28 CD 19499 443 2 . . . 19499 444 1 Harp harp NN 19499 444 2 . . . 19499 445 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 445 2 C.--Acoustics c.--acoustics CD 19499 445 3 131 131 CD 19499 445 4 1 1 CD 19499 445 5 . . . 19499 446 1 Definition definition NN 19499 446 2 . . . 19499 447 1 2 2 LS 19499 447 2 . . . 19499 448 1 Sound sound NN 19499 448 2 , , , 19499 448 3 production production NN 19499 448 4 of of IN 19499 448 5 . . . 19499 449 1 3 3 LS 19499 449 2 . . . 19499 450 1 Sound sound NN 19499 450 2 , , , 19499 450 3 transmission transmission NN 19499 450 4 of of IN 19499 450 5 . . . 19499 451 1 4 4 LS 19499 451 2 . . . 19499 452 1 Rate rate NN 19499 452 2 of of IN 19499 452 3 travel travel NN 19499 452 4 . . . 19499 453 1 5 5 CD 19499 453 2 . . . 19499 454 1 Intensification intensification NN 19499 454 2 of of IN 19499 454 3 . . . 19499 455 1 6 6 CD 19499 455 2 . . . 19499 456 1 Classification classification NN 19499 456 2 of of IN 19499 456 3 . . . 19499 457 1 7 7 LS 19499 457 2 . . . 19499 458 1 Tones tone NNS 19499 458 2 , , , 19499 458 3 properties property NNS 19499 458 4 of of IN 19499 458 5 . . . 19499 459 1 8 8 LS 19499 459 2 . . . 19499 460 1 Pitch Pitch NNP 19499 460 2 . . . 19499 461 1 9 9 CD 19499 461 2 . . . 19499 462 1 Intensity intensity NN 19499 462 2 . . . 19499 463 1 10 10 CD 19499 463 2 . . . 19499 464 1 Quality quality NN 19499 464 2 . . . 19499 465 1 11 11 CD 19499 465 2 . . . 19499 466 1 Overtones overtone NNS 19499 466 2 . . . 19499 467 1 12 12 CD 19499 467 2 . . . 19499 468 1 Equal equal JJ 19499 468 2 temperament temperament NN 19499 468 3 . . . 19499 469 1 13 13 CD 19499 469 2 . . . 19499 470 1 Standards standard NNS 19499 470 2 of of IN 19499 470 3 pitch pitch NN 19499 470 4 . . . 19499 471 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 471 2 D.--Terminology d.--terminology NN 19499 471 3 Reform Reform NNP 19499 471 4 139 139 CD 19499 471 5 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 471 6 E.--Analysis e.--analysis NN 19499 471 7 of of IN 19499 471 8 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 471 9 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 471 10 , , , 19499 471 11 Op Op NNP 19499 471 12 . . . 19499 472 1 31 31 CD 19499 472 2 , , , 19499 472 3 No no UH 19499 472 4 . . . 19499 473 1 3 3 CD 19499 473 2 149 149 CD 19499 473 3 PRONOUNCING PRONOUNCING NNP 19499 473 4 INDEX index NN 19499 473 5 159 159 CD 19499 473 6 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 473 7 I -PRON- PRP 19499 473 8 SOME some VBP 19499 473 9 PRINCIPLES principle NNS 19499 473 10 OF of IN 19499 473 11 CORRECT CORRECT NNP 19499 473 12 NOTATION notation NN 19499 473 13 1 1 CD 19499 473 14 . . . 19499 474 1 The the DT 19499 474 2 _ _ NNP 19499 474 3 note note NN 19499 474 4 _ _ NNP 19499 474 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 474 6 from from IN 19499 474 7 _ _ NNP 19499 474 8 nota_--Latin nota_--Latin NNP 19499 474 9 -- -- : 19499 474 10 a a DT 19499 474 11 mark mark NN 19499 474 12 or or CC 19499 474 13 sign sign NN 19499 474 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 474 15 consists consist VBZ 19499 474 16 of of IN 19499 474 17 either either DT 19499 474 18 one one CD 19499 474 19 , , , 19499 474 20 two two CD 19499 474 21 , , , 19499 474 22 or or CC 19499 474 23 three three CD 19499 474 24 parts part NNS 19499 474 25 , , , 19499 474 26 ( ( -LRB- 19499 474 27 [ [ -LRB- 19499 474 28 Illustration illustration NN 19499 474 29 ] ] -RRB- 19499 474 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 474 31 these these DT 19499 474 32 being be VBG 19499 474 33 referred refer VBN 19499 474 34 to to TO 19499 474 35 respectively respectively RB 19499 474 36 as as IN 19499 474 37 head head NN 19499 474 38 , , , 19499 474 39 stem stem NN 19499 474 40 , , , 19499 474 41 and and CC 19499 474 42 hook hook NN 19499 474 43 . . . 19499 475 1 The the DT 19499 475 2 hook hook NN 19499 475 3 is be VBZ 19499 475 4 often often RB 19499 475 5 called call VBN 19499 475 6 _ _ NNP 19499 475 7 tail tail NN 19499 475 8 _ _ NNP 19499 475 9 or or CC 19499 475 10 cross cross JJ 19499 475 11 - - NN 19499 475 12 stroke stroke JJ 19499 475 13 . . . 19499 476 1 The the DT 19499 476 2 stem stem NN 19499 476 3 appears appear VBZ 19499 476 4 on on IN 19499 476 5 the the DT 19499 476 6 right right JJ 19499 476 7 side side NN 19499 476 8 of of IN 19499 476 9 the the DT 19499 476 10 head head NN 19499 476 11 when when WRB 19499 476 12 turned turn VBD 19499 476 13 up up RP 19499 476 14 , , , 19499 476 15 but but CC 19499 476 16 on on IN 19499 476 17 the the DT 19499 476 18 left left JJ 19499 476 19 side side NN 19499 476 20 when when WRB 19499 476 21 turned turn VBD 19499 476 22 down down RP 19499 476 23 . . . 19499 477 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 477 2 1 1 CD 19499 477 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 477 4 [ [ -LRB- 19499 477 5 Illustration illustration NN 19499 477 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 477 7 The the DT 19499 477 8 hook hook NN 19499 477 9 is be VBZ 19499 477 10 always always RB 19499 477 11 on on IN 19499 477 12 the the DT 19499 477 13 right right JJ 19499 477 14 side side NN 19499 477 15 . . . 19499 478 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 478 2 2 2 CD 19499 478 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 478 4 [ [ -LRB- 19499 478 5 Illustration illustration NN 19499 478 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 478 7 [ [ -LRB- 19499 478 8 Footnote footnote NN 19499 478 9 1 1 CD 19499 478 10 : : : 19499 478 11 It -PRON- PRP 19499 478 12 should should MD 19499 478 13 be be VB 19499 478 14 noted note VBN 19499 478 15 at at IN 19499 478 16 the the DT 19499 478 17 outset outset NN 19499 478 18 that that IN 19499 478 19 this this DT 19499 478 20 statement statement NN 19499 478 21 regarding regard VBG 19499 478 22 the the DT 19499 478 23 down down RB 19499 478 24 - - HYPH 19499 478 25 turned turned JJ 19499 478 26 stem stem NN 19499 478 27 on on IN 19499 478 28 the the DT 19499 478 29 left left JJ 19499 478 30 side side NN 19499 478 31 of of IN 19499 478 32 the the DT 19499 478 33 note note NN 19499 478 34 - - HYPH 19499 478 35 head head NN 19499 478 36 , , , 19499 478 37 and and CC 19499 478 38 also also RB 19499 478 39 a a DT 19499 478 40 number number NN 19499 478 41 of of IN 19499 478 42 similar similar JJ 19499 478 43 principles principle NNS 19499 478 44 here here RB 19499 478 45 cited cite VBD 19499 478 46 , , , 19499 478 47 refer refer VBP 19499 478 48 more more RBR 19499 478 49 specifically specifically RB 19499 478 50 to to IN 19499 478 51 music music NN 19499 478 52 as as IN 19499 478 53 it -PRON- PRP 19499 478 54 appears appear VBZ 19499 478 55 on on IN 19499 478 56 the the DT 19499 478 57 printed print VBN 19499 478 58 page page NN 19499 478 59 . . . 19499 479 1 In in IN 19499 479 2 the the DT 19499 479 3 case case NN 19499 479 4 of of IN 19499 479 5 hand hand NN 19499 479 6 - - HYPH 19499 479 7 copied copy VBN 19499 479 8 music music NN 19499 479 9 the the DT 19499 479 10 down down RB 19499 479 11 - - HYPH 19499 479 12 turned turned JJ 19499 479 13 stem stem NN 19499 479 14 appears appear VBZ 19499 479 15 on on IN 19499 479 16 the the DT 19499 479 17 right right JJ 19499 479 18 side side NN 19499 479 19 of of IN 19499 479 20 the the DT 19499 479 21 note note NN 19499 479 22 , , , 19499 479 23 thus thus RB 19499 479 24 [ [ -LRB- 19499 479 25 note note NN 19499 479 26 symbol symbol NN 19499 479 27 ] ] -RRB- 19499 479 28 . . . 19499 480 1 This this DT 19499 480 2 is be VBZ 19499 480 3 done do VBN 19499 480 4 because because IN 19499 480 5 of of IN 19499 480 6 greater great JJR 19499 480 7 facility facility NN 19499 480 8 in in IN 19499 480 9 writing writing NN 19499 480 10 , , , 19499 480 11 and and CC 19499 480 12 for for IN 19499 480 13 the the DT 19499 480 14 same same JJ 19499 480 15 reason reason NN 19499 480 16 other other JJ 19499 480 17 slight slight JJ 19499 480 18 modifications modification NNS 19499 480 19 of of IN 19499 480 20 the the DT 19499 480 21 notation notation NN 19499 480 22 here here RB 19499 480 23 recommended recommend VBN 19499 480 24 may may MD 19499 480 25 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 480 26 be be VB 19499 480 27 encountered encounter VBN 19499 480 28 . . . 19499 481 1 In in IN 19499 481 2 dealing deal VBG 19499 481 3 with with IN 19499 481 4 children child NNS 19499 481 5 it -PRON- PRP 19499 481 6 is be VBZ 19499 481 7 best good JJS 19499 481 8 usually usually RB 19499 481 9 to to TO 19499 481 10 follow follow VB 19499 481 11 as as RB 19499 481 12 closely closely RB 19499 481 13 as as IN 19499 481 14 possible possible JJ 19499 481 15 the the DT 19499 481 16 principles principle NNS 19499 481 17 according accord VBG 19499 481 18 to to IN 19499 481 19 which which WDT 19499 481 20 _ _ NNP 19499 481 21 printed print VBD 19499 481 22 _ _ NNP 19499 481 23 music music NN 19499 481 24 is be VBZ 19499 481 25 notated notate VBN 19499 481 26 , , , 19499 481 27 in in IN 19499 481 28 order order NN 19499 481 29 to to TO 19499 481 30 avoid avoid VB 19499 481 31 those those DT 19499 481 32 non non JJ 19499 481 33 - - JJ 19499 481 34 satisfying satisfying JJ 19499 481 35 and and CC 19499 481 36 often often RB 19499 481 37 embarrassing embarrassing JJ 19499 481 38 explanations explanation NNS 19499 481 39 of of IN 19499 481 40 differences difference NNS 19499 481 41 which which WDT 19499 481 42 will will MD 19499 481 43 otherwise otherwise RB 19499 481 44 be be VB 19499 481 45 unavoidable unavoidable JJ 19499 481 46 . . . 19499 481 47 ] ] -RRB- 19499 482 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 482 2 Footnote footnote NN 19499 482 3 2 2 CD 19499 482 4 : : : 19499 482 5 An an DT 19499 482 6 exception exception NN 19499 482 7 to to IN 19499 482 8 this this DT 19499 482 9 rule rule NN 19499 482 10 occurs occur VBZ 19499 482 11 in in IN 19499 482 12 the the DT 19499 482 13 case case NN 19499 482 14 of of IN 19499 482 15 notes note NNS 19499 482 16 of of IN 19499 482 17 unequal unequal JJ 19499 482 18 value value NN 19499 482 19 stroked stroke VBN 19499 482 20 together together RB 19499 482 21 , , , 19499 482 22 when when WRB 19499 482 23 the the DT 19499 482 24 hook hook NN 19499 482 25 appears appear VBZ 19499 482 26 on on IN 19499 482 27 the the DT 19499 482 28 left left JJ 19499 482 29 side side NN 19499 482 30 , , , 19499 482 31 thus thus RB 19499 482 32 [ [ -LRB- 19499 482 33 Illustration illustration NN 19499 482 34 ] ] -RRB- 19499 482 35 . . . 19499 482 36 ] ] -RRB- 19499 483 1 In in IN 19499 483 2 writing write VBG 19499 483 3 music music NN 19499 483 4 with with IN 19499 483 5 pen pen NN 19499 483 6 the the DT 19499 483 7 head head NN 19499 483 8 and and CC 19499 483 9 hook hook NN 19499 483 10 are be VBP 19499 483 11 best best RB 19499 483 12 made make VBN 19499 483 13 with with IN 19499 483 14 a a DT 19499 483 15 heavy heavy JJ 19499 483 16 pressure pressure NN 19499 483 17 on on IN 19499 483 18 the the DT 19499 483 19 pen pen NN 19499 483 20 point point NN 19499 483 21 , , , 19499 483 22 but but CC 19499 483 23 in in IN 19499 483 24 writing writing NN 19499 483 25 at at IN 19499 483 26 the the DT 19499 483 27 board board NN 19499 483 28 they -PRON- PRP 19499 483 29 are be VBP 19499 483 30 most most RBS 19499 483 31 easily easily RB 19499 483 32 made make VBN 19499 483 33 by by IN 19499 483 34 using use VBG 19499 483 35 a a DT 19499 483 36 piece piece NN 19499 483 37 of of IN 19499 483 38 chalk chalk NN 19499 483 39 about about IN 19499 483 40 an an DT 19499 483 41 inch inch NN 19499 483 42 long long RB 19499 483 43 , , , 19499 483 44 turned turn VBD 19499 483 45 on on RP 19499 483 46 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 483 47 side side NN 19499 483 48 . . . 19499 484 1 2 2 LS 19499 484 2 . . . 19499 485 1 When when WRB 19499 485 2 only only RB 19499 485 3 one one CD 19499 485 4 part part NN 19499 485 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 485 6 or or CC 19499 485 7 voice voice NN 19499 485 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 485 9 is be VBZ 19499 485 10 written write VBN 19499 485 11 on on IN 19499 485 12 the the DT 19499 485 13 staff staff NN 19499 485 14 , , , 19499 485 15 the the DT 19499 485 16 following follow VBG 19499 485 17 _ _ NNP 19499 485 18 rules rule NNS 19499 485 19 for for IN 19499 485 20 turning turn VBG 19499 485 21 stems stem NNS 19499 485 22 _ _ NNP 19499 485 23 apply apply VBP 19499 485 24 : : : 19499 485 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 485 26 1 1 LS 19499 485 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 485 28 If if IN 19499 485 29 the the DT 19499 485 30 note note NN 19499 485 31 - - HYPH 19499 485 32 head head NN 19499 485 33 is be VBZ 19499 485 34 _ _ NNP 19499 485 35 below below IN 19499 485 36 _ _ NNP 19499 485 37 the the DT 19499 485 38 third third JJ 19499 485 39 line line NN 19499 485 40 , , , 19499 485 41 the the DT 19499 485 42 stem stem NN 19499 485 43 must must MD 19499 485 44 turn turn VB 19499 485 45 up up RP 19499 485 46 . . . 19499 486 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 486 2 2 2 LS 19499 486 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 486 4 If if IN 19499 486 5 the the DT 19499 486 6 note note NN 19499 486 7 - - HYPH 19499 486 8 head head NN 19499 486 9 is be VBZ 19499 486 10 _ _ NNP 19499 486 11 above above IN 19499 486 12 _ _ NNP 19499 486 13 the the DT 19499 486 14 third third JJ 19499 486 15 line line NN 19499 486 16 the the DT 19499 486 17 stem stem NN 19499 486 18 must must MD 19499 486 19 turn turn VB 19499 486 20 down down RP 19499 486 21 . . . 19499 487 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 487 2 3 3 LS 19499 487 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 487 4 If if IN 19499 487 5 the the DT 19499 487 6 note note NN 19499 487 7 - - HYPH 19499 487 8 head head NN 19499 487 9 is be VBZ 19499 487 10 _ _ NNP 19499 487 11 on on IN 19499 487 12 _ _ NNP 19499 487 13 the the DT 19499 487 14 third third JJ 19499 487 15 line line NN 19499 487 16 the the DT 19499 487 17 stem stem NN 19499 487 18 is be VBZ 19499 487 19 turned turn VBN 19499 487 20 either either CC 19499 487 21 up up RB 19499 487 22 or or CC 19499 487 23 down down RB 19499 487 24 with with IN 19499 487 25 due due JJ 19499 487 26 regard regard NN 19499 487 27 to to IN 19499 487 28 the the DT 19499 487 29 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 19499 487 30 appearance appearance NN 19499 487 31 of of IN 19499 487 32 the the DT 19499 487 33 measure measure NN 19499 487 34 in in IN 19499 487 35 which which WDT 19499 487 36 the the DT 19499 487 37 note note NN 19499 487 38 occurs occur VBZ 19499 487 39 . . . 19499 488 1 The the DT 19499 488 2 following follow VBG 19499 488 3 examples example NNS 19499 488 4 will will MD 19499 488 5 illustrate illustrate VB 19499 488 6 these these DT 19499 488 7 points point NNS 19499 488 8 . . . 19499 489 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 489 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 489 3 : : : 19499 489 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 489 5 . . . 19499 490 1 1 1 LS 19499 490 2 . . . 19499 490 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 491 1 3 3 LS 19499 491 2 . . . 19499 492 1 When when WRB 19499 492 2 two two CD 19499 492 3 parts part NNS 19499 492 4 are be VBP 19499 492 5 written write VBN 19499 492 6 on on IN 19499 492 7 the the DT 19499 492 8 same same JJ 19499 492 9 staff staff NN 19499 492 10 , , , 19499 492 11 the the DT 19499 492 12 stems stem NNS 19499 492 13 of of IN 19499 492 14 the the DT 19499 492 15 upper upper JJ 19499 492 16 part part NN 19499 492 17 all all DT 19499 492 18 turn turn VBP 19499 492 19 up up RP 19499 492 20 , , , 19499 492 21 and and CC 19499 492 22 those those DT 19499 492 23 of of IN 19499 492 24 the the DT 19499 492 25 lower low JJR 19499 492 26 part part NN 19499 492 27 turn turn VB 19499 492 28 down down RP 19499 492 29 , , , 19499 492 30 in in IN 19499 492 31 order order NN 19499 492 32 that that IN 19499 492 33 the the DT 19499 492 34 parts part NNS 19499 492 35 may may MD 19499 492 36 be be VB 19499 492 37 clearly clearly RB 19499 492 38 distinguished distinguish VBN 19499 492 39 . . . 19499 493 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 493 2 Fig fig NN 19499 493 3 . . . 19499 494 1 2 2 LS 19499 494 2 . . . 19499 494 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 495 1 But but CC 19499 495 2 in in IN 19499 495 3 music music NN 19499 495 4 for for IN 19499 495 5 piano piano NN 19499 495 6 and and CC 19499 495 7 other other JJ 19499 495 8 instruments instrument NNS 19499 495 9 on on IN 19499 495 10 which which WDT 19499 495 11 complete complete JJ 19499 495 12 chords chord NNS 19499 495 13 can can MD 19499 495 14 be be VB 19499 495 15 sounded sound VBN 19499 495 16 by by IN 19499 495 17 _ _ NNP 19499 495 18 one one CD 19499 495 19 _ _ NNP 19499 495 20 performer performer NN 19499 495 21 and and CC 19499 495 22 also also RB 19499 495 23 in in IN 19499 495 24 simple simple JJ 19499 495 25 , , , 19499 495 26 four four CD 19499 495 27 - - HYPH 19499 495 28 part part NN 19499 495 29 vocal vocal JJ 19499 495 30 music music NN 19499 495 31 in in IN 19499 495 32 which which WDT 19499 495 33 all all DT 19499 495 34 voices voice NNS 19499 495 35 have have VBP 19499 495 36 approximately approximately RB 19499 495 37 the the DT 19499 495 38 same same JJ 19499 495 39 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 495 40 , , , 19499 495 41 several several JJ 19499 495 42 notes note NNS 19499 495 43 often often RB 19499 495 44 have have VBP 19499 495 45 one one CD 19499 495 46 stem stem NN 19499 495 47 in in IN 19499 495 48 common common JJ 19499 495 49 as as IN 19499 495 50 in in IN 19499 495 51 Fig Fig NNP 19499 495 52 . . . 19499 496 1 3 3 LS 19499 496 2 . . . 19499 497 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 497 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 497 3 : : : 19499 497 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 497 5 . . . 19499 498 1 2 2 LS 19499 498 2 . . . 19499 498 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 499 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 499 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 499 3 : : : 19499 499 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 499 5 . . . 19499 500 1 3 3 LS 19499 500 2 . . . 19499 500 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 501 1 4 4 LS 19499 501 2 . . . 19499 502 1 Notes note NNS 19499 502 2 of of IN 19499 502 3 small small JJ 19499 502 4 denomination denomination NN 19499 502 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 502 6 eighths eighth NNS 19499 502 7 and and CC 19499 502 8 smaller small JJR 19499 502 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 502 10 are be VBP 19499 502 11 often often RB 19499 502 12 written write VBN 19499 502 13 in in IN 19499 502 14 groups group NNS 19499 502 15 of of IN 19499 502 16 two two CD 19499 502 17 or or CC 19499 502 18 more more JJR 19499 502 19 , , , 19499 502 20 all all DT 19499 502 21 stems stem VBZ 19499 502 22 in in IN 19499 502 23 the the DT 19499 502 24 group group NN 19499 502 25 being be VBG 19499 502 26 then then RB 19499 502 27 connected connect VBN 19499 502 28 by by IN 19499 502 29 _ _ NNP 19499 502 30 one one CD 19499 502 31 cross cross JJ 19499 502 32 - - JJ 19499 502 33 stroke stroke JJ 19499 502 34 _ _ NNP 19499 502 35 . . . 19499 503 1 In in IN 19499 503 2 such such PDT 19499 503 3 a a DT 19499 503 4 case case NN 19499 503 5 all all PDT 19499 503 6 the the DT 19499 503 7 stems stem NNS 19499 503 8 must must MD 19499 503 9 of of IN 19499 503 10 course course NN 19499 503 11 be be VB 19499 503 12 turned turn VBN 19499 503 13 the the DT 19499 503 14 same same JJ 19499 503 15 way way NN 19499 503 16 , , , 19499 503 17 the the DT 19499 503 18 direction direction NN 19499 503 19 being be VBG 19499 503 20 determined determine VBN 19499 503 21 by by IN 19499 503 22 the the DT 19499 503 23 position position NN 19499 503 24 of of IN 19499 503 25 the the DT 19499 503 26 majority majority NN 19499 503 27 of of IN 19499 503 28 note note NN 19499 503 29 - - HYPH 19499 503 30 heads head NNS 19499 503 31 in in IN 19499 503 32 the the DT 19499 503 33 group group NN 19499 503 34 . . . 19499 504 1 Notes note NNS 19499 504 2 thus thus RB 19499 504 3 _ _ NNP 19499 504 4 stroked stroke VBD 19499 504 5 _ _ NNP 19499 504 6 may may MD 19499 504 7 be be VB 19499 504 8 of of IN 19499 504 9 the the DT 19499 504 10 same same JJ 19499 504 11 or or CC 19499 504 12 of of IN 19499 504 13 different different JJ 19499 504 14 denomination denomination NN 19499 504 15 . . . 19499 505 1 See see VB 19499 505 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 505 3 . . . 19499 506 1 4 4 LS 19499 506 2 . . . 19499 507 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 507 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 507 3 : : : 19499 507 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 507 5 . . . 19499 508 1 4 4 LS 19499 508 2 . . . 19499 508 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 509 1 In in IN 19499 509 2 vocal vocal JJ 19499 509 3 music music NN 19499 509 4 notes note NNS 19499 509 5 are be VBP 19499 509 6 never never RB 19499 509 7 thus thus RB 19499 509 8 stroked stroke VBN 19499 509 9 when when WRB 19499 509 10 a a DT 19499 509 11 syllable syllable NN 19499 509 12 is be VBZ 19499 509 13 given give VBN 19499 509 14 to to IN 19499 509 15 each each DT 19499 509 16 note note NN 19499 509 17 . . . 19499 510 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 510 2 See see VB 19499 510 3 p. p. NN 19499 510 4 19 19 CD 19499 510 5 , , , 19499 510 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 510 7 . . . 19499 511 1 55 55 CD 19499 511 2 , , , 19499 511 3 C. C. NNP 19499 511 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 511 5 5 5 CD 19499 511 6 . . . 19499 512 1 _ _ NNP 19499 512 2 Rests Rests NNPS 19499 512 3 _ _ NNP 19499 512 4 , , , 19499 512 5 like like IN 19499 512 6 notes note NNS 19499 512 7 , , , 19499 512 8 are be VBP 19499 512 9 best best RB 19499 512 10 made make VBN 19499 512 11 with with IN 19499 512 12 a a DT 19499 512 13 heavy heavy JJ 19499 512 14 pen pen NN 19499 512 15 stroke stroke NN 19499 512 16 or or CC 19499 512 17 by by IN 19499 512 18 using use VBG 19499 512 19 a a DT 19499 512 20 piece piece NN 19499 512 21 of of IN 19499 512 22 chalk chalk NN 19499 512 23 on on IN 19499 512 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 512 25 side side NN 19499 512 26 . . . 19499 513 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 513 2 See see VB 19499 513 3 note note NN 19499 513 4 under under IN 19499 513 5 Sec Sec NNP 19499 513 6 . . . 19499 514 1 1 1 LS 19499 514 2 . . . 19499 514 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 515 1 The the DT 19499 515 2 double double JJ 19499 515 3 - - HYPH 19499 515 4 whole whole JJ 19499 515 5 rest rest NN 19499 515 6 , , , 19499 515 7 whole whole JJ 19499 515 8 rest rest NN 19499 515 9 , , , 19499 515 10 and and CC 19499 515 11 half half NN 19499 515 12 rest rest NN 19499 515 13 occupy occupy VBP 19499 515 14 the the DT 19499 515 15 third third JJ 19499 515 16 space space NN 19499 515 17 unless unless IN 19499 515 18 for for IN 19499 515 19 the the DT 19499 515 20 sake sake NN 19499 515 21 of of IN 19499 515 22 clearness clearness NN 19499 515 23 in in IN 19499 515 24 writing write VBG 19499 515 25 two two CD 19499 515 26 parts part NNS 19499 515 27 on on IN 19499 515 28 the the DT 19499 515 29 same same JJ 19499 515 30 staff staff NN 19499 515 31 they -PRON- PRP 19499 515 32 are be VBP 19499 515 33 written write VBN 19499 515 34 higher higher RBR 19499 515 35 or or CC 19499 515 36 lower lower RBR 19499 515 37 . . . 19499 516 1 The the DT 19499 516 2 rests rest NNS 19499 516 3 of of IN 19499 516 4 smaller small JJR 19499 516 5 denomination denomination NN 19499 516 6 may may MD 19499 516 7 be be VB 19499 516 8 placed place VBN 19499 516 9 at at IN 19499 516 10 any any DT 19499 516 11 point point NN 19499 516 12 on on IN 19499 516 13 the the DT 19499 516 14 staff staff NN 19499 516 15 , , , 19499 516 16 the the DT 19499 516 17 hooks hook NNS 19499 516 18 being be VBG 19499 516 19 always always RB 19499 516 20 placed place VBN 19499 516 21 on on IN 19499 516 22 the the DT 19499 516 23 spaces space NNS 19499 516 24 . . . 19499 517 1 The the DT 19499 517 2 hook hook NN 19499 517 3 of of IN 19499 517 4 the the DT 19499 517 5 eighth eighth JJ 19499 517 6 rest rest NN 19499 517 7 is be VBZ 19499 517 8 usually usually RB 19499 517 9 placed place VBN 19499 517 10 on on IN 19499 517 11 the the DT 19499 517 12 _ _ NNP 19499 517 13 third third JJ 19499 517 14 _ _ NNP 19499 517 15 space space NN 19499 517 16 . . . 19499 518 1 Rests rest NNS 19499 518 2 are be VBP 19499 518 3 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 518 4 dotted dotted JJ 19499 518 5 , , , 19499 518 6 but but CC 19499 518 7 are be VBP 19499 518 8 never never RB 19499 518 9 tied tie VBN 19499 518 10 . . . 19499 519 1 6 6 CD 19499 519 2 . . . 19499 520 1 The the DT 19499 520 2 _ _ NNP 19499 520 3 G G NNP 19499 520 4 clef clef VBZ 19499 520 5 _ _ NNP 19499 520 6 should should MD 19499 520 7 be be VB 19499 520 8 begun begin VBN 19499 520 9 at at IN 19499 520 10 the the DT 19499 520 11 second second JJ 19499 520 12 line line NN 19499 520 13 rather rather RB 19499 520 14 than than IN 19499 520 15 below below IN 19499 520 16 the the DT 19499 520 17 staff staff NN 19499 520 18 . . . 19499 521 1 Experiments experiment NNS 19499 521 2 have have VBP 19499 521 3 shown show VBN 19499 521 4 clearly clearly RB 19499 521 5 that that IN 19499 521 6 beginners beginner NNS 19499 521 7 learn learn VBP 19499 521 8 to to TO 19499 521 9 make make VB 19499 521 10 it -PRON- PRP 19499 521 11 most most RBS 19499 521 12 easily easily RB 19499 521 13 in in IN 19499 521 14 this this DT 19499 521 15 way way NN 19499 521 16 , , , 19499 521 17 and and CC 19499 521 18 the the DT 19499 521 19 process process NN 19499 521 20 may may MD 19499 521 21 be be VB 19499 521 22 further further RB 19499 521 23 simplified simplify VBN 19499 521 24 by by IN 19499 521 25 dividing divide VBG 19499 521 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 521 27 into into IN 19499 521 28 two two CD 19499 521 29 parts part NNS 19499 521 30 , , , 19499 521 31 thus thus RB 19499 521 32 , , , 19499 521 33 [ [ -LRB- 19499 521 34 Illustration illustration NN 19499 521 35 ] ] -RRB- 19499 521 36 . . . 19499 522 1 The the DT 19499 522 2 descending descend VBG 19499 522 3 stroke stroke NN 19499 522 4 crosses cross VBZ 19499 522 5 the the DT 19499 522 6 ascending ascend VBG 19499 522 7 curve curve NN 19499 522 8 at at IN 19499 522 9 or or CC 19499 522 10 near near IN 19499 522 11 the the DT 19499 522 12 fourth fourth JJ 19499 522 13 line line NN 19499 522 14 . . . 19499 523 1 The the DT 19499 523 2 circular circular JJ 19499 523 3 part part NN 19499 523 4 of of IN 19499 523 5 the the DT 19499 523 6 curve curve NN 19499 523 7 occupies occupie NNS 19499 523 8 approximately approximately RB 19499 523 9 the the DT 19499 523 10 first first JJ 19499 523 11 and and CC 19499 523 12 second second JJ 19499 523 13 spaces space NNS 19499 523 14 . . . 19499 524 1 7 7 LS 19499 524 2 . . . 19499 525 1 The the DT 19499 525 2 _ _ NNP 19499 525 3 F F NNP 19499 525 4 clef clef NNP 19499 525 5 _ _ NNP 19499 525 6 is be VBZ 19499 525 7 made make VBN 19499 525 8 either either CC 19499 525 9 thus thus RB 19499 525 10 , , , 19499 525 11 [ [ -LRB- 19499 525 12 bass bass NN 19499 525 13 clef clef NNP 19499 525 14 symbol symbol NN 19499 525 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 525 16 , , , 19499 525 17 or or CC 19499 525 18 thus thus RB 19499 525 19 , , , 19499 525 20 [ [ -LRB- 19499 525 21 old old JJ 19499 525 22 bass bass NN 19499 525 23 clef clef VBZ 19499 525 24 symbol symbol NN 19499 525 25 ] ] -RRB- 19499 525 26 , , , 19499 525 27 the the DT 19499 525 28 dots dot NNS 19499 525 29 being be VBG 19499 525 30 placed place VBN 19499 525 31 one one CD 19499 525 32 on on IN 19499 525 33 either either DT 19499 525 34 side side NN 19499 525 35 of of IN 19499 525 36 the the DT 19499 525 37 fourth fourth JJ 19499 525 38 line line NN 19499 525 39 of of IN 19499 525 40 the the DT 19499 525 41 staff staff NN 19499 525 42 , , , 19499 525 43 which which WDT 19499 525 44 is be VBZ 19499 525 45 the the DT 19499 525 46 particular particular JJ 19499 525 47 point point NN 19499 525 48 that that IN 19499 525 49 the the DT 19499 525 50 clef clef JJ 19499 525 51 marks mark NNS 19499 525 52 . . . 19499 526 1 The the DT 19499 526 2 C C NNP 19499 526 3 _ _ NNP 19499 526 4 clef clef VBZ 19499 526 5 _ _ NNP 19499 526 6 has have VBZ 19499 526 7 also also RB 19499 526 8 two two CD 19499 526 9 forms form NNS 19499 526 10 , , , 19499 526 11 [ [ -LRB- 19499 526 12 C c NN 19499 526 13 clef clef VBZ 19499 526 14 symbol symbol NN 19499 526 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 526 16 and and CC 19499 526 17 [ [ -LRB- 19499 526 18 tenor tenor NN 19499 526 19 clef clef NNP 19499 526 20 symbol symbol NN 19499 526 21 ] ] -RRB- 19499 526 22 . . . 19499 527 1 8 8 LS 19499 527 2 . . . 19499 528 1 The the DT 19499 528 2 _ _ NNP 19499 528 3 sharp sharp JJ 19499 528 4 _ _ NNP 19499 528 5 is be VBZ 19499 528 6 made make VBN 19499 528 7 with with IN 19499 528 8 two two CD 19499 528 9 light light JJ 19499 528 10 vertical vertical JJ 19499 528 11 strokes stroke NNS 19499 528 12 , , , 19499 528 13 and and CC 19499 528 14 two two CD 19499 528 15 heavy heavy JJ 19499 528 16 slanting slanting JJ 19499 528 17 ones one NNS 19499 528 18 , , , 19499 528 19 the the DT 19499 528 20 slant slant NN 19499 528 21 of of IN 19499 528 22 the the DT 19499 528 23 latter latter JJ 19499 528 24 being be VBG 19499 528 25 upward upward RB 19499 528 26 from from IN 19499 528 27 left leave VBN 19499 528 28 to to IN 19499 528 29 right right NN 19499 528 30 , , , 19499 528 31 [ [ -LRB- 19499 528 32 sharp sharp JJ 19499 528 33 ] ] -RRB- 19499 528 34 . . . 19499 529 1 The the DT 19499 529 2 sharp sharp JJ 19499 529 3 should should MD 19499 529 4 never never RB 19499 529 5 be be VB 19499 529 6 made make VBN 19499 529 7 thus thus RB 19499 529 8 , , , 19499 529 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 529 10 Illustration illustration NN 19499 529 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 529 12 . . . 19499 530 1 The the DT 19499 530 2 _ _ NNP 19499 530 3 double double JJ 19499 530 4 sharp sharp JJ 19499 530 5 _ _ NNP 19499 530 6 is be VBZ 19499 530 7 made make VBN 19499 530 8 either either CC 19499 530 9 thus thus RB 19499 530 10 [ [ -LRB- 19499 530 11 double double JJ 19499 530 12 - - HYPH 19499 530 13 sharp sharp JJ 19499 530 14 symbol symbol NN 19499 530 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 530 16 or or CC 19499 530 17 [ [ -LRB- 19499 530 18 old old JJ 19499 530 19 double double RB 19499 530 20 - - HYPH 19499 530 21 sharp sharp JJ 19499 530 22 symbol symbol NN 19499 530 23 ] ] -RRB- 19499 530 24 , , , 19499 530 25 the the DT 19499 530 26 first first JJ 19499 530 27 form form NN 19499 530 28 being be VBG 19499 530 29 at at IN 19499 530 30 present present JJ 19499 530 31 the the DT 19499 530 32 more more RBR 19499 530 33 common common JJ 19499 530 34 . . . 19499 531 1 9 9 CD 19499 531 2 . . . 19499 532 1 The the DT 19499 532 2 _ _ NNP 19499 532 3 flat flat JJ 19499 532 4 _ _ NNP 19499 532 5 is be VBZ 19499 532 6 best well RBS 19499 532 7 made make VBN 19499 532 8 by by IN 19499 532 9 a a DT 19499 532 10 down down JJ 19499 532 11 stroke stroke NN 19499 532 12 retraced retrace VBD 19499 532 13 part part NN 19499 532 14 way way RB 19499 532 15 up up RB 19499 532 16 , , , 19499 532 17 the the DT 19499 532 18 curve curve NN 19499 532 19 being be VBG 19499 532 20 made make VBN 19499 532 21 without without IN 19499 532 22 lifting lift VBG 19499 532 23 pen pen NN 19499 532 24 from from IN 19499 532 25 paper paper NN 19499 532 26 . . . 19499 533 1 The the DT 19499 533 2 _ _ NNP 19499 533 3 double double JJ 19499 533 4 flat flat JJ 19499 533 5 _ _ NNP 19499 533 6 consists consist VBZ 19499 533 7 of of IN 19499 533 8 two two CD 19499 533 9 flats,[3 flats,[3 NN 19499 533 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 533 11 [ [ -LRB- 19499 533 12 flat][flat flat][flat NNP 19499 533 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 533 14 . . . 19499 534 1 The the DT 19499 534 2 _ _ NNP 19499 534 3 natural natural JJ 19499 534 4 _ _ NNP 19499 534 5 or or CC 19499 534 6 _ _ NNP 19499 534 7 cancel cancel NN 19499 534 8 _ _ NNP 19499 534 9 is be VBZ 19499 534 10 made make VBN 19499 534 11 in in IN 19499 534 12 two two CD 19499 534 13 strokes stroke NNS 19499 534 14 , , , 19499 534 15 down down RB 19499 534 16 - - HYPH 19499 534 17 right right JJ 19499 534 18 and and CC 19499 534 19 right right NN 19499 534 20 - - HYPH 19499 534 21 down down NN 19499 534 22 , , , 19499 534 23 thus thus RB 19499 534 24 [ [ -LRB- 19499 534 25 Illustration illustration NN 19499 534 26 ] ] -RRB- 19499 534 27 . . . 19499 535 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 535 2 Footnote footnote NN 19499 535 3 3 3 CD 19499 535 4 : : : 19499 535 5 It -PRON- PRP 19499 535 6 is be VBZ 19499 535 7 to to TO 19499 535 8 be be VB 19499 535 9 hoped hope VBN 19499 535 10 that that IN 19499 535 11 the the DT 19499 535 12 figure figure NN 19499 535 13 for for IN 19499 535 14 the the DT 19499 535 15 double double JJ 19499 535 16 - - HYPH 19499 535 17 flat flat NN 19499 535 18 suggested suggest VBN 19499 535 19 by by IN 19499 535 20 Mattheson Mattheson NNP 19499 535 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 535 22 who who WP 19499 535 23 also also RB 19499 535 24 suggested suggest VBD 19499 535 25 the the DT 19499 535 26 St. St. NNP 19499 535 27 Andrew Andrew NNP 19499 535 28 's 's POS 19499 535 29 cross cross NN 19499 535 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 535 31 [ [ -LRB- 19499 535 32 symbol symbol NN 19499 535 33 ] ] -RRB- 19499 535 34 ) ) -RRB- 19499 535 35 for for IN 19499 535 36 the the DT 19499 535 37 double double RB 19499 535 38 - - HYPH 19499 535 39 sharp sharp JJ 19499 535 40 ) ) -RRB- 19499 535 41 may may MD 19499 535 42 some some DT 19499 535 43 time time NN 19499 535 44 be be VB 19499 535 45 readopted readopte VBN 19499 535 46 . . . 19499 536 1 This this DT 19499 536 2 figure figure NN 19499 536 3 was be VBD 19499 536 4 the the DT 19499 536 5 Greek greek JJ 19499 536 6 letter letter NN 19499 536 7 B b NN 19499 536 8 , , , 19499 536 9 made make VBN 19499 536 10 thus thus RB 19499 536 11 , , , 19499 536 12 [ [ -LRB- 19499 536 13 Greek greek NN 19499 536 14 : : : 19499 536 15 b b LS 19499 536 16 ] ] -RRB- 19499 536 17 , , , 19499 536 18 and and CC 19499 536 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 536 20 use use NN 19499 536 21 would would MD 19499 536 22 make make VB 19499 536 23 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 536 24 notation notation NN 19499 536 25 one one CD 19499 536 26 degree degree NN 19499 536 27 more more RBR 19499 536 28 uniform uniform JJ 19499 536 29 than than IN 19499 536 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 536 31 is be VBZ 19499 536 32 at at IN 19499 536 33 present present NN 19499 536 34 . . . 19499 536 35 ] ] -RRB- 19499 537 1 10 10 CD 19499 537 2 . . . 19499 538 1 The the DT 19499 538 2 _ _ NNP 19499 538 3 tie tie NN 19499 538 4 _ _ NNP 19499 538 5 usually usually RB 19499 538 6 connects connect VBZ 19499 538 7 the the DT 19499 538 8 _ _ NNP 19499 538 9 heads head NNS 19499 538 10 _ _ NNP 19499 538 11 of of IN 19499 538 12 notes note NNS 19499 538 13 , , , 19499 538 14 thus thus RB 19499 538 15 [ [ -LRB- 19499 538 16 tie tie NN 19499 538 17 symbol symbol NN 19499 538 18 ] ] -RRB- 19499 538 19 . . . 19499 539 1 11 11 CD 19499 539 2 . . . 19499 540 1 The the DT 19499 540 2 _ _ NNP 19499 540 3 dot dot NN 19499 540 4 after after IN 19499 540 5 a a DT 19499 540 6 note note NN 19499 540 7 _ _ NNP 19499 540 8 always always RB 19499 540 9 appears appear VBZ 19499 540 10 on on IN 19499 540 11 a a DT 19499 540 12 space space NN 19499 540 13 , , , 19499 540 14 whether whether IN 19499 540 15 the the DT 19499 540 16 note note NN 19499 540 17 - - HYPH 19499 540 18 head head NN 19499 540 19 is be VBZ 19499 540 20 on on IN 19499 540 21 a a DT 19499 540 22 line line NN 19499 540 23 or or CC 19499 540 24 space space NN 19499 540 25 . . . 19499 541 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 541 2 See see VB 19499 541 3 Fig fig NN 19499 541 4 . . . 19499 542 1 5 5 CD 19499 542 2 . . . 19499 542 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 543 1 In in IN 19499 543 2 the the DT 19499 543 3 case case NN 19499 543 4 of of IN 19499 543 5 a a DT 19499 543 6 dot dot NN 19499 543 7 after after IN 19499 543 8 a a DT 19499 543 9 note note NN 19499 543 10 on on IN 19499 543 11 a a DT 19499 543 12 line line NN 19499 543 13 , , , 19499 543 14 the the DT 19499 543 15 dot dot NN 19499 543 16 usually usually RB 19499 543 17 appears appear VBZ 19499 543 18 on on IN 19499 543 19 the the DT 19499 543 20 space space NN 19499 543 21 _ _ NNP 19499 543 22 above above IN 19499 543 23 _ _ NNP 19499 543 24 that that DT 19499 543 25 line line NN 19499 543 26 if if IN 19499 543 27 the the DT 19499 543 28 next next JJ 19499 543 29 note note NN 19499 543 30 is be VBZ 19499 543 31 higher high JJR 19499 543 32 in in IN 19499 543 33 position position NN 19499 543 34 and and CC 19499 543 35 on on IN 19499 543 36 the the DT 19499 543 37 space space NN 19499 543 38 below below IN 19499 543 39 it -PRON- PRP 19499 543 40 if if IN 19499 543 41 the the DT 19499 543 42 following following JJ 19499 543 43 note note NN 19499 543 44 is be VBZ 19499 543 45 lower low JJR 19499 543 46 . . . 19499 544 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 544 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 544 3 : : : 19499 544 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 544 5 . . . 19499 545 1 5 5 CD 19499 545 2 . . . 19499 545 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 546 1 _ _ NNP 19499 546 2 Note._--Correct Note._--Correct NNP 19499 546 3 notation notation NN 19499 546 4 must must MD 19499 546 5 be be VB 19499 546 6 made make VBN 19499 546 7 a a DT 19499 546 8 habit habit NN 19499 546 9 rather rather RB 19499 546 10 than than IN 19499 546 11 a a DT 19499 546 12 theory theory NN 19499 546 13 , , , 19499 546 14 and and CC 19499 546 15 in in IN 19499 546 16 order order NN 19499 546 17 to to TO 19499 546 18 form form VB 19499 546 19 the the DT 19499 546 20 habit habit NN 19499 546 21 of of IN 19499 546 22 writing writing NN 19499 546 23 correctly correctly RB 19499 546 24 , , , 19499 546 25 _ _ NNP 19499 546 26 drill drill NN 19499 546 27 _ _ NNP 19499 546 28 is be VBZ 19499 546 29 necessary necessary JJ 19499 546 30 . . . 19499 547 1 This this DT 19499 547 2 may may MD 19499 547 3 perhaps perhaps RB 19499 547 4 be be VB 19499 547 5 best well RBS 19499 547 6 secured secure VBN 19499 547 7 by by IN 19499 547 8 asking ask VBG 19499 547 9 students student NNS 19499 547 10 to to TO 19499 547 11 write write VB 19499 547 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 547 13 at at IN 19499 547 14 the the DT 19499 547 15 board board NN 19499 547 16 or or CC 19499 547 17 on on IN 19499 547 18 ruled rule VBN 19499 547 19 paper paper NN 19499 547 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 547 21 from from IN 19499 547 22 verbal verbal JJ 19499 547 23 dictation dictation NN 19499 547 24 , , , 19499 547 25 thus thus RB 19499 547 26 : : : 19499 547 27 Teacher teacher NN 19499 547 28 says say VBZ 19499 547 29 , , , 19499 547 30 " " `` 19499 547 31 Key key JJ 19499 547 32 of of IN 19499 547 33 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 547 34 ] ] -RRB- 19499 547 35 , , , 19499 547 36 three three CD 19499 547 37 - - HYPH 19499 547 38 quarter quarter NN 19499 547 39 measure measure NN 19499 547 40 : : : 19499 547 41 First first JJ 19499 547 42 measure measure NN 19499 547 43 , , , 19499 547 44 DO do VB 19499 547 45 a a DT 19499 547 46 quarter quarter NN 19499 547 47 note note NN 19499 547 48 , , , 19499 547 49 RE RE NNP 19499 547 50 a a DT 19499 547 51 quarter quarter NN 19499 547 52 , , , 19499 547 53 and and CC 19499 547 54 MI MI NNP 19499 547 55 a a DT 19499 547 56 quarter quarter NN 19499 547 57 . . . 19499 548 1 Second second JJ 19499 548 2 measure measure NN 19499 548 3 , , , 19499 548 4 SOL SOL NNP 19499 548 5 a a DT 19499 548 6 quarter quarter NN 19499 548 7 , , , 19499 548 8 LA LA NNP 19499 548 9 a a DT 19499 548 10 quarter quarter NN 19499 548 11 , , , 19499 548 12 and and CC 19499 548 13 SOL SOL NNP 19499 548 14 a a DT 19499 548 15 quarter quarter NN 19499 548 16 . . . 19499 549 1 Third third JJ 19499 549 2 measure measure NN 19499 549 3 , , , 19499 549 4 LA LA NNP 19499 549 5 , , , 19499 549 6 TI TI NNP 19499 549 7 , , , 19499 549 8 DO DO NNP 19499 549 9 , , , 19499 549 10 RE RE NNP 19499 549 11 , , , 19499 549 12 MI MI NNP 19499 549 13 , , , 19499 549 14 eighths eighth NNS 19499 549 15 , , , 19499 549 16 stroked stroke VBN 19499 549 17 in in IN 19499 549 18 pairs pair NNS 19499 549 19 . . . 19499 550 1 Fourth fourth JJ 19499 550 2 measure measure NN 19499 550 3 , , , 19499 550 4 high high JJ 19499 550 5 DO do VB 19499 550 6 a a DT 19499 550 7 dotted dotted JJ 19499 550 8 half half NN 19499 550 9 . . . 19499 550 10 " " '' 19499 551 1 Pupils pupil NNS 19499 551 2 respond respond VBP 19499 551 3 by by IN 19499 551 4 writing write VBG 19499 551 5 the the DT 19499 551 6 exercise exercise NN 19499 551 7 dictated dictate VBD 19499 551 8 , , , 19499 551 9 after after IN 19499 551 10 which which WDT 19499 551 11 mistakes mistake NNS 19499 551 12 in in IN 19499 551 13 the the DT 19499 551 14 turning turning NN 19499 551 15 of of IN 19499 551 16 stems stem NNS 19499 551 17 , , , 19499 551 18 etc etc FW 19499 551 19 . . FW 19499 551 20 , , , 19499 551 21 are be VBP 19499 551 22 corrected correct VBN 19499 551 23 . . . 19499 552 1 The the DT 19499 552 2 _ _ NNP 19499 552 3 pitch pitch NN 19499 552 4 names name NNS 19499 552 5 _ _ NNP 19499 552 6 may may MD 19499 552 7 be be VB 19499 552 8 dictated dictate VBN 19499 552 9 instead instead RB 19499 552 10 of of IN 19499 552 11 the the DT 19499 552 12 syllables syllable NNS 19499 552 13 if if IN 19499 552 14 desired desire VBN 19499 552 15 , , , 19499 552 16 and and CC 19499 552 17 still still RB 19499 552 18 further further JJ 19499 552 19 practice practice NN 19499 552 20 may may MD 19499 552 21 be be VB 19499 552 22 provided provide VBN 19499 552 23 by by IN 19499 552 24 asking ask VBG 19499 552 25 that that IN 19499 552 26 the the DT 19499 552 27 exercise exercise NN 19499 552 28 be be VB 19499 552 29 transposed transpose VBN 19499 552 30 to to IN 19499 552 31 other other JJ 19499 552 32 keys key NNS 19499 552 33 . . . 19499 553 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 553 2 II ii CD 19499 553 3 SYMBOLS symbol NNS 19499 553 4 OF of IN 19499 553 5 MUSIC music NN 19499 553 6 DEFINED DEFINED NNP 19499 553 7 12 12 CD 19499 553 8 . . . 19499 554 1 A a DT 19499 554 2 _ _ NNP 19499 554 3 staff staff NN 19499 554 4 _ _ NNP 19499 554 5 is be VBZ 19499 554 6 a a DT 19499 554 7 collection collection NN 19499 554 8 of of IN 19499 554 9 parallel parallel JJ 19499 554 10 lines line NNS 19499 554 11 , , , 19499 554 12 together together RB 19499 554 13 with with IN 19499 554 14 the the DT 19499 554 15 spaces space NNS 19499 554 16 belonging belong VBG 19499 554 17 to to IN 19499 554 18 them -PRON- PRP 19499 554 19 . . . 19499 555 1 The the DT 19499 555 2 modern modern JJ 19499 555 3 staff staff NN 19499 555 4 has have VBZ 19499 555 5 five five CD 19499 555 6 lines line NNS 19499 555 7 and and CC 19499 555 8 six six CD 19499 555 9 spaces space NNS 19499 555 10 , , , 19499 555 11 these these DT 19499 555 12 being be VBG 19499 555 13 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 555 14 referred refer VBN 19499 555 15 to to IN 19499 555 16 as as IN 19499 555 17 first first JJ 19499 555 18 line line NN 19499 555 19 , , , 19499 555 20 second second JJ 19499 555 21 line line NN 19499 555 22 , , , 19499 555 23 third third JJ 19499 555 24 line line NN 19499 555 25 , , , 19499 555 26 fourth fourth JJ 19499 555 27 line line NN 19499 555 28 , , , 19499 555 29 and and CC 19499 555 30 fifth fifth JJ 19499 555 31 line line NN 19499 555 32 ( ( -LRB- 19499 555 33 beginning begin VBG 19499 555 34 with with IN 19499 555 35 the the DT 19499 555 36 lowest low JJS 19499 555 37 ) ) -RRB- 19499 555 38 ; ; : 19499 555 39 and and CC 19499 555 40 space space NN 19499 555 41 below below RB 19499 555 42 ( ( -LRB- 19499 555 43 _ _ NNP 19499 555 44 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 555 45 _ _ NNP 19499 555 46 , , , 19499 555 47 space space NN 19499 555 48 below below IN 19499 555 49 the the DT 19499 555 50 first first JJ 19499 555 51 line line NN 19499 555 52 ) ) -RRB- 19499 555 53 , , , 19499 555 54 first first JJ 19499 555 55 space space NN 19499 555 56 , , , 19499 555 57 second second JJ 19499 555 58 space space NN 19499 555 59 , , , 19499 555 60 third third JJ 19499 555 61 space space NN 19499 555 62 , , , 19499 555 63 fourth fourth JJ 19499 555 64 space space NN 19499 555 65 , , , 19499 555 66 and and CC 19499 555 67 space space NN 19499 555 68 above above RB 19499 555 69 . . . 19499 556 1 The the DT 19499 556 2 definition definition NN 19499 556 3 and and CC 19499 556 4 discussion discussion NN 19499 556 5 above above IN 19499 556 6 refer refer VBP 19499 556 7 more more RBR 19499 556 8 specifically specifically RB 19499 556 9 to to IN 19499 556 10 one one CD 19499 556 11 of of IN 19499 556 12 the the DT 19499 556 13 portions portion NNS 19499 556 14 of of IN 19499 556 15 the the DT 19499 556 16 " " `` 19499 556 17 great great JJ 19499 556 18 staff staff NN 19499 556 19 , , , 19499 556 20 " " '' 19499 556 21 the the DT 19499 556 22 latter latter JJ 19499 556 23 term term NN 19499 556 24 being be VBG 19499 556 25 often often RB 19499 556 26 applied apply VBN 19499 556 27 to to IN 19499 556 28 the the DT 19499 556 29 combination combination NN 19499 556 30 of of IN 19499 556 31 treble treble JJ 19499 556 32 and and CC 19499 556 33 bass bass NN 19499 556 34 staffs staff NNS 19499 556 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 556 36 with with IN 19499 556 37 one one CD 19499 556 38 leger leger NN 19499 556 39 line line NN 19499 556 40 between between IN 19499 556 41 ) ) -RRB- 19499 556 42 so so CC 19499 556 43 commonly commonly RB 19499 556 44 used use VBN 19499 556 45 in in IN 19499 556 46 piano piano NN 19499 556 47 music music NN 19499 556 48 , , , 19499 556 49 etc etc FW 19499 556 50 . . . 19499 557 1 13 13 CD 19499 557 2 . . . 19499 558 1 The the DT 19499 558 2 _ _ NNP 19499 558 3 extent extent NN 19499 558 4 of of IN 19499 558 5 the the DT 19499 558 6 staff staff NN 19499 558 7 _ _ NNP 19499 558 8 may may MD 19499 558 9 be be VB 19499 558 10 increased increase VBN 19499 558 11 either either CC 19499 558 12 above above IN 19499 558 13 or or CC 19499 558 14 below below RB 19499 558 15 by by IN 19499 558 16 the the DT 19499 558 17 addition addition NN 19499 558 18 of of IN 19499 558 19 short short JJ 19499 558 20 lines line NNS 19499 558 21 called call VBN 19499 558 22 _ _ NNP 19499 558 23 leger leger NN 19499 558 24 lines_,[4 lines_,[4 NNP 19499 558 25 ] ] -RRB- 19499 558 26 and and CC 19499 558 27 notes note NNS 19499 558 28 may may MD 19499 558 29 be be VB 19499 558 30 written write VBN 19499 558 31 on on IN 19499 558 32 either either CC 19499 558 33 these these DT 19499 558 34 lines line NNS 19499 558 35 or or CC 19499 558 36 on on IN 19499 558 37 the the DT 19499 558 38 spaces space NNS 19499 558 39 above above IN 19499 558 40 and and CC 19499 558 41 below below IN 19499 558 42 them -PRON- PRP 19499 558 43 . . . 19499 559 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 559 2 Footnote footnote NN 19499 559 3 4 4 CD 19499 559 4 : : : 19499 559 5 The the DT 19499 559 6 word word NN 19499 559 7 _ _ NNP 19499 559 8 leger leger NN 19499 559 9 _ _ NNP 19499 559 10 is be VBZ 19499 559 11 derived derive VBN 19499 559 12 from from IN 19499 559 13 the the DT 19499 559 14 French french JJ 19499 559 15 word word NN 19499 559 16 _ _ NNP 19499 559 17 LÉGER LÉGER NNP 19499 559 18 _ _ NNP 19499 559 19 , , , 19499 559 20 meaning mean VBG 19499 559 21 light light NN 19499 559 22 , , , 19499 559 23 and and CC 19499 559 24 this this DT 19499 559 25 use use NN 19499 559 26 of of IN 19499 559 27 the the DT 19499 559 28 word word NN 19499 559 29 refers refer VBZ 19499 559 30 to to IN 19499 559 31 the the DT 19499 559 32 fact fact NN 19499 559 33 that that IN 19499 559 34 the the DT 19499 559 35 leger leger NN 19499 559 36 lines line NNS 19499 559 37 , , , 19499 559 38 being be VBG 19499 559 39 added add VBN 19499 559 40 by by IN 19499 559 41 hand hand NN 19499 559 42 , , , 19499 559 43 are be VBP 19499 559 44 lighter--_i.e lighter--_i.e NN 19499 559 45 . . . 19499 559 46 _ _ 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represent VBZ 19499 566 16 the the DT 19499 566 17 first first JJ 19499 566 18 A a NN 19499 566 19 below below IN 19499 566 20 middle middle JJ 19499 566 21 C c NN 19499 566 22 , , , 19499 566 23 the the DT 19499 566 24 fourth fourth JJ 19499 566 25 line line NN 19499 566 26 the the DT 19499 566 27 first first JJ 19499 566 28 F f NN 19499 566 29 below below IN 19499 566 30 middle middle JJ 19499 566 31 C C NNP 19499 566 32 , , , 19499 566 33 etc etc FW 19499 566 34 . . . 19499 567 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 567 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 567 3 5 5 CD 19499 567 4 : : : 19499 567 5 The the DT 19499 567 6 word word NN 19499 567 7 _ _ NNP 19499 567 8 clef clef NNP 19499 567 9 _ _ NNP 19499 567 10 is be VBZ 19499 567 11 derived derive VBN 19499 567 12 from from IN 19499 567 13 _ _ NNP 19499 567 14 CLAVIS_--a CLAVIS_--a NNP 19499 567 15 key key NN 19499 567 16 -- -- : 19499 567 17 the the DT 19499 567 18 reference reference NN 19499 567 19 being be VBG 19499 567 20 to to IN 19499 567 21 the the DT 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9 Appendix Appendix NNP 19499 569 10 A A NNP 19499 569 11 , , , 19499 569 12 p. p. NN 19499 569 13 101 101 CD 19499 569 14 . . . 19499 570 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 570 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 570 3 's 's POS 19499 570 4 Note note NN 19499 570 5 : : : 19499 570 6 Corrected correct VBN 19499 570 7 error error NN 19499 570 8 " " `` 19499 570 9 Appendix Appendix NNP 19499 570 10 I I NNP 19499 570 11 " " '' 19499 570 12 in in IN 19499 570 13 original original JJ 19499 570 14 . . . 19499 570 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 571 1 16 16 CD 19499 571 2 . . . 19499 572 1 When when WRB 19499 572 2 the the DT 19499 572 3 G g NN 19499 572 4 clef clef NN 19499 572 5 is be VBZ 19499 572 6 used use VBN 19499 572 7 the the DT 19499 572 8 staff staff NN 19499 572 9 is be VBZ 19499 572 10 usually usually RB 19499 572 11 referred refer VBN 19499 572 12 to to IN 19499 572 13 as as IN 19499 572 14 the the DT 19499 572 15 _ _ NNP 19499 572 16 treble treble JJ 19499 572 17 staff staff NN 19499 572 18 _ _ NNP 19499 572 19 , , , 19499 572 20 and and CC 19499 572 21 when when WRB 19499 572 22 the the DT 19499 572 23 F F NNP 19499 572 24 clef clef NN 19499 572 25 is be VBZ 19499 572 26 used use VBN 19499 572 27 , , , 19499 572 28 as as IN 19499 572 29 the the DT 19499 572 30 _ _ NNP 19499 572 31 bass bass NN 19499 572 32 staff staff NN 19499 572 33 _ _ NNP 19499 572 34 . . . 19499 573 1 Such such JJ 19499 573 2 expressions expression NNS 19499 573 3 as as IN 19499 573 4 " " `` 19499 573 5 singing singe VBG 19499 573 6 from from IN 19499 573 7 the the DT 19499 573 8 treble treble JJ 19499 573 9 clef clef NNS 19499 573 10 , , , 19499 573 11 " " '' 19499 573 12 or or CC 19499 573 13 " " `` 19499 573 14 singing singe VBG 19499 573 15 in in IN 19499 573 16 the the DT 19499 573 17 treble treble NN 19499 573 18 clef clef NNS 19499 573 19 , , , 19499 573 20 " " '' 19499 573 21 and and CC 19499 573 22 " " `` 19499 573 23 singing singe VBG 19499 573 24 in in IN 19499 573 25 the the DT 19499 573 26 bass bass NN 19499 573 27 clef clef NNS 19499 573 28 " " `` 19499 573 29 are be VBP 19499 573 30 still still RB 19499 573 31 frequently frequently RB 19499 573 32 heard hear VBN 19499 573 33 , , , 19499 573 34 but but CC 19499 573 35 are be VBP 19499 573 36 preferably preferably RB 19499 573 37 replaced replace VBN 19499 573 38 by by IN 19499 573 39 " " `` 19499 573 40 singing singe VBG 19499 573 41 from from IN 19499 573 42 the the DT 19499 573 43 treble treble JJ 19499 573 44 staff staff NN 19499 573 45 , , , 19499 573 46 " " '' 19499 573 47 and and CC 19499 573 48 " " `` 19499 573 49 singing singe VBG 19499 573 50 from from IN 19499 573 51 the the DT 19499 573 52 bass bass NN 19499 573 53 staff staff NN 19499 573 54 . . . 19499 573 55 " " '' 19499 574 1 Fig fig NN 19499 574 2 . . . 19499 575 1 6 6 CD 19499 575 2 shows show VBZ 19499 575 3 the the DT 19499 575 4 permanent permanent JJ 19499 575 5 names name NNS 19499 575 6 of of IN 19499 575 7 lines line NNS 19499 575 8 and and CC 19499 575 9 spaces space NNS 19499 575 10 when when WRB 19499 575 11 the the DT 19499 575 12 G G NNP 19499 575 13 and and CC 19499 575 14 F F NNP 19499 575 15 clefs clef NNS 19499 575 16 are be VBP 19499 575 17 used use VBN 19499 575 18 . . . 19499 576 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 576 2 6 6 CD 19499 576 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 576 4 [ [ -LRB- 19499 576 5 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 576 6 6 6 CD 19499 576 7 : : : 19499 576 8 The the DT 19499 576 9 Germans Germans NNPS 19499 576 10 use use VBP 19499 576 11 the the DT 19499 576 12 same same JJ 19499 576 13 pitch pitch NN 19499 576 14 designations designation NNS 19499 576 15 as as IN 19499 576 16 we -PRON- PRP 19499 576 17 do do VBP 19499 576 18 with with IN 19499 576 19 two two CD 19499 576 20 exceptions exception NNS 19499 576 21 , , , 19499 576 22 viz viz NNP 19499 576 23 . . NNP 19499 576 24 , , , 19499 576 25 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 576 26 B b NN 19499 576 27 is be VBZ 19499 576 28 called call VBN 19499 576 29 by by IN 19499 576 30 them -PRON- PRP 19499 576 31 H h NN 19499 576 32 , , , 19499 576 33 and and CC 19499 576 34 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 576 35 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 576 36 ] ] -RRB- 19499 576 37 is be VBZ 19499 576 38 called call VBN 19499 576 39 B. B. NNP 19499 577 1 The the DT 19499 577 2 scale scale NN 19499 577 3 of of IN 19499 577 4 C c NN 19499 577 5 therefore therefore RB 19499 577 6 reads read VBZ 19499 577 7 : : : 19499 577 8 C c NN 19499 577 9 , , , 19499 577 10 D d NN 19499 577 11 , , , 19499 577 12 E e NN 19499 577 13 , , , 19499 577 14 F F NNP 19499 577 15 , , , 19499 577 16 G G NNP 19499 577 17 , , , 19499 577 18 A A NNP 19499 577 19 , , , 19499 577 20 H h NN 19499 577 21 , , , 19499 577 22 C c NN 19499 577 23 ; ; : 19499 577 24 the the DT 19499 577 25 scale scale NN 19499 577 26 of of IN 19499 577 27 F F NNP 19499 577 28 reads read VBZ 19499 577 29 F F NNP 19499 577 30 , , , 19499 577 31 G G NNP 19499 577 32 , , , 19499 577 33 A a NN 19499 577 34 , , , 19499 577 35 B B NNP 19499 577 36 , , , 19499 577 37 C C NNP 19499 577 38 , , , 19499 577 39 D d NN 19499 577 40 , , , 19499 577 41 E e NN 19499 577 42 , , , 19499 577 43 F. F. NNP 19499 577 44 The the DT 19499 577 45 signatures signature NNS 19499 577 46 are be VBP 19499 577 47 in in IN 19499 577 48 all all DT 19499 577 49 cases case NNS 19499 577 50 written write VBN 19499 577 51 exactly exactly RB 19499 577 52 as as IN 19499 577 53 we -PRON- PRP 19499 577 54 write write VBP 19499 577 55 them -PRON- PRP 19499 577 56 . . . 19499 578 1 In in IN 19499 578 2 France France NNP 19499 578 3 and and CC 19499 578 4 Italy Italy NNP 19499 578 5 where where WRB 19499 578 6 the the DT 19499 578 7 " " `` 19499 578 8 fixed fix VBN 19499 578 9 DO DO NNP 19499 578 10 " " '' 19499 578 11 system system NN 19499 578 12 is be VBZ 19499 578 13 in in IN 19499 578 14 vogue vogue NN 19499 578 15 , , , 19499 578 16 pitches pitch NNS 19499 578 17 are be VBP 19499 578 18 usually usually RB 19499 578 19 referred refer VBN 19499 578 20 to to IN 19499 578 21 by by IN 19499 578 22 the the DT 19499 578 23 syllable syllable JJ 19499 578 24 names name NNS 19499 578 25 ; ; : 19499 578 26 _ _ NNP 19499 578 27 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 578 28 _ _ NNP 19499 578 29 , , , 19499 578 30 C C NNP 19499 578 31 is be VBZ 19499 578 32 referred refer VBN 19499 578 33 to to IN 19499 578 34 as as IN 19499 578 35 DO DO NNP 19499 578 36 ( ( -LRB- 19499 578 37 or or CC 19499 578 38 UT UT NNP 19499 578 39 ) ) -RRB- 19499 578 40 , , , 19499 578 41 D D NNP 19499 578 42 as as IN 19499 578 43 RE RE NNP 19499 578 44 , , , 19499 578 45 etc etc FW 19499 578 46 . . . 19499 578 47 ] ] -RRB- 19499 579 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 579 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 579 3 : : : 19499 579 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 579 5 . . . 19499 580 1 6 6 LS 19499 580 2 . . . 19499 580 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 581 1 17 17 CD 19499 581 2 . . . 19499 582 1 _ _ NNP 19499 582 2 The the DT 19499 582 3 movable movable JJ 19499 582 4 C C NNP 19499 582 5 clef clef VBZ 19499 582 6 _ _ NNP 19499 582 7 [ [ -LRB- 19499 582 8 C C NNP 19499 582 9 clef clef VBZ 19499 582 10 symbol symbol NN 19499 582 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 582 12 or or CC 19499 582 13 [ [ -LRB- 19499 582 14 tenor tenor NN 19499 582 15 clef clef NNP 19499 582 16 symbol symbol NN 19499 582 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 582 18 , , , 19499 582 19 formerly formerly RB 19499 582 20 in in IN 19499 582 21 very very RB 19499 582 22 common common JJ 19499 582 23 use use NN 19499 582 24 , , , 19499 582 25 is be VBZ 19499 582 26 now now RB 19499 582 27 utilized utilize VBN 19499 582 28 for for IN 19499 582 29 only only RB 19499 582 30 two two CD 19499 582 31 purposes purpose NNS 19499 582 32 , , , 19499 582 33 viz viz NNP 19499 582 34 . . NNP 19499 582 35 , , , 19499 582 36 ( ( -LRB- 19499 582 37 1 1 LS 19499 582 38 ) ) -RRB- 19499 582 39 in in IN 19499 582 40 music music NN 19499 582 41 written write VBN 19499 582 42 for for IN 19499 582 43 certain certain JJ 19499 582 44 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 582 45 instruments instrument NNS 19499 582 46 ( ( -LRB- 19499 582 47 cello cello NNP 19499 582 48 , , , 19499 582 49 viola viola NNP 19499 582 50 , , , 19499 582 51 etc etc FW 19499 582 52 . . . 19499 582 53 ) ) -RRB- 19499 583 1 of of IN 19499 583 2 extended extended JJ 19499 583 3 range range NN 19499 583 4 , , , 19499 583 5 in in IN 19499 583 6 order order NN 19499 583 7 to to TO 19499 583 8 avoid avoid VB 19499 583 9 having have VBG 19499 583 10 to to TO 19499 583 11 use use VB 19499 583 12 too too RB 19499 583 13 many many JJ 19499 583 14 leger leger NN 19499 583 15 lines line NNS 19499 583 16 ; ; , 19499 583 17 and and CC 19499 583 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 583 19 2 2 LS 19499 583 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 583 21 for for IN 19499 583 22 indicating indicate VBG 19499 583 23 the the DT 19499 583 24 tenor tenor NN 19499 583 25 part part NN 19499 583 26 in in IN 19499 583 27 vocal vocal JJ 19499 583 28 music music NN 19499 583 29 . . . 19499 584 1 This this DT 19499 584 2 latter latter JJ 19499 584 3 usage usage NN 19499 584 4 seems seem VBZ 19499 584 5 also also RB 19499 584 6 to to TO 19499 584 7 be be VB 19499 584 8 disappearing disappear VBG 19499 584 9 however however RB 19499 584 10 , , , 19499 584 11 and and CC 19499 584 12 the the DT 19499 584 13 tenor tenor NN 19499 584 14 part part NN 19499 584 15 is be VBZ 19499 584 16 commonly commonly RB 19499 584 17 written write VBN 19499 584 18 on on IN 19499 584 19 the the DT 19499 584 20 treble treble JJ 19499 584 21 staff staff NN 19499 584 22 , , , 19499 584 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 584 24 being be VBG 19499 584 25 understood understand VBN 19499 584 26 that that IN 19499 584 27 the the DT 19499 584 28 tones tone NNS 19499 584 29 are be VBP 19499 584 30 to to TO 19499 584 31 be be VB 19499 584 32 sung sing VBN 19499 584 33 an an DT 19499 584 34 octave octave NN 19499 584 35 lower low JJR 19499 584 36 than than IN 19499 584 37 the the DT 19499 584 38 notes note NNS 19499 584 39 would would MD 19499 584 40 indicate indicate VB 19499 584 41 . . . 19499 585 1 The the DT 19499 585 2 C C NNP 19499 585 3 clef clef VBZ 19499 585 4 as as IN 19499 585 5 used use VBN 19499 585 6 in in IN 19499 585 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 585 8 various various JJ 19499 585 9 positions position NNS 19499 585 10 is be VBZ 19499 585 11 shown show VBN 19499 585 12 in in IN 19499 585 13 Figs Figs NNP 19499 585 14 . . . 19499 586 1 7 7 CD 19499 586 2 , , , 19499 586 3 8 8 CD 19499 586 4 , , , 19499 586 5 and and CC 19499 586 6 9 9 CD 19499 586 7 . . . 19499 587 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 587 2 will will MD 19499 587 3 be be VB 19499 587 4 noted note VBN 19499 587 5 that that IN 19499 587 6 in in IN 19499 587 7 each each DT 19499 587 8 case case NN 19499 587 9 the the DT 19499 587 10 line line NN 19499 587 11 on on IN 19499 587 12 which which WDT 19499 587 13 the the DT 19499 587 14 clef clef NNS 19499 587 15 is be VBZ 19499 587 16 placed place VBN 19499 587 17 represents represent VBZ 19499 587 18 " " `` 19499 587 19 middle middle JJ 19499 587 20 C. C. NNP 19499 587 21 " " '' 19499 587 22 [ [ -LRB- 19499 587 23 Illustration illustration NN 19499 587 24 : : : 19499 587 25 Fig Fig NNP 19499 587 26 . . . 19499 588 1 7 7 LS 19499 588 2 . . . 19499 589 1 Soprano soprano NN 19499 589 2 clef clef VBZ 19499 589 3 . . . 19499 589 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 590 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 590 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 590 3 : : : 19499 590 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 590 5 . . . 19499 591 1 8 8 LS 19499 591 2 . . . 19499 592 1 Alto Alto NNP 19499 592 2 clef clef VBZ 19499 592 3 . . . 19499 592 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 593 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 593 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 593 3 : : : 19499 593 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 593 5 . . . 19499 594 1 9 9 CD 19499 594 2 . . . 19499 595 1 Tenor tenor NN 19499 595 2 clef clef VBZ 19499 595 3 . . . 19499 595 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 596 1 18 18 CD 19499 596 2 . . . 19499 597 1 A a DT 19499 597 2 _ _ NNP 19499 597 3 sharp sharp JJ 19499 597 4 _ _ NNP 19499 597 5 is be VBZ 19499 597 6 a a DT 19499 597 7 character character NN 19499 597 8 which which WDT 19499 597 9 causes cause VBZ 19499 597 10 the the DT 19499 597 11 degree degree NN 19499 597 12 of of IN 19499 597 13 the the DT 19499 597 14 staff staff NN 19499 597 15 with with IN 19499 597 16 which which WDT 19499 597 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 597 18 is be VBZ 19499 597 19 associated associate VBN 19499 597 20 to to TO 19499 597 21 represent represent VB 19499 597 22 a a DT 19499 597 23 pitch pitch NN 19499 597 24 one one CD 19499 597 25 half half JJ 19499 597 26 - - HYPH 19499 597 27 step step NN 19499 597 28 higher high JJR 19499 597 29 than than IN 19499 597 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 597 31 otherwise otherwise RB 19499 597 32 would would MD 19499 597 33 . . . 19499 598 1 Thus thus RB 19499 598 2 in in IN 19499 598 3 Fig Fig NNP 19499 598 4 . . . 19499 599 1 10 10 CD 19499 599 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 599 3 _ _ NNP 19499 599 4 a a DT 19499 599 5 _ _ NNP 19499 599 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 599 7 the the DT 19499 599 8 fifth fifth JJ 19499 599 9 line line NN 19499 599 10 and and CC 19499 599 11 first first JJ 19499 599 12 space space NN 19499 599 13 represent represent VBP 19499 599 14 the the DT 19499 599 15 pitch pitch NN 19499 599 16 F F NNP 19499 599 17 , , , 19499 599 18 but but CC 19499 599 19 in in IN 19499 599 20 Fig Fig NNP 19499 599 21 . . . 19499 600 1 10 10 CD 19499 600 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 600 3 _ _ NNP 19499 600 4 b b NNP 19499 600 5 _ _ NNP 19499 600 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 600 7 these these DT 19499 600 8 same same JJ 19499 600 9 staff staff NN 19499 600 10 degrees degree NNS 19499 600 11 represent represent VBP 19499 600 12 an an DT 19499 600 13 entirely entirely RB 19499 600 14 different different JJ 19499 600 15 tone tone NN 19499 600 16 -- -- : 19499 600 17 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 600 18 ] ] -RRB- 19499 600 19 . . . 19499 601 1 The the DT 19499 601 2 student student NN 19499 601 3 should should MD 19499 601 4 note note VB 19499 601 5 that that IN 19499 601 6 the the DT 19499 601 7 sharp sharp JJ 19499 601 8 does do VBZ 19499 601 9 not not RB 19499 601 10 then then RB 19499 601 11 _ _ NNP 19499 601 12 raise raise NN 19499 601 13 _ _ NNP 19499 601 14 anything anything NN 19499 601 15 ; ; : 19499 601 16 it -PRON- PRP 19499 601 17 merely merely RB 19499 601 18 causes cause VBZ 19499 601 19 a a DT 19499 601 20 staff staff NN 19499 601 21 degree degree NN 19499 601 22 to to TO 19499 601 23 represent represent VB 19499 601 24 a a DT 19499 601 25 higher high JJR 19499 601 26 tone tone NN 19499 601 27 than than IN 19499 601 28 it -PRON- PRP 19499 601 29 otherwise otherwise RB 19499 601 30 would would MD 19499 601 31 . . . 19499 602 1 There there EX 19499 602 2 is be VBZ 19499 602 3 just just RB 19499 602 4 as as RB 19499 602 5 much much JJ 19499 602 6 difference difference NN 19499 602 7 between between IN 19499 602 8 F F NNP 19499 602 9 and and CC 19499 602 10 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 602 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 602 12 as as IN 19499 602 13 between between IN 19499 602 14 B b NN 19499 602 15 and and CC 19499 602 16 C C NNP 19499 602 17 , , , 19499 602 18 and and CC 19499 602 19 yet yet RB 19499 602 20 one one PRP 19499 602 21 would would MD 19499 602 22 never never RB 19499 602 23 think think VB 19499 602 24 of of IN 19499 602 25 referring refer VBG 19499 602 26 to to IN 19499 602 27 C C NNP 19499 602 28 as as IN 19499 602 29 " " `` 19499 602 30 B B NNP 19499 602 31 raised raise VBD 19499 602 32 " " '' 19499 602 33 ! ! . 19499 603 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 603 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 603 3 : : : 19499 603 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 603 5 . . . 19499 604 1 10 10 CD 19499 604 2 . . . 19499 604 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 605 1 19 19 CD 19499 605 2 . . . 19499 606 1 A a DT 19499 606 2 _ _ NNP 19499 606 3 flat flat JJ 19499 606 4 _ _ NNP 19499 606 5 is be VBZ 19499 606 6 a a DT 19499 606 7 character character NN 19499 606 8 that that WDT 19499 606 9 causes cause VBZ 19499 606 10 the the DT 19499 606 11 degree degree NN 19499 606 12 of of IN 19499 606 13 the the DT 19499 606 14 staff staff NN 19499 606 15 with with IN 19499 606 16 which which WDT 19499 606 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 606 18 is be VBZ 19499 606 19 associated associate VBN 19499 606 20 to to TO 19499 606 21 represent represent VB 19499 606 22 a a DT 19499 606 23 tone tone NN 19499 606 24 one one CD 19499 606 25 half half JJ 19499 606 26 - - HYPH 19499 606 27 step step NN 19499 606 28 lower low JJR 19499 606 29 than than IN 19499 606 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 606 31 otherwise otherwise RB 19499 606 32 would would MD 19499 606 33 . . . 19499 607 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 607 2 See see VB 19499 607 3 note note NN 19499 607 4 under under IN 19499 607 5 Sec Sec NNP 19499 607 6 . . . 19499 608 1 18 18 CD 19499 608 2 and and CC 19499 608 3 apply apply VB 19499 608 4 the the DT 19499 608 5 same same JJ 19499 608 6 discussion discussion NN 19499 608 7 here here RB 19499 608 8 . . . 19499 608 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 609 1 20 20 CD 19499 609 2 . . . 19499 610 1 A a DT 19499 610 2 _ _ NNP 19499 610 3 double double RB 19499 610 4 - - HYPH 19499 610 5 sharp sharp JJ 19499 610 6 _ _ NNP 19499 610 7 causes cause VBZ 19499 610 8 the the DT 19499 610 9 staff staff NN 19499 610 10 degree degree NN 19499 610 11 on on IN 19499 610 12 which which WDT 19499 610 13 it -PRON- PRP 19499 610 14 is be VBZ 19499 610 15 placed place VBN 19499 610 16 to to TO 19499 610 17 represent represent VB 19499 610 18 a a DT 19499 610 19 pitch pitch NN 19499 610 20 one one CD 19499 610 21 whole whole JJ 19499 610 22 - - HYPH 19499 610 23 step step NN 19499 610 24 higher higher RBR 19499 610 25 than than IN 19499 610 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 610 27 would would MD 19499 610 28 without without IN 19499 610 29 any any DT 19499 610 30 sharp sharp JJ 19499 610 31 . . . 19499 611 1 Similarly similarly RB 19499 611 2 , , , 19499 611 3 a a DT 19499 611 4 double double JJ 19499 611 5 - - HYPH 19499 611 6 flat flat JJ 19499 611 7 causes cause NNS 19499 611 8 the the DT 19499 611 9 staff staff NN 19499 611 10 degree degree NN 19499 611 11 on on IN 19499 611 12 which which WDT 19499 611 13 it -PRON- PRP 19499 611 14 is be VBZ 19499 611 15 placed place VBN 19499 611 16 to to TO 19499 611 17 represent represent VB 19499 611 18 a a DT 19499 611 19 pitch pitch NN 19499 611 20 one one CD 19499 611 21 whole whole JJ 19499 611 22 - - HYPH 19499 611 23 step step NN 19499 611 24 lower lower RBR 19499 611 25 than than IN 19499 611 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 611 27 would would MD 19499 611 28 without without IN 19499 611 29 any any DT 19499 611 30 flat flat NN 19499 611 31 . . . 19499 612 1 Double double JJ 19499 612 2 - - HYPH 19499 612 3 sharps sharps NN 19499 612 4 and and CC 19499 612 5 double double JJ 19499 612 6 - - HYPH 19499 612 7 flats flat NNS 19499 612 8 are be VBP 19499 612 9 generally generally RB 19499 612 10 used use VBN 19499 612 11 on on IN 19499 612 12 staff staff NN 19499 612 13 degrees degree NNS 19499 612 14 that that WDT 19499 612 15 have have VBP 19499 612 16 already already RB 19499 612 17 been be VBN 19499 612 18 sharped sharpe VBN 19499 612 19 or or CC 19499 612 20 flatted flat VBN 19499 612 21 , , , 19499 612 22 therefore therefore RB 19499 612 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 612 24 practical practical JJ 19499 612 25 effect effect NN 19499 612 26 is be VBZ 19499 612 27 to to TO 19499 612 28 cause cause VB 19499 612 29 staff staff NN 19499 612 30 degrees degree NNS 19499 612 31 to to TO 19499 612 32 represent represent VB 19499 612 33 pitches pitch NNS 19499 612 34 respectively respectively RB 19499 612 35 a a DT 19499 612 36 half half JJ 19499 612 37 - - HYPH 19499 612 38 step step NN 19499 612 39 higher higher RBR 19499 612 40 and and CC 19499 612 41 a a DT 19499 612 42 half half JJ 19499 612 43 - - HYPH 19499 612 44 step step NN 19499 612 45 lower low JJR 19499 612 46 than than IN 19499 612 47 would would MD 19499 612 48 be be VB 19499 612 49 represented represent VBN 19499 612 50 by by IN 19499 612 51 those those DT 19499 612 52 same same JJ 19499 612 53 degrees degree NNS 19499 612 54 in in IN 19499 612 55 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 612 56 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 612 57 condition condition NN 19499 612 58 . . . 19499 613 1 Thus thus RB 19499 613 2 in in IN 19499 613 3 Fig Fig NNP 19499 613 4 . . . 19499 614 1 10 10 CD 19499 614 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 614 3 _ _ NNP 19499 614 4 b b NNP 19499 614 5 _ _ NNP 19499 614 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 614 7 the the DT 19499 614 8 first first JJ 19499 614 9 space space NN 19499 614 10 in in IN 19499 614 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 614 12 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 614 13 condition[7 condition[7 NN 19499 614 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 614 15 represents represent VBZ 19499 614 16 F F NNP 19499 614 17 - - HYPH 19499 614 18 sharp sharp JJ 19499 614 19 , , , 19499 614 20 and and CC 19499 614 21 the the DT 19499 614 22 double double RB 19499 614 23 - - HYPH 19499 614 24 sharp sharp JJ 19499 614 25 on on IN 19499 614 26 this this DT 19499 614 27 degree degree NN 19499 614 28 would would MD 19499 614 29 cause cause VB 19499 614 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 614 31 to to TO 19499 614 32 represent represent VB 19499 614 33 a a DT 19499 614 34 pitch pitch NN 19499 614 35 one one CD 19499 614 36 - - HYPH 19499 614 37 half half NN 19499 614 38 step step NN 19499 614 39 higher high JJR 19499 614 40 than than IN 19499 614 41 F F NNP 19499 614 42 - - HYPH 19499 614 43 sharp sharp JJ 19499 614 44 , , , 19499 614 45 _ _ NNP 19499 614 46 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 614 47 _ _ NNP 19499 614 48 , , , 19499 614 49 F F NNP 19499 614 50 - - HYPH 19499 614 51 double double JJ 19499 614 52 - - HYPH 19499 614 53 sharp sharp JJ 19499 614 54 . . . 19499 615 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 615 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 615 3 7 7 CD 19499 615 4 : : : 19499 615 5 The the DT 19499 615 6 expression expression NN 19499 615 7 " " `` 19499 615 8 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 615 9 condition condition NN 19499 615 10 " " '' 19499 615 11 as as IN 19499 615 12 here here RB 19499 615 13 used use VBN 19499 615 14 refers refer VBZ 19499 615 15 to to IN 19499 615 16 the the DT 19499 615 17 staff staff NN 19499 615 18 after after IN 19499 615 19 the the DT 19499 615 20 signature signature NN 19499 615 21 has have VBZ 19499 615 22 been be VBN 19499 615 23 placed place VBN 19499 615 24 upon upon IN 19499 615 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 615 26 , , , 19499 615 27 in in IN 19499 615 28 other other JJ 19499 615 29 words word NNS 19499 615 30 after after IN 19499 615 31 the the DT 19499 615 32 staff staff NN 19499 615 33 has have VBZ 19499 615 34 been be VBN 19499 615 35 prepared prepare VBN 19499 615 36 to to TO 19499 615 37 represent represent VB 19499 615 38 the the DT 19499 615 39 pitches pitch NNS 19499 615 40 of of IN 19499 615 41 the the DT 19499 615 42 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 615 43 scale scale NN 19499 615 44 . . . 19499 615 45 ] ] -RRB- 19499 616 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 616 2 III iii CD 19499 616 3 SYMBOLS symbol NNS 19499 616 4 OF of IN 19499 616 5 MUSIC music NN 19499 616 6 DEFINED DEFINED NNS 19499 616 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 616 8 _ _ NNP 19499 616 9 Continued Continued NNP 19499 616 10 _ _ NNP 19499 616 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 616 12 21 21 CD 19499 616 13 . . . 19499 617 1 The the DT 19499 617 2 _ _ NNP 19499 617 3 natural_[8 natural_[8 NNP 19499 617 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 617 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 617 6 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 617 7 called call VBN 19499 617 8 _ _ NNP 19499 617 9 cancel cancel NN 19499 617 10 _ _ NNP 19499 617 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 617 12 annuls annul VBZ 19499 617 13 the the DT 19499 617 14 effect effect NN 19499 617 15 of of IN 19499 617 16 previous previous JJ 19499 617 17 sharps sharps NN 19499 617 18 , , , 19499 617 19 flats flat NNS 19499 617 20 , , , 19499 617 21 double double JJ 19499 617 22 - - HYPH 19499 617 23 sharps sharps NN 19499 617 24 , , , 19499 617 25 and and CC 19499 617 26 double double JJ 19499 617 27 - - HYPH 19499 617 28 flats flat NNS 19499 617 29 , , , 19499 617 30 within within IN 19499 617 31 the the DT 19499 617 32 measure measure NN 19499 617 33 in in IN 19499 617 34 which which WDT 19499 617 35 it -PRON- PRP 19499 617 36 occurs occur VBZ 19499 617 37 . . . 19499 618 1 After after IN 19499 618 2 a a DT 19499 618 3 double double JJ 19499 618 4 - - HYPH 19499 618 5 sharp sharp JJ 19499 618 6 or or CC 19499 618 7 double double JJ 19499 618 8 - - HYPH 19499 618 9 flat flat NN 19499 618 10 the the DT 19499 618 11 combination combination NN 19499 618 12 of of IN 19499 618 13 a a DT 19499 618 14 natural natural JJ 19499 618 15 with with IN 19499 618 16 a a DT 19499 618 17 sharp sharp JJ 19499 618 18 , , , 19499 618 19 or or CC 19499 618 20 a a DT 19499 618 21 natural natural JJ 19499 618 22 with with IN 19499 618 23 a a DT 19499 618 24 flat flat JJ 19499 618 25 is be VBZ 19499 618 26 often often RB 19499 618 27 found find VBN 19499 618 28 : : : 19499 618 29 in in IN 19499 618 30 this this DT 19499 618 31 case case NN 19499 618 32 only only RB 19499 618 33 one one CD 19499 618 34 sharp sharp JJ 19499 618 35 or or CC 19499 618 36 flat flat JJ 19499 618 37 is be VBZ 19499 618 38 annulled annulled JJ 19499 618 39 . . . 19499 619 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 619 2 Sometimes sometimes RB 19499 619 3 also also RB 19499 619 4 the the DT 19499 619 5 single single JJ 19499 619 6 sharp sharp JJ 19499 619 7 or or CC 19499 619 8 flat flat JJ 19499 619 9 will will MD 19499 619 10 be be VB 19499 619 11 found find VBN 19499 619 12 by by IN 19499 619 13 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 619 14 , , , 19499 619 15 cancelling cancel VBG 19499 619 16 the the DT 19499 619 17 double double RB 19499 619 18 - - HYPH 19499 619 19 sharp sharp JJ 19499 619 20 or or CC 19499 619 21 double double JJ 19499 619 22 - - HYPH 19499 619 23 flat flat NN 19499 619 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 619 25 . . . 19499 620 1 The the DT 19499 620 2 natural natural JJ 19499 620 3 is be VBZ 19499 620 4 often often RB 19499 620 5 used use VBN 19499 620 6 when when WRB 19499 620 7 a a DT 19499 620 8 composition composition NN 19499 620 9 changes change VBZ 19499 620 10 key key NN 19499 620 11 , , , 19499 620 12 as as IN 19499 620 13 in in IN 19499 620 14 Fig Fig NNP 19499 620 15 . . . 19499 621 1 11 11 CD 19499 621 2 , , , 19499 621 3 where where WRB 19499 621 4 a a DT 19499 621 5 change change NN 19499 621 6 from from IN 19499 621 7 E e NN 19499 621 8 to to IN 19499 621 9 G g NN 19499 621 10 is be VBZ 19499 621 11 shown show VBN 19499 621 12 . . . 19499 622 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 622 2 Footnote footnote NN 19499 622 3 8 8 CD 19499 622 4 : : : 19499 622 5 It -PRON- PRP 19499 622 6 has have VBZ 19499 622 7 already already RB 19499 622 8 been be VBN 19499 622 9 noted note VBN 19499 622 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 622 11 p. p. NN 19499 622 12 6 6 CD 19499 622 13 , , , 19499 622 14 Note note VB 19499 622 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 622 16 that that IN 19499 622 17 in in IN 19499 622 18 the the DT 19499 622 19 German german JJ 19499 622 20 scale scale NN 19499 622 21 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 622 22 b b NN 19499 622 23 - - HYPH 19499 622 24 flat flat NN 19499 622 25 is be VBZ 19499 622 26 called call VBN 19499 622 27 b b NNP 19499 622 28 , , , 19499 622 29 and and CC 19499 622 30 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 622 31 b b NN 19499 622 32 is be VBZ 19499 622 33 called call VBN 19499 622 34 H. H. NNP 19499 622 35 From from IN 19499 622 36 this this DT 19499 622 37 difference difference NN 19499 622 38 in in IN 19499 622 39 terminology terminology NN 19499 622 40 has have VBZ 19499 622 41 grown grow VBN 19499 622 42 up up RP 19499 622 43 the the DT 19499 622 44 custom custom NN 19499 622 45 of of IN 19499 622 46 using use VBG 19499 622 47 the the DT 19499 622 48 H h NN 19499 622 49 ( ( -LRB- 19499 622 50 now now RB 19499 622 51 made make VBN 19499 622 52 [ [ -LRB- 19499 622 53 natural natural JJ 19499 622 54 ] ] -RRB- 19499 622 55 ) ) -RRB- 19499 622 56 to to TO 19499 622 57 show show VB 19499 622 58 that that IN 19499 622 59 _ _ NNP 19499 622 60 any any DT 19499 622 61 _ _ NNP 19499 622 62 staff staff NN 19499 622 63 - - HYPH 19499 622 64 degree degree NN 19499 622 65 is be VBZ 19499 622 66 in in IN 19499 622 67 _ _ NNP 19499 622 68 natural natural JJ 19499 622 69 _ _ NNP 19499 622 70 condition condition NN 19499 622 71 , , , 19499 622 72 _ _ NNP 19499 622 73 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 622 74 _ _ NNP 19499 622 75 , , , 19499 622 76 not not RB 19499 622 77 sharped sharpe VBN 19499 622 78 or or CC 19499 622 79 flatted flat VBN 19499 622 80 . . . 19499 622 81 ] ] -RRB- 19499 623 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 623 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 623 3 : : : 19499 623 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 623 5 . . . 19499 624 1 11 11 CD 19499 624 2 . . . 19499 624 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 625 1 22 22 CD 19499 625 2 . . . 19499 626 1 The the DT 19499 626 2 group group NN 19499 626 3 of of IN 19499 626 4 sharps sharps NNP 19499 626 5 or or CC 19499 626 6 flats flat NNS 19499 626 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 626 8 or or CC 19499 626 9 absence absence NN 19499 626 10 of of IN 19499 626 11 them -PRON- PRP 19499 626 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 626 13 at at IN 19499 626 14 the the DT 19499 626 15 beginning beginning NN 19499 626 16 of of IN 19499 626 17 a a DT 19499 626 18 staff staff NN 19499 626 19 partially partially RB 19499 626 20 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 626 21 the the DT 19499 626 22 key key NN 19499 626 23 in in IN 19499 626 24 which which WDT 19499 626 25 the the DT 19499 626 26 composition composition NN 19499 626 27 is be VBZ 19499 626 28 written write VBN 19499 626 29 . . . 19499 627 1 They -PRON- PRP 19499 627 2 are be VBP 19499 627 3 called call VBN 19499 627 4 collectively collectively RB 19499 627 5 the the DT 19499 627 6 _ _ NNP 19499 627 7 key key JJ 19499 627 8 - - HYPH 19499 627 9 signature signature NN 19499 627 10 _ _ NNP 19499 627 11 . . . 19499 628 1 23 23 CD 19499 628 2 . . . 19499 629 1 The the DT 19499 629 2 same same JJ 19499 629 3 key key JJ 19499 629 4 - - HYPH 19499 629 5 signature signature NN 19499 629 6 may may MD 19499 629 7 stand stand VB 19499 629 8 for for IN 19499 629 9 either either DT 19499 629 10 one one CD 19499 629 11 of of IN 19499 629 12 two two CD 19499 629 13 keys key NNS 19499 629 14 , , , 19499 629 15 the the DT 19499 629 16 major major JJ 19499 629 17 key key NN 19499 629 18 , , , 19499 629 19 or or CC 19499 629 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 629 21 relative relative JJ 19499 629 22 minor minor NN 19499 629 23 , , , 19499 629 24 hence hence RB 19499 629 25 in in IN 19499 629 26 order order NN 19499 629 27 to to TO 19499 629 28 determine determine VB 19499 629 29 in in IN 19499 629 30 what what WP 19499 629 31 key key NN 19499 629 32 a a DT 19499 629 33 melody melody NN 19499 629 34 is be VBZ 19499 629 35 one one PRP 19499 629 36 must must MD 19499 629 37 note note VB 19499 629 38 whether whether IN 19499 629 39 the the DT 19499 629 40 tones tone NNS 19499 629 41 are be VBP 19499 629 42 grouped group VBN 19499 629 43 about about IN 19499 629 44 the the DT 19499 629 45 major major JJ 19499 629 46 tonic tonic NN 19499 629 47 DO DO NNP 19499 629 48 or or CC 19499 629 49 the the DT 19499 629 50 minor minor JJ 19499 629 51 tonic tonic NN 19499 629 52 LA LA NNP 19499 629 53 . . . 19499 630 1 In in IN 19499 630 2 a a DT 19499 630 3 harmonized harmonized JJ 19499 630 4 composition composition NN 19499 630 5 it -PRON- PRP 19499 630 6 is be VBZ 19499 630 7 almost almost RB 19499 630 8 always always RB 19499 630 9 possible possible JJ 19499 630 10 to to TO 19499 630 11 determine determine VB 19499 630 12 the the DT 19499 630 13 key key NN 19499 630 14 by by IN 19499 630 15 referring refer VBG 19499 630 16 to to IN 19499 630 17 the the DT 19499 630 18 last last JJ 19499 630 19 bass bass NN 19499 630 20 note note NN 19499 630 21 ; ; : 19499 630 22 if if IN 19499 630 23 the the DT 19499 630 24 final final JJ 19499 630 25 chord chord NN 19499 630 26 is be VBZ 19499 630 27 clearly clearly RB 19499 630 28 the the DT 19499 630 29 DO DO NNP 19499 630 30 chord chord VB 19499 630 31 the the DT 19499 630 32 composition composition NN 19499 630 33 is be VBZ 19499 630 34 in in IN 19499 630 35 the the DT 19499 630 36 major major JJ 19499 630 37 key key NN 19499 630 38 , , , 19499 630 39 but but CC 19499 630 40 if if IN 19499 630 41 this this DT 19499 630 42 final final JJ 19499 630 43 chord chord NN 19499 630 44 is be VBZ 19499 630 45 clearly clearly RB 19499 630 46 the the DT 19499 630 47 LA LA NNP 19499 630 48 chord chord NN 19499 630 49 then then RB 19499 630 50 it -PRON- PRP 19499 630 51 is be VBZ 19499 630 52 almost almost RB 19499 630 53 certain certain JJ 19499 630 54 that that IN 19499 630 55 the the DT 19499 630 56 entire entire JJ 19499 630 57 composition composition NN 19499 630 58 is be VBZ 19499 630 59 in in IN 19499 630 60 the the DT 19499 630 61 minor minor JJ 19499 630 62 key key NN 19499 630 63 . . . 19499 631 1 Thus thus RB 19499 631 2 if if IN 19499 631 3 a a DT 19499 631 4 final final JJ 19499 631 5 chord chord NN 19499 631 6 appears appear VBZ 19499 631 7 as as IN 19499 631 8 that that DT 19499 631 9 in in IN 19499 631 10 Fig Fig NNP 19499 631 11 . . . 19499 632 1 12 12 CD 19499 632 2 the the DT 19499 632 3 composition composition NN 19499 632 4 is be VBZ 19499 632 5 clearly clearly RB 19499 632 6 in in IN 19499 632 7 G g NN 19499 632 8 major major JJ 19499 632 9 , , , 19499 632 10 while while IN 19499 632 11 if if IN 19499 632 12 it -PRON- PRP 19499 632 13 appears appear VBZ 19499 632 14 as as IN 19499 632 15 in in IN 19499 632 16 Fig Fig NNP 19499 632 17 . . . 19499 633 1 13 13 CD 19499 633 2 , , , 19499 633 3 it -PRON- PRP 19499 633 4 is be VBZ 19499 633 5 just just RB 19499 633 6 as as RB 19499 633 7 surely surely RB 19499 633 8 in in IN 19499 633 9 E e NN 19499 633 10 minor minor JJ 19499 633 11 . . . 19499 634 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 634 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 634 3 : : : 19499 634 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 634 5 . . . 19499 635 1 12 12 CD 19499 635 2 . . . 19499 635 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 636 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 636 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 636 3 : : : 19499 636 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 636 5 . . . 19499 637 1 13 13 CD 19499 637 2 . . . 19499 637 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 638 1 24 24 CD 19499 638 2 . . . 19499 639 1 Sharps Sharps NNP 19499 639 2 , , , 19499 639 3 flats flat NNS 19499 639 4 , , , 19499 639 5 naturals natural NNS 19499 639 6 , , , 19499 639 7 double double JJ 19499 639 8 - - HYPH 19499 639 9 sharps sharps NN 19499 639 10 and and CC 19499 639 11 double double JJ 19499 639 12 - - HYPH 19499 639 13 flats flat NNS 19499 639 14 , , , 19499 639 15 occurring occur VBG 19499 639 16 in in IN 19499 639 17 the the DT 19499 639 18 course course NN 19499 639 19 of of IN 19499 639 20 the the DT 19499 639 21 composition composition NN 19499 639 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 639 23 _ _ NNP 19499 639 24 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 639 25 _ _ NNP 19499 639 26 , , , 19499 639 27 after after IN 19499 639 28 the the DT 19499 639 29 key key JJ 19499 639 30 signature signature NN 19499 639 31 ) ) -RRB- 19499 639 32 are be VBP 19499 639 33 called call VBN 19499 639 34 _ _ NNP 19499 639 35 accidentals accidental NNS 19499 639 36 _ _ NNP 19499 639 37 , , , 19499 639 38 whether whether IN 19499 639 39 they -PRON- PRP 19499 639 40 actually actually RB 19499 639 41 cause cause VBP 19499 639 42 a a DT 19499 639 43 staff staff NN 19499 639 44 degree degree NN 19499 639 45 to to TO 19499 639 46 represent represent VB 19499 639 47 a a DT 19499 639 48 different different JJ 19499 639 49 pitch pitch NN 19499 639 50 as as IN 19499 639 51 in in IN 19499 639 52 Fig Fig NNP 19499 639 53 . . . 19499 640 1 14 14 CD 19499 640 2 or or CC 19499 640 3 simply simply RB 19499 640 4 make make VB 19499 640 5 clear clear JJ 19499 640 6 a a DT 19499 640 7 notation notation NN 19499 640 8 about about IN 19499 640 9 which which WDT 19499 640 10 there there EX 19499 640 11 might may MD 19499 640 12 otherwise otherwise RB 19499 640 13 be be VB 19499 640 14 some some DT 19499 640 15 doubt doubt NN 19499 640 16 as as IN 19499 640 17 in in IN 19499 640 18 Fig Fig NNP 19499 640 19 . . . 19499 641 1 15 15 CD 19499 641 2 , , , 19499 641 3 measure measure VB 19499 641 4 two two CD 19499 641 5 . . . 19499 642 1 The the DT 19499 642 2 effect effect NN 19499 642 3 of of IN 19499 642 4 such such JJ 19499 642 5 accidentals accidental NNS 19499 642 6 terminates terminate NNS 19499 642 7 at at IN 19499 642 8 the the DT 19499 642 9 bar bar NN 19499 642 10 . . . 19499 643 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 643 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 643 3 : : : 19499 643 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 643 5 . . . 19499 644 1 14 14 CD 19499 644 2 . . . 19499 644 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 645 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 645 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 645 3 : : : 19499 645 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 645 5 . . . 19499 646 1 15 15 CD 19499 646 2 . . . 19499 646 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 647 1 25 25 CD 19499 647 2 . . . 19499 648 1 In in IN 19499 648 2 the the DT 19499 648 3 case case NN 19499 648 4 of of IN 19499 648 5 a a DT 19499 648 6 _ _ NNP 19499 648 7 tie tie NN 19499 648 8 across across IN 19499 648 9 a a DT 19499 648 10 bar bar NN 19499 648 11 _ _ NNP 19499 648 12 an an DT 19499 648 13 accidental accidental JJ 19499 648 14 remains remain VBZ 19499 648 15 in in IN 19499 648 16 force force NN 19499 648 17 until until IN 19499 648 18 the the DT 19499 648 19 combined combine VBN 19499 648 20 value value NN 19499 648 21 of of IN 19499 648 22 the the DT 19499 648 23 tied tie VBN 19499 648 24 notes note NNS 19499 648 25 expires expire VBZ 19499 648 26 . . . 19499 649 1 In in IN 19499 649 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 649 3 . . . 19499 650 1 16 16 CD 19499 650 2 first first JJ 19499 650 3 measure measure NN 19499 650 4 , , , 19499 650 5 third third JJ 19499 650 6 beat beat NN 19499 650 7 , , , 19499 650 8 an an DT 19499 650 9 accidental accidental JJ 19499 650 10 sharp sharp JJ 19499 650 11 makes make VBZ 19499 650 12 the the DT 19499 650 13 third third JJ 19499 650 14 space space NN 19499 650 15 represent represent VB 19499 650 16 the the DT 19499 650 17 pitch pitch NN 19499 650 18 C C NNP 19499 650 19 sharp sharp JJ 19499 650 20 . . . 19499 651 1 By by IN 19499 651 2 virtue virtue NN 19499 651 3 of of IN 19499 651 4 the the DT 19499 651 5 tie tie NN 19499 651 6 across across IN 19499 651 7 the the DT 19499 651 8 bar bar NN 19499 651 9 the the DT 19499 651 10 third third JJ 19499 651 11 space space NN 19499 651 12 continues continue VBZ 19499 651 13 to to TO 19499 651 14 represent represent VB 19499 651 15 C c NN 19499 651 16 sharp sharp JJ 19499 651 17 thru thru IN 19499 651 18 the the DT 19499 651 19 first first JJ 19499 651 20 beat beat NN 19499 651 21 of of IN 19499 651 22 the the DT 19499 651 23 second second JJ 19499 651 24 measure measure NN 19499 651 25 , , , 19499 651 26 but but CC 19499 651 27 for for IN 19499 651 28 the the DT 19499 651 29 remainder remainder NN 19499 651 30 of of IN 19499 651 31 the the DT 19499 651 32 measure measure NN 19499 651 33 the the DT 19499 651 34 third third JJ 19499 651 35 space space NN 19499 651 36 will will MD 19499 651 37 represent represent VB 19499 651 38 C C NNP 19499 651 39 unless unless IN 19499 651 40 the the DT 19499 651 41 sharp sharp JJ 19499 651 42 is be VBZ 19499 651 43 repeated repeat VBN 19499 651 44 as as IN 19499 651 45 in in IN 19499 651 46 Fig Fig NNP 19499 651 47 . . . 19499 652 1 17 17 CD 19499 652 2 . . . 19499 653 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 653 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 653 3 : : : 19499 653 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 653 5 . . . 19499 654 1 16 16 CD 19499 654 2 . . . 19499 654 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 655 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 655 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 655 3 : : : 19499 655 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 655 5 . . . 19499 656 1 17 17 CD 19499 656 2 . . . 19499 656 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 657 1 26 26 CD 19499 657 2 . . . 19499 658 1 The the DT 19499 658 2 following follow VBG 19499 658 3 rules rule NNS 19499 658 4 for for IN 19499 658 5 making make VBG 19499 658 6 staff staff NN 19499 658 7 degrees degree NNS 19499 658 8 represent represent VBP 19499 658 9 pitches pitch NNS 19499 658 10 different different JJ 19499 658 11 from from IN 19499 658 12 those those DT 19499 658 13 of of IN 19499 658 14 the the DT 19499 658 15 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 658 16 scale scale NN 19499 658 17 will will MD 19499 658 18 be be VB 19499 658 19 found find VBN 19499 658 20 useful useful JJ 19499 658 21 by by IN 19499 658 22 the the DT 19499 658 23 beginner beginner NN 19499 658 24 in in IN 19499 658 25 the the DT 19499 658 26 study study NN 19499 658 27 of of IN 19499 658 28 music music NN 19499 658 29 notation notation NN 19499 658 30 . . . 19499 659 1 These these DT 19499 659 2 rules rule NNS 19499 659 3 are be VBP 19499 659 4 quoted quote VBN 19499 659 5 from from IN 19499 659 6 " " `` 19499 659 7 The the DT 19499 659 8 Worcester Worcester NNP 19499 659 9 Musical Musical NNP 19499 659 10 Manual Manual NNP 19499 659 11 , , , 19499 659 12 " " '' 19499 659 13 by by IN 19499 659 14 Charles Charles NNP 19499 659 15 I. I. NNP 19499 660 1 Rice rice NN 19499 660 2 . . . 19499 661 1 1 1 LS 19499 661 2 . . . 19499 662 1 To to TO 19499 662 2 sharp sharp VB 19499 662 3 a a DT 19499 662 4 natural natural JJ 19499 662 5 degree degree NN 19499 662 6 , , , 19499 662 7 use use VB 19499 662 8 a a DT 19499 662 9 sharp sharp JJ 19499 662 10 . . . 19499 663 1 Fig fig NN 19499 663 2 . . . 19499 664 1 18 18 CD 19499 664 2 . . . 19499 665 1 2 2 LS 19499 665 2 . . . 19499 666 1 To to TO 19499 666 2 sharp sharp VB 19499 666 3 a a DT 19499 666 4 sharped sharpe VBN 19499 666 5 degree degree NN 19499 666 6 , , , 19499 666 7 use use VB 19499 666 8 a a DT 19499 666 9 double double JJ 19499 666 10 sharp sharp JJ 19499 666 11 . . . 19499 667 1 Fig fig NN 19499 667 2 . . . 19499 668 1 19 19 CD 19499 668 2 . . . 19499 669 1 3 3 LS 19499 669 2 . . . 19499 670 1 To to TO 19499 670 2 sharp sharp VB 19499 670 3 a a DT 19499 670 4 flatted flat VBN 19499 670 5 degree degree NN 19499 670 6 , , , 19499 670 7 use use VB 19499 670 8 a a DT 19499 670 9 natural natural JJ 19499 670 10 . . . 19499 671 1 Fig fig NN 19499 671 2 . . . 19499 672 1 20 20 CD 19499 672 2 . . . 19499 673 1 4 4 LS 19499 673 2 . . . 19499 674 1 To to TO 19499 674 2 flat flat VB 19499 674 3 a a DT 19499 674 4 natural natural JJ 19499 674 5 degree degree NN 19499 674 6 , , , 19499 674 7 use use VB 19499 674 8 a a DT 19499 674 9 flat flat NN 19499 674 10 . . . 19499 675 1 Fig fig NN 19499 675 2 . . . 19499 676 1 21 21 CD 19499 676 2 . . . 19499 677 1 5 5 CD 19499 677 2 . . . 19499 678 1 To to TO 19499 678 2 flat flat VB 19499 678 3 a a DT 19499 678 4 flatted flatted JJ 19499 678 5 degree degree NN 19499 678 6 , , , 19499 678 7 use use VB 19499 678 8 a a DT 19499 678 9 double double JJ 19499 678 10 flat flat NN 19499 678 11 . . . 19499 679 1 Fig fig NN 19499 679 2 . . . 19499 680 1 22 22 CD 19499 680 2 . . . 19499 681 1 6 6 CD 19499 681 2 . . . 19499 682 1 To to TO 19499 682 2 flat flat JJ 19499 682 3 a a DT 19499 682 4 sharped sharpe VBN 19499 682 5 degree degree NN 19499 682 6 , , , 19499 682 7 use use VB 19499 682 8 a a DT 19499 682 9 natural natural JJ 19499 682 10 . . . 19499 683 1 Fig fig NN 19499 683 2 . . . 19499 684 1 23 23 CD 19499 684 2 . . . 19499 685 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 685 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 685 3 : : : 19499 685 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 685 5 . . . 19499 686 1 18 18 CD 19499 686 2 . . . 19499 686 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 687 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 687 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 687 3 : : : 19499 687 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 687 5 . . . 19499 688 1 19 19 CD 19499 688 2 . . . 19499 688 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 689 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 689 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 689 3 : : : 19499 689 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 689 5 . . . 19499 690 1 20 20 CD 19499 690 2 . . . 19499 690 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 691 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 691 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 691 3 : : : 19499 691 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 691 5 . . . 19499 692 1 21 21 CD 19499 692 2 . . . 19499 692 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 693 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 693 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 693 3 : : : 19499 693 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 693 5 . . . 19499 694 1 22 22 CD 19499 694 2 . . . 19499 694 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 695 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 695 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 695 3 : : : 19499 695 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 695 5 . . . 19499 696 1 23 23 CD 19499 696 2 . . . 19499 696 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 697 1 27 27 CD 19499 697 2 . . . 19499 698 1 When when WRB 19499 698 2 two two CD 19499 698 3 different different JJ 19499 698 4 notations notation NNS 19499 698 5 represent represent VBP 19499 698 6 the the DT 19499 698 7 same same JJ 19499 698 8 pitch pitch NN 19499 698 9 , , , 19499 698 10 the the DT 19499 698 11 word word NN 19499 698 12 _ _ NNP 19499 698 13 enharmonic enharmonic NN 19499 698 14 _ _ NNP 19499 698 15 is be VBZ 19499 698 16 applied apply VBN 19499 698 17 . . . 19499 699 1 Thus thus RB 19499 699 2 we -PRON- PRP 19499 699 3 may may MD 19499 699 4 say say VB 19499 699 5 that that IN 19499 699 6 F F NNP 19499 699 7 sharp sharp JJ 19499 699 8 and and CC 19499 699 9 G g NN 19499 699 10 flat flat JJ 19499 699 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 699 12 on on IN 19499 699 13 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 699 14 instruments instrument NNS 19499 699 15 at at IN 19499 699 16 least least JJS 19499 699 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 699 18 are be VBP 19499 699 19 enharmonically enharmonically RB 19499 699 20 the the DT 19499 699 21 same same JJ 19499 699 22 . . . 19499 700 1 This this DT 19499 700 2 word word NN 19499 700 3 _ _ NNP 19499 700 4 enharmonic enharmonic NN 19499 700 5 _ _ NNP 19499 700 6 is be VBZ 19499 700 7 used use VBN 19499 700 8 in in IN 19499 700 9 such such JJ 19499 700 10 expressions expression NNS 19499 700 11 as as IN 19499 700 12 enharmonic enharmonic JJ 19499 700 13 change change NN 19499 700 14 , , , 19499 700 15 enharmonic enharmonic NN 19499 700 16 keys key NNS 19499 700 17 , , , 19499 700 18 enharmonic enharmonic NNP 19499 700 19 interval interval NNP 19499 700 20 , , , 19499 700 21 enharmonic enharmonic JJ 19499 700 22 modulation modulation NN 19499 700 23 , , , 19499 700 24 enharmonic enharmonic JJ 19499 700 25 relation relation NN 19499 700 26 , , , 19499 700 27 etc etc FW 19499 700 28 . . FW 19499 700 29 , , , 19499 700 30 and and CC 19499 700 31 in in IN 19499 700 32 all all DT 19499 700 33 such such JJ 19499 700 34 combinations combination NNS 19499 700 35 it -PRON- PRP 19499 700 36 has have VBZ 19499 700 37 the the DT 19499 700 38 same same JJ 19499 700 39 meaning meaning NN 19499 700 40 , , , 19499 700 41 viz.--a viz.--a . 19499 700 42 change change NN 19499 700 43 in in IN 19499 700 44 notation notation NN 19499 700 45 but but CC 19499 700 46 no no DT 19499 700 47 change change NN 19499 700 48 in in IN 19499 700 49 the the DT 19499 700 50 pitch pitch NN 19499 700 51 represented represent VBD 19499 700 52 . . . 19499 701 1 28 28 CD 19499 701 2 . . . 19499 702 1 A a DT 19499 702 2 _ _ NNP 19499 702 3 note note NN 19499 702 4 _ _ NNP 19499 702 5 is be VBZ 19499 702 6 a a DT 19499 702 7 character character NN 19499 702 8 expressing express VBG 19499 702 9 relative relative JJ 19499 702 10 duration duration NN 19499 702 11 , , , 19499 702 12 which which WDT 19499 702 13 when when WRB 19499 702 14 placed place VBN 19499 702 15 on on IN 19499 702 16 a a DT 19499 702 17 staff staff NN 19499 702 18 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 702 19 that that IN 19499 702 20 a a DT 19499 702 21 certain certain JJ 19499 702 22 tone tone NN 19499 702 23 is be VBZ 19499 702 24 to to TO 19499 702 25 be be VB 19499 702 26 sounded sound VBN 19499 702 27 for for IN 19499 702 28 a a DT 19499 702 29 certain certain JJ 19499 702 30 relative relative JJ 19499 702 31 length length NN 19499 702 32 of of IN 19499 702 33 time time NN 19499 702 34 . . . 19499 703 1 The the DT 19499 703 2 pitch pitch NN 19499 703 3 of of IN 19499 703 4 the the DT 19499 703 5 tone tone NN 19499 703 6 to to TO 19499 703 7 be be VB 19499 703 8 sounded sound VBN 19499 703 9 is be VBZ 19499 703 10 shown show VBN 19499 703 11 by by IN 19499 703 12 the the DT 19499 703 13 position position NN 19499 703 14 of of IN 19499 703 15 the the DT 19499 703 16 note note NN 19499 703 17 on on IN 19499 703 18 the the DT 19499 703 19 staff staff NN 19499 703 20 , , , 19499 703 21 while while IN 19499 703 22 the the DT 19499 703 23 length length NN 19499 703 24 of of IN 19499 703 25 time time NN 19499 703 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 703 27 is be VBZ 19499 703 28 to to TO 19499 703 29 be be VB 19499 703 30 prolonged prolong VBN 19499 703 31 is be VBZ 19499 703 32 shown show VBN 19499 703 33 by by IN 19499 703 34 the the DT 19499 703 35 shape shape NN 19499 703 36 of of IN 19499 703 37 the the DT 19499 703 38 note note NN 19499 703 39 . . . 19499 704 1 Thus thus RB 19499 704 2 _ _ NNP 19499 704 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 704 4 _ _ NNP 19499 704 5 , , , 19499 704 6 a a DT 19499 704 7 half half NN 19499 704 8 - - HYPH 19499 704 9 note note NN 19499 704 10 on on IN 19499 704 11 the the DT 19499 704 12 second second JJ 19499 704 13 line line NN 19499 704 14 of of IN 19499 704 15 the the DT 19499 704 16 treble treble JJ 19499 704 17 staff staff NN 19499 704 18 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 704 19 that that IN 19499 704 20 a a DT 19499 704 21 specific specific JJ 19499 704 22 pitch pitch NN 19499 704 23 ( ( -LRB- 19499 704 24 g g NNP 19499 704 25 ' ' '' 19499 704 26 ) ) -RRB- 19499 704 27 is be VBZ 19499 704 28 to to TO 19499 704 29 be be VB 19499 704 30 played play VBN 19499 704 31 or or CC 19499 704 32 sung sing VBN 19499 704 33 for for IN 19499 704 34 a a DT 19499 704 35 period period NN 19499 704 36 of of IN 19499 704 37 time time NN 19499 704 38 twice twice RB 19499 704 39 as as RB 19499 704 40 long long RB 19499 704 41 as as IN 19499 704 42 would would MD 19499 704 43 be be VB 19499 704 44 indicated indicate VBN 19499 704 45 by by IN 19499 704 46 a a DT 19499 704 47 quarter quarter NN 19499 704 48 - - HYPH 19499 704 49 note note NN 19499 704 50 in in IN 19499 704 51 the the DT 19499 704 52 same same JJ 19499 704 53 composition composition NN 19499 704 54 . . . 19499 705 1 29 29 CD 19499 705 2 . . . 19499 706 1 A a DT 19499 706 2 _ _ NNP 19499 706 3 rest rest NN 19499 706 4 _ _ NNP 19499 706 5 is be VBZ 19499 706 6 a a DT 19499 706 7 character character NN 19499 706 8 which which WDT 19499 706 9 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 706 10 a a DT 19499 706 11 rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 706 12 silence silence NN 19499 706 13 of of IN 19499 706 14 a a DT 19499 706 15 certain certain JJ 19499 706 16 relative relative JJ 19499 706 17 length length NN 19499 706 18 . . . 19499 707 1 30 30 CD 19499 707 2 . . . 19499 708 1 The the DT 19499 708 2 _ _ NNP 19499 708 3 notes note VBZ 19499 708 4 and and CC 19499 708 5 rests rest NNS 19499 708 6 in in IN 19499 708 7 common common JJ 19499 708 8 use use NN 19499 708 9 _ _ NNP 19499 708 10 are be VBP 19499 708 11 as as IN 19499 708 12 follows follow VBZ 19499 708 13 : : : 19499 708 14 [ [ -LRB- 19499 708 15 symbol symbol NN 19499 708 16 ] ] -RRB- 19499 708 17 Whole whole JJ 19499 708 18 - - HYPH 19499 708 19 note note NN 19499 708 20 . . . 19499 709 1 An an DT 19499 709 2 open open JJ 19499 709 3 note note NN 19499 709 4 - - HYPH 19499 709 5 head head NN 19499 709 6 without without IN 19499 709 7 stem stem NN 19499 709 8 . . . 19499 710 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 710 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 710 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 710 4 Half half NN 19499 710 5 - - HYPH 19499 710 6 note note NN 19499 710 7 . . . 19499 711 1 An an DT 19499 711 2 open open JJ 19499 711 3 note note NN 19499 711 4 - - HYPH 19499 711 5 head head NN 19499 711 6 with with IN 19499 711 7 stem stem NN 19499 711 8 . . . 19499 712 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 712 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 712 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 712 4 Quarter Quarter NNP 19499 712 5 - - HYPH 19499 712 6 note note NN 19499 712 7 . . . 19499 713 1 A a DT 19499 713 2 closed closed JJ 19499 713 3 note note NN 19499 713 4 - - HYPH 19499 713 5 head head NN 19499 713 6 with with IN 19499 713 7 stem stem NN 19499 713 8 . . . 19499 714 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 714 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 714 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 714 4 Eighth Eighth NNP 19499 714 5 - - HYPH 19499 714 6 note note NN 19499 714 7 . . . 19499 715 1 A a DT 19499 715 2 closed closed JJ 19499 715 3 note note NN 19499 715 4 - - HYPH 19499 715 5 head head NN 19499 715 6 with with IN 19499 715 7 stem stem NN 19499 715 8 and and CC 19499 715 9 one one CD 19499 715 10 hook hook NN 19499 715 11 . . . 19499 716 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 716 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 716 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 716 4 Sixteenth Sixteenth NNP 19499 716 5 - - HYPH 19499 716 6 note note NN 19499 716 7 . . . 19499 717 1 A a DT 19499 717 2 closed closed JJ 19499 717 3 note note NN 19499 717 4 - - HYPH 19499 717 5 head head NN 19499 717 6 with with IN 19499 717 7 stem stem NN 19499 717 8 and and CC 19499 717 9 two two CD 19499 717 10 hooks hook NNS 19499 717 11 . . . 19499 718 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 718 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 718 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 718 4 Thirty thirty CD 19499 718 5 - - HYPH 19499 718 6 second second NN 19499 718 7 - - HYPH 19499 718 8 note note NN 19499 718 9 . . . 19499 719 1 A a DT 19499 719 2 closed closed JJ 19499 719 3 note note NN 19499 719 4 - - HYPH 19499 719 5 head head NN 19499 719 6 with with IN 19499 719 7 stem stem NN 19499 719 8 and and CC 19499 719 9 three three CD 19499 719 10 hooks hook NNS 19499 719 11 . . . 19499 720 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 720 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 720 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 720 4 Whole whole JJ 19499 720 5 - - HYPH 19499 720 6 rest rest NN 19499 720 7 . . . 19499 721 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 721 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 721 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 721 4 Half half JJ 19499 721 5 - - HYPH 19499 721 6 rest rest NN 19499 721 7 . . . 19499 722 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 722 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 722 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 722 4 Quarter Quarter NNP 19499 722 5 - - HYPH 19499 722 6 rest rest NNP 19499 722 7 . . . 19499 723 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 723 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 723 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 723 4 Eighth Eighth NNP 19499 723 5 - - HYPH 19499 723 6 rest rest NN 19499 723 7 . . . 19499 724 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 724 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 724 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 724 4 Sixteenth Sixteenth NNP 19499 724 5 - - HYPH 19499 724 6 rest rest NN 19499 724 7 . . . 19499 725 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 725 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 725 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 725 4 Thirty thirty CD 19499 725 5 - - HYPH 19499 725 6 second second JJ 19499 725 7 - - HYPH 19499 725 8 rest rest NN 19499 725 9 . . . 19499 726 1 31 31 CD 19499 726 2 . . . 19499 727 1 The the DT 19499 727 2 _ _ NNP 19499 727 3 English English NNP 19499 727 4 names name NNS 19499 727 5 _ _ NNP 19499 727 6 for for IN 19499 727 7 these these DT 19499 727 8 notes note NNS 19499 727 9 are be VBP 19499 727 10 : : : 19499 727 11 Whole whole JJ 19499 727 12 - - HYPH 19499 727 13 note note NN 19499 727 14 -- -- : 19499 727 15 semi semi JJ 19499 727 16 - - JJ 19499 727 17 breve breve JJ 19499 727 18 . . . 19499 728 1 Half half JJ 19499 728 2 - - HYPH 19499 728 3 note note NN 19499 728 4 -- -- : 19499 728 5 minim minim NN 19499 728 6 . . . 19499 729 1 Quarter quarter NN 19499 729 2 - - HYPH 19499 729 3 note note NN 19499 729 4 -- -- : 19499 729 5 crotchet crotchet NN 19499 729 6 . . . 19499 730 1 Eighth eighth JJ 19499 730 2 - - HYPH 19499 730 3 note note NN 19499 730 4 -- -- : 19499 730 5 quaver quaver NN 19499 730 6 . . . 19499 731 1 Sixteenth sixteenth JJ 19499 731 2 - - HYPH 19499 731 3 note note NN 19499 731 4 -- -- : 19499 731 5 semi semi JJ 19499 731 6 - - JJ 19499 731 7 quaver quaver NN 19499 731 8 . . . 19499 732 1 Thirty thirty CD 19499 732 2 - - HYPH 19499 732 3 second second NN 19499 732 4 - - HYPH 19499 732 5 note note NN 19499 732 6 -- -- : 19499 732 7 demi demi NN 19499 732 8 - - HYPH 19499 732 9 semi semi NN 19499 732 10 - - JJ 19499 732 11 quaver quaver NN 19499 732 12 . . . 19499 733 1 The the DT 19499 733 2 corresponding correspond VBG 19499 733 3 rests rest NNS 19499 733 4 are be VBP 19499 733 5 referred refer VBN 19499 733 6 to to IN 19499 733 7 by by IN 19499 733 8 the the DT 19499 733 9 same same JJ 19499 733 10 system system NN 19499 733 11 of of IN 19499 733 12 nomenclature nomenclature NN 19499 733 13 : : : 19499 733 14 _ _ NNP 19499 733 15 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 733 16 _ _ NNP 19499 733 17 , , , 19499 733 18 _ _ NNP 19499 733 19 semi semi JJ 19499 733 20 - - JJ 19499 733 21 breve breve JJ 19499 733 22 rest rest NN 19499 733 23 _ _ NNP 19499 733 24 , , , 19499 733 25 etc etc FW 19499 733 26 . . . 19499 734 1 32 32 CD 19499 734 2 . . . 19499 735 1 _ _ NNP 19499 735 2 Sixty Sixty NNP 19499 735 3 - - HYPH 19499 735 4 fourth fourth NNP 19499 735 5 _ _ NNP 19499 735 6 and and CC 19499 735 7 _ _ NNP 19499 735 8 one one CD 19499 735 9 - - HYPH 19499 735 10 hundred hundred CD 19499 735 11 - - HYPH 19499 735 12 and and CC 19499 735 13 - - HYPH 19499 735 14 twenty twenty CD 19499 735 15 - - HYPH 19499 735 16 eighth eighth JJ 19499 735 17 - - HYPH 19499 735 18 notes note NNS 19499 735 19 _ _ NNP 19499 735 20 are be VBP 19499 735 21 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 735 22 found find VBN 19499 735 23 , , , 19499 735 24 but but CC 19499 735 25 are be VBP 19499 735 26 not not RB 19499 735 27 in in IN 19499 735 28 common common JJ 19499 735 29 use use NN 19499 735 30 . . . 19499 736 1 The the DT 19499 736 2 _ _ NNP 19499 736 3 double double JJ 19499 736 4 - - HYPH 19499 736 5 whole whole JJ 19499 736 6 - - HYPH 19499 736 7 note note NN 19499 736 8 _ _ NNP 19499 736 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 736 10 _ _ NNP 19499 736 11 breve breve NNP 19499 736 12 _ _ NNP 19499 736 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 736 14 , , , 19499 736 15 made make VBN 19499 736 16 [ [ -LRB- 19499 736 17 breve breve JJ 19499 736 18 symbol symbol NN 19499 736 19 ] ] -RRB- 19499 736 20 or or CC 19499 736 21 [ [ -LRB- 19499 736 22 old old JJ 19499 736 23 breve breve NNP 19499 736 24 symbol symbol NN 19499 736 25 ] ] -RRB- 19499 736 26 , , , 19499 736 27 is be VBZ 19499 736 28 still still RB 19499 736 29 used use VBN 19499 736 30 , , , 19499 736 31 especially especially RB 19499 736 32 in in IN 19499 736 33 English english JJ 19499 736 34 music music NN 19499 736 35 , , , 19499 736 36 which which WDT 19499 736 37 frequently frequently RB 19499 736 38 employs employ VBZ 19499 736 39 the the DT 19499 736 40 half half JJ 19499 736 41 - - HYPH 19499 736 42 note note NN 19499 736 43 as as IN 19499 736 44 the the DT 19499 736 45 beat beat NN 19499 736 46 - - HYPH 19499 736 47 unit unit NN 19499 736 48 . . . 19499 737 1 Thus thus RB 19499 737 2 in in IN 19499 737 3 four four CD 19499 737 4 - - HYPH 19499 737 5 half half NN 19499 737 6 measure measure NN 19499 737 7 the the DT 19499 737 8 breve breve NN 19499 737 9 would would MD 19499 737 10 be be VB 19499 737 11 necessary necessary JJ 19499 737 12 to to TO 19499 737 13 indicate indicate VB 19499 737 14 a a DT 19499 737 15 tone tone NN 19499 737 16 having have VBG 19499 737 17 four four CD 19499 737 18 beats beat NNS 19499 737 19 . . . 19499 738 1 33 33 CD 19499 738 2 . . . 19499 739 1 The the DT 19499 739 2 _ _ NNP 19499 739 3 whole whole JJ 19499 739 4 - - HYPH 19499 739 5 rest rest NN 19499 739 6 _ _ NNP 19499 739 7 has have VBZ 19499 739 8 a a DT 19499 739 9 peculiarity peculiarity NN 19499 739 10 of of IN 19499 739 11 usage usage NN 19499 739 12 not not RB 19499 739 13 common common JJ 19499 739 14 to to IN 19499 739 15 any any DT 19499 739 16 of of IN 19499 739 17 the the DT 19499 739 18 other other JJ 19499 739 19 duration duration NN 19499 739 20 symbols symbol NNS 19499 739 21 , , , 19499 739 22 viz viz NNP 19499 739 23 . . NNP 19499 739 24 , , , 19499 739 25 that that IN 19499 739 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 739 27 is be VBZ 19499 739 28 often often RB 19499 739 29 employed employ VBN 19499 739 30 as as IN 19499 739 31 a a DT 19499 739 32 _ _ NNP 19499 739 33 measure measure NN 19499 739 34 - - HYPH 19499 739 35 rest rest NN 19499 739 36 _ _ NNP 19499 739 37 , , , 19499 739 38 filling fill VBG 19499 739 39 an an DT 19499 739 40 entire entire JJ 19499 739 41 measure measure NN 19499 739 42 of of IN 19499 739 43 beats beat NNS 19499 739 44 , , , 19499 739 45 no no RB 19499 739 46 matter matter RB 19499 739 47 what what WP 19499 739 48 the the DT 19499 739 49 measure measure NN 19499 739 50 - - HYPH 19499 739 51 signature signature NN 19499 739 52 may may MD 19499 739 53 be be VB 19499 739 54 . . . 19499 740 1 Thus thus RB 19499 740 2 , , , 19499 740 3 not not RB 19499 740 4 only only RB 19499 740 5 in in IN 19499 740 6 four four CD 19499 740 7 - - HYPH 19499 740 8 quarter quarter NN 19499 740 9 - - HYPH 19499 740 10 measure measure NN 19499 740 11 , , , 19499 740 12 but but CC 19499 740 13 in in IN 19499 740 14 two two CD 19499 740 15 - - HYPH 19499 740 16 quarter quarter NN 19499 740 17 , , , 19499 740 18 three three CD 19499 740 19 - - HYPH 19499 740 20 quarter quarter NN 19499 740 21 , , , 19499 740 22 six six CD 19499 740 23 - - HYPH 19499 740 24 eighth eighth JJ 19499 740 25 , , , 19499 740 26 and and CC 19499 740 27 other other JJ 19499 740 28 varieties variety NNS 19499 740 29 , , , 19499 740 30 the the DT 19499 740 31 whole whole JJ 19499 740 32 - - HYPH 19499 740 33 rest rest NN 19499 740 34 fills fill VBZ 19499 740 35 the the DT 19499 740 36 entire entire JJ 19499 740 37 measure measure NN 19499 740 38 , , , 19499 740 39 having have VBG 19499 740 40 a a DT 19499 740 41 value value NN 19499 740 42 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 740 43 greater great JJR 19499 740 44 , , , 19499 740 45 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 740 46 less less JJR 19499 740 47 than than IN 19499 740 48 the the DT 19499 740 49 corresponding correspond VBG 19499 740 50 whole whole JJ 19499 740 51 - - HYPH 19499 740 52 note note NN 19499 740 53 . . . 19499 741 1 Because because IN 19499 741 2 of of IN 19499 741 3 this this DT 19499 741 4 peculiarity peculiarity NN 19499 741 5 of of IN 19499 741 6 usage usage NN 19499 741 7 the the DT 19499 741 8 whole whole JJ 19499 741 9 - - HYPH 19499 741 10 rest rest NN 19499 741 11 is be VBZ 19499 741 12 termed term VBN 19499 741 13 _ _ NNP 19499 741 14 Takt Takt NNP 19499 741 15 - - HYPH 19499 741 16 pausa pausa NNP 19499 741 17 _ _ NNP 19499 741 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 741 19 measure measure NN 19499 741 20 - - HYPH 19499 741 21 rest rest NN 19499 741 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 741 23 by by IN 19499 741 24 the the DT 19499 741 25 Germans Germans NNPS 19499 741 26 . . . 19499 742 1 34 34 CD 19499 742 2 . . . 19499 743 1 A a DT 19499 743 2 _ _ NNP 19499 743 3 bar bar NN 19499 743 4 _ _ NNP 19499 743 5 is be VBZ 19499 743 6 a a DT 19499 743 7 vertical vertical JJ 19499 743 8 line line NN 19499 743 9 across across IN 19499 743 10 the the DT 19499 743 11 staff staff NN 19499 743 12 , , , 19499 743 13 dividing divide VBG 19499 743 14 it -PRON- PRP 19499 743 15 into into IN 19499 743 16 measures measure NNS 19499 743 17 . . . 19499 744 1 The the DT 19499 744 2 word word NN 19499 744 3 _ _ NNP 19499 744 4 bar bar NN 19499 744 5 _ _ NNP 19499 744 6 is be VBZ 19499 744 7 often often RB 19499 744 8 used use VBN 19499 744 9 synonymously synonymously RB 19499 744 10 with with IN 19499 744 11 _ _ NNP 19499 744 12 measure measure NN 19499 744 13 _ _ NNP 19499 744 14 by by IN 19499 744 15 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 744 16 conductors conductor NNS 19499 744 17 and and CC 19499 744 18 others other NNS 19499 744 19 ; ; : 19499 744 20 thus thus RB 19499 744 21 , , , 19499 744 22 " " `` 19499 744 23 begin begin VB 19499 744 24 at at IN 19499 744 25 the the DT 19499 744 26 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 19499 744 27 bar bar NN 19499 744 28 after after IN 19499 744 29 J. J. NNP 19499 744 30 " " '' 19499 745 1 This this DT 19499 745 2 use use NN 19499 745 3 of of IN 19499 745 4 the the DT 19499 745 5 word word NN 19499 745 6 , , , 19499 745 7 although although IN 19499 745 8 popular popular JJ 19499 745 9 , , , 19499 745 10 is be VBZ 19499 745 11 incorrect incorrect JJ 19499 745 12 . . . 19499 746 1 35 35 CD 19499 746 2 . . . 19499 747 1 A a DT 19499 747 2 _ _ NNP 19499 747 3 double double JJ 19499 747 4 - - HYPH 19499 747 5 bar bar NN 19499 747 6 _ _ NNP 19499 747 7 consists consist VBZ 19499 747 8 of of IN 19499 747 9 two two CD 19499 747 10 vertical vertical JJ 19499 747 11 lines line NNS 19499 747 12 across across IN 19499 747 13 the the DT 19499 747 14 staff staff NN 19499 747 15 , , , 19499 747 16 at at RB 19499 747 17 least least JJS 19499 747 18 one one CD 19499 747 19 of of IN 19499 747 20 the the DT 19499 747 21 two two CD 19499 747 22 being be VBG 19499 747 23 a a DT 19499 747 24 heavy heavy JJ 19499 747 25 line line NN 19499 747 26 . . . 19499 748 1 The the DT 19499 748 2 double double JJ 19499 748 3 bar bar NN 19499 748 4 marks mark VBZ 19499 748 5 the the DT 19499 748 6 end end NN 19499 748 7 of of IN 19499 748 8 a a DT 19499 748 9 division division NN 19499 748 10 , , , 19499 748 11 movement movement NN 19499 748 12 , , , 19499 748 13 or or CC 19499 748 14 entire entire JJ 19499 748 15 composition composition NN 19499 748 16 . . . 19499 749 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 749 2 IV IV NNP 19499 749 3 ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS NNP 19499 749 4 , , , 19499 749 5 SIGNS SIGNS NNP 19499 749 6 , , , 19499 749 7 ETC ETC NNP 19499 749 8 . . . 19499 750 1 36 36 CD 19499 750 2 . . . 19499 751 1 A a DT 19499 751 2 _ _ NNP 19499 751 3 double double JJ 19499 751 4 bar bar NN 19499 751 5 _ _ NNP 19499 751 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 751 7 or or CC 19499 751 8 single single JJ 19499 751 9 heavy heavy JJ 19499 751 10 bar bar NN 19499 751 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 751 12 with with IN 19499 751 13 either either DT 19499 751 14 two two CD 19499 751 15 or or CC 19499 751 16 four four CD 19499 751 17 dots dot NNS 19499 751 18 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 751 19 that that IN 19499 751 20 a a DT 19499 751 21 section section NN 19499 751 22 is be VBZ 19499 751 23 to to TO 19499 751 24 be be VB 19499 751 25 repeated repeat VBN 19499 751 26 . . . 19499 752 1 If if IN 19499 752 2 the the DT 19499 752 3 repeat repeat NN 19499 752 4 marks mark NNS 19499 752 5 occur occur VBP 19499 752 6 at at IN 19499 752 7 only only RB 19499 752 8 one one CD 19499 752 9 point point NN 19499 752 10 the the DT 19499 752 11 entire entire JJ 19499 752 12 preceding precede VBG 19499 752 13 part part NN 19499 752 14 is be VBZ 19499 752 15 to to TO 19499 752 16 be be VB 19499 752 17 repeated repeat VBN 19499 752 18 , , , 19499 752 19 but but CC 19499 752 20 if if IN 19499 752 21 the the DT 19499 752 22 marks mark NNS 19499 752 23 occur occur VBP 19499 752 24 twice twice RB 19499 752 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 752 26 the the DT 19499 752 27 first first JJ 19499 752 28 time time NN 19499 752 29 at at IN 19499 752 30 the the DT 19499 752 31 right right NN 19499 752 32 of of IN 19499 752 33 the the DT 19499 752 34 bar bar NN 19499 752 35 but but CC 19499 752 36 the the DT 19499 752 37 second second JJ 19499 752 38 time time NN 19499 752 39 at at IN 19499 752 40 the the DT 19499 752 41 left left NN 19499 752 42 ) ) -RRB- 19499 752 43 , , , 19499 752 44 only only RB 19499 752 45 the the DT 19499 752 46 section section NN 19499 752 47 thus thus RB 19499 752 48 enclosed enclose VBN 19499 752 49 by by IN 19499 752 50 the the DT 19499 752 51 marks mark NNS 19499 752 52 is be VBZ 19499 752 53 to to TO 19499 752 54 be be VB 19499 752 55 repeated repeat VBN 19499 752 56 . . . 19499 753 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 753 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 753 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 753 4 37 37 CD 19499 753 5 . . . 19499 754 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 19499 754 2 a a DT 19499 754 3 different different JJ 19499 754 4 cadence cadence NN 19499 754 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 754 6 or or CC 19499 754 7 ending end VBG 19499 754 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 754 9 is be VBZ 19499 754 10 to to TO 19499 754 11 be be VB 19499 754 12 used use VBN 19499 754 13 for for IN 19499 754 14 the the DT 19499 754 15 repetition repetition NN 19499 754 16 , , , 19499 754 17 and and CC 19499 754 18 this this DT 19499 754 19 is be VBZ 19499 754 20 indicated indicate VBN 19499 754 21 as as IN 19499 754 22 in in IN 19499 754 23 Fig Fig NNP 19499 754 24 . . . 19499 755 1 24 24 CD 19499 755 2 . . . 19499 756 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 756 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 756 3 : : : 19499 756 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 756 5 . . . 19499 757 1 24 24 CD 19499 757 2 . . . 19499 757 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 758 1 38 38 CD 19499 758 2 . . . 19499 759 1 The the DT 19499 759 2 Italian italian JJ 19499 759 3 word word NN 19499 759 4 _ _ NNP 19499 759 5 bis bi VBD 19499 759 6 _ _ NNP 19499 759 7 is be VBZ 19499 759 8 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 759 9 used use VBN 19499 759 10 to to TO 19499 759 11 indicate indicate VB 19499 759 12 that that IN 19499 759 13 a a DT 19499 759 14 certain certain JJ 19499 759 15 passage passage NN 19499 759 16 or or CC 19499 759 17 section section NN 19499 759 18 is be VBZ 19499 759 19 to to TO 19499 759 20 be be VB 19499 759 21 repeated repeat VBN 19499 759 22 . . . 19499 760 1 This this DT 19499 760 2 use use NN 19499 760 3 is be VBZ 19499 760 4 becoming become VBG 19499 760 5 obsolete obsolete JJ 19499 760 6 . . . 19499 761 1 39 39 CD 19499 761 2 . . . 19499 762 1 The the DT 19499 762 2 words word NNS 19499 762 3 _ _ NNP 19499 762 4 da da NNP 19499 762 5 capo capo NNP 19499 762 6 _ _ NNP 19499 762 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 762 8 _ _ NNP 19499 762 9 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 762 10 _ _ NNP 19499 762 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 762 12 mean mean VB 19499 762 13 literally literally RB 19499 762 14 " " '' 19499 762 15 from from IN 19499 762 16 the the DT 19499 762 17 head head NN 19499 762 18 , , , 19499 762 19 " " '' 19499 762 20 _ _ NNP 19499 762 21 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 762 22 _ _ NNP 19499 762 23 , , , 19499 762 24 repeat repeat NN 19499 762 25 from from IN 19499 762 26 the the DT 19499 762 27 beginning beginning NN 19499 762 28 . . . 19499 763 1 The the DT 19499 763 2 words word NNS 19499 763 3 _ _ NNP 19499 763 4 dal dal NN 19499 763 5 segno segno NN 19499 763 6 _ _ NNP 19499 763 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 763 8 _ _ NNP 19499 763 9 D.S. D.S. NNP 19499 763 10 _ _ NNP 19499 763 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 763 12 indicate indicate VBP 19499 763 13 a a DT 19499 763 14 repetition repetition NN 19499 763 15 from from IN 19499 763 16 the the DT 19499 763 17 sign sign NN 19499 763 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 763 19 [ [ -LRB- 19499 763 20 segno segno NNP 19499 763 21 symbol symbol NN 19499 763 22 ] ] -RRB- 19499 763 23 or or CC 19499 763 24 [ [ -LRB- 19499 763 25 segno segno NN 19499 763 26 symbol symbol NN 19499 763 27 ] ] -RRB- 19499 763 28 ) ) -RRB- 19499 763 29 instead instead RB 19499 763 30 of of IN 19499 763 31 from from IN 19499 763 32 the the DT 19499 763 33 beginning beginning NN 19499 763 34 . . . 19499 764 1 In in IN 19499 764 2 the the DT 19499 764 3 case case NN 19499 764 4 of of IN 19499 764 5 both both DT 19499 764 6 _ _ NNP 19499 764 7 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 764 8 _ _ NNP 19499 764 9 and and CC 19499 764 10 _ _ NNP 19499 764 11 D.S. D.S. NNP 19499 764 12 _ _ NNP 19499 764 13 the the DT 19499 764 14 word word NN 19499 764 15 _ _ NNP 19499 764 16 fine fine JJ 19499 764 17 _ _ NNP 19499 764 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 764 19 meaning mean VBG 19499 764 20 literally literally RB 19499 764 21 _ _ NNP 19499 764 22 the the DT 19499 764 23 end end NN 19499 764 24 _ _ NNP 19499 764 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 764 26 is be VBZ 19499 764 27 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 764 28 used use VBN 19499 764 29 to to TO 19499 764 30 designate designate VB 19499 764 31 the the DT 19499 764 32 point point NN 19499 764 33 at at IN 19499 764 34 which which WDT 19499 764 35 the the DT 19499 764 36 repeated repeat VBN 19499 764 37 section section NN 19499 764 38 is be VBZ 19499 764 39 to to TO 19499 764 40 terminate terminate VB 19499 764 41 . . . 19499 765 1 The the DT 19499 765 2 fermata fermata NNS 19499 765 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 765 4 [ [ -LRB- 19499 765 5 fermata fermata NNP 19499 765 6 symbol symbol NN 19499 765 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 765 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 765 9 was be VBD 19499 765 10 formerly formerly RB 19499 765 11 in in IN 19499 765 12 common common JJ 19499 765 13 use use NN 19499 765 14 for for IN 19499 765 15 this this DT 19499 765 16 same same JJ 19499 765 17 purpose purpose NN 19499 765 18 , , , 19499 765 19 but but CC 19499 765 20 is be VBZ 19499 765 21 seldom seldom RB 19499 765 22 so so RB 19499 765 23 employed employ VBN 19499 765 24 at at IN 19499 765 25 present present NN 19499 765 26 . . . 19499 766 1 _ _ NNP 19499 766 2 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 766 3 _ _ NNP 19499 766 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 766 5 _ _ NNP 19499 766 6 sin_[9 sin_[9 NNP 19499 766 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 766 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 766 9 _ _ NNP 19499 766 10 al al NNP 19499 766 11 fine fine NNP 19499 766 12 _ _ NNP 19499 766 13 means mean VBZ 19499 766 14 -- -- : 19499 766 15 repeat repeat NN 19499 766 16 from from IN 19499 766 17 the the DT 19499 766 18 beginning beginning NN 19499 766 19 to to IN 19499 766 20 the the DT 19499 766 21 word word NN 19499 766 22 " " `` 19499 766 23 fine fine NN 19499 766 24 . . . 19499 766 25 " " '' 19499 767 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 767 2 Footnote footnote NN 19499 767 3 9 9 CD 19499 767 4 : : : 19499 767 5 The the DT 19499 767 6 word word NN 19499 767 7 _ _ NNP 19499 767 8 sin sin NN 19499 767 9 _ _ NNP 19499 767 10 is be VBZ 19499 767 11 a a DT 19499 767 12 contraction contraction NN 19499 767 13 of of IN 19499 767 14 the the DT 19499 767 15 Italian italian JJ 19499 767 16 word word NN 19499 767 17 _ _ NNP 19499 767 18 sino sino JJ 19499 767 19 _ _ NNP 19499 767 20 , , , 19499 767 21 meaning mean VBG 19499 767 22 " " `` 19499 767 23 as as RB 19499 767 24 far far RB 19499 767 25 as as IN 19499 767 26 " " '' 19499 767 27 or or CC 19499 767 28 " " `` 19499 767 29 until until IN 19499 767 30 " " '' 19499 767 31 ; ; : 19499 767 32 in in IN 19499 767 33 the the DT 19499 767 34 term term NN 19499 767 35 given give VBN 19499 767 36 above above RB 19499 767 37 ( ( -LRB- 19499 767 38 Sec Sec NNP 19499 767 39 . . . 19499 768 1 39 39 LS 19499 768 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 768 3 it -PRON- PRP 19499 768 4 is be VBZ 19499 768 5 really really RB 19499 768 6 superfluous superfluous JJ 19499 768 7 as as IN 19499 768 8 the the DT 19499 768 9 word word NN 19499 768 10 _ _ NNP 19499 768 11 al al NNP 19499 768 12 _ _ NNP 19499 768 13 includes include VBZ 19499 768 14 in in IN 19499 768 15 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 768 16 both both DT 19499 768 17 preposition preposition NN 19499 768 18 and and CC 19499 768 19 article article NN 19499 768 20 , , , 19499 768 21 meaning mean VBG 19499 768 22 " " `` 19499 768 23 to to IN 19499 768 24 the the DT 19499 768 25 . . . 19499 768 26 " " '' 19499 768 27 ] ] -RRB- 19499 769 1 _ _ NNP 19499 769 2 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 770 1 al al NNP 19499 770 2 _ _ NNP 19499 770 3 [ [ -LRB- 19499 770 4 fermata fermata NNP 19499 770 5 symbol symbol NN 19499 770 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 770 7 means mean VBZ 19499 770 8 -- -- : 19499 770 9 repeat repeat VB 19499 770 10 to to IN 19499 770 11 the the DT 19499 770 12 fermata fermata NN 19499 770 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 770 14 or or CC 19499 770 15 hold hold VB 19499 770 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 770 17 . . . 19499 771 1 _ _ NNP 19499 771 2 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 772 1 senza senza NNP 19499 772 2 repetizione repetizione VBN 19499 772 3 _ _ NNP 19499 772 4 , , , 19499 772 5 or or CC 19499 772 6 _ _ NNP 19499 772 7 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 773 1 ma ma NNP 19499 773 2 senza senza NNP 19499 773 3 repetizione repetizione VBD 19499 773 4 _ _ NNP 19499 773 5 , , , 19499 773 6 [ [ -LRB- 19499 773 7 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 773 8 's 's POS 19499 773 9 Note note NN 19499 773 10 : : : 19499 773 11 Corrected correct VBN 19499 773 12 misspelling misspell VBG 19499 773 13 " " `` 19499 773 14 repetitione repetitione NN 19499 773 15 " " '' 19499 773 16 ] ] -RRB- 19499 773 17 both both DT 19499 773 18 mean mean VB 19499 773 19 -- -- : 19499 773 20 repeat repeat VB 19499 773 21 from from IN 19499 773 22 the the DT 19499 773 23 beginning beginning NN 19499 773 24 , , , 19499 773 25 but but CC 19499 773 26 without without IN 19499 773 27 observing observe VBG 19499 773 28 other other JJ 19499 773 29 repeat repeat NN 19499 773 30 marks mark NNS 19499 773 31 during during IN 19499 773 32 the the DT 19499 773 33 repetition repetition NN 19499 773 34 . . . 19499 774 1 _ _ NNP 19499 774 2 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 775 1 e e NNP 19499 775 2 poi poi NNP 19499 775 3 la la NNP 19499 775 4 coda coda NNP 19499 775 5 _ _ NNP 19499 775 6 means mean VBZ 19499 775 7 -- -- : 19499 775 8 repeat repeat VB 19499 775 9 the the DT 19499 775 10 first first JJ 19499 775 11 section section NN 19499 775 12 only only RB 19499 775 13 to to IN 19499 775 14 the the DT 19499 775 15 mark mark NN 19499 775 16 [ [ -LRB- 19499 775 17 coda coda NNP 19499 775 18 symbol symbol NN 19499 775 19 ] ] -RRB- 19499 775 20 , , , 19499 775 21 then then RB 19499 775 22 skip skip VBZ 19499 775 23 to to IN 19499 775 24 the the DT 19499 775 25 coda coda NN 19499 775 26 . . . 19499 776 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 776 2 See see VB 19499 776 3 p. p. NN 19499 776 4 74 74 CD 19499 776 5 , , , 19499 776 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 776 7 . . . 19499 777 1 157 157 CD 19499 777 2 , , , 19499 777 3 for for IN 19499 777 4 discussion discussion NN 19499 777 5 of of IN 19499 777 6 _ _ NNP 19499 777 7 coda coda NNP 19499 777 8 _ _ NNP 19499 777 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 777 10 . . . 19499 778 1 40 40 CD 19499 778 2 . . . 19499 779 1 In in IN 19499 779 2 certain certain JJ 19499 779 3 cases case NNS 19499 779 4 where where WRB 19499 779 5 the the DT 19499 779 6 repetition repetition NN 19499 779 7 of of IN 19499 779 8 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 779 9 figures figure NNS 19499 779 10 can can MD 19499 779 11 be be VB 19499 779 12 indicated indicate VBN 19499 779 13 without without IN 19499 779 14 causing cause VBG 19499 779 15 confusion confusion NN 19499 779 16 , , , 19499 779 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 779 18 is be VBZ 19499 779 19 the the DT 19499 779 20 practice practice NN 19499 779 21 of of IN 19499 779 22 composers composer NNS 19499 779 23 ( ( -LRB- 19499 779 24 especially especially RB 19499 779 25 in in IN 19499 779 26 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 779 27 music music NN 19499 779 28 ) ) -RRB- 19499 779 29 to to TO 19499 779 30 make make VB 19499 779 31 use use NN 19499 779 32 of of IN 19499 779 33 certain certain JJ 19499 779 34 _ _ NNP 19499 779 35 signs sign NNS 19499 779 36 of of IN 19499 779 37 repetition repetition NN 19499 779 38 _ _ NNP 19499 779 39 . . . 19499 780 1 Some some DT 19499 780 2 of of IN 19499 780 3 the the DT 19499 780 4 commonest common JJS 19499 780 5 of of IN 19499 780 6 these these DT 19499 780 7 abbreviations abbreviation NNS 19499 780 8 are be VBP 19499 780 9 shown show VBN 19499 780 10 in in IN 19499 780 11 the the DT 19499 780 12 following follow VBG 19499 780 13 examples example NNS 19499 780 14 . . . 19499 781 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 781 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 781 3 : : : 19499 781 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 781 5 . . . 19499 782 1 25 25 CD 19499 782 2 . . . 19499 782 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 783 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 783 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 783 3 : : : 19499 783 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 783 5 . . . 19499 784 1 26 26 CD 19499 784 2 . . . 19499 784 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 785 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 785 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 785 3 : : : 19499 785 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 785 5 . . . 19499 786 1 27 27 CD 19499 786 2 . . . 19499 786 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 787 1 In in IN 19499 787 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 787 3 . . . 19499 788 1 28 28 CD 19499 788 2 the the DT 19499 788 3 repetition repetition NN 19499 788 4 of of IN 19499 788 5 an an DT 19499 788 6 entire entire JJ 19499 788 7 measure measure NN 19499 788 8 is be VBZ 19499 788 9 called call VBN 19499 788 10 for for IN 19499 788 11 . . . 19499 789 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 789 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 789 3 : : : 19499 789 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 789 5 . . . 19499 790 1 28 28 CD 19499 790 2 . . . 19499 790 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 791 1 41 41 CD 19499 791 2 . . . 19499 792 1 The the DT 19499 792 2 word word NN 19499 792 3 _ _ NNP 19499 792 4 simile simile NN 19499 792 5 _ _ NNP 19499 792 6 [ [ -LRB- 19499 792 7 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 792 8 's 's POS 19499 792 9 Note note NN 19499 792 10 : : : 19499 792 11 Corrected correct VBN 19499 792 12 error error NN 19499 792 13 " " `` 19499 792 14 similie similie NN 19499 792 15 " " '' 19499 792 16 ] ] -RRB- 19499 792 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 792 18 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 792 19 _ _ NNP 19499 792 20 segue segue NN 19499 792 21 _ _ NNP 19499 792 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 792 23 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 792 24 that that IN 19499 792 25 a a DT 19499 792 26 certain certain JJ 19499 792 27 effect effect NN 19499 792 28 previously previously RB 19499 792 29 begun begin VBN 19499 792 30 is be VBZ 19499 792 31 to to TO 19499 792 32 be be VB 19499 792 33 continued continue VBN 19499 792 34 , , , 19499 792 35 as as IN 19499 792 36 _ _ NNP 19499 792 37 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 792 38 _ _ NNP 19499 792 39 , , , 19499 792 40 staccato staccato NNP 19499 792 41 playing playing NN 19499 792 42 , , , 19499 792 43 pedalling pedalling NN 19499 792 44 , , , 19499 792 45 style style NN 19499 792 46 of of IN 19499 792 47 bowing bow VBG 19499 792 48 in in IN 19499 792 49 violin violin NN 19499 792 50 music music NN 19499 792 51 , , , 19499 792 52 etc etc FW 19499 792 53 . . . 19499 793 1 The the DT 19499 793 2 word word NN 19499 793 3 _ _ NNP 19499 793 4 segue segue NN 19499 793 5 _ _ NNP 19499 793 6 is be VBZ 19499 793 7 also also RB 19499 793 8 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 793 9 used use VBN 19499 793 10 to to TO 19499 793 11 show show VB 19499 793 12 that that IN 19499 793 13 an an DT 19499 793 14 accompaniment accompaniment JJ 19499 793 15 figure figure NN 19499 793 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 793 17 especially especially RB 19499 793 18 in in IN 19499 793 19 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 793 20 music music NN 19499 793 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 793 22 is be VBZ 19499 793 23 to to TO 19499 793 24 be be VB 19499 793 25 continued continue VBN 19499 793 26 . . . 19499 794 1 42 42 CD 19499 794 2 . . . 19499 795 1 _ _ NNP 19499 795 2 When when WRB 19499 795 3 some some DT 19499 795 4 part part NN 19499 795 5 is be VBZ 19499 795 6 to to TO 19499 795 7 rest rest VB 19499 795 8 for for IN 19499 795 9 two two CD 19499 795 10 or or CC 19499 795 11 more more JJR 19499 795 12 measures measure NNS 19499 795 13 _ _ IN 19499 795 14 several several JJ 19499 795 15 methods method NNS 19499 795 16 of of IN 19499 795 17 notation notation NN 19499 795 18 are be VBP 19499 795 19 possible possible JJ 19499 795 20 . . . 19499 796 1 A a DT 19499 796 2 rest rest NN 19499 796 3 of of IN 19499 796 4 two two CD 19499 796 5 measures measure NNS 19499 796 6 is be VBZ 19499 796 7 usually usually RB 19499 796 8 indicated indicate VBN 19499 796 9 thus thus RB 19499 796 10 [ [ -LRB- 19499 796 11 Illustration illustration NN 19499 796 12 ] ] -RRB- 19499 796 13 . . . 19499 797 1 Three three CD 19499 797 2 measures measure NNS 19499 797 3 thus thus RB 19499 797 4 [ [ -LRB- 19499 797 5 Illustration illustration NN 19499 797 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 797 7 . . . 19499 798 1 Four four CD 19499 798 2 measures measure NNS 19499 798 3 thus thus RB 19499 798 4 [ [ -LRB- 19499 798 5 Illustration illustration NN 19499 798 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 798 7 . . . 19499 799 1 Rests rest NNS 19499 799 2 of of IN 19499 799 3 more more JJR 19499 799 4 than than IN 19499 799 5 four four CD 19499 799 6 measures measure NNS 19499 799 7 are be VBP 19499 799 8 usually usually RB 19499 799 9 indicated indicate VBN 19499 799 10 in in IN 19499 799 11 one one CD 19499 799 12 of of IN 19499 799 13 the the DT 19499 799 14 following follow VBG 19499 799 15 ways way NNS 19499 799 16 : : : 19499 799 17 [ [ -LRB- 19499 799 18 Illustration illustration NN 19499 799 19 ] ] -RRB- 19499 799 20 . . . 19499 800 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 19499 800 2 the the DT 19499 800 3 number number NN 19499 800 4 of of IN 19499 800 5 measures measure NNS 19499 800 6 is be VBZ 19499 800 7 written write VBN 19499 800 8 directly directly RB 19499 800 9 on on IN 19499 800 10 the the DT 19499 800 11 staff staff NN 19499 800 12 , , , 19499 800 13 thus thus RB 19499 800 14 ; ; : 19499 800 15 [ [ -LRB- 19499 800 16 Illustration illustration NN 19499 800 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 800 18 . . . 19499 801 1 43 43 CD 19499 801 2 . . . 19499 802 1 The the DT 19499 802 2 letters letter NNS 19499 802 3 G.P. G.P. NNP 19499 803 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 803 2 general general JJ 19499 803 3 pause pause NNP 19499 803 4 , , , 19499 803 5 or or CC 19499 803 6 grosse grosse JJ 19499 803 7 pause pause NN 19499 803 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 803 9 , , , 19499 803 10 the the DT 19499 803 11 words word NNS 19499 803 12 _ _ NNP 19499 803 13 lunga lunga NNP 19499 803 14 pausa pausa NN 19499 803 15 _ _ NNP 19499 803 16 , , , 19499 803 17 or or CC 19499 803 18 simply simply RB 19499 803 19 the the DT 19499 803 20 word word NN 19499 803 21 _ _ NNP 19499 803 22 lunga lunga NNP 19499 803 23 _ _ NNP 19499 803 24 , , , 19499 803 25 are be VBP 19499 803 26 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 803 27 written write VBN 19499 803 28 over over IN 19499 803 29 a a DT 19499 803 30 rest rest NN 19499 803 31 to to TO 19499 803 32 show show VB 19499 803 33 that that IN 19499 803 34 there there EX 19499 803 35 is be VBZ 19499 803 36 to to TO 19499 803 37 be be VB 19499 803 38 a a DT 19499 803 39 prolonged prolonged JJ 19499 803 40 pause pause NN 19499 803 41 or or CC 19499 803 42 rest rest NN 19499 803 43 in in IN 19499 803 44 all all DT 19499 803 45 parts part NNS 19499 803 46 . . . 19499 804 1 Such such JJ 19499 804 2 expressions expression NNS 19499 804 3 are be VBP 19499 804 4 found find VBN 19499 804 5 only only RB 19499 804 6 in in IN 19499 804 7 ensemble ensemble JJ 19499 804 8 music music NN 19499 804 9 , , , 19499 804 10 _ _ NNP 19499 804 11 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 804 12 _ _ NNP 19499 804 13 , , , 19499 804 14 music music NN 19499 804 15 in in IN 19499 804 16 which which WDT 19499 804 17 several several JJ 19499 804 18 performers performer NNS 19499 804 19 are be VBP 19499 804 20 engaged engage VBN 19499 804 21 at at IN 19499 804 22 the the DT 19499 804 23 same same JJ 19499 804 24 time time NN 19499 804 25 . . . 19499 805 1 44 44 CD 19499 805 2 . . . 19499 806 1 The the DT 19499 806 2 _ _ NNP 19499 806 3 fermata fermata NN 19499 806 4 _ _ NNP 19499 806 5 or or CC 19499 806 6 _ _ NNP 19499 806 7 hold hold NN 19499 806 8 _ _ NNP 19499 806 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 806 10 fermata fermata NNP 19499 806 11 symbol symbol NN 19499 806 12 ] ] -RRB- 19499 806 13 over over IN 19499 806 14 a a DT 19499 806 15 note note NN 19499 806 16 or or CC 19499 806 17 chord chord NN 19499 806 18 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 806 19 that that IN 19499 806 20 the the DT 19499 806 21 tone tone NN 19499 806 22 is be VBZ 19499 806 23 to to TO 19499 806 24 be be VB 19499 806 25 prolonged prolong VBN 19499 806 26 , , , 19499 806 27 the the DT 19499 806 28 duration duration NN 19499 806 29 of of IN 19499 806 30 the the DT 19499 806 31 prolongation prolongation NN 19499 806 32 depending depend VBG 19499 806 33 upon upon IN 19499 806 34 the the DT 19499 806 35 character character NN 19499 806 36 of of IN 19499 806 37 the the DT 19499 806 38 music music NN 19499 806 39 and and CC 19499 806 40 the the DT 19499 806 41 taste taste NN 19499 806 42 of of IN 19499 806 43 the the DT 19499 806 44 performer performer JJ 19499 806 45 or or CC 19499 806 46 conductor conductor NN 19499 806 47 . . . 19499 807 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 807 2 has have VBZ 19499 807 3 already already RB 19499 807 4 been be VBN 19499 807 5 noted note VBN 19499 807 6 that that IN 19499 807 7 the the DT 19499 807 8 hold hold NN 19499 807 9 over over IN 19499 807 10 a a DT 19499 807 11 bar bar NN 19499 807 12 was be VBD 19499 807 13 formerly formerly RB 19499 807 14 used use VBN 19499 807 15 to to TO 19499 807 16 designate designate VB 19499 807 17 the the DT 19499 807 18 end end NN 19499 807 19 of of IN 19499 807 20 the the DT 19499 807 21 composition composition NN 19499 807 22 , , , 19499 807 23 as as IN 19499 807 24 the the DT 19499 807 25 word word NN 19499 807 26 _ _ NNP 19499 807 27 fine fine JJ 19499 807 28 _ _ NNP 19499 807 29 is be VBZ 19499 807 30 employed employ VBN 19499 807 31 at at IN 19499 807 32 present present JJ 19499 807 33 , , , 19499 807 34 but but CC 19499 807 35 this this DT 19499 807 36 usage usage NN 19499 807 37 has have VBZ 19499 807 38 practically practically RB 19499 807 39 disappeared disappear VBN 19499 807 40 and and CC 19499 807 41 the the DT 19499 807 42 hold hold NN 19499 807 43 over over IN 19499 807 44 the the DT 19499 807 45 bar bar NN 19499 807 46 now now RB 19499 807 47 usually usually RB 19499 807 48 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 807 49 a a DT 19499 807 50 short short JJ 19499 807 51 rest rest NN 19499 807 52 between between IN 19499 807 53 two two CD 19499 807 54 sections section NNS 19499 807 55 of of IN 19499 807 56 a a DT 19499 807 57 composition composition NN 19499 807 58 . . . 19499 808 1 45 45 CD 19499 808 2 . . . 19499 809 1 The the DT 19499 809 2 sign sign NN 19499 809 3 _ _ NNP 19499 809 4 8va 8va NN 19499 809 5 ...... ...... NFP 19499 809 6 _ _ NNP 19499 809 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 809 8 an an DT 19499 809 9 abbreviation abbreviation NN 19499 809 10 of of IN 19499 809 11 _ _ NNP 19499 809 12 all'ottava all'ottava NNP 19499 809 13 _ _ NNP 19499 809 14 , , , 19499 809 15 [ [ -LRB- 19499 809 16 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 809 17 's 's POS 19499 809 18 Note note NN 19499 809 19 : : : 19499 809 20 Corrected correct VBN 19499 809 21 error error NN 19499 809 22 " " '' 19499 809 23 al al NNP 19499 809 24 ottava ottava NNP 19499 809 25 " " '' 19499 809 26 in in IN 19499 809 27 original original JJ 19499 809 28 . . . 19499 809 29 ] ] -RRB- 19499 810 1 literally literally RB 19499 810 2 at at IN 19499 810 3 the the DT 19499 810 4 octave octave NN 19499 810 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 810 6 above above IN 19499 810 7 the the DT 19499 810 8 staff staff NN 19499 810 9 , , , 19499 810 10 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 810 11 that that IN 19499 810 12 all all DT 19499 810 13 tones tone NNS 19499 810 14 are be VBP 19499 810 15 to to TO 19499 810 16 be be VB 19499 810 17 sounded sound VBN 19499 810 18 an an DT 19499 810 19 octave octave NN 19499 810 20 higher high JJR 19499 810 21 than than IN 19499 810 22 the the DT 19499 810 23 notes note NNS 19499 810 24 would would MD 19499 810 25 indicate indicate VB 19499 810 26 . . . 19499 811 1 When when WRB 19499 811 2 found find VBN 19499 811 3 below below IN 19499 811 4 the the DT 19499 811 5 staff staff NN 19499 811 6 the the DT 19499 811 7 same same JJ 19499 811 8 sign sign NN 19499 811 9 serves serve VBZ 19499 811 10 to to TO 19499 811 11 indicate indicate VB 19499 811 12 that that IN 19499 811 13 the the DT 19499 811 14 tones tone NNS 19499 811 15 are be VBP 19499 811 16 to to TO 19499 811 17 be be VB 19499 811 18 sounded sound VBN 19499 811 19 an an DT 19499 811 20 octave octave NN 19499 811 21 lower low JJR 19499 811 22 . . . 19499 812 1 The the DT 19499 812 2 term term NN 19499 812 3 _ _ NNP 19499 812 4 8va 8va NN 19499 812 5 bassa bassa NNP 19499 812 6 _ _ NNP 19499 812 7 has have VBZ 19499 812 8 also also RB 19499 812 9 this this DT 19499 812 10 latter latter JJ 19499 812 11 signification signification NN 19499 812 12 . . . 19499 813 1 46 46 CD 19499 813 2 . . . 19499 814 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 19499 814 2 the the DT 19499 814 3 word word NN 19499 814 4 _ _ NNP 19499 814 5 loco loco NNP 19499 814 6 _ _ NNP 19499 814 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 814 8 in in IN 19499 814 9 place place NN 19499 814 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 814 11 is be VBZ 19499 814 12 used use VBN 19499 814 13 to to TO 19499 814 14 show show VB 19499 814 15 that that IN 19499 814 16 the the DT 19499 814 17 part part NN 19499 814 18 is be VBZ 19499 814 19 no no RB 19499 814 20 longer long JJR 19499 814 21 to to TO 19499 814 22 be be VB 19499 814 23 sounded sound VBN 19499 814 24 an an DT 19499 814 25 octave octave NN 19499 814 26 higher high JJR 19499 814 27 ( ( -LRB- 19499 814 28 or or CC 19499 814 29 lower low JJR 19499 814 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 814 31 , , , 19499 814 32 but but CC 19499 814 33 this this DT 19499 814 34 is be VBZ 19499 814 35 more more RBR 19499 814 36 often often RB 19499 814 37 indicated indicate VBN 19499 814 38 by by IN 19499 814 39 the the DT 19499 814 40 termination termination NN 19499 814 41 of of IN 19499 814 42 the the DT 19499 814 43 dotted dotted JJ 19499 814 44 ( ( -LRB- 19499 814 45 or or CC 19499 814 46 wavy wavy NNP 19499 814 47 ) ) -RRB- 19499 814 48 line line NN 19499 814 49 . . . 19499 815 1 47 47 CD 19499 815 2 . . . 19499 816 1 The the DT 19499 816 2 sign sign NN 19499 816 3 _ _ NNP 19499 816 4 Col Col NNP 19499 816 5 8 8 NNP 19499 816 6 _ _ NNP 19499 816 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 816 8 _ _ NNP 19499 816 9 coll'ottava_--with coll'ottava_--with NNP 19499 816 10 the the DT 19499 816 11 octave octave NN 19499 816 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 816 13 shows show VBZ 19499 816 14 that that IN 19499 816 15 the the DT 19499 816 16 tones tone NNS 19499 816 17 an an DT 19499 816 18 octave octave NN 19499 816 19 higher high JJR 19499 816 20 or or CC 19499 816 21 lower low JJR 19499 816 22 are be VBP 19499 816 23 to to TO 19499 816 24 be be VB 19499 816 25 sounded sound VBN 19499 816 26 _ _ NNP 19499 816 27 with with IN 19499 816 28 _ _ NNP 19499 816 29 the the DT 19499 816 30 tones tone NNS 19499 816 31 indicated indicate VBN 19499 816 32 by by IN 19499 816 33 the the DT 19499 816 34 printed print VBN 19499 816 35 notes note NNS 19499 816 36 . . . 19499 817 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 817 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 817 3 's 's POS 19499 817 4 Note note NN 19499 817 5 : : : 19499 817 6 Corrected correct VBN 19499 817 7 error error NN 19499 817 8 " " `` 19499 817 9 col col NN 19499 817 10 ottava ottava NN 19499 817 11 " " '' 19499 817 12 in in IN 19499 817 13 original original JJ 19499 817 14 . . . 19499 817 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 818 1 48 48 CD 19499 818 2 . . . 19499 819 1 For for IN 19499 819 2 the the DT 19499 819 3 sake sake NN 19499 819 4 of of IN 19499 819 5 definiteness definiteness NN 19499 819 6 in in IN 19499 819 7 referring refer VBG 19499 819 8 to to IN 19499 819 9 pitches pitch NNS 19499 819 10 , , , 19499 819 11 a a DT 19499 819 12 particular particular JJ 19499 819 13 name name NN 19499 819 14 is be VBZ 19499 819 15 applied apply VBN 19499 819 16 to to IN 19499 819 17 each each DT 19499 819 18 octave octave NN 19499 819 19 , , , 19499 819 20 and and CC 19499 819 21 all all DT 19499 819 22 pitches pitch NNS 19499 819 23 in in IN 19499 819 24 the the DT 19499 819 25 octave octave NN 19499 819 26 are be VBP 19499 819 27 referred refer VBN 19499 819 28 to to IN 19499 819 29 by by IN 19499 819 30 means mean NNS 19499 819 31 of of IN 19499 819 32 a a DT 19499 819 33 uniform uniform JJ 19499 819 34 nomenclature nomenclature NN 19499 819 35 . . . 19499 820 1 The the DT 19499 820 2 following follow VBG 19499 820 3 figure figure NN 19499 820 4 will will MD 19499 820 5 make make VB 19499 820 6 this this DT 19499 820 7 system system NN 19499 820 8 clear clear JJ 19499 820 9 : : : 19499 820 10 [ [ -LRB- 19499 820 11 Illustration illustration NN 19499 820 12 : : : 19499 820 13 Fig Fig NNP 19499 820 14 . . . 19499 821 1 29 29 CD 19499 821 2 . . . 19499 821 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 822 1 Thus thus RB 19499 822 2 _ _ NNP 19499 822 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 822 4 _ _ NNP 19499 822 5 , , , 19499 822 6 " " `` 19499 822 7 great great JJ 19499 822 8 G g NN 19499 822 9 " " '' 19499 822 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 822 11 written write VBN 19499 822 12 simply simply RB 19499 822 13 G G NNP 19499 822 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 822 15 , , , 19499 822 16 is be VBZ 19499 822 17 the the DT 19499 822 18 G g NN 19499 822 19 represented represent VBN 19499 822 20 by by IN 19499 822 21 the the DT 19499 822 22 first first JJ 19499 822 23 line line NN 19499 822 24 of of IN 19499 822 25 the the DT 19499 822 26 bass bass NN 19499 822 27 staff staff NN 19499 822 28 . . . 19499 823 1 Small Small NNP 19499 823 2 A A NNP 19499 823 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 823 4 written write VBN 19499 823 5 a a DT 19499 823 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 823 7 , , , 19499 823 8 is be VBZ 19499 823 9 represented represent VBN 19499 823 10 by by IN 19499 823 11 the the DT 19499 823 12 fifth fifth JJ 19499 823 13 line line NN 19499 823 14 of of IN 19499 823 15 the the DT 19499 823 16 bass bass NN 19499 823 17 staff staff NN 19499 823 18 . . . 19499 824 1 Two two CD 19499 824 2 - - HYPH 19499 824 3 lined line VBN 19499 824 4 G g NN 19499 824 5 , , , 19499 824 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 824 7 written write VBN 19499 824 8 [ [ -LRB- 19499 824 9 2-lined 2-lined CD 19499 824 10 g g NN 19499 824 11 symbol symbol NN 19499 824 12 ] ] -RRB- 19499 824 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 824 14 , , , 19499 824 15 is be VBZ 19499 824 16 represented represent VBN 19499 824 17 by by IN 19499 824 18 the the DT 19499 824 19 space space NN 19499 824 20 above above IN 19499 824 21 the the DT 19499 824 22 fifth fifth JJ 19499 824 23 line line NN 19499 824 24 , , , 19499 824 25 treble treble JJ 19499 824 26 staff staff NN 19499 824 27 . . . 19499 825 1 Three three CD 19499 825 2 - - HYPH 19499 825 3 lined line VBN 19499 825 4 C c NN 19499 825 5 , , , 19499 825 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 825 7 written write VBN 19499 825 8 [ [ -LRB- 19499 825 9 3-lined 3-lined CD 19499 825 10 c c NNP 19499 825 11 symbol symbol NN 19499 825 12 ] ] -RRB- 19499 825 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 825 14 , , , 19499 825 15 is be VBZ 19499 825 16 represented represent VBN 19499 825 17 by by IN 19499 825 18 the the DT 19499 825 19 second second JJ 19499 825 20 added add VBN 19499 825 21 line line NN 19499 825 22 above above IN 19499 825 23 the the DT 19499 825 24 treble treble JJ 19499 825 25 staff staff NN 19499 825 26 , , , 19499 825 27 etc etc FW 19499 825 28 . . . 19499 826 1 The the DT 19499 826 2 _ _ NNP 19499 826 3 one one CD 19499 826 4 - - HYPH 19499 826 5 lined line VBN 19499 826 6 octave octave NN 19499 826 7 _ _ NNP 19499 826 8 may may MD 19499 826 9 be be VB 19499 826 10 described describe VBN 19499 826 11 as as IN 19499 826 12 the the DT 19499 826 13 octave octave NN 19499 826 14 from from IN 19499 826 15 _ _ NNP 19499 826 16 middle middle JJ 19499 826 17 C C NNP 19499 826 18 _ _ NNP 19499 826 19 to to IN 19499 826 20 the the DT 19499 826 21 B b NN 19499 826 22 represented represent VBN 19499 826 23 by by IN 19499 826 24 the the DT 19499 826 25 third third JJ 19499 826 26 line line NN 19499 826 27 of of IN 19499 826 28 the the DT 19499 826 29 treble treble JJ 19499 826 30 staff staff NN 19499 826 31 , , , 19499 826 32 and and CC 19499 826 33 any any DT 19499 826 34 tone tone NN 19499 826 35 within within IN 19499 826 36 that that DT 19499 826 37 octave octave NN 19499 826 38 is be VBZ 19499 826 39 referred refer VBN 19499 826 40 to to IN 19499 826 41 as as IN 19499 826 42 " " `` 19499 826 43 one one CD 19499 826 44 - - HYPH 19499 826 45 lined line VBN 19499 826 46 . . . 19499 826 47 " " '' 19499 827 1 Thus--_one thus--_one NN 19499 827 2 - - HYPH 19499 827 3 lined line VBN 19499 827 4 _ _ NNP 19499 827 5 D D NNP 19499 827 6 , , , 19499 827 7 _ _ NNP 19499 827 8 one one CD 19499 827 9 - - HYPH 19499 827 10 lined line VBN 19499 827 11 _ _ NNP 19499 827 12 G G NNP 19499 827 13 , , , 19499 827 14 etc etc FW 19499 827 15 . . . 19499 828 1 In in IN 19499 828 2 scientific scientific JJ 19499 828 3 works work NNS 19499 828 4 on on IN 19499 828 5 acoustics acoustic NNS 19499 828 6 , , , 19499 828 7 etc etc FW 19499 828 8 . . FW 19499 828 9 , , , 19499 828 10 the the DT 19499 828 11 pitches pitch NNS 19499 828 12 in in IN 19499 828 13 the the DT 19499 828 14 sub sub NN 19499 828 15 octave octave NN 19499 828 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 828 17 or or CC 19499 828 18 sub sub JJ 19499 828 19 - - JJ 19499 828 20 contra contra JJ 19499 828 21 octave octave NN 19499 828 22 as as IN 19499 828 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 828 24 is be VBZ 19499 828 25 often often RB 19499 828 26 called call VBN 19499 828 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 828 28 are be VBP 19499 828 29 referred refer VBN 19499 828 30 to to IN 19499 828 31 as as IN 19499 828 32 C_2 C_2 NNP 19499 828 33 , , , 19499 828 34 D_2 d_2 NN 19499 828 35 , , , 19499 828 36 E_2 E_2 NNP 19499 828 37 , , , 19499 828 38 etc etc FW 19499 828 39 . . . 19499 829 1 ; ; : 19499 829 2 those those DT 19499 829 3 in in IN 19499 829 4 the the DT 19499 829 5 contra contra NNP 19499 829 6 octave octave NN 19499 829 7 as as IN 19499 829 8 C_1 C_1 NNP 19499 829 9 , , , 19499 829 10 D_1 D_1 NNP 19499 829 11 , , , 19499 829 12 etc etc FW 19499 829 13 . . . 19499 830 1 ; ; : 19499 830 2 in in IN 19499 830 3 the the DT 19499 830 4 great great JJ 19499 830 5 octave octave NN 19499 830 6 , , , 19499 830 7 as as IN 19499 830 8 c^1 c^1 NNP 19499 830 9 , , , 19499 830 10 d^1 d^1 UH 19499 830 11 , , , 19499 830 12 etc etc FW 19499 830 13 . . . 19499 831 1 ; ; : 19499 831 2 in in IN 19499 831 3 the the DT 19499 831 4 small small JJ 19499 831 5 octave octave NN 19499 831 6 as as IN 19499 831 7 c^2 c^2 NNP 19499 831 8 , , , 19499 831 9 d^2 d^2 NNP 19499 831 10 , , , 19499 831 11 etc etc FW 19499 831 12 . . . 19499 832 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 832 2 V V NNP 19499 832 3 ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS NNP 19499 832 4 , , , 19499 832 5 SIGNS signs NN 19499 832 6 , , , 19499 832 7 ETC ETC NNP 19499 832 8 . . NNP 19499 832 9 , , , 19499 832 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 832 11 _ _ NNP 19499 832 12 Continued Continued NNP 19499 832 13 _ _ NNP 19499 832 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 832 15 49 49 CD 19499 832 16 . . . 19499 833 1 _ _ NNP 19499 833 2 A a DT 19499 833 3 dot dot NN 19499 833 4 after after IN 19499 833 5 a a DT 19499 833 6 note note NN 19499 833 7 _ _ NNP 19499 833 8 shows show VBZ 19499 833 9 that that IN 19499 833 10 the the DT 19499 833 11 value value NN 19499 833 12 of of IN 19499 833 13 the the DT 19499 833 14 note note NN 19499 833 15 is be VBZ 19499 833 16 to to TO 19499 833 17 be be VB 19499 833 18 half half RB 19499 833 19 again again RB 19499 833 20 as as RB 19499 833 21 great great JJ 19499 833 22 as as IN 19499 833 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 833 24 would would MD 19499 833 25 be be VB 19499 833 26 without without IN 19499 833 27 the the DT 19499 833 28 dot dot NN 19499 833 29 , , , 19499 833 30 _ _ NNP 19499 833 31 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 833 32 _ _ NNP 19499 833 33 , , , 19499 833 34 the the DT 19499 833 35 value value NN 19499 833 36 is be VBZ 19499 833 37 to to TO 19499 833 38 be be VB 19499 833 39 three three CD 19499 833 40 - - HYPH 19499 833 41 halves half NNS 19499 833 42 that that DT 19499 833 43 of of IN 19499 833 44 the the DT 19499 833 45 original original JJ 19499 833 46 note note NN 19499 833 47 . . . 19499 834 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 834 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 834 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 834 4 50 50 CD 19499 834 5 . . . 19499 835 1 _ _ NNP 19499 835 2 When when WRB 19499 835 3 two two CD 19499 835 4 dots dot NNS 19499 835 5 follow follow VBP 19499 835 6 the the DT 19499 835 7 note note NN 19499 835 8 _ _ NNP 19499 835 9 the the DT 19499 835 10 second second JJ 19499 835 11 dot dot NN 19499 835 12 adds add VBZ 19499 835 13 half half RB 19499 835 14 as as RB 19499 835 15 much much JJ 19499 835 16 as as IN 19499 835 17 the the DT 19499 835 18 first first JJ 19499 835 19 dot dot NN 19499 835 20 has have VBZ 19499 835 21 added add VBN 19499 835 22 , , , 19499 835 23 _ _ NNP 19499 835 24 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 835 25 _ _ NNP 19499 835 26 , , , 19499 835 27 the the DT 19499 835 28 entire entire JJ 19499 835 29 value value NN 19499 835 30 is be VBZ 19499 835 31 seven seven CD 19499 835 32 - - HYPH 19499 835 33 fourths fourth NNS 19499 835 34 that that DT 19499 835 35 of of IN 19499 835 36 the the DT 19499 835 37 original original JJ 19499 835 38 note note NN 19499 835 39 . . . 19499 836 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 836 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 836 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 836 4 51 51 CD 19499 836 5 . . . 19499 837 1 _ _ NNP 19499 837 2 When when WRB 19499 837 3 three three CD 19499 837 4 dots dot NNS 19499 837 5 follow follow VBP 19499 837 6 the the DT 19499 837 7 note note NN 19499 837 8 _ _ NNP 19499 837 9 the the DT 19499 837 10 third third JJ 19499 837 11 dot dot NN 19499 837 12 adds add VBZ 19499 837 13 one one CD 19499 837 14 - - HYPH 19499 837 15 half half NN 19499 837 16 the the DT 19499 837 17 value value NN 19499 837 18 added add VBN 19499 837 19 by by IN 19499 837 20 the the DT 19499 837 21 second second JJ 19499 837 22 , , , 19499 837 23 _ _ NNP 19499 837 24 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 837 25 _ _ NNP 19499 837 26 , , , 19499 837 27 the the DT 19499 837 28 entire entire JJ 19499 837 29 value value NN 19499 837 30 of of IN 19499 837 31 the the DT 19499 837 32 triple triple RB 19499 837 33 - - HYPH 19499 837 34 dotted dotted JJ 19499 837 35 note note NN 19499 837 36 is be VBZ 19499 837 37 fifteen fifteen CD 19499 837 38 - - HYPH 19499 837 39 eighths eighth NNS 19499 837 40 that that DT 19499 837 41 of of IN 19499 837 42 the the DT 19499 837 43 original original JJ 19499 837 44 note note NN 19499 837 45 . . . 19499 838 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 838 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 838 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 838 4 52 52 CD 19499 838 5 . . . 19499 839 1 _ _ NNP 19499 839 2 A a DT 19499 839 3 dot dot NN 19499 839 4 over over IN 19499 839 5 or or CC 19499 839 6 under under IN 19499 839 7 a a DT 19499 839 8 note note NN 19499 839 9 _ _ NNP 19499 839 10 is be VBZ 19499 839 11 called call VBN 19499 839 12 the the DT 19499 839 13 _ _ NNP 19499 839 14 staccato staccato NNP 19499 839 15 mark mark NNP 19499 839 16 _ _ NNP 19499 839 17 and and CC 19499 839 18 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 839 19 that that IN 19499 839 20 the the DT 19499 839 21 tone tone NN 19499 839 22 is be VBZ 19499 839 23 to to TO 19499 839 24 be be VB 19499 839 25 sounded sound VBN 19499 839 26 and and CC 19499 839 27 then then RB 19499 839 28 instantly instantly RB 19499 839 29 released release VBN 19499 839 30 . . . 19499 840 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 840 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 840 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 840 4 In in IN 19499 840 5 music music NN 19499 840 6 for for IN 19499 840 7 organ organ NN 19499 840 8 and and CC 19499 840 9 for for IN 19499 840 10 some some DT 19499 840 11 other other JJ 19499 840 12 instruments instrument NNS 19499 840 13 the the DT 19499 840 14 staccato staccato NN 19499 840 15 note note NN 19499 840 16 is be VBZ 19499 840 17 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 840 18 interpreted interpret VBN 19499 840 19 differently differently RB 19499 840 20 , , , 19499 840 21 this this DT 19499 840 22 depending depend VBG 19499 840 23 on on IN 19499 840 24 the the DT 19499 840 25 character character NN 19499 840 26 of of IN 19499 840 27 the the DT 19499 840 28 instrument instrument NN 19499 840 29 . . . 19499 841 1 On on IN 19499 841 2 stringed stringed JJ 19499 841 3 instruments instrument NNS 19499 841 4 of of IN 19499 841 5 the the DT 19499 841 6 violin violin NNP 19499 841 7 family family NNP 19499 841 8 the the DT 19499 841 9 staccato staccato NNP 19499 841 10 effect effect NN 19499 841 11 is be VBZ 19499 841 12 usually usually RB 19499 841 13 secured secure VBN 19499 841 14 by by IN 19499 841 15 a a DT 19499 841 16 long long JJ 19499 841 17 , , , 19499 841 18 rapid rapid JJ 19499 841 19 stroke stroke NN 19499 841 20 of of IN 19499 841 21 the the DT 19499 841 22 bow bow NN 19499 841 23 for for IN 19499 841 24 each each DT 19499 841 25 tone tone NN 19499 841 26 ; ; : 19499 841 27 in in IN 19499 841 28 the the DT 19499 841 29 case case NN 19499 841 30 of of IN 19499 841 31 harp harp NN 19499 841 32 and and CC 19499 841 33 drum drum VB 19499 841 34 the the DT 19499 841 35 hand hand NN 19499 841 36 is be VBZ 19499 841 37 quickly quickly RB 19499 841 38 brought bring VBN 19499 841 39 in in RP 19499 841 40 contact contact NN 19499 841 41 with with IN 19499 841 42 the the DT 19499 841 43 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 841 44 body body NN 19499 841 45 , , , 19499 841 46 thus thus RB 19499 841 47 stopping stop VBG 19499 841 48 the the DT 19499 841 49 tone tone NN 19499 841 50 instantly instantly RB 19499 841 51 . . . 19499 842 1 On on IN 19499 842 2 the the DT 19499 842 3 organ organ NN 19499 842 4 the the DT 19499 842 5 tone tone NN 19499 842 6 is be VBZ 19499 842 7 often often RB 19499 842 8 prolonged prolong VBN 19499 842 9 to to IN 19499 842 10 one one CD 19499 842 11 - - HYPH 19499 842 12 half half NN 19499 842 13 the the DT 19499 842 14 value value NN 19499 842 15 of of IN 19499 842 16 the the DT 19499 842 17 printed print VBN 19499 842 18 note note NN 19499 842 19 before before IN 19499 842 20 the the DT 19499 842 21 keys key NNS 19499 842 22 are be VBP 19499 842 23 released release VBN 19499 842 24 . . . 19499 843 1 53 53 CD 19499 843 2 . . . 19499 844 1 _ _ NNP 19499 844 2 The the DT 19499 844 3 wedge wedge NN 19499 844 4 - - HYPH 19499 844 5 shaped shape VBN 19499 844 6 dash dash NN 19499 844 7 over over IN 19499 844 8 the the DT 19499 844 9 note note NN 19499 844 10 _ _ NNP 19499 844 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 844 12 staccatissimo staccatissimo NNP 19499 844 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 844 14 was be VBD 19499 844 15 formerly formerly RB 19499 844 16 employed employ VBN 19499 844 17 to to TO 19499 844 18 indicate indicate VB 19499 844 19 a a DT 19499 844 20 tone tone NN 19499 844 21 still still RB 19499 844 22 more more RBR 19499 844 23 detached detached JJ 19499 844 24 than than IN 19499 844 25 that that DT 19499 844 26 indicated indicate VBN 19499 844 27 by by IN 19499 844 28 the the DT 19499 844 29 dot dot NN 19499 844 30 , , , 19499 844 31 but but CC 19499 844 32 this this DT 19499 844 33 sign sign NN 19499 844 34 is be VBZ 19499 844 35 really really RB 19499 844 36 superfluous superfluous JJ 19499 844 37 , , , 19499 844 38 and and CC 19499 844 39 is be VBZ 19499 844 40 seldom seldom RB 19499 844 41 used use VBN 19499 844 42 at at IN 19499 844 43 present present JJ 19499 844 44 . . . 19499 845 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 845 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 845 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 845 4 54 54 CD 19499 845 5 . . . 19499 846 1 _ _ NNP 19499 846 2 A a DT 19499 846 3 tie tie NN 19499 846 4 _ _ NNP 19499 846 5 is be VBZ 19499 846 6 a a DT 19499 846 7 curved curved JJ 19499 846 8 line line NN 19499 846 9 connecting connect VBG 19499 846 10 the the DT 19499 846 11 heads head NNS 19499 846 12 of of IN 19499 846 13 two two CD 19499 846 14 notes note NNS 19499 846 15 that that WDT 19499 846 16 call call VBP 19499 846 17 for for IN 19499 846 18 the the DT 19499 846 19 same same JJ 19499 846 20 tone tone NN 19499 846 21 . . . 19499 847 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 847 2 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 847 3 that that IN 19499 847 4 they -PRON- PRP 19499 847 5 are be VBP 19499 847 6 to to TO 19499 847 7 be be VB 19499 847 8 sounded sound VBN 19499 847 9 as as IN 19499 847 10 one one CD 19499 847 11 tone tone NN 19499 847 12 having have VBG 19499 847 13 a a DT 19499 847 14 duration duration NN 19499 847 15 equal equal JJ 19499 847 16 to to IN 19499 847 17 the the DT 19499 847 18 combined combine VBN 19499 847 19 value value NN 19499 847 20 of of IN 19499 847 21 both both DT 19499 847 22 notes note NNS 19499 847 23 . . . 19499 848 1 _ _ NNP 19499 848 2 E.g. E.g. NNP 19499 848 3 _ _ NNP 19499 848 4 , , , 19499 848 5 a a DT 19499 848 6 half half JJ 19499 848 7 - - HYPH 19499 848 8 note note NN 19499 848 9 tied tie VBN 19499 848 10 to to IN 19499 848 11 a a DT 19499 848 12 quarter quarter NN 19499 848 13 - - HYPH 19499 848 14 note note NN 19499 848 15 would would MD 19499 848 16 indicate indicate VB 19499 848 17 a a DT 19499 848 18 tone tone NN 19499 848 19 equal equal JJ 19499 848 20 in in IN 19499 848 21 duration duration NN 19499 848 22 - - HYPH 19499 848 23 length length NN 19499 848 24 to to IN 19499 848 25 that that DT 19499 848 26 shown show VBN 19499 848 27 by by IN 19499 848 28 a a DT 19499 848 29 dotted dotted JJ 19499 848 30 half half JJ 19499 848 31 - - HYPH 19499 848 32 note note NN 19499 848 33 ; ; : 19499 848 34 two two CD 19499 848 35 half half JJ 19499 848 36 - - HYPH 19499 848 37 notes note NNS 19499 848 38 tied tie VBN 19499 848 39 would would MD 19499 848 40 indicate indicate VB 19499 848 41 a a DT 19499 848 42 tone tone NN 19499 848 43 equal equal JJ 19499 848 44 in in IN 19499 848 45 duration duration NN 19499 848 46 to to IN 19499 848 47 that that DT 19499 848 48 shown show VBN 19499 848 49 by by IN 19499 848 50 a a DT 19499 848 51 whole whole JJ 19499 848 52 - - HYPH 19499 848 53 note note NN 19499 848 54 . . . 19499 849 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 849 2 See see VB 19499 849 3 examples example NNS 19499 849 4 under under IN 19499 849 5 Sections section NNS 19499 849 6 49 49 CD 19499 849 7 , , , 19499 849 8 50 50 CD 19499 849 9 , , , 19499 849 10 and and CC 19499 849 11 51 51 CD 19499 849 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 849 13 . . . 19499 850 1 Fig fig NN 19499 850 2 . . . 19499 851 1 30 30 CD 19499 851 2 illustrates illustrate VBZ 19499 851 3 the the DT 19499 851 4 more more RBR 19499 851 5 common common JJ 19499 851 6 variety variety NN 19499 851 7 of of IN 19499 851 8 tie tie NN 19499 851 9 , , , 19499 851 10 while while IN 19499 851 11 Fig Fig NNP 19499 851 12 . . . 19499 852 1 31 31 CD 19499 852 2 shows show VBZ 19499 852 3 an an DT 19499 852 4 example example NN 19499 852 5 of of IN 19499 852 6 the the DT 19499 852 7 _ _ NNP 19499 852 8 enharmonic[10 enharmonic[10 NNP 19499 852 9 ] ] -RRB- 19499 852 10 tie tie NN 19499 852 11 _ _ NNP 19499 852 12 . . . 19499 853 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 853 2 Footnote footnote NN 19499 853 3 10 10 CD 19499 853 4 : : : 19499 853 5 For for IN 19499 853 6 definition definition NN 19499 853 7 of of IN 19499 853 8 enharmonic enharmonic NN 19499 853 9 see see NNP 19499 853 10 p. p. NN 19499 853 11 10 10 CD 19499 853 12 , , , 19499 853 13 Sec Sec NNP 19499 853 14 . . . 19499 854 1 27 27 CD 19499 854 2 . . . 19499 854 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 855 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 855 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 855 3 : : : 19499 855 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 855 5 . . . 19499 856 1 30 30 CD 19499 856 2 . . . 19499 856 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 857 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 857 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 857 3 : : : 19499 857 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 857 5 . . . 19499 858 1 31 31 CD 19499 858 2 . . . 19499 858 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 859 1 55 55 CD 19499 859 2 . . . 19499 860 1 The the DT 19499 860 2 _ _ NNP 19499 860 3 slur slur NN 19499 860 4 _ _ NNP 19499 860 5 is be VBZ 19499 860 6 used use VBN 19499 860 7 in in IN 19499 860 8 so so RB 19499 860 9 many many JJ 19499 860 10 different different JJ 19499 860 11 ways way NNS 19499 860 12 that that IN 19499 860 13 it -PRON- PRP 19499 860 14 is be VBZ 19499 860 15 impossible impossible JJ 19499 860 16 to to TO 19499 860 17 give give VB 19499 860 18 a a DT 19499 860 19 general general JJ 19499 860 20 definition definition NN 19499 860 21 . . . 19499 861 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 861 2 consists consist VBZ 19499 861 3 of of IN 19499 861 4 a a DT 19499 861 5 curved curved JJ 19499 861 6 line line NN 19499 861 7 , , , 19499 861 8 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 861 9 very very RB 19499 861 10 short short JJ 19499 861 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 861 12 in in IN 19499 861 13 which which WDT 19499 861 14 case case NN 19499 861 15 it -PRON- PRP 19499 861 16 looks look VBZ 19499 861 17 like like IN 19499 861 18 the the DT 19499 861 19 tie tie NN 19499 861 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 861 21 , , , 19499 861 22 but but CC 19499 861 23 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 861 24 very very RB 19499 861 25 long long JJ 19499 861 26 , , , 19499 861 27 connecting connect VBG 19499 861 28 ten ten CD 19499 861 29 , , , 19499 861 30 fifteen fifteen CD 19499 861 31 , , , 19499 861 32 or or CC 19499 861 33 more more JJR 19499 861 34 notes note NNS 19499 861 35 . . . 19499 862 1 Some some DT 19499 862 2 of of IN 19499 862 3 the the DT 19499 862 4 more more RBR 19499 862 5 common common JJ 19499 862 6 uses use NNS 19499 862 7 of of IN 19499 862 8 the the DT 19499 862 9 slur slur NN 19499 862 10 are be VBP 19499 862 11 : : : 19499 862 12 A. a. NN 19499 863 1 _ _ NNP 19499 863 2 To to TO 19499 863 3 indicate indicate VB 19499 863 4 legato legato NNP 19499 863 5 _ _ NNP 19499 863 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 863 7 sustained sustain VBN 19499 863 8 or or CC 19499 863 9 connected connect VBN 19499 863 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 863 11 _ _ NNP 19499 863 12 tones tones NNP 19499 863 13 _ _ NNP 19499 863 14 , , , 19499 863 15 as as IN 19499 863 16 contrasted contrast VBN 19499 863 17 with with IN 19499 863 18 staccato staccato NNP 19499 863 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 863 20 detached detach VBN 19499 863 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 863 22 ones one NNS 19499 863 23 . . . 19499 864 1 In in IN 19499 864 2 violin violin NN 19499 864 3 music music NN 19499 864 4 this this DT 19499 864 5 implies imply VBZ 19499 864 6 playing play VBG 19499 864 7 all all DT 19499 864 8 tones tone NNS 19499 864 9 thus thus RB 19499 864 10 slurred slur VBN 19499 864 11 in in IN 19499 864 12 one one CD 19499 864 13 bow bow NN 19499 864 14 ; ; : 19499 864 15 in in IN 19499 864 16 music music NN 19499 864 17 for for IN 19499 864 18 the the DT 19499 864 19 voice voice NN 19499 864 20 and and CC 19499 864 21 for for IN 19499 864 22 wind wind NN 19499 864 23 instruments instrument NNS 19499 864 24 it -PRON- PRP 19499 864 25 implies imply VBZ 19499 864 26 singing singe VBG 19499 864 27 or or CC 19499 864 28 playing play VBG 19499 864 29 them -PRON- PRP 19499 864 30 in in IN 19499 864 31 one one CD 19499 864 32 breath breath NN 19499 864 33 . . . 19499 865 1 B. B. NNP 19499 866 1 _ _ NNP 19499 866 2 As as IN 19499 866 3 a a DT 19499 866 4 phrase phrase NN 19499 866 5 - - HYPH 19499 866 6 mark mark NN 19499 866 7 _ _ NNP 19499 866 8 , , , 19499 866 9 in in IN 19499 866 10 the the DT 19499 866 11 interpretation interpretation NN 19499 866 12 of of IN 19499 866 13 which which WDT 19499 866 14 the the DT 19499 866 15 first first JJ 19499 866 16 tone tone NN 19499 866 17 of of IN 19499 866 18 the the DT 19499 866 19 phrase phrase NN 19499 866 20 is be VBZ 19499 866 21 often often RB 19499 866 22 accented accent VBN 19499 866 23 slightly slightly RB 19499 866 24 , , , 19499 866 25 and and CC 19499 866 26 the the DT 19499 866 27 last last JJ 19499 866 28 one one NN 19499 866 29 shortened shorten VBN 19499 866 30 in in IN 19499 866 31 value value NN 19499 866 32 . . . 19499 867 1 This this DT 19499 867 2 interpretation interpretation NN 19499 867 3 of of IN 19499 867 4 the the DT 19499 867 5 phrase phrase NN 19499 867 6 is be VBZ 19499 867 7 especially especially RB 19499 867 8 common common JJ 19499 867 9 when when WRB 19499 867 10 the the DT 19499 867 11 phrase phrase NN 19499 867 12 is be VBZ 19499 867 13 short short JJ 19499 867 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 867 15 as as IN 19499 867 16 in in IN 19499 867 17 the the DT 19499 867 18 two two CD 19499 867 19 - - HYPH 19499 867 20 note note NN 19499 867 21 phrase phrase NN 19499 867 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 867 23 , , , 19499 867 24 and and CC 19499 867 25 when when WRB 19499 867 26 the the DT 19499 867 27 tones tone NNS 19499 867 28 constituting constitute VBG 19499 867 29 the the DT 19499 867 30 phrase phrase NN 19499 867 31 are be VBP 19499 867 32 of of IN 19499 867 33 short short JJ 19499 867 34 duration duration NN 19499 867 35 , , , 19499 867 36 _ _ NNP 19499 867 37 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 867 38 _ _ NNP 19499 867 39 , , , 19499 867 40 the the DT 19499 867 41 phrase phrase NN 19499 867 42 given give VBN 19499 867 43 in in IN 19499 867 44 Fig Fig NNP 19499 867 45 . . . 19499 868 1 32 32 CD 19499 868 2 would would MD 19499 868 3 be be VB 19499 868 4 played play VBN 19499 868 5 approximately approximately RB 19499 868 6 as as IN 19499 868 7 written write VBN 19499 868 8 in in IN 19499 868 9 Fig Fig NNP 19499 868 10 . . . 19499 869 1 33 33 CD 19499 869 2 . . . 19499 870 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 870 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 870 3 : : : 19499 870 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 870 5 . . . 19499 871 1 32 32 CD 19499 871 2 . . . 19499 871 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 872 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 872 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 872 3 : : : 19499 872 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 872 5 . . . 19499 873 1 33 33 CD 19499 873 2 . . . 19499 873 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 874 1 But but CC 19499 874 2 if if IN 19499 874 3 the the DT 19499 874 4 notes note NNS 19499 874 5 are be VBP 19499 874 6 of of IN 19499 874 7 greater great JJR 19499 874 8 value value NN 19499 874 9 , , , 19499 874 10 especially especially RB 19499 874 11 in in IN 19499 874 12 slow slow JJ 19499 874 13 tempi tempi NN 19499 874 14 , , , 19499 874 15 the the DT 19499 874 16 slur slur NN 19499 874 17 merely merely RB 19499 874 18 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 874 19 legato legato NNP 19499 874 20 , , , 19499 874 21 _ _ NNP 19499 874 22 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 874 23 _ _ NNP 19499 874 24 , , , 19499 874 25 sustained sustained JJ 19499 874 26 or or CC 19499 874 27 connected connected JJ 19499 874 28 rendition rendition NN 19499 874 29 . . . 19499 875 1 Fig fig NN 19499 875 2 . . . 19499 876 1 34 34 CD 19499 876 2 illustrates illustrate NNS 19499 876 3 such such PDT 19499 876 4 a a DT 19499 876 5 case case NN 19499 876 6 . . . 19499 877 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 877 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 877 3 : : : 19499 877 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 877 5 . . . 19499 878 1 34 34 CD 19499 878 2 . . . 19499 878 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 879 1 This this DT 19499 879 2 is be VBZ 19499 879 3 a a DT 19499 879 4 matter matter NN 19499 879 5 of of IN 19499 879 6 such such JJ 19499 879 7 diverse diverse JJ 19499 879 8 usage usage NN 19499 879 9 that that IN 19499 879 10 it -PRON- PRP 19499 879 11 is be VBZ 19499 879 12 difficult difficult JJ 19499 879 13 to to TO 19499 879 14 generalize generalize VB 19499 879 15 regarding regard VBG 19499 879 16 it -PRON- PRP 19499 879 17 . . . 19499 880 1 The the DT 19499 880 2 tendency tendency NN 19499 880 3 seems seem VBZ 19499 880 4 at at IN 19499 880 5 present present JJ 19499 880 6 to to TO 19499 880 7 be be VB 19499 880 8 in in IN 19499 880 9 the the DT 19499 880 10 direction direction NN 19499 880 11 of of IN 19499 880 12 using use VBG 19499 880 13 the the DT 19499 880 14 slur slur NN 19499 880 15 ( ( -LRB- 19499 880 16 _ _ NNP 19499 880 17 in in IN 19499 880 18 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 880 19 music music NN 19499 880 20 _ _ NNP 19499 880 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 880 22 as as IN 19499 880 23 a a DT 19499 880 24 phrase phrase NN 19499 880 25 - - HYPH 19499 880 26 mark mark NN 19499 880 27 exclusively exclusively RB 19499 880 28 , , , 19499 880 29 it -PRON- PRP 19499 880 30 being be VBG 19499 880 31 understood understand VBN 19499 880 32 that that IN 19499 880 33 unless unless IN 19499 880 34 there there EX 19499 880 35 is be VBZ 19499 880 36 some some DT 19499 880 37 direction direction NN 19499 880 38 to to IN 19499 880 39 the the DT 19499 880 40 contrary contrary NN 19499 880 41 , , , 19499 880 42 the the DT 19499 880 43 tones tone NNS 19499 880 44 are be VBP 19499 880 45 to to TO 19499 880 46 be be VB 19499 880 47 performed perform VBN 19499 880 48 in in IN 19499 880 49 a a DT 19499 880 50 connected connected JJ 19499 880 51 manner manner NN 19499 880 52 . . . 19499 881 1 C. C. NNP 19499 881 2 In in IN 19499 881 3 vocal vocal JJ 19499 881 4 music music NN 19499 881 5 , , , 19499 881 6 to to TO 19499 881 7 show show VB 19499 881 8 that that IN 19499 881 9 two two CD 19499 881 10 or or CC 19499 881 11 more more JJR 19499 881 12 tones tone NNS 19499 881 13 are be VBP 19499 881 14 to to TO 19499 881 15 be be VB 19499 881 16 sung sing VBN 19499 881 17 to to IN 19499 881 18 one one CD 19499 881 19 syllable syllable NN 19499 881 20 of of IN 19499 881 21 text text NN 19499 881 22 . . . 19499 882 1 See see VB 19499 882 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 882 3 . . . 19499 883 1 35 35 CD 19499 883 2 . . . 19499 884 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 884 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 884 3 : : : 19499 884 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 884 5 . . . 19499 885 1 35 35 CD 19499 885 2 . . . 19499 886 1 MENDELSSOHN MENDELSSOHN NNP 19499 886 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 886 3 _ _ NNP 19499 886 4 S. S. NNP 19499 887 1 Paul Paul NNP 19499 887 2 _ _ NNP 19499 887 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 887 4 re re NN 19499 887 5 - - NN 19499 887 6 mem mem NN 19499 887 7 - - HYPH 19499 887 8 bers ber VBZ 19499 887 9 His -PRON- PRP$ 19499 887 10 chil chil NN 19499 887 11 - - HYPH 19499 887 12 dren dren NN 19499 887 13 . . . 19499 887 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 888 1 In in IN 19499 888 2 notes note NNS 19499 888 3 of of IN 19499 888 4 small small JJ 19499 888 5 denomination denomination NN 19499 888 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 888 7 eighths eighth NNS 19499 888 8 and and CC 19499 888 9 smaller small JJR 19499 888 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 888 11 this this DT 19499 888 12 same same JJ 19499 888 13 thing thing NN 19499 888 14 is be VBZ 19499 888 15 often often RB 19499 888 16 indicated indicate VBN 19499 888 17 by by IN 19499 888 18 _ _ NNP 19499 888 19 stroking stroke VBG 19499 888 20 _ _ NNP 19499 888 21 the the DT 19499 888 22 stems stem VBZ 19499 888 23 together together RB 19499 888 24 as as IN 19499 888 25 in in IN 19499 888 26 Fig Fig NNP 19499 888 27 . . . 19499 889 1 36 36 CD 19499 889 2 . . . 19499 890 1 This this DT 19499 890 2 can can MD 19499 890 3 only only RB 19499 890 4 be be VB 19499 890 5 done do VBN 19499 890 6 in in IN 19499 890 7 cases case NNS 19499 890 8 where where WRB 19499 890 9 the the DT 19499 890 10 natural natural JJ 19499 890 11 grouping grouping NN 19499 890 12 of of IN 19499 890 13 notes note NNS 19499 890 14 in in IN 19499 890 15 the the DT 19499 890 16 measure measure NN 19499 890 17 will will MD 19499 890 18 not not RB 19499 890 19 be be VB 19499 890 20 destroyed destroy VBN 19499 890 21 . . . 19499 891 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 891 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 891 3 : : : 19499 891 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 891 5 . . . 19499 892 1 36 36 CD 19499 892 2 . . . 19499 892 3 ev ev NNP 19499 892 4 - - HYPH 19499 892 5 er er NNP 19499 892 6 and and CC 19499 892 7 ev ev NNP 19499 892 8 - - HYPH 19499 892 9 er er UH 19499 892 10 , , , 19499 892 11 for for IN 19499 892 12 ev ev NNP 19499 892 13 - - HYPH 19499 892 14 er er NNP 19499 892 15 and and CC 19499 892 16 ] ] -RRB- 19499 892 17 D. D. NNP 19499 892 18 To to TO 19499 892 19 mark mark VB 19499 892 20 special special JJ 19499 892 21 note note NN 19499 892 22 - - HYPH 19499 892 23 groups group NNS 19499 892 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 892 25 triplets triplet NNS 19499 892 26 , , , 19499 892 27 etc etc FW 19499 892 28 . . . 19499 893 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 893 2 , , , 19499 893 3 in in IN 19499 893 4 which which WDT 19499 893 5 case case NN 19499 893 6 the the DT 19499 893 7 slur slur NN 19499 893 8 is be VBZ 19499 893 9 accompanied accompany VBN 19499 893 10 by by IN 19499 893 11 a a DT 19499 893 12 figure figure NN 19499 893 13 indicating indicate VBG 19499 893 14 the the DT 19499 893 15 number number NN 19499 893 16 of of IN 19499 893 17 notes note NNS 19499 893 18 in in IN 19499 893 19 the the DT 19499 893 20 group group NN 19499 893 21 . . . 19499 894 1 See see VB 19499 894 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 894 3 . . . 19499 895 1 37 37 CD 19499 895 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 895 3 _ _ NNP 19499 895 4 a a DT 19499 895 5 _ _ NNP 19499 895 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 895 7 The the DT 19499 895 8 most most RBS 19499 895 9 common common JJ 19499 895 10 of of IN 19499 895 11 these these DT 19499 895 12 irregular irregular JJ 19499 895 13 note note NN 19499 895 14 - - HYPH 19499 895 15 groups group NNS 19499 895 16 is be VBZ 19499 895 17 the the DT 19499 895 18 _ _ NNP 19499 895 19 triplet triplet NN 19499 895 20 _ _ NNP 19499 895 21 , , , 19499 895 22 which which WDT 19499 895 23 consists consist VBZ 19499 895 24 of of IN 19499 895 25 three three CD 19499 895 26 notes note NNS 19499 895 27 to to TO 19499 895 28 be be VB 19499 895 29 performed perform VBN 19499 895 30 in in IN 19499 895 31 the the DT 19499 895 32 time time NN 19499 895 33 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 895 34 given give VBN 19499 895 35 to to IN 19499 895 36 two two CD 19499 895 37 of of IN 19499 895 38 the the DT 19499 895 39 same same JJ 19499 895 40 value value NN 19499 895 41 . . . 19499 896 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 19499 896 2 the the DT 19499 896 3 triplet triplet NN 19499 896 4 consists consist VBZ 19499 896 5 of of IN 19499 896 6 only only RB 19499 896 7 two two CD 19499 896 8 notes note NNS 19499 896 9 as as IN 19499 896 10 in in IN 19499 896 11 Fig Fig NNP 19499 896 12 . . . 19499 897 1 37 37 CD 19499 897 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 897 3 _ _ NNP 19499 897 4 b b NNP 19499 897 5 _ _ NNP 19499 897 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 897 7 . . . 19499 898 1 In in IN 19499 898 2 such such PDT 19499 898 3 a a DT 19499 898 4 case case NN 19499 898 5 the the DT 19499 898 6 first first JJ 19499 898 7 two two CD 19499 898 8 of of IN 19499 898 9 the the DT 19499 898 10 three three CD 19499 898 11 notes note NNS 19499 898 12 composing compose VBG 19499 898 13 the the DT 19499 898 14 triplet triplet NN 19499 898 15 are be VBP 19499 898 16 considered consider VBN 19499 898 17 to to TO 19499 898 18 be be VB 19499 898 19 tied tie VBN 19499 898 20 . . . 19499 899 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 899 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 899 3 : : : 19499 899 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 899 5 . . . 19499 900 1 37 37 CD 19499 900 2 . . . 19499 900 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 901 1 When when WRB 19499 901 2 the the DT 19499 901 3 triplet triplet NN 19499 901 4 form form NN 19499 901 5 is be VBZ 19499 901 6 perfectly perfectly RB 19499 901 7 obvious obvious JJ 19499 901 8 , , , 19499 901 9 the the DT 19499 901 10 Fig Fig NNP 19499 901 11 . . . 19499 902 1 3 3 LS 19499 902 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 902 3 as as RB 19499 902 4 well well RB 19499 902 5 as as IN 19499 902 6 the the DT 19499 902 7 slur slur NN 19499 902 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 902 9 may may MD 19499 902 10 be be VB 19499 902 11 omitted omit VBN 19499 902 12 . . . 19499 903 1 Other other JJ 19499 903 2 examples example NNS 19499 903 3 of of IN 19499 903 4 irregular irregular JJ 19499 903 5 note note NN 19499 903 6 - - HYPH 19499 903 7 groups group NNS 19499 903 8 , , , 19499 903 9 together together RB 19499 903 10 with with IN 19499 903 11 the the DT 19499 903 12 names name NNS 19499 903 13 commonly commonly RB 19499 903 14 applied apply VBN 19499 903 15 , , , 19499 903 16 follow follow VB 19499 903 17 . . . 19499 904 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 904 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 904 3 : : : 19499 904 4 Doublet Doublet NNP 19499 904 5 . . . 19499 905 1 Quintuplet Quintuplet NNP 19499 905 2 or or CC 19499 905 3 Quintolet Quintolet NNP 19499 905 4 . . . 19499 906 1 Sextuplet Sextuplet NNP 19499 906 2 or or CC 19499 906 3 Sextolet Sextolet NNP 19499 906 4 . . . 19499 907 1 Septolet Septolet NNP 19499 907 2 or or CC 19499 907 3 Septimole Septimole NNP 19499 907 4 . . . 19499 907 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 908 1 56 56 CD 19499 908 2 . . . 19499 909 1 The the DT 19499 909 2 _ _ NNP 19499 909 3 combination combination NN 19499 909 4 of of IN 19499 909 5 slur slur NN 19499 909 6 or or CC 19499 909 7 tie tie NN 19499 909 8 and and CC 19499 909 9 dots dot NNS 19499 909 10 _ _ NNP 19499 909 11 over over IN 19499 909 12 the the DT 19499 909 13 notes note NNS 19499 909 14 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 909 15 that that IN 19499 909 16 the the DT 19499 909 17 tones tone NNS 19499 909 18 are be VBP 19499 909 19 to to TO 19499 909 20 be be VB 19499 909 21 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 909 22 detached detach VBN 19499 909 23 , , , 19499 909 24 but but CC 19499 909 25 not not RB 19499 909 26 sharply sharply RB 19499 909 27 so so RB 19499 909 28 . . . 19499 910 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 910 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 910 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 910 4 This this DT 19499 910 5 effect effect NN 19499 910 6 is be VBZ 19499 910 7 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 910 8 erroneously erroneously RB 19499 910 9 termed term VBN 19499 910 10 _ _ NNP 19499 910 11 portamento portamento NNP 19499 910 12 _ _ NNP 19499 910 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 910 14 lit lit NNP 19499 910 15 . . . 19499 911 1 _ _ NNP 19499 911 2 carrying carry VBG 19499 911 3 _ _ NNP 19499 911 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 911 5 , , , 19499 911 6 but but CC 19499 911 7 this this DT 19499 911 8 term term NN 19499 911 9 is be VBZ 19499 911 10 more more RBR 19499 911 11 properly properly RB 19499 911 12 reserved reserve VBN 19499 911 13 for for IN 19499 911 14 an an DT 19499 911 15 entirely entirely RB 19499 911 16 different different JJ 19499 911 17 effect effect NN 19499 911 18 , , , 19499 911 19 _ _ NNP 19499 911 20 viz viz NN 19499 911 21 . . . 19499 911 22 _ _ NNP 19499 911 23 , , , 19499 911 24 when when WRB 19499 911 25 a a DT 19499 911 26 singer singer NN 19499 911 27 , , , 19499 911 28 or or CC 19499 911 29 player player NN 19499 911 30 on on IN 19499 911 31 a a DT 19499 911 32 stringed string VBN 19499 911 33 instrument instrument NN 19499 911 34 , , , 19499 911 35 passes pass VBZ 19499 911 36 from from IN 19499 911 37 a a DT 19499 911 38 high high JJ 19499 911 39 tone tone NN 19499 911 40 to to IN 19499 911 41 a a DT 19499 911 42 low low JJ 19499 911 43 one one NN 19499 911 44 ( ( -LRB- 19499 911 45 or or CC 19499 911 46 vice vice RB 19499 911 47 versa versa RB 19499 911 48 ) ) -RRB- 19499 911 49 touching touching JJ 19499 911 50 lightly lightly RB 19499 911 51 on on IN 19499 911 52 some some DT 19499 911 53 or or CC 19499 911 54 all all DT 19499 911 55 of of IN 19499 911 56 the the DT 19499 911 57 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 911 58 tones tone NNS 19499 911 59 between between IN 19499 911 60 the the DT 19499 911 61 two two CD 19499 911 62 melody melody NN 19499 911 63 tones tone NNS 19499 911 64 . . . 19499 912 1 57 57 CD 19499 912 2 . . . 19499 913 1 The the DT 19499 913 2 horizontal horizontal JJ 19499 913 3 _ _ NNP 19499 913 4 dash dash NN 19499 913 5 over over IN 19499 913 6 a a DT 19499 913 7 note note NN 19499 913 8 _ _ NNP 19499 913 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 913 10 Illustration illustration NN 19499 913 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 913 12 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 913 13 that that IN 19499 913 14 the the DT 19499 913 15 tone tone NN 19499 913 16 is be VBZ 19499 913 17 to to TO 19499 913 18 be be VB 19499 913 19 slightly slightly RB 19499 913 20 accented accent VBN 19499 913 21 , , , 19499 913 22 and and CC 19499 913 23 sustained sustain VBD 19499 913 24 . . . 19499 914 1 This this DT 19499 914 2 mark mark NN 19499 914 3 is be VBZ 19499 914 4 also also RB 19499 914 5 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 914 6 used use VBN 19499 914 7 after after IN 19499 914 8 a a DT 19499 914 9 staccato staccato NN 19499 914 10 passage passage NN 19499 914 11 to to TO 19499 914 12 show show VB 19499 914 13 that that IN 19499 914 14 the the DT 19499 914 15 tones tone NNS 19499 914 16 are be VBP 19499 914 17 no no RB 19499 914 18 longer long JJR 19499 914 19 to to TO 19499 914 20 be be VB 19499 914 21 performed perform VBN 19499 914 22 in in IN 19499 914 23 detached detach VBN 19499 914 24 fashion fashion NN 19499 914 25 , , , 19499 914 26 but but CC 19499 914 27 are be VBP 19499 914 28 to to TO 19499 914 29 be be VB 19499 914 30 sustained sustain VBN 19499 914 31 . . . 19499 915 1 This this DT 19499 915 2 latter latter JJ 19499 915 3 use use NN 19499 915 4 is be VBZ 19499 915 5 especially especially RB 19499 915 6 common common JJ 19499 915 7 in in IN 19499 915 8 music music NN 19499 915 9 for for IN 19499 915 10 stringed stringed JJ 19499 915 11 instruments instrument NNS 19499 915 12 . . . 19499 916 1 58 58 CD 19499 916 2 . . . 19499 917 1 The the DT 19499 917 2 combination combination NN 19499 917 3 of of IN 19499 917 4 _ _ NNP 19499 917 5 dash dash NN 19499 917 6 and and CC 19499 917 7 dot dot NN 19499 917 8 over over IN 19499 917 9 a a DT 19499 917 10 note note NN 19499 917 11 _ _ NNP 19499 917 12 [ [ -LRB- 19499 917 13 Illustration illustration NN 19499 917 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 917 15 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 917 16 that that IN 19499 917 17 the the DT 19499 917 18 tone tone NN 19499 917 19 is be VBZ 19499 917 20 to to TO 19499 917 21 be be VB 19499 917 22 slightly slightly RB 19499 917 23 accented accent VBN 19499 917 24 and and CC 19499 917 25 separated separate VBN 19499 917 26 from from IN 19499 917 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 917 28 neighboring neighboring NN 19499 917 29 tones tone NNS 19499 917 30 . . . 19499 918 1 59 59 CD 19499 918 2 . . . 19499 919 1 _ _ NNP 19499 919 2 Accent Accent NNP 19499 919 3 marks mark NNS 19499 919 4 _ _ NNP 19499 919 5 are be VBP 19499 919 6 made make VBN 19499 919 7 in in IN 19499 919 8 a a DT 19499 919 9 variety variety NN 19499 919 10 of of IN 19499 919 11 fashions fashion NNS 19499 919 12 . . . 19499 920 1 The the DT 19499 920 2 most most RBS 19499 920 3 common common JJ 19499 920 4 forms form NNS 19499 920 5 follow follow VBP 19499 920 6 . . . 19499 921 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 921 2 horizontal horizontal JJ 19499 921 3 accent accent JJ 19499 921 4 symbol symbol NN 19499 921 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 921 6 [ [ -LRB- 19499 921 7 vertical vertical JJ 19499 921 8 accent accent NN 19499 921 9 symbol symbol NN 19499 921 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 921 11 _ _ NNP 19499 921 12 sf sf NNP 19499 921 13 _ _ NNP 19499 921 14 _ _ NNP 19499 921 15 fz fz IN 19499 921 16 _ _ NNP 19499 921 17 . . . 19499 922 1 All all DT 19499 922 2 indicate indicate VBP 19499 922 3 that that IN 19499 922 4 a a DT 19499 922 5 certain certain JJ 19499 922 6 tone tone NN 19499 922 7 or or CC 19499 922 8 chord chord NN 19499 922 9 is be VBZ 19499 922 10 to to TO 19499 922 11 be be VB 19499 922 12 differentiated differentiate VBN 19499 922 13 from from IN 19499 922 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 922 15 neighboring neighboring NN 19499 922 16 tones tone NNS 19499 922 17 or or CC 19499 922 18 chords chord NNS 19499 922 19 by by IN 19499 922 20 receiving receive VBG 19499 922 21 a a DT 19499 922 22 certain certain JJ 19499 922 23 relative relative JJ 19499 922 24 amount amount NN 19499 922 25 of of IN 19499 922 26 stress stress NN 19499 922 27 . . . 19499 923 1 60 60 CD 19499 923 2 . . . 19499 924 1 In in IN 19499 924 2 music music NN 19499 924 3 for for IN 19499 924 4 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 924 5 instruments instrument NNS 19499 924 6 it -PRON- PRP 19499 924 7 is be VBZ 19499 924 8 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 924 9 necessary necessary JJ 19499 924 10 to to TO 19499 924 11 indicate indicate VB 19499 924 12 that that IN 19499 924 13 a a DT 19499 924 14 certain certain JJ 19499 924 15 part part NN 19499 924 16 is be VBZ 19499 924 17 to to TO 19499 924 18 be be VB 19499 924 19 played play VBN 19499 924 20 by by IN 19499 924 21 a a DT 19499 924 22 certain certain JJ 19499 924 23 hand hand NN 19499 924 24 . . . 19499 925 1 The the DT 19499 925 2 abbreviations abbreviation NNS 19499 925 3 r.h r.h NNP 19499 925 4 . . . 19499 925 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 925 6 right right JJ 19499 925 7 hand hand NN 19499 925 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 925 9 , , , 19499 925 10 m.d m.d NNP 19499 925 11 . . . 19499 926 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 926 2 mano mano NNP 19499 926 3 destra destra NNP 19499 926 4 , , , 19499 926 5 It -PRON- PRP 19499 926 6 . . . 19499 927 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 927 2 , , , 19499 927 3 and and CC 19499 927 4 m.d m.d NNP 19499 927 5 . . . 19499 928 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 928 2 main main JJ 19499 928 3 droite droite NN 19499 928 4 , , , 19499 928 5 Fr Fr NNP 19499 928 6 . . . 19499 929 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 929 2 , , , 19499 929 3 designate designate VBP 19499 929 4 that that IN 19499 929 5 a a DT 19499 929 6 passage passage NN 19499 929 7 or or CC 19499 929 8 tone tone NN 19499 929 9 is be VBZ 19499 929 10 to to TO 19499 929 11 be be VB 19499 929 12 played play VBN 19499 929 13 with with IN 19499 929 14 the the DT 19499 929 15 right right JJ 19499 929 16 hand hand NN 19499 929 17 , , , 19499 929 18 while while IN 19499 929 19 l.h l.h NNP 19499 929 20 . . . 19499 930 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 930 2 left left JJ 19499 930 3 hand hand NN 19499 930 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 930 5 , , , 19499 930 6 m.s m.s NNP 19499 930 7 . . . 19499 931 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 931 2 mano mano NNP 19499 931 3 sinistra sinistra NNP 19499 931 4 , , , 19499 931 5 It -PRON- PRP 19499 931 6 . . . 19499 932 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 932 2 , , , 19499 932 3 and and CC 19499 932 4 m.g m.g NNP 19499 932 5 . . . 19499 933 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 933 2 main main JJ 19499 933 3 gauche gauche NN 19499 933 4 , , , 19499 933 5 Fr Fr NNP 19499 933 6 . . . 19499 934 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 934 2 , , , 19499 934 3 show show VBP 19499 934 4 that that IN 19499 934 5 the the DT 19499 934 6 left left JJ 19499 934 7 hand hand NN 19499 934 8 is be VBZ 19499 934 9 to to TO 19499 934 10 be be VB 19499 934 11 employed employ VBN 19499 934 12 . . . 19499 935 1 61 61 CD 19499 935 2 . . . 19499 936 1 _ _ NNP 19499 936 2 The the DT 19499 936 3 wavy wavy JJ 19499 936 4 line line NN 19499 936 5 placed place VBN 19499 936 6 vertically vertically RB 19499 936 7 beside beside IN 19499 936 8 a a DT 19499 936 9 chord chord NN 19499 936 10 _ _ NNP 19499 936 11 [ [ -LRB- 19499 936 12 Illustration illustration NN 19499 936 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 936 14 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 936 15 that that IN 19499 936 16 the the DT 19499 936 17 tones tone NNS 19499 936 18 are be VBP 19499 936 19 to to TO 19499 936 20 be be VB 19499 936 21 sounded sound VBN 19499 936 22 consecutively consecutively RB 19499 936 23 instead instead RB 19499 936 24 of of IN 19499 936 25 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 936 26 , , , 19499 936 27 beginning begin VBG 19499 936 28 with with IN 19499 936 29 the the DT 19499 936 30 lowest low JJS 19499 936 31 tone tone NN 19499 936 32 , , , 19499 936 33 all all DT 19499 936 34 tones tone NNS 19499 936 35 being be VBG 19499 936 36 sustained sustain VBN 19499 936 37 until until IN 19499 936 38 the the DT 19499 936 39 duration duration NN 19499 936 40 - - HYPH 19499 936 41 value value NN 19499 936 42 of of IN 19499 936 43 the the DT 19499 936 44 chord chord NN 19499 936 45 has have VBZ 19499 936 46 expired expire VBN 19499 936 47 . . . 19499 937 1 This this DT 19499 937 2 is be VBZ 19499 937 3 called call VBN 19499 937 4 _ _ NNP 19499 937 5 arpeggio arpeggio NN 19499 937 6 playing play VBG 19499 937 7 _ _ NNP 19499 937 8 . . . 19499 938 1 When when WRB 19499 938 2 the the DT 19499 938 3 wavy wavy NNP 19499 938 4 line line NN 19499 938 5 extends extend VBZ 19499 938 6 through through IN 19499 938 7 the the DT 19499 938 8 entire entire JJ 19499 938 9 chord chord NN 19499 938 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 938 11 covering cover VBG 19499 938 12 both both DT 19499 938 13 staffs staff NNS 19499 938 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 938 15 as as IN 19499 938 16 in in IN 19499 938 17 Fig Fig NNP 19499 938 18 . . . 19499 939 1 38 38 CD 19499 939 2 , , , 19499 939 3 all all PDT 19499 939 4 the the DT 19499 939 5 tones tone NNS 19499 939 6 of of IN 19499 939 7 the the DT 19499 939 8 chord chord NN 19499 939 9 are be VBP 19499 939 10 to to TO 19499 939 11 be be VB 19499 939 12 played play VBN 19499 939 13 one one CD 19499 939 14 after after IN 19499 939 15 another another DT 19499 939 16 , , , 19499 939 17 beginning begin VBG 19499 939 18 with with IN 19499 939 19 the the DT 19499 939 20 lowest low JJS 19499 939 21 : : : 19499 939 22 but but CC 19499 939 23 if if IN 19499 939 24 there there EX 19499 939 25 is be VBZ 19499 939 26 a a DT 19499 939 27 separate separate JJ 19499 939 28 wavy wavy NN 19499 939 29 line line NN 19499 939 30 for for IN 19499 939 31 each each DT 19499 939 32 staff staff NN 19499 939 33 as as IN 19499 939 34 at at IN 19499 939 35 Fig Fig NNP 19499 939 36 . . . 19499 940 1 39 39 CD 19499 940 2 then then RB 19499 940 3 the the DT 19499 940 4 lowest low JJS 19499 940 5 tone tone NN 19499 940 6 represented represent VBD 19499 940 7 on on IN 19499 940 8 the the DT 19499 940 9 upper upper JJ 19499 940 10 staff staff NN 19499 940 11 is be VBZ 19499 940 12 to to TO 19499 940 13 be be VB 19499 940 14 played play VBN 19499 940 15 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 940 16 with with IN 19499 940 17 the the DT 19499 940 18 lowest low JJS 19499 940 19 tone tone NN 19499 940 20 represented represent VBD 19499 940 21 on on IN 19499 940 22 the the DT 19499 940 23 bass bass NN 19499 940 24 staff staff NN 19499 940 25 . . . 19499 941 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 941 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 941 3 : : : 19499 941 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 941 5 . . . 19499 942 1 38 38 CD 19499 942 2 . . . 19499 942 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 943 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 943 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 943 3 : : : 19499 943 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 943 5 . . . 19499 944 1 39 39 CD 19499 944 2 . . . 19499 944 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 945 1 The the DT 19499 945 2 word word NN 19499 945 3 arpeggio arpeggio NN 19499 945 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 945 5 plural plural NNP 19499 945 6 arpeggi arpeggi NNP 19499 945 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 945 8 is be VBZ 19499 945 9 a a DT 19499 945 10 derivation derivation NN 19499 945 11 of of IN 19499 945 12 the the DT 19499 945 13 Italian italian JJ 19499 945 14 word word NN 19499 945 15 _ _ NNP 19499 945 16 arpa arpa NNP 19499 945 17 _ _ NNP 19499 945 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 945 19 meaning mean VBG 19499 945 20 harp harp NN 19499 945 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 945 22 , , , 19499 945 23 and and CC 19499 945 24 from from IN 19499 945 25 this this DT 19499 945 26 word word NN 19499 945 27 _ _ NNP 19499 945 28 arpa arpa NNP 19499 945 29 _ _ NNP 19499 945 30 and and CC 19499 945 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 945 32 corresponding corresponding JJ 19499 945 33 verb verb NN 19499 945 34 _ _ NNP 19499 945 35 arpeggiare arpeggiare NN 19499 945 36 _ _ NNP 19499 945 37 ( ( -LRB- 19499 945 38 to to TO 19499 945 39 play play VB 19499 945 40 on on IN 19499 945 41 the the DT 19499 945 42 harp harp NN 19499 945 43 ) ) -RRB- 19499 945 44 are be VBP 19499 945 45 derived derive VBN 19499 945 46 also also RB 19499 945 47 a a DT 19499 945 48 number number NN 19499 945 49 of of IN 19499 945 50 other other JJ 19499 945 51 terms term NNS 19499 945 52 commonly commonly RB 19499 945 53 used use VBN 19499 945 54 in in IN 19499 945 55 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 945 56 music music NN 19499 945 57 . . . 19499 946 1 Among among IN 19499 946 2 these these DT 19499 946 3 are be VBP 19499 946 4 -- -- : 19499 946 5 arpeggiamento arpeggiamento IN 19499 946 6 , , , 19499 946 7 arpeggiando arpeggiando NNP 19499 946 8 , , , 19499 946 9 arpeggiato arpeggiato NN 19499 946 10 , , , 19499 946 11 etc etc FW 19499 946 12 . . FW 19499 946 13 , , , 19499 946 14 all all DT 19499 946 15 of of IN 19499 946 16 these these DT 19499 946 17 terms term NNS 19499 946 18 referring refer VBG 19499 946 19 to to IN 19499 946 20 a a DT 19499 946 21 _ _ NNP 19499 946 22 harp harp NN 19499 946 23 style style NN 19499 946 24 _ _ NNP 19499 946 25 of of IN 19499 946 26 performance performance NN 19499 946 27 , , , 19499 946 28 the the DT 19499 946 29 tones tone NNS 19499 946 30 being be VBG 19499 946 31 sounded sound VBN 19499 946 32 one one CD 19499 946 33 after after IN 19499 946 34 another another DT 19499 946 35 in in IN 19499 946 36 rapid rapid JJ 19499 946 37 succession succession NN 19499 946 38 instead instead RB 19499 946 39 of of IN 19499 946 40 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 946 41 as as IN 19499 946 42 on on IN 19499 946 43 the the DT 19499 946 44 piano piano NN 19499 946 45 . . . 19499 947 1 62 62 CD 19499 947 2 . . . 19499 948 1 The the DT 19499 948 2 sign sign NN 19499 948 3 [ [ -LRB- 19499 948 4 crescendo crescendo JJ 19499 948 5 - - HYPH 19499 948 6 decrescendo decrescendo NN 19499 948 7 symbol symbol NN 19499 948 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 948 9 over over IN 19499 948 10 a a DT 19499 948 11 note note NN 19499 948 12 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 948 13 that that IN 19499 948 14 the the DT 19499 948 15 tone tone NN 19499 948 16 is be VBZ 19499 948 17 to to TO 19499 948 18 be be VB 19499 948 19 begun begin VBN 19499 948 20 softly softly RB 19499 948 21 , , , 19499 948 22 gradually gradually RB 19499 948 23 increased increase VBD 19499 948 24 in in IN 19499 948 25 power power NN 19499 948 26 , , , 19499 948 27 and and CC 19499 948 28 as as IN 19499 948 29 gradually gradually RB 19499 948 30 decreased decrease VBD 19499 948 31 again again RB 19499 948 32 , , , 19499 948 33 ending end VBG 19499 948 34 as as RB 19499 948 35 softly softly RB 19499 948 36 as as IN 19499 948 37 it -PRON- PRP 19499 948 38 began begin VBD 19499 948 39 . . . 19499 949 1 In in IN 19499 949 2 vocal vocal JJ 19499 949 3 music music NN 19499 949 4 this this DT 19499 949 5 effect effect NN 19499 949 6 is be VBZ 19499 949 7 called call VBN 19499 949 8 _ _ NNP 19499 949 9 messa messa NNP 19499 949 10 di di FW 19499 949 11 voce voce NNP 19499 949 12 _ _ NNP 19499 949 13 . . . 19499 950 1 63 63 CD 19499 950 2 . . . 19499 951 1 In in IN 19499 951 2 music music NN 19499 951 3 for for IN 19499 951 4 stringed stringed JJ 19499 951 5 instruments instrument NNS 19499 951 6 of of IN 19499 951 7 the the DT 19499 951 8 violin violin NNP 19499 951 9 family family NNP 19499 951 10 , , , 19499 951 11 the the DT 19499 951 12 sign sign NN 19499 951 13 [ [ -LRB- 19499 951 14 down down IN 19499 951 15 - - HYPH 19499 951 16 bow bow NN 19499 951 17 symbol symbol NN 19499 951 18 ] ] -RRB- 19499 951 19 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 951 20 down down RB 19499 951 21 - - HYPH 19499 951 22 bow bow NN 19499 951 23 and and CC 19499 951 24 the the DT 19499 951 25 sign sign NN 19499 951 26 [ [ -LRB- 19499 951 27 up up IN 19499 951 28 - - HYPH 19499 951 29 bow bow NN 19499 951 30 symbol symbol NN 19499 951 31 ] ] -RRB- 19499 951 32 up up IN 19499 951 33 - - HYPH 19499 951 34 bow bow NN 19499 951 35 . . . 19499 952 1 In in IN 19499 952 2 cello cello NN 19499 952 3 music music NN 19499 952 4 the the DT 19499 952 5 down down JJ 19499 952 6 - - HYPH 19499 952 7 bow bow NN 19499 952 8 sign sign NN 19499 952 9 is be VBZ 19499 952 10 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 952 11 written write VBN 19499 952 12 [ [ -LRB- 19499 952 13 cello cello NN 19499 952 14 down down RB 19499 952 15 - - HYPH 19499 952 16 bow bow NNP 19499 952 17 symbol symbol NN 19499 952 18 ] ] -RRB- 19499 952 19 . . . 19499 953 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 953 2 VI VI NNP 19499 953 3 EMBELLISHMENTS EMBELLISHMENTS NNP 19499 953 4 64 64 CD 19499 953 5 . . . 19499 954 1 _ _ NNP 19499 954 2 Embellishments Embellishments NNP 19499 954 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 954 4 or or CC 19499 954 5 graces grace NNS 19499 954 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 954 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 954 8 Fr Fr NNP 19499 954 9 . . . 19499 955 1 agréments agrément NNS 19499 955 2 _ _ NNP 19499 955 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 955 4 are be VBP 19499 955 5 ornamental ornamental JJ 19499 955 6 tones tone NNS 19499 955 7 , , , 19499 955 8 either either CC 19499 955 9 represented represent VBN 19499 955 10 in in IN 19499 955 11 full full JJ 19499 955 12 in in IN 19499 955 13 the the DT 19499 955 14 score score NN 19499 955 15 or or CC 19499 955 16 indicated indicate VBN 19499 955 17 by by IN 19499 955 18 certain certain JJ 19499 955 19 signs sign NNS 19499 955 20 . . . 19499 956 1 The the DT 19499 956 2 following follow VBG 19499 956 3 are be VBP 19499 956 4 the the DT 19499 956 5 embellishments embellishment NNS 19499 956 6 most most RBS 19499 956 7 commonly commonly RB 19499 956 8 found find VBN 19499 956 9 : : : 19499 956 10 Trill trill NN 19499 956 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 956 12 or or CC 19499 956 13 shake shake VBP 19499 956 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 956 15 , , , 19499 956 16 mordent mordent JJ 19499 956 17 , , , 19499 956 18 inverted invert VBN 19499 956 19 mordent mordent JJ 19499 956 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 956 21 or or CC 19499 956 22 prall prall NN 19499 956 23 trill trill NN 19499 956 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 956 25 , , , 19499 956 26 turn turn VB 19499 956 27 ( ( -LRB- 19499 956 28 gruppetto gruppetto NNP 19499 956 29 ) ) -RRB- 19499 956 30 , , , 19499 956 31 inverted invert VBN 19499 956 32 turn turn NN 19499 956 33 , , , 19499 956 34 appoggiatura appoggiatura NNP 19499 956 35 and and CC 19499 956 36 acciaccatura acciaccatura NNP 19499 956 37 . . . 19499 957 1 Usage usage NN 19499 957 2 varies vary VBZ 19499 957 3 greatly greatly RB 19499 957 4 in in IN 19499 957 5 the the DT 19499 957 6 interpretation interpretation NN 19499 957 7 of of IN 19499 957 8 the the DT 19499 957 9 signs sign NNS 19499 957 10 representing represent VBG 19499 957 11 these these DT 19499 957 12 embellishments embellishment NNS 19499 957 13 and and CC 19499 957 14 it -PRON- PRP 19499 957 15 is be VBZ 19499 957 16 impossible impossible JJ 19499 957 17 to to TO 19499 957 18 give give VB 19499 957 19 examples example NNS 19499 957 20 of of IN 19499 957 21 all all PDT 19499 957 22 the the DT 19499 957 23 different different JJ 19499 957 24 forms form NNS 19499 957 25 . . . 19499 958 1 The the DT 19499 958 2 following follow VBG 19499 958 3 definitions definition NNS 19499 958 4 represent represent VBP 19499 958 5 therefore therefore RB 19499 958 6 only only RB 19499 958 7 the the DT 19499 958 8 most most RBS 19499 958 9 commonly commonly RB 19499 958 10 found find VBN 19499 958 11 examples example NNS 19499 958 12 and and CC 19499 958 13 the the DT 19499 958 14 most most RBS 19499 958 15 generally generally RB 19499 958 16 accepted accept VBN 19499 958 17 interpretations interpretation NNS 19499 958 18 . . . 19499 959 1 65 65 CD 19499 959 2 . . . 19499 960 1 The the DT 19499 960 2 _ _ NNP 19499 960 3 trill trill NN 19499 960 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 960 5 or or CC 19499 960 6 shake shake VB 19499 960 7 _ _ NNP 19499 960 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 960 9 consists consist VBZ 19499 960 10 of of IN 19499 960 11 the the DT 19499 960 12 rapid rapid JJ 19499 960 13 alternation alternation NN 19499 960 14 of of IN 19499 960 15 two two CD 19499 960 16 tones tone NNS 19499 960 17 to to IN 19499 960 18 the the DT 19499 960 19 full full JJ 19499 960 20 value value NN 19499 960 21 of of IN 19499 960 22 the the DT 19499 960 23 printed print VBN 19499 960 24 note note NN 19499 960 25 . . . 19499 961 1 The the DT 19499 961 2 lower low JJR 19499 961 3 of of IN 19499 961 4 these these DT 19499 961 5 two two CD 19499 961 6 tones tone NNS 19499 961 7 is be VBZ 19499 961 8 represented represent VBN 19499 961 9 by by IN 19499 961 10 the the DT 19499 961 11 printed printed JJ 19499 961 12 note note NN 19499 961 13 , , , 19499 961 14 while while IN 19499 961 15 the the DT 19499 961 16 upper upper JJ 19499 961 17 one one NN 19499 961 18 is be VBZ 19499 961 19 the the DT 19499 961 20 next next JJ 19499 961 21 higher high JJR 19499 961 22 tone tone NN 19499 961 23 in in IN 19499 961 24 the the DT 19499 961 25 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 961 26 scale scale NN 19499 961 27 of of IN 19499 961 28 the the DT 19499 961 29 key key NN 19499 961 30 in in IN 19499 961 31 which which WDT 19499 961 32 the the DT 19499 961 33 composition composition NN 19499 961 34 is be VBZ 19499 961 35 written write VBN 19499 961 36 . . . 19499 962 1 The the DT 19499 962 2 interval interval NN 19499 962 3 between between IN 19499 962 4 the the DT 19499 962 5 two two CD 19499 962 6 tones tone NNS 19499 962 7 may may MD 19499 962 8 therefore therefore RB 19499 962 9 be be VB 19499 962 10 either either CC 19499 962 11 a a DT 19499 962 12 half half JJ 19499 962 13 - - HYPH 19499 962 14 step step NN 19499 962 15 or or CC 19499 962 16 a a DT 19499 962 17 whole whole JJ 19499 962 18 - - HYPH 19499 962 19 step step NN 19499 962 20 . . . 19499 963 1 Whether whether IN 19499 963 2 the the DT 19499 963 3 trill trill NN 19499 963 4 is be VBZ 19499 963 5 to to TO 19499 963 6 begin begin VB 19499 963 7 with with IN 19499 963 8 the the DT 19499 963 9 principal principal JJ 19499 963 10 tone tone NN 19499 963 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 963 12 represented represent VBN 19499 963 13 by by IN 19499 963 14 the the DT 19499 963 15 printed printed JJ 19499 963 16 note note NN 19499 963 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 963 18 or or CC 19499 963 19 with with IN 19499 963 20 the the DT 19499 963 21 one one NN 19499 963 22 above above RB 19499 963 23 is be VBZ 19499 963 24 a a DT 19499 963 25 matter matter NN 19499 963 26 of of IN 19499 963 27 some some DT 19499 963 28 dispute dispute NN 19499 963 29 among among IN 19499 963 30 theorists theorist NNS 19499 963 31 and and CC 19499 963 32 performers performer NNS 19499 963 33 , , , 19499 963 34 but but CC 19499 963 35 it -PRON- PRP 19499 963 36 may may MD 19499 963 37 safely safely RB 19499 963 38 be be VB 19499 963 39 said say VBN 19499 963 40 that that IN 19499 963 41 the the DT 19499 963 42 majority majority NN 19499 963 43 of of IN 19499 963 44 modern modern JJ 19499 963 45 writers writer NNS 19499 963 46 on on IN 19499 963 47 the the DT 19499 963 48 subject subject NN 19499 963 49 would would MD 19499 963 50 have have VB 19499 963 51 it -PRON- PRP 19499 963 52 begin begin VB 19499 963 53 on on IN 19499 963 54 the the DT 19499 963 55 principal principal JJ 19499 963 56 tone tone NN 19499 963 57 rather rather RB 19499 963 58 than than IN 19499 963 59 on on IN 19499 963 60 the the DT 19499 963 61 tone tone NN 19499 963 62 above above RB 19499 963 63 . . . 19499 964 1 Fig fig NN 19499 964 2 . . . 19499 965 1 40 40 CD 19499 965 2 . . . 19499 966 1 When when WRB 19499 966 2 the the DT 19499 966 3 principal principal JJ 19499 966 4 note note NN 19499 966 5 is be VBZ 19499 966 6 preceded precede VBN 19499 966 7 by by IN 19499 966 8 a a DT 19499 966 9 small small JJ 19499 966 10 note note NN 19499 966 11 on on IN 19499 966 12 the the DT 19499 966 13 degree degree NN 19499 966 14 above above RB 19499 966 15 , , , 19499 966 16 it -PRON- PRP 19499 966 17 is be VBZ 19499 966 18 of of IN 19499 966 19 course course NN 19499 966 20 understood understand VBD 19499 966 21 that that IN 19499 966 22 the the DT 19499 966 23 trill trill NN 19499 966 24 begins begin VBZ 19499 966 25 on on IN 19499 966 26 the the DT 19499 966 27 tone tone NN 19499 966 28 above above RB 19499 966 29 . . . 19499 967 1 Fig fig NN 19499 967 2 . . . 19499 968 1 41 41 CD 19499 968 2 . . . 19499 969 1 The the DT 19499 969 2 trill trill NN 19499 969 3 is be VBZ 19499 969 4 indicated indicate VBN 19499 969 5 by by IN 19499 969 6 the the DT 19499 969 7 sign sign NN 19499 969 8 [ [ -LRB- 19499 969 9 trill trill NN 19499 969 10 symbol symbol NN 19499 969 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 969 12 . . . 19499 970 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 970 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 970 3 : : : 19499 970 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 970 5 . . . 19499 971 1 40 40 CD 19499 971 2 . . . 19499 971 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 972 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 972 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 972 3 : : : 19499 972 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 972 5 . . . 19499 973 1 41 41 CD 19499 973 2 . . . 19499 973 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 974 1 The the DT 19499 974 2 above above JJ 19499 974 3 examples example NNS 19499 974 4 would would MD 19499 974 5 be be VB 19499 974 6 termed term VBN 19499 974 7 _ _ NNP 19499 974 8 perfect perfect JJ 19499 974 9 trills trill NNS 19499 974 10 _ _ NNP 19499 974 11 because because IN 19499 974 12 they -PRON- PRP 19499 974 13 close close VBP 19499 974 14 with with IN 19499 974 15 a a DT 19499 974 16 turn turn NN 19499 974 17 . . . 19499 975 1 By by IN 19499 975 2 inference inference NN 19499 975 3 , , , 19499 975 4 an an DT 19499 975 5 _ _ NNP 19499 975 6 imperfect imperfect JJ 19499 975 7 trill trill NN 19499 975 8 _ _ NNP 19499 975 9 is be VBZ 19499 975 10 one one CD 19499 975 11 closing close VBG 19499 975 12 without without IN 19499 975 13 a a DT 19499 975 14 turn turn NN 19499 975 15 . . . 19499 976 1 66 66 CD 19499 976 2 . . . 19499 977 1 The the DT 19499 977 2 _ _ NNP 19499 977 3 mordent mordent JJ 19499 977 4 _ _ NNP 19499 977 5 [ [ -LRB- 19499 977 6 mordent mordent JJ 19499 977 7 symbol symbol NN 19499 977 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 977 9 consists consist VBZ 19499 977 10 of of IN 19499 977 11 three three CD 19499 977 12 tones tone NNS 19499 977 13 ; ; : 19499 977 14 first first RB 19499 977 15 the the DT 19499 977 16 one one NN 19499 977 17 represented represent VBN 19499 977 18 by by IN 19499 977 19 the the DT 19499 977 20 printed printed JJ 19499 977 21 note note NN 19499 977 22 ; ; : 19499 977 23 second second JJ 19499 977 24 the the DT 19499 977 25 one one NN 19499 977 26 next next RB 19499 977 27 below below IN 19499 977 28 it -PRON- PRP 19499 977 29 in in IN 19499 977 30 the the DT 19499 977 31 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 977 32 scale scale NN 19499 977 33 ; ; : 19499 977 34 third third RB 19499 977 35 the the DT 19499 977 36 one one NN 19499 977 37 represented represent VBN 19499 977 38 by by IN 19499 977 39 the the DT 19499 977 40 printed printed JJ 19499 977 41 note note NN 19499 977 42 again again RB 19499 977 43 . . . 19499 978 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 978 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 978 3 : : : 19499 978 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 978 5 . . . 19499 979 1 42 42 CD 19499 979 2 . . . 19499 979 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 980 1 67 67 CD 19499 980 2 . . . 19499 981 1 The the DT 19499 981 2 _ _ NNP 19499 981 3 double double NN 19499 981 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 981 5 or or CC 19499 981 6 long long RB 19499 981 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 981 8 mordent mordent JJ 19499 981 9 _ _ NNP 19499 981 10 has have VBZ 19499 981 11 five five CD 19499 981 12 tones tone NNS 19499 981 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 981 14 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 981 15 seven seven CD 19499 981 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 981 17 instead instead RB 19499 981 18 of of IN 19499 981 19 three three CD 19499 981 20 , , , 19499 981 21 the the DT 19499 981 22 first first JJ 19499 981 23 two two CD 19499 981 24 of of IN 19499 981 25 the the DT 19499 981 26 three three CD 19499 981 27 tones tone NNS 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19499 984 24 the the DT 19499 984 25 embellishment embellishment NN 19499 984 26 being be VBG 19499 984 27 subtracted subtract VBN 19499 984 28 from from IN 19499 984 29 the the DT 19499 984 30 value value NN 19499 984 31 of of IN 19499 984 32 the the DT 19499 984 33 principal principal JJ 19499 984 34 note note NN 19499 984 35 as as IN 19499 984 36 printed print VBN 19499 984 37 . . . 19499 985 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 985 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 985 3 : : : 19499 985 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 985 5 . . . 19499 986 1 43 43 CD 19499 986 2 . . . 19499 986 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 987 1 68 68 CD 19499 987 2 . . . 19499 988 1 The the DT 19499 988 2 _ _ NNP 19499 988 3 inverted invert VBD 19499 988 4 mordent mordent JJ 19499 988 5 _ _ NNP 19499 988 6 [ [ -LRB- 19499 988 7 inverted invert VBN 19499 988 8 mordent mordent JJ 19499 988 9 symbol symbol NN 19499 988 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 988 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 988 12 note note VB 19499 988 13 the the DT 19499 988 14 absence absence NN 19499 988 15 of of IN 19499 988 16 the the DT 19499 988 17 vertical vertical JJ 19499 988 18 line line NN 19499 988 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 988 20 is be VBZ 19499 988 21 like like IN 19499 988 22 the the DT 19499 988 23 mordent mordent NN 19499 988 24 except except IN 19499 988 25 that that IN 19499 988 26 the the DT 19499 988 27 tone tone NN 19499 988 28 below below RB 19499 988 29 is be VBZ 19499 988 30 replaced replace VBN 19499 988 31 by by IN 19499 988 32 the the DT 19499 988 33 tone tone NN 19499 988 34 above above IN 19499 988 35 in in IN 19499 988 36 each each DT 19499 988 37 case case NN 19499 988 38 . . . 19499 989 1 This this DT 19499 989 2 ornament ornament NN 19499 989 3 is be VBZ 19499 989 4 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 989 5 called call VBN 19499 989 6 a a DT 19499 989 7 " " `` 19499 989 8 transient transient JJ 19499 989 9 shake shake NN 19499 989 10 " " '' 19499 989 11 because because IN 19499 989 12 it -PRON- PRP 19499 989 13 is be VBZ 19499 989 14 really really RB 19499 989 15 only only RB 19499 989 16 a a DT 19499 989 17 part part NN 19499 989 18 of of IN 19499 989 19 the the DT 19499 989 20 more more RBR 19499 989 21 elaborate elaborate JJ 19499 989 22 grace grace NN 19499 989 23 called call VBN 19499 989 24 " " `` 19499 989 25 trill trill NN 19499 989 26 . . . 19499 989 27 " " '' 19499 990 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 990 2 See see VB 19499 990 3 Fig fig NN 19499 990 4 . . . 19499 991 1 44 44 CD 19499 991 2 . . . 19499 991 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 992 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 992 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 992 3 : : : 19499 992 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 992 5 . . . 19499 993 1 44 44 CD 19499 993 2 . . . 19499 993 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 994 1 The the DT 19499 994 2 confusion confusion NN 19499 994 3 at at IN 19499 994 4 present present NN 19499 994 5 attending attend VBG 19499 994 6 the the DT 19499 994 7 interpretation interpretation NN 19499 994 8 of of IN 19499 994 9 the the DT 19499 994 10 last last JJ 19499 994 11 two two CD 19499 994 12 embellishments embellishment NNS 19499 994 13 described describe VBN 19499 994 14 , , , 19499 994 15 might may MD 19499 994 16 be be VB 19499 994 17 largely largely RB 19499 994 18 obviated obviate VBN 19499 994 19 if if IN 19499 994 20 the the DT 19499 994 21 suggestion suggestion NN 19499 994 22 of of IN 19499 994 23 a a DT 19499 994 24 recent recent JJ 19499 994 25 writer[11 writer[11 NN 19499 994 26 ] ] -RRB- 19499 994 27 to to TO 19499 994 28 call call VB 19499 994 29 the the DT 19499 994 30 one one NN 19499 994 31 the the DT 19499 994 32 _ _ NNP 19499 994 33 upward upward RB 19499 994 34 mordent mordent JJ 19499 994 35 _ _ NNP 19499 994 36 , , , 19499 994 37 and and CC 19499 994 38 the the DT 19499 994 39 other other JJ 19499 994 40 the the DT 19499 994 41 _ _ NNP 19499 994 42 downward downward RB 19499 994 43 mordent mordent JJ 19499 994 44 _ _ NNP 19499 994 45 were be VBD 19499 994 46 to to TO 19499 994 47 be be VB 19499 994 48 universally universally RB 19499 994 49 adopted adopt VBN 19499 994 50 . . . 19499 995 1 [ [ 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997 24 the the DT 19499 997 25 principal principal JJ 19499 997 26 tone tone NN 19499 997 27 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 997 28 ; ; : 19499 997 29 third third RB 19499 997 30 , , , 19499 997 31 the the DT 19499 997 32 tone tone NN 19499 997 33 below below IN 19499 997 34 the the DT 19499 997 35 principal principal JJ 19499 997 36 tone tone NN 19499 997 37 ; ; : 19499 997 38 and and CC 19499 997 39 fourth fourth RB 19499 997 40 , , , 19499 997 41 the the DT 19499 997 42 principal principal JJ 19499 997 43 tone tone NN 19499 997 44 again again RB 19499 997 45 . . . 19499 998 1 When when WRB 19499 998 2 the the DT 19499 998 3 sign sign NN 19499 998 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 998 5 [ [ -LRB- 19499 998 6 turn turn VBP 19499 998 7 symbol symbol NN 19499 998 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 998 9 or or CC 19499 998 10 [ [ -LRB- 19499 998 11 fancy fancy JJ 19499 998 12 turn turn NN 19499 998 13 symbol symbol NN 19499 998 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 998 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 998 16 occurs occur VBZ 19499 998 17 over over IN 19499 998 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19499 1007 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1007 29 full full JJ 19499 1007 30 time time NN 19499 1007 31 - - HYPH 19499 1007 32 value value NN 19499 1007 33 , , , 19499 1007 34 then then RB 19499 1007 35 the the DT 19499 1007 36 turn turn NN 19499 1007 37 is be VBZ 19499 1007 38 played play VBN 19499 1007 39 just just RB 19499 1007 40 before before IN 19499 1007 41 the the DT 19499 1007 42 next next JJ 19499 1007 43 tone tone NN 19499 1007 44 of of IN 19499 1007 45 the the DT 19499 1007 46 melody melody NN 19499 1007 47 . . . 19499 1008 1 In in IN 19499 1008 2 this this DT 19499 1008 3 case case NN 19499 1008 4 the the DT 19499 1008 5 four four CD 19499 1008 6 tones tone NNS 19499 1008 7 are be VBP 19499 1008 8 of of IN 19499 1008 9 equal equal JJ 19499 1008 10 length length NN 19499 1008 11 as as IN 19499 1008 12 in in IN 19499 1008 13 the the DT 19499 1008 14 first first JJ 19499 1008 15 example example NN 19499 1008 16 . . . 19499 1009 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1009 2 See see VB 19499 1009 3 Fig 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1026 24 , , , 19499 1026 25 the the DT 19499 1026 26 highest high JJS 19499 1026 27 tone tone NN 19499 1026 28 third third NN 19499 1026 29 , , , 19499 1026 30 and and CC 19499 1026 31 the the DT 19499 1026 32 principal principal JJ 19499 1026 33 tone tone NN 19499 1026 34 again again RB 19499 1026 35 , , , 19499 1026 36 last last JJ 19499 1026 37 . . . 19499 1027 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1027 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1027 3 : : : 19499 1027 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1027 5 . . . 19499 1028 1 49 49 CD 19499 1028 2 . . . 19499 1028 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1029 1 73 73 CD 19499 1029 2 . . . 19499 1030 1 The the DT 19499 1030 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1030 3 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1030 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1030 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1030 6 lit light VBN 19499 1030 7 . . . 19499 1031 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1031 2 leaning lean VBG 19499 1031 3 note note NN 19499 1031 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1031 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1031 6 consists consist VBZ 19499 1031 7 of of IN 19499 1031 8 an an DT 19499 1031 9 ornamental ornamental JJ 19499 1031 10 tone tone NN 19499 1031 11 introduced introduce VBN 19499 1031 12 before before IN 19499 1031 13 a a DT 19499 1031 14 tone tone NN 19499 1031 15 of of IN 19499 1031 16 a a DT 19499 1031 17 melody melody NN 19499 1031 18 , , , 19499 1031 19 thus thus RB 19499 1031 20 delaying delay VBG 19499 1031 21 the the DT 19499 1031 22 melody melody NN 19499 1031 23 tone tone NN 19499 1031 24 until until IN 19499 1031 25 the the DT 19499 1031 26 ornamental ornamental JJ 19499 1031 27 tone tone NN 19499 1031 28 has have VBZ 19499 1031 29 been be VBN 19499 1031 30 heard hear VBN 19499 1031 31 . . . 19499 1032 1 The the DT 19499 1032 2 time time NN 19499 1032 3 taken take VBN 19499 1032 4 for for IN 19499 1032 5 this this DT 19499 1032 6 ornamental ornamental JJ 19499 1032 7 tone tone NN 19499 1032 8 is be VBZ 19499 1032 9 taken take VBN 19499 1032 10 from from IN 19499 1032 11 that that DT 19499 1032 12 of of IN 19499 1032 13 the the DT 19499 1032 14 melody melody NN 19499 1032 15 tone tone NN 19499 1032 16 . . . 19499 1033 1 The the DT 19499 1033 2 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1033 3 was be VBD 19499 1033 4 formerly formerly RB 19499 1033 5 classified classify VBN 19499 1033 6 into into IN 19499 1033 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1033 8 long long JJ 19499 1033 9 appoggiatura appoggiatura NNP 19499 1033 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1033 11 and and CC 19499 1033 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1033 13 short short JJ 19499 1033 14 appoggiatura appoggiatura NNP 19499 1033 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1033 16 , , , 19499 1033 17 but but CC 19499 1033 18 modern modern JJ 19499 1033 19 writers writer NNS 19499 1033 20 seem seem VBP 19499 1033 21 to to TO 19499 1033 22 consider consider VB 19499 1033 23 the the DT 19499 1033 24 term term NN 19499 1033 25 " " `` 19499 1033 26 short short JJ 19499 1033 27 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1033 28 " " '' 19499 1033 29 to to TO 19499 1033 30 be be VB 19499 1033 31 synonymous synonymous JJ 19499 1033 32 with with IN 19499 1033 33 acciaccatura[12 acciaccatura[12 NN 19499 1033 34 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1033 35 , , , 19499 1033 36 and and CC 19499 1033 37 to to TO 19499 1033 38 avoid avoid VB 19499 1033 39 confusion confusion NN 19499 1033 40 the the DT 19499 1033 41 word word NN 19499 1033 42 _ _ NNP 19499 1033 43 acciaccatura acciaccatura NN 19499 1033 44 _ _ NNP 19499 1033 45 will will MD 19499 1033 46 be be VB 19499 1033 47 used use VBN 19499 1033 48 in in IN 19499 1033 49 this this DT 19499 1033 50 sense sense NN 19499 1033 51 , , , 19499 1033 52 and and CC 19499 1033 53 defined define VBN 19499 1033 54 under under IN 19499 1033 55 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1033 56 own own JJ 19499 1033 57 heading heading NN 19499 1033 58 . . . 19499 1034 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1034 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1034 3 12 12 CD 19499 1034 4 : : : 19499 1034 5 In in IN 19499 1034 6 organ organ NN 19499 1034 7 music music NN 19499 1034 8 the the DT 19499 1034 9 acciaccatura acciaccatura NN 19499 1034 10 is be VBZ 19499 1034 11 still still RB 19499 1034 12 taken take VBN 19499 1034 13 to to TO 19499 1034 14 mean mean VB 19499 1034 15 that that IN 19499 1034 16 the the DT 19499 1034 17 embellishing embellish VBG 19499 1034 18 tone tone NN 19499 1034 19 and and CC 19499 1034 20 the the DT 19499 1034 21 melody melody NN 19499 1034 22 tone tone NN 19499 1034 23 are be VBP 19499 1034 24 to to TO 19499 1034 25 be be VB 19499 1034 26 sounded sound VBN 19499 1034 27 together together RB 19499 1034 28 , , , 19499 1034 29 the the DT 19499 1034 30 former former JJ 19499 1034 31 being being NN 19499 1034 32 then then RB 19499 1034 33 instantly instantly RB 19499 1034 34 released release VBN 19499 1034 35 , , , 19499 1034 36 while while IN 19499 1034 37 the the DT 19499 1034 38 latter latter NN 19499 1034 39 is be VBZ 19499 1034 40 held hold VBN 19499 1034 41 to to IN 19499 1034 42 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1034 43 full full JJ 19499 1034 44 time time NN 19499 1034 45 - - HYPH 19499 1034 46 value value NN 19499 1034 47 . . . 19499 1034 48 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1035 1 74 74 CD 19499 1035 2 . . . 19499 1036 1 Three three CD 19499 1036 2 rules rule NNS 19499 1036 3 for for IN 19499 1036 4 the the DT 19499 1036 5 interpretation interpretation NN 19499 1036 6 of of IN 19499 1036 7 the the DT 19499 1036 8 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1036 9 are be VBP 19499 1036 10 commonly commonly RB 19499 1036 11 cited cite VBN 19499 1036 12 , , , 19499 1036 13 viz viz NN 19499 1036 14 . . . 19499 1037 1 : : : 19499 1037 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1037 3 1 1 LS 19499 1037 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1037 5 When when WRB 19499 1037 6 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1037 7 is be VBZ 19499 1037 8 possible possible JJ 19499 1037 9 to to TO 19499 1037 10 divide divide VB 19499 1037 11 the the DT 19499 1037 12 principal principal JJ 19499 1037 13 tone tone NN 19499 1037 14 into into IN 19499 1037 15 halves half NNS 19499 1037 16 , , , 19499 1037 17 then then RB 19499 1037 18 the the DT 19499 1037 19 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1037 20 receives receive VBZ 19499 1037 21 one one CD 19499 1037 22 - - HYPH 19499 1037 23 half half NN 19499 1037 24 the the DT 19499 1037 25 value value NN 19499 1037 26 of of IN 19499 1037 27 the the DT 19499 1037 28 printed print VBN 19499 1037 29 note note NN 19499 1037 30 . . . 19499 1038 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1038 2 Fig fig NN 19499 1038 3 . . . 19499 1039 1 50 50 CD 19499 1039 2 . . . 19499 1039 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1040 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1040 2 2 2 LS 19499 1040 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1040 4 When when WRB 19499 1040 5 the the DT 19499 1040 6 principal principal JJ 19499 1040 7 note note NN 19499 1040 8 is be VBZ 19499 1040 9 dotted dotted JJ 19499 1040 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1040 11 division division NN 19499 1040 12 into into IN 19499 1040 13 halves half NNS 19499 1040 14 being be VBG 19499 1040 15 therefore therefore RB 19499 1040 16 not not RB 19499 1040 17 possible possible JJ 19499 1040 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1040 19 , , , 19499 1040 20 the the DT 19499 1040 21 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1040 22 receives receive VBZ 19499 1040 23 two two CD 19499 1040 24 - - HYPH 19499 1040 25 thirds third NNS 19499 1040 26 of of IN 19499 1040 27 the the DT 19499 1040 28 value value NN 19499 1040 29 . . . 19499 1041 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1041 2 Fig fig NN 19499 1041 3 . . . 19499 1042 1 51 51 CD 19499 1042 2 . . . 19499 1042 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1043 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1043 2 3 3 LS 19499 1043 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1043 4 When when WRB 19499 1043 5 the the DT 19499 1043 6 principal principal JJ 19499 1043 7 note note NN 19499 1043 8 is be VBZ 19499 1043 9 tied tie VBN 19499 1043 10 to to IN 19499 1043 11 a a DT 19499 1043 12 note note NN 19499 1043 13 of of IN 19499 1043 14 smaller small JJR 19499 1043 15 denomination denomination NN 19499 1043 16 the the DT 19499 1043 17 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1043 18 receives receive VBZ 19499 1043 19 the the DT 19499 1043 20 value value NN 19499 1043 21 of of IN 19499 1043 22 the the DT 19499 1043 23 first first JJ 19499 1043 24 of of IN 19499 1043 25 the the DT 19499 1043 26 two two CD 19499 1043 27 notes note NNS 19499 1043 28 . . . 19499 1044 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1044 2 Fig fig NN 19499 1044 3 . . . 19499 1045 1 52 52 CD 19499 1045 2 . . . 19499 1045 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1046 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1046 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1046 3 : : : 19499 1046 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1046 5 . . . 19499 1047 1 50 50 CD 19499 1047 2 . . . 19499 1047 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1048 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1048 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1048 3 : : : 19499 1048 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1048 5 . . . 19499 1049 1 51 51 CD 19499 1049 2 . . . 19499 1049 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1050 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1050 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1050 3 : : : 19499 1050 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1050 5 . . . 19499 1051 1 52 52 CD 19499 1051 2 . . . 19499 1051 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1052 1 75 75 CD 19499 1052 2 . . . 19499 1053 1 The the DT 19499 1053 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1053 3 acciaccatura acciaccatura NN 19499 1053 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1053 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1053 6 or or CC 19499 1053 7 short short JJ 19499 1053 8 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1053 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1053 10 is be VBZ 19499 1053 11 written write VBN 19499 1053 12 like like IN 19499 1053 13 the the DT 19499 1053 14 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1053 15 except except IN 19499 1053 16 that that IN 19499 1053 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1053 18 has have VBZ 19499 1053 19 a a DT 19499 1053 20 light light JJ 19499 1053 21 stroke stroke NN 19499 1053 22 across across IN 19499 1053 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1053 24 stem stem NN 19499 1053 25 . . . 19499 1054 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1054 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1054 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1054 4 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1054 5 has have VBZ 19499 1054 6 no no DT 19499 1054 7 definite definite JJ 19499 1054 8 duration duration NN 19499 1054 9 - - HYPH 19499 1054 10 value value NN 19499 1054 11 , , , 19499 1054 12 but but CC 19499 1054 13 is be VBZ 19499 1054 14 sounded sound VBN 19499 1054 15 as as RB 19499 1054 16 quickly quickly RB 19499 1054 17 as as IN 19499 1054 18 possible possible JJ 19499 1054 19 , , , 19499 1054 20 taking take VBG 19499 1054 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1054 22 time time NN 19499 1054 23 from from IN 19499 1054 24 that that DT 19499 1054 25 of of IN 19499 1054 26 the the DT 19499 1054 27 principal principal JJ 19499 1054 28 tone tone NN 19499 1054 29 . . . 19499 1055 1 The the DT 19499 1055 2 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 1055 3 is be VBZ 19499 1055 4 always always RB 19499 1055 5 accented accented JJ 19499 1055 6 , , , 19499 1055 7 but but CC 19499 1055 8 the the DT 19499 1055 9 acciaccatura acciaccatura NN 19499 1055 10 never never RB 19499 1055 11 is be VBZ 19499 1055 12 , , , 19499 1055 13 the the DT 19499 1055 14 stress stress NN 19499 1055 15 always always RB 19499 1055 16 falling fall VBG 19499 1055 17 on on IN 19499 1055 18 the the DT 19499 1055 19 melody melody NN 19499 1055 20 tone tone NN 19499 1055 21 . . . 19499 1056 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1056 2 See see VB 19499 1056 3 Grove Grove NNP 19499 1056 4 , , , 19499 1056 5 op op NN 19499 1056 6 . . . 19499 1057 1 cit cit NNP 19499 1057 2 . . . 19499 1058 1 Vol Vol NNP 19499 1058 2 . . . 19499 1059 1 I -PRON- PRP 19499 1059 2 , , , 19499 1059 3 p. p. NN 19499 1060 1 96 96 CD 19499 1060 2 . . . 19499 1060 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1061 1 The the DT 19499 1061 2 use use NN 19499 1061 3 of of IN 19499 1061 4 embellishments embellishment NNS 19499 1061 5 is be VBZ 19499 1061 6 on on IN 19499 1061 7 the the DT 19499 1061 8 wane wane NN 19499 1061 9 , , , 19499 1061 10 and and CC 19499 1061 11 the the DT 19499 1061 12 student student NN 19499 1061 13 of of IN 19499 1061 14 to to IN 19499 1061 15 - - HYPH 19499 1061 16 day day NN 19499 1061 17 needs need VBZ 19499 1061 18 the the DT 19499 1061 19 above above JJ 19499 1061 20 information information NN 19499 1061 21 only only RB 19499 1061 22 to to TO 19499 1061 23 aid aid VB 19499 1061 24 him -PRON- PRP 19499 1061 25 in in IN 19499 1061 26 the the DT 19499 1061 27 interpretation interpretation NN 19499 1061 28 of of IN 19499 1061 29 music music NN 19499 1061 30 written write VBN 19499 1061 31 in in IN 19499 1061 32 previous previous JJ 19499 1061 33 centuries century NNS 19499 1061 34 . . . 19499 1062 1 In in IN 19499 1062 2 the the DT 19499 1062 3 early early JJ 19499 1062 4 days day NNS 19499 1062 5 of of IN 19499 1062 6 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1062 7 music music NN 19499 1062 8 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1062 9 was be VBD 19499 1062 10 necessary necessary JJ 19499 1062 11 to to TO 19499 1062 12 introduce introduce VB 19499 1062 13 graces grace NNS 19499 1062 14 of of IN 19499 1062 15 all all DT 19499 1062 16 sorts sort NNS 19499 1062 17 because because IN 19499 1062 18 the the DT 19499 1062 19 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1062 20 in in IN 19499 1062 21 use use NN 19499 1062 22 were be VBD 19499 1062 23 not not RB 19499 1062 24 capable capable JJ 19499 1062 25 of of IN 19499 1062 26 sustaining sustain VBG 19499 1062 27 tone tone NN 19499 1062 28 for for IN 19499 1062 29 any any DT 19499 1062 30 length length NN 19499 1062 31 of of IN 19499 1062 32 time time NN 19499 1062 33 ; ; : 19499 1062 34 but but CC 19499 1062 35 with with IN 19499 1062 36 the the DT 19499 1062 37 advent advent NN 19499 1062 38 of of IN 19499 1062 39 the the DT 19499 1062 40 modern modern JJ 19499 1062 41 piano piano NN 19499 1062 42 with with IN 19499 1062 43 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1062 44 comparatively comparatively RB 19499 1062 45 great great JJ 19499 1062 46 sustaining sustaining NN 19499 1062 47 power power NN 19499 1062 48 , , , 19499 1062 49 and and CC 19499 1062 50 also also RB 19499 1062 51 with with IN 19499 1062 52 the the DT 19499 1062 53 advent advent NN 19499 1062 54 in in IN 19499 1062 55 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1062 56 music music NN 19499 1062 57 of of IN 19499 1062 58 a a DT 19499 1062 59 new new JJ 19499 1062 60 style style NN 19499 1062 61 of of IN 19499 1062 62 singing singe VBG 19499 1062 63 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1062 64 German german JJ 19499 1062 65 Lieder Lieder NNP 19499 1062 66 singing singing NN 19499 1062 67 as as IN 19499 1062 68 contrasted contrast VBN 19499 1062 69 with with IN 19499 1062 70 Italian italian JJ 19499 1062 71 coloratura coloratura NN 19499 1062 72 singing singing NN 19499 1062 73 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1062 74 , , , 19499 1062 75 ornamental ornamental JJ 19499 1062 76 tones tone NNS 19499 1062 77 were be VBD 19499 1062 78 used use VBN 19499 1062 79 less less RBR 19499 1062 80 and and CC 19499 1062 81 less less RBR 19499 1062 82 , , , 19499 1062 83 and and CC 19499 1062 84 when when WRB 19499 1062 85 found find VBN 19499 1062 86 now now RB 19499 1062 87 are be VBP 19499 1062 88 usually usually RB 19499 1062 89 written write VBN 19499 1062 90 out out RP 19499 1062 91 in in IN 19499 1062 92 full full JJ 19499 1062 93 in in IN 19499 1062 94 the the DT 19499 1062 95 score score NN 19499 1062 96 instead instead RB 19499 1062 97 of of IN 19499 1062 98 being be VBG 19499 1062 99 indicated indicate VBN 19499 1062 100 by by IN 19499 1062 101 signs sign NNS 19499 1062 102 . . . 19499 1063 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 1063 2 VII VII NNP 19499 1063 3 SCALES scale VBD 19499 1063 4 76 76 CD 19499 1063 5 . . . 19499 1064 1 A a DT 19499 1064 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1064 3 scale scale NN 19499 1064 4 _ _ NN 19499 1064 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1064 6 from from IN 19499 1064 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1064 8 scala scala NNP 19499 1064 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1064 10 , , , 19499 1064 11 a a DT 19499 1064 12 Latin latin JJ 19499 1064 13 word word NN 19499 1064 14 meaning meaning NN 19499 1064 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1064 16 ladder ladder NN 19499 1064 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1064 18 ; ; : 19499 1064 19 Ger Ger NNP 19499 1064 20 . . . 19499 1065 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1065 2 Ton Ton NNP 19499 1065 3 - - HYPH 19499 1065 4 leiter leit JJR 19499 1065 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1065 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1065 7 is be VBZ 19499 1065 8 an an DT 19499 1065 9 ascending ascend VBG 19499 1065 10 or or CC 19499 1065 11 descending descend VBG 19499 1065 12 series series NN 19499 1065 13 of of IN 19499 1065 14 tones tone NNS 19499 1065 15 , , , 19499 1065 16 progressing progress VBG 19499 1065 17 according accord VBG 19499 1065 18 to to IN 19499 1065 19 some some DT 19499 1065 20 definite definite JJ 19499 1065 21 system system NN 19499 1065 22 , , , 19499 1065 23 and and CC 19499 1065 24 all all DT 19499 1065 25 bearing bear VBG 19499 1065 26 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1065 27 in in IN 19499 1065 28 the the DT 19499 1065 29 case case NN 19499 1065 30 of of IN 19499 1065 31 tonality tonality NN 19499 1065 32 scales scale VBZ 19499 1065 33 at at IN 19499 1065 34 least least JJS 19499 1065 35 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1065 36 a a DT 19499 1065 37 very very RB 19499 1065 38 intimate intimate JJ 19499 1065 39 relation relation NN 19499 1065 40 to to IN 19499 1065 41 the the DT 19499 1065 42 first first JJ 19499 1065 43 tone tone NN 19499 1065 44 -- -- : 19499 1065 45 the the DT 19499 1065 46 _ _ NNP 19499 1065 47 key key JJ 19499 1065 48 - - HYPH 19499 1065 49 tone tone NN 19499 1065 50 _ _ NN 19499 1065 51 or or CC 19499 1065 52 _ _ NNP 19499 1065 53 tonic tonic NN 19499 1065 54 _ _ NNP 19499 1065 55 . . . 19499 1066 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1066 2 See see VB 19499 1066 3 p. p. NN 19499 1066 4 28 28 CD 19499 1066 5 , , , 19499 1066 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1066 7 . . . 19499 1067 1 78 78 CD 19499 1067 2 ; ; : 19499 1067 3 also also RB 19499 1067 4 note note VB 19499 1067 5 1 1 CD 19499 1067 6 at at IN 19499 1067 7 bottom bottom NN 19499 1067 8 of of IN 19499 1067 9 p. p. NN 19499 1068 1 38 38 CD 19499 1068 2 . . . 19499 1068 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1069 1 Many many JJ 19499 1069 2 different different JJ 19499 1069 3 kinds kind NNS 19499 1069 4 of of IN 19499 1069 5 scales scale NNS 19499 1069 6 have have VBP 19499 1069 7 existed exist VBN 19499 1069 8 in in IN 19499 1069 9 various various JJ 19499 1069 10 musical musical JJ 19499 1069 11 eras era NNS 19499 1069 12 , , , 19499 1069 13 the the DT 19499 1069 14 point point NN 19499 1069 15 of of IN 19499 1069 16 resemblance resemblance NN 19499 1069 17 among among IN 19499 1069 18 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1069 19 all all DT 19499 1069 20 being be VBG 19499 1069 21 the the DT 19499 1069 22 fact fact NN 19499 1069 23 that that IN 19499 1069 24 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1069 25 have have VBP 19499 1069 26 all all DT 19499 1069 27 more more RBR 19499 1069 28 or or CC 19499 1069 29 less less RBR 19499 1069 30 recognized recognize VBD 19499 1069 31 the the DT 19499 1069 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1069 33 octave octave NN 19499 1069 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1069 35 as as IN 19499 1069 36 the the DT 19499 1069 37 natural natural JJ 19499 1069 38 limit limit NN 19499 1069 39 of of IN 19499 1069 40 the the DT 19499 1069 41 series series NN 19499 1069 42 . . . 19499 1070 1 The the DT 19499 1070 2 difference difference NN 19499 1070 3 among among IN 19499 1070 4 the the DT 19499 1070 5 various various JJ 19499 1070 6 scales scale NNS 19499 1070 7 has have VBZ 19499 1070 8 been be VBN 19499 1070 9 in in IN 19499 1070 10 the the DT 19499 1070 11 selection selection NN 19499 1070 12 of of IN 19499 1070 13 intervals interval NNS 19499 1070 14 between between IN 19499 1070 15 the the DT 19499 1070 16 scale scale NN 19499 1070 17 - - HYPH 19499 1070 18 tones tone NNS 19499 1070 19 , , , 19499 1070 20 and and CC 19499 1070 21 , , , 19499 1070 22 consequently consequently RB 19499 1070 23 , , , 19499 1070 24 in in IN 19499 1070 25 the the DT 19499 1070 26 number number NN 19499 1070 27 of of IN 19499 1070 28 tones tone NNS 19499 1070 29 within within IN 19499 1070 30 the the DT 19499 1070 31 octave octave NN 19499 1070 32 . . . 19499 1071 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1071 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1071 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1071 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1071 5 , , , 19499 1071 6 in in IN 19499 1071 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1071 8 major major JJ 19499 1071 9 scale scale NN 19499 1071 10 the the DT 19499 1071 11 intervals interval NNS 19499 1071 12 between between IN 19499 1071 13 the the DT 19499 1071 14 tones tone NNS 19499 1071 15 are be VBP 19499 1071 16 all all DT 19499 1071 17 whole whole JJ 19499 1071 18 - - HYPH 19499 1071 19 steps step NNS 19499 1071 20 except except IN 19499 1071 21 two two CD 19499 1071 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1071 23 which which WDT 19499 1071 24 are be VBP 19499 1071 25 half half JJ 19499 1071 26 - - HYPH 19499 1071 27 steps step NNS 19499 1071 28 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1071 29 , , , 19499 1071 30 and and CC 19499 1071 31 the the DT 19499 1071 32 result result NN 19499 1071 33 is be VBZ 19499 1071 34 a a DT 19499 1071 35 scale scale NN 19499 1071 36 of of IN 19499 1071 37 _ _ NNP 19499 1071 38 eight eight CD 19499 1071 39 _ _ NNP 19499 1071 40 tones tone NNS 19499 1071 41 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1071 42 including include VBG 19499 1071 43 in in IN 19499 1071 44 this this DT 19499 1071 45 number number NN 19499 1071 46 both both CC 19499 1071 47 the the DT 19499 1071 48 key key JJ 19499 1071 49 - - HYPH 19499 1071 50 tone tone NN 19499 1071 51 and and CC 19499 1071 52 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1071 53 octave octave NN 19499 1071 54 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1071 55 : : : 19499 1071 56 but but CC 19499 1071 57 in in IN 19499 1071 58 the the DT 19499 1071 59 so so RB 19499 1071 60 - - HYPH 19499 1071 61 called call VBN 19499 1071 62 _ _ NNP 19499 1071 63 pentatonic pentatonic NN 19499 1071 64 _ _ NNP 19499 1071 65 scale scale NN 19499 1071 66 of of IN 19499 1071 67 the the DT 19499 1071 68 Chinese chinese JJ 19499 1071 69 and and CC 19499 1071 70 other other JJ 19499 1071 71 older old JJR 19499 1071 72 civilizations civilization NNS 19499 1071 73 we -PRON- PRP 19499 1071 74 find find VBP 19499 1071 75 larger large JJR 19499 1071 76 intervals interval NNS 19499 1071 77 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1071 78 _ _ NNP 19499 1071 79 e.g. e.g. NNP 19499 1071 80 _ _ NNP 19499 1071 81 , , , 19499 1071 82 the the DT 19499 1071 83 step step NN 19499 1071 84 - - HYPH 19499 1071 85 and and CC 19499 1071 86 - - HYPH 19499 1071 87 a a DT 19499 1071 88 - - HYPH 19499 1071 89 half half NN 19499 1071 90 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1071 91 , , , 19499 1071 92 and and CC 19499 1071 93 consequently consequently RB 19499 1071 94 a a DT 19499 1071 95 smaller small JJR 19499 1071 96 number number NN 19499 1071 97 of of IN 19499 1071 98 tones tone NNS 19499 1071 99 within within IN 19499 1071 100 the the DT 19499 1071 101 octave octave NN 19499 1071 102 . . . 19499 1072 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1072 2 in in IN 19499 1072 3 the the DT 19499 1072 4 scale scale NN 19499 1072 5 upon upon IN 19499 1072 6 which which WDT 19499 1072 7 many many JJ 19499 1072 8 of of IN 19499 1072 9 the the DT 19499 1072 10 older old JJR 19499 1072 11 Scotch Scotch NNP 19499 1072 12 folk folk NN 19499 1072 13 songs song NNS 19499 1072 14 are be VBP 19499 1072 15 based base VBN 19499 1072 16 the the DT 19499 1072 17 intervals interval NNS 19499 1072 18 are be VBP 19499 1072 19 arranged arrange VBN 19499 1072 20 as as IN 19499 1072 21 follows follow VBZ 19499 1072 22 : : : 19499 1072 23 1 1 CD 19499 1072 24 whole whole JJ 19499 1072 25 2 2 CD 19499 1072 26 whole whole JJ 19499 1072 27 3 3 CD 19499 1072 28 step step NN 19499 1072 29 - - HYPH 19499 1072 30 and- and- NN 19499 1072 31 4 4 CD 19499 1072 32 whole whole JJ 19499 1072 33 5 5 CD 19499 1072 34 step step NN 19499 1072 35 - - HYPH 19499 1072 36 and- and- NN 19499 1072 37 6 6 CD 19499 1072 38 step step NN 19499 1072 39 step step NN 19499 1072 40 a a DT 19499 1072 41 - - HYPH 19499 1072 42 half half NN 19499 1072 43 step step NN 19499 1072 44 a a DT 19499 1072 45 - - HYPH 19499 1072 46 half half NN 19499 1072 47 The the DT 19499 1072 48 result result NN 19499 1072 49 is be VBZ 19499 1072 50 a a DT 19499 1072 51 scale scale NN 19499 1072 52 of of IN 19499 1072 53 six six CD 19499 1072 54 tones tone NNS 19499 1072 55 , , , 19499 1072 56 corresponding correspond VBG 19499 1072 57 approximately approximately RB 19499 1072 58 with with IN 19499 1072 59 C C NNP 19499 1072 60 -- -- : 19499 1072 61 D d NN 19499 1072 62 -- -- : 19499 1072 63 E e NN 19499 1072 64 -- -- : 19499 1072 65 G g NN 19499 1072 66 -- -- : 19499 1072 67 A a NN 19499 1072 68 -- -- : 19499 1072 69 C c NN 19499 1072 70 in in IN 19499 1072 71 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1072 72 modern modern JJ 19499 1072 73 system system NN 19499 1072 74 . . . 19499 1073 1 The the DT 19499 1073 2 term term NN 19499 1073 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1073 4 pentatonic pentatonic NN 19499 1073 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1073 6 is be VBZ 19499 1073 7 thus thus RB 19499 1073 8 seen see VBN 19499 1073 9 to to TO 19499 1073 10 be be VB 19499 1073 11 a a DT 19499 1073 12 misnomer misnomer NN 19499 1073 13 since since IN 19499 1073 14 the the DT 19499 1073 15 sixth sixth JJ 19499 1073 16 tone tone NN 19499 1073 17 is be VBZ 19499 1073 18 necessary necessary JJ 19499 1073 19 for for IN 19499 1073 20 the the DT 19499 1073 21 completion completion NN 19499 1073 22 of of IN 19499 1073 23 the the DT 19499 1073 24 series series NN 19499 1073 25 , , , 19499 1073 26 just just RB 19499 1073 27 as as IN 19499 1073 28 the the DT 19499 1073 29 eighth eighth JJ 19499 1073 30 tone tone NN 19499 1073 31 is be VBZ 19499 1073 32 essential essential JJ 19499 1073 33 in in IN 19499 1073 34 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1073 35 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1073 36 scales scale NNS 19499 1073 37 . . . 19499 1074 1 The the DT 19499 1074 2 following follow VBG 19499 1074 3 Chinese chinese JJ 19499 1074 4 tune tune NN 19499 1074 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1074 6 called call VBN 19499 1074 7 " " `` 19499 1074 8 Jasmine Jasmine NNP 19499 1074 9 " " '' 19499 1074 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1074 11 is be VBZ 19499 1074 12 based base VBN 19499 1074 13 on on IN 19499 1074 14 the the DT 19499 1074 15 pentatonic pentatonic JJ 19499 1074 16 scale scale NN 19499 1074 17 . . . 19499 1075 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1075 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1075 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1075 4 77 77 CD 19499 1075 5 . . . 19499 1076 1 In in IN 19499 1076 2 studying study VBG 19499 1076 3 the the DT 19499 1076 4 theory theory NN 19499 1076 5 of of IN 19499 1076 6 the the DT 19499 1076 7 scale scale NN 19499 1076 8 the the DT 19499 1076 9 student student NN 19499 1076 10 should should MD 19499 1076 11 bear bear VB 19499 1076 12 in in IN 19499 1076 13 mind mind NN 19499 1076 14 the the DT 19499 1076 15 fact fact NN 19499 1076 16 that that IN 19499 1076 17 a a DT 19499 1076 18 scale scale NN 19499 1076 19 is be VBZ 19499 1076 20 not not RB 19499 1076 21 an an DT 19499 1076 22 arbitrary arbitrary JJ 19499 1076 23 series series NN 19499 1076 24 of of IN 19499 1076 25 tones tone NNS 19499 1076 26 which which WDT 19499 1076 27 some some DT 19499 1076 28 one one NN 19499 1076 29 has have VBZ 19499 1076 30 invented invent VBN 19499 1076 31 , , , 19499 1076 32 and and CC 19499 1076 33 which which WDT 19499 1076 34 others other NNS 19499 1076 35 are be VBP 19499 1076 36 required require VBN 19499 1076 37 to to TO 19499 1076 38 make make VB 19499 1076 39 use use NN 19499 1076 40 of of IN 19499 1076 41 . . . 19499 1077 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1077 2 is be VBZ 19499 1077 3 rather rather RB 19499 1077 4 the the DT 19499 1077 5 result result NN 19499 1077 6 of of IN 19499 1077 7 accustoming accustom VBG 19499 1077 8 the the DT 19499 1077 9 ear ear NN 19499 1077 10 to to IN 19499 1077 11 certain certain JJ 19499 1077 12 melodic melodic JJ 19499 1077 13 combinations combination NNS 19499 1077 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1077 15 which which WDT 19499 1077 16 were be VBD 19499 1077 17 originally originally RB 19499 1077 18 hit hit VBN 19499 1077 19 upon upon IN 19499 1077 20 by by IN 19499 1077 21 accident accident NN 19499 1077 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1077 23 , , , 19499 1077 24 and and CC 19499 1077 25 finally finally RB 19499 1077 26 analyzing analyze VBG 19499 1077 27 and and CC 19499 1077 28 systematizing systematize VBG 19499 1077 29 these these DT 19499 1077 30 combinations combination NNS 19499 1077 31 into into IN 19499 1077 32 a a DT 19499 1077 33 certain certain JJ 19499 1077 34 definite definite JJ 19499 1077 35 order order NN 19499 1077 36 or or CC 19499 1077 37 arrangement arrangement NN 19499 1077 38 . . . 19499 1078 1 The the DT 19499 1078 2 application application NN 19499 1078 3 of of IN 19499 1078 4 this this DT 19499 1078 5 idea idea NN 19499 1078 6 may may MD 19499 1078 7 be be VB 19499 1078 8 verified verify VBN 19499 1078 9 when when WRB 19499 1078 10 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1078 11 is be VBZ 19499 1078 12 recalled recall VBN 19499 1078 13 that that IN 19499 1078 14 most most JJS 19499 1078 15 primitive primitive JJ 19499 1078 16 peoples people NNS 19499 1078 17 have have VBP 19499 1078 18 invented invent VBN 19499 1078 19 melodies melody NNS 19499 1078 20 of of IN 19499 1078 21 some some DT 19499 1078 22 sort sort NN 19499 1078 23 , , , 19499 1078 24 but but CC 19499 1078 25 that that IN 19499 1078 26 only only RB 19499 1078 27 in in IN 19499 1078 28 modern modern JJ 19499 1078 29 times time NNS 19499 1078 30 , , , 19499 1078 31 and and CC 19499 1078 32 particularly particularly RB 19499 1078 33 since since IN 19499 1078 34 the the DT 19499 1078 35 development development NN 19499 1078 36 of of IN 19499 1078 37 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1078 38 music music NN 19499 1078 39 , , , 19499 1078 40 have have VBP 19499 1078 41 these these DT 19499 1078 42 melodies melody NNS 19499 1078 43 been be VBN 19499 1078 44 analyzed analyze VBN 19499 1078 45 , , , 19499 1078 46 and and CC 19499 1078 47 the the DT 19499 1078 48 scale scale NN 19499 1078 49 upon upon IN 19499 1078 50 which which WDT 19499 1078 51 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1078 52 have have VBP 19499 1078 53 been be VBN 19499 1078 54 based base VBN 19499 1078 55 , , , 19499 1078 56 discovered discover VBN 19499 1078 57 , , , 19499 1078 58 the the DT 19499 1078 59 inventors inventor NNS 19499 1078 60 of of IN 19499 1078 61 the the DT 19499 1078 62 melodies melody NNS 19499 1078 63 being be VBG 19499 1078 64 themselves -PRON- PRP 19499 1078 65 wholly wholly RB 19499 1078 66 ignorant ignorant JJ 19499 1078 67 of of IN 19499 1078 68 the the DT 19499 1078 69 existence existence NN 19499 1078 70 of of IN 19499 1078 71 such such JJ 19499 1078 72 scales scale NNS 19499 1078 73 . . . 19499 1079 1 78 78 CD 19499 1079 2 . . . 19499 1080 1 A a DT 19499 1080 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1080 3 key key NN 19499 1080 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1080 5 is be VBZ 19499 1080 6 a a DT 19499 1080 7 number number NN 19499 1080 8 of of IN 19499 1080 9 tones tone NNS 19499 1080 10 grouping group VBG 19499 1080 11 themselves -PRON- PRP 19499 1080 12 naturally naturally RB 19499 1080 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1080 14 both both DT 19499 1080 15 melodically melodically RB 19499 1080 16 and and CC 19499 1080 17 harmonically harmonically RB 19499 1080 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1080 19 about about IN 19499 1080 20 a a DT 19499 1080 21 central central JJ 19499 1080 22 tone tone NN 19499 1080 23 -- -- : 19499 1080 24 the the DT 19499 1080 25 key key JJ 19499 1080 26 tone tone NN 19499 1080 27 . . . 19499 1081 1 The the DT 19499 1081 2 word word NN 19499 1081 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1081 4 tonality tonality NN 19499 1081 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1081 6 is be VBZ 19499 1081 7 often often RB 19499 1081 8 used use VBN 19499 1081 9 synonymously synonymously RB 19499 1081 10 with with IN 19499 1081 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1081 12 key key JJ 19499 1081 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1081 14 in in IN 19499 1081 15 this this DT 19499 1081 16 sense sense NN 19499 1081 17 . . . 19499 1082 1 The the DT 19499 1082 2 difference difference NN 19499 1082 3 between between IN 19499 1082 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 5 key key NN 19499 1082 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 7 and and CC 19499 1082 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 9 scale scale NN 19499 1082 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 11 is be VBZ 19499 1082 12 therefore therefore RB 19499 1082 13 this this DT 19499 1082 14 , , , 19499 1082 15 that that IN 19499 1082 16 while while IN 19499 1082 17 both both DT 19499 1082 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 19 key key NN 19499 1082 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 21 and and CC 19499 1082 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 23 scale scale NN 19499 1082 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 25 employ employ VBZ 19499 1082 26 the the DT 19499 1082 27 same same JJ 19499 1082 28 tone tone NN 19499 1082 29 material material NN 19499 1082 30 , , , 19499 1082 31 by by IN 19499 1082 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 33 key key NN 19499 1082 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 35 we -PRON- PRP 19499 1082 36 mean mean VBP 19499 1082 37 the the DT 19499 1082 38 material material NN 19499 1082 39 in in IN 19499 1082 40 general general JJ 19499 1082 41 , , , 19499 1082 42 without without IN 19499 1082 43 any any DT 19499 1082 44 particular particular JJ 19499 1082 45 order order NN 19499 1082 46 or or CC 19499 1082 47 arrangement arrangement NN 19499 1082 48 in in IN 19499 1082 49 mind mind NN 19499 1082 50 , , , 19499 1082 51 while while IN 19499 1082 52 by by IN 19499 1082 53 _ _ NNP 19499 1082 54 scale scale NN 19499 1082 55 _ _ IN 19499 1082 56 we -PRON- PRP 19499 1082 57 mean mean VBP 19499 1082 58 the the DT 19499 1082 59 same same JJ 19499 1082 60 tones tone NNS 19499 1082 61 , , , 19499 1082 62 but but CC 19499 1082 63 now now RB 19499 1082 64 arranged arrange VBD 19499 1082 65 into into IN 19499 1082 66 a a DT 19499 1082 67 regular regular JJ 19499 1082 68 ascending ascending NN 19499 1082 69 or or CC 19499 1082 70 descending descend VBG 19499 1082 71 series series NN 19499 1082 72 . . . 19499 1083 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1083 2 should should MD 19499 1083 3 be be VB 19499 1083 4 noted note VBN 19499 1083 5 in in IN 19499 1083 6 this this DT 19499 1083 7 connection connection NN 19499 1083 8 also also RB 19499 1083 9 that that IN 19499 1083 10 not not RB 19499 1083 11 all all DT 19499 1083 12 scales scale NNS 19499 1083 13 present present VBP 19499 1083 14 an an DT 19499 1083 15 equally equally RB 19499 1083 16 good good JJ 19499 1083 17 opportunity opportunity NN 19499 1083 18 of of IN 19499 1083 19 having have VBG 19499 1083 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1083 21 tones tone NNS 19499 1083 22 used use VBN 19499 1083 23 as as IN 19499 1083 24 a a DT 19499 1083 25 basis basis NN 19499 1083 26 for for IN 19499 1083 27 tonality tonality NN 19499 1083 28 or or CC 19499 1083 29 key key NN 19499 1083 30 - - HYPH 19499 1083 31 feeling feeling NN 19499 1083 32 : : : 19499 1083 33 neither neither CC 19499 1083 34 the the DT 19499 1083 35 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1083 36 nor nor CC 19499 1083 37 the the DT 19499 1083 38 whole whole JJ 19499 1083 39 - - HYPH 19499 1083 40 step step NN 19499 1083 41 scale scale NN 19499 1083 42 possess possess VBP 19499 1083 43 the the DT 19499 1083 44 necessary necessary JJ 19499 1083 45 characteristics characteristic NNS 19499 1083 46 for for IN 19499 1083 47 being be VBG 19499 1083 48 used use VBN 19499 1083 49 as as IN 19499 1083 50 tonality tonality NN 19499 1083 51 scales scale VBZ 19499 1083 52 in in IN 19499 1083 53 the the DT 19499 1083 54 same same JJ 19499 1083 55 sense sense NN 19499 1083 56 that that IN 19499 1083 57 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1083 58 major major JJ 19499 1083 59 and and CC 19499 1083 60 minor minor JJ 19499 1083 61 scales scale NNS 19499 1083 62 are be VBP 19499 1083 63 so so RB 19499 1083 64 used used JJ 19499 1083 65 . . . 19499 1084 1 79 79 CD 19499 1084 2 . . . 19499 1085 1 There there EX 19499 1085 2 are be VBP 19499 1085 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1085 4 three three CD 19499 1085 5 general general JJ 19499 1085 6 classes class NNS 19499 1085 7 of of IN 19499 1085 8 scales scale NNS 19499 1085 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1085 10 extant extant JJ 19499 1085 11 at at IN 19499 1085 12 the the DT 19499 1085 13 present present JJ 19499 1085 14 time time NN 19499 1085 15 , , , 19499 1085 16 viz viz NN 19499 1085 17 . . . 19499 1086 1 : : : 19499 1086 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1086 3 1 1 LS 19499 1086 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1086 5 Diatonic Diatonic NNP 19499 1086 6 ; ; : 19499 1086 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1086 8 2 2 LS 19499 1086 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1086 10 Chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1086 11 ; ; : 19499 1086 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1086 13 3 3 LS 19499 1086 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1086 15 Whole whole JJ 19499 1086 16 - - HYPH 19499 1086 17 tone tone NN 19499 1086 18 . . . 19499 1087 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1087 2 13 13 CD 19499 1087 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1087 4 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1087 5 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1087 6 13 13 CD 19499 1087 7 : : : 19499 1087 8 If if IN 19499 1087 9 strictly strictly RB 19499 1087 10 logical logical JJ 19499 1087 11 terminology terminology NN 19499 1087 12 is be VBZ 19499 1087 13 to to TO 19499 1087 14 be be VB 19499 1087 15 insisted insist VBN 19499 1087 16 upon upon IN 19499 1087 17 the the DT 19499 1087 18 whole whole JJ 19499 1087 19 - - HYPH 19499 1087 20 tone tone NN 19499 1087 21 scale scale NN 19499 1087 22 should should MD 19499 1087 23 be be VB 19499 1087 24 called call VBN 19499 1087 25 the the DT 19499 1087 26 " " `` 19499 1087 27 whole whole JJ 19499 1087 28 - - HYPH 19499 1087 29 step step NN 19499 1087 30 " " '' 19499 1087 31 scale scale NN 19499 1087 32 . . . 19499 1087 33 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1088 1 80 80 CD 19499 1088 2 . . . 19499 1089 1 The the DT 19499 1089 2 word word NN 19499 1089 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1089 4 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1089 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1089 6 means mean VBZ 19499 1089 7 " " `` 19499 1089 8 through through IN 19499 1089 9 the the DT 19499 1089 10 tones tone NNS 19499 1089 11 " " '' 19499 1089 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1089 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1089 14 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1089 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1089 16 , , , 19499 1089 17 through through IN 19499 1089 18 the the DT 19499 1089 19 tones tone NNS 19499 1089 20 of of IN 19499 1089 21 the the DT 19499 1089 22 key key NN 19499 1089 23 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1089 24 , , , 19499 1089 25 and and CC 19499 1089 26 is be VBZ 19499 1089 27 applied apply VBN 19499 1089 28 to to IN 19499 1089 29 both both CC 19499 1089 30 major major JJ 19499 1089 31 and and CC 19499 1089 32 minor minor JJ 19499 1089 33 scales scale NNS 19499 1089 34 of of IN 19499 1089 35 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1089 36 modern modern JJ 19499 1089 37 tonality tonality NN 19499 1089 38 system system NN 19499 1089 39 . . . 19499 1090 1 In in IN 19499 1090 2 general general JJ 19499 1090 3 a a DT 19499 1090 4 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1090 5 scale scale NN 19499 1090 6 may may MD 19499 1090 7 be be VB 19499 1090 8 defined define VBN 19499 1090 9 as as IN 19499 1090 10 one one CD 19499 1090 11 which which WDT 19499 1090 12 proceeds proceed VBZ 19499 1090 13 by by IN 19499 1090 14 half half JJ 19499 1090 15 - - HYPH 19499 1090 16 steps step NNS 19499 1090 17 and and CC 19499 1090 18 whole whole JJ 19499 1090 19 - - HYPH 19499 1090 20 steps step NNS 19499 1090 21 . . . 19499 1091 1 There there EX 19499 1091 2 is be VBZ 19499 1091 3 , , , 19499 1091 4 however however RB 19499 1091 5 , , , 19499 1091 6 one one CD 19499 1091 7 exception exception NN 19499 1091 8 to to IN 19499 1091 9 this this DT 19499 1091 10 principle principle NN 19499 1091 11 , , , 19499 1091 12 viz viz NNP 19499 1091 13 . . NNP 19499 1091 14 , , , 19499 1091 15 in in IN 19499 1091 16 the the DT 19499 1091 17 progression progression NN 19499 1091 18 six six CD 19499 1091 19 to to IN 19499 1091 20 seven seven CD 19499 1091 21 in in IN 19499 1091 22 the the DT 19499 1091 23 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 1091 24 minor minor JJ 19499 1091 25 scale scale NN 19499 1091 26 , , , 19499 1091 27 which which WDT 19499 1091 28 is be VBZ 19499 1091 29 of of IN 19499 1091 30 course course NN 19499 1091 31 a a DT 19499 1091 32 step step NN 19499 1091 33 - - HYPH 19499 1091 34 and and CC 19499 1091 35 - - HYPH 19499 1091 36 a a DT 19499 1091 37 - - HYPH 19499 1091 38 half half NN 19499 1091 39 . . . 19499 1092 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1092 2 See see VB 19499 1092 3 p. p. NN 19499 1092 4 33 33 CD 19499 1092 5 , , , 19499 1092 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1092 7 . . . 19499 1093 1 86 86 CD 19499 1093 2 . . . 19499 1093 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1094 1 81 81 CD 19499 1094 2 . . . 19499 1095 1 A a DT 19499 1095 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1095 3 major major JJ 19499 1095 4 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1095 5 scale scale NN 19499 1095 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1095 7 is be VBZ 19499 1095 8 one one CD 19499 1095 9 in in IN 19499 1095 10 which which WDT 19499 1095 11 the the DT 19499 1095 12 intervals interval NNS 19499 1095 13 between between IN 19499 1095 14 the the DT 19499 1095 15 tones tone NNS 19499 1095 16 are be VBP 19499 1095 17 arranged arrange VBN 19499 1095 18 as as IN 19499 1095 19 follows follow VBZ 19499 1095 20 : : : 19499 1095 21 1 1 CD 19499 1095 22 whole whole JJ 19499 1095 23 2 2 CD 19499 1095 24 whole whole JJ 19499 1095 25 3 3 CD 19499 1095 26 half half NN 19499 1095 27 4 4 CD 19499 1095 28 whole whole NN 19499 1095 29 5 5 CD 19499 1095 30 whole whole JJ 19499 1095 31 6 6 CD 19499 1095 32 whole whole JJ 19499 1095 33 7 7 CD 19499 1095 34 half half NN 19499 1095 35 8 8 CD 19499 1095 36 step step NN 19499 1095 37 step step NN 19499 1095 38 step step NN 19499 1095 39 step step NN 19499 1095 40 step step NN 19499 1095 41 step step NN 19499 1095 42 step step NN 19499 1095 43 In in IN 19499 1095 44 other other JJ 19499 1095 45 words word NNS 19499 1095 46 , , , 19499 1095 47 a a DT 19499 1095 48 major major JJ 19499 1095 49 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1095 50 scale scale NN 19499 1095 51 is be VBZ 19499 1095 52 one one CD 19499 1095 53 in in IN 19499 1095 54 which which WDT 19499 1095 55 the the DT 19499 1095 56 intervals interval NNS 19499 1095 57 between between IN 19499 1095 58 three three CD 19499 1095 59 and and CC 19499 1095 60 four four CD 19499 1095 61 , , , 19499 1095 62 and and CC 19499 1095 63 between between IN 19499 1095 64 seven seven CD 19499 1095 65 and and CC 19499 1095 66 eight eight CD 19499 1095 67 are be VBP 19499 1095 68 half half JJ 19499 1095 69 - - HYPH 19499 1095 70 steps step NNS 19499 1095 71 , , , 19499 1095 72 all all PDT 19499 1095 73 the the DT 19499 1095 74 others other NNS 19499 1095 75 being be VBG 19499 1095 76 whole whole JJ 19499 1095 77 - - HYPH 19499 1095 78 steps step NNS 19499 1095 79 . . . 19499 1096 1 A a DT 19499 1096 2 composition composition NN 19499 1096 3 based base VBN 19499 1096 4 on on IN 19499 1096 5 this this DT 19499 1096 6 scale scale NN 19499 1096 7 is be VBZ 19499 1096 8 said say VBN 19499 1096 9 to to TO 19499 1096 10 be be VB 19499 1096 11 written write VBN 19499 1096 12 in in IN 19499 1096 13 the the DT 19499 1096 14 major major JJ 19499 1096 15 mode mode NN 19499 1096 16 , , , 19499 1096 17 or or CC 19499 1096 18 in in IN 19499 1096 19 a a DT 19499 1096 20 major major JJ 19499 1096 21 key key NN 19499 1096 22 . . . 19499 1097 1 The the DT 19499 1097 2 major major JJ 19499 1097 3 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1097 4 scale scale NN 19499 1097 5 may may MD 19499 1097 6 begin begin VB 19499 1097 7 on on IN 19499 1097 8 any any DT 19499 1097 9 one one CD 19499 1097 10 of of IN 19499 1097 11 the the DT 19499 1097 12 twelve twelve CD 19499 1097 13 pitches pitch NNS 19499 1097 14 C C NNP 19499 1097 15 , , , 19499 1097 16 C[sharp c[sharp JJ 19499 1097 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 18 or or CC 19499 1097 19 D[flat D[flat NNP 19499 1097 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 21 , , , 19499 1097 22 D D NNP 19499 1097 23 , , , 19499 1097 24 D[sharp d[sharp JJ 19499 1097 25 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 26 or or CC 19499 1097 27 E[flat e[flat NN 19499 1097 28 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 29 , , , 19499 1097 30 E E NNP 19499 1097 31 , , , 19499 1097 32 F F NNP 19499 1097 33 , , , 19499 1097 34 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 1097 35 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 36 or or CC 19499 1097 37 G[flat g[flat NN 19499 1097 38 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 39 , , , 19499 1097 40 G g NN 19499 1097 41 , , , 19499 1097 42 G[sharp G[sharp NNP 19499 1097 43 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 44 or or CC 19499 1097 45 A[flat A[flat NNP 19499 1097 46 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 47 , , , 19499 1097 48 A a NN 19499 1097 49 , , , 19499 1097 50 A[sharp a[sharp NN 19499 1097 51 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 52 or or CC 19499 1097 53 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 1097 54 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1097 55 , , , 19499 1097 56 B b NN 19499 1097 57 , , , 19499 1097 58 but but CC 19499 1097 59 in in IN 19499 1097 60 each each DT 19499 1097 61 case case NN 19499 1097 62 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1097 63 is be VBZ 19499 1097 64 the the DT 19499 1097 65 same same JJ 19499 1097 66 scale scale NN 19499 1097 67 because because IN 19499 1097 68 the the DT 19499 1097 69 intervals interval NNS 19499 1097 70 between between IN 19499 1097 71 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1097 72 tones tone NNS 19499 1097 73 are be VBP 19499 1097 74 the the DT 19499 1097 75 same same JJ 19499 1097 76 . . . 19499 1098 1 We -PRON- PRP 19499 1098 2 have have VBP 19499 1098 3 then then RB 19499 1098 4 one one CD 19499 1098 5 major major JJ 19499 1098 6 scale scale NN 19499 1098 7 only only RB 19499 1098 8 , , , 19499 1098 9 but but CC 19499 1098 10 this this DT 19499 1098 11 scale scale NN 19499 1098 12 may may MD 19499 1098 13 be be VB 19499 1098 14 written write VBN 19499 1098 15 in in IN 19499 1098 16 many many JJ 19499 1098 17 different different JJ 19499 1098 18 positions position NNS 19499 1098 19 , , , 19499 1098 20 and and CC 19499 1098 21 may may MD 19499 1098 22 be be VB 19499 1098 23 sung sing VBN 19499 1098 24 or or CC 19499 1098 25 played play VBN 19499 1098 26 beginning beginning NN 19499 1098 27 on on IN 19499 1098 28 any any DT 19499 1098 29 one one CD 19499 1098 30 of of IN 19499 1098 31 a a DT 19499 1098 32 number number NN 19499 1098 33 of of IN 19499 1098 34 different different JJ 19499 1098 35 pitches pitch NNS 19499 1098 36 . . . 19499 1099 1 82 82 CD 19499 1099 2 . . . 19499 1100 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1100 2 is be VBZ 19499 1100 3 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1100 4 to to TO 19499 1100 5 note note VB 19499 1100 6 that that IN 19499 1100 7 the the DT 19499 1100 8 major major JJ 19499 1100 9 scale scale NN 19499 1100 10 consists consist VBZ 19499 1100 11 of of IN 19499 1100 12 two two CD 19499 1100 13 identical identical JJ 19499 1100 14 series series NN 19499 1100 15 of of IN 19499 1100 16 four four CD 19499 1100 17 tones tone NNS 19499 1100 18 each each DT 19499 1100 19 ; ; : 19499 1100 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1100 21 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1100 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1100 23 , , , 19499 1100 24 the the DT 19499 1100 25 first first JJ 19499 1100 26 four four CD 19499 1100 27 tones tone NNS 19499 1100 28 of of IN 19499 1100 29 the the DT 19499 1100 30 scale scale NN 19499 1100 31 are be VBP 19499 1100 32 separated separate VBN 19499 1100 33 from from IN 19499 1100 34 one one CD 19499 1100 35 another another DT 19499 1100 36 by by IN 19499 1100 37 exactly exactly RB 19499 1100 38 the the DT 19499 1100 39 same same JJ 19499 1100 40 intervals interval NNS 19499 1100 41 and and CC 19499 1100 42 these these DT 19499 1100 43 intervals interval NNS 19499 1100 44 appear appear VBP 19499 1100 45 in in IN 19499 1100 46 exactly exactly RB 19499 1100 47 the the DT 19499 1100 48 same same JJ 19499 1100 49 order order NN 19499 1100 50 as as IN 19499 1100 51 in in IN 19499 1100 52 the the DT 19499 1100 53 case case NN 19499 1100 54 of of IN 19499 1100 55 the the DT 19499 1100 56 last last JJ 19499 1100 57 four four CD 19499 1100 58 tones tone NNS 19499 1100 59 of of IN 19499 1100 60 the the DT 19499 1100 61 scale scale NN 19499 1100 62 . . . 19499 1101 1 Fig fig NN 19499 1101 2 . . . 19499 1102 1 53 53 CD 19499 1102 2 will will MD 19499 1102 3 make make VB 19499 1102 4 this this DT 19499 1102 5 clear clear JJ 19499 1102 6 . . . 19499 1103 1 The the DT 19499 1103 2 first first JJ 19499 1103 3 four four CD 19499 1103 4 tones tone NNS 19499 1103 5 of of IN 19499 1103 6 any any DT 19499 1103 7 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1103 8 scale scale NN 19499 1103 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1103 10 major major JJ 19499 1103 11 or or CC 19499 1103 12 minor minor JJ 19499 1103 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1103 14 are be VBP 19499 1103 15 often often RB 19499 1103 16 referred refer VBN 19499 1103 17 to to IN 19499 1103 18 as as IN 19499 1103 19 the the DT 19499 1103 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1103 21 lower low JJR 19499 1103 22 tetrachord_[14 tetrachord_[14 NN 19499 1103 23 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1103 24 and and CC 19499 1103 25 the the DT 19499 1103 26 upper upper JJ 19499 1103 27 four four CD 19499 1103 28 tones tone NNS 19499 1103 29 as as IN 19499 1103 30 the the DT 19499 1103 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1103 32 upper upper JJ 19499 1103 33 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 1103 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1103 35 . . . 19499 1104 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1104 2 Footnote footnote NN 19499 1104 3 14 14 CD 19499 1104 4 : : : 19499 1104 5 The the DT 19499 1104 6 word word NN 19499 1104 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1104 8 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 1104 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1104 10 means mean VBZ 19499 1104 11 literally literally RB 19499 1104 12 " " `` 19499 1104 13 four four CD 19499 1104 14 strings string NNS 19499 1104 15 " " '' 19499 1104 16 and and CC 19499 1104 17 refers refer VBZ 19499 1104 18 to to IN 19499 1104 19 the the DT 19499 1104 20 primitive primitive JJ 19499 1104 21 instrument instrument NN 19499 1104 22 , , , 19499 1104 23 the the DT 19499 1104 24 four four CD 19499 1104 25 strings string NNS 19499 1104 26 of of IN 19499 1104 27 which which WDT 19499 1104 28 were be VBD 19499 1104 29 so so RB 19499 1104 30 tuned tune VBN 19499 1104 31 that that IN 19499 1104 32 the the DT 19499 1104 33 lowest low JJS 19499 1104 34 and and CC 19499 1104 35 the the DT 19499 1104 36 highest high JJS 19499 1104 37 tones tone NNS 19499 1104 38 produced produce VBN 19499 1104 39 were be VBD 19499 1104 40 a a DT 19499 1104 41 perfect perfect JJ 19499 1104 42 fourth fourth JJ 19499 1104 43 apart apart RB 19499 1104 44 . . . 19499 1105 1 With with IN 19499 1105 2 the the DT 19499 1105 3 Greeks Greeks NNPS 19499 1105 4 the the DT 19499 1105 5 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 1105 6 was be VBD 19499 1105 7 the the DT 19499 1105 8 unit unit NN 19499 1105 9 of of IN 19499 1105 10 analysis analysis NN 19499 1105 11 as as IN 19499 1105 12 the the DT 19499 1105 13 octave octave NN 19499 1105 14 is be VBZ 19499 1105 15 with with IN 19499 1105 16 us -PRON- PRP 19499 1105 17 to to NN 19499 1105 18 - - HYPH 19499 1105 19 day day NN 19499 1105 20 , , , 19499 1105 21 and and CC 19499 1105 22 all all DT 19499 1105 23 Greek greek JJ 19499 1105 24 scales scale NNS 19499 1105 25 are be VBP 19499 1105 26 capable capable JJ 19499 1105 27 of of IN 19499 1105 28 division division NN 19499 1105 29 into into IN 19499 1105 30 two two CD 19499 1105 31 tetrachords tetrachord NNS 19499 1105 32 , , , 19499 1105 33 the the DT 19499 1105 34 arrangement arrangement NN 19499 1105 35 of of IN 19499 1105 36 the the DT 19499 1105 37 intervals interval NNS 19499 1105 38 between between IN 19499 1105 39 the the DT 19499 1105 40 tones tone NNS 19499 1105 41 in in IN 19499 1105 42 each each DT 19499 1105 43 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 1105 44 differentiating differentiate VBG 19499 1105 45 one one CD 19499 1105 46 scale scale NN 19499 1105 47 from from IN 19499 1105 48 another another DT 19499 1105 49 , , , 19499 1105 50 but but CC 19499 1105 51 the the DT 19499 1105 52 tetrachords tetrachord NNS 19499 1105 53 themselves -PRON- PRP 19499 1105 54 always always RB 19499 1105 55 consisting consist VBG 19499 1105 56 of of IN 19499 1105 57 groups group NNS 19499 1105 58 of of IN 19499 1105 59 four four CD 19499 1105 60 tones tone NNS 19499 1105 61 , , , 19499 1105 62 the the DT 19499 1105 63 highest high JJS 19499 1105 64 being be VBG 19499 1105 65 a a DT 19499 1105 66 perfect perfect JJ 19499 1105 67 fourth fourth RB 19499 1105 68 above above IN 19499 1105 69 the the DT 19499 1105 70 lowest low JJS 19499 1105 71 . . . 19499 1105 72 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1106 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1106 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1106 3 : : : 19499 1106 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1106 5 . . . 19499 1107 1 53 53 CD 19499 1107 2 . . . 19499 1107 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1108 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1108 2 is be VBZ 19499 1108 3 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1108 4 further further RB 19499 1108 5 to to TO 19499 1108 6 note note VB 19499 1108 7 that that IN 19499 1108 8 the the DT 19499 1108 9 upper upper JJ 19499 1108 10 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 1108 11 of of IN 19499 1108 12 any any DT 19499 1108 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1108 14 sharp sharp JJ 19499 1108 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1108 16 scale scale NN 19499 1108 17 is be VBZ 19499 1108 18 always always RB 19499 1108 19 used use VBN 19499 1108 20 without without IN 19499 1108 21 change change NN 19499 1108 22 as as IN 19499 1108 23 the the DT 19499 1108 24 lower low JJR 19499 1108 25 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 1108 26 of of IN 19499 1108 27 the the DT 19499 1108 28 next next JJ 19499 1108 29 major major JJ 19499 1108 30 scale scale NN 19499 1108 31 involving involve VBG 19499 1108 32 sharps sharps NN 19499 1108 33 , , , 19499 1108 34 while while IN 19499 1108 35 the the DT 19499 1108 36 lower low JJR 19499 1108 37 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 1108 38 of of IN 19499 1108 39 any any DT 19499 1108 40 _ _ NNP 19499 1108 41 flat flat JJ 19499 1108 42 _ _ NNP 19499 1108 43 scale scale NN 19499 1108 44 is be VBZ 19499 1108 45 used use VBN 19499 1108 46 as as IN 19499 1108 47 the the DT 19499 1108 48 upper upper JJ 19499 1108 49 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 1108 50 of of IN 19499 1108 51 the the DT 19499 1108 52 next next JJ 19499 1108 53 flat flat JJ 19499 1108 54 scale scale NN 19499 1108 55 . . . 19499 1109 1 See see VB 19499 1109 2 Figs fig NNS 19499 1109 3 . . . 19499 1110 1 54 54 CD 19499 1110 2 and and CC 19499 1110 3 55 55 CD 19499 1110 4 . . . 19499 1111 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1111 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1111 3 : : : 19499 1111 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1111 5 . . . 19499 1112 1 54 54 CD 19499 1112 2 . . . 19499 1112 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1113 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1113 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1113 3 : : : 19499 1113 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1113 5 . . . 19499 1114 1 55 55 CD 19499 1114 2 . . . 19499 1114 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1115 1 83 83 CD 19499 1115 2 . . . 19499 1116 1 From from IN 19499 1116 2 the the DT 19499 1116 3 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 1116 4 of of IN 19499 1116 5 staff staff NN 19499 1116 6 notation notation NN 19499 1116 7 the the DT 19499 1116 8 major major JJ 19499 1116 9 scale scale NN 19499 1116 10 may may MD 19499 1116 11 be be VB 19499 1116 12 written write VBN 19499 1116 13 in in IN 19499 1116 14 fifteen fifteen CD 19499 1116 15 different different JJ 19499 1116 16 positions position NNS 19499 1116 17 , , , 19499 1116 18 as as IN 19499 1116 19 follows follow VBZ 19499 1116 20 : : : 19499 1116 21 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1116 22 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1116 23 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1116 24 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1116 25 will will MD 19499 1116 26 be be VB 19499 1116 27 observed observe VBN 19499 1116 28 that that IN 19499 1116 29 in in IN 19499 1116 30 the the DT 19499 1116 31 above above JJ 19499 1116 32 series series NN 19499 1116 33 of of IN 19499 1116 34 scales scale NNS 19499 1116 35 those those DT 19499 1116 36 beginning begin VBG 19499 1116 37 on on IN 19499 1116 38 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 1116 39 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1116 40 and and CC 19499 1116 41 G[flat G[flat NNP 19499 1116 42 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1116 43 call call NN 19499 1116 44 for for IN 19499 1116 45 the the DT 19499 1116 46 same same JJ 19499 1116 47 keys key NNS 19499 1116 48 on on IN 19499 1116 49 the the DT 19499 1116 50 piano piano NN 19499 1116 51 , , , 19499 1116 52 _ _ NNP 19499 1116 53 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1116 54 _ _ NNP 19499 1116 55 , , , 19499 1116 56 while while IN 19499 1116 57 the the DT 19499 1116 58 notation notation NN 19499 1116 59 is be VBZ 19499 1116 60 different different JJ 19499 1116 61 , , , 19499 1116 62 the the DT 19499 1116 63 actual actual JJ 19499 1116 64 tones tone NNS 19499 1116 65 of of IN 19499 1116 66 the the DT 19499 1116 67 scale scale NN 19499 1116 68 are be VBP 19499 1116 69 the the DT 19499 1116 70 same same JJ 19499 1116 71 . . . 19499 1117 1 The the DT 19499 1117 2 scales scale NNS 19499 1117 3 of of IN 19499 1117 4 C[sharp c[sharp NN 19499 1117 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1117 6 and and CC 19499 1117 7 D[flat D[flat NNP 19499 1117 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1117 9 likewise likewise RB 19499 1117 10 employ employ VBP 19499 1117 11 the the DT 19499 1117 12 same same JJ 19499 1117 13 tones tone NNS 19499 1117 14 . . . 19499 1118 1 When when WRB 19499 1118 2 two two CD 19499 1118 3 scales scale NNS 19499 1118 4 thus thus RB 19499 1118 5 employ employ VBP 19499 1118 6 the the DT 19499 1118 7 same same JJ 19499 1118 8 tones tone NNS 19499 1118 9 but but CC 19499 1118 10 differ differ VBP 19499 1118 11 in in IN 19499 1118 12 notation notation NN 19499 1118 13 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1118 14 are be VBP 19499 1118 15 said say VBN 19499 1118 16 to to TO 19499 1118 17 be be VB 19499 1118 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1118 19 enharmonic enharmonic JJ 19499 1118 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1118 21 , , , 19499 1118 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1118 23 cf cf NN 19499 1118 24 . . . 19499 1119 1 p. p. NN 19499 1119 2 38 38 CD 19499 1119 3 , , , 19499 1119 4 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1119 5 . . . 19499 1120 1 93 93 CD 19499 1120 2 . . . 19499 1120 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1121 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1121 2 Note_.--The Note_.--The NNP 19499 1121 3 student student NN 19499 1121 4 is be VBZ 19499 1121 5 advised advise VBN 19499 1121 6 to to TO 19499 1121 7 adopt adopt VB 19499 1121 8 some some DT 19499 1121 9 uniform uniform JJ 19499 1121 10 method method NN 19499 1121 11 of of IN 19499 1121 12 writing writing NN 19499 1121 13 scales scale NNS 19499 1121 14 , , , 19499 1121 15 preferably preferably RB 19499 1121 16 the the DT 19499 1121 17 one one NN 19499 1121 18 followed follow VBD 19499 1121 19 in in IN 19499 1121 20 those those DT 19499 1121 21 given give VBN 19499 1121 22 above above RB 19499 1121 23 , , , 19499 1121 24 the the DT 19499 1121 25 necessary necessary JJ 19499 1121 26 sharps sharps NN 19499 1121 27 and and CC 19499 1121 28 flats flat NNS 19499 1121 29 appearing appear VBG 19499 1121 30 before before IN 19499 1121 31 the the DT 19499 1121 32 notes note NNS 19499 1121 33 in in IN 19499 1121 34 the the DT 19499 1121 35 scale scale NN 19499 1121 36 and and CC 19499 1121 37 then then RB 19499 1121 38 repeated repeat VBN 19499 1121 39 collectively collectively RB 19499 1121 40 at at IN 19499 1121 41 the the DT 19499 1121 42 end end NN 19499 1121 43 as as IN 19499 1121 44 a a DT 19499 1121 45 signature signature NN 19499 1121 46 . . . 19499 1122 1 He -PRON- PRP 19499 1122 2 is be VBZ 19499 1122 3 also also RB 19499 1122 4 advised advise VBN 19499 1122 5 to to TO 19499 1122 6 repeat repeat VB 19499 1122 7 these these DT 19499 1122 8 scales scale NNS 19499 1122 9 and and CC 19499 1122 10 signatures signature NNS 19499 1122 11 over over RB 19499 1122 12 and and CC 19499 1122 13 over over RB 19499 1122 14 until until IN 19499 1122 15 absolute absolute JJ 19499 1122 16 familiarity familiarity NN 19499 1122 17 is be VBZ 19499 1122 18 attained attain VBN 19499 1122 19 . . . 19499 1123 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1123 2 E.g. E.g. NNP 19499 1123 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1123 4 , , , 19499 1123 5 E e NN 19499 1123 6 -- -- : 19499 1123 7 F[sharp]--G[sharp]--A f[sharp]--g[sharp]--a NN 19499 1123 8 -- -- : 19499 1123 9 B b NN 19499 1123 10 -- -- : 19499 1123 11 C[sharp]--D[sharp]--E c[sharp]--d[sharp]--e NN 19499 1123 12 ; ; : 19499 1123 13 signature signature NN 19499 1123 14 , , , 19499 1123 15 four four CD 19499 1123 16 sharps sharp NNS 19499 1123 17 , , , 19499 1123 18 F F NNP 19499 1123 19 , , , 19499 1123 20 C C NNP 19499 1123 21 , , , 19499 1123 22 G G NNP 19499 1123 23 , , , 19499 1123 24 and and CC 19499 1123 25 D. D. NNP 19499 1123 26 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 1123 27 VIII viii NN 19499 1123 28 SCALES SCALES NNP 19499 1123 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1123 30 _ _ NNP 19499 1123 31 Continued Continued NNP 19499 1123 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1123 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1123 34 84 84 CD 19499 1123 35 . . . 19499 1124 1 The the DT 19499 1124 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1124 3 minor minor JJ 19499 1124 4 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1124 5 scale scale NN 19499 1124 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1124 7 is be VBZ 19499 1124 8 used use VBN 19499 1124 9 in in IN 19499 1124 10 several several JJ 19499 1124 11 slightly slightly RB 19499 1124 12 different different JJ 19499 1124 13 forms form NNS 19499 1124 14 , , , 19499 1124 15 but but CC 19499 1124 16 the the DT 19499 1124 17 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 1124 18 interval interval NN 19499 1124 19 between between IN 19499 1124 20 the the DT 19499 1124 21 first first JJ 19499 1124 22 and and CC 19499 1124 23 third third JJ 19499 1124 24 tones tone NNS 19499 1124 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1124 26 which which WDT 19499 1124 27 differentiates differentiate VBZ 19499 1124 28 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1124 29 from from IN 19499 1124 30 the the DT 19499 1124 31 major major JJ 19499 1124 32 scale scale NN 19499 1124 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1124 34 remains remain VBZ 19499 1124 35 the the DT 19499 1124 36 same same JJ 19499 1124 37 in in IN 19499 1124 38 every every DT 19499 1124 39 case case NN 19499 1124 40 . . . 19499 1125 1 This this DT 19499 1125 2 interval interval NN 19499 1125 3 between between IN 19499 1125 4 the the DT 19499 1125 5 first first JJ 19499 1125 6 and and CC 19499 1125 7 third third JJ 19499 1125 8 tones tone NNS 19499 1125 9 consists consist VBZ 19499 1125 10 of of IN 19499 1125 11 four four CD 19499 1125 12 half half JJ 19499 1125 13 - - HYPH 19499 1125 14 steps step NNS 19499 1125 15 in in IN 19499 1125 16 the the DT 19499 1125 17 major major JJ 19499 1125 18 scale scale NN 19499 1125 19 and and CC 19499 1125 20 of of IN 19499 1125 21 three three CD 19499 1125 22 half half JJ 19499 1125 23 - - HYPH 19499 1125 24 steps step NNS 19499 1125 25 in in IN 19499 1125 26 the the DT 19499 1125 27 minor minor JJ 19499 1125 28 scale scale NN 19499 1125 29 and and CC 19499 1125 30 this this DT 19499 1125 31 difference difference NN 19499 1125 32 in in IN 19499 1125 33 size size NN 19499 1125 34 has have VBZ 19499 1125 35 given give VBN 19499 1125 36 rise rise NN 19499 1125 37 to to IN 19499 1125 38 the the DT 19499 1125 39 designation designation NN 19499 1125 40 _ _ NNP 19499 1125 41 major major JJ 19499 1125 42 _ _ NNP 19499 1125 43 for for IN 19499 1125 44 the the DT 19499 1125 45 scale scale NN 19499 1125 46 having have VBG 19499 1125 47 the the DT 19499 1125 48 larger large JJR 19499 1125 49 third third NN 19499 1125 50 , , , 19499 1125 51 and and CC 19499 1125 52 _ _ NNP 19499 1125 53 minor minor JJ 19499 1125 54 _ _ NNP 19499 1125 55 for for IN 19499 1125 56 the the DT 19499 1125 57 scale scale NN 19499 1125 58 having have VBG 19499 1125 59 the the DT 19499 1125 60 smaller small JJR 19499 1125 61 one one NN 19499 1125 62 . . . 19499 1126 1 85 85 CD 19499 1126 2 . . . 19499 1127 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1127 2 The the DT 19499 1127 3 original original JJ 19499 1127 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1127 5 or or CC 19499 1127 6 primitive primitive JJ 19499 1127 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1127 8 form form NN 19499 1127 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1127 10 of of IN 19499 1127 11 the the DT 19499 1127 12 minor minor JJ 19499 1127 13 scale scale NN 19499 1127 14 has have VBZ 19499 1127 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1127 16 tones tone NNS 19499 1127 17 arranged arrange VBN 19499 1127 18 as as IN 19499 1127 19 follows follow VBZ 19499 1127 20 . . . 19499 1128 1 1 1 LS 19499 1128 2 whole whole JJ 19499 1128 3 2 2 CD 19499 1128 4 half half NN 19499 1128 5 3 3 CD 19499 1128 6 whole whole JJ 19499 1128 7 4 4 CD 19499 1128 8 half half NN 19499 1128 9 5 5 CD 19499 1128 10 half half NN 19499 1128 11 6 6 CD 19499 1128 12 whole whole JJ 19499 1128 13 7 7 CD 19499 1128 14 whole whole JJ 19499 1128 15 8 8 CD 19499 1128 16 step step NN 19499 1128 17 step step NN 19499 1128 18 step step NN 19499 1128 19 step step NN 19499 1128 20 step step NN 19499 1128 21 step step NN 19499 1128 22 step step NN 19499 1128 23 As as IN 19499 1128 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1128 25 name name NN 19499 1128 26 implies imply VBZ 19499 1128 27 , , , 19499 1128 28 this this DT 19499 1128 29 is be VBZ 19499 1128 30 the the DT 19499 1128 31 oldest old JJS 19499 1128 32 of of IN 19499 1128 33 the the DT 19499 1128 34 three three CD 19499 1128 35 forms form NNS 19499 1128 36 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1128 37 being be VBG 19499 1128 38 derived derive VBN 19499 1128 39 from from IN 19499 1128 40 the the DT 19499 1128 41 old old JJ 19499 1128 42 Greek greek JJ 19499 1128 43 Aeolian aeolian JJ 19499 1128 44 scale scale NN 19499 1128 45 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1128 46 , , , 19499 1128 47 but but CC 19499 1128 48 because because IN 19499 1128 49 of of IN 19499 1128 50 the the DT 19499 1128 51 absence absence NN 19499 1128 52 of of IN 19499 1128 53 a a DT 19499 1128 54 " " `` 19499 1128 55 leading lead VBG 19499 1128 56 tone tone NN 19499 1128 57 " " '' 19499 1128 58 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1128 59 is be VBZ 19499 1128 60 suitable suitable JJ 19499 1128 61 for for IN 19499 1128 62 the the DT 19499 1128 63 simplest simple JJS 19499 1128 64 one one CD 19499 1128 65 - - HYPH 19499 1128 66 part part NN 19499 1128 67 music music NN 19499 1128 68 only only RB 19499 1128 69 , , , 19499 1128 70 and and CC 19499 1128 71 is be VBZ 19499 1128 72 therefore therefore RB 19499 1128 73 little little JJ 19499 1128 74 used use VBN 19499 1128 75 at at IN 19499 1128 76 present present NN 19499 1128 77 . . . 19499 1129 1 86 86 CD 19499 1129 2 . . . 19499 1130 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1130 2 The the DT 19499 1130 3 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 1130 4 minor minor JJ 19499 1130 5 scale scale NN 19499 1130 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1130 7 is be VBZ 19499 1130 8 like like IN 19499 1130 9 the the DT 19499 1130 10 primitive primitive JJ 19499 1130 11 form form NN 19499 1130 12 except except IN 19499 1130 13 that that IN 19499 1130 14 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1130 15 substitutes substitute VBZ 19499 1130 16 a a DT 19499 1130 17 tone tone NN 19499 1130 18 one one CD 19499 1130 19 half half JJ 19499 1130 20 - - HYPH 19499 1130 21 step step NN 19499 1130 22 higher high JJR 19499 1130 23 for for IN 19499 1130 24 the the DT 19499 1130 25 seventh seventh JJ 19499 1130 26 tone tone NN 19499 1130 27 of of IN 19499 1130 28 the the DT 19499 1130 29 older old JJR 19499 1130 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1130 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1130 32 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1130 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1130 34 , , , 19499 1130 35 the the DT 19499 1130 36 primitive primitive JJ 19499 1130 37 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1130 38 form form NN 19499 1130 39 . . . 19499 1131 1 This this DT 19499 1131 2 change change NN 19499 1131 3 was be VBD 19499 1131 4 made make VBN 19499 1131 5 because because IN 19499 1131 6 the the DT 19499 1131 7 development development NN 19499 1131 8 of of IN 19499 1131 9 writing write VBG 19499 1131 10 music music NN 19499 1131 11 in in IN 19499 1131 12 several several JJ 19499 1131 13 parts part NNS 19499 1131 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1131 15 particularly particularly RB 19499 1131 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1131 17 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 1131 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1131 19 part part NN 19499 1131 20 - - HYPH 19499 1131 21 writing writing NN 19499 1131 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1131 23 made make VBD 19499 1131 24 necessary necessary JJ 19499 1131 25 a a DT 19499 1131 26 " " `` 19499 1131 27 leading lead VBG 19499 1131 28 tone tone NN 19499 1131 29 , , , 19499 1131 30 " " '' 19499 1131 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1131 32 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1131 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1131 34 , , , 19499 1131 35 a a DT 19499 1131 36 tone tone NN 19499 1131 37 with with IN 19499 1131 38 a a DT 19499 1131 39 strong strong JJ 19499 1131 40 tendency tendency NN 19499 1131 41 to to TO 19499 1131 42 move move VB 19499 1131 43 on on RB 19499 1131 44 up up IN 19499 1131 45 to to IN 19499 1131 46 the the DT 19499 1131 47 key key JJ 19499 1131 48 - - HYPH 19499 1131 49 tone tone NN 19499 1131 50 as as IN 19499 1131 51 a a DT 19499 1131 52 closing closing NN 19499 1131 53 point point NN 19499 1131 54 . . . 19499 1132 1 In in IN 19499 1132 2 order order NN 19499 1132 3 to to TO 19499 1132 4 secure secure VB 19499 1132 5 a a DT 19499 1132 6 tone tone NN 19499 1132 7 with with IN 19499 1132 8 such such PDT 19499 1132 9 a a DT 19499 1132 10 strongly strongly RB 19499 1132 11 upward upward JJ 19499 1132 12 tendency tendency NN 19499 1132 13 the the DT 19499 1132 14 interval interval NN 19499 1132 15 between between IN 19499 1132 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1132 17 seven seven CD 19499 1132 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1132 19 and and CC 19499 1132 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1132 21 eight eight CD 19499 1132 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1132 23 had have VBD 19499 1132 24 to to TO 19499 1132 25 be be VB 19499 1132 26 reduced reduce VBN 19499 1132 27 in in IN 19499 1132 28 size size NN 19499 1132 29 to to IN 19499 1132 30 a a DT 19499 1132 31 half half JJ 19499 1132 32 - - HYPH 19499 1132 33 step step NN 19499 1132 34 . . . 19499 1133 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1133 2 should should MD 19499 1133 3 be be VB 19499 1133 4 noted note VBN 19499 1133 5 that that IN 19499 1133 6 this this DT 19499 1133 7 change change NN 19499 1133 8 in in IN 19499 1133 9 the the DT 19499 1133 10 seventh seventh JJ 19499 1133 11 tone tone NN 19499 1133 12 of of IN 19499 1133 13 the the DT 19499 1133 14 scale scale NN 19499 1133 15 caused cause VBD 19499 1133 16 an an DT 19499 1133 17 interval interval NN 19499 1133 18 of of IN 19499 1133 19 a a DT 19499 1133 20 step step NN 19499 1133 21 - - HYPH 19499 1133 22 and and CC 19499 1133 23 - - HYPH 19499 1133 24 a a DT 19499 1133 25 - - HYPH 19499 1133 26 half half NN 19499 1133 27 between between IN 19499 1133 28 the the DT 19499 1133 29 sixth sixth JJ 19499 1133 30 and and CC 19499 1133 31 seventh seventh JJ 19499 1133 32 tones tone NNS 19499 1133 33 of of IN 19499 1133 34 the the DT 19499 1133 35 scale scale NN 19499 1133 36 . . . 19499 1134 1 1 1 LS 19499 1134 2 whole whole JJ 19499 1134 3 2 2 CD 19499 1134 4 half half NN 19499 1134 5 3 3 CD 19499 1134 6 whole whole JJ 19499 1134 7 4 4 CD 19499 1134 8 whole whole JJ 19499 1134 9 5 5 CD 19499 1134 10 half half NN 19499 1134 11 6 6 CD 19499 1134 12 step step NN 19499 1134 13 and and CC 19499 1134 14 7 7 CD 19499 1134 15 half half NN 19499 1134 16 8 8 CD 19499 1134 17 step step NN 19499 1134 18 step step NN 19499 1134 19 step step NN 19499 1134 20 step step NN 19499 1134 21 step step VBP 19499 1134 22 a a DT 19499 1134 23 half half JJ 19499 1134 24 step step NN 19499 1134 25 87 87 CD 19499 1134 26 . . . 19499 1135 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1135 2 The the DT 19499 1135 3 melodic melodic JJ 19499 1135 4 minor minor JJ 19499 1135 5 scale scale NN 19499 1135 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1135 7 substitutes substitute VBZ 19499 1135 8 a a DT 19499 1135 9 tone tone NN 19499 1135 10 one one CD 19499 1135 11 half half JJ 19499 1135 12 - - HYPH 19499 1135 13 step step NN 19499 1135 14 higher high JJR 19499 1135 15 than than IN 19499 1135 16 six six CD 19499 1135 17 as as RB 19499 1135 18 well well RB 19499 1135 19 as as IN 19499 1135 20 one one CD 19499 1135 21 a a DT 19499 1135 22 half half JJ 19499 1135 23 - - HYPH 19499 1135 24 step step NN 19499 1135 25 higher high JJR 19499 1135 26 than than IN 19499 1135 27 seven seven CD 19499 1135 28 , , , 19499 1135 29 but but CC 19499 1135 30 this this DT 19499 1135 31 change change NN 19499 1135 32 is be VBZ 19499 1135 33 made make VBN 19499 1135 34 in in IN 19499 1135 35 the the DT 19499 1135 36 ascending ascend VBG 19499 1135 37 scale scale NN 19499 1135 38 only only RB 19499 1135 39 , , , 19499 1135 40 the the DT 19499 1135 41 descending descend VBG 19499 1135 42 scale scale NN 19499 1135 43 being be VBG 19499 1135 44 like like IN 19499 1135 45 the the DT 19499 1135 46 primitive primitive JJ 19499 1135 47 form form NN 19499 1135 48 . . . 19499 1136 1 The the DT 19499 1136 2 higher higher RBR 19499 1136 3 sixth sixth JJ 19499 1136 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1136 5 commonly commonly RB 19499 1136 6 referred refer VBN 19499 1136 7 to to IN 19499 1136 8 as as IN 19499 1136 9 the the DT 19499 1136 10 " " `` 19499 1136 11 raised raise VBD 19499 1136 12 sixth sixth JJ 19499 1136 13 " " '' 19499 1136 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1136 15 was be VBD 19499 1136 16 used use VBN 19499 1136 17 to to TO 19499 1136 18 get get VB 19499 1136 19 rid rid VBN 19499 1136 20 of of IN 19499 1136 21 the the DT 19499 1136 22 unmelodic unmelodic JJ 19499 1136 23 interval interval NN 19499 1136 24 of of IN 19499 1136 25 a a DT 19499 1136 26 step step NN 19499 1136 27 - - HYPH 19499 1136 28 and and CC 19499 1136 29 - - HYPH 19499 1136 30 a a DT 19499 1136 31 - - HYPH 19499 1136 32 half[15 half[15 NN 19499 1136 33 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1136 34 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1136 35 augmented augment VBN 19499 1136 36 second second RB 19499 1136 37 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1136 38 , , , 19499 1136 39 while while IN 19499 1136 40 the the DT 19499 1136 41 return return NN 19499 1136 42 to to IN 19499 1136 43 the the DT 19499 1136 44 primitive primitive JJ 19499 1136 45 form form NN 19499 1136 46 in in IN 19499 1136 47 descending descending NN 19499 1136 48 is be VBZ 19499 1136 49 made make VBN 19499 1136 50 because because IN 19499 1136 51 the the DT 19499 1136 52 ascending ascend VBG 19499 1136 53 form form NN 19499 1136 54 is be VBZ 19499 1136 55 too too RB 19499 1136 56 much much JJ 19499 1136 57 like like IN 19499 1136 58 the the DT 19499 1136 59 tonic tonic JJ 19499 1136 60 major major JJ 19499 1136 61 scale scale NN 19499 1136 62 . . . 19499 1137 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1137 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1137 3 15 15 CD 19499 1137 4 : : : 19499 1137 5 The the DT 19499 1137 6 step step NN 19499 1137 7 - - HYPH 19499 1137 8 and and CC 19499 1137 9 - - HYPH 19499 1137 10 a a DT 19499 1137 11 - - HYPH 19499 1137 12 half half NN 19499 1137 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1137 14 augmented augment VBN 19499 1137 15 second second RB 19499 1137 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1137 17 is be VBZ 19499 1137 18 " " `` 19499 1137 19 unmelodic unmelodic JJ 19499 1137 20 " " '' 19499 1137 21 because because IN 19499 1137 22 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1137 23 is be VBZ 19499 1137 24 the the DT 19499 1137 25 same same JJ 19499 1137 26 size size NN 19499 1137 27 as as IN 19499 1137 28 a a DT 19499 1137 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1137 30 minor minor JJ 19499 1137 31 third third JJ 19499 1137 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1137 33 and and CC 19499 1137 34 the the DT 19499 1137 35 mind mind NN 19499 1137 36 finds find VBZ 19499 1137 37 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1137 38 difficult difficult JJ 19499 1137 39 to to TO 19499 1137 40 take take VB 19499 1137 41 in in RP 19499 1137 42 as as IN 19499 1137 43 a a DT 19499 1137 44 _ _ NNP 19499 1137 45 second second JJ 19499 1137 46 _ _ NN 19499 1137 47 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1137 48 notes note NNS 19499 1137 49 representing represent VBG 19499 1137 50 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1137 51 being be VBG 19499 1137 52 on on IN 19499 1137 53 adjacent adjacent JJ 19499 1137 54 staff staff NN 19499 1137 55 - 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- HYPH 19499 1143 44 signature signature NN 19499 1143 45 . . . 19499 1144 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1144 2 E.g._,--E E.g._,--E NNP 19499 1144 3 -- -- : 19499 1144 4 F[sharp]--G F[sharp]--G NNP 19499 1144 5 -- -- . 19499 1144 6 A a NN 19499 1144 7 -- -- : 19499 1144 8 B b NN 19499 1144 9 -- -- : 19499 1144 10 C c NN 19499 1144 11 -- -- : 19499 1144 12 D[sharp]--E d[sharp]--e NN 19499 1144 13 ; ; : 19499 1144 14 signature signature NN 19499 1144 15 , , , 19499 1144 16 one one CD 19499 1144 17 sharp sharp JJ 19499 1144 18 , , , 19499 1144 19 F. F. NNP 19499 1144 20 89 89 CD 19499 1144 21 . . . 19499 1145 1 A a DT 19499 1145 2 minor minor JJ 19499 1145 3 scale scale NN 19499 1145 4 having have VBG 19499 1145 5 the the DT 19499 1145 6 same same JJ 19499 1145 7 signature signature NN 19499 1145 8 as as IN 19499 1145 9 a a DT 19499 1145 10 major major JJ 19499 1145 11 scale scale NN 19499 1145 12 is be VBZ 19499 1145 13 said say VBN 19499 1145 14 to to TO 19499 1145 15 be be VB 19499 1145 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1145 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1145 18 relative relative JJ 19499 1145 19 minor minor JJ 19499 1145 20 _ _ NN 19499 1145 21 . . . 19499 1146 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1146 2 E.g._,--e E.g._,--e NNP 19499 1146 3 is be VBZ 19499 1146 4 the the DT 19499 1146 5 relative relative JJ 19499 1146 6 minor minor JJ 19499 1146 7 of of IN 19499 1146 8 G g NN 19499 1146 9 , , , 19499 1146 10 c c NNP 19499 1146 11 of of IN 19499 1146 12 E[flat E[flat NNP 19499 1146 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1146 14 , , , 19499 1146 15 d d NNP 19499 1146 16 of of IN 19499 1146 17 F F NNP 19499 1146 18 , , , 19499 1146 19 etc etc FW 19499 1146 20 . . FW 19499 1146 21 , , , 19499 1146 22 the the DT 19499 1146 23 small small JJ 19499 1146 24 letter letter NN 19499 1146 25 being be VBG 19499 1146 26 used use VBN 19499 1146 27 to to TO 19499 1146 28 refer refer VB 19499 1146 29 to to IN 19499 1146 30 the the DT 19499 1146 31 minor minor JJ 19499 1146 32 key key NN 19499 1146 33 or or CC 19499 1146 34 scale scale NN 19499 1146 35 , , , 19499 1146 36 while while IN 19499 1146 37 the the DT 19499 1146 38 capital capital NN 19499 1146 39 letter letter NN 19499 1146 40 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 1146 41 the the DT 19499 1146 42 major major JJ 19499 1146 43 key key NN 19499 1146 44 or or CC 19499 1146 45 scale scale NN 19499 1146 46 unless unless IN 19499 1146 47 accompanied accompany VBN 19499 1146 48 by by IN 19499 1146 49 the the DT 19499 1146 50 word word NN 19499 1146 51 _ _ NNP 19499 1146 52 minor minor JJ 19499 1146 53 _ _ NNP 19499 1146 54 . . . 19499 1147 1 Relative relative JJ 19499 1147 2 keys key NNS 19499 1147 3 are be VBP 19499 1147 4 therefore therefore RB 19499 1147 5 defined define VBN 19499 1147 6 as as IN 19499 1147 7 those those DT 19499 1147 8 having have VBG 19499 1147 9 the the DT 19499 1147 10 same same JJ 19499 1147 11 signature signature NN 19499 1147 12 . . . 19499 1148 1 G g NN 19499 1148 2 and and CC 19499 1148 3 e e NNP 19499 1148 4 are be VBP 19499 1148 5 relative relative JJ 19499 1148 6 keys key NNS 19499 1148 7 , , , 19499 1148 8 as as IN 19499 1148 9 are be VBP 19499 1148 10 also also RB 19499 1148 11 A A NNP 19499 1148 12 and and CC 19499 1148 13 f[sharp f[sharp NNP 19499 1148 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1148 15 , , , 19499 1148 16 etc etc FW 19499 1148 17 . . . 19499 1149 1 90 90 CD 19499 1149 2 . . . 19499 1150 1 A a DT 19499 1150 2 minor minor JJ 19499 1150 3 scale scale NN 19499 1150 4 beginning beginning NN 19499 1150 5 with with IN 19499 1150 6 the the DT 19499 1150 7 same same JJ 19499 1150 8 tone tone NN 19499 1150 9 as as IN 19499 1150 10 a a DT 19499 1150 11 major major JJ 19499 1150 12 scale scale NN 19499 1150 13 is be VBZ 19499 1150 14 referred refer VBN 19499 1150 15 to to IN 19499 1150 16 as as IN 19499 1150 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1150 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1150 19 tonic tonic NN 19499 1150 20 minor minor JJ 19499 1150 21 _ _ NN 19499 1150 22 . . . 19499 1151 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1151 2 , , , 19499 1151 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1151 4 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1151 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1151 6 , , , 19499 1151 7 c c NN 19499 1151 8 with with IN 19499 1151 9 three three CD 19499 1151 10 flats flat NNS 19499 1151 11 in in IN 19499 1151 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1151 13 signature signature NN 19499 1151 14 is be VBZ 19499 1151 15 the the DT 19499 1151 16 tonic tonic JJ 19499 1151 17 minor minor NN 19499 1151 18 of of IN 19499 1151 19 C C NNP 19499 1151 20 with with IN 19499 1151 21 all all DT 19499 1151 22 degrees degree NNS 19499 1151 23 in in IN 19499 1151 24 natural natural JJ 19499 1151 25 condition condition NN 19499 1151 26 ; ; : 19499 1151 27 e e LS 19499 1151 28 with with IN 19499 1151 29 one one CD 19499 1151 30 sharp sharp JJ 19499 1151 31 is be VBZ 19499 1151 32 the the DT 19499 1151 33 tonic tonic JJ 19499 1151 34 minor minor NN 19499 1151 35 of of IN 19499 1151 36 E e NN 19499 1151 37 with with IN 19499 1151 38 four four CD 19499 1151 39 sharps sharp NNS 19499 1151 40 , , , 19499 1151 41 etc etc FW 19499 1151 42 . . . 19499 1152 1 Tonic tonic NN 19499 1152 2 keys key NNS 19499 1152 3 are be VBP 19499 1152 4 therefore therefore RB 19499 1152 5 those those DT 19499 1152 6 having have VBG 19499 1152 7 the the DT 19499 1152 8 same same JJ 19499 1152 9 key key JJ 19499 1152 10 - - HYPH 19499 1152 11 tone tone NN 19499 1152 12 . . . 19499 1153 1 91 91 CD 19499 1153 2 . . . 19499 1154 1 The the DT 19499 1154 2 eight eight CD 19499 1154 3 tones tone NNS 19499 1154 4 of of IN 19499 1154 5 the the DT 19499 1154 6 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1154 7 scale scale NN 19499 1154 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1154 9 both both CC 19499 1154 10 major major JJ 19499 1154 11 and and CC 19499 1154 12 minor minor JJ 19499 1154 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1154 14 are be VBP 19499 1154 15 often often RB 19499 1154 16 referred refer VBN 19499 1154 17 to to IN 19499 1154 18 by by IN 19499 1154 19 specific specific JJ 19499 1154 20 names name NNS 19499 1154 21 , , , 19499 1154 22 as as IN 19499 1154 23 follows follow VBZ 19499 1154 24 : : : 19499 1154 25 1 1 CD 19499 1154 26 . . . 19499 1155 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1155 2 Tonic_--the tonic_--the DT 19499 1155 3 tone tone NN 19499 1155 4 . . . 19499 1156 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1156 2 This this DT 19499 1156 3 refers refer VBZ 19499 1156 4 to to IN 19499 1156 5 the the DT 19499 1156 6 fact fact NN 19499 1156 7 that that IN 19499 1156 8 the the DT 19499 1156 9 tonic tonic NN 19499 1156 10 is be VBZ 19499 1156 11 the the DT 19499 1156 12 principal principal JJ 19499 1156 13 tone tone NN 19499 1156 14 , , , 19499 1156 15 or or CC 19499 1156 16 generating generate VBG 19499 1156 17 tone tone NN 19499 1156 18 of of IN 19499 1156 19 the the DT 19499 1156 20 key key NN 19499 1156 21 , , , 19499 1156 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1156 23 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1156 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1156 25 , , , 19499 1156 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1156 27 is be VBZ 19499 1156 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1156 29 the the DT 19499 1156 30 _ _ NNP 19499 1156 31 tone tone NN 19499 1156 32 . . . 19499 1156 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1157 1 2 2 LS 19499 1157 2 . . . 19499 1158 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1158 2 Super Super NNP 19499 1158 3 - - , 19499 1158 4 tonic_--above tonic_--above NFP 19499 1158 5 the the DT 19499 1158 6 tone tone NN 19499 1158 7 . . . 19499 1159 1 3 3 LS 19499 1159 2 . . . 19499 1160 1 _ _ XX 19499 1160 2 Mediant_--midway Mediant_--midway NNS 19499 1160 3 between between IN 19499 1160 4 tonic tonic NN 19499 1160 5 and and CC 19499 1160 6 dominant dominant JJ 19499 1160 7 . . . 19499 1161 1 4 4 LS 19499 1161 2 . . . 19499 1162 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1162 2 Sub Sub NNP 19499 1162 3 - - NNP 19499 1162 4 dominant_--the dominant_--the NNP 19499 1162 5 under under IN 19499 1162 6 dominant dominant NN 19499 1162 7 . . . 19499 1163 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1163 2 This this DT 19499 1163 3 name name NN 19499 1163 4 does do VBZ 19499 1163 5 not not RB 19499 1163 6 refer refer VB 19499 1163 7 to to IN 19499 1163 8 the the DT 19499 1163 9 position position NN 19499 1163 10 of of IN 19499 1163 11 the the DT 19499 1163 12 tone tone NN 19499 1163 13 under under IN 19499 1163 14 the the DT 19499 1163 15 dominant dominant JJ 19499 1163 16 but but CC 19499 1163 17 to to IN 19499 1163 18 the the DT 19499 1163 19 fact fact NN 19499 1163 20 that that IN 19499 1163 21 the the DT 19499 1163 22 fifth fifth NN 19499 1163 23 below below IN 19499 1163 24 the the DT 19499 1163 25 tonic tonic NN 19499 1163 26 is be VBZ 19499 1163 27 also also RB 19499 1163 28 a a DT 19499 1163 29 dominant dominant JJ 19499 1163 30 tone tone NN 19499 1163 31 -- -- : 19499 1163 32 the the DT 19499 1163 33 under under IN 19499 1163 34 dominant dominant JJ 19499 1163 35 -- -- : 19499 1163 36 just just RB 19499 1163 37 as as IN 19499 1163 38 the the DT 19499 1163 39 fifth fifth JJ 19499 1163 40 above above RB 19499 1163 41 is be VBZ 19499 1163 42 the the DT 19499 1163 43 upper upper JJ 19499 1163 44 dominant dominant NN 19499 1163 45 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1163 46 . . . 19499 1164 1 5 5 CD 19499 1164 2 . . . 19499 1165 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1165 2 Dominant_--the dominant_--the DT 19499 1165 3 governing govern VBG 19499 1165 4 tone tone NN 19499 1165 5 . . . 19499 1166 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1166 2 From from IN 19499 1166 3 the the DT 19499 1166 4 Latin latin JJ 19499 1166 5 word word NN 19499 1166 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1166 7 dominus dominus NN 19499 1166 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1166 9 meaning meaning NN 19499 1166 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1166 11 master master NN 19499 1166 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1166 13 . . . 19499 1166 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1167 1 6 6 CD 19499 1167 2 . . . 19499 1168 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1168 2 Super Super NNP 19499 1168 3 - 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- HYPH 19499 1190 6 sol sol NN 19499 1190 7 - - HYPH 19499 1190 8 fa fa JJ 19499 1190 9 spelling spelling NN 19499 1190 10 of of IN 19499 1190 11 the the DT 19499 1190 12 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1190 13 syllables syllable NNS 19499 1190 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1190 15 DOH DOH NNP 19499 1190 16 , , , 19499 1190 17 LAH LAH NNP 19499 1190 18 , , , 19499 1190 19 etc etc FW 19499 1190 20 . . . 19499 1191 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1191 2 , , , 19499 1191 3 has have VBZ 19499 1191 4 not not RB 19499 1191 5 , , , 19499 1191 6 however however RB 19499 1191 7 , , , 19499 1191 8 been be VBN 19499 1191 9 favorably favorably RB 19499 1191 10 received receive VBN 19499 1191 11 in in IN 19499 1191 12 this this DT 19499 1191 13 country country NN 19499 1191 14 and and CC 19499 1191 15 the the DT 19499 1191 16 tendency tendency NN 19499 1191 17 seems seem VBZ 19499 1191 18 to to TO 19499 1191 19 be be VB 19499 1191 20 toward toward IN 19499 1191 21 still still RB 19499 1191 22 further further JJ 19499 1191 23 simplification simplification NN 19499 1191 24 rather rather RB 19499 1191 25 than than IN 19499 1191 26 toward toward IN 19499 1191 27 elaboration elaboration NN 19499 1191 28 . . . 19499 1192 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1192 2 is be VBZ 19499 1192 3 probable probable JJ 19499 1192 4 that that IN 19499 1192 5 further further JJ 19499 1192 6 changes change NNS 19499 1192 7 in in IN 19499 1192 8 both both CC 19499 1192 9 spelling spelling NN 19499 1192 10 and and CC 19499 1192 11 pronunciation pronunciation NN 19499 1192 12 will will MD 19499 1192 13 be be VB 19499 1192 14 made make VBN 19499 1192 15 in in IN 19499 1192 16 the the DT 19499 1192 17 near near JJ 19499 1192 18 future future NN 19499 1192 19 , , , 19499 1192 20 one one CD 19499 1192 21 such such JJ 19499 1192 22 change change NN 19499 1192 23 that that WDT 19499 1192 24 seems seem VBZ 19499 1192 25 especially especially RB 19499 1192 26 desirable desirable JJ 19499 1192 27 being be VBG 19499 1192 28 some some DT 19499 1192 29 other other JJ 19499 1192 30 syllable syllable NN 19499 1192 31 than than IN 19499 1192 32 RE RE NNP 19499 1192 33 for for IN 19499 1192 34 the the DT 19499 1192 35 second second JJ 19499 1192 36 tone tone NN 19499 1192 37 of of IN 19499 1192 38 the the DT 19499 1192 39 major major JJ 19499 1192 40 scale scale NN 19499 1192 41 , , , 19499 1192 42 so so IN 19499 1192 43 that that IN 19499 1192 44 the the DT 19499 1192 45 present present JJ 19499 1192 46 syllable syllable NN 19499 1192 47 may may MD 19499 1192 48 be be VB 19499 1192 49 reserved reserve VBN 19499 1192 50 for for IN 19499 1192 51 " " `` 19499 1192 52 flat flat JJ 19499 1192 53 - - HYPH 19499 1192 54 two two CD 19499 1192 55 , , , 19499 1192 56 " " '' 19499 1192 57 thus thus RB 19499 1192 58 providing provide VBG 19499 1192 59 a a DT 19499 1192 60 uniform uniform JJ 19499 1192 61 vowel vowel NN 19499 1192 62 - - HYPH 19499 1192 63 sound sound NN 19499 1192 64 for for IN 19499 1192 65 all all DT 19499 1192 66 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 1192 67 tones tone NNS 19499 1192 68 of of IN 19499 1192 69 the the DT 19499 1192 70 descending descend VBG 19499 1192 71 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1192 72 scale scale NN 19499 1192 73 , , , 19499 1192 74 as as IN 19499 1192 75 is be VBZ 19499 1192 76 already already RB 19499 1192 77 the the DT 19499 1192 78 case case NN 19499 1192 79 in in IN 19499 1192 80 the the DT 19499 1192 81 ascending ascend VBG 19499 1192 82 form form NN 19499 1192 83 . . . 19499 1193 1 93 93 CD 19499 1193 2 . . . 19499 1194 1 The the DT 19499 1194 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1194 3 chromatic chromatic NN 19499 1194 4 scale_[18 scale_[18 NN 19499 1194 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1194 6 is be VBZ 19499 1194 7 one one CD 19499 1194 8 which which WDT 19499 1194 9 proceeds proceed VBZ 19499 1194 10 always always RB 19499 1194 11 by by IN 19499 1194 12 half half JJ 19499 1194 13 - - HYPH 19499 1194 14 steps step NNS 19499 1194 15 . . . 19499 1195 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1195 2 intervals interval NNS 19499 1195 3 are be VBP 19499 1195 4 therefore therefore RB 19499 1195 5 always always RB 19499 1195 6 equal equal JJ 19499 1195 7 no no RB 19499 1195 8 matter matter NN 19499 1195 9 with with IN 19499 1195 10 what what WDT 19499 1195 11 tone tone NN 19499 1195 12 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1195 13 begins begin VBZ 19499 1195 14 . . . 19499 1196 1 Since since IN 19499 1196 2 , , , 19499 1196 3 however however RB 19499 1196 4 , , , 19499 1196 5 we -PRON- PRP 19499 1196 6 have have VBP 19499 1196 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1196 8 from from IN 19499 1196 9 the the DT 19499 1196 10 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 1196 11 of of IN 19499 1196 12 the the DT 19499 1196 13 piano piano NN 19499 1196 14 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 1196 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1196 16 five five CD 19499 1196 17 pairs pair NNS 19499 1196 18 of of IN 19499 1196 19 tones[19 tones[19 NN 19499 1196 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1196 21 which which WDT 19499 1196 22 are be VBP 19499 1196 23 enharmonically enharmonically RB 19499 1196 24 the the DT 19499 1196 25 same same JJ 19499 1196 26 , , , 19499 1196 27 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1196 28 may may MD 19499 1196 29 readily readily RB 19499 1196 30 be be VB 19499 1196 31 seen see VBN 19499 1196 32 that that IN 19499 1196 33 the the DT 19499 1196 34 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1196 35 scale scale NN 19499 1196 36 might may MD 19499 1196 37 be be VB 19499 1196 38 notated notate VBN 19499 1196 39 in in IN 19499 1196 40 all all DT 19499 1196 41 sorts sort NNS 19499 1196 42 of of IN 19499 1196 43 fashions fashion NNS 19499 1196 44 , , , 19499 1196 45 and and CC 19499 1196 46 this this DT 19499 1196 47 is be VBZ 19499 1196 48 in in IN 19499 1196 49 fact fact NN 19499 1196 50 the the DT 19499 1196 51 real real JJ 19499 1196 52 status status NN 19499 1196 53 of of IN 19499 1196 54 the the DT 19499 1196 55 matter matter NN 19499 1196 56 , , , 19499 1196 57 there there EX 19499 1196 58 being be VBG 19499 1196 59 no no DT 19499 1196 60 one one CD 19499 1196 61 method method NN 19499 1196 62 uniformly uniformly RB 19499 1196 63 agreed agree VBN 19499 1196 64 upon upon IN 19499 1196 65 by by IN 19499 1196 66 composers composer NNS 19499 1196 67 . . . 19499 1197 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1197 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1197 3 18 18 CD 19499 1197 4 : : : 19499 1197 5 The the DT 19499 1197 6 student student NN 19499 1197 7 should should MD 19499 1197 8 differentiate differentiate VB 19499 1197 9 between between IN 19499 1197 10 the the DT 19499 1197 11 so so RB 19499 1197 12 - - HYPH 19499 1197 13 called call VBN 19499 1197 14 " " `` 19499 1197 15 tonality tonality NN 19499 1197 16 " " '' 19499 1197 17 scales scale VBZ 19499 1197 18 like like IN 19499 1197 19 the the DT 19499 1197 20 major major JJ 19499 1197 21 and and CC 19499 1197 22 minor minor JJ 19499 1197 23 , , , 19499 1197 24 the the DT 19499 1197 25 tones tone NNS 19499 1197 26 of of IN 19499 1197 27 which which WDT 19499 1197 28 are be VBP 19499 1197 29 actually actually RB 19499 1197 30 used use VBN 19499 1197 31 as as IN 19499 1197 32 a a DT 19499 1197 33 basis basis NN 19499 1197 34 for for IN 19499 1197 35 " " `` 19499 1197 36 key key NN 19499 1197 37 - - HYPH 19499 1197 38 feeling feeling NN 19499 1197 39 " " '' 19499 1197 40 with with IN 19499 1197 41 the the DT 19499 1197 42 familiar familiar JJ 19499 1197 43 experience experience NN 19499 1197 44 of of IN 19499 1197 45 coming come VBG 19499 1197 46 home home RB 19499 1197 47 to to IN 19499 1197 48 the the DT 19499 1197 49 tonic tonic NN 19499 1197 50 after after IN 19499 1197 51 a a DT 19499 1197 52 melodic melodic JJ 19499 1197 53 or or CC 19499 1197 54 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 1197 55 excursion excursion NN 19499 1197 56 , , , 19499 1197 57 and and CC 19499 1197 58 on on IN 19499 1197 59 the the DT 19499 1197 60 other other JJ 19499 1197 61 hand hand NN 19499 1197 62 the the DT 19499 1197 63 purely purely RB 19499 1197 64 artificial artificial JJ 19499 1197 65 and and CC 19499 1197 66 mechanical mechanical JJ 19499 1197 67 construction construction NN 19499 1197 68 of of IN 19499 1197 69 the the DT 19499 1197 70 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1197 71 scale scale NN 19499 1197 72 . . . 19499 1197 73 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1198 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1198 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1198 3 19 19 CD 19499 1198 4 : : : 19499 1198 5 Many many JJ 19499 1198 6 other other JJ 19499 1198 7 enharmonic enharmonic JJ 19499 1198 8 notations notation NNS 19499 1198 9 are be VBP 19499 1198 10 possible possible JJ 19499 1198 11 , , , 19499 1198 12 altho altho VB 19499 1198 13 the the DT 19499 1198 14 " " `` 19499 1198 15 five five CD 19499 1198 16 pairs pair NNS 19499 1198 17 of of IN 19499 1198 18 tones tone NNS 19499 1198 19 " " '' 19499 1198 20 above above RB 19499 1198 21 referred refer VBN 19499 1198 22 to to TO 19499 1198 23 are be VBP 19499 1198 24 the the DT 19499 1198 25 most most RBS 19499 1198 26 common common JJ 19499 1198 27 . . . 19499 1199 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1199 2 E[sharp E[sharp NNP 19499 1199 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1199 4 and and CC 19499 1199 5 F f NN 19499 1199 6 are be VBP 19499 1199 7 enharmonically enharmonically RB 19499 1199 8 the the DT 19499 1199 9 same same JJ 19499 1199 10 , , , 19499 1199 11 as as IN 19499 1199 12 are be VBP 19499 1199 13 also also RB 19499 1199 14 C[flat c[flat JJ 19499 1199 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1199 16 and and CC 19499 1199 17 B b NN 19499 1199 18 , , , 19499 1199 19 C[sharp c[sharp JJ 19499 1199 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1199 21 and and CC 19499 1199 22 B[double b[double NN 19499 1199 23 - - HYPH 19499 1199 24 sharp sharp JJ 19499 1199 25 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1199 26 , , , 19499 1199 27 etc etc FW 19499 1199 28 . . . 19499 1199 29 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1200 1 Parry Parry NNP 19499 1200 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1200 3 Grove Grove NNP 19499 1200 4 's 's POS 19499 1200 5 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 19499 1200 6 , , , 19499 1200 7 article article NN 19499 1200 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1200 9 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1200 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1200 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1200 12 recommends recommend VBZ 19499 1200 13 writing write VBG 19499 1200 14 the the DT 19499 1200 15 scale scale NN 19499 1200 16 with with IN 19499 1200 17 such such JJ 19499 1200 18 accidentals accidental NNS 19499 1200 19 as as IN 19499 1200 20 can can MD 19499 1200 21 occur occur VB 19499 1200 22 in in IN 19499 1200 23 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1200 24 chords chord NNS 19499 1200 25 without without IN 19499 1200 26 changing change VBG 19499 1200 27 the the DT 19499 1200 28 key key NN 19499 1200 29 in in IN 19499 1200 30 which which WDT 19499 1200 31 the the DT 19499 1200 32 passage passage NN 19499 1200 33 occurs occur VBZ 19499 1200 34 . . . 19499 1201 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1201 2 , , , 19499 1201 3 taking take VBG 19499 1201 4 C c NN 19499 1201 5 as as IN 19499 1201 6 a a DT 19499 1201 7 type type NN 19499 1201 8 , , , 19499 1201 9 " " '' 19499 1201 10 the the DT 19499 1201 11 first first JJ 19499 1201 12 accidental accidental NN 19499 1201 13 will will MD 19499 1201 14 be be VB 19499 1201 15 D[flat D[flat NNP 19499 1201 16 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1201 17 , , , 19499 1201 18 as as IN 19499 1201 19 the the DT 19499 1201 20 upper upper JJ 19499 1201 21 note note NN 19499 1201 22 of of IN 19499 1201 23 the the DT 19499 1201 24 minor minor JJ 19499 1201 25 ninth ninth JJ 19499 1201 26 on on IN 19499 1201 27 the the DT 19499 1201 28 tonic tonic NN 19499 1201 29 ; ; : 19499 1201 30 the the DT 19499 1201 31 next next JJ 19499 1201 32 will will MD 19499 1201 33 be be VB 19499 1201 34 E[flat e[flat JJ 19499 1201 35 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1201 36 , , , 19499 1201 37 the the DT 19499 1201 38 minor minor JJ 19499 1201 39 third third NN 19499 1201 40 of of IN 19499 1201 41 the the DT 19499 1201 42 key key NN 19499 1201 43 ; ; : 19499 1201 44 the the DT 19499 1201 45 next next JJ 19499 1201 46 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 1201 47 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1201 48 , , , 19499 1201 49 the the DT 19499 1201 50 major major JJ 19499 1201 51 third third NN 19499 1201 52 of of IN 19499 1201 53 the the DT 19499 1201 54 super super JJ 19499 1201 55 - - NN 19499 1201 56 tonic tonic JJ 19499 1201 57 -- -- : 19499 1201 58 all all DT 19499 1201 59 of of IN 19499 1201 60 which which WDT 19499 1201 61 can can MD 19499 1201 62 occur occur VB 19499 1201 63 without without IN 19499 1201 64 causing cause VBG 19499 1201 65 modulation modulation NN 19499 1201 66 -- -- : 19499 1201 67 and and CC 19499 1201 68 the the DT 19499 1201 69 remaining remain VBG 19499 1201 70 two two CD 19499 1201 71 will will MD 19499 1201 72 be be VB 19499 1201 73 A[flat a[flat JJ 19499 1201 74 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1201 75 and and CC 19499 1201 76 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 1201 77 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1201 78 , , , 19499 1201 79 the the DT 19499 1201 80 minor minor JJ 19499 1201 81 sixth sixth JJ 19499 1201 82 and and CC 19499 1201 83 seventh seventh JJ 19499 1201 84 of of IN 19499 1201 85 the the DT 19499 1201 86 key key NN 19499 1201 87 . . . 19499 1201 88 " " '' 19499 1202 1 According accord VBG 19499 1202 2 to to IN 19499 1202 3 this this DT 19499 1202 4 plan plan NN 19499 1202 5 the the DT 19499 1202 6 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1202 7 scale scale NN 19499 1202 8 beginning beginning NN 19499 1202 9 with with IN 19499 1202 10 C C NNP 19499 1202 11 would would MD 19499 1202 12 be be VB 19499 1202 13 spelled spell VBN 19499 1202 14 -- -- . 19499 1202 15 C c NN 19499 1202 16 , , , 19499 1202 17 D[flat D[flat NNP 19499 1202 18 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1202 19 , , , 19499 1202 20 D D NNP 19499 1202 21 , , , 19499 1202 22 E[flat e[flat NN 19499 1202 23 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1202 24 , , , 19499 1202 25 E E NNP 19499 1202 26 , , , 19499 1202 27 F F NNP 19499 1202 28 , , , 19499 1202 29 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 1202 30 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1202 31 , , , 19499 1202 32 G g NN 19499 1202 33 , , , 19499 1202 34 A[flat a[flat NN 19499 1202 35 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1202 36 , , , 19499 1202 37 A a NN 19499 1202 38 , , , 19499 1202 39 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 1202 40 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1202 41 , , , 19499 1202 42 B B NNP 19499 1202 43 , , , 19499 1202 44 C C NNP 19499 1202 45 -- -- : 19499 1202 46 the the DT 19499 1202 47 form form NN 19499 1202 48 being be VBG 19499 1202 49 the the DT 19499 1202 50 same same JJ 19499 1202 51 both both CC 19499 1202 52 ascending ascending JJ 19499 1202 53 and and CC 19499 1202 54 descending descend VBG 19499 1202 55 . . . 19499 1203 1 This this DT 19499 1203 2 is be VBZ 19499 1203 3 of of IN 19499 1203 4 course course NN 19499 1203 5 written write VBN 19499 1203 6 exclusively exclusively RB 19499 1203 7 from from IN 19499 1203 8 a a DT 19499 1203 9 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 1203 10 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 1203 11 and and CC 19499 1203 12 the the DT 19499 1203 13 advantage advantage NN 19499 1203 14 of of IN 19499 1203 15 such such PDT 19499 1203 16 a a DT 19499 1203 17 form form NN 19499 1203 18 is be VBZ 19499 1203 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1203 20 definiteness definiteness NN 19499 1203 21 . . . 19499 1204 1 94 94 CD 19499 1204 2 . . . 19499 1205 1 For for IN 19499 1205 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1205 3 sight sight NN 19499 1205 4 - - HYPH 19499 1205 5 singing singe VBG 19499 1205 6 purposes purpose NNS 19499 1205 7 _ _ IN 19499 1205 8 the the DT 19499 1205 9 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1205 10 scale[20 scale[20 NN 19499 1205 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1205 12 is be VBZ 19499 1205 13 usually usually RB 19499 1205 14 written write VBN 19499 1205 15 by by IN 19499 1205 16 representing represent VBG 19499 1205 17 the the DT 19499 1205 18 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 1205 19 tones tone NNS 19499 1205 20 in in IN 19499 1205 21 ascending ascend VBG 19499 1205 22 by by IN 19499 1205 23 sharps sharps NN 19499 1205 24 , , , 19499 1205 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1205 26 in in IN 19499 1205 27 some some DT 19499 1205 28 cases case NNS 19499 1205 29 naturals natural NNS 19499 1205 30 and and CC 19499 1205 31 double double JJ 19499 1205 32 - - HYPH 19499 1205 33 sharps sharps NN 19499 1205 34 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1205 35 , , , 19499 1205 36 and and CC 19499 1205 37 the the DT 19499 1205 38 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 1205 39 tones tone NNS 19499 1205 40 in in IN 19499 1205 41 descending descend VBG 19499 1205 42 by by IN 19499 1205 43 flats flat NNS 19499 1205 44 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1205 45 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1205 46 naturals natural NNS 19499 1205 47 and and CC 19499 1205 48 double double JJ 19499 1205 49 - - HYPH 19499 1205 50 flats flat NNS 19499 1205 51 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1205 52 . . . 19499 1206 1 The the DT 19499 1206 2 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1206 3 scale scale NN 19499 1206 4 in in IN 19499 1206 5 nine nine CD 19499 1206 6 different different JJ 19499 1206 7 positions position NNS 19499 1206 8 , , , 19499 1206 9 written write VBN 19499 1206 10 from from IN 19499 1206 11 this this DT 19499 1206 12 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 1206 13 , , , 19499 1206 14 follows follow VBZ 19499 1206 15 , , , 19499 1206 16 and and CC 19499 1206 17 the the DT 19499 1206 18 syllables syllable NNS 19499 1206 19 most most RBS 19499 1206 20 commonly commonly RB 19499 1206 21 applied apply VBN 19499 1206 22 in in IN 19499 1206 23 sight sight NN 19499 1206 24 - - HYPH 19499 1206 25 singing singing NN 19499 1206 26 have have VBP 19499 1206 27 also also RB 19499 1206 28 been be VBN 19499 1206 29 added add VBN 19499 1206 30 . . . 19499 1207 1 In in IN 19499 1207 2 the the DT 19499 1207 3 first first JJ 19499 1207 4 two two CD 19499 1207 5 scales scale NNS 19499 1207 6 the the DT 19499 1207 7 student student NN 19499 1207 8 of of IN 19499 1207 9 harmony harmony NN 19499 1207 10 is be VBZ 19499 1207 11 asked ask VBN 19499 1207 12 to to TO 19499 1207 13 note note VB 19499 1207 14 that that IN 19499 1207 15 because because IN 19499 1207 16 of of IN 19499 1207 17 the the DT 19499 1207 18 very very RB 19499 1207 19 common common JJ 19499 1207 20 practice practice NN 19499 1207 21 of of IN 19499 1207 22 modulating modulate VBG 19499 1207 23 to to IN 19499 1207 24 the the DT 19499 1207 25 dominant dominant JJ 19499 1207 26 and and CC 19499 1207 27 sub sub JJ 19499 1207 28 - - JJ 19499 1207 29 dominant dominant JJ 19499 1207 30 keys key NNS 19499 1207 31 , , , 19499 1207 32 the the DT 19499 1207 33 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 1207 34 tones tone NNS 19499 1207 35 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1207 36 sharp]4 sharp]4 NN 19499 1207 37 and and CC 19499 1207 38 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1207 39 flat]7 flat]7 NN 19499 1207 40 are be VBP 19499 1207 41 quite quite RB 19499 1207 42 universally universally RB 19499 1207 43 used use VBN 19499 1207 44 in in IN 19499 1207 45 both both CC 19499 1207 46 ascending ascend VBG 19499 1207 47 and and CC 19499 1207 48 descending descend VBG 19499 1207 49 melody melody NN 19499 1207 50 passages passage NNS 19499 1207 51 . . . 19499 1208 1 In in IN 19499 1208 2 other other JJ 19499 1208 3 words word NNS 19499 1208 4 the the DT 19499 1208 5 scales scale NNS 19499 1208 6 that that WDT 19499 1208 7 follow follow VBP 19499 1208 8 would would MD 19499 1208 9 more more RBR 19499 1208 10 nearly nearly RB 19499 1208 11 represent represent VB 19499 1208 12 actual actual JJ 19499 1208 13 usage usage NN 19499 1208 14 if if IN 19499 1208 15 in in IN 19499 1208 16 each each DT 19499 1208 17 case case NN 19499 1208 18 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1208 19 sharp]4 sharp]4 NN 19499 1208 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1208 21 FI FI NNP 19499 1208 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1208 23 were be VBD 19499 1208 24 substituted substitute VBN 19499 1208 25 for for IN 19499 1208 26 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1208 27 flat]5 flat]5 NN 19499 1208 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1208 29 SE SE NNP 19499 1208 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1208 31 in in IN 19499 1208 32 the the DT 19499 1208 33 descending descend VBG 19499 1208 34 scale scale NN 19499 1208 35 ; ; : 19499 1208 36 and and CC 19499 1208 37 if if IN 19499 1208 38 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1208 39 flat]7 flat]7 NN 19499 1208 40 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1208 41 TE TE NNP 19499 1208 42 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1208 43 were be VBD 19499 1208 44 substituted substitute VBN 19499 1208 45 for for IN 19499 1208 46 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1208 47 sharp]6 sharp]6 NNP 19499 1208 48 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1208 49 LI LI NNP 19499 1208 50 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1208 51 in in IN 19499 1208 52 the the DT 19499 1208 53 ascending ascend VBG 19499 1208 54 form form NN 19499 1208 55 . . . 19499 1209 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1209 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1209 3 20 20 CD 19499 1209 4 : : : 19499 1209 5 The the DT 19499 1209 6 word word NN 19499 1209 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1209 8 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1209 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1209 10 means mean VBZ 19499 1209 11 literally literally RB 19499 1209 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1209 13 colored color VBD 19499 1209 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1209 15 and and CC 19499 1209 16 was be VBD 19499 1209 17 first first RB 19499 1209 18 applied apply VBN 19499 1209 19 to to IN 19499 1209 20 the the DT 19499 1209 21 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 1209 22 tones tone NNS 19499 1209 23 because because IN 19499 1209 24 by by IN 19499 1209 25 using use VBG 19499 1209 26 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1209 27 the the DT 19499 1209 28 singer singer NN 19499 1209 29 could could MD 19499 1209 30 get get VB 19499 1209 31 smoother smooth JJR 19499 1209 32 and and CC 19499 1209 33 more more RBR 19499 1209 34 diversely diversely RB 19499 1209 35 - - HYPH 19499 1209 36 shaded shaded JJ 19499 1209 37 progressions progression NNS 19499 1209 38 , , , 19499 1209 39 _ _ NNP 19499 1209 40 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1209 41 _ _ NNP 19499 1209 42 , , , 19499 1209 43 could could MD 19499 1209 44 get get VB 19499 1209 45 more more JJR 19499 1209 46 _ _ NNP 19499 1209 47 color color NN 19499 1209 48 _ _ NNP 19499 1209 49 than than IN 19499 1209 50 by by IN 19499 1209 51 using use VBG 19499 1209 52 only only RB 19499 1209 53 the the DT 19499 1209 54 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1209 55 tones tone NNS 19499 1209 56 . . . 19499 1210 1 Composers composer NNS 19499 1210 2 were be VBD 19499 1210 3 not not RB 19499 1210 4 long long RB 19499 1210 5 discovering discover VBG 19499 1210 6 the the DT 19499 1210 7 peculiar peculiar JJ 19499 1210 8 value value NN 19499 1210 9 of of IN 19499 1210 10 these these DT 19499 1210 11 additional additional JJ 19499 1210 12 tones tone NNS 19499 1210 13 and and CC 19499 1210 14 soon soon RB 19499 1210 15 found find VBD 19499 1210 16 that that IN 19499 1210 17 these these DT 19499 1210 18 same same JJ 19499 1210 19 tones tone NNS 19499 1210 20 were be VBD 19499 1210 21 exceedingly exceedingly RB 19499 1210 22 valuable valuable JJ 19499 1210 23 also also RB 19499 1210 24 in in IN 19499 1210 25 modulating modulating NN 19499 1210 26 , , , 19499 1210 27 hence hence RB 19499 1210 28 the the DT 19499 1210 29 two two CD 19499 1210 30 uses use NNS 19499 1210 31 of of IN 19499 1210 32 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 1210 33 tones tone NNS 19499 1210 34 at at IN 19499 1210 35 the the DT 19499 1210 36 present present JJ 19499 1210 37 time time NN 19499 1210 38 -- -- : 19499 1210 39 first first RB 19499 1210 40 , , , 19499 1210 41 to to TO 19499 1210 42 embellish embellish VB 19499 1210 43 a a DT 19499 1210 44 melody melody NN 19499 1210 45 ; ; : 19499 1210 46 second second LS 19499 1210 47 , , , 19499 1210 48 to to TO 19499 1210 49 modulate modulate VB 19499 1210 50 to to IN 19499 1210 51 another another DT 19499 1210 52 key key NN 19499 1210 53 . . . 19499 1210 54 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1211 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1211 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1211 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1211 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1211 5 Note._--In Note._--In NNP 19499 1211 6 writing write VBG 19499 1211 7 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1211 8 scales scale NNS 19499 1211 9 from from IN 19499 1211 10 this this DT 19499 1211 11 sight sight NN 19499 1211 12 - - HYPH 19499 1211 13 singing singing NN 19499 1211 14 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 1211 15 the the DT 19499 1211 16 student student NN 19499 1211 17 is be VBZ 19499 1211 18 urged urge VBN 19499 1211 19 to to TO 19499 1211 20 adopt adopt VB 19499 1211 21 a a DT 19499 1211 22 three three CD 19499 1211 23 - - HYPH 19499 1211 24 step step NN 19499 1211 25 process process NN 19499 1211 26 ; ; : 19499 1211 27 first first RB 19499 1211 28 , , , 19499 1211 29 writing write VBG 19499 1211 30 the the DT 19499 1211 31 major major JJ 19499 1211 32 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1211 33 scale scale NN 19499 1211 34 both both CC 19499 1211 35 ascending ascending NN 19499 1211 36 and and CC 19499 1211 37 descending descend VBG 19499 1211 38 ; ; : 19499 1211 39 second second RB 19499 1211 40 , , , 19499 1211 41 marking mark VBG 19499 1211 42 the the DT 19499 1211 43 half half JJ 19499 1211 44 - - HYPH 19499 1211 45 steps step NNS 19499 1211 46 ; ; : 19499 1211 47 third third RB 19499 1211 48 , , , 19499 1211 49 inserting insert VBG 19499 1211 50 accidental accidental JJ 19499 1211 51 notes note NNS 19499 1211 52 calling call VBG 19499 1211 53 for for IN 19499 1211 54 the the DT 19499 1211 55 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 1211 56 tones tone NNS 19499 1211 57 . . . 19499 1212 1 In in IN 19499 1212 2 the the DT 19499 1212 3 above above JJ 19499 1212 4 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 1212 5 scales scale NNS 19499 1212 6 these these DT 19499 1212 7 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 1212 8 tones tone NNS 19499 1212 9 have have VBP 19499 1212 10 been be VBN 19499 1212 11 represented represent VBN 19499 1212 12 by by IN 19499 1212 13 black black JJ 19499 1212 14 note note NN 19499 1212 15 - - HYPH 19499 1212 16 heads head NNS 19499 1212 17 so so IN 19499 1212 18 as as IN 19499 1212 19 to to TO 19499 1212 20 differentiate differentiate VB 19499 1212 21 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1212 22 from from IN 19499 1212 23 the the DT 19499 1212 24 notes note NNS 19499 1212 25 representing represent VBG 19499 1212 26 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 1212 27 scale scale NN 19499 1212 28 tones tone NNS 19499 1212 29 . . . 19499 1213 1 95 95 CD 19499 1213 2 . . . 19499 1214 1 The the DT 19499 1214 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1214 3 whole whole JJ 19499 1214 4 - - HYPH 19499 1214 5 step step NN 19499 1214 6 scale scale NN 19499 1214 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1214 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1214 9 the the DT 19499 1214 10 third third JJ 19499 1214 11 type type NN 19499 1214 12 mentioned mention VBN 19499 1214 13 in in IN 19499 1214 14 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1214 15 . . . 19499 1215 1 79 79 LS 19499 1215 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1215 3 is be VBZ 19499 1215 4 , , , 19499 1215 5 as as IN 19499 1215 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1215 7 name name NN 19499 1215 8 implies imply VBZ 19499 1215 9 , , , 19499 1215 10 a a DT 19499 1215 11 scale scale NN 19499 1215 12 in in IN 19499 1215 13 which which WDT 19499 1215 14 the the DT 19499 1215 15 intervals interval NNS 19499 1215 16 between between IN 19499 1215 17 the the DT 19499 1215 18 tones tone NNS 19499 1215 19 consist consist VBP 19499 1215 20 in in IN 19499 1215 21 every every DT 19499 1215 22 instance instance NN 19499 1215 23 of of IN 19499 1215 24 whole whole JJ 19499 1215 25 - - HYPH 19499 1215 26 steps step NNS 19499 1215 27 . . . 19499 1216 1 This this DT 19499 1216 2 reduces reduce VBZ 19499 1216 3 the the DT 19499 1216 4 number number NN 19499 1216 5 of of IN 19499 1216 6 tones tone NNS 19499 1216 7 in in IN 19499 1216 8 the the DT 19499 1216 9 scale scale NN 19499 1216 10 to to IN 19499 1216 11 seven seven CD 19499 1216 12 . . . 19499 1217 1 Beginning begin VBG 19499 1217 2 with with IN 19499 1217 3 C c NN 19499 1217 4 the the DT 19499 1217 5 scale scale NN 19499 1217 6 reads read VBZ 19499 1217 7 : : : 19499 1217 8 C c NN 19499 1217 9 , , , 19499 1217 10 D d NN 19499 1217 11 , , , 19499 1217 12 E e NN 19499 1217 13 , , , 19499 1217 14 F[sharp f[sharp JJ 19499 1217 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1217 16 or or CC 19499 1217 17 G[flat G[flat NNP 19499 1217 18 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1217 19 , , , 19499 1217 20 A[flat A[flat NNP 19499 1217 21 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1217 22 , , , 19499 1217 23 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 1217 24 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1217 25 , , , 19499 1217 26 C. C. NNP 19499 1217 27 This this DT 19499 1217 28 scale scale NN 19499 1217 29 has have VBZ 19499 1217 30 been be VBN 19499 1217 31 used use VBN 19499 1217 32 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 1217 33 extensively extensively RB 19499 1217 34 by by IN 19499 1217 35 the the DT 19499 1217 36 ultramodern ultramodern JJ 19499 1217 37 French french JJ 19499 1217 38 school school NN 19499 1217 39 of of IN 19499 1217 40 composition composition NN 19499 1217 41 represented represent VBN 19499 1217 42 by by IN 19499 1217 43 Debussy Debussy NNP 19499 1217 44 , , , 19499 1217 45 Ravel Ravel NNP 19499 1217 46 , , , 19499 1217 47 and and CC 19499 1217 48 others other NNS 19499 1217 49 , , , 19499 1217 50 but but CC 19499 1217 51 is be VBZ 19499 1217 52 not not RB 19499 1217 53 making make VBG 19499 1217 54 any any DT 19499 1217 55 progress progress NN 19499 1217 56 toward toward IN 19499 1217 57 universal universal JJ 19499 1217 58 adoption adoption NN 19499 1217 59 . . . 19499 1218 1 The the DT 19499 1218 2 remarks remark NNS 19499 1218 3 of of IN 19499 1218 4 a a DT 19499 1218 5 recent recent JJ 19499 1218 6 English English NNP 19499 1218 7 writer[21 writer[21 NNP 19499 1218 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1218 9 on on IN 19499 1218 10 this this DT 19499 1218 11 subject subject NN 19499 1218 12 may may MD 19499 1218 13 be be VB 19499 1218 14 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1218 15 to to IN 19499 1218 16 the the DT 19499 1218 17 student student NN 19499 1218 18 who who WP 19499 1218 19 is be VBZ 19499 1218 20 puzzled puzzle VBN 19499 1218 21 by by IN 19499 1218 22 the the DT 19499 1218 23 apparent apparent JJ 19499 1218 24 present present JJ 19499 1218 25 - - HYPH 19499 1218 26 day day NN 19499 1218 27 tendencies tendency NNS 19499 1218 28 of of IN 19499 1218 29 French french JJ 19499 1218 30 music music NN 19499 1218 31 . . . 19499 1219 1 He -PRON- PRP 19499 1219 2 says say VBZ 19499 1219 3 : : : 19499 1219 4 " " `` 19499 1219 5 The the DT 19499 1219 6 student student NN 19499 1219 7 of of IN 19499 1219 8 some some DT 19499 1219 9 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1219 10 modern modern JJ 19499 1219 11 developments development NNS 19499 1219 12 will will MD 19499 1219 13 also also RB 19499 1219 14 speedily speedily RB 19499 1219 15 discover discover VB 19499 1219 16 that that IN 19499 1219 17 the the DT 19499 1219 18 adoption adoption NN 19499 1219 19 of of IN 19499 1219 20 the the DT 19499 1219 21 so so RB 19499 1219 22 - - HYPH 19499 1219 23 called call VBN 19499 1219 24 whole whole JJ 19499 1219 25 - - HYPH 19499 1219 26 tone tone NN 19499 1219 27 scale scale NN 19499 1219 28 as as IN 19499 1219 29 a a DT 19499 1219 30 basis basis NN 19499 1219 31 of of IN 19499 1219 32 music music NN 19499 1219 33 is be VBZ 19499 1219 34 , , , 19499 1219 35 except except IN 19499 1219 36 upon upon IN 19499 1219 37 a a DT 19499 1219 38 keyed keyed JJ 19499 1219 39 instrument instrument NN 19499 1219 40 tuned tune VBN 19499 1219 41 to to IN 19499 1219 42 the the DT 19499 1219 43 compromise compromise NN 19499 1219 44 of of IN 19499 1219 45 equal equal JJ 19499 1219 46 temperament temperament NN 19499 1219 47 , , , 19499 1219 48 unnatural unnatural JJ 19499 1219 49 and and CC 19499 1219 50 impossible impossible JJ 19499 1219 51 . . . 19499 1220 1 No no DT 19499 1220 2 player player NN 19499 1220 3 upon upon IN 19499 1220 4 a a DT 19499 1220 5 stringed string VBN 19499 1220 6 instrument instrument NN 19499 1220 7 can can MD 19499 1220 8 play play VB 19499 1220 9 the the DT 19499 1220 10 scale scale NN 19499 1220 11 of of IN 19499 1220 12 whole whole NN 19499 1220 13 - - HYPH 19499 1220 14 tones tone NNS 19499 1220 15 and and CC 19499 1220 16 arrive arrive VB 19499 1220 17 at at IN 19499 1220 18 an an DT 19499 1220 19 octave octave NN 19499 1220 20 which which WDT 19499 1220 21 is be VBZ 19499 1220 22 in in IN 19499 1220 23 tune tune NN 19499 1220 24 with with IN 19499 1220 25 the the DT 19499 1220 26 starting starting NN 19499 1220 27 note note NN 19499 1220 28 , , , 19499 1220 29 unless unless IN 19499 1220 30 he -PRON- PRP 19499 1220 31 deliberately deliberately RB 19499 1220 32 changes change VBZ 19499 1220 33 one one CD 19499 1220 34 of of IN 19499 1220 35 the the DT 19499 1220 36 notes note NNS 19499 1220 37 on on IN 19499 1220 38 the the DT 19499 1220 39 road road NN 19499 1220 40 and and CC 19499 1220 41 alters alter VBZ 19499 1220 42 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1220 43 while while IN 19499 1220 44 playing play VBG 19499 1220 45 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1220 46 . . . 19499 1221 1 The the DT 19499 1221 2 obvious obvious JJ 19499 1221 3 result result NN 19499 1221 4 of of IN 19499 1221 5 the the DT 19499 1221 6 application application NN 19499 1221 7 of of IN 19499 1221 8 the the DT 19499 1221 9 whole whole JJ 19499 1221 10 - - HYPH 19499 1221 11 tone tone NN 19499 1221 12 scale scale NN 19499 1221 13 to to IN 19499 1221 14 an an DT 19499 1221 15 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1221 16 or or CC 19499 1221 17 a a DT 19499 1221 18 string string NN 19499 1221 19 quartet quartet NN 19499 1221 20 would would MD 19499 1221 21 be be VB 19499 1221 22 to to TO 19499 1221 23 force force VB 19499 1221 24 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1221 25 to to TO 19499 1221 26 adopt adopt VB 19499 1221 27 the the DT 19499 1221 28 equal equal JJ 19499 1221 29 temperament temperament NN 19499 1221 30 of of IN 19499 1221 31 the the DT 19499 1221 32 pianoforte pianoforte NN 19499 1221 33 , , , 19499 1221 34 and and CC 19499 1221 35 play play VB 19499 1221 36 every every DT 19499 1221 37 interval interval NN 19499 1221 38 except except IN 19499 1221 39 the the DT 19499 1221 40 octave octave NN 19499 1221 41 out out IN 19499 1221 42 of of IN 19499 1221 43 tune tune NN 19499 1221 44 . . . 19499 1222 1 When when WRB 19499 1222 2 this this DT 19499 1222 3 modification modification NN 19499 1222 4 had have VBD 19499 1222 5 taken take VBN 19499 1222 6 hold hold NN 19499 1222 7 all all DT 19499 1222 8 music music NN 19499 1222 9 in in IN 19499 1222 10 the the DT 19499 1222 11 pure pure JJ 19499 1222 12 scale scale NN 19499 1222 13 would would MD 19499 1222 14 be be VB 19499 1222 15 distorted distort VBN 19499 1222 16 and and CC 19499 1222 17 destroyed destroy VBN 19499 1222 18 , , , 19499 1222 19 unless unless IN 19499 1222 20 string string NN 19499 1222 21 players player NNS 19499 1222 22 were be VBD 19499 1222 23 to to TO 19499 1222 24 face face VB 19499 1222 25 the the DT 19499 1222 26 practically practically RB 19499 1222 27 impossible impossible JJ 19499 1222 28 drudgery drudgery NN 19499 1222 29 of of IN 19499 1222 30 studying study VBG 19499 1222 31 both both CC 19499 1222 32 the the DT 19499 1222 33 equal equal JJ 19499 1222 34 temperament temperament NN 19499 1222 35 and and CC 19499 1222 36 the the DT 19499 1222 37 pure pure JJ 19499 1222 38 scale scale NN 19499 1222 39 from from IN 19499 1222 40 the the DT 19499 1222 41 start start NN 19499 1222 42 , , , 19499 1222 43 and and CC 19499 1222 44 were be VBD 19499 1222 45 able able JJ 19499 1222 46 to to TO 19499 1222 47 tackle tackle VB 19499 1222 48 either either DT 19499 1222 49 form form NN 19499 1222 50 at at IN 19499 1222 51 a a DT 19499 1222 52 moment moment NN 19499 1222 53 's 's POS 19499 1222 54 notice notice NN 19499 1222 55 . . . 19499 1223 1 A a DT 19499 1223 2 thorough thorough JJ 19499 1223 3 knowledge knowledge NN 19499 1223 4 of of IN 19499 1223 5 the the DT 19499 1223 6 natural natural JJ 19499 1223 7 genesis genesis NN 19499 1223 8 of of IN 19499 1223 9 the the DT 19499 1223 10 scale scale NN 19499 1223 11 of of IN 19499 1223 12 western western JJ 19499 1223 13 nations nation NNS 19499 1223 14 will will MD 19499 1223 15 be be VB 19499 1223 16 the the DT 19499 1223 17 best good JJS 19499 1223 18 antidote antidote NN 19499 1223 19 to to IN 19499 1223 20 fads fad NNS 19499 1223 21 founded found VBN 19499 1223 22 upon upon IN 19499 1223 23 ignorance ignorance NN 19499 1223 24 of of IN 19499 1223 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1223 26 . . . 19499 1224 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1224 2 is be VBZ 19499 1224 3 a a DT 19499 1224 4 curious curious JJ 19499 1224 5 commentary commentary NN 19499 1224 6 upon upon IN 19499 1224 7 this this DT 19499 1224 8 question question NN 19499 1224 9 that that WDT 19499 1224 10 Wagner Wagner NNP 19499 1224 11 , , , 19499 1224 12 in in IN 19499 1224 13 the the DT 19499 1224 14 opening opening NN 19499 1224 15 of of IN 19499 1224 16 the the DT 19499 1224 17 third third JJ 19499 1224 18 act act NN 19499 1224 19 of of IN 19499 1224 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1224 21 Tristan Tristan NNP 19499 1224 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1224 23 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1224 24 bars bar NNS 19499 1224 25 6 6 CD 19499 1224 26 to to TO 19499 1224 27 10 10 CD 19499 1224 28 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1224 29 , , , 19499 1224 30 experimented experiment VBN 19499 1224 31 with with IN 19499 1224 32 the the DT 19499 1224 33 whole whole JJ 19499 1224 34 - - HYPH 19499 1224 35 tone tone NN 19499 1224 36 scale scale NN 19499 1224 37 and and CC 19499 1224 38 drew draw VBD 19499 1224 39 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1224 40 pen pen NN 19499 1224 41 through through IN 19499 1224 42 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1224 43 , , , 19499 1224 44 as as IN 19499 1224 45 was be VBD 19499 1224 46 to to TO 19499 1224 47 be be VB 19499 1224 48 expected expect VBN 19499 1224 49 from from IN 19499 1224 50 a a DT 19499 1224 51 composer composer NN 19499 1224 52 whose whose WP$ 19499 1224 53 every every DT 19499 1224 54 work work NN 19499 1224 55 proves prove VBZ 19499 1224 56 the the DT 19499 1224 57 writer writer NN 19499 1224 58 to to TO 19499 1224 59 have have VB 19499 1224 60 had have VBN 19499 1224 61 the the DT 19499 1224 62 pure pure JJ 19499 1224 63 scale scale NN 19499 1224 64 inbred inbreed VBN 19499 1224 65 in in IN 19499 1224 66 him -PRON- PRP 19499 1224 67 . . . 19499 1224 68 " " '' 19499 1225 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1225 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1225 3 21 21 CD 19499 1225 4 : : : 19499 1225 5 Stanford Stanford NNP 19499 1225 6 -- -- : 19499 1225 7 Musical musical JJ 19499 1225 8 Composition Composition NNP 19499 1225 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1225 10 1911 1911 CD 19499 1225 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1225 12 p. p. NN 19499 1226 1 17 17 CD 19499 1226 2 . . . 19499 1226 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1227 1 There there EX 19499 1227 2 may may MD 19499 1227 3 be be VB 19499 1227 4 some some DT 19499 1227 5 difference difference NN 19499 1227 6 of of IN 19499 1227 7 opinion opinion NN 19499 1227 8 among among IN 19499 1227 9 acousticians acoustician NNS 19499 1227 10 as as IN 19499 1227 11 to to IN 19499 1227 12 whether whether IN 19499 1227 13 Mr. Mr. NNP 19499 1227 14 Stanford Stanford NNP 19499 1227 15 is be VBZ 19499 1227 16 correct correct JJ 19499 1227 17 in in IN 19499 1227 18 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1227 19 scientific scientific JJ 19499 1227 20 assumptions assumption NNS 19499 1227 21 regarding regard VBG 19499 1227 22 the the DT 19499 1227 23 difference difference NN 19499 1227 24 between between IN 19499 1227 25 " " `` 19499 1227 26 tempered temper VBN 19499 1227 27 " " '' 19499 1227 28 and and CC 19499 1227 29 " " `` 19499 1227 30 pure pure JJ 19499 1227 31 " " '' 19499 1227 32 scales,[22 scales,[22 NN 19499 1227 33 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1227 34 but but CC 19499 1227 35 even even RB 19499 1227 36 so so RB 19499 1227 37 , , , 19499 1227 38 there there EX 19499 1227 39 is be VBZ 19499 1227 40 a a DT 19499 1227 41 far far RB 19499 1227 42 more more RBR 19499 1227 43 potent potent JJ 19499 1227 44 reason reason NN 19499 1227 45 why why WRB 19499 1227 46 the the DT 19499 1227 47 whole whole JJ 19499 1227 48 - - HYPH 19499 1227 49 step step NN 19499 1227 50 scale scale NN 19499 1227 51 will will MD 19499 1227 52 probably probably RB 19499 1227 53 never never RB 19499 1227 54 become become VB 19499 1227 55 popular popular JJ 19499 1227 56 as as IN 19499 1227 57 the the DT 19499 1227 58 major major JJ 19499 1227 59 and and CC 19499 1227 60 minor minor JJ 19499 1227 61 scales scale NNS 19499 1227 62 now now RB 19499 1227 63 are be VBP 19499 1227 64 , , , 19499 1227 65 viz viz NNP 19499 1227 66 . . NNP 19499 1227 67 , , , 19499 1227 68 the the DT 19499 1227 69 fact fact NN 19499 1227 70 that that IN 19499 1227 71 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1227 72 offers offer VBZ 19499 1227 73 no no DT 19499 1227 74 possibility possibility NN 19499 1227 75 of of IN 19499 1227 76 _ _ NNP 19499 1227 77 inculcating inculcate VBG 19499 1227 78 tonality tonality NN 19499 1227 79 feeling feel VBG 19499 1227 80 _ _ NNP 19499 1227 81 , , , 19499 1227 82 which which WDT 19499 1227 83 has have VBZ 19499 1227 84 always always RB 19499 1227 85 been be VBN 19499 1227 86 the the DT 19499 1227 87 basis basis NN 19499 1227 88 of of IN 19499 1227 89 even even RB 19499 1227 90 the the DT 19499 1227 91 simplest simple JJS 19499 1227 92 primitive primitive JJ 19499 1227 93 music music NN 19499 1227 94 . . . 19499 1228 1 Tonality tonality NN 19499 1228 2 scales scale NNS 19499 1228 3 give give VBP 19499 1228 4 rise rise NN 19499 1228 5 to to IN 19499 1228 6 a a DT 19499 1228 7 feeling feeling NN 19499 1228 8 of of IN 19499 1228 9 alternate alternate JJ 19499 1228 10 periods period NNS 19499 1228 11 of of IN 19499 1228 12 contraction contraction NN 19499 1228 13 and and CC 19499 1228 14 relaxation relaxation NN 19499 1228 15 -- -- : 19499 1228 16 an an DT 19499 1228 17 active active JJ 19499 1228 18 tone tone NN 19499 1228 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1228 20 or or CC 19499 1228 21 chord chord NN 19499 1228 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1228 23 followed follow VBN 19499 1228 24 by by IN 19499 1228 25 a a DT 19499 1228 26 passive passive JJ 19499 1228 27 one one NN 19499 1228 28 , , , 19499 1228 29 but but CC 19499 1228 30 no no DT 19499 1228 31 such such JJ 19499 1228 32 effect effect NN 19499 1228 33 is be VBZ 19499 1228 34 possible possible JJ 19499 1228 35 in in IN 19499 1228 36 the the DT 19499 1228 37 whole whole JJ 19499 1228 38 - - HYPH 19499 1228 39 step step NN 19499 1228 40 scale scale NN 19499 1228 41 , , , 19499 1228 42 and and CC 19499 1228 43 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1228 44 seems seem VBZ 19499 1228 45 suitable suitable JJ 19499 1228 46 therefore therefore RB 19499 1228 47 only only RB 19499 1228 48 for for IN 19499 1228 49 that that DT 19499 1228 50 class class NN 19499 1228 51 of of IN 19499 1228 52 music music NN 19499 1228 53 whose whose WP$ 19499 1228 54 outlines outline NNS 19499 1228 55 are be VBP 19499 1228 56 _ _ NNP 19499 1228 57 purposely purposely RB 19499 1228 58 intended intend VBN 19499 1228 59 to to TO 19499 1228 60 be be VB 19499 1228 61 _ _ NNP 19499 1228 62 vague vague JJ 19499 1228 63 and and CC 19499 1228 64 indefinite indefinite JJ 19499 1228 65 -- -- : 19499 1228 66 the the DT 19499 1228 67 impressionistic impressionistic JJ 19499 1228 68 style style NN 19499 1228 69 of of IN 19499 1228 70 music music NN 19499 1228 71 writing writing NN 19499 1228 72 . . . 19499 1229 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1229 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1229 3 22 22 CD 19499 1229 4 : : : 19499 1229 5 Recent recent JJ 19499 1229 6 tests test NNS 19499 1229 7 in in IN 19499 1229 8 Germany Germany NNP 19499 1229 9 seem seem VBP 19499 1229 10 to to TO 19499 1229 11 prove prove VB 19499 1229 12 conclusively conclusively RB 19499 1229 13 that that IN 19499 1229 14 the the DT 19499 1229 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1229 16 tempered temper VBD 19499 1229 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1229 18 scale scale NN 19499 1229 19 is be VBZ 19499 1229 20 the the DT 19499 1229 21 scale scale NN 19499 1229 22 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 1229 23 employed employ VBN 19499 1229 24 by by IN 19499 1229 25 both both DT 19499 1229 26 vocalists vocalist NNS 19499 1229 27 and and CC 19499 1229 28 players player NNS 19499 1229 29 on on IN 19499 1229 30 stringed stringed JJ 19499 1229 31 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1229 32 , , , 19499 1229 33 and and CC 19499 1229 34 that that IN 19499 1229 35 the the DT 19499 1229 36 ideal ideal NN 19499 1229 37 of of IN 19499 1229 38 and and CC 19499 1229 39 agitation agitation NN 19499 1229 40 for for IN 19499 1229 41 a a DT 19499 1229 42 _ _ NNP 19499 1229 43 pure pure JJ 19499 1229 44 _ _ NNP 19499 1229 45 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1229 46 _ _ NNP 19499 1229 47 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1229 48 _ _ NNP 19499 1229 49 , , , 19499 1229 50 _ _ NNP 19499 1229 51 untempered untempere VBD 19499 1229 52 _ _ NNP 19499 1229 53 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1229 54 scale scale NN 19499 1229 55 in in IN 19499 1229 56 vocal vocal NN 19499 1229 57 and and CC 19499 1229 58 in in IN 19499 1229 59 string string NN 19499 1229 60 music music NN 19499 1229 61 is be VBZ 19499 1229 62 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 1229 63 of of IN 19499 1229 64 a a DT 19499 1229 65 myth myth NN 19499 1229 66 . . . 19499 1229 67 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1230 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 1230 2 IX IX NNP 19499 1230 3 AUXILIARY AUXILIARY NNP 19499 1230 4 WORDS word NNS 19499 1230 5 AND and CC 19499 1230 6 ENDINGS ending NNS 19499 1230 7 96 96 CD 19499 1230 8 . . . 19499 1231 1 Being be VBG 19499 1231 2 a a DT 19499 1231 3 list list NN 19499 1231 4 of of IN 19499 1231 5 articles article NNS 19499 1231 6 , , , 19499 1231 7 adverbs adverb NNS 19499 1231 8 , , , 19499 1231 9 conjunctions conjunction NNS 19499 1231 10 , , , 19499 1231 11 prepositions preposition NNS 19499 1231 12 , , , 19499 1231 13 and and CC 19499 1231 14 endings ending NNS 19499 1231 15 , , , 19499 1231 16 often often RB 19499 1231 17 utilized utilize VBN 19499 1231 18 in in IN 19499 1231 19 compounding compound VBG 19499 1231 20 terms term NNS 19499 1231 21 relating relate VBG 19499 1231 22 to to IN 19499 1231 23 musical musical JJ 19499 1231 24 effects effect NNS 19499 1231 25 . . . 19499 1232 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1232 2 A_--preposition A_--preposition NNP 19499 1232 3 -- -- : 19499 1232 4 variously variously RB 19499 1232 5 translated translate VBD 19499 1232 6 to to IN 19499 1232 7 , , , 19499 1232 8 at at IN 19499 1232 9 , , , 19499 1232 10 for for IN 19499 1232 11 , , , 19499 1232 12 by by RB 19499 1232 13 , , , 19499 1232 14 in in RB 19499 1232 15 , , , 19499 1232 16 with with IN 19499 1232 17 , , , 19499 1232 18 towards towards IN 19499 1232 19 . . . 19499 1233 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1233 2 A A NNP 19499 1233 3 cappella_--in cappella_--in NNP 19499 1233 4 church church NN 19499 1233 5 style style NN 19499 1233 6 . . . 19499 1234 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1234 2 A a DT 19499 1234 3 capriccio_--at capriccio_--at : 19499 1234 4 the the DT 19499 1234 5 fancy fancy NN 19499 1234 6 of of IN 19499 1234 7 the the DT 19499 1234 8 performer performer NN 19499 1234 9 . . . 19499 1235 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1235 2 À À NNP 19499 1235 3 deux deux NN 19499 1235 4 mains_--for mains_--for NNP 19499 1235 5 two two CD 19499 1235 6 hands hand NNS 19499 1235 7 . . . 19499 1236 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1236 2 A a DT 19499 1236 3 mezza mezza NN 19499 1236 4 voce_--with voce_--with NN 19499 1236 5 half half JJ 19499 1236 6 voice voice NN 19499 1236 7 . . . 19499 1237 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1237 2 À À NNP 19499 1237 3 la la NNP 19499 1237 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1237 5 , , , 19499 1237 6 or or CC 19499 1237 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1237 8 alla_--in alla_--in NNP 19499 1237 9 the the DT 19499 1237 10 manner manner NN 19499 1237 11 of of IN 19499 1237 12 . . . 19499 1238 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1238 2 Alla Alla NNP 19499 1238 3 marcia_--in marcia_--in VBD 19499 1238 4 the the DT 19499 1238 5 style style NN 19499 1238 6 of of IN 19499 1238 7 a a DT 19499 1238 8 march march NN 19499 1238 9 . . . 19499 1239 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1239 2 Assai_--very Assai_--very NNP 19499 1239 3 , , , 19499 1239 4 or or CC 19499 1239 5 very very RB 19499 1239 6 much much RB 19499 1239 7 . . . 19499 1240 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1240 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1240 3 assai_--very assai_--very NNP 19499 1240 4 fast fast RB 19499 1240 5 . . . 19499 1241 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1241 2 Ben_--well Ben_--well NNP 19499 1241 3 . . . 19499 1242 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1242 2 Ben Ben NNP 19499 1242 3 marcato_--well marcato_--well NNP 19499 1242 4 marked mark VBD 19499 1242 5 . . . 19499 1243 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1243 2 Coi Coi NNP 19499 1243 3 , , , 19499 1243 4 con con NNP 19499 1243 5 , , , 19499 1243 6 col col NN 19499 1243 7 , , , 19499 1243 8 colla colla NN 19499 1243 9 , , , 19499 1243 10 colle colle NNP 19499 1243 11 , , , 19499 1243 12 collo_--with collo_--with UH 19499 1243 13 , , , 19499 1243 14 or or CC 19499 1243 15 with with IN 19499 1243 16 the the DT 19499 1243 17 . . . 19499 1244 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1244 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1244 3 amore_--with amore_--with IN 19499 1244 4 tenderness tenderness NN 19499 1244 5 . . . 19499 1245 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1245 2 Colla Colla NNP 19499 1245 3 voce_--with voce_--with VBP 19499 1245 4 the the DT 19499 1245 5 voice voice NN 19499 1245 6 . . . 19499 1246 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1246 2 Come_--as Come_--as NNP 19499 1246 3 , , , 19499 1246 4 like like IN 19499 1246 5 . . . 19499 1247 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1247 2 Come Come NNP 19499 1247 3 primo_--as primo_--as NNP 19499 1247 4 at at IN 19499 1247 5 first first RB 19499 1247 6 . . . 19499 1248 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1248 2 Contra_--against Contra_--against NNP 19499 1248 3 . . . 19499 1249 1 In in IN 19499 1249 2 compound compound NN 19499 1249 3 words word NNS 19499 1249 4 means mean VBZ 19499 1249 5 " " `` 19499 1249 6 an an DT 19499 1249 7 octave octave NN 19499 1249 8 below below RB 19499 1249 9 . . . 19499 1249 10 " " '' 19499 1250 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1250 2 Da_--from Da_--from NNP 19499 1250 3 . . . 19499 1251 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1251 2 Da Da NNP 19499 1251 3 Capo_--from capo_--from IN 19499 1251 4 the the DT 19499 1251 5 head head NN 19499 1251 6 . . . 19499 1252 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1252 2 Di_--by Di_--by NNP 19499 1252 3 , , , 19499 1252 4 with with IN 19499 1252 5 , , , 19499 1252 6 of of IN 19499 1252 7 , , , 19499 1252 8 for for IN 19499 1252 9 . . . 19499 1253 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1253 2 Di Di NNP 19499 1253 3 bravura_--with bravura_--with VBG 19499 1253 4 daring daring NN 19499 1253 5 . . . 19499 1254 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1254 2 Di Di NNP 19499 1254 3 molto_--exceedingly molto_--exceedingly RB 19499 1254 4 -- -- : 19499 1254 5 very very RB 19499 1254 6 much much RB 19499 1254 7 . . . 19499 1255 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1255 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1255 3 di di NNP 19499 1255 4 molto_--exceedingly molto_--exceedingly RB 19499 1255 5 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1255 6 . . . 19499 1256 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1256 2 Doppio_--double Doppio_--double NNP 19499 1256 3 . . . 19499 1257 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1257 2 Doppio Doppio NNP 19499 1257 3 movimento_--double movimento_--double JJ 19499 1257 4 movement movement NN 19499 1257 5 . . . 19499 1258 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1258 2 E E NNP 19499 1258 3 , , , 19499 1258 4 ed ed NNP 19499 1258 5 , , , 19499 1258 6 et_--and et_--and NNP 19499 1258 7 . . . 19499 1259 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1259 2 Cresc Cresc NNP 19499 1259 3 . . . 19499 1260 1 et et NN 19499 1260 2 accel._--louder accel._--louder NNP 19499 1260 3 and and CC 19499 1260 4 faster fast RBR 19499 1260 5 . . . 19499 1261 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1261 2 Ensemble_--together Ensemble_--together NNP 19499 1261 3 , , , 19499 1261 4 the the DT 19499 1261 5 opposite opposite NN 19499 1261 6 of of IN 19499 1261 7 solo solo NN 19499 1261 8 . . . 19499 1262 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1262 2 Il Il NNP 19499 1262 3 , , , 19499 1262 4 La La NNP 19499 1262 5 , , , 19499 1262 6 l l NN 19499 1262 7 ' ' '' 19499 1262 8 , , , 19499 1262 9 le_--the le_--the UH 19499 1262 10 . . . 19499 1263 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1263 2 Il Il NNP 19499 1263 3 basso_--the basso_--the DT 19499 1263 4 bass bass NN 19499 1263 5 . . . 19499 1264 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1264 2 L'istesso L'istesso NNP 19499 1264 3 tempo_--the tempo_--the DT 19499 1264 4 same same JJ 19499 1264 5 speed speed NN 19499 1264 6 . . . 19499 1265 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1265 2 Il Il NNP 19499 1265 3 più_--the più_--the NNP 19499 1265 4 most most RBS 19499 1265 5 . . . 19499 1266 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1266 2 Il Il NNP 19499 1266 3 più più NN 19499 1266 4 forte forte NNP 19499 1266 5 possible_--as possible_--as VBP 19499 1266 6 loudly loudly RB 19499 1266 7 as as IN 19499 1266 8 possible possible JJ 19499 1266 9 . . . 19499 1267 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1267 2 Issimo_--Italian Issimo_--Italian NNP 19499 1267 3 superlative superlative JJ 19499 1267 4 ending ending NN 19499 1267 5 . . . 19499 1268 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1268 2 Forte_--_fortissimo Forte_--_fortissimo NNP 19499 1268 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1268 4 . . . 19499 1269 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1269 2 Ino Ino NNP 19499 1269 3 , , , 19499 1269 4 etto_--Italian etto_--italian JJ 19499 1269 5 diminutive diminutive JJ 19499 1269 6 endings ending NNS 19499 1269 7 . . . 19499 1270 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1270 2 Andante_--_andantino andante_--_andantino CD 19499 1270 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1270 4 . . . 19499 1271 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1271 2 Poco_--_pochetto Poco_--_pochetto NNP 19499 1271 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1271 4 . . . 19499 1272 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1272 2 Meno_--less Meno_--less NNP 19499 1272 3 . . . 19499 1273 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1273 2 Meno Meno NNP 19499 1273 3 forte_--less forte_--less NN 19499 1273 4 loud loud JJ 19499 1273 5 . . . 19499 1274 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1274 2 Mente_--the Mente_--the NNP 19499 1274 3 ending ending NN 19499 1274 4 which which WDT 19499 1274 5 changes change VBZ 19499 1274 6 a a DT 19499 1274 7 noun noun NN 19499 1274 8 or or CC 19499 1274 9 adjective adjective JJ 19499 1274 10 to to IN 19499 1274 11 an an DT 19499 1274 12 adverb adverb NN 19499 1274 13 . . . 19499 1275 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1275 2 Largo Largo NNP 19499 1275 3 largamente largamente NNP 19499 1275 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1275 5 . . . 19499 1276 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1276 2 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 1276 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1276 4 or or CC 19499 1276 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1276 6 mezza_--half mezza_--half NN 19499 1276 7 , , , 19499 1276 8 or or CC 19499 1276 9 medium medium NN 19499 1276 10 . . . 19499 1277 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1277 2 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 1277 3 forte_--medium forte_--medium NNP 19499 1277 4 loud loud RB 19499 1277 5 . . . 19499 1278 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1278 2 Molto_--much Molto_--much NNP 19499 1278 3 , , , 19499 1278 4 or or CC 19499 1278 5 very very RB 19499 1278 6 much much RB 19499 1278 7 . . . 19499 1279 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1279 2 Molto Molto NNP 19499 1279 3 cresc._--very cresc._--very NNP 19499 1279 4 much much RB 19499 1279 5 louder louder RBR 19499 1279 6 . . . 19499 1280 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1280 2 Nel Nel NNP 19499 1280 3 , , , 19499 1280 4 nella nella NN 19499 1280 5 , , , 19499 1280 6 etc._--in etc._--in XX 19499 1280 7 the the DT 19499 1280 8 , , , 19499 1280 9 or or CC 19499 1280 10 at at IN 19499 1280 11 the the DT 19499 1280 12 . . . 19499 1281 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1281 2 Nel Nel NNP 19499 1281 3 battere_--at battere_--at NNP 19499 1281 4 the the DT 19499 1281 5 down down JJ 19499 1281 6 beat beat NN 19499 1281 7 . . . 19499 1282 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1282 2 Non_--not Non_--not NNP 19499 1282 3 . . . 19499 1283 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1283 2 Non Non NNP 19499 1283 3 tanto_--not tanto_--not NNP 19499 1283 4 too too RB 19499 1283 5 much much RB 19499 1283 6 . . . 19499 1284 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1284 2 Ossia_--or Ossia_--or NNP 19499 1284 3 else else RB 19499 1284 4 . . . 19499 1285 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1285 2 Ossia Ossia NNP 19499 1285 3 più più NN 19499 1285 4 facile_--or facile_--or NNP 19499 1285 5 else else RB 19499 1285 6 more more RBR 19499 1285 7 easily easily RB 19499 1285 8 . . . 19499 1286 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1286 2 Per_--for Per_--for NNP 19499 1286 3 . . . 19499 1287 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1287 2 Per per IN 19499 1287 3 il il NNP 19499 1287 4 violino_--for violino_--for NNP 19499 1287 5 the the DT 19499 1287 6 violin violin NN 19499 1287 7 . . . 19499 1288 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1288 2 Peu_--little Peu_--little NNP 19499 1288 3 . . . 19499 1289 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1289 2 Un Un NNP 19499 1289 3 peu peu NNP 19499 1289 4 cresc._--a cresc._--a NNP 19499 1289 5 little little JJ 19499 1289 6 increase increase NN 19499 1289 7 in in IN 19499 1289 8 tone tone NN 19499 1289 9 . . . 19499 1290 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1290 2 Più_--more più_--more CD 19499 1290 3 . . . 19499 1291 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1291 2 Più Più NNP 19499 1291 3 forte_--more forte_--more RBR 19499 1291 4 loudly loudly RB 19499 1291 5 . . . 19499 1292 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1292 2 Poco_--little poco_--little NN 19499 1292 3 . . . 19499 1293 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1293 2 Poco Poco NNP 19499 1293 3 a a DT 19499 1293 4 poco_--little poco_--little NN 19499 1293 5 by by IN 19499 1293 6 little little JJ 19499 1293 7 . . . 19499 1294 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1294 2 Poi_--then Poi_--then NNP 19499 1294 3 . . . 19499 1295 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1295 2 E E NNP 19499 1295 3 poi poi NNP 19499 1295 4 la la NNP 19499 1295 5 coda_--and coda_--and NNP 19499 1295 6 then then RB 19499 1295 7 the the DT 19499 1295 8 coda coda NN 19499 1295 9 . . . 19499 1296 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1296 2 Possibile_--possible Possibile_--possible NNP 19499 1296 3 . . . 19499 1297 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1297 2 Forte Forte NNP 19499 1297 3 possibile_--as possibile_--as NNP 19499 1297 4 loudly loudly RB 19499 1297 5 as as IN 19499 1297 6 possible possible JJ 19499 1297 7 . . . 19499 1298 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1298 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 1298 3 's 's POS 19499 1298 4 Note note NN 19499 1298 5 : : : 19499 1298 6 Corrected correct VBN 19499 1298 7 error error NN 19499 1298 8 " " `` 19499 1298 9 possible possible JJ 19499 1298 10 " " '' 19499 1298 11 for for IN 19499 1298 12 Italian italian JJ 19499 1298 13 " " `` 19499 1298 14 possibile possibile NN 19499 1298 15 " " '' 19499 1298 16 . . . 19499 1298 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1299 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1299 2 Quasi_--in Quasi_--in NNP 19499 1299 3 the the DT 19499 1299 4 manner manner NN 19499 1299 5 of of IN 19499 1299 6 . . . 19499 1300 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1300 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1300 3 quasi quasi NNP 19499 1300 4 andante_--a andante_--a NNP 19499 1300 5 fairly fairly RB 19499 1300 6 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1300 7 movement movement NN 19499 1300 8 , , , 19499 1300 9 yet yet CC 19499 1300 10 in in IN 19499 1300 11 the the DT 19499 1300 12 style style NN 19499 1300 13 of of IN 19499 1300 14 an an DT 19499 1300 15 andante andante NN 19499 1300 16 ; ; : 19499 1300 17 almost almost RB 19499 1300 18 as as RB 19499 1300 19 slow slow JJ 19499 1300 20 as as IN 19499 1300 21 an an DT 19499 1300 22 andante andante NN 19499 1300 23 . . . 19499 1301 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1301 2 Sans_--without sans_--without CD 19499 1301 3 . . . 19499 1302 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1302 2 Sans Sans NNP 19499 1302 3 pedales_--without pedales_--without VBP 19499 1302 4 pedals pedal NNS 19499 1302 5 . . . 19499 1303 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1303 2 Sempre_--always Sempre_--always NNP 19499 1303 3 , , , 19499 1303 4 or or CC 19499 1303 5 continually continually RB 19499 1303 6 . . . 19499 1304 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1304 2 Sempre Sempre NNP 19499 1304 3 forte_--a forte_--a NNP 19499 1304 4 long long JJ 19499 1304 5 passage passage NN 19499 1304 6 to to TO 19499 1304 7 be be VB 19499 1304 8 played play VBN 19499 1304 9 forte forte NNP 19499 1304 10 throughout throughout IN 19499 1304 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1304 12 entirety entirety NN 19499 1304 13 . . . 19499 1305 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1305 2 Senza_--without Senza_--without NNP 19499 1305 3 . . . 19499 1306 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1306 2 Senza Senza NNP 19499 1306 3 accompagnamento_--without accompagnamento_--without IN 19499 1306 4 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1306 5 . . . 19499 1307 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1307 2 Sino Sino NNP 19499 1307 3 , , , 19499 1307 4 sin_--as sin_--as VB 19499 1307 5 far far RB 19499 1307 6 as as IN 19499 1307 7 . . . 19499 1308 1 See see VB 19499 1308 2 p. p. NN 19499 1308 3 14 14 CD 19499 1308 4 , , , 19499 1308 5 note note NN 19499 1308 6 . . . 19499 1309 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1309 2 Solo_--alone solo_--alone NN 19499 1309 3 . . . 19499 1310 1 Opposite opposite JJ 19499 1310 2 of of IN 19499 1310 3 ensemble ensemble NN 19499 1310 4 . . . 19499 1311 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1311 2 Sub_--under Sub_--under NNP 19499 1311 3 or or CC 19499 1311 4 lower low JJR 19499 1311 5 . . . 19499 1312 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1312 2 Sub Sub NNP 19499 1312 3 - - NNP 19499 1312 4 dominant_--the dominant_--the NNP 19499 1312 5 under under IN 19499 1312 6 dominant dominant NN 19499 1312 7 . . . 19499 1313 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1313 2 Tanto_--same tanto_--same NN 19499 1313 3 as as IN 19499 1313 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1313 5 troppo troppo NN 19499 1313 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1313 7 , , , 19499 1313 8 q.v q.v NNP 19499 1313 9 . . . 19499 1314 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1314 2 Tre_--three tre_--three CD 19499 1314 3 . . . 19499 1315 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1315 2 Tre Tre NNP 19499 1315 3 corde_--three corde_--three NN 19499 1315 4 strings string NNS 19499 1315 5 . . . 19499 1316 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1316 2 Très_--very très_--very NN 19499 1316 3 . . . 19499 1317 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1317 2 Très Très NNP 19499 1317 3 vivement_--very vivement_--very NN 19499 1317 4 lively lively JJ 19499 1317 5 . . . 19499 1318 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1318 2 Troppo_--too Troppo_--too NNP 19499 1318 3 much much RB 19499 1318 4 . . . 19499 1319 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1319 2 Non Non NNP 19499 1319 3 tanto tanto IN 19499 1319 4 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1319 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1319 6 , , , 19499 1319 7 or or CC 19499 1319 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1319 9 non non JJ 19499 1319 10 troppo troppo NN 19499 1319 11 allegro_--not allegro_--not NNP 19499 1319 12 too too RB 19499 1319 13 fast fast RB 19499 1319 14 . . . 19499 1320 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1320 2 Una Una NNP 19499 1320 3 , , , 19499 1320 4 un un NNP 19499 1320 5 , , , 19499 1320 6 uno_--one uno_--one NNP 19499 1320 7 , , , 19499 1320 8 or or CC 19499 1320 9 a. a. NN 19499 1321 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1321 2 Una Una NNP 19499 1321 3 corda_--one corda_--one NNP 19499 1321 4 string string NN 19499 1321 5 . . . 19499 1322 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1322 2 Un Un NNP 19499 1322 3 peu_--a peu_--a NNP 19499 1322 4 little little JJ 19499 1322 5 . . . 19499 1323 1 A a DT 19499 1323 2 working work VBG 19499 1323 3 knowledge knowledge NN 19499 1323 4 of of IN 19499 1323 5 these these DT 19499 1323 6 auxiliary auxiliary JJ 19499 1323 7 terms term NNS 19499 1323 8 will will MD 19499 1323 9 aid aid VB 19499 1323 10 the the DT 19499 1323 11 student student NN 19499 1323 12 greatly greatly RB 19499 1323 13 in in IN 19499 1323 14 arriving arrive VBG 19499 1323 15 at at IN 19499 1323 16 the the DT 19499 1323 17 meaning meaning NN 19499 1323 18 of of IN 19499 1323 19 hundreds hundred NNS 19499 1323 20 of of IN 19499 1323 21 terms term NNS 19499 1323 22 without without IN 19499 1323 23 stopping stop VBG 19499 1323 24 to to TO 19499 1323 25 look look VB 19499 1323 26 up up RP 19499 1323 27 each each DT 19499 1323 28 individual individual JJ 19499 1323 29 one one NN 19499 1323 30 . . . 19499 1324 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 1324 2 X X NNP 19499 1324 3 MEASURE measure NN 19499 1324 4 97 97 CD 19499 1324 5 . . . 19499 1325 1 From from IN 19499 1325 2 the the DT 19499 1325 3 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 1325 4 of of IN 19499 1325 5 the the DT 19499 1325 6 eye eye NN 19499 1325 7 , , , 19499 1325 8 a a DT 19499 1325 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1325 10 measure measure NN 19499 1325 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1325 12 is be VBZ 19499 1325 13 that that DT 19499 1325 14 portion portion NN 19499 1325 15 of of IN 19499 1325 16 the the DT 19499 1325 17 staff staff NN 19499 1325 18 found find VBN 19499 1325 19 between between IN 19499 1325 20 two two CD 19499 1325 21 bars bar NNS 19499 1325 22 , , , 19499 1325 23 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1325 24 in in IN 19499 1325 25 certain certain JJ 19499 1325 26 cases case NNS 19499 1325 27 this this DT 19499 1325 28 space space NN 19499 1325 29 may may MD 19499 1325 30 be be VB 19499 1325 31 less less JJR 19499 1325 32 than than IN 19499 1325 33 a a DT 19499 1325 34 measure measure NN 19499 1325 35 , , , 19499 1325 36 as as IN 19499 1325 37 _ _ NNP 19499 1325 38 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1325 39 _ _ NNP 19499 1325 40 , , , 19499 1325 41 at at IN 19499 1325 42 the the DT 19499 1325 43 beginning beginning NN 19499 1325 44 and and CC 19499 1325 45 end end NN 19499 1325 46 of of IN 19499 1325 47 a a DT 19499 1325 48 movement movement NN 19499 1325 49 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1325 50 ; ; : 19499 1325 51 but but CC 19499 1325 52 from from IN 19499 1325 53 the the DT 19499 1325 54 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 1325 55 of of IN 19499 1325 56 the the DT 19499 1325 57 ear ear NN 19499 1325 58 a a DT 19499 1325 59 single single JJ 19499 1325 60 , , , 19499 1325 61 isolated isolate VBN 19499 1325 62 measure measure NN 19499 1325 63 is be VBZ 19499 1325 64 not not RB 19499 1325 65 possible possible JJ 19499 1325 66 , , , 19499 1325 67 and and CC 19499 1325 68 the the DT 19499 1325 69 term term NN 19499 1325 70 must must MD 19499 1325 71 therefore therefore RB 19499 1325 72 be be VB 19499 1325 73 defined define VBN 19499 1325 74 in in IN 19499 1325 75 the the DT 19499 1325 76 plural plural JJ 19499 1325 77 form form NN 19499 1325 78 . . . 19499 1326 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1326 2 Measures Measures NNPS 19499 1326 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1326 4 are be VBP 19499 1326 5 similarly similarly RB 19499 1326 6 accented accented JJ 19499 1326 7 groups group NNS 19499 1326 8 of of IN 19499 1326 9 evenly evenly RB 19499 1326 10 - - HYPH 19499 1326 11 spaced space VBN 19499 1326 12 beats beat NNS 19499 1326 13 , , , 19499 1326 14 each each DT 19499 1326 15 group group NN 19499 1326 16 having have VBG 19499 1326 17 at at RB 19499 1326 18 least least RBS 19499 1326 19 one one CD 19499 1326 20 accented accent VBN 19499 1326 21 and and CC 19499 1326 22 one one CD 19499 1326 23 non non JJ 19499 1326 24 - - JJ 19499 1326 25 accented accented JJ 19499 1326 26 beat beat NN 19499 1326 27 . . . 19499 1327 1 The the DT 19499 1327 2 strongest strong JJS 19499 1327 3 accent accent NN 19499 1327 4 falls fall VBZ 19499 1327 5 normally normally RB 19499 1327 6 on on IN 19499 1327 7 the the DT 19499 1327 8 first first JJ 19499 1327 9 beat beat NN 19499 1327 10 in in IN 19499 1327 11 the the DT 19499 1327 12 measure measure NN 19499 1327 13 . . . 19499 1328 1 Two two CD 19499 1328 2 essential essential JJ 19499 1328 3 characteristics characteristic NNS 19499 1328 4 are be VBP 19499 1328 5 involved involve VBN 19499 1328 6 in in IN 19499 1328 7 the the DT 19499 1328 8 ordinary ordinary JJ 19499 1328 9 musical musical JJ 19499 1328 10 measure measure NN 19499 1328 11 : : : 19499 1328 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1328 13 1 1 LS 19499 1328 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1328 15 A a DT 19499 1328 16 group group NN 19499 1328 17 of of IN 19499 1328 18 even even JJ 19499 1328 19 beats beat NNS 19499 1328 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1328 21 or or CC 19499 1328 22 pulses pulse NNS 19499 1328 23 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1328 24 , , , 19499 1328 25 always always RB 19499 1328 26 felt feel VBD 19499 1328 27 , , , 19499 1328 28 though though IN 19499 1328 29 not not RB 19499 1328 30 always always RB 19499 1328 31 actually actually RB 19499 1328 32 sounded sound VBN 19499 1328 33 , , , 19499 1328 34 one one CD 19499 1328 35 or or CC 19499 1328 36 more more JJR 19499 1328 37 of of IN 19499 1328 38 these these DT 19499 1328 39 beats beat NNS 19499 1328 40 being be VBG 19499 1328 41 stronger strong JJR 19499 1328 42 than than IN 19499 1328 43 the the DT 19499 1328 44 rest rest NN 19499 1328 45 ; ; , 19499 1328 46 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1328 47 2 2 LS 19499 1328 48 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1328 49 Certain certain JJ 19499 1328 50 rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 1328 51 figures figure NNS 19499 1328 52 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1328 53 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1328 54 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1328 55 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1328 56 , , , 19499 1328 57 etc etc FW 19499 1328 58 . . . 19499 1328 59 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1329 1 which which WDT 19499 1329 2 form form VBP 19499 1329 3 the the DT 19499 1329 4 actual actual JJ 19499 1329 5 musical musical JJ 19499 1329 6 content content NN 19499 1329 7 of of IN 19499 1329 8 these these DT 19499 1329 9 groups group NNS 19499 1329 10 . . . 19499 1330 1 The the DT 19499 1330 2 student student NN 19499 1330 3 will will MD 19499 1330 4 note note VB 19499 1330 5 the the DT 19499 1330 6 essential essential JJ 19499 1330 7 difference difference NN 19499 1330 8 between between IN 19499 1330 9 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1330 10 and and CC 19499 1330 11 measure measure NN 19499 1330 12 . . . 19499 1331 1 Rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1331 2 is be VBZ 19499 1331 3 the the DT 19499 1331 4 regular regular JJ 19499 1331 5 recurrence recurrence NN 19499 1331 6 of of IN 19499 1331 7 accent accent NN 19499 1331 8 in in IN 19499 1331 9 a a DT 19499 1331 10 series series NN 19499 1331 11 of of IN 19499 1331 12 beats beat NNS 19499 1331 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1331 14 or or CC 19499 1331 15 pulses pulse NNS 19499 1331 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1331 17 , , , 19499 1331 18 while while IN 19499 1331 19 measure measure NN 19499 1331 20 is be VBZ 19499 1331 21 the the DT 19499 1331 22 grouping grouping NN 19499 1331 23 of of IN 19499 1331 24 these these DT 19499 1331 25 beats beat NNS 19499 1331 26 according accord VBG 19499 1331 27 to to IN 19499 1331 28 some some DT 19499 1331 29 specified specified JJ 19499 1331 30 system system NN 19499 1331 31 . . . 19499 1332 1 In in IN 19499 1332 2 listening listen VBG 19499 1332 3 to to IN 19499 1332 4 a a DT 19499 1332 5 piece piece NN 19499 1332 6 of of IN 19499 1332 7 music music NN 19499 1332 8 , , , 19499 1332 9 two two CD 19499 1332 10 hearers hearer NNS 19499 1332 11 A a NN 19499 1332 12 and and CC 19499 1332 13 B b NN 19499 1332 14 may may MD 19499 1332 15 feel feel VB 19499 1332 16 the the DT 19499 1332 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 18 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1332 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 20 equally equally RB 19499 1332 21 strongly strongly RB 19499 1332 22 , , , 19499 1332 23 but but CC 19499 1332 24 A a DT 19499 1332 25 may may MD 19499 1332 26 subjectively subjectively RB 19499 1332 27 group group VB 19499 1332 28 the the DT 19499 1332 29 beats beat NNS 19499 1332 30 into--_one into--_one NNP 19499 1332 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 32 , , , 19499 1332 33 two two CD 19499 1332 34 | | CD 19499 1332 35 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 36 one one CD 19499 1332 37 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 38 , , , 19499 1332 39 two two CD 19499 1332 40 |--etc |--etc CD 19499 1332 41 . . . 19499 1332 42 , , , 19499 1332 43 while while IN 19499 1332 44 B B NNP 19499 1332 45 feels feel VBZ 19499 1332 46 the the DT 19499 1332 47 groups group NNS 19499 1332 48 as--_one as--_one NNP 19499 1332 49 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 50 , , , 19499 1332 51 two two CD 19499 1332 52 , , , 19499 1332 53 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 54 three three CD 19499 1332 55 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 56 , , , 19499 1332 57 four four CD 19499 1332 58 | | CD 19499 1332 59 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 60 one one CD 19499 1332 61 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 62 , , , 19499 1332 63 two two CD 19499 1332 64 , , , 19499 1332 65 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 66 three three CD 19499 1332 67 _ _ NNP 19499 1332 68 , , , 19499 1332 69 four four CD 19499 1332 70 |--etc |--etc CD 19499 1332 71 . . . 19499 1333 1 Rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1333 2 is be VBZ 19499 1333 3 thus thus RB 19499 1333 4 seen see VBN 19499 1333 5 to to TO 19499 1333 6 be be VB 19499 1333 7 a a DT 19499 1333 8 fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 1333 9 thing thing NN 19499 1333 10 , , , 19499 1333 11 inherent inherent JJ 19499 1333 12 in in IN 19499 1333 13 the the DT 19499 1333 14 music music NN 19499 1333 15 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 1333 16 , , , 19499 1333 17 while while IN 19499 1333 18 measure measure NN 19499 1333 19 is be VBZ 19499 1333 20 to to IN 19499 1333 21 a a DT 19499 1333 22 certain certain JJ 19499 1333 23 extent extent NN 19499 1333 24 at at IN 19499 1333 25 least least JJS 19499 1333 26 an an DT 19499 1333 27 arbitrary arbitrary JJ 19499 1333 28 grouping grouping NN 19499 1333 29 which which WDT 19499 1333 30 musicians musician NNS 19499 1333 31 have have VBP 19499 1333 32 adopted adopt VBN 19499 1333 33 for for IN 19499 1333 34 practical practical JJ 19499 1333 35 purposes purpose NNS 19499 1333 36 . . . 19499 1334 1 98 98 CD 19499 1334 2 . . . 19499 1335 1 In in IN 19499 1335 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1335 3 syncopation syncopation NN 19499 1335 4 _ _ IN 19499 1335 5 the the DT 19499 1335 6 normal normal JJ 19499 1335 7 system system NN 19499 1335 8 of of IN 19499 1335 9 accenting accenting NN 19499 1335 10 is be VBZ 19499 1335 11 temporarily temporarily RB 19499 1335 12 suspended suspend VBN 19499 1335 13 and and CC 19499 1335 14 the the DT 19499 1335 15 accented accented JJ 19499 1335 16 tone tone NN 19499 1335 17 falls fall VBZ 19499 1335 18 on on IN 19499 1335 19 the the DT 19499 1335 20 regularly regularly RB 19499 1335 21 unaccented unaccented JJ 19499 1335 22 part part NN 19499 1335 23 of of IN 19499 1335 24 the the DT 19499 1335 25 measure measure NN 19499 1335 26 . . . 19499 1336 1 Syncopation syncopation NN 19499 1336 2 may may MD 19499 1336 3 therefore therefore RB 19499 1336 4 be be VB 19499 1336 5 defined define VBN 19499 1336 6 as as IN 19499 1336 7 the the DT 19499 1336 8 temporary temporary JJ 19499 1336 9 interruption interruption NN 19499 1336 10 of of IN 19499 1336 11 a a DT 19499 1336 12 normal normal JJ 19499 1336 13 series series NN 19499 1336 14 of of IN 19499 1336 15 accents accent NNS 19499 1336 16 , , , 19499 1336 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1336 18 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1336 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1336 20 , , , 19499 1336 21 accenting accent VBG 19499 1336 22 a a DT 19499 1336 23 beat beat NN 19499 1336 24 that that WDT 19499 1336 25 is be VBZ 19499 1336 26 usually usually RB 19499 1336 27 not not RB 19499 1336 28 accented accented JJ 19499 1336 29 . . . 19499 1337 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1337 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1337 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1337 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1337 5 , , , 19499 1337 6 in in IN 19499 1337 7 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1337 8 . . . 19499 1338 1 56 56 CD 19499 1338 2 , , , 19499 1338 3 measure measure NN 19499 1338 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1338 5 one one CD 19499 1338 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1338 7 has have VBZ 19499 1338 8 the the DT 19499 1338 9 regular regular JJ 19499 1338 10 system system NN 19499 1338 11 of of IN 19499 1338 12 accents accent NNS 19499 1338 13 normally normally RB 19499 1338 14 found find VBN 19499 1338 15 in in IN 19499 1338 16 four four CD 19499 1338 17 - - HYPH 19499 1338 18 quarter quarter NN 19499 1338 19 - - HYPH 19499 1338 20 measure measure NN 19499 1338 21 , , , 19499 1338 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1338 23 strong strong JJ 19499 1338 24 accent accent NN 19499 1338 25 on on IN 19499 1338 26 one one CD 19499 1338 27 , , , 19499 1338 28 secondary secondary JJ 19499 1338 29 accent accent NN 19499 1338 30 on on IN 19499 1338 31 three three CD 19499 1338 32 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1338 33 ; ; : 19499 1338 34 but but CC 19499 1338 35 measure measure VB 19499 1338 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1338 37 three three CD 19499 1338 38 _ _ NNP 19499 1338 39 has have VBZ 19499 1338 40 only only RB 19499 1338 41 one one CD 19499 1338 42 accent accent NN 19499 1338 43 , , , 19499 1338 44 and and CC 19499 1338 45 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1338 46 falls fall VBZ 19499 1338 47 on on IN 19499 1338 48 the the DT 19499 1338 49 second second JJ 19499 1338 50 beat beat NN 19499 1338 51 . . . 19499 1339 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1339 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1339 3 : : : 19499 1339 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1339 5 . . . 19499 1340 1 56 56 CD 19499 1340 2 . . . 19499 1340 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1341 1 99 99 CD 19499 1341 2 . . . 19499 1342 1 Measures measure NNS 19499 1342 2 are be VBP 19499 1342 3 usually usually RB 19499 1342 4 classified classify VBN 19499 1342 5 as as IN 19499 1342 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1342 7 simple simple JJ 19499 1342 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1342 9 and and CC 19499 1342 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1342 11 compound compound NNP 19499 1342 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1342 13 . . . 19499 1343 1 A a DT 19499 1343 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1343 3 simple simple JJ 19499 1343 4 measure measure NN 19499 1343 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1343 6 is be VBZ 19499 1343 7 one one CD 19499 1343 8 which which WDT 19499 1343 9 has have VBZ 19499 1343 10 but but CC 19499 1343 11 a a DT 19499 1343 12 single single JJ 19499 1343 13 accent accent NN 19499 1343 14 , , , 19499 1343 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1343 16 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1343 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1343 18 , , , 19499 1343 19 the the DT 19499 1343 20 measure measure NN 19499 1343 21 can can MD 19499 1343 22 not not RB 19499 1343 23 be be VB 19499 1343 24 divided divide VBN 19499 1343 25 into into IN 19499 1343 26 smaller small JJR 19499 1343 27 constituent constituent NN 19499 1343 28 groups group NNS 19499 1343 29 . . . 19499 1344 1 There there EX 19499 1344 2 are be VBP 19499 1344 3 two two CD 19499 1344 4 main main JJ 19499 1344 5 classes class NNS 19499 1344 6 of of IN 19499 1344 7 simple simple JJ 19499 1344 8 measures measure NNS 19499 1344 9 , , , 19499 1344 10 two two CD 19499 1344 11 - - HYPH 19499 1344 12 beat beat NN 19499 1344 13 measure measure NN 19499 1344 14 , , , 19499 1344 15 and and CC 19499 1344 16 three three CD 19499 1344 17 - - HYPH 19499 1344 18 beat beat VBN 19499 1344 19 measure measure NN 19499 1344 20 . . . 19499 1345 1 A a DT 19499 1345 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1345 3 compound compound NN 19499 1345 4 measure measure NN 19499 1345 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1345 6 is be VBZ 19499 1345 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1345 8 as as IN 19499 1345 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1345 10 name name NN 19499 1345 11 implies imply VBZ 19499 1345 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1345 13 one one CD 19499 1345 14 made make VBD 19499 1345 15 up up RP 19499 1345 16 by by IN 19499 1345 17 combining combine VBG 19499 1345 18 two two CD 19499 1345 19 or or CC 19499 1345 20 more more JJR 19499 1345 21 simple simple JJ 19499 1345 22 measures measure NNS 19499 1345 23 , , , 19499 1345 24 or or CC 19499 1345 25 by by IN 19499 1345 26 the the DT 19499 1345 27 elaboration elaboration NN 19499 1345 28 of of IN 19499 1345 29 a a DT 19499 1345 30 single single JJ 19499 1345 31 measure measure NN 19499 1345 32 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1345 33 in in IN 19499 1345 34 slow slow JJ 19499 1345 35 tempo tempo NN 19499 1345 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1345 37 into into IN 19499 1345 38 several several JJ 19499 1345 39 constituent constituent NN 19499 1345 40 groups group NNS 19499 1345 41 . . . 19499 1346 1 The the DT 19499 1346 2 principal principal JJ 19499 1346 3 compound compound NN 19499 1346 4 measures measure NNS 19499 1346 5 are be VBP 19499 1346 6 four four CD 19499 1346 7 - - HYPH 19499 1346 8 beat beat NN 19499 1346 9 and and CC 19499 1346 10 six six CD 19499 1346 11 - - HYPH 19499 1346 12 beat beat NN 19499 1346 13 , , , 19499 1346 14 both both DT 19499 1346 15 being be VBG 19499 1346 16 referred refer VBN 19499 1346 17 to to IN 19499 1346 18 as as IN 19499 1346 19 compound compound JJ 19499 1346 20 - - HYPH 19499 1346 21 duple duple NN 19499 1346 22 measures measure NNS 19499 1346 23 . . . 19499 1347 1 Five five CD 19499 1347 2 - - HYPH 19499 1347 3 beat beat NN 19499 1347 4 , , , 19499 1347 5 seven seven CD 19499 1347 6 - - HYPH 19499 1347 7 beat beat NN 19499 1347 8 , , , 19499 1347 9 nine nine CD 19499 1347 10 - - HYPH 19499 1347 11 beat beat NN 19499 1347 12 , , , 19499 1347 13 and and CC 19499 1347 14 twelve twelve CD 19499 1347 15 - - HYPH 19499 1347 16 beat beat VBN 19499 1347 17 measures measure NNS 19499 1347 18 are be VBP 19499 1347 19 also also RB 19499 1347 20 classified classify VBN 19499 1347 21 as as IN 19499 1347 22 compound compound NN 19499 1347 23 measures measure NNS 19499 1347 24 . . . 19499 1348 1 An an DT 19499 1348 2 English English NNP 19499 1348 3 writer[23 writer[23 NNP 19499 1348 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1348 5 classifies classify VBZ 19499 1348 6 measures measure NNS 19499 1348 7 as as IN 19499 1348 8 duple duple NN 19499 1348 9 , , , 19499 1348 10 triple triple JJ 19499 1348 11 , , , 19499 1348 12 or or CC 19499 1348 13 quadruple quadruple NN 19499 1348 14 , , , 19499 1348 15 specifying specify VBG 19499 1348 16 that that IN 19499 1348 17 a a DT 19499 1348 18 simple simple JJ 19499 1348 19 measure measure NN 19499 1348 20 is be VBZ 19499 1348 21 one one CD 19499 1348 22 in in IN 19499 1348 23 which which WDT 19499 1348 24 each each DT 19499 1348 25 beat beat NN 19499 1348 26 is be VBZ 19499 1348 27 represented represent VBN 19499 1348 28 by by IN 19499 1348 29 a a DT 19499 1348 30 note note NN 19499 1348 31 whose whose WP$ 19499 1348 32 value value NN 19499 1348 33 can can MD 19499 1348 34 be be VB 19499 1348 35 divided divide VBN 19499 1348 36 into into IN 19499 1348 37 halves half NNS 19499 1348 38 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1348 39 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1348 40 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1348 41 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1348 42 etc etc FW 19499 1348 43 . . . 19499 1348 44 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1349 1 and and CC 19499 1349 2 that that IN 19499 1349 3 a a DT 19499 1349 4 compound compound NN 19499 1349 5 measure measure NN 19499 1349 6 is be VBZ 19499 1349 7 one one CD 19499 1349 8 in in IN 19499 1349 9 which which WDT 19499 1349 10 each each DT 19499 1349 11 beat beat NN 19499 1349 12 is be VBZ 19499 1349 13 represented represent VBN 19499 1349 14 by by IN 19499 1349 15 a a DT 19499 1349 16 dotted dotted JJ 19499 1349 17 - - HYPH 19499 1349 18 note note NN 19499 1349 19 , , , 19499 1349 20 whose whose WP$ 19499 1349 21 value value NN 19499 1349 22 can can MD 19499 1349 23 be be VB 19499 1349 24 divided divide VBN 19499 1349 25 into into IN 19499 1349 26 three three CD 19499 1349 27 parts part NNS 19499 1349 28 , , , 19499 1349 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1349 30 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1349 31 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1349 32 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1349 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1349 34 . . . 19499 1350 1 There there EX 19499 1350 2 is be VBZ 19499 1350 3 thus thus RB 19499 1350 4 seen see VBN 19499 1350 5 to to TO 19499 1350 6 be be VB 19499 1350 7 considerable considerable JJ 19499 1350 8 difference difference NN 19499 1350 9 of of IN 19499 1350 10 opinion opinion NN 19499 1350 11 as as IN 19499 1350 12 to to IN 19499 1350 13 the the DT 19499 1350 14 meaning meaning NN 19499 1350 15 of of IN 19499 1350 16 the the DT 19499 1350 17 words word NNS 19499 1350 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1350 19 simple simple JJ 19499 1350 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1350 21 and and CC 19499 1350 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1350 23 compound compound NN 19499 1350 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1350 25 when when WRB 19499 1350 26 applied apply VBN 19499 1350 27 in in IN 19499 1350 28 this this DT 19499 1350 29 connection connection NN 19499 1350 30 , , , 19499 1350 31 the the DT 19499 1350 32 principal principal JJ 19499 1350 33 question question NN 19499 1350 34 at at IN 19499 1350 35 issue issue NN 19499 1350 36 being be VBG 19499 1350 37 whether whether IN 19499 1350 38 four four CD 19499 1350 39 - - HYPH 19499 1350 40 beat beat NN 19499 1350 41 measure measure NN 19499 1350 42 is be VBZ 19499 1350 43 an an DT 19499 1350 44 individual individual JJ 19499 1350 45 variety variety NN 19499 1350 46 , , , 19499 1350 47 or or CC 19499 1350 48 whether whether IN 19499 1350 49 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1350 50 is be VBZ 19499 1350 51 a a DT 19499 1350 52 variety variety NN 19499 1350 53 compounded compound VBN 19499 1350 54 out out IN 19499 1350 55 of of IN 19499 1350 56 two two CD 19499 1350 57 - - HYPH 19499 1350 58 beat beat NN 19499 1350 59 measures measure NNS 19499 1350 60 , , , 19499 1350 61 either either CC 19499 1350 62 by by IN 19499 1350 63 placing place VBG 19499 1350 64 two two CD 19499 1350 65 of of IN 19499 1350 66 these these DT 19499 1350 67 in in IN 19499 1350 68 a a DT 19499 1350 69 group group NN 19499 1350 70 or or CC 19499 1350 71 by by IN 19499 1350 72 the the DT 19499 1350 73 elaboration elaboration NN 19499 1350 74 of of IN 19499 1350 75 a a DT 19499 1350 76 single single JJ 19499 1350 77 measure measure NN 19499 1350 78 into into IN 19499 1350 79 a a DT 19499 1350 80 larger large JJR 19499 1350 81 number number NN 19499 1350 82 of of IN 19499 1350 83 beats beat NNS 19499 1350 84 , , , 19499 1350 85 as as IN 19499 1350 86 is be VBZ 19499 1350 87 often often RB 19499 1350 88 necessary necessary JJ 19499 1350 89 in in IN 19499 1350 90 slow slow JJ 19499 1350 91 tempi tempi NN 19499 1350 92 . . . 19499 1351 1 Perhaps perhaps RB 19499 1351 2 the the DT 19499 1351 3 easiest easy JJS 19499 1351 4 way way NN 19499 1351 5 out out IN 19499 1351 6 of of IN 19499 1351 7 the the DT 19499 1351 8 difficulty difficulty NN 19499 1351 9 is be VBZ 19499 1351 10 to to TO 19499 1351 11 admit admit VB 19499 1351 12 that that IN 19499 1351 13 both both DT 19499 1351 14 may may MD 19499 1351 15 be be VB 19499 1351 16 true true JJ 19499 1351 17 -- -- : 19499 1351 18 but but CC 19499 1351 19 in in IN 19499 1351 20 different different JJ 19499 1351 21 compositions composition NNS 19499 1351 22 . . . 19499 1352 1 That that RB 19499 1352 2 is is RB 19499 1352 3 , , , 19499 1352 4 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1352 5 is be VBZ 19499 1352 6 frequently frequently RB 19499 1352 7 impossible impossible JJ 19499 1352 8 to to TO 19499 1352 9 tell tell VB 19499 1352 10 whether whether IN 19499 1352 11 a a DT 19499 1352 12 composition composition NN 19499 1352 13 that that WDT 19499 1352 14 is be VBZ 19499 1352 15 being be VBG 19499 1352 16 listened listen VBN 19499 1352 17 to to IN 19499 1352 18 is be VBZ 19499 1352 19 in in IN 19499 1352 20 two two CD 19499 1352 21 - - HYPH 19499 1352 22 beat beat NN 19499 1352 23 , , , 19499 1352 24 or or CC 19499 1352 25 in in IN 19499 1352 26 four four CD 19499 1352 27 - - HYPH 19499 1352 28 beat beat NN 19499 1352 29 measure measure NN 19499 1352 30 ; ; : 19499 1352 31 and and CC 19499 1352 32 yet yet RB 19499 1352 33 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1352 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1352 35 is be VBZ 19499 1352 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1352 37 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1352 38 possible possible JJ 19499 1352 39 so so RB 19499 1352 40 to to TO 19499 1352 41 discriminate discriminate VB 19499 1352 42 . . . 19499 1353 1 Since since IN 19499 1353 2 , , , 19499 1353 3 however however RB 19499 1353 4 , , , 19499 1353 5 one one PRP 19499 1353 6 can can MD 19499 1353 7 not not RB 19499 1353 8 in in IN 19499 1353 9 the the DT 19499 1353 10 majority majority NN 19499 1353 11 of of IN 19499 1353 12 cases case NNS 19499 1353 13 distinguish distinguish VBP 19499 1353 14 between between IN 19499 1353 15 two two CD 19499 1353 16 - - HYPH 19499 1353 17 beat beat NN 19499 1353 18 and and CC 19499 1353 19 four four CD 19499 1353 20 - - HYPH 19499 1353 21 beat beat VBN 19499 1353 22 measures measure NNS 19499 1353 23 , , , 19499 1353 24 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1353 25 will will MD 19499 1353 26 probably probably RB 19499 1353 27 be be VB 19499 1353 28 best good JJS 19499 1353 29 to to TO 19499 1353 30 leave leave VB 19499 1353 31 the the DT 19499 1353 32 original original JJ 19499 1353 33 classification classification NN 19499 1353 34 intact intact JJ 19499 1353 35 and and CC 19499 1353 36 regard regard VBP 19499 1353 37 four four CD 19499 1353 38 - - HYPH 19499 1353 39 beat beat NN 19499 1353 40 measure measure NN 19499 1353 41 as as IN 19499 1353 42 a a DT 19499 1353 43 compound compound NN 19499 1353 44 variety variety NN 19499 1353 45 . . . 19499 1354 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1354 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1354 3 23 23 CD 19499 1354 4 : : : 19499 1354 5 Pearse pearse NN 19499 1354 6 -- -- : 19499 1354 7 Rudiments rudiment NNS 19499 1354 8 of of IN 19499 1354 9 Musical musical JJ 19499 1354 10 Knowledge knowledge NN 19499 1354 11 , , , 19499 1354 12 p. p. NN 19499 1355 1 37 37 CD 19499 1355 2 . . . 19499 1355 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1356 1 100 100 CD 19499 1356 2 . . . 19499 1357 1 The the DT 19499 1357 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1357 3 commonest common JJS 19499 1357 4 varieties variety NNS 19499 1357 5 of of IN 19499 1357 6 measure measure NN 19499 1357 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1357 8 are be VBP 19499 1357 9 : : : 19499 1357 10 1 1 LS 19499 1357 11 . . . 19499 1358 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1358 2 Duple Duple NNP 19499 1358 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1358 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1358 5 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1358 6 called call VBN 19499 1358 7 even even RB 19499 1358 8 measure measure NN 19499 1358 9 , , , 19499 1358 10 or or CC 19499 1358 11 even even RB 19499 1358 12 time time NN 19499 1358 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1358 14 , , , 19499 1358 15 in in IN 19499 1358 16 which which WDT 19499 1358 17 there there EX 19499 1358 18 are be VBP 19499 1358 19 two two CD 19499 1358 20 beats beat NNS 19499 1358 21 , , , 19499 1358 22 the the DT 19499 1358 23 first first JJ 19499 1358 24 one one NN 19499 1358 25 being be VBG 19499 1358 26 accented accent VBN 19499 1358 27 . . . 19499 1359 1 Examples example NNS 19499 1359 2 of of IN 19499 1359 3 duple duple NN 19499 1359 4 measure measure NN 19499 1359 5 are be VBP 19499 1359 6 2/4 2/4 CD 19499 1359 7 , , , 19499 1359 8 2/8 2/8 CD 19499 1359 9 , , , 19499 1359 10 2/2 2/2 CD 19499 1359 11 , , , 19499 1359 12 two two CD 19499 1359 13 - - HYPH 19499 1359 14 quarter,[24 quarter,[24 NN 19499 1359 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1359 16 two two CD 19499 1359 17 - - HYPH 19499 1359 18 eighth eighth JJ 19499 1359 19 , , , 19499 1359 20 and and CC 19499 1359 21 two two CD 19499 1359 22 - - HYPH 19499 1359 23 half half NN 19499 1359 24 measure measure NN 19499 1359 25 , , , 19499 1359 26 respectively respectively RB 19499 1359 27 . . . 19499 1360 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1360 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1360 3 24 24 CD 19499 1360 4 : : : 19499 1360 5 For for IN 19499 1360 6 explanation explanation NN 19499 1360 7 of of IN 19499 1360 8 terminology terminology NN 19499 1360 9 , , , 19499 1360 10 see see VB 19499 1360 11 p. p. NN 19499 1360 12 48 48 CD 19499 1360 13 , , , 19499 1360 14 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1360 15 . . . 19499 1361 1 106 106 CD 19499 1361 2 . . . 19499 1361 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1362 1 2 2 LS 19499 1362 2 . . . 19499 1363 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1363 2 Triple Triple NNP 19499 1363 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1363 4 , , , 19499 1363 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1363 6 the the DT 19499 1363 7 old old JJ 19499 1363 8 perfect perfect JJ 19499 1363 9 measure measure NN 19499 1363 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1363 11 , , , 19499 1363 12 in in IN 19499 1363 13 which which WDT 19499 1363 14 there there EX 19499 1363 15 are be VBP 19499 1363 16 three three CD 19499 1363 17 beats beat NNS 19499 1363 18 , , , 19499 1363 19 the the DT 19499 1363 20 first first JJ 19499 1363 21 one one CD 19499 1363 22 being be VBG 19499 1363 23 accented accent VBN 19499 1363 24 , , , 19499 1363 25 the the DT 19499 1363 26 second second JJ 19499 1363 27 and and CC 19499 1363 28 third third JJ 19499 1363 29 unaccented unaccented JJ 19499 1363 30 . . . 19499 1364 1 Examples example NNS 19499 1364 2 are be VBP 19499 1364 3 3/8 3/8 CD 19499 1364 4 , , , 19499 1364 5 3/4 3/4 CD 19499 1364 6 , , , 19499 1364 7 3/2 3/2 CD 19499 1364 8 , , , 19499 1364 9 three three CD 19499 1364 10 - - HYPH 19499 1364 11 eighth eighth JJ 19499 1364 12 , , , 19499 1364 13 three three CD 19499 1364 14 - - HYPH 19499 1364 15 quarter quarter NN 19499 1364 16 , , , 19499 1364 17 and and CC 19499 1364 18 three three CD 19499 1364 19 - - HYPH 19499 1364 20 half half NN 19499 1364 21 measure measure NN 19499 1364 22 , , , 19499 1364 23 respectively respectively RB 19499 1364 24 . . . 19499 1365 1 3 3 LS 19499 1365 2 . . . 19499 1366 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1366 2 Quadruple Quadruple NNP 19499 1366 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1366 4 , , , 19499 1366 5 in in IN 19499 1366 6 which which WDT 19499 1366 7 there there EX 19499 1366 8 are be VBP 19499 1366 9 four four CD 19499 1366 10 beats beat NNS 19499 1366 11 , , , 19499 1366 12 the the DT 19499 1366 13 first first JJ 19499 1366 14 and and CC 19499 1366 15 third third JJ 19499 1366 16 being be VBG 19499 1366 17 accented accent VBN 19499 1366 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1366 19 primary primary JJ 19499 1366 20 accent accent NN 19499 1366 21 on on IN 19499 1366 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1366 23 one one CD 19499 1366 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1366 25 , , , 19499 1366 26 secondary secondary JJ 19499 1366 27 accent accent NN 19499 1366 28 on on IN 19499 1366 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1366 30 three three CD 19499 1366 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1366 32 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1366 33 , , , 19499 1366 34 the the DT 19499 1366 35 second second JJ 19499 1366 36 and and CC 19499 1366 37 fourth fourth JJ 19499 1366 38 unaccented unaccented JJ 19499 1366 39 . . . 19499 1367 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1367 2 See see VB 19499 1367 3 note note NN 19499 1367 4 above above RB 19499 1367 5 , , , 19499 1367 6 under under IN 19499 1367 7 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1367 8 . . . 19499 1368 1 99 99 CD 19499 1368 2 . . . 19499 1368 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1369 1 4 4 LS 19499 1369 2 . . . 19499 1370 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1370 2 Sextuple Sextuple NNP 19499 1370 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1370 4 , , , 19499 1370 5 in in IN 19499 1370 6 which which WDT 19499 1370 7 there there EX 19499 1370 8 are be VBP 19499 1370 9 six six CD 19499 1370 10 beats beat NNS 19499 1370 11 , , , 19499 1370 12 the the DT 19499 1370 13 first first JJ 19499 1370 14 and and CC 19499 1370 15 fourth fourth JJ 19499 1370 16 being be VBG 19499 1370 17 accented accent VBN 19499 1370 18 , , , 19499 1370 19 the the DT 19499 1370 20 others other NNS 19499 1370 21 not not RB 19499 1370 22 . . . 19499 1371 1 In in IN 19499 1371 2 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1371 3 tempi tempi NN 19499 1371 4 this this DT 19499 1371 5 is be VBZ 19499 1371 6 always always RB 19499 1371 7 taken take VBN 19499 1371 8 as as IN 19499 1371 9 compound compound NN 19499 1371 10 duple duple NN 19499 1371 11 measure measure NN 19499 1371 12 , , , 19499 1371 13 a a DT 19499 1371 14 dotted dotted JJ 19499 1371 15 quarter quarter NN 19499 1371 16 note note NN 19499 1371 17 having have VBG 19499 1371 18 a a DT 19499 1371 19 beat beat NN 19499 1371 20 . . . 19499 1372 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1372 2 will will MD 19499 1372 3 be be VB 19499 1372 4 noted note VBN 19499 1372 5 that that IN 19499 1372 6 the the DT 19499 1372 7 two two CD 19499 1372 8 measures measure NNS 19499 1372 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1372 10 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1372 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1372 12 are be VBP 19499 1372 13 identical identical JJ 19499 1372 14 in in IN 19499 1372 15 effect effect NN 19499 1372 16 with with IN 19499 1372 17 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1372 18 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1372 19 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1372 20 . . . 19499 1373 1 101 101 CD 19499 1373 2 . . . 19499 1374 1 Other other JJ 19499 1374 2 varieties variety NNS 19499 1374 3 of of IN 19499 1374 4 measure measure NN 19499 1374 5 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1374 6 found find VBN 19499 1374 7 are be VBP 19499 1374 8 9/8 9/8 CD 19499 1374 9 and and CC 19499 1374 10 12/8 12/8 CD 19499 1374 11 , , , 19499 1374 12 but but CC 19499 1374 13 these these DT 19499 1374 14 are be VBP 19499 1374 15 practically practically RB 19499 1374 16 always always RB 19499 1374 17 taken take VBN 19499 1374 18 as as IN 19499 1374 19 three three CD 19499 1374 20 - - HYPH 19499 1374 21 beat beat NN 19499 1374 22 and and CC 19499 1374 23 four four CD 19499 1374 24 - - HYPH 19499 1374 25 beat beat VBN 19499 1374 26 measures measure NNS 19499 1374 27 respectively respectively RB 19499 1374 28 , , , 19499 1374 29 being be VBG 19499 1374 30 equivalent equivalent JJ 19499 1374 31 to to IN 19499 1374 32 these these DT 19499 1374 33 if if IN 19499 1374 34 each each DT 19499 1374 35 group group NN 19499 1374 36 of of IN 19499 1374 37 three three CD 19499 1374 38 tones tone NNS 19499 1374 39 is be VBZ 19499 1374 40 thought think VBN 19499 1374 41 of of IN 19499 1374 42 as as IN 19499 1374 43 a a DT 19499 1374 44 triplet triplet NN 19499 1374 45 . . . 19499 1375 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1375 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1375 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1375 4 is be VBZ 19499 1375 5 identical identical JJ 19499 1375 6 in in IN 19499 1375 7 effect effect NN 19499 1375 8 with with IN 19499 1375 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1375 10 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1375 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1375 12 . . . 19499 1376 1 102 102 CD 19499 1376 2 . . . 19499 1377 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1377 2 Quintuple Quintuple NNP 19499 1377 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1377 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1377 5 five five CD 19499 1377 6 - - HYPH 19499 1377 7 beat beat NN 19499 1377 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1377 9 and and CC 19499 1377 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1377 11 septuple septuple NN 19499 1377 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1377 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1377 14 seven seven CD 19499 1377 15 - - HYPH 19499 1377 16 beat beat NN 19499 1377 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1377 18 measures measure NNS 19499 1377 19 are be VBP 19499 1377 20 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 1377 21 met meet VBN 19499 1377 22 with with IN 19499 1377 23 , , , 19499 1377 24 but but CC 19499 1377 25 these these DT 19499 1377 26 are be VBP 19499 1377 27 rare rare JJ 19499 1377 28 and and CC 19499 1377 29 will will MD 19499 1377 30 always always RB 19499 1377 31 be be VB 19499 1377 32 sporadic sporadic JJ 19499 1377 33 . . . 19499 1378 1 The the DT 19499 1378 2 five five CD 19499 1378 3 - - HYPH 19499 1378 4 beat beat NN 19499 1378 5 measure measure NN 19499 1378 6 is be VBZ 19499 1378 7 taken take VBN 19499 1378 8 as as IN 19499 1378 9 a a DT 19499 1378 10 combination combination NN 19499 1378 11 of of IN 19499 1378 12 three three CD 19499 1378 13 and and CC 19499 1378 14 two two CD 19499 1378 15 , , , 19499 1378 16 or or CC 19499 1378 17 of of IN 19499 1378 18 two two CD 19499 1378 19 and and CC 19499 1378 20 three three CD 19499 1378 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1378 22 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1378 23 a a DT 19499 1378 24 mixture mixture NN 19499 1378 25 of of IN 19499 1378 26 both both DT 19499 1378 27 in in IN 19499 1378 28 the the DT 19499 1378 29 same same JJ 19499 1378 30 composition composition NN 19499 1378 31 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1378 32 , , , 19499 1378 33 while while IN 19499 1378 34 the the DT 19499 1378 35 seven seven CD 19499 1378 36 - - HYPH 19499 1378 37 beat beat NN 19499 1378 38 measure measure NN 19499 1378 39 is be VBZ 19499 1378 40 taken take VBN 19499 1378 41 in in IN 19499 1378 42 groups group NNS 19499 1378 43 of of IN 19499 1378 44 four four CD 19499 1378 45 and and CC 19499 1378 46 three three CD 19499 1378 47 , , , 19499 1378 48 or or CC 19499 1378 49 of of IN 19499 1378 50 three three CD 19499 1378 51 and and CC 19499 1378 52 four four CD 19499 1378 53 . . . 19499 1379 1 103 103 CD 19499 1379 2 . . . 19499 1380 1 The the DT 19499 1380 2 sign sign NN 19499 1380 3 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1380 4 common common JJ 19499 1380 5 - - HYPH 19499 1380 6 time time NN 19499 1380 7 symbol symbol NN 19499 1380 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1380 9 is be VBZ 19499 1380 10 usually usually RB 19499 1380 11 understood understand VBN 19499 1380 12 to to TO 19499 1380 13 mean mean VB 19499 1380 14 four four CD 19499 1380 15 - - HYPH 19499 1380 16 quarter quarter NN 19499 1380 17 measure measure NN 19499 1380 18 , , , 19499 1380 19 and and CC 19499 1380 20 the the DT 19499 1380 21 sign sign NN 19499 1380 22 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1380 23 cut cut VBN 19499 1380 24 - - HYPH 19499 1380 25 time time NN 19499 1380 26 symbol symbol NN 19499 1380 27 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1380 28 , , , 19499 1380 29 two two CD 19499 1380 30 - - HYPH 19499 1380 31 half half NN 19499 1380 32 measure measure NN 19499 1380 33 , , , 19499 1380 34 but but CC 19499 1380 35 usage usage NN 19499 1380 36 varies vary VBZ 19499 1380 37 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 1380 38 , , , 19499 1380 39 and and CC 19499 1380 40 the the DT 19499 1380 41 second second JJ 19499 1380 42 sign sign NN 19499 1380 43 is be VBZ 19499 1380 44 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1380 45 used use VBN 19499 1380 46 to to TO 19499 1380 47 indicate indicate VB 19499 1380 48 four four CD 19499 1380 49 - - HYPH 19499 1380 50 half half NN 19499 1380 51 measure measure NN 19499 1380 52 . . . 19499 1381 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1381 2 may may MD 19499 1381 3 safely safely RB 19499 1381 4 be be VB 19499 1381 5 said say VBN 19499 1381 6 however however RB 19499 1381 7 that that IN 19499 1381 8 the the DT 19499 1381 9 sign sign NN 19499 1381 10 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1381 11 cut cut VBN 19499 1381 12 - - HYPH 19499 1381 13 time time NN 19499 1381 14 symbol symbol NN 19499 1381 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1381 16 always always RB 19499 1381 17 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 1381 18 that that IN 19499 1381 19 a a DT 19499 1381 20 half half JJ 19499 1381 21 - - HYPH 19499 1381 22 note note NN 19499 1381 23 has have VBZ 19499 1381 24 a a DT 19499 1381 25 beat beat NN 19499 1381 26 . . . 19499 1382 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1382 2 Double double JJ 19499 1382 3 cut cut JJ 19499 1382 4 - - HYPH 19499 1382 5 time time NN 19499 1382 6 symbol symbol NN 19499 1382 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1382 8 may may MD 19499 1382 9 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 1382 10 be be VB 19499 1382 11 found find VBN 19499 1382 12 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1382 13 four four CD 19499 1382 14 - - HYPH 19499 1382 15 half half NN 19499 1382 16 measure measure NN 19499 1382 17 but but CC 19499 1382 18 this this DT 19499 1382 19 is be VBZ 19499 1382 20 rare rare JJ 19499 1382 21 . . . 19499 1383 1 The the DT 19499 1383 2 student student NN 19499 1383 3 will will MD 19499 1383 4 note note VB 19499 1383 5 that that IN 19499 1383 6 the the DT 19499 1383 7 sign sign NN 19499 1383 8 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1383 9 common common JJ 19499 1383 10 - - HYPH 19499 1383 11 time time NN 19499 1383 12 symbol symbol NN 19499 1383 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1383 14 is be VBZ 19499 1383 15 not not RB 19499 1383 16 a a DT 19499 1383 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1383 18 letter letter NN 19499 1383 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1383 20 C C NNP 19499 1383 21 , , , 19499 1383 22 but but CC 19499 1383 23 an an DT 19499 1383 24 incomplete incomplete JJ 19499 1383 25 circle circle NN 19499 1383 26 , , , 19499 1383 27 differentiating differentiate VBG 19499 1383 28 two two CD 19499 1383 29 - - HYPH 19499 1383 30 beat beat NN 19499 1383 31 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1383 32 imperfect imperfect NN 19499 1383 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1383 34 measure measure NN 19499 1383 35 from from IN 19499 1383 36 three three CD 19499 1383 37 - - HYPH 19499 1383 38 beat beat NN 19499 1383 39 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1383 40 perfect perfect JJ 19499 1383 41 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1383 42 measure measure NN 19499 1383 43 . . . 19499 1384 1 See see VB 19499 1384 2 Appendix Appendix NNP 19499 1384 3 A A NNP 19499 1384 4 , , , 19499 1384 5 p. p. NN 19499 1384 6 106 106 CD 19499 1384 7 . . . 19499 1385 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1385 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 1385 3 's 's POS 19499 1385 4 Note note NN 19499 1385 5 : : : 19499 1385 6 page page NN 19499 1385 7 number number NN 19499 1385 8 missing miss VBG 19499 1385 9 in in IN 19499 1385 10 original original JJ 19499 1385 11 . . . 19499 1385 12 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1386 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 1386 2 XI XI NNP 19499 1386 3 TEMPO TEMPO NNP 19499 1386 4 104 104 CD 19499 1386 5 . . . 19499 1387 1 The the DT 19499 1387 2 word word NN 19499 1387 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1387 4 time time NN 19499 1387 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1387 6 in in IN 19499 1387 7 musical musical JJ 19499 1387 8 nomenclature nomenclature NN 19499 1387 9 has have VBZ 19499 1387 10 been be VBN 19499 1387 11 greatly greatly RB 19499 1387 12 abused abuse VBN 19499 1387 13 , , , 19499 1387 14 having have VBG 19499 1387 15 been be VBN 19499 1387 16 used use VBN 19499 1387 17 to to TO 19499 1387 18 indicate indicate VB 19499 1387 19 : : : 19499 1387 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1387 21 1 1 LS 19499 1387 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1387 23 Rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1387 24 ; ; : 19499 1387 25 as as IN 19499 1387 26 " " `` 19499 1387 27 the the DT 19499 1387 28 time time NN 19499 1387 29 was be VBD 19499 1387 30 wrong wrong JJ 19499 1387 31 . . . 19499 1387 32 " " '' 19499 1388 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1388 2 2 2 LS 19499 1388 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1388 4 Variety variety NN 19499 1388 5 of of IN 19499 1388 6 measure measure NN 19499 1388 7 - - HYPH 19499 1388 8 signature signature NN 19499 1388 9 ; ; : 19499 1388 10 as as IN 19499 1388 11 " " `` 19499 1388 12 two two CD 19499 1388 13 - - HYPH 19499 1388 14 four four CD 19499 1388 15 time time NN 19499 1388 16 . . . 19499 1388 17 " " '' 19499 1389 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1389 2 3 3 LS 19499 1389 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1389 4 Rate rate NN 19499 1389 5 of of IN 19499 1389 6 speed speed NN 19499 1389 7 ; ; : 19499 1389 8 as as IN 19499 1389 9 " " `` 19499 1389 10 the the DT 19499 1389 11 time time NN 19499 1389 12 was be VBD 19499 1389 13 too too RB 19499 1389 14 slow slow JJ 19499 1389 15 . . . 19499 1389 16 " " '' 19499 1390 1 To to TO 19499 1390 2 obviate obviate VB 19499 1390 3 the the DT 19499 1390 4 confusion confusion NN 19499 1390 5 naturally naturally RB 19499 1390 6 resulting result VBG 19499 1390 7 from from IN 19499 1390 8 this this DT 19499 1390 9 three three CD 19499 1390 10 - - RB 19499 1390 11 fold fold JJ 19499 1390 12 and and CC 19499 1390 13 inexact inexact NN 19499 1390 14 use use NN 19499 1390 15 of of IN 19499 1390 16 the the DT 19499 1390 17 word word NN 19499 1390 18 , , , 19499 1390 19 many many JJ 19499 1390 20 teachers teacher NNS 19499 1390 21 of of IN 19499 1390 22 music music NN 19499 1390 23 are be VBP 19499 1390 24 adopting adopt VBG 19499 1390 25 certain certain JJ 19499 1390 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1390 27 changes change VBZ 19499 1390 28 in in IN 19499 1390 29 terminology terminology NN 19499 1390 30 _ _ NNP 19499 1390 31 as as IN 19499 1390 32 noted note VBN 19499 1390 33 in in IN 19499 1390 34 Sections section NNS 19499 1390 35 105 105 CD 19499 1390 36 , , , 19499 1390 37 106 106 CD 19499 1390 38 , , , 19499 1390 39 and and CC 19499 1390 40 107 107 CD 19499 1390 41 . . . 19499 1391 1 Such such JJ 19499 1391 2 changes change NNS 19499 1391 3 may may MD 19499 1391 4 cause cause VB 19499 1391 5 some some DT 19499 1391 6 confusion confusion NN 19499 1391 7 at at IN 19499 1391 8 first first RB 19499 1391 9 , , , 19499 1391 10 but but CC 19499 1391 11 seem seem VBP 19499 1391 12 to to TO 19499 1391 13 be be VB 19499 1391 14 necessary necessary JJ 19499 1391 15 if if IN 19499 1391 16 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1391 17 musical musical JJ 19499 1391 18 terminology terminology NN 19499 1391 19 is be VBZ 19499 1391 20 to to TO 19499 1391 21 be be VB 19499 1391 22 at at RB 19499 1391 23 all all RB 19499 1391 24 exact exact JJ 19499 1391 25 . . . 19499 1392 1 105 105 CD 19499 1392 2 . . . 19499 1393 1 The the DT 19499 1393 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1393 3 first first RB 19499 1393 4 of of IN 19499 1393 5 the the DT 19499 1393 6 changes change NNS 19499 1393 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1393 8 mentioned mention VBD 19499 1393 9 in in IN 19499 1393 10 the the DT 19499 1393 11 above above JJ 19499 1393 12 paragraph paragraph NN 19499 1393 13 is be VBZ 19499 1393 14 to to TO 19499 1393 15 substitute substitute VB 19499 1393 16 the the DT 19499 1393 17 word word NN 19499 1393 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1393 19 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1393 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1393 21 for for IN 19499 1393 22 the the DT 19499 1393 23 word word NN 19499 1393 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1393 25 time time NN 19499 1393 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1393 27 when when WRB 19499 1393 28 correcting correct VBG 19499 1393 29 mistakes mistake NNS 19499 1393 30 involving involve VBG 19499 1393 31 misplaced misplace VBN 19499 1393 32 accent accent NN 19499 1393 33 , , , 19499 1393 34 etc etc FW 19499 1393 35 . . . 19499 1394 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1394 2 E.g. E.g. NNP 19499 1394 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1394 4 , , , 19499 1394 5 " " '' 19499 1394 6 Your -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1394 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1394 8 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1394 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1394 10 in in IN 19499 1394 11 the the DT 19499 1394 12 third third JJ 19499 1394 13 measure measure NN 19499 1394 14 of of IN 19499 1394 15 the the DT 19499 1394 16 lower low JJR 19499 1394 17 score score NN 19499 1394 18 was be VBD 19499 1394 19 wrong wrong JJ 19499 1394 20 , , , 19499 1394 21 " " '' 19499 1394 22 instead instead RB 19499 1394 23 of of IN 19499 1394 24 " " `` 19499 1394 25 Your -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1394 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1394 27 time_--was time_--was NNP 19499 1394 28 wrong wrong NN 19499 1394 29 . . . 19499 1394 30 " " '' 19499 1395 1 106 106 CD 19499 1395 2 . . . 19499 1396 1 The the DT 19499 1396 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1396 3 second second JJ 19499 1396 4 change change NN 19499 1396 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1396 6 mentioned mention VBD 19499 1396 7 would would MD 19499 1396 8 eliminate eliminate VB 19499 1396 9 such such JJ 19499 1396 10 blind blind JJ 19499 1396 11 and and CC 19499 1396 12 misleading misleading JJ 19499 1396 13 expressions expression NNS 19499 1396 14 as as IN 19499 1396 15 " " `` 19499 1396 16 two two CD 19499 1396 17 - - HYPH 19499 1396 18 four four CD 19499 1396 19 time time NN 19499 1396 20 , , , 19499 1396 21 " " '' 19499 1396 22 " " `` 19499 1396 23 three three CD 19499 1396 24 - - HYPH 19499 1396 25 four four CD 19499 1396 26 time time NN 19499 1396 27 , , , 19499 1396 28 " " '' 19499 1396 29 " " `` 19499 1396 30 four four CD 19499 1396 31 - - HYPH 19499 1396 32 four four CD 19499 1396 33 time time NN 19499 1396 34 , , , 19499 1396 35 " " '' 19499 1396 36 " " `` 19499 1396 37 six six CD 19499 1396 38 - - HYPH 19499 1396 39 eight eight CD 19499 1396 40 time time NN 19499 1396 41 , , , 19499 1396 42 " " '' 19499 1396 43 etc etc FW 19499 1396 44 . . FW 19499 1396 45 , , , 19499 1396 46 and and CC 19499 1396 47 substitute substitute VB 19499 1396 48 therefor therefor IN 19499 1396 49 such such JJ 19499 1396 50 self self NN 19499 1396 51 - - HYPH 19499 1396 52 explanatory explanatory JJ 19499 1396 53 designations designation NNS 19499 1396 54 as as IN 19499 1396 55 " " `` 19499 1396 56 two two CD 19499 1396 57 - - HYPH 19499 1396 58 quarter quarter NN 19499 1396 59 measure measure NN 19499 1396 60 , , , 19499 1396 61 " " '' 19499 1396 62 " " `` 19499 1396 63 three three CD 19499 1396 64 - - HYPH 19499 1396 65 quarter quarter NN 19499 1396 66 measure measure NN 19499 1396 67 , , , 19499 1396 68 " " '' 19499 1396 69 " " `` 19499 1396 70 four four CD 19499 1396 71 - - HYPH 19499 1396 72 quarter quarter NN 19499 1396 73 measure measure NN 19499 1396 74 , , , 19499 1396 75 " " '' 19499 1396 76 " " `` 19499 1396 77 six six CD 19499 1396 78 - - HYPH 19499 1396 79 eighth eighth JJ 19499 1396 80 measure measure NN 19499 1396 81 , , , 19499 1396 82 " " '' 19499 1396 83 etc etc FW 19499 1396 84 . . . 19499 1397 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1397 2 E.g. E.g. NNP 19499 1397 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1397 4 , , , 19499 1397 5 " " '' 19499 1397 6 The the DT 19499 1397 7 first first JJ 19499 1397 8 movement movement NN 19499 1397 9 of of IN 19499 1397 10 the the DT 19499 1397 11 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1397 12 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 1397 13 Op Op NNP 19499 1397 14 . . . 19499 1398 1 2 2 LS 19499 1398 2 , , , 19499 1398 3 No no UH 19499 1398 4 . . . 19499 1399 1 3 3 LS 19499 1399 2 , , , 19499 1399 3 is be VBZ 19499 1399 4 in in IN 19499 1399 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1399 6 four four CD 19499 1399 7 - - HYPH 19499 1399 8 quarter quarter NN 19499 1399 9 measure measure NN 19499 1399 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1399 11 . . . 19499 1399 12 " " '' 19499 1400 1 107 107 CD 19499 1400 2 . . . 19499 1401 1 The the DT 19499 1401 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1401 3 third third JJ 19499 1401 4 change change NN 19499 1401 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1401 6 referred refer VBD 19499 1401 7 to to TO 19499 1401 8 above above RB 19499 1401 9 would would MD 19499 1401 10 substitute substitute VB 19499 1401 11 the the DT 19499 1401 12 word word NN 19499 1401 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1401 14 tempo tempo NN 19499 1401 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1401 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1401 17 plural--_tempi plural--_tempi NNP 19499 1401 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1401 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1401 20 for for IN 19499 1401 21 the the DT 19499 1401 22 word word NN 19499 1401 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1401 24 time time NN 19499 1401 25 _ _ NNP 19499 1401 26 in in IN 19499 1401 27 all all DT 19499 1401 28 allusions allusion NNS 19499 1401 29 to to IN 19499 1401 30 rate rate NN 19499 1401 31 of of IN 19499 1401 32 speed speed NN 19499 1401 33 . . . 19499 1402 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1402 2 E.g. E.g. NNP 19499 1402 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1402 4 , , , 19499 1402 5 " " `` 19499 1402 6 The the DT 19499 1402 7 scherzo scherzo NN 19499 1402 8 was be VBD 19499 1402 9 played play VBN 19499 1402 10 in in IN 19499 1402 11 very very RB 19499 1402 12 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1402 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1402 14 tempo tempo NN 19499 1402 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1402 16 . . . 19499 1402 17 " " '' 19499 1403 1 The the DT 19499 1403 2 word word NN 19499 1403 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1403 4 tempo tempo NN 19499 1403 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1403 6 has have VBZ 19499 1403 7 been be VBN 19499 1403 8 used use VBN 19499 1403 9 in in IN 19499 1403 10 this this DT 19499 1403 11 connection connection NN 19499 1403 12 so so RB 19499 1403 13 long long RB 19499 1403 14 by by IN 19499 1403 15 professional professional JJ 19499 1403 16 musicians musician NNS 19499 1403 17 that that IN 19499 1403 18 there there EX 19499 1403 19 can can MD 19499 1403 20 be be VB 19499 1403 21 no no DT 19499 1403 22 possible possible JJ 19499 1403 23 objection objection NN 19499 1403 24 to to IN 19499 1403 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1403 26 on on IN 19499 1403 27 the the DT 19499 1403 28 ground ground NN 19499 1403 29 of of IN 19499 1403 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1403 31 being be VBG 19499 1403 32 a a DT 19499 1403 33 foreign foreign JJ 19499 1403 34 word word NN 19499 1403 35 . . . 19499 1404 1 In in IN 19499 1404 2 fact fact NN 19499 1404 3 there there EX 19499 1404 4 is be VBZ 19499 1404 5 a a DT 19499 1404 6 decided decided JJ 19499 1404 7 advantage advantage NN 19499 1404 8 in in IN 19499 1404 9 having have VBG 19499 1404 10 a a DT 19499 1404 11 word word NN 19499 1404 12 that that WDT 19499 1404 13 is be VBZ 19499 1404 14 understood understand VBN 19499 1404 15 in in IN 19499 1404 16 all all DT 19499 1404 17 countries country NNS 19499 1404 18 where where WRB 19499 1404 19 modern modern JJ 19499 1404 20 music music NN 19499 1404 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1404 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1404 23 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1404 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1404 25 , , , 19499 1404 26 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1405 11 to to TO 19499 1405 12 break break VB 19499 1405 13 down down RP 19499 1405 14 this this DT 19499 1405 15 popularity popularity NN 19499 1405 16 by by IN 19499 1405 17 using use VBG 19499 1405 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1405 19 own own JJ 19499 1405 20 respective respective JJ 19499 1405 21 vernaculars vernacular NNS 19499 1405 22 in in IN 19499 1405 23 both both CC 19499 1405 24 tempo tempo NN 19499 1405 25 and and CC 19499 1405 26 dynamic dynamic JJ 19499 1405 27 indications indication NNS 19499 1405 28 , , , 19499 1405 29 but but CC 19499 1405 30 in in IN 19499 1405 31 spite spite NN 19499 1405 32 of of IN 19499 1405 33 these these DT 19499 1405 34 attempts attempt NNS 19499 1405 35 the the DT 19499 1405 36 Italian italian JJ 19499 1405 37 language language NN 19499 1405 38 is be VBZ 19499 1405 39 still still RB 19499 1405 40 quite quite RB 19499 1405 41 universally universally RB 19499 1405 42 used use VBN 19499 1405 43 for for IN 19499 1405 44 this this DT 19499 1405 45 purpose purpose NN 19499 1405 46 , , , 19499 1405 47 and and CC 19499 1405 48 deservedly deservedly RB 19499 1405 49 so so RB 19499 1405 50 , , , 19499 1405 51 for for IN 19499 1405 52 if if IN 19499 1405 53 we -PRON- PRP 19499 1405 54 are be VBP 19499 1405 55 to to TO 19499 1405 56 have have VB 19499 1405 57 a a DT 19499 1405 58 _ _ NNP 19499 1405 59 music music NN 19499 1405 60 notation notation NN 19499 1405 61 _ _ NNP 19499 1405 62 that that WDT 19499 1405 63 is be VBZ 19499 1405 64 universal universal JJ 19499 1405 65 , , , 19499 1405 66 so so IN 19499 1405 67 that that IN 19499 1405 68 an an DT 19499 1405 69 American American NNP 19499 1405 70 is be VBZ 19499 1405 71 able able JJ 19499 1405 72 to to TO 19499 1405 73 play play VB 19499 1405 74 music music NN 19499 1405 75 written write VBN 19499 1405 76 by by IN 19499 1405 77 a a DT 19499 1405 78 Frenchman Frenchman NNP 19499 1405 79 or or CC 19499 1405 80 a a DT 19499 1405 81 German German NNP 19499 1405 82 , , , 19499 1405 83 or or CC 19499 1405 84 a a DT 19499 1405 85 Russian Russian NNP 19499 1405 86 , , , 19499 1405 87 then then RB 19499 1405 88 we -PRON- PRP 19499 1405 89 ought ought MD 19499 1405 90 also also RB 19499 1405 91 to to TO 19499 1405 92 have have VB 19499 1405 93 a a DT 19499 1405 94 certain certain JJ 19499 1405 95 number number NN 19499 1405 96 of of IN 19499 1405 97 expressions expression NNS 19499 1405 98 referring refer VBG 19499 1405 99 to to IN 19499 1405 100 tempo tempo NN 19499 1405 101 , , , 19499 1405 102 etc etc FW 19499 1405 103 . . FW 19499 1405 104 , , , 19499 1405 105 which which WDT 19499 1405 106 will will MD 19499 1405 107 be be VB 19499 1405 108 understood understand VBN 19499 1405 109 by by IN 19499 1405 110 all all DT 19499 1405 111 , , , 19499 1405 112 _ _ NNP 19499 1405 113 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1405 114 _ _ NNP 19499 1405 115 , , , 19499 1405 116 a a DT 19499 1405 117 music music NN 19499 1405 118 terminology terminology NN 19499 1405 119 that that WDT 19499 1405 120 is be VBZ 19499 1405 121 universal universal JJ 19499 1405 122 . . . 19499 1406 1 The the DT 19499 1406 2 Italian italian JJ 19499 1406 3 language language NN 19499 1406 4 was be VBD 19499 1406 5 the the DT 19499 1406 6 first first JJ 19499 1406 7 in in IN 19499 1406 8 the the DT 19499 1406 9 field field NN 19499 1406 10 , , , 19499 1406 11 is be VBZ 19499 1406 12 the the DT 19499 1406 13 most most RBS 19499 1406 14 universally universally RB 19499 1406 15 known know VBN 19499 1406 16 in in IN 19499 1406 17 this this DT 19499 1406 18 particular particular JJ 19499 1406 19 at at IN 19499 1406 20 the the DT 19499 1406 21 present present JJ 19499 1406 22 time time NN 19499 1406 23 , , , 19499 1406 24 and and CC 19499 1406 25 is be VBZ 19499 1406 26 entirely entirely RB 19499 1406 27 adequate adequate JJ 19499 1406 28 . . . 19499 1407 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1407 2 should should MD 19499 1407 3 therefore therefore RB 19499 1407 4 be be VB 19499 1407 5 retained retain VBN 19499 1407 6 in in IN 19499 1407 7 use use NN 19499 1407 8 as as IN 19499 1407 9 a a DT 19499 1407 10 sort sort NN 19499 1407 11 of of IN 19499 1407 12 musical musical JJ 19499 1407 13 Esperanto Esperanto NNP 19499 1407 14 . . . 19499 1408 1 108 108 CD 19499 1408 2 . . . 19499 1409 1 There there EX 19499 1409 2 are be VBP 19499 1409 3 several several JJ 19499 1409 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1409 5 ways way NNS 19499 1409 6 of of IN 19499 1409 7 finding find VBG 19499 1409 8 the the DT 19499 1409 9 correct correct JJ 19499 1409 10 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1409 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1409 12 of of IN 19499 1409 13 a a DT 19499 1409 14 composition composition NN 19499 1409 15 : : : 19499 1409 16 1 1 CD 19499 1409 17 . . . 19499 1410 1 From from IN 19499 1410 2 the the DT 19499 1410 3 metronomic metronomic JJ 19499 1410 4 indication indication NN 19499 1410 5 found find VBD 19499 1410 6 at at IN 19499 1410 7 the the DT 19499 1410 8 beginning beginning NN 19499 1410 9 of of IN 19499 1410 10 many many JJ 19499 1410 11 compositions composition NNS 19499 1410 12 . . . 19499 1411 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1411 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1411 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1411 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1411 5 , , , 19499 1411 6 the the DT 19499 1411 7 mark mark NN 19499 1411 8 M.M. M.M. NNP 19499 1412 1 92 92 CD 19499 1412 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1412 3 Maelzel Maelzel NNP 19499 1412 4 's 's POS 19499 1412 5 Metronome Metronome NNP 19499 1412 6 92 92 CD 19499 1412 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1412 8 means mean VBZ 19499 1412 9 that that IN 19499 1412 10 if if IN 19499 1412 11 the the DT 19499 1412 12 metronome metronome NN 19499 1412 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1412 14 either either CC 19499 1412 15 Maelzel Maelzel NNP 19499 1412 16 's 's POS 19499 1412 17 or or CC 19499 1412 18 some some DT 19499 1412 19 other other JJ 19499 1412 20 reliable reliable JJ 19499 1412 21 make make NN 19499 1412 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1412 23 is be VBZ 19499 1412 24 set set VBN 19499 1412 25 with with IN 19499 1412 26 the the DT 19499 1412 27 sliding slide VBG 19499 1412 28 weight weight NN 19499 1412 29 at at IN 19499 1412 30 the the DT 19499 1412 31 figure figure NN 19499 1412 32 92 92 CD 19499 1412 33 there there EX 19499 1412 34 will will MD 19499 1412 35 be be VB 19499 1412 36 92 92 CD 19499 1412 37 clicks click 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1417 21 the the DT 19499 1417 22 one one NN 19499 1417 23 that that WDT 19499 1417 24 " " `` 19499 1417 25 feels feel VBZ 19499 1417 26 right right JJ 19499 1417 27 " " '' 19499 1417 28 for for IN 19499 1417 29 that that DT 19499 1417 30 particular particular JJ 19499 1417 31 piece piece NN 19499 1417 32 of of IN 19499 1417 33 music music NN 19499 1417 34 . . . 19499 1418 1 This this DT 19499 1418 2 is be VBZ 19499 1418 3 perhaps perhaps RB 19499 1418 4 the the DT 19499 1418 5 best good JJS 19499 1418 6 means mean NNS 19499 1418 7 of of IN 19499 1418 8 getting get VBG 19499 1418 9 at at IN 19499 1418 10 the the DT 19499 1418 11 correct correct JJ 19499 1418 12 tempo tempo NN 19499 1418 13 but but CC 19499 1418 14 is be VBZ 19499 1418 15 open open JJ 19499 1418 16 only only RB 19499 1418 17 to to IN 19499 1418 18 the the DT 19499 1418 19 musician musician NN 19499 1418 20 of of IN 19499 1418 21 long long JJ 19499 1418 22 experience experience NN 19499 1418 23 , , , 19499 1418 24 sure 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19499 1420 28 general general JJ 19499 1420 29 mood mood NN 19499 1420 30 of of IN 19499 1420 31 compositions composition NNS 19499 1420 32 . . . 19499 1421 1 The the DT 19499 1421 2 difficulty difficulty NN 19499 1421 3 with with IN 19499 1421 4 this this DT 19499 1421 5 method method NN 19499 1421 6 is be VBZ 19499 1421 7 that that IN 19499 1421 8 one one PRP 19499 1421 9 can can MD 19499 1421 10 hardly hardly RB 19499 1421 11 find find VB 19499 1421 12 two two CD 19499 1421 13 composers composer NNS 19499 1421 14 who who WP 19499 1421 15 employ employ VBP 19499 1421 16 the the DT 19499 1421 17 same same JJ 19499 1421 18 word word NN 19499 1421 19 to to TO 19499 1421 20 indicate indicate VB 19499 1421 21 the the DT 19499 1421 22 same same JJ 19499 1421 23 tempo tempo NN 19499 1421 24 , , , 19499 1421 25 so so IN 19499 1421 26 that that IN 19499 1421 27 no no DT 19499 1421 28 absolute absolute JJ 19499 1421 29 rate rate NN 19499 1421 30 of of IN 19499 1421 31 speed speed NN 19499 1421 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. . . 19499 1425 1 Perhaps perhaps RB 19499 1425 2 the the DT 19499 1425 3 most most RBS 19499 1425 4 convenient convenient JJ 19499 1425 5 grouping grouping NN 19499 1425 6 is be VBZ 19499 1425 7 as as IN 19499 1425 8 follows follow VBZ 19499 1425 9 : : : 19499 1425 10 1 1 CD 19499 1425 11 . . . 19499 1426 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1426 2 Grave Grave NNP 19499 1426 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1426 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1426 5 lit lit NN 19499 1426 6 . . . 19499 1427 1 weighty weighty JJ 19499 1427 2 , , , 19499 1427 3 serious serious JJ 19499 1427 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1427 5 , , , 19499 1427 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1427 7 larghissimo larghissimo NNP 19499 1427 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1427 9 , , , 19499 1427 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1427 11 adagissimo adagissimo NNP 19499 1427 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1427 13 , , , 19499 1427 14 and and CC 19499 1427 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1427 16 lentissimo_--indicating lentissimo_--indicate VBG 19499 1427 17 the the DT 19499 1427 18 very very RB 19499 1427 19 slowest slow JJS 19499 1427 20 tempo tempo NN 19499 1427 21 used use VBN 19499 1427 22 in in IN 19499 1427 23 rendering render VBG 19499 1427 24 music music NN 19499 1427 25 . . . 19499 1428 1 2 2 LS 19499 1428 2 . . . 19499 1429 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1429 2 Largo_,[26 Largo_,[26 NNP 19499 1429 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1429 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1429 5 adagio_,[27 adagio_,[27 VBD 19499 1429 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1429 7 and and CC 19499 1429 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1429 9 lento_--indicating lento_--indicate VBG 19499 1429 10 quite quite PDT 19499 1429 11 a a DT 19499 1429 12 slow slow JJ 19499 1429 13 tempo tempo NN 19499 1429 14 . . . 19499 1430 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1430 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1430 3 26 26 CD 19499 1430 4 : : : 19499 1430 5 Largo Largo NNP 19499 1430 6 , , , 19499 1430 7 larghetto larghetto NN 19499 1430 8 , , , 19499 1430 9 etc etc FW 19499 1430 10 . . FW 19499 1430 11 , , , 19499 1430 12 are be VBP 19499 1430 13 derivatives derivative NNS 19499 1430 14 of of IN 19499 1430 15 the the DT 19499 1430 16 Latin latin JJ 19499 1430 17 word word NN 19499 1430 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1430 19 largus largus NNP 19499 1430 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1430 21 , , , 19499 1430 22 meaning mean VBG 19499 1430 23 large large JJ 19499 1430 24 , , , 19499 1430 25 broad broad JJ 19499 1430 26 . . . 19499 1430 27 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1431 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1431 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1431 3 27 27 CD 19499 1431 4 : : : 19499 1431 5 Adagio Adagio NNP 19499 1431 6 means mean VBZ 19499 1431 7 literally literally RB 19499 1431 8 at at IN 19499 1431 9 ease ease NN 19499 1431 10 . . . 19499 1431 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1432 1 3 3 LS 19499 1432 2 . . . 19499 1433 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 2 Larghetto Larghetto NNP 19499 1433 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1433 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 6 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1433 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 8 , , , 19499 1433 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 10 a a DT 19499 1433 11 little little JJ 19499 1433 12 largo largo NN 19499 1433 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1433 15 and and CC 19499 1433 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 17 adagietto adagietto NNP 19499 1433 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1433 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 21 a a DT 19499 1433 22 little little JJ 19499 1433 23 adagio_)--a adagio_)--a JJ 19499 1433 24 slow slow JJ 19499 1433 25 tempo tempo NN 19499 1433 26 , , , 19499 1433 27 but but CC 19499 1433 28 not not RB 19499 1433 29 quite quite RB 19499 1433 30 so so RB 19499 1433 31 slow slow JJ 19499 1433 32 as as IN 19499 1433 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 34 largo largo NN 19499 1433 35 _ _ NNP 19499 1433 36 , , , 19499 1433 37 etc etc FW 19499 1433 38 . . . 19499 1434 1 4 4 LS 19499 1434 2 . . . 19499 1435 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1435 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1435 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1435 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1435 5 going go VBG 19499 1435 6 , , , 19499 1435 7 or or CC 19499 1435 8 walking walk VBG 19499 1435 9 , , , 19499 1435 10 as as IN 19499 1435 11 contrasted contrast VBN 19499 1435 12 with with IN 19499 1435 13 running running NN 19499 1435 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1435 15 and and CC 19499 1435 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1435 17 andantino_--indicating andantino_--indicate VBG 19499 1435 18 a a DT 19499 1435 19 moderately moderately RB 19499 1435 20 slow slow JJ 19499 1435 21 tempo tempo NN 19499 1435 22 . . . 19499 1436 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 2 Andantino Andantino NNP 19499 1436 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 4 is be VBZ 19499 1436 5 now now RB 19499 1436 6 quite quite RB 19499 1436 7 universally universally RB 19499 1436 8 taken take VBN 19499 1436 9 slightly slightly RB 19499 1436 10 faster fast JJR 19499 1436 11 than than IN 19499 1436 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 13 andante andante NNP 19499 1436 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 15 , , , 19499 1436 16 in in IN 19499 1436 17 spite spite NN 19499 1436 18 of of IN 19499 1436 19 the the DT 19499 1436 20 fact fact NN 19499 1436 21 that that IN 19499 1436 22 if if IN 19499 1436 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 24 andante andante NNP 19499 1436 25 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 26 means mean VBZ 19499 1436 27 " " `` 19499 1436 28 going go VBG 19499 1436 29 , , , 19499 1436 30 " " '' 19499 1436 31 and and CC 19499 1436 32 if if IN 19499 1436 33 " " `` 19499 1436 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 35 ino ino NNP 19499 1436 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 37 " " `` 19499 1436 38 is be VBZ 19499 1436 39 the the DT 19499 1436 40 diminutive diminutive JJ 19499 1436 41 ending ending NN 19499 1436 42 , , , 19499 1436 43 then then RB 19499 1436 44 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 45 andantino andantino NN 19499 1436 46 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 47 means mean VBZ 19499 1436 48 " " `` 19499 1436 49 going go VBG 19499 1436 50 less less RBR 19499 1436 51 , , , 19499 1436 52 " " '' 19499 1436 53 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 54 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1436 55 _ _ NNP 19499 1436 56 , , , 19499 1436 57 more more RBR 19499 1436 58 slowly slowly RB 19499 1436 59 ! ! . 19499 1437 1 5 5 CD 19499 1437 2 . . . 19499 1438 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1438 2 Moderato_--a Moderato_--a NNP 19499 1438 3 moderate moderate JJ 19499 1438 4 tempo tempo NN 19499 1438 5 . . . 19499 1439 1 6 6 CD 19499 1439 2 . . . 19499 1440 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1440 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1440 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1440 4 and and CC 19499 1440 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1440 6 allegretto_[28]--a allegretto_[28]--a NNS 19499 1440 7 moderately moderately RB 19499 1440 8 quick quick JJ 19499 1440 9 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1440 10 , , , 19499 1440 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1440 12 allegretto allegretto NNP 19499 1440 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1440 14 being be VBG 19499 1440 15 usually usually RB 19499 1440 16 interpreted interpret VBN 19499 1440 17 as as IN 19499 1440 18 meaning mean VBG 19499 1440 19 a a DT 19499 1440 20 tempo tempo NN 19499 1440 21 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 1440 22 slower slow JJR 19499 1440 23 than than IN 19499 1440 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1440 25 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1440 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1440 27 . . . 19499 1441 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1441 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1441 3 28 28 CD 19499 1441 4 : : : 19499 1441 5 There there EX 19499 1441 6 has have VBZ 19499 1441 7 been be VBN 19499 1441 8 some some DT 19499 1441 9 difference difference NN 19499 1441 10 of of IN 19499 1441 11 opinion opinion NN 19499 1441 12 as as IN 19499 1441 13 to to IN 19499 1441 14 which which WDT 19499 1441 15 of of IN 19499 1441 16 these these DT 19499 1441 17 two two CD 19499 1441 18 terms term NNS 19499 1441 19 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 1441 20 the the DT 19499 1441 21 more more RBR 19499 1441 22 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1441 23 tempo tempo NN 19499 1441 24 : : : 19499 1441 25 an an DT 19499 1441 26 analysis analysis NN 19499 1441 27 tells tell VBZ 19499 1441 28 us -PRON- PRP 19499 1441 29 that that IN 19499 1441 30 if if IN 19499 1441 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 32 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1441 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 34 means mean VBZ 19499 1441 35 quick quick JJ 19499 1441 36 , , , 19499 1441 37 and and CC 19499 1441 38 if if IN 19499 1441 39 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 40 etto etto NN 19499 1441 41 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 42 is be VBZ 19499 1441 43 the the DT 19499 1441 44 diminutive diminutive JJ 19499 1441 45 ending ending NN 19499 1441 46 , , , 19499 1441 47 then then RB 19499 1441 48 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 49 allegretto allegretto NNP 19499 1441 50 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 51 means mean VBZ 19499 1441 52 a a DT 19499 1441 53 little little JJ 19499 1441 54 quick--_i.e quick--_i.e NN 19499 1441 55 . . . 19499 1441 56 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 57 , , , 19499 1441 58 slower slow JJR 19499 1441 59 than than IN 19499 1441 60 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 61 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1441 62 _ _ NNP 19499 1441 63 . . . 19499 1442 1 These these DT 19499 1442 2 two two CD 19499 1442 3 terms term NNS 19499 1442 4 are be VBP 19499 1442 5 , , , 19499 1442 6 however however RB 19499 1442 7 , , , 19499 1442 8 so so RB 19499 1442 9 closely closely RB 19499 1442 10 allied ally VBN 19499 1442 11 in in IN 19499 1442 12 meaning meaning NN 19499 1442 13 that that IN 19499 1442 14 a a DT 19499 1442 15 dispute dispute NN 19499 1442 16 over over IN 19499 1442 17 the the DT 19499 1442 18 matter matter NN 19499 1442 19 is be VBZ 19499 1442 20 a a DT 19499 1442 21 mere mere JJ 19499 1442 22 waste waste NN 19499 1442 23 of of IN 19499 1442 24 breath breath NN 19499 1442 25 . . . 19499 1442 26 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1443 1 The the DT 19499 1443 2 word word NN 19499 1443 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1443 4 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1443 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1443 6 means mean VBZ 19499 1443 7 literally literally RB 19499 1443 8 happy happy JJ 19499 1443 9 , , , 19499 1443 10 joyous joyous JJ 19499 1443 11 , , , 19499 1443 12 and and CC 19499 1443 13 this this DT 19499 1443 14 literal literal JJ 19499 1443 15 meaning meaning NN 19499 1443 16 is be VBZ 19499 1443 17 still still RB 19499 1443 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1443 19 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1443 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1443 21 applicable applicable JJ 19499 1443 22 , , , 19499 1443 23 but but CC 19499 1443 24 in in IN 19499 1443 25 the the DT 19499 1443 26 majority majority NN 19499 1443 27 of of IN 19499 1443 28 instances instance NNS 19499 1443 29 the the DT 19499 1443 30 term term NN 19499 1443 31 refers refer VBZ 19499 1443 32 only only RB 19499 1443 33 to to IN 19499 1443 34 rate rate NN 19499 1443 35 of of IN 19499 1443 36 speed speed NN 19499 1443 37 . . . 19499 1444 1 7 7 LS 19499 1444 2 . . . 19499 1445 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1445 2 Vivo Vivo NNP 19499 1445 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1445 4 , , , 19499 1445 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1445 6 vivace vivace NN 19499 1445 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1445 8 , , , 19499 1445 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1445 10 lit light VBN 19499 1445 11 . . . 19499 1446 1 lively)--a lively)--a NNP 19499 1446 2 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1446 3 between between IN 19499 1446 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1446 5 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1446 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1446 7 and and CC 19499 1446 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1446 9 presto presto NNP 19499 1446 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1446 11 . . . 19499 1447 1 8 8 LS 19499 1447 2 . . . 19499 1448 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1448 2 Presto Presto NNP 19499 1448 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1448 4 , , , 19499 1448 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1448 6 prestissimo prestissimo NN 19499 1448 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1448 8 , , , 19499 1448 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1448 10 vivacissimo vivacissimo NNP 19499 1448 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1448 12 , , , 19499 1448 13 and and CC 19499 1448 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1448 15 prestissimo prestissimo NN 19499 1448 16 possibile_--the possibile_--the DT 19499 1448 17 most most RBS 19499 1448 18 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1448 19 tempo tempo NN 19499 1448 20 possible possible JJ 19499 1448 21 . . . 19499 1449 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 1449 2 XII XII NNP 19499 1449 3 TEMPO TEMPO NNP 19499 1449 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1449 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1449 6 Continued Continued NNP 19499 1449 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1449 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1449 9 110 110 CD 19499 1449 10 . . . 19499 1450 1 Innumerable innumerable JJ 19499 1450 2 combinations combination NNS 19499 1450 3 of of IN 19499 1450 4 the the DT 19499 1450 5 words word NNS 19499 1450 6 defined define VBN 19499 1450 7 in in IN 19499 1450 8 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1450 9 . . . 19499 1451 1 109 109 CD 19499 1451 2 with with IN 19499 1451 3 one one CD 19499 1451 4 another another DT 19499 1451 5 and and CC 19499 1451 6 with with IN 19499 1451 7 other other JJ 19499 1451 8 words word NNS 19499 1451 9 occur occur VBP 19499 1451 10 . . . 19499 1452 1 Some some DT 19499 1452 2 of of IN 19499 1452 3 these these DT 19499 1452 4 combinations combination NNS 19499 1452 5 with with IN 19499 1452 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1452 7 approximate approximate JJ 19499 1452 8 meanings meaning NNS 19499 1452 9 follow follow VBP 19499 1452 10 . . . 19499 1453 1 The the DT 19499 1453 2 meaning meaning NN 19499 1453 3 of of IN 19499 1453 4 any any DT 19499 1453 5 such such JJ 19499 1453 6 expression expression NN 19499 1453 7 not not RB 19499 1453 8 found find VBN 19499 1453 9 in in IN 19499 1453 10 the the DT 19499 1453 11 list list NN 19499 1453 12 may may MD 19499 1453 13 usually usually RB 19499 1453 14 be be VB 19499 1453 15 arrived arrive VBN 19499 1453 16 at at IN 19499 1453 17 by by IN 19499 1453 18 consulting consult VBG 19499 1453 19 the the DT 19499 1453 20 terms term NNS 19499 1453 21 defined define VBN 19499 1453 22 in in IN 19499 1453 23 paragraph paragraph NN 19499 1453 24 109 109 CD 19499 1453 25 and and CC 19499 1453 26 recalling recall VBG 19499 1453 27 the the DT 19499 1453 28 use use NN 19499 1453 29 of of IN 19499 1453 30 certain certain JJ 19499 1453 31 auxiliary auxiliary JJ 19499 1453 32 terms term NNS 19499 1453 33 quoted quote VBN 19499 1453 34 in in IN 19499 1453 35 Chapter Chapter NNP 19499 1453 36 IX IX NNP 19499 1453 37 . . . 19499 1454 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1454 2 Largo Largo NNP 19499 1454 3 assai_--very assai_--very NN 19499 1454 4 slow slow JJ 19499 1454 5 . . . 19499 1455 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1455 2 Largo Largo NNP 19499 1455 3 di di NNP 19499 1455 4 molto_--very molto_--very FW 19499 1455 5 slow slow JJ 19499 1455 6 . . . 19499 1456 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1456 2 Largo Largo NNP 19499 1456 3 ma ma NNP 19499 1456 4 non non NNP 19499 1456 5 troppo_--slow troppo_--slow NN 19499 1456 6 , , , 19499 1456 7 but but CC 19499 1456 8 not not RB 19499 1456 9 too too RB 19499 1456 10 slow slow JJ 19499 1456 11 . . . 19499 1457 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1457 2 Largo Largo NNP 19499 1457 3 un un NNP 19499 1457 4 poco_--slow poco_--slow NNP 19499 1457 5 , , , 19499 1457 6 but but CC 19499 1457 7 not not RB 19499 1457 8 so so RB 19499 1457 9 slow slow JJ 19499 1457 10 as as IN 19499 1457 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1457 12 largo largo NN 19499 1457 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1457 14 . . . 19499 1458 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1458 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1458 3 Cf Cf NNP 19499 1458 4 . . . 19499 1459 1 larghetto larghetto NNP 19499 1459 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1459 3 . . . 19499 1459 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1460 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1460 2 Lentemente_--slowly Lentemente_--slowly NNP 19499 1460 3 . . . 19499 1461 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1461 2 Lentando_--with Lentando_--with NNS 19499 1461 3 increasing increase VBG 19499 1461 4 slowness slowness NN 19499 1461 5 . . . 19499 1462 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1462 2 Très Très NNP 19499 1462 3 lentement_--very lentement_--very CC 19499 1462 4 slowly slowly RB 19499 1462 5 . . . 19499 1463 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1463 2 Lentissamente_--very lentissamente_--very NN 19499 1463 3 slowly slowly RB 19499 1463 4 . . . 19499 1464 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1464 2 Lentissamamente_--very lentissamamente_--very NN 19499 1464 3 slowly slowly RB 19499 1464 4 . . . 19499 1465 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1465 2 Lento Lento NNP 19499 1465 3 assai_--very assai_--very RB 19499 1465 4 slowly slowly RB 19499 1465 5 . . . 19499 1466 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1466 2 Lento Lento NNP 19499 1466 3 a a DT 19499 1466 4 capriccio_--slowly capriccio_--slowly NN 19499 1466 5 but but CC 19499 1466 6 capriciously capriciously RB 19499 1466 7 . . . 19499 1467 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1467 2 Lento Lento NNP 19499 1467 3 di di NNP 19499 1467 4 molto_--very molto_--very FW 19499 1467 5 slowly slowly RB 19499 1467 6 . . . 19499 1468 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1468 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1468 3 affettuoso_--moderately affettuoso_--moderately RB 19499 1468 4 slow slow JJ 19499 1468 5 , , , 19499 1468 6 and and CC 19499 1468 7 with with IN 19499 1468 8 tenderness tenderness NN 19499 1468 9 and and CC 19499 1468 10 pathos pathos NN 19499 1468 11 . . . 19499 1469 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1469 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 1469 3 's 's POS 19499 1469 4 Note note NN 19499 1469 5 : : : 19499 1469 6 Corrected correct VBN 19499 1469 7 error error NN 19499 1469 8 " " `` 19499 1469 9 affetuoso affetuoso NN 19499 1469 10 " " '' 19499 1469 11 in in IN 19499 1469 12 original original JJ 19499 1469 13 . . . 19499 1469 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1470 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1470 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1470 3 amabile_--moderately amabile_--moderately RB 19499 1470 4 slow slow JJ 19499 1470 5 , , , 19499 1470 6 and and CC 19499 1470 7 lovingly lovingly RB 19499 1470 8 . . . 19499 1471 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1471 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1471 3 cantabile_--moderately cantabile_--moderately RB 19499 1471 4 slow slow JJ 19499 1471 5 , , , 19499 1471 6 and and CC 19499 1471 7 in in IN 19499 1471 8 singing singing NN 19499 1471 9 style style NN 19499 1471 10 . . . 19499 1472 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1472 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1472 3 grazioso_--moderately grazioso_--moderately RB 19499 1472 4 slow slow JJ 19499 1472 5 , , , 19499 1472 6 and and CC 19499 1472 7 gracefully gracefully RB 19499 1472 8 . . . 19499 1473 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1473 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1473 3 maestoso_--moderately maestoso_--moderately RB 19499 1473 4 slow slow JJ 19499 1473 5 , , , 19499 1473 6 and and CC 19499 1473 7 majestically majestically RB 19499 1473 8 . . . 19499 1474 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1474 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1474 3 con con XX 19499 1474 4 moto_--slightly moto_--slightly RB 19499 1474 5 faster fast RBR 19499 1474 6 than than IN 19499 1474 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1474 8 andante andante NNP 19499 1474 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1474 10 . . . 19499 1475 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1475 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1475 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1475 4 ma ma NNP 19499 1475 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1475 6 non non NNP 19499 1475 7 troppo_--not troppo_--not NNP 19499 1475 8 too too RB 19499 1475 9 slowly slowly RB 19499 1475 10 . . . 19499 1476 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1476 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1476 3 pastorale_--moderately pastorale_--moderately RB 19499 1476 4 slow slow JJ 19499 1476 5 , , , 19499 1476 6 and and CC 19499 1476 7 in in IN 19499 1476 8 simple simple JJ 19499 1476 9 and and CC 19499 1476 10 unaffected unaffected JJ 19499 1476 11 style style NN 19499 1476 12 ; ; : 19499 1476 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1476 14 lit light VBN 19499 1476 15 . . . 19499 1477 1 rural rural JJ 19499 1477 2 , , , 19499 1477 3 pastoral pastoral JJ 19499 1477 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1477 5 . . . 19499 1478 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1478 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1478 3 quasi quasi NNP 19499 1478 4 allegro_--almost allegro_--almost NN 19499 1478 5 as as IN 19499 1478 6 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1478 7 in in IN 19499 1478 8 tempo tempo NN 19499 1478 9 as as IN 19499 1478 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1478 11 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1478 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1478 13 ; ; : 19499 1478 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1478 15 lit light VBN 19499 1478 16 . . . 19499 1479 1 an an DT 19499 1479 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1479 3 andante andante JJ 19499 1479 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1479 5 in in IN 19499 1479 6 the the DT 19499 1479 7 style style NN 19499 1479 8 of of IN 19499 1479 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1479 10 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1479 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1479 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1479 13 . . . 19499 1480 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1480 2 Andante Andante NNP 19499 1480 3 sostenuto_--moderately sostenuto_--moderately RB 19499 1480 4 slow slow JJ 19499 1480 5 and and CC 19499 1480 6 sustained sustain VBD 19499 1480 7 . . . 19499 1481 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1481 2 Allegrissimo_--much Allegrissimo_--much VBZ 19499 1481 3 faster fast RBR 19499 1481 4 than than IN 19499 1481 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1481 6 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1481 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1481 8 . . . 19499 1482 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1482 2 The the DT 19499 1482 3 superlative superlative JJ 19499 1482 4 degree degree NN 19499 1482 5 of of IN 19499 1482 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1482 7 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1482 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1482 9 . . . 19499 1482 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1483 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1483 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1483 3 agitato_--a agitato_--a NNP 19499 1483 4 moderately moderately RB 19499 1483 5 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1483 6 tempo tempo NN 19499 1483 7 , , , 19499 1483 8 and and CC 19499 1483 9 in in IN 19499 1483 10 agitated agitated JJ 19499 1483 11 style style NN 19499 1483 12 . . . 19499 1484 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1484 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1484 3 appassionata_--a appassionata_--a NNP 19499 1484 4 moderately moderately RB 19499 1484 5 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1484 6 tempo tempo NN 19499 1484 7 , , , 19499 1484 8 and and CC 19499 1484 9 in in IN 19499 1484 10 passionate passionate JJ 19499 1484 11 style style NN 19499 1484 12 . . . 19499 1485 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1485 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1485 3 assai assai NNP 19499 1485 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1485 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1485 6 very very RB 19499 1485 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1485 8 allegro_)--faster allegro_)--faster NN 19499 1485 9 than than IN 19499 1485 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1485 11 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1485 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1485 13 . . . 19499 1486 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1486 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1486 3 commodo_--a commodo_--a NNP 19499 1486 4 conveniently conveniently RB 19499 1486 5 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1486 6 tempo tempo NN 19499 1486 7 . . . 19499 1487 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1487 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1487 3 con con XX 19499 1487 4 brio_--an brio_--an NNP 19499 1487 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1487 6 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1487 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1487 8 played play VBD 19499 1487 9 in in IN 19499 1487 10 brilliant brilliant JJ 19499 1487 11 style style NN 19499 1487 12 . . . 19499 1488 1 Faster fast RBR 19499 1488 2 than than IN 19499 1488 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1488 4 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1488 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1488 6 . . . 19499 1489 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1489 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1489 3 con con XX 19499 1489 4 fuoco_--an fuoco_--an NNP 19499 1489 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1489 6 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1489 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1489 8 played play VBD 19499 1489 9 with with IN 19499 1489 10 fire fire NN 19499 1489 11 , , , 19499 1489 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1489 13 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1489 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1489 15 , , , 19499 1489 16 with with IN 19499 1489 17 extreme extreme JJ 19499 1489 18 animation animation NN 19499 1489 19 . . . 19499 1490 1 Faster fast RBR 19499 1490 2 than than IN 19499 1490 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1490 4 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1490 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1490 6 . . . 19499 1491 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1491 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1491 3 con con XX 19499 1491 4 spirito_--an spirito_--an NNP 19499 1491 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1491 6 allegro allegro VBZ 19499 1491 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1491 8 performed perform VBN 19499 1491 9 with with IN 19499 1491 10 spirit spirit NN 19499 1491 11 . . . 19499 1492 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1492 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1492 3 con con NN 19499 1492 4 moto_--faster moto_--faster NN 19499 1492 5 than than IN 19499 1492 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1492 7 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1492 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1492 9 . . . 19499 1493 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1493 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1493 3 di di NNP 19499 1493 4 bravura_--an bravura_--an NNP 19499 1493 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1493 6 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1493 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1493 8 performed perform VBN 19499 1493 9 in in IN 19499 1493 10 brilliant brilliant JJ 19499 1493 11 style style NN 19499 1493 12 , , , 19499 1493 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1493 14 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1493 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1493 16 , , , 19499 1493 17 demanding demand VBG 19499 1493 18 great great JJ 19499 1493 19 skill skill NN 19499 1493 20 in in IN 19499 1493 21 execution execution NN 19499 1493 22 . . . 19499 1494 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1494 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1494 3 furioso furioso NN 19499 1494 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1494 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1494 6 furiously)--quicker furiously)--quick JJR 19499 1494 7 than than IN 19499 1494 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1494 9 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1494 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1494 11 ; ; : 19499 1494 12 very very RB 19499 1494 13 brilliant brilliant JJ 19499 1494 14 . . . 19499 1495 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1495 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1495 3 giusto_--an giusto_--an NNP 19499 1495 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1495 5 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1495 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1495 7 movement movement NN 19499 1495 8 , , , 19499 1495 9 but but CC 19499 1495 10 in in IN 19499 1495 11 exact exact JJ 19499 1495 12 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1495 13 . . . 19499 1496 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1496 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1496 3 ma ma NNP 19499 1496 4 grazioso_--an grazioso_--an NNP 19499 1496 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1496 6 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1496 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1496 8 played play VBD 19499 1496 9 in in IN 19499 1496 10 graceful graceful JJ 19499 1496 11 style style NN 19499 1496 12 . . . 19499 1497 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1497 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1497 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1497 4 ma ma NNP 19499 1497 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1497 6 non non NNP 19499 1497 7 tanto_--an tanto_--an NNP 19499 1497 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1497 9 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1497 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1497 11 movement movement NN 19499 1497 12 , , , 19499 1497 13 but but CC 19499 1497 14 not not RB 19499 1497 15 too too RB 19499 1497 16 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1497 17 . . . 19499 1498 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1498 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1498 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1498 4 ma ma NNP 19499 1498 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1498 6 non non NNP 19499 1498 7 troppo_--an troppo_--an NNP 19499 1498 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1498 9 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1498 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1498 11 movement movement NN 19499 1498 12 , , , 19499 1498 13 but but CC 19499 1498 14 not not RB 19499 1498 15 too too RB 19499 1498 16 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1498 17 . . . 19499 1499 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1499 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1499 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1499 4 ma ma NNP 19499 1499 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1499 6 non non NNP 19499 1499 7 presto_--an presto_--an NNP 19499 1499 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1499 9 allegro allegro VBZ 19499 1499 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1499 11 movement movement NN 19499 1499 12 , , , 19499 1499 13 but but CC 19499 1499 14 not not RB 19499 1499 15 too too RB 19499 1499 16 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1499 17 . . . 19499 1500 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1500 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1500 3 moderato_--slower moderato_--slow JJR 19499 1500 4 than than IN 19499 1500 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1500 6 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1500 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1500 8 . . . 19499 1501 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1501 2 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 1501 3 vivace_--faster vivace_--faster NN 19499 1501 4 than than IN 19499 1501 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1501 6 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1501 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1501 8 . . . 19499 1502 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1502 2 Presto Presto NNP 19499 1502 3 assai_--as assai_--as NNP 19499 1502 4 rapidly rapidly RB 19499 1502 5 as as IN 19499 1502 6 possible possible JJ 19499 1502 7 . . . 19499 1503 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1503 2 Presto Presto NNP 19499 1503 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1503 4 ma ma NNP 19499 1503 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1503 6 non non NNP 19499 1503 7 troppo_--a troppo_--a NNP 19499 1503 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1503 9 presto presto JJ 19499 1503 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1503 11 movement movement NN 19499 1503 12 , , , 19499 1503 13 but but CC 19499 1503 14 not not RB 19499 1503 15 too too RB 19499 1503 16 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1503 17 . . . 19499 1504 1 111 111 CD 19499 1504 2 . . . 19499 1505 1 There there EX 19499 1505 2 are be VBP 19499 1505 3 certain certain JJ 19499 1505 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1505 5 terms term NNS 19499 1505 6 which which WDT 19499 1505 7 indicate indicate VBP 19499 1505 8 a a DT 19499 1505 9 modification modification NN 19499 1505 10 of of IN 19499 1505 11 the the DT 19499 1505 12 normal normal JJ 19499 1505 13 tempo tempo NN 19499 1505 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1505 15 of of IN 19499 1505 16 a a DT 19499 1505 17 movement movement NN 19499 1505 18 , , , 19499 1505 19 these these DT 19499 1505 20 being be VBG 19499 1505 21 divided divide VBN 19499 1505 22 into into IN 19499 1505 23 two two CD 19499 1505 24 classes class NNS 19499 1505 25 , , , 19499 1505 26 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1505 27 a a LS 19499 1505 28 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1505 29 those those DT 19499 1505 30 terms term NNS 19499 1505 31 which which WDT 19499 1505 32 indicate indicate VBP 19499 1505 33 in in IN 19499 1505 34 general general JJ 19499 1505 35 a a DT 19499 1505 36 slower slow JJR 19499 1505 37 tempo tempo NN 19499 1505 38 , , , 19499 1505 39 and and CC 19499 1505 40 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1505 41 b b LS 19499 1505 42 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1505 43 those those DT 19499 1505 44 which which WDT 19499 1505 45 indicate indicate VBP 19499 1505 46 in in IN 19499 1505 47 general general JJ 19499 1505 48 a a DT 19499 1505 49 more more RBR 19499 1505 50 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1505 51 tempo tempo NN 19499 1505 52 . . . 19499 1506 1 The the DT 19499 1506 2 further further JJ 19499 1506 3 subdivisions subdivision NNS 19499 1506 4 of of IN 19499 1506 5 these these DT 19499 1506 6 two two CD 19499 1506 7 classes class NNS 19499 1506 8 are be VBP 19499 1506 9 shown show VBN 19499 1506 10 below below IN 19499 1506 11 . . . 19499 1507 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1507 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1507 3 a a DT 19499 1507 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1507 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1507 6 Terms term NNS 19499 1507 7 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1507 8 a a DT 19499 1507 9 slower slow JJR 19499 1507 10 tempo tempo NN 19499 1507 11 . . . 19499 1508 1 1 1 LS 19499 1508 2 . . . 19499 1509 1 Terms term NNS 19499 1509 2 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1509 3 a a DT 19499 1509 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1509 5 gradual gradual JJ 19499 1509 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1509 7 retard retard NN 19499 1509 8 . . . 19499 1510 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 2 Ritenente Ritenente NNP 19499 1510 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 4 , , , 19499 1510 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1510 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 7 rit rit NNP 19499 1510 8 . . . 19499 1510 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1510 11 , , , 19499 1510 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 13 ritenuto ritenuto NNP 19499 1510 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 15 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1510 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 17 rit rit NNP 19499 1510 18 . . . 19499 1510 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1510 21 , , , 19499 1510 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 23 ritardando ritardando NN 19499 1510 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1510 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 27 rit rit NNP 19499 1510 28 . . . 19499 1510 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1510 31 , , , 19499 1510 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 33 rallentando rallentando VBZ 19499 1510 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1510 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 37 rall rall NN 19499 1510 38 . . . 19499 1510 39 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 40 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1510 41 , , , 19499 1510 42 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 43 slentando slentando NNP 19499 1510 44 _ _ NNP 19499 1510 45 . . . 19499 1511 1 2 2 LS 19499 1511 2 . . . 19499 1512 1 Terms term NNS 19499 1512 2 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1512 3 a a DT 19499 1512 4 tempo tempo NN 19499 1512 5 which which WDT 19499 1512 6 is be VBZ 19499 1512 7 to to TO 19499 1512 8 become become VB 19499 1512 9 definitely definitely RB 19499 1512 10 slower slow JJR 19499 1512 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1512 12 at at IN 19499 1512 13 once once RB 19499 1512 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1512 15 . . . 19499 1513 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1513 2 Più Più NNP 19499 1513 3 lento lento NNP 19499 1513 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1513 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1513 6 lit light VBN 19499 1513 7 . . . 19499 1514 1 more more RBR 19499 1514 2 slowly slowly RB 19499 1514 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1514 4 , , , 19499 1514 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1514 6 meno meno NNP 19499 1514 7 mosso mosso NNP 19499 1514 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1514 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1514 10 lit lit NNP 19499 1514 11 . . . 19499 1515 1 less less JJR 19499 1515 2 movement movement NN 19499 1515 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1515 4 . . . 19499 1516 1 3 3 LS 19499 1516 2 . . . 19499 1517 1 Terms term NNS 19499 1517 2 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1517 3 a a DT 19499 1517 4 slower slow JJR 19499 1517 5 tempo tempo NN 19499 1517 6 combined combine VBN 19499 1517 7 with with IN 19499 1517 8 an an DT 19499 1517 9 increase increase NN 19499 1517 10 in in IN 19499 1517 11 power power NN 19499 1517 12 . . . 19499 1518 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1518 2 Largando Largando NNP 19499 1518 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1518 4 , , , 19499 1518 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1518 6 allargando allargando NN 19499 1518 7 . . . 19499 1518 8 _ _ IN 19499 1518 9 These these DT 19499 1518 10 words word NNS 19499 1518 11 are be VBP 19499 1518 12 both both DT 19499 1518 13 derived derive VBN 19499 1518 14 from from IN 19499 1518 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1518 16 largo largo NN 19499 1518 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1518 18 , , , 19499 1518 19 meaning mean VBG 19499 1518 20 large large JJ 19499 1518 21 , , , 19499 1518 22 broad broad JJ 19499 1518 23 . . . 19499 1519 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1519 2 For for IN 19499 1519 3 terms term NNS 19499 1519 4 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1519 5 both both DT 19499 1519 6 slower slow JJR 19499 1519 7 tempo tempo NN 19499 1519 8 and and CC 19499 1519 9 softer soft JJR 19499 1519 10 tone tone NN 19499 1519 11 , , , 19499 1519 12 see see VB 19499 1519 13 page page NN 19499 1519 14 59 59 CD 19499 1519 15 , , , 19499 1519 16 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1519 17 . . . 19499 1520 1 127 127 CD 19499 1520 2 . . . 19499 1520 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1521 1 The the DT 19499 1521 2 student student NN 19499 1521 3 should should MD 19499 1521 4 note note VB 19499 1521 5 the the DT 19499 1521 6 difference difference NN 19499 1521 7 between between IN 19499 1521 8 groups group NNS 19499 1521 9 1 1 CD 19499 1521 10 and and CC 19499 1521 11 2 2 CD 19499 1521 12 as as IN 19499 1521 13 given give VBN 19499 1521 14 above above RB 19499 1521 15 : : : 19499 1521 16 the the DT 19499 1521 17 terms term NNS 19499 1521 18 in in IN 19499 1521 19 group group NN 19499 1521 20 1 1 CD 19499 1521 21 indicate indicate VBP 19499 1521 22 that that IN 19499 1521 23 each each DT 19499 1521 24 measure measure NN 19499 1521 25 , , , 19499 1521 26 and and CC 19499 1521 27 even even RB 19499 1521 28 each each DT 19499 1521 29 pulse pulse NN 19499 1521 30 in in IN 19499 1521 31 the the DT 19499 1521 32 measure measure NN 19499 1521 33 , , , 19499 1521 34 is be VBZ 19499 1521 35 a a DT 19499 1521 36 little little JJ 19499 1521 37 slower slow JJR 19499 1521 38 than than IN 19499 1521 39 the the DT 19499 1521 40 preceding precede VBG 19499 1521 41 one one CD 19499 1521 42 , , , 19499 1521 43 while while IN 19499 1521 44 such such JJ 19499 1521 45 terms term NNS 19499 1521 46 as as IN 19499 1521 47 _ _ NNP 19499 1521 48 più più NNP 19499 1521 49 lento lento IN 19499 1521 50 _ _ NNP 19499 1521 51 and and CC 19499 1521 52 _ _ NNP 19499 1521 53 meno meno NNP 19499 1521 54 mosso mosso NNP 19499 1521 55 _ _ NNP 19499 1521 56 indicate indicate VBP 19499 1521 57 a a DT 19499 1521 58 rate rate NN 19499 1521 59 of of IN 19499 1521 60 speed speed NN 19499 1521 61 becoming become VBG 19499 1521 62 instantly instantly RB 19499 1521 63 slower slow JJR 19499 1521 64 and and CC 19499 1521 65 extending extend VBG 19499 1521 66 over over IN 19499 1521 67 an an DT 19499 1521 68 entire entire JJ 19499 1521 69 phrase phrase NN 19499 1521 70 or or CC 19499 1521 71 passage passage NN 19499 1521 72 . . . 19499 1522 1 Some some DT 19499 1522 2 composers composer NNS 19499 1522 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1522 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 5 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1522 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 7 , , , 19499 1522 8 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1522 9 and and CC 19499 1522 10 Couperin Couperin NNP 19499 1522 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1522 12 have have VBP 19499 1522 13 evidently evidently RB 19499 1522 14 had have VBN 19499 1522 15 this this DT 19499 1522 16 same same JJ 19499 1522 17 distinction distinction NN 19499 1522 18 in in IN 19499 1522 19 mind mind NN 19499 1522 20 between between IN 19499 1522 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 22 rallentando rallentando NNP 19499 1522 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 24 and and CC 19499 1522 25 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 26 ritardando ritardando NN 19499 1522 27 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 28 on on IN 19499 1522 29 the the DT 19499 1522 30 one one CD 19499 1522 31 hand hand NN 19499 1522 32 , , , 19499 1522 33 and and CC 19499 1522 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 35 ritenuto ritenuto NNP 19499 1522 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 37 and and CC 19499 1522 38 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 39 ritenente ritenente NNP 19499 1522 40 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 41 on on IN 19499 1522 42 the the DT 19499 1522 43 other other JJ 19499 1522 44 , , , 19499 1522 45 considering consider VBG 19499 1522 46 the the DT 19499 1522 47 former former JJ 19499 1522 48 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1522 49 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 50 rall rall NN 19499 1522 51 . . . 19499 1522 52 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 53 and and CC 19499 1522 54 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 55 rit rit NNP 19499 1522 56 . . . 19499 1522 57 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 58 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1522 59 to to TO 19499 1522 60 indicate indicate VB 19499 1522 61 a a DT 19499 1522 62 gradually gradually RB 19499 1522 63 slackening slacken VBG 19499 1522 64 speed speed NN 19499 1522 65 , , , 19499 1522 66 and and CC 19499 1522 67 the the DT 19499 1522 68 latter latter JJ 19499 1522 69 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1522 70 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 71 ritenuto ritenuto NNP 19499 1522 72 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 73 and and CC 19499 1522 74 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 75 ritenente ritenente NNP 19499 1522 76 _ _ NNP 19499 1522 77 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1522 78 to to TO 19499 1522 79 indicate indicate VB 19499 1522 80 a a DT 19499 1522 81 definitely definitely RB 19499 1522 82 slower slow JJR 19499 1522 83 rate rate NN 19499 1522 84 . . . 19499 1523 1 The the DT 19499 1523 2 majority majority NN 19499 1523 3 of of IN 19499 1523 4 composers composer NNS 19499 1523 5 do do VBP 19499 1523 6 not not RB 19499 1523 7 however however RB 19499 1523 8 differentiate differentiate JJ 19499 1523 9 between between IN 19499 1523 10 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1523 11 in in IN 19499 1523 12 this this DT 19499 1523 13 way way NN 19499 1523 14 , , , 19499 1523 15 and and CC 19499 1523 16 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1523 17 will will MD 19499 1523 18 therefore therefore RB 19499 1523 19 hardly hardly RB 19499 1523 20 be be VB 19499 1523 21 worth worth JJ 19499 1523 22 while while IN 19499 1523 23 for for IN 19499 1523 24 the the DT 19499 1523 25 student student NN 19499 1523 26 to to TO 19499 1523 27 try try VB 19499 1523 28 to to TO 19499 1523 29 remember remember VB 19499 1523 30 the the DT 19499 1523 31 distinction distinction NN 19499 1523 32 . . . 19499 1524 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1524 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1524 3 b b NNP 19499 1524 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1524 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1524 6 Terms term NNS 19499 1524 7 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1524 8 a a DT 19499 1524 9 more more RBR 19499 1524 10 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1524 11 tempo tempo NN 19499 1524 12 . . . 19499 1525 1 1 1 LS 19499 1525 2 . . . 19499 1526 1 Terms term NNS 19499 1526 2 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1526 3 a a DT 19499 1526 4 gradual gradual JJ 19499 1526 5 acceleration acceleration NN 19499 1526 6 . . . 19499 1527 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1527 2 Accelerando Accelerando NNP 19499 1527 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1527 4 , , , 19499 1527 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1527 6 affrettando affrettando NNP 19499 1527 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1527 8 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1527 9 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 1527 10 's 's POS 19499 1527 11 Note note NN 19499 1527 12 : : : 19499 1527 13 Corrected correct VBN 19499 1527 14 misspelling misspell VBG 19499 1527 15 " " `` 19499 1527 16 affretando affretando NN 19499 1527 17 " " '' 19499 1527 18 in in IN 19499 1527 19 original original JJ 19499 1527 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1527 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1527 22 this this DT 19499 1527 23 term term NN 19499 1527 24 implies imply VBZ 19499 1527 25 some some DT 19499 1527 26 degree degree NN 19499 1527 27 of of IN 19499 1527 28 excitement excitement NN 19499 1527 29 also also RB 19499 1527 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1527 31 , , , 19499 1527 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1527 33 stringendo stringendo NNP 19499 1527 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1527 35 , , , 19499 1527 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1527 37 poco poco NNP 19499 1527 38 a a DT 19499 1527 39 poco poco NNP 19499 1527 40 animato animato NNP 19499 1527 41 _ _ NNP 19499 1527 42 . . . 19499 1528 1 2 2 LS 19499 1528 2 . . . 19499 1529 1 Terms term NNS 19499 1529 2 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1529 3 a a DT 19499 1529 4 tempo tempo NN 19499 1529 5 which which WDT 19499 1529 6 is be VBZ 19499 1529 7 to to TO 19499 1529 8 become become VB 19499 1529 9 definitely definitely RB 19499 1529 10 faster fast RBR 19499 1529 11 at at IN 19499 1529 12 once once RB 19499 1529 13 . . . 19499 1530 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 2 Più Più NNP 19499 1530 3 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1530 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 5 , , , 19499 1530 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 7 più più NNP 19499 1530 8 tosto tosto NNP 19499 1530 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 10 , , , 19499 1530 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 12 più più NNP 19499 1530 13 mosso mosso NNP 19499 1530 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 15 , , , 19499 1530 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 17 stretto stretto NN 19499 1530 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 19 , , , 19499 1530 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 21 un un NNP 19499 1530 22 poco poco NNP 19499 1530 23 animato animato NNP 19499 1530 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1530 25 . . . 19499 1531 1 112 112 CD 19499 1531 2 . . . 19499 1532 1 After after IN 19499 1532 2 any any DT 19499 1532 3 modification modification NN 19499 1532 4 in in IN 19499 1532 5 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1532 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1532 7 either either CC 19499 1532 8 faster fast RBR 19499 1532 9 or or CC 19499 1532 10 slower slow JJR 19499 1532 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1532 12 has have VBZ 19499 1532 13 been be VBN 19499 1532 14 suggested suggest VBN 19499 1532 15 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1532 16 is be VBZ 19499 1532 17 usual usual JJ 19499 1532 18 to to TO 19499 1532 19 indicate indicate VB 19499 1532 20 a a DT 19499 1532 21 return return NN 19499 1532 22 to to IN 19499 1532 23 the the DT 19499 1532 24 normal normal JJ 19499 1532 25 rate rate NN 19499 1532 26 by by IN 19499 1532 27 some some DT 19499 1532 28 such such JJ 19499 1532 29 expression expression NN 19499 1532 30 as as IN 19499 1532 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1532 32 a a DT 19499 1532 33 tempo tempo NN 19499 1532 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1532 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1532 36 lit light VBN 19499 1532 37 . . . 19499 1533 1 in in IN 19499 1533 2 time time NN 19499 1533 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1533 4 , , , 19499 1533 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1533 6 a a DT 19499 1533 7 tempo tempo NN 19499 1533 8 primo primo NNP 19499 1533 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1533 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1533 11 lit light VBN 19499 1533 12 . . . 19499 1534 1 in in IN 19499 1534 2 the the DT 19499 1534 3 first first JJ 19499 1534 4 time time NN 19499 1534 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1534 6 , , , 19499 1534 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1534 8 tempo tempo NN 19499 1534 9 primo primo NNP 19499 1534 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1534 11 , , , 19499 1534 12 or or CC 19499 1534 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1534 14 tempo tempo NN 19499 1534 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1534 16 . . . 19499 1535 1 113 113 CD 19499 1535 2 . . . 19499 1536 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1536 2 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 1536 3 rubato rubato NNP 19499 1536 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1536 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1536 6 or or CC 19499 1536 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1536 8 a a DT 19499 1536 9 tempo tempo NN 19499 1536 10 rubato rubato NNP 19499 1536 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1536 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1536 13 means mean VBZ 19499 1536 14 literally literally RB 19499 1536 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1536 16 in in IN 19499 1536 17 robbed rob VBN 19499 1536 18 time time NN 19499 1536 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1536 20 , , , 19499 1536 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1536 22 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1536 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1536 24 , , , 19499 1536 25 duration duration NN 19499 1536 26 taken take VBN 19499 1536 27 from from IN 19499 1536 28 one one CD 19499 1536 29 measure measure NN 19499 1536 30 or or CC 19499 1536 31 beat beat VB 19499 1536 32 and and CC 19499 1536 33 given give VBN 19499 1536 34 to to IN 19499 1536 35 another another DT 19499 1536 36 , , , 19499 1536 37 but but CC 19499 1536 38 in in IN 19499 1536 39 modern modern JJ 19499 1536 40 practice practice NN 19499 1536 41 the the DT 19499 1536 42 term term NN 19499 1536 43 is be VBZ 19499 1536 44 quite quite RB 19499 1536 45 generally generally RB 19499 1536 46 applied apply VBN 19499 1536 47 to to IN 19499 1536 48 any any DT 19499 1536 49 irregularity irregularity NN 19499 1536 50 of of IN 19499 1536 51 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1536 52 or or CC 19499 1536 53 tempo tempo NN 19499 1536 54 not not RB 19499 1536 55 definitely definitely RB 19499 1536 56 indicated indicate VBN 19499 1536 57 in in IN 19499 1536 58 the the DT 19499 1536 59 score score NN 19499 1536 60 . . . 19499 1537 1 The the DT 19499 1537 2 terms term NNS 19499 1537 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1537 4 ad ad NN 19499 1537 5 libitum libitum NN 19499 1537 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1537 7 , , , 19499 1537 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1537 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1537 10 ad ad NN 19499 1537 11 lib lib NN 19499 1537 12 . . . 19499 1537 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1537 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1537 15 , , , 19499 1537 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1537 17 a a DT 19499 1537 18 piacere piacere NN 19499 1537 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1537 20 , , , 19499 1537 21 and and CC 19499 1537 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1537 23 a a DT 19499 1537 24 capriccio capriccio NN 19499 1537 25 _ _ NNP 19499 1537 26 , , , 19499 1537 27 also also RB 19499 1537 28 indicate indicate VBP 19499 1537 29 a a DT 19499 1537 30 modification modification NN 19499 1537 31 of of IN 19499 1537 32 the the DT 19499 1537 33 tempo tempo NN 19499 1537 34 at at IN 19499 1537 35 the the DT 19499 1537 36 will will NN 19499 1537 37 of of IN 19499 1537 38 the the DT 19499 1537 39 performer performer NN 19499 1537 40 . . . 19499 1538 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1538 2 Ad Ad NNP 19499 1538 3 libitum libitum NN 19499 1538 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1538 5 means mean VBZ 19499 1538 6 at at IN 19499 1538 7 liberty liberty NN 19499 1538 8 ; ; : 19499 1538 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1538 10 a a DT 19499 1538 11 piacere piacere NN 19499 1538 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1538 13 , , , 19499 1538 14 at at IN 19499 1538 15 pleasure pleasure NN 19499 1538 16 ; ; : 19499 1538 17 and and CC 19499 1538 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1538 19 a a DT 19499 1538 20 capriccio capriccio NN 19499 1538 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1538 22 , , , 19499 1538 23 at at IN 19499 1538 24 the the DT 19499 1538 25 caprice caprice NN 19499 1538 26 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1538 27 of of IN 19499 1538 28 the the DT 19499 1538 29 performer performer NN 19499 1538 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1538 31 . . . 19499 1539 1 114 114 CD 19499 1539 2 . . . 19499 1540 1 The the DT 19499 1540 2 term term NN 19499 1540 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1540 4 tempo tempo NN 19499 1540 5 giusto giusto NNP 19499 1540 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1540 7 is be VBZ 19499 1540 8 the the DT 19499 1540 9 opposite opposite NN 19499 1540 10 of of IN 19499 1540 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1540 12 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1540 13 rubato rubato NNP 19499 1540 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1540 15 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1540 16 and and CC 19499 1540 17 of of IN 19499 1540 18 the the DT 19499 1540 19 other other JJ 19499 1540 20 terms term NNS 19499 1540 21 defined define VBN 19499 1540 22 in in IN 19499 1540 23 paragraph paragraph NN 19499 1540 24 113 113 CD 19499 1540 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1540 26 . . . 19499 1541 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1541 2 means mean VBZ 19499 1541 3 literally literally RB 19499 1541 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1541 5 in in IN 19499 1541 6 exact exact JJ 19499 1541 7 time time NN 19499 1541 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1541 9 . . . 19499 1542 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1542 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1542 3 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 1542 4 giusto giusto NN 19499 1542 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1542 6 is be VBZ 19499 1542 7 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1542 8 translated translate VBN 19499 1542 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1542 10 quite quite RB 19499 1542 11 rapidly_,[29 rapidly_,[29 NNS 19499 1542 12 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1542 13 but but CC 19499 1542 14 this this DT 19499 1542 15 is be VBZ 19499 1542 16 very very RB 19499 1542 17 unusual unusual JJ 19499 1542 18 . . . 19499 1542 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1543 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1543 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1543 3 29 29 CD 19499 1543 4 : : : 19499 1543 5 Bussler Bussler NNP 19499 1543 6 -- -- : 19499 1543 7 Elements Elements NNPS 19499 1543 8 of of IN 19499 1543 9 Notation Notation NNP 19499 1543 10 and and CC 19499 1543 11 Harmony Harmony NNP 19499 1543 12 , , , 19499 1543 13 p. p. NN 19499 1544 1 76 76 CD 19499 1544 2 . . . 19499 1544 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1545 1 115 115 CD 19499 1545 2 . . . 19499 1546 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1546 2 L'istesso L'istesso NNP 19499 1546 3 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1546 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1546 5 means mean VBZ 19499 1546 6 -- -- : 19499 1546 7 at at IN 19499 1546 8 the the DT 19499 1546 9 same same JJ 19499 1546 10 rate rate NN 19499 1546 11 of of IN 19499 1546 12 speed speed NN 19499 1546 13 . . . 19499 1547 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1547 2 E.g. E.g. NNP 19499 1547 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1547 4 , , , 19499 1547 5 when when WRB 19499 1547 6 a a DT 19499 1547 7 measure measure NN 19499 1547 8 signature signature NN 19499 1547 9 changes change NNS 19499 1547 10 from from IN 19499 1547 11 2/4 2/4 CD 19499 1547 12 to to IN 19499 1547 13 6/8 6/8 CD 19499 1547 14 with with IN 19499 1547 15 a a DT 19499 1547 16 change change NN 19499 1547 17 in in IN 19499 1547 18 beat beat NN 19499 1547 19 - - HYPH 19499 1547 20 note note NN 19499 1547 21 from from IN 19499 1547 22 a a DT 19499 1547 23 quarter quarter NN 19499 1547 24 to to IN 19499 1547 25 a a DT 19499 1547 26 dotted dotted JJ 19499 1547 27 - - HYPH 19499 1547 28 quarter quarter NN 19499 1547 29 , , , 19499 1547 30 but but CC 19499 1547 31 with with IN 19499 1547 32 the the DT 19499 1547 33 same same JJ 19499 1547 34 tempo tempo NN 19499 1547 35 carried carry VBD 19499 1547 36 through through IN 19499 1547 37 the the DT 19499 1547 38 entire entire JJ 19499 1547 39 movement movement NN 19499 1547 40 . . . 19499 1548 1 116 116 CD 19499 1548 2 . . . 19499 1549 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1549 2 Tenuto Tenuto NNP 19499 1549 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1549 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1549 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1549 6 ten ten CD 19499 1549 7 . . . 19499 1549 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1549 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1549 10 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 1549 11 that that IN 19499 1549 12 a a DT 19499 1549 13 tone tone NN 19499 1549 14 or or CC 19499 1549 15 chord chord NN 19499 1549 16 is be VBZ 19499 1549 17 to to TO 19499 1549 18 be be VB 19499 1549 19 held hold VBN 19499 1549 20 to to IN 19499 1549 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1549 22 full full JJ 19499 1549 23 value value NN 19499 1549 24 . . . 19499 1550 1 This this DT 19499 1550 2 word word NN 19499 1550 3 is be VBZ 19499 1550 4 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1550 5 used use VBN 19499 1550 6 after after IN 19499 1550 7 a a DT 19499 1550 8 staccato staccato NN 19499 1550 9 passage passage NN 19499 1550 10 to to TO 19499 1550 11 show show VB 19499 1550 12 that that IN 19499 1550 13 the the DT 19499 1550 14 staccato staccato NNP 19499 1550 15 effect effect NN 19499 1550 16 is be VBZ 19499 1550 17 to to TO 19499 1550 18 be be VB 19499 1550 19 discontinued discontinue VBN 19499 1550 20 , , , 19499 1550 21 but but CC 19499 1550 22 is be VBZ 19499 1550 23 often often RB 19499 1550 24 used use VBN 19499 1550 25 merely merely RB 19499 1550 26 as as IN 19499 1550 27 a a DT 19499 1550 28 warning warning NN 19499 1550 29 not not RB 19499 1550 30 to to TO 19499 1550 31 slight slight VB 19499 1550 32 a a DT 19499 1550 33 melody melody NN 19499 1550 34 - - HYPH 19499 1550 35 tone--_i.e tone--_i.e NN 19499 1550 36 . . . 19499 1550 37 _ _ NNP 19499 1550 38 , , , 19499 1550 39 to to TO 19499 1550 40 give give VB 19499 1550 41 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1550 42 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1550 43 full full JJ 19499 1550 44 value value NN 19499 1550 45 . . . 19499 1551 1 117 117 CD 19499 1551 2 . . . 19499 1552 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1552 2 Veloce Veloce NNP 19499 1552 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1552 4 means mean VBZ 19499 1552 5 -- -- : 19499 1552 6 swiftly swiftly RB 19499 1552 7 , , , 19499 1552 8 and and CC 19499 1552 9 is be VBZ 19499 1552 10 applied apply VBN 19499 1552 11 to to IN 19499 1552 12 brilliant brilliant JJ 19499 1552 13 passages passage NNS 19499 1552 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1552 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1552 16 e.g. e.g. NNP 19499 1552 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1552 18 , , , 19499 1552 19 cadenzas cadenzas NNP 19499 1552 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1552 21 which which WDT 19499 1552 22 are be VBP 19499 1552 23 to to TO 19499 1552 24 be be VB 19499 1552 25 played play VBN 19499 1552 26 as as RB 19499 1552 27 rapidly rapidly RB 19499 1552 28 as as IN 19499 1552 29 possible possible JJ 19499 1552 30 without without IN 19499 1552 31 much much JJ 19499 1552 32 regard regard NN 19499 1552 33 for for IN 19499 1552 34 measure measure NN 19499 1552 35 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1552 36 . . . 19499 1553 1 The the DT 19499 1553 2 words word NNS 19499 1553 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1553 4 rapidamente rapidamente NNP 19499 1553 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1553 6 , , , 19499 1553 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1553 8 brillante brillante NN 19499 1553 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1553 10 and and CC 19499 1553 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1553 12 volante volante NNP 19499 1553 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1553 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1553 15 flying flying NN 19499 1553 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1553 17 have have VBP 19499 1553 18 the the DT 19499 1553 19 same same JJ 19499 1553 20 meaning meaning NN 19499 1553 21 as as IN 19499 1553 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1553 23 veloce veloce NNP 19499 1553 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1553 25 . . . 19499 1554 1 118 118 CD 19499 1554 2 . . . 19499 1555 1 The the DT 19499 1555 2 following follow VBG 19499 1555 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1555 4 expressions expression NNS 19499 1555 5 referring refer VBG 19499 1555 6 to to IN 19499 1555 7 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1555 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1555 9 are be VBP 19499 1555 10 also also RB 19499 1555 11 in in IN 19499 1555 12 common common JJ 19499 1555 13 use use NN 19499 1555 14 but but CC 19499 1555 15 can can MD 19499 1555 16 not not RB 19499 1555 17 easily easily RB 19499 1555 18 be be VB 19499 1555 19 classified classify VBN 19499 1555 20 with with IN 19499 1555 21 any any DT 19499 1555 22 of of IN 19499 1555 23 the the DT 19499 1555 24 groups group NNS 19499 1555 25 already already RB 19499 1555 26 defined define VBN 19499 1555 27 . . . 19499 1556 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1556 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1556 3 moto_--with moto_--with CD 19499 1556 4 motion motion NN 19499 1556 5 ; ; : 19499 1556 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1556 7 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1556 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1556 9 , , , 19499 1556 10 not not RB 19499 1556 11 too too RB 19499 1556 12 slow slow JJ 19499 1556 13 . . . 19499 1557 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1557 2 Pesante_--slowly Pesante_--slowly NNP 19499 1557 3 , , , 19499 1557 4 heavily heavily RB 19499 1557 5 . . . 19499 1558 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1558 2 Doppio Doppio NNP 19499 1558 3 movimento_--twice movimento_--twice NN 19499 1558 4 as as RB 19499 1558 5 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1558 6 as as IN 19499 1558 7 before before RB 19499 1558 8 . . . 19499 1559 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1559 2 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 1559 3 ordinario_--in ordinario_--in NNP 19499 1559 4 ordinary ordinary JJ 19499 1559 5 tempo tempo NN 19499 1559 6 . . . 19499 1560 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1560 2 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 1560 3 commodo_--in commodo_--in NNP 19499 1560 4 convenient convenient JJ 19499 1560 5 tempo tempo NN 19499 1560 6 . . . 19499 1561 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1561 2 Sempre Sempre NNP 19499 1561 3 lento lento NNP 19499 1561 4 malinconico malinconico NN 19499 1561 5 assai_--always assai_--alway NNS 19499 1561 6 slowly slowly RB 19499 1561 7 and and CC 19499 1561 8 in in IN 19499 1561 9 a a DT 19499 1561 10 very very RB 19499 1561 11 melancholy melancholy JJ 19499 1561 12 style style NN 19499 1561 13 . . . 19499 1562 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1562 2 Animando Animando NNP 19499 1562 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1562 4 , , , 19499 1562 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1562 6 animato animato NN 19499 1562 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1562 8 , , , 19499 1562 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1562 10 con con NNP 19499 1562 11 anima_--with anima_--with IN 19499 1562 12 animation animation NN 19499 1562 13 . . . 19499 1563 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1563 2 Agitato_--agitated Agitato_--agitated NNP 19499 1563 3 . . . 19499 1564 1 119 119 CD 19499 1564 2 . . . 19499 1565 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1565 2 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 1565 3 di di NNP 19499 1565 4 marcia marcia NNP 19499 1565 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1565 6 is be VBZ 19499 1565 7 given give VBN 19499 1565 8 by by IN 19499 1565 9 Riemann Riemann NNP 19499 1565 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1565 11 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 19499 1565 12 of of IN 19499 1565 13 Music Music NNP 19499 1565 14 , , , 19499 1565 15 p. p. NN 19499 1565 16 783 783 CD 19499 1565 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1565 18 as as IN 19499 1565 19 equivalent equivalent JJ 19499 1565 20 to to IN 19499 1565 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1565 22 andante andante NNP 19499 1565 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1565 24 , , , 19499 1565 25 M.M. M.M. NNP 19499 1566 1 72 72 CD 19499 1566 2 - - SYM 19499 1566 3 84 84 CD 19499 1566 4 . . . 19499 1567 1 The the DT 19499 1567 2 same same JJ 19499 1567 3 writer writer NN 19499 1567 4 gives give VBZ 19499 1567 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 6 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1567 7 di di NNP 19499 1567 8 menuetto menuetto NNP 19499 1567 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 10 as as IN 19499 1567 11 equivalent equivalent JJ 19499 1567 12 to to IN 19499 1567 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 14 allegretto allegretto NNP 19499 1567 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 16 , , , 19499 1567 17 and and CC 19499 1567 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 19 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1567 20 di di NNP 19499 1567 21 valso valso NNP 19499 1567 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 23 as as IN 19499 1567 24 equivalent equivalent JJ 19499 1567 25 to to IN 19499 1567 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 27 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1567 28 moderato moderato NNP 19499 1567 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1567 31 which which WDT 19499 1567 32 he -PRON- PRP 19499 1567 33 regards regard VBZ 19499 1567 34 as as IN 19499 1567 35 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1567 36 a a DT 19499 1567 37 more more RBR 19499 1567 38 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1567 39 tempo tempo NN 19499 1567 40 than than IN 19499 1567 41 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 42 allegretto allegretto NNP 19499 1567 43 _ _ NNP 19499 1567 44 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1567 45 . . . 19499 1568 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 1568 2 XIII XIII NNP 19499 1568 3 DYNAMICS dynamics NN 19499 1568 4 120 120 CD 19499 1568 5 . . . 19499 1569 1 The the DT 19499 1569 2 word word NN 19499 1569 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1569 4 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 1569 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1569 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1569 7 cf cf NNP 19499 1569 8 . . . 19499 1570 1 dynamic dynamic JJ 19499 1570 2 -- -- : 19499 1570 3 the the DT 19499 1570 4 opposite opposite NN 19499 1570 5 of of IN 19499 1570 6 static static NN 19499 1570 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1570 8 as as IN 19499 1570 9 used use VBN 19499 1570 10 in in IN 19499 1570 11 the the DT 19499 1570 12 nomenclature nomenclature NN 19499 1570 13 of of IN 19499 1570 14 music music NN 19499 1570 15 has have VBZ 19499 1570 16 to to TO 19499 1570 17 do do VB 19499 1570 18 with with IN 19499 1570 19 the the DT 19499 1570 20 various various JJ 19499 1570 21 degrees degree NNS 19499 1570 22 of of IN 19499 1570 23 power power NN 19499 1570 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1570 25 _ _ NNP 19499 1570 26 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1570 27 _ _ NNP 19499 1570 28 , , , 19499 1570 29 the the DT 19499 1570 30 comparative comparative JJ 19499 1570 31 loudness loudness NN 19499 1570 32 and and CC 19499 1570 33 softness softness NNP 19499 1570 34 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1570 35 of of IN 19499 1570 36 tones tone NNS 19499 1570 37 . . . 19499 1571 1 As as IN 19499 1571 2 in in IN 19499 1571 3 the the DT 19499 1571 4 case case NN 19499 1571 5 of of IN 19499 1571 6 words word NNS 19499 1571 7 referring refer VBG 19499 1571 8 to to IN 19499 1571 9 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1571 10 , , , 19499 1571 11 the the DT 19499 1571 12 expressions expression NNS 19499 1571 13 referring refer VBG 19499 1571 14 to to IN 19499 1571 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1571 16 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 1571 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1571 18 are be VBP 19499 1571 19 always always RB 19499 1571 20 relative relative JJ 19499 1571 21 , , , 19499 1571 22 never never RB 19499 1571 23 absolute absolute JJ 19499 1571 24 ; ; : 19499 1571 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1571 26 is be VBZ 19499 1571 27 possible possible JJ 19499 1571 28 to to TO 19499 1571 29 indicate indicate VB 19499 1571 30 that that IN 19499 1571 31 one one CD 19499 1571 32 measure measure NN 19499 1571 33 is be VBZ 19499 1571 34 to to TO 19499 1571 35 be be VB 19499 1571 36 louder loud JJR 19499 1571 37 than than IN 19499 1571 38 another another DT 19499 1571 39 , , , 19499 1571 40 but but CC 19499 1571 41 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1571 42 is be VBZ 19499 1571 43 not not RB 19499 1571 44 possible possible JJ 19499 1571 45 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1571 46 nor nor CC 19499 1571 47 desirable desirable JJ 19499 1571 48 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1571 49 to to TO 19499 1571 50 indicate indicate VB 19499 1571 51 exactly exactly RB 19499 1571 52 how how WRB 19499 1571 53 loud loud JJ 19499 1571 54 either either CC 19499 1571 55 is be VBZ 19499 1571 56 to to TO 19499 1571 57 be be VB 19499 1571 58 . . . 19499 1572 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1572 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1572 3 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 1572 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1572 5 , , , 19499 1572 6 perhaps perhaps RB 19499 1572 7 even even RB 19499 1572 8 more more JJR 19499 1572 9 than than IN 19499 1572 10 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1572 11 , , , 19499 1572 12 will will MD 19499 1572 13 be be VB 19499 1572 14 seen see VBN 19499 1572 15 to to TO 19499 1572 16 depend depend VB 19499 1572 17 on on IN 19499 1572 18 the the DT 19499 1572 19 taste taste NN 19499 1572 20 of of IN 19499 1572 21 the the DT 19499 1572 22 performer performer JJ 19499 1572 23 or or CC 19499 1572 24 conductor conductor NN 19499 1572 25 . . . 19499 1573 1 The the DT 19499 1573 2 following follow VBG 19499 1573 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1573 4 words word NNS 19499 1573 5 referring refer VBG 19499 1573 6 to to IN 19499 1573 7 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 1573 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1573 9 are be VBP 19499 1573 10 in in IN 19499 1573 11 common common JJ 19499 1573 12 use use NN 19499 1573 13 : : : 19499 1573 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1573 15 Pianisissimo Pianisissimo NNP 19499 1573 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1573 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1573 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1573 19 ppp_)--as ppp_)--as NNP 19499 1573 20 softly softly RB 19499 1573 21 as as IN 19499 1573 22 possible possible JJ 19499 1573 23 . . . 19499 1574 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1574 2 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1574 3 will will MD 19499 1574 4 be be VB 19499 1574 5 noted note VBN 19499 1574 6 that that IN 19499 1574 7 this this DT 19499 1574 8 is be VBZ 19499 1574 9 a a DT 19499 1574 10 sort sort NN 19499 1574 11 of of IN 19499 1574 12 hyper hyper NN 19499 1574 13 - - NN 19499 1574 14 superlative superlative NN 19499 1574 15 of of IN 19499 1574 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1574 17 piano piano NN 19499 1574 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1574 19 . . . 19499 1574 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1575 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1575 2 Pianissimo Pianissimo NNP 19499 1575 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1575 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1575 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1575 6 pp_)--very pp_)--very NN 19499 1575 7 softly softly RB 19499 1575 8 . . . 19499 1576 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1576 2 The the DT 19499 1576 3 superlative superlative NN 19499 1576 4 of of IN 19499 1576 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1576 6 piano piano NN 19499 1576 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1576 8 . . . 19499 1576 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1577 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1577 2 Piano Piano NNP 19499 1577 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1577 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1577 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1577 6 p_)--softly p_)--softly RB 19499 1577 7 . . . 19499 1578 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1578 2 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 1578 3 piano piano NN 19499 1578 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1578 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1578 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1578 7 mp_)--medium mp_)--medium NN 19499 1578 8 softly softly RB 19499 1578 9 . . . 19499 1579 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1579 2 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 1579 3 forte forte NN 19499 1579 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1579 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1579 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1579 7 mf_)--medium mf_)--medium NN 19499 1579 8 loudly loudly RB 19499 1579 9 . . . 19499 1580 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1580 2 Forte Forte NNP 19499 1580 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1580 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1580 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1580 6 f_)--loudly f_)--loudly RB 19499 1580 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1580 8 lit light VBN 19499 1580 9 . . . 19499 1581 1 strong strong JJ 19499 1581 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1581 3 . . . 19499 1582 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1582 2 Fortissimo Fortissimo NNP 19499 1582 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1582 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1582 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1582 6 ff_)--very ff_)--very NN 19499 1582 7 loudly loudly RB 19499 1582 8 . . . 19499 1583 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1583 2 The the DT 19499 1583 3 superlative superlative NN 19499 1583 4 of of IN 19499 1583 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1583 6 forte forte NNP 19499 1583 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1583 8 . . . 19499 1583 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1584 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1584 2 Fortisissimo Fortisissimo NNP 19499 1584 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1584 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1584 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1584 6 fff_)--as fff_)--as NNP 19499 1584 7 loudly loudly RB 19499 1584 8 as as IN 19499 1584 9 possible possible JJ 19499 1584 10 . . . 19499 1585 1 The the DT 19499 1585 2 lack lack NN 19499 1585 3 of of IN 19499 1585 4 a a DT 19499 1585 5 one one CD 19499 1585 6 - - HYPH 19499 1585 7 word word NN 19499 1585 8 comparative comparative JJ 19499 1585 9 degree degree NN 19499 1585 10 in in IN 19499 1585 11 the the DT 19499 1585 12 case case NN 19499 1585 13 of of IN 19499 1585 14 both both DT 19499 1585 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1585 16 piano piano NN 19499 1585 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1585 18 and and CC 19499 1585 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1585 20 forte forte NNP 19499 1585 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1585 22 seems seem VBZ 19499 1585 23 to to TO 19499 1585 24 necessitate necessitate VB 19499 1585 25 the the DT 19499 1585 26 hyper hyper JJ 19499 1585 27 - - HYPH 19499 1585 28 superlative superlative JJ 19499 1585 29 degree degree NN 19499 1585 30 as as IN 19499 1585 31 given give VBN 19499 1585 32 above above RB 19499 1585 33 , , , 19499 1585 34 but but CC 19499 1585 35 the the DT 19499 1585 36 practice practice NN 19499 1585 37 of of IN 19499 1585 38 using use VBG 19499 1585 39 four four CD 19499 1585 40 , , , 19499 1585 41 or or CC 19499 1585 42 even even RB 19499 1585 43 five five CD 19499 1585 44 _ _ NNP 19499 1585 45 p p NNP 19499 1585 46 _ _ NNP 19499 1585 47 's 's POS 19499 1585 48 or or CC 19499 1585 49 _ _ NNP 19499 1585 50 f f NNP 19499 1585 51 _ _ NNP 19499 1585 52 's 's POS 19499 1585 53 is be VBZ 19499 1585 54 not not RB 19499 1585 55 desirable desirable JJ 19499 1585 56 . . . 19499 1586 1 121 121 CD 19499 1586 2 . . . 19499 1587 1 The the DT 19499 1587 2 terms term NNS 19499 1587 3 defined define VBN 19499 1587 4 in in IN 19499 1587 5 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1587 6 . . . 19499 1588 1 120 120 CD 19499 1588 2 are be VBP 19499 1588 3 often often RB 19499 1588 4 combined combine VBN 19499 1588 5 with with IN 19499 1588 6 others other NNS 19499 1588 7 , , , 19499 1588 8 as as IN 19499 1588 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1588 10 e.g. e.g. NNP 19499 1588 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1588 12 , , , 19499 1588 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1588 14 Pianissimo Pianissimo NNP 19499 1588 15 possibile_--as possibile_--as NNP 19499 1588 16 softly softly RB 19499 1588 17 as as IN 19499 1588 18 possible possible JJ 19499 1588 19 . . . 19499 1589 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1589 2 Piano Piano NNP 19499 1589 3 assai_--very assai_--very NN 19499 1589 4 softly softly RB 19499 1589 5 . . . 19499 1590 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1590 2 Fortissimo Fortissimo NNP 19499 1590 3 possibile_--as possibile_--as VBP 19499 1590 4 loudly loudly RB 19499 1590 5 as as IN 19499 1590 6 possible possible JJ 19499 1590 7 . . . 19499 1591 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1591 2 Forte Forte NNP 19499 1591 3 piano piano NN 19499 1591 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1591 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1591 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1591 7 fp_)--loud fp_)--loud NN 19499 1591 8 , , , 19499 1591 9 followed follow VBN 19499 1591 10 at at IN 19499 1591 11 once once RB 19499 1591 12 by by IN 19499 1591 13 soft soft JJ 19499 1591 14 . . . 19499 1592 1 As as IN 19499 1592 2 in in IN 19499 1592 3 the the DT 19499 1592 4 case case NN 19499 1592 5 of of IN 19499 1592 6 terms term NNS 19499 1592 7 relating relate VBG 19499 1592 8 to to IN 19499 1592 9 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1592 10 , , , 19499 1592 11 the the DT 19499 1592 12 meaning meaning NN 19499 1592 13 of of IN 19499 1592 14 many many JJ 19499 1592 15 other other JJ 19499 1592 16 expressions expression NNS 19499 1592 17 relating relate VBG 19499 1592 18 to to IN 19499 1592 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1592 20 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 1592 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1592 22 may may MD 19499 1592 23 easily easily RB 19499 1592 24 be be VB 19499 1592 25 arrived arrive VBN 19499 1592 26 at at IN 19499 1592 27 by by IN 19499 1592 28 recalling recall VBG 19499 1592 29 the the DT 19499 1592 30 list list NN 19499 1592 31 of of IN 19499 1592 32 auxiliary auxiliary JJ 19499 1592 33 terms term NNS 19499 1592 34 quoted quote VBN 19499 1592 35 under under IN 19499 1592 36 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1592 37 . . . 19499 1593 1 96 96 CD 19499 1593 2 . . . 19499 1594 1 122 122 CD 19499 1594 2 . . . 19499 1595 1 The the DT 19499 1595 2 terms term NNS 19499 1595 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1595 4 sforzando sforzando NNP 19499 1595 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1595 6 , , , 19499 1595 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1595 8 forzando forzando NNP 19499 1595 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1595 10 , , , 19499 1595 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1595 12 sforzato sforzato NN 19499 1595 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1595 14 and and CC 19499 1595 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1595 16 forzato forzato NNP 19499 1595 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1595 18 all all DT 19499 1595 19 indicate indicate VBP 19499 1595 20 a a DT 19499 1595 21 strong strong JJ 19499 1595 22 accent accent NN 19499 1595 23 on on IN 19499 1595 24 a a DT 19499 1595 25 single single JJ 19499 1595 26 tone tone NN 19499 1595 27 or or CC 19499 1595 28 chord chord NN 19499 1595 29 . . . 19499 1596 1 These these DT 19499 1596 2 words word NNS 19499 1596 3 are be VBP 19499 1596 4 abbreviated abbreviate VBN 19499 1596 5 as as IN 19499 1596 6 follows:--_sf_,_fz follows:--_sf_,_fz IN 19499 1596 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1596 8 , , , 19499 1596 9 and and CC 19499 1596 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1596 11 sfz sfz NNP 19499 1596 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1596 13 , , , 19499 1596 14 the the DT 19499 1596 15 abbreviation abbreviation NN 19499 1596 16 being be VBG 19499 1596 17 placed place VBN 19499 1596 18 directly directly RB 19499 1596 19 above above RB 19499 1596 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1596 21 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1596 22 below below IN 19499 1596 23 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1596 24 the the DT 19499 1596 25 note note NN 19499 1596 26 or or CC 19499 1596 27 chord chord NN 19499 1596 28 affected affect VBN 19499 1596 29 . . . 19499 1597 1 The the DT 19499 1597 2 signs sign NNS 19499 1597 3 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1597 4 vertical vertical JJ 19499 1597 5 accent accent NN 19499 1597 6 symbol symbol NN 19499 1597 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1597 8 and and CC 19499 1597 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1597 10 horizontal horizontal JJ 19499 1597 11 accent accent JJ 19499 1597 12 symbol symbol NN 19499 1597 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1597 14 are be VBP 19499 1597 15 also also RB 19499 1597 16 commonly commonly RB 19499 1597 17 used use VBN 19499 1597 18 to to TO 19499 1597 19 indicate indicate VB 19499 1597 20 such such PDT 19499 1597 21 an an DT 19499 1597 22 accent accent NN 19499 1597 23 . . . 19499 1598 1 In in IN 19499 1598 2 interpreting interpret VBG 19499 1598 3 these these DT 19499 1598 4 accent accent NN 19499 1598 5 marks mark NNS 19499 1598 6 the the DT 19499 1598 7 student student NN 19499 1598 8 must must MD 19499 1598 9 bear bear VB 19499 1598 10 in in IN 19499 1598 11 mind mind NN 19499 1598 12 again again RB 19499 1598 13 the the DT 19499 1598 14 fact fact NN 19499 1598 15 that that IN 19499 1598 16 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1598 17 have have VBP 19499 1598 18 a a DT 19499 1598 19 relative relative NN 19499 1598 20 rather rather RB 19499 1598 21 than than IN 19499 1598 22 an an DT 19499 1598 23 absolute absolute JJ 19499 1598 24 meaning meaning NN 19499 1598 25 : : : 19499 1598 26 the the DT 19499 1598 27 mark mark NN 19499 1598 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1598 29 sf sf NNP 19499 1598 30 _ _ NNP 19499 1598 31 occurring occur VBG 19499 1598 32 in in IN 19499 1598 33 the the DT 19499 1598 34 midst midst NN 19499 1598 35 of of IN 19499 1598 36 a a DT 19499 1598 37 _ _ NNP 19499 1598 38 piano piano NN 19499 1598 39 _ _ NNP 19499 1598 40 passage passage NN 19499 1598 41 will will MD 19499 1598 42 indicate indicate VB 19499 1598 43 a a DT 19499 1598 44 much much JJ 19499 1598 45 milder milder NN 19499 1598 46 form form NN 19499 1598 47 of of IN 19499 1598 48 accent accent NN 19499 1598 49 than than IN 19499 1598 50 would would MD 19499 1598 51 the the DT 19499 1598 52 same same JJ 19499 1598 53 mark mark NN 19499 1598 54 occurring occur VBG 19499 1598 55 in in IN 19499 1598 56 the the DT 19499 1598 57 midst midst NN 19499 1598 58 of of IN 19499 1598 59 a a DT 19499 1598 60 _ _ NNP 19499 1598 61 forte forte NN 19499 1598 62 _ _ NNP 19499 1598 63 passage passage NN 19499 1598 64 . . . 19499 1599 1 123 123 CD 19499 1599 2 . . . 19499 1600 1 The the DT 19499 1600 2 words word NNS 19499 1600 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 4 rinforzando rinforzando NNP 19499 1600 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 6 and and CC 19499 1600 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 8 rinforzato rinforzato FW 19499 1600 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1600 11 abb.--_rinf abb.--_rinf FW 19499 1600 12 . . . 19499 1600 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 14 and and CC 19499 1600 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 16 rfz rfz NNP 19499 1600 17 . . . 19499 1600 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1600 20 mean mean VB 19499 1600 21 literally literally RB 19499 1600 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 23 reinforced reinforce VBD 19499 1600 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 25 , , , 19499 1600 26 and and CC 19499 1600 27 are be VBP 19499 1600 28 used use VBN 19499 1600 29 to to TO 19499 1600 30 indicate indicate VB 19499 1600 31 a a DT 19499 1600 32 sudden sudden JJ 19499 1600 33 increase increase NN 19499 1600 34 in in IN 19499 1600 35 power power NN 19499 1600 36 usually usually RB 19499 1600 37 extending extend VBG 19499 1600 38 over over IN 19499 1600 39 an an DT 19499 1600 40 entire entire JJ 19499 1600 41 phrase phrase NN 19499 1600 42 or or CC 19499 1600 43 passage passage NN 19499 1600 44 instead instead RB 19499 1600 45 of of IN 19499 1600 46 applying apply VBG 19499 1600 47 only only RB 19499 1600 48 to to IN 19499 1600 49 a a DT 19499 1600 50 single single JJ 19499 1600 51 tone tone NN 19499 1600 52 or or CC 19499 1600 53 chord chord NN 19499 1600 54 as as IN 19499 1600 55 in in IN 19499 1600 56 the the DT 19499 1600 57 case case NN 19499 1600 58 of of IN 19499 1600 59 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 60 sforzando sforzando NNP 19499 1600 61 _ _ NNP 19499 1600 62 , , , 19499 1600 63 etc etc FW 19499 1600 64 . . . 19499 1601 1 124 124 CD 19499 1601 2 . . . 19499 1602 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1602 2 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1602 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1602 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1602 5 abb.--_cresc abb.--_cresc NNP 19499 1602 6 . . . 19499 1602 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1602 8 or or CC 19499 1602 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1602 10 crescendo crescendo NNP 19499 1602 11 symbol symbol NN 19499 1602 12 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1602 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1602 14 means mean VBZ 19499 1602 15 a a DT 19499 1602 16 gradual gradual JJ 19499 1602 17 increase increase NN 19499 1602 18 in in IN 19499 1602 19 power power NN 19499 1602 20 . . . 19499 1603 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1603 2 will will MD 19499 1603 3 be be VB 19499 1603 4 noted note VBN 19499 1603 5 that that IN 19499 1603 6 this this DT 19499 1603 7 word word NN 19499 1603 8 does do VBZ 19499 1603 9 not not RB 19499 1603 10 mean mean VB 19499 1603 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1603 12 loud loud JJ 19499 1603 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1603 14 , , , 19499 1603 15 nor nor CC 19499 1603 16 does do VBZ 19499 1603 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1603 18 mean mean VB 19499 1603 19 a a DT 19499 1603 20 sudden sudden JJ 19499 1603 21 increase increase NN 19499 1603 22 in in IN 19499 1603 23 power power NN 19499 1603 24 unless unless IN 19499 1603 25 accompanied accompany VBN 19499 1603 26 by by IN 19499 1603 27 some some DT 19499 1603 28 auxiliary auxiliary JJ 19499 1603 29 term term NN 19499 1603 30 such such JJ 19499 1603 31 as as IN 19499 1603 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1603 33 subito subito NNP 19499 1603 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1603 35 , , , 19499 1603 36 or or CC 19499 1603 37 _ _ NNP 19499 1603 38 molto molto NNP 19499 1603 39 _ _ NNP 19499 1603 40 . . . 19499 1604 1 Broadly broadly RB 19499 1604 2 speaking speak VBG 19499 1604 3 there there EX 19499 1604 4 are be VBP 19499 1604 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1604 6 two two CD 19499 1604 7 varieties variety NNS 19499 1604 8 of of IN 19499 1604 9 crescendo crescendo NNP 19499 1604 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1604 11 : : : 19499 1604 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1604 13 1 1 LS 19499 1604 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1604 15 that that IN 19499 1604 16 in in IN 19499 1604 17 which which WDT 19499 1604 18 the the DT 19499 1604 19 same same JJ 19499 1604 20 tone tone NN 19499 1604 21 increases increase NNS 19499 1604 22 in in IN 19499 1604 23 power power NN 19499 1604 24 while while IN 19499 1604 25 being be VBG 19499 1604 26 prolonged prolong VBN 19499 1604 27 ; ; : 19499 1604 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1604 29 2 2 LS 19499 1604 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1604 31 that that IN 19499 1604 32 in in IN 19499 1604 33 which which WDT 19499 1604 34 succeeding succeed VBG 19499 1604 35 tones tone NNS 19499 1604 36 are be VBP 19499 1604 37 each each DT 19499 1604 38 sounded sound VBD 19499 1604 39 more more RBR 19499 1604 40 strongly strongly RB 19499 1604 41 than than IN 19499 1604 42 the the DT 19499 1604 43 preceding precede VBG 19499 1604 44 one one CD 19499 1604 45 . . . 19499 1605 1 The the DT 19499 1605 2 first first JJ 19499 1605 3 variety variety NN 19499 1605 4 is be VBZ 19499 1605 5 possible possible JJ 19499 1605 6 only only RB 19499 1605 7 on on IN 19499 1605 8 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1605 9 giving give VBG 19499 1605 10 forth forth RP 19499 1605 11 a a DT 19499 1605 12 tone tone NN 19499 1605 13 which which WDT 19499 1605 14 can can MD 19499 1605 15 be be VB 19499 1605 16 varied vary VBN 19499 1605 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1605 18 after after IN 19499 1605 19 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1605 20 begins begin VBZ 19499 1605 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1605 22 . . . 19499 1606 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1606 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1606 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1606 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1606 5 , , , 19499 1606 6 the the DT 19499 1606 7 human human JJ 19499 1606 8 voice voice NN 19499 1606 9 , , , 19499 1606 10 the the DT 19499 1606 11 violin violin NN 19499 1606 12 , , , 19499 1606 13 the the DT 19499 1606 14 organ organ NN 19499 1606 15 enclosed enclose VBD 19499 1606 16 in in IN 19499 1606 17 a a DT 19499 1606 18 swell swell NN 19499 1606 19 box box NN 19499 1606 20 , , , 19499 1606 21 and and CC 19499 1606 22 certain certain JJ 19499 1606 23 wind wind NN 19499 1606 24 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1606 25 , , , 19499 1606 26 are be VBP 19499 1606 27 all all RB 19499 1606 28 capable capable JJ 19499 1606 29 of of IN 19499 1606 30 sounding sound VBG 19499 1606 31 a a DT 19499 1606 32 tone tone NN 19499 1606 33 softly softly RB 19499 1606 34 at at IN 19499 1606 35 first first RB 19499 1606 36 and and CC 19499 1606 37 gradually gradually RB 19499 1606 38 increasing increase VBG 19499 1606 39 the the DT 19499 1606 40 volume volume NN 19499 1606 41 until until IN 19499 1606 42 the the DT 19499 1606 43 maximal maximal JJ 19499 1606 44 point point NN 19499 1606 45 of of IN 19499 1606 46 power power NN 19499 1606 47 has have VBZ 19499 1606 48 been be VBN 19499 1606 49 reached reach VBN 19499 1606 50 . . . 19499 1607 1 But but CC 19499 1607 2 on on IN 19499 1607 3 the the DT 19499 1607 4 piano piano NN 19499 1607 5 , , , 19499 1607 6 organ organ VBP 19499 1607 7 not not RB 19499 1607 8 enclosed enclose VBN 19499 1607 9 in in IN 19499 1607 10 a a DT 19499 1607 11 swell swell NN 19499 1607 12 - - HYPH 19499 1607 13 box box NN 19499 1607 14 , , , 19499 1607 15 kettle kettle NNP 19499 1607 16 drum drum NNP 19499 1607 17 , , , 19499 1607 18 etc etc FW 19499 1607 19 . . FW 19499 1607 20 , , , 19499 1607 21 the the DT 19499 1607 22 power power NN 19499 1607 23 of of IN 19499 1607 24 the the DT 19499 1607 25 tone tone NN 19499 1607 26 can can MD 19499 1607 27 not not RB 19499 1607 28 be be VB 19499 1607 29 varied vary VBN 19499 1607 30 after after IN 19499 1607 31 the the DT 19499 1607 32 tone tone NN 19499 1607 33 has have VBZ 19499 1607 34 once once RB 19499 1607 35 been be VBN 19499 1607 36 sounded sound VBN 19499 1607 37 , , , 19499 1607 38 and and CC 19499 1607 39 a a DT 19499 1607 40 _ _ NNP 19499 1607 41 crescendo crescendo NN 19499 1607 42 _ _ NNP 19499 1607 43 effect effect NN 19499 1607 44 is be VBZ 19499 1607 45 therefore therefore RB 19499 1607 46 possible possible JJ 19499 1607 47 only only RB 19499 1607 48 in in IN 19499 1607 49 a a DT 19499 1607 50 _ _ NNP 19499 1607 51 passage passage NN 19499 1607 52 _ _ NNP 19499 1607 53 , , , 19499 1607 54 in in IN 19499 1607 55 rendering rendering NN 19499 1607 56 which which WDT 19499 1607 57 each each DT 19499 1607 58 succeeding succeed VBG 19499 1607 59 tone tone NN 19499 1607 60 is be VBZ 19499 1607 61 struck strike VBN 19499 1607 62 more more RBR 19499 1607 63 forcibly forcibly RB 19499 1607 64 than than IN 19499 1607 65 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1607 66 immediate immediate JJ 19499 1607 67 predecessor predecessor NN 19499 1607 68 . . . 19499 1608 1 This this DT 19499 1608 2 second second JJ 19499 1608 3 variety variety NN 19499 1608 4 of of IN 19499 1608 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1608 6 crescendo crescendo NN 19499 1608 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1608 8 offers offer VBZ 19499 1608 9 a a DT 19499 1608 10 means means NN 19499 1608 11 of of IN 19499 1608 12 dramatic dramatic JJ 19499 1608 13 effect effect NN 19499 1608 14 which which WDT 19499 1608 15 may may MD 19499 1608 16 be be VB 19499 1608 17 employed employ VBN 19499 1608 18 most most RBS 19499 1608 19 strikingly strikingly RB 19499 1608 20 , , , 19499 1608 21 as as IN 19499 1608 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1608 23 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1608 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1608 25 , , , 19499 1608 26 when when WRB 19499 1608 27 a a DT 19499 1608 28 long long JJ 19499 1608 29 passage passage NN 19499 1608 30 begins begin VBZ 19499 1608 31 very very RB 19499 1608 32 softly softly RB 19499 1608 33 and and CC 19499 1608 34 increases increase NNS 19499 1608 35 in in IN 19499 1608 36 power power NN 19499 1608 37 little little JJ 19499 1608 38 by by IN 19499 1608 39 little little JJ 19499 1608 40 until until IN 19499 1608 41 the the DT 19499 1608 42 utmost utmost JJ 19499 1608 43 resources resource NNS 19499 1608 44 of of IN 19499 1608 45 the the DT 19499 1608 46 instrument instrument NN 19499 1608 47 or or CC 19499 1608 48 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1608 49 have have VBP 19499 1608 50 been be VBN 19499 1608 51 reached reach VBN 19499 1608 52 . . . 19499 1609 1 A a DT 19499 1609 2 notable notable JJ 19499 1609 3 example example NN 19499 1609 4 of of IN 19499 1609 5 such such PDT 19499 1609 6 an an DT 19499 1609 7 effect effect NN 19499 1609 8 is be VBZ 19499 1609 9 found find VBN 19499 1609 10 in in IN 19499 1609 11 the the DT 19499 1609 12 transition transition NN 19499 1609 13 from from IN 19499 1609 14 the the DT 19499 1609 15 third third JJ 19499 1609 16 to to IN 19499 1609 17 the the DT 19499 1609 18 fourth fourth JJ 19499 1609 19 movements movement NNS 19499 1609 20 of of IN 19499 1609 21 the the DT 19499 1609 22 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1609 23 Fifth Fifth NNP 19499 1609 24 Symphony Symphony NNP 19499 1609 25 . . . 19499 1610 1 The the DT 19499 1610 2 difference difference NN 19499 1610 3 between between IN 19499 1610 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 5 sforzando sforzando NNP 19499 1610 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 7 , , , 19499 1610 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 9 rinforzando rinforzando NNP 19499 1610 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 11 , , , 19499 1610 12 and and CC 19499 1610 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 14 crescendo crescendo NN 19499 1610 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 16 should should MD 19499 1610 17 now now RB 19499 1610 18 be be VB 19499 1610 19 noted note VBN 19499 1610 20 : : : 19499 1610 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 22 sforzando sforzando NNP 19499 1610 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 24 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 1610 25 that that IN 19499 1610 26 a a DT 19499 1610 27 single single JJ 19499 1610 28 tone tone NN 19499 1610 29 or or CC 19499 1610 30 chord chord NN 19499 1610 31 is be VBZ 19499 1610 32 to to TO 19499 1610 33 be be VB 19499 1610 34 louder loud JJR 19499 1610 35 ; ; : 19499 1610 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 37 rinforzando rinforzando NNP 19499 1610 38 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 39 , , , 19499 1610 40 that that IN 19499 1610 41 an an DT 19499 1610 42 entire entire JJ 19499 1610 43 passage passage NN 19499 1610 44 is be VBZ 19499 1610 45 to to TO 19499 1610 46 be be VB 19499 1610 47 louder loud JJR 19499 1610 48 , , , 19499 1610 49 beginning begin VBG 19499 1610 50 with with IN 19499 1610 51 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1610 52 first first JJ 19499 1610 53 tone tone NN 19499 1610 54 ; ; : 19499 1610 55 but but CC 19499 1610 56 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 57 crescendo crescendo NN 19499 1610 58 _ _ NNP 19499 1610 59 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 1610 60 that that IN 19499 1610 61 there there EX 19499 1610 62 is be VBZ 19499 1610 63 to to TO 19499 1610 64 be be VB 19499 1610 65 a a DT 19499 1610 66 gradual gradual JJ 19499 1610 67 increase increase NN 19499 1610 68 in in IN 19499 1610 69 power power NN 19499 1610 70 , , , 19499 1610 71 this this DT 19499 1610 72 increase increase NN 19499 1610 73 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1610 74 occurring occur VBG 19499 1610 75 during during IN 19499 1610 76 the the DT 19499 1610 77 sounding sounding NN 19499 1610 78 of of IN 19499 1610 79 a a DT 19499 1610 80 single single JJ 19499 1610 81 tone tone NN 19499 1610 82 , , , 19499 1610 83 but but CC 19499 1610 84 more more RBR 19499 1610 85 often often RB 19499 1610 86 in in IN 19499 1610 87 a a DT 19499 1610 88 passage passage NN 19499 1610 89 . . . 19499 1611 1 125 125 CD 19499 1611 2 . . . 19499 1612 1 Certain certain JJ 19499 1612 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1612 3 combinations combination NNS 19499 1612 4 of of IN 19499 1612 5 the the DT 19499 1612 6 word word NN 19499 1612 7 crescendo crescendo NNP 19499 1612 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1612 9 with with IN 19499 1612 10 other other JJ 19499 1612 11 words word NNS 19499 1612 12 are be VBP 19499 1612 13 so so RB 19499 1612 14 common common JJ 19499 1612 15 that that IN 19499 1612 16 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1612 17 should should MD 19499 1612 18 be be VB 19499 1612 19 especially especially RB 19499 1612 20 noted note VBN 19499 1612 21 . . . 19499 1613 1 Among among IN 19499 1613 2 these these DT 19499 1613 3 are be VBP 19499 1613 4 : : : 19499 1613 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1613 6 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1613 7 al al NNP 19499 1613 8 fortissimo_--keep fortissimo_--keep VB 19499 1613 9 on on IN 19499 1613 10 gradually gradually RB 19499 1613 11 increasing increase VBG 19499 1613 12 in in IN 19499 1613 13 power power NN 19499 1613 14 until until IN 19499 1613 15 the the DT 19499 1613 16 fortissimo fortissimo NN 19499 1613 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1613 18 or or CC 19499 1613 19 very very RB 19499 1613 20 loud loud JJ 19499 1613 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1613 22 point point NN 19499 1613 23 has have VBZ 19499 1613 24 been be VBN 19499 1613 25 reached reach VBN 19499 1613 26 . . . 19499 1614 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1614 2 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1614 3 subito_--increase subito_--increase NN 19499 1614 4 in in IN 19499 1614 5 power power NN 19499 1614 6 suddenly suddenly RB 19499 1614 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1614 8 or or CC 19499 1614 9 rapidly rapidly RB 19499 1614 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1614 11 . . . 19499 1615 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1615 2 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1615 3 poco poco VBP 19499 1615 4 a a DT 19499 1615 5 poco_--increase poco_--increase NN 19499 1615 6 in in IN 19499 1615 7 power power NN 19499 1615 8 very very RB 19499 1615 9 , , , 19499 1615 10 very very RB 19499 1615 11 gradually gradually RB 19499 1615 12 . . . 19499 1616 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1616 2 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1616 3 poi poi NNP 19499 1616 4 diminuendo_--first diminuendo_--first NN 19499 1616 5 increase increase NN 19499 1616 6 , , , 19499 1616 7 then then RB 19499 1616 8 diminish diminish VB 19499 1616 9 the the DT 19499 1616 10 tone tone NN 19499 1616 11 . . . 19499 1617 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1617 2 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1617 3 e e NNP 19499 1617 4 diminuendo_--same diminuendo_--same NN 19499 1617 5 as as IN 19499 1617 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1617 7 cresc cresc NN 19499 1617 8 . . . 19499 1618 1 poi poi NNP 19499 1618 2 dim dim NNP 19499 1618 3 . . . 19499 1618 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1618 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1618 6 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1618 7 molto_--increase molto_--increase NN 19499 1618 8 in in IN 19499 1618 9 power power NN 19499 1618 10 very very RB 19499 1618 11 greatly greatly RB 19499 1618 12 . . . 19499 1619 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1619 2 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1619 3 ed ed NNP 19499 1619 4 animando animando NNP 19499 1619 5 poco poco NNP 19499 1619 6 a a DT 19499 1619 7 poco_--growing poco_--growing NN 19499 1619 8 gradually gradually RB 19499 1619 9 louder louder RBR 19499 1619 10 in in IN 19499 1619 11 tone tone NN 19499 1619 12 and and CC 19499 1619 13 quicker quick JJR 19499 1619 14 in in IN 19499 1619 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1619 16 tempo tempo NN 19499 1619 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1619 18 . . . 19499 1620 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1620 2 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1620 3 ed ed NNP 19499 1620 4 affrettando_--gradually affrettando_--gradually RB 19499 1620 5 louder louder RBR 19499 1620 6 and and CC 19499 1620 7 faster fast RBR 19499 1620 8 . . . 19499 1621 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1621 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 1621 3 's 's POS 19499 1621 4 Note note NN 19499 1621 5 : : : 19499 1621 6 Corrected correct VBN 19499 1621 7 misspelling misspell VBG 19499 1621 8 " " `` 19499 1621 9 affretando affretando NN 19499 1621 10 " " '' 19499 1621 11 in in IN 19499 1621 12 original original JJ 19499 1621 13 . . . 19499 1621 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1622 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1622 2 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 1622 3 poco poco VBP 19499 1622 4 a a DT 19499 1622 5 poco poco NNP 19499 1622 6 sin sin NN 19499 1622 7 al al NNP 19499 1622 8 fine_--crescendo fine_--crescendo NNS 19499 1622 9 gradually gradually RB 19499 1622 10 even even RB 19499 1622 11 up up IN 19499 1622 12 to to IN 19499 1622 13 the the DT 19499 1622 14 very very JJ 19499 1622 15 end end NN 19499 1622 16 . . . 19499 1623 1 126 126 CD 19499 1623 2 . . . 19499 1624 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1624 2 Decrescendo Decrescendo NNP 19499 1624 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1624 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1624 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1624 6 decresc decresc NNP 19499 1624 7 . . . 19499 1624 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1624 9 or or CC 19499 1624 10 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1624 11 decrescendo decrescendo NNP 19499 1624 12 symbol symbol NN 19499 1624 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1624 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1624 15 means mean VBZ 19499 1624 16 a a DT 19499 1624 17 gradual gradual JJ 19499 1624 18 diminishing diminishing NN 19499 1624 19 of of IN 19499 1624 20 the the DT 19499 1624 21 tone tone NN 19499 1624 22 . . . 19499 1625 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1625 2 is be VBZ 19499 1625 3 the the DT 19499 1625 4 opposite opposite NN 19499 1625 5 of of IN 19499 1625 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1625 7 crescendo crescendo NN 19499 1625 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1625 9 . . . 19499 1626 1 The the DT 19499 1626 2 word word NN 19499 1626 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1626 4 diminuendo diminuendo NN 19499 1626 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1626 6 is be VBZ 19499 1626 7 synonymous synonymous JJ 19499 1626 8 with with IN 19499 1626 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1626 10 decrescendo decrescendo NNP 19499 1626 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1626 12 . . . 19499 1627 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1627 2 Decrescendo Decrescendo NNP 19499 1627 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1627 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1627 5 or or CC 19499 1627 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1627 7 diminuendo diminuendo NN 19499 1627 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1627 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1627 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1627 11 al al NNP 19499 1627 12 pianissimo pianissimo NNP 19499 1627 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1627 14 means mean VBZ 19499 1627 15 -- -- : 19499 1627 16 decrease decrease NN 19499 1627 17 gradually gradually RB 19499 1627 18 in in IN 19499 1627 19 power power NN 19499 1627 20 until until IN 19499 1627 21 the the DT 19499 1627 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1627 23 pianissimo pianissimo NNP 19499 1627 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1627 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1627 26 or or CC 19499 1627 27 very very RB 19499 1627 28 soft soft JJ 19499 1627 29 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1627 30 point point NN 19499 1627 31 is be VBZ 19499 1627 32 reached reach VBN 19499 1627 33 . . . 19499 1628 1 127 127 CD 19499 1628 2 . . . 19499 1629 1 A a DT 19499 1629 2 number number NN 19499 1629 3 of of IN 19499 1629 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1629 5 terms term NNS 19499 1629 6 referring refer VBG 19499 1629 7 to to IN 19499 1629 8 both both DT 19499 1629 9 softer soft JJR 19499 1629 10 tone tone NN 19499 1629 11 and and CC 19499 1629 12 slower slow JJR 19499 1629 13 tempo tempo NNP 19499 1629 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1629 15 are be VBP 19499 1629 16 in in IN 19499 1629 17 use use NN 19499 1629 18 . . . 19499 1630 1 The the DT 19499 1630 2 most most RBS 19499 1630 3 common common JJ 19499 1630 4 of of IN 19499 1630 5 these these DT 19499 1630 6 are:--_mancando are:--_mancando NNP 19499 1630 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 8 , , , 19499 1630 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 10 moriente_,[30 moriente_,[30 VBN 19499 1630 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1630 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 13 morendo morendo NN 19499 1630 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 15 , , , 19499 1630 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 17 perdendo perdendo NNP 19499 1630 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1630 20 from from IN 19499 1630 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 22 perdere_--to perdere_--to NNP 19499 1630 23 lose lose NNP 19499 1630 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1630 25 , , , 19499 1630 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 27 perdendosi perdendosi FW 19499 1630 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 29 , , , 19499 1630 30 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 31 calando calando NN 19499 1630 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 33 , , , 19499 1630 34 and and CC 19499 1630 35 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 36 smorzando smorzando NNP 19499 1630 37 _ _ NNP 19499 1630 38 . . . 19499 1631 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1631 2 31 31 CD 19499 1631 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1631 4 Such such JJ 19499 1631 5 expressions expression NNS 19499 1631 6 are be VBP 19499 1631 7 usually usually RB 19499 1631 8 translated--"gradually translated--"gradually RB 19499 1631 9 dying die VBG 19499 1631 10 away away RB 19499 1631 11 . . . 19499 1631 12 " " '' 19499 1632 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1632 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1632 3 30 30 CD 19499 1632 4 : : : 19499 1632 5 Both both DT 19499 1632 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1632 7 moriente moriente NNP 19499 1632 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1632 9 and and CC 19499 1632 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1632 11 morendo morendo NN 19499 1632 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1632 13 mean mean NN 19499 1632 14 literally--_dying literally--_dying NNP 19499 1632 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1632 16 . . . 19499 1632 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1633 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1633 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1633 3 31 31 CD 19499 1633 4 : : : 19499 1633 5 From from IN 19499 1633 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1633 7 smorzare smorzare NN 19499 1633 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1633 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1633 10 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1633 11 . . . 19499 1633 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1634 1 --to --to NFP 19499 1634 2 extinguish extinguish NNP 19499 1634 3 . . . 19499 1634 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1635 1 128 128 CD 19499 1635 2 . . . 19499 1636 1 In in IN 19499 1636 2 piano piano NN 19499 1636 3 music music NN 19499 1636 4 the the DT 19499 1636 5 abbreviation abbreviation NN 19499 1636 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1636 7 Ped Ped NNP 19499 1636 8 . . . 19499 1636 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1636 10 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 1636 11 that that IN 19499 1636 12 the the DT 19499 1636 13 damper damper NN 19499 1636 14 pedal pedal NN 19499 1636 15 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1636 16 the the DT 19499 1636 17 one one CD 19499 1636 18 at at IN 19499 1636 19 the the DT 19499 1636 20 right right NN 19499 1636 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1636 22 is be VBZ 19499 1636 23 to to TO 19499 1636 24 be be VB 19499 1636 25 depressed depressed JJ 19499 1636 26 , , , 19499 1636 27 while while IN 19499 1636 28 the the DT 19499 1636 29 sign sign NN 19499 1636 30 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1636 31 damper damper NN 19499 1636 32 release release NN 19499 1636 33 symbol symbol NN 19499 1636 34 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1636 35 shows show VBZ 19499 1636 36 that that IN 19499 1636 37 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1636 38 is be VBZ 19499 1636 39 to to TO 19499 1636 40 be be VB 19499 1636 41 released release VBN 19499 1636 42 . . . 19499 1637 1 In in IN 19499 1637 2 many many JJ 19499 1637 3 modern modern JJ 19499 1637 4 editions edition NNS 19499 1637 5 this this DT 19499 1637 6 depression depression NN 19499 1637 7 and and CC 19499 1637 8 release release NN 19499 1637 9 of of IN 19499 1637 10 the the DT 19499 1637 11 damper damper NN 19499 1637 12 pedal pedal NN 19499 1637 13 are be VBP 19499 1637 14 more more RBR 19499 1637 15 accurately accurately RB 19499 1637 16 indicated indicate VBN 19499 1637 17 by by IN 19499 1637 18 the the DT 19499 1637 19 sign sign NN 19499 1637 20 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1637 21 damper damper NN 19499 1637 22 symbol symbol NN 19499 1637 23 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1637 24 . . . 19499 1638 1 The the DT 19499 1638 2 term term NN 19499 1638 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1638 4 senza senza NN 19499 1638 5 sordini sordini NN 19499 1638 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1638 7 is be VBZ 19499 1638 8 also also RB 19499 1638 9 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 1638 10 found find VBN 19499 1638 11 in in IN 19499 1638 12 old old JJ 19499 1638 13 editions edition NNS 19499 1638 14 , , , 19499 1638 15 indicating indicate VBG 19499 1638 16 that that IN 19499 1638 17 the the DT 19499 1638 18 damper damper NN 19499 1638 19 pedal pedal NN 19499 1638 20 is be VBZ 19499 1638 21 to to TO 19499 1638 22 be be VB 19499 1638 23 depressed depressed JJ 19499 1638 24 , , , 19499 1638 25 while while IN 19499 1638 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1638 27 con con NNP 19499 1638 28 sordini sordini NNP 19499 1638 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1638 30 shows show VBZ 19499 1638 31 that that IN 19499 1638 32 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1638 33 is be VBZ 19499 1638 34 to to TO 19499 1638 35 be be VB 19499 1638 36 released release VBN 19499 1638 37 . . . 19499 1639 1 These these DT 19499 1639 2 expressions expression NNS 19499 1639 3 are be VBP 19499 1639 4 taken take VBN 19499 1639 5 from from IN 19499 1639 6 a a DT 19499 1639 7 usage usage NN 19499 1639 8 in in IN 19499 1639 9 music music NN 19499 1639 10 for for IN 19499 1639 11 stringed stringed JJ 19499 1639 12 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1639 13 , , , 19499 1639 14 in in IN 19499 1639 15 which which WDT 19499 1639 16 the the DT 19499 1639 17 term term NN 19499 1639 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1639 19 con con NNP 19499 1639 20 sordini sordini NNP 19499 1639 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1639 22 means mean VBZ 19499 1639 23 that that IN 19499 1639 24 the the DT 19499 1639 25 mute mute NN 19499 1639 26 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1639 27 a a DT 19499 1639 28 small small JJ 19499 1639 29 clamp clamp NN 19499 1639 30 of of IN 19499 1639 31 metal metal NN 19499 1639 32 , , , 19499 1639 33 ivory ivory NN 19499 1639 34 or or CC 19499 1639 35 hardwood hardwood NN 19499 1639 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1639 37 is be VBZ 19499 1639 38 to to TO 19499 1639 39 be be VB 19499 1639 40 affixed affix VBN 19499 1639 41 to to IN 19499 1639 42 the the DT 19499 1639 43 bridge bridge NN 19499 1639 44 , , , 19499 1639 45 this this DT 19499 1639 46 causing cause VBG 19499 1639 47 a a DT 19499 1639 48 modification modification NN 19499 1639 49 in in IN 19499 1639 50 both both CC 19499 1639 51 power power NN 19499 1639 52 and and CC 19499 1639 53 quality quality NN 19499 1639 54 of of IN 19499 1639 55 the the DT 19499 1639 56 tone tone NN 19499 1639 57 . . . 19499 1640 1 The the DT 19499 1640 2 damper damper NN 19499 1640 3 on on IN 19499 1640 4 the the DT 19499 1640 5 piano piano NN 19499 1640 6 does do VBZ 19499 1640 7 not not RB 19499 1640 8 in in IN 19499 1640 9 any any DT 19499 1640 10 way way NN 19499 1640 11 correspond correspond VB 19499 1640 12 to to IN 19499 1640 13 the the DT 19499 1640 14 mute mute NN 19499 1640 15 thus thus RB 19499 1640 16 used use VBN 19499 1640 17 on on IN 19499 1640 18 stringed stringed JJ 19499 1640 19 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1640 20 , , , 19499 1640 21 and and CC 19499 1640 22 the the DT 19499 1640 23 terms term NNS 19499 1640 24 above above RB 19499 1640 25 explained explain VBD 19499 1640 26 as as IN 19499 1640 27 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1640 28 occurring occur VBG 19499 1640 29 in in IN 19499 1640 30 piano piano NN 19499 1640 31 music music NN 19499 1640 32 are be VBP 19499 1640 33 not not RB 19499 1640 34 to to TO 19499 1640 35 be be VB 19499 1640 36 recommended recommend VBN 19499 1640 37 , , , 19499 1640 38 even even RB 19499 1640 39 though though IN 19499 1640 40 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1640 41 used use VBD 19499 1640 42 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1640 43 in in IN 19499 1640 44 this this DT 19499 1640 45 sense sense NN 19499 1640 46 in in IN 19499 1640 47 all all DT 19499 1640 48 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1640 49 earlier early JJR 19499 1640 50 sonatas sonata NNS 19499 1640 51 . . . 19499 1641 1 129 129 CD 19499 1641 2 . . . 19499 1642 1 The the DT 19499 1642 2 words word NNS 19499 1642 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1642 4 una una NNP 19499 1642 5 corda corda NNP 19499 1642 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1642 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1642 8 lit.--one lit.--one NN 19499 1642 9 string string NN 19499 1642 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1642 11 indicate indicate VBP 19499 1642 12 that that IN 19499 1642 13 the the DT 19499 1642 14 " " `` 19499 1642 15 soft soft JJ 19499 1642 16 pedal pedal NN 19499 1642 17 " " '' 19499 1642 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1642 19 the the DT 19499 1642 20 one one CD 19499 1642 21 at at IN 19499 1642 22 the the DT 19499 1642 23 left left NN 19499 1642 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1642 25 is be VBZ 19499 1642 26 to to TO 19499 1642 27 be be VB 19499 1642 28 depressed depressed JJ 19499 1642 29 , , , 19499 1642 30 while while IN 19499 1642 31 the the DT 19499 1642 32 words word NNS 19499 1642 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1642 34 tre tre NNP 19499 1642 35 corde corde NNP 19499 1642 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1642 37 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1642 38 lit lit NNP 19499 1642 39 . . . 19499 1643 1 three three CD 19499 1643 2 strings string NNS 19499 1643 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1643 4 or or CC 19499 1643 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1643 6 tutte tutte NNP 19499 1643 7 le le NNP 19499 1643 8 corde corde NNP 19499 1643 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1643 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1643 11 all all PDT 19499 1643 12 the the DT 19499 1643 13 strings string NNS 19499 1643 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1643 15 show show VBP 19499 1643 16 that that IN 19499 1643 17 the the DT 19499 1643 18 same same JJ 19499 1643 19 pedal pedal NN 19499 1643 20 is be VBZ 19499 1643 21 to to TO 19499 1643 22 be be VB 19499 1643 23 released release VBN 19499 1643 24 . . . 19499 1644 1 These these DT 19499 1644 2 expressions expression NNS 19499 1644 3 refer refer VBP 19499 1644 4 to to IN 19499 1644 5 the the DT 19499 1644 6 fact fact NN 19499 1644 7 that that IN 19499 1644 8 on on IN 19499 1644 9 grand grand JJ 19499 1644 10 pianos pianos NN 19499 1644 11 the the DT 19499 1644 12 " " `` 19499 1644 13 soft soft JJ 19499 1644 14 pedal pedal NN 19499 1644 15 " " '' 19499 1644 16 when when WRB 19499 1644 17 depressed depress VBN 19499 1644 18 moves move VBZ 19499 1644 19 the the DT 19499 1644 20 hammers hammer NNS 19499 1644 21 to to IN 19499 1644 22 one one CD 19499 1644 23 side side NN 19499 1644 24 so so IN 19499 1644 25 that that IN 19499 1644 26 instead instead RB 19499 1644 27 of of IN 19499 1644 28 striking strike VBG 19499 1644 29 three three CD 19499 1644 30 strings string NNS 19499 1644 31 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1644 32 strike strike VBP 19499 1644 33 only only RB 19499 1644 34 two two CD 19499 1644 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1644 36 in in IN 19499 1644 37 the the DT 19499 1644 38 older old JJR 19499 1644 39 pianos pianos NN 19499 1644 40 only only RB 19499 1644 41 one one CD 19499 1644 42 , , , 19499 1644 43 hence hence RB 19499 1644 44 _ _ NNP 19499 1644 45 una una NNP 19499 1644 46 corda corda NNP 19499 1644 47 _ _ NNP 19499 1644 48 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1644 49 , , , 19499 1644 50 all all DT 19499 1644 51 three three CD 19499 1644 52 strings string NNS 19499 1644 53 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1644 54 _ _ NNP 19499 1644 55 tre tre NNP 19499 1644 56 corde corde NNP 19499 1644 57 _ _ NNP 19499 1644 58 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1644 59 being be VBG 19499 1644 60 struck strike VBN 19499 1644 61 again again RB 19499 1644 62 after after IN 19499 1644 63 the the DT 19499 1644 64 release release NN 19499 1644 65 of of IN 19499 1644 66 the the DT 19499 1644 67 pedal pedal NN 19499 1644 68 . . . 19499 1645 1 130 130 CD 19499 1645 2 . . . 19499 1646 1 Other other JJ 19499 1646 2 terms term NNS 19499 1646 3 relating relate VBG 19499 1646 4 either either CC 19499 1646 5 directly directly RB 19499 1646 6 or or CC 19499 1646 7 indirectly indirectly RB 19499 1646 8 to to IN 19499 1646 9 the the DT 19499 1646 10 subject subject NN 19499 1646 11 of of IN 19499 1646 12 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 1646 13 are be VBP 19499 1646 14 : : : 19499 1646 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1646 16 Con Con NNP 19499 1646 17 alcuna alcuna NNP 19499 1646 18 licenza_--with licenza_--with VBZ 19499 1646 19 some some DT 19499 1646 20 degree degree NN 19499 1646 21 of of IN 19499 1646 22 license license NN 19499 1646 23 . . . 19499 1647 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1647 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1647 3 amore_--with amore_--with IN 19499 1647 4 tenderness tenderness NN 19499 1647 5 . . . 19499 1648 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1648 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1648 3 bravura_--with bravura_--with VBG 19499 1648 4 boldness boldness NN 19499 1648 5 . . . 19499 1649 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1649 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1649 3 celerita_--with celerita_--with NNP 19499 1649 4 rapidity rapidity NN 19499 1649 5 . . . 19499 1650 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1650 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1650 3 delicato_--with delicato_--with NNP 19499 1650 4 delicacy delicacy NN 19499 1650 5 . . . 19499 1651 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1651 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1651 3 energico_--with energico_--with CD 19499 1651 4 energy energy NN 19499 1651 5 . . . 19499 1652 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1652 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1652 3 espressione_--with espressione_--with VBG 19499 1652 4 expression expression NN 19499 1652 5 . . . 19499 1653 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1653 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1653 3 forza_--with forza_--with IN 19499 1653 4 force force NN 19499 1653 5 . . . 19499 1654 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1654 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1654 3 fuoco_--with fuoco_--with IN 19499 1654 4 fire fire NN 19499 1654 5 and and CC 19499 1654 6 passion passion NN 19499 1654 7 . . . 19499 1655 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1655 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1655 3 grand grand NNP 19499 1655 4 ' ' '' 19499 1655 5 espressione_--with espressione_--with NN 19499 1655 6 great great JJ 19499 1655 7 expression expression NN 19499 1655 8 . . . 19499 1656 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1656 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1656 3 grazia_--with grazia_--with SYM 19499 1656 4 grace grace NN 19499 1656 5 . . . 19499 1657 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1657 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1657 3 melinconia_--with melinconia_--with NNP 19499 1657 4 melancholy melancholy NNP 19499 1657 5 . . . 19499 1658 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1658 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 1658 3 's 's POS 19499 1658 4 Note note NN 19499 1658 5 : : : 19499 1658 6 archaic archaic NN 19499 1658 7 form form NN 19499 1658 8 of of IN 19499 1658 9 " " `` 19499 1658 10 malinconia malinconia NNP 19499 1658 11 " " '' 19499 1658 12 . . . 19499 1658 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1659 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1659 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1659 3 passione_--with passione_--with JJ 19499 1659 4 passion passion NN 19499 1659 5 . . . 19499 1660 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1660 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1660 3 spirito_--with spirito_--with NN 19499 1660 4 spirit spirit NNP 19499 1660 5 . . . 19499 1661 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1661 2 Con Con NNP 19499 1661 3 tenerezza_--with tenerezza_--with , 19499 1661 4 tenderness tenderness NN 19499 1661 5 . . . 19499 1662 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1662 2 Delicato_--delicately Delicato_--delicately NNP 19499 1662 3 . . . 19499 1663 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1663 2 Dolce_--sweetly dolce_--sweetly RB 19499 1663 3 , , , 19499 1663 4 gently gently RB 19499 1663 5 . . . 19499 1664 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1664 2 Dolcissimo_--most Dolcissimo_--most NNP 19499 1664 3 sweetly sweetly RB 19499 1664 4 . . . 19499 1665 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1665 2 Dolce Dolce NNP 19499 1665 3 e e NNP 19499 1665 4 cantabile_--gently cantabile_--gently RB 19499 1665 5 and and CC 19499 1665 6 with with IN 19499 1665 7 singing singe VBG 19499 1665 8 tone tone NN 19499 1665 9 . . . 19499 1666 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1666 2 Dolente Dolente NNP 19499 1666 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1666 4 } } -RRB- 19499 1666 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1666 6 Doloroso Doloroso NNP 19499 1666 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1666 8 } } -RRB- 19499 1666 9 plaintively plaintively RB 19499 1666 10 or or CC 19499 1666 11 sorrowfully sorrowfully RB 19499 1666 12 . . . 19499 1667 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1667 2 Espressivo_--expressively espressivo_--expressively RB 19499 1667 3 . . . 19499 1668 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1668 2 Grandioso_--grandly grandioso_--grandly RB 19499 1668 3 , , , 19499 1668 4 pompously pompously RB 19499 1668 5 . . . 19499 1669 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1669 2 Grazioso_--gracefully Grazioso_--gracefully NNP 19499 1669 3 . . . 19499 1670 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1670 2 Giocoso_--humorously Giocoso_--humorously NNP 19499 1670 3 , , , 19499 1670 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1670 5 cf cf NN 19499 1670 6 . . . 19499 1671 1 jocose jocose NNP 19499 1671 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1671 3 . . . 19499 1672 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1672 2 Giojoso_--joyfully Giojoso_--joyfully NNP 19499 1672 3 , , , 19499 1672 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1672 5 cf cf NN 19499 1672 6 . . . 19499 1673 1 joyous joyous NNP 19499 1673 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1673 3 . . . 19499 1674 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1674 2 Lacrimando Lacrimando NNP 19499 1674 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1674 4 , , , 19499 1674 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1674 6 lacrimoso_--sorrowfully lacrimoso_--sorrowfully RB 19499 1674 7 . . . 19499 1675 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1675 2 Legato_--smoothly legato_--smoothly RB 19499 1675 3 . . . 19499 1676 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1676 2 Leggiero_--lightly leggiero_--lightly RB 19499 1676 3 . . . 19499 1677 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1677 2 Leggierissimo_--most Leggierissimo_--most NNP 19499 1677 3 lightly lightly RB 19499 1677 4 ; ; : 19499 1677 5 almost almost RB 19499 1677 6 a a DT 19499 1677 7 staccato staccato NN 19499 1677 8 . . . 19499 1678 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1678 2 Lusingando_--caressingly Lusingando_--caressingly NNP 19499 1678 3 , , , 19499 1678 4 coaxingly coaxingly RB 19499 1678 5 , , , 19499 1678 6 tenderly tenderly RB 19499 1678 7 . . . 19499 1679 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1679 2 Maesta Maesta NNP 19499 1679 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1679 4 , , , 19499 1679 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1679 6 maestoso_--majestically maestoso_--majestically RB 19499 1679 7 . . . 19499 1680 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1680 2 Martellando Martellando NNP 19499 1680 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1680 4 , , , 19499 1680 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1680 6 martellato_--strongly martellato_--strongly RB 19499 1680 7 accented accent VBD 19499 1680 8 , , , 19499 1680 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1680 10 lit.--hammered lit.--hammered NNP 19499 1680 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1680 12 . . . 19499 1681 1 _ _ XX 19499 1681 2 Marziale_--martial Marziale_--martial NNP 19499 1681 3 -- -- : 19499 1681 4 war war NN 19499 1681 5 - - HYPH 19499 1681 6 like like JJ 19499 1681 7 . . . 19499 1682 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1682 2 Mesto_--pensively mesto_--pensively RB 19499 1682 3 . . . 19499 1683 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1683 2 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 1683 3 voce_--with voce_--with VBG 19499 1683 4 half half JJ 19499 1683 5 voice voice NN 19499 1683 6 . . . 19499 1684 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1684 2 Misterioso_--mysteriously misterioso_--mysteriously RB 19499 1684 3 . . . 19499 1685 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1685 2 Parlando_--well Parlando_--well NNP 19499 1685 3 accented accent VBD 19499 1685 4 or or CC 19499 1685 5 enunciated enunciate VBD 19499 1685 6 ; ; , 19499 1685 7 applied apply VBN 19499 1685 8 to to IN 19499 1685 9 melody melody NN 19499 1685 10 playing play VBG 19499 1685 11 . . . 19499 1686 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1686 2 The the DT 19499 1686 3 word word NN 19499 1686 4 parlando parlando NN 19499 1686 5 means mean VBZ 19499 1686 6 literally literally RB 19499 1686 7 - - HYPH 19499 1686 8 speaking speaking NN 19499 1686 9 . . . 19499 1686 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1687 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1687 2 Pastorale_--in Pastorale_--in NNP 19499 1687 3 simple simple JJ 19499 1687 4 and and CC 19499 1687 5 unaffected unaffected JJ 19499 1687 6 style style NN 19499 1687 7 , , , 19499 1687 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1687 9 lit.--pastoral lit.--pastoral RB 19499 1687 10 , , , 19499 1687 11 rural rural JJ 19499 1687 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1687 13 . . . 19499 1688 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1688 2 Pomposo_--pompously pomposo_--pompously RB 19499 1688 3 . . . 19499 1689 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1689 2 Precipitoso_--precipitously precipitoso_--precipitously RB 19499 1689 3 . . . 19499 1690 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1690 2 Recitativo_--well Recitativo_--well NNP 19499 1690 3 enunciated enunciate VBD 19499 1690 4 . . . 19499 1691 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1691 2 This this DT 19499 1691 3 meaning meaning NN 19499 1691 4 applies apply VBZ 19499 1691 5 only only RB 19499 1691 6 in in IN 19499 1691 7 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1691 8 music music NN 19499 1691 9 in in IN 19499 1691 10 which which WDT 19499 1691 11 a a DT 19499 1691 12 melody melody NN 19499 1691 13 is be VBZ 19499 1691 14 to to TO 19499 1691 15 stand stand VB 19499 1691 16 out out RP 19499 1691 17 above above IN 19499 1691 18 the the DT 19499 1691 19 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1691 20 . . . 19499 1692 1 For for IN 19499 1692 2 def def PRP 19499 1692 3 . . . 19499 1693 1 of of IN 19499 1693 2 recitative recitative NNP 19499 1693 3 in in IN 19499 1693 4 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1693 5 music music NN 19499 1693 6 , , , 19499 1693 7 see see VB 19499 1693 8 p. p. NN 19499 1694 1 78 78 CD 19499 1694 2 . . . 19499 1694 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1695 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1695 2 Risoluto_--firmly risoluto_--firmly RB 19499 1695 3 , , , 19499 1695 4 resolutely resolutely RB 19499 1695 5 . . . 19499 1696 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1696 2 Scherzando Scherzando NNP 19499 1696 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1696 4 , , , 19499 1696 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1696 6 scherzoso scherzoso NN 19499 1696 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1696 8 , , , 19499 1696 9 etc.--jokingly etc.--jokingly RB 19499 1696 10 . . . 19499 1697 1 These these DT 19499 1697 2 terms term NNS 19499 1697 3 are be VBP 19499 1697 4 derived derive VBN 19499 1697 5 from from IN 19499 1697 6 the the DT 19499 1697 7 word word NN 19499 1697 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1697 9 scherzo scherzo NNP 19499 1697 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1697 11 meaning meaning NN 19499 1697 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1697 13 a a DT 19499 1697 14 musical musical JJ 19499 1697 15 joke joke NN 19499 1697 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1697 17 . . . 19499 1698 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1698 2 Semplice_--simply Semplice_--simply NNP 19499 1698 3 . . . 19499 1699 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1699 2 Sempre Sempre NNP 19499 1699 3 marcatissimo_--always marcatissimo_--alway VBZ 19499 1699 4 well well RB 19499 1699 5 marked mark VBN 19499 1699 6 , , , 19499 1699 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1699 8 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1699 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1699 10 , , , 19499 1699 11 strongly strongly RB 19499 1699 12 accented accent VBD 19499 1699 13 . . . 19499 1700 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1700 2 Sentimento_--with Sentimento_--with NNP 19499 1700 3 sentiment sentiment NN 19499 1700 4 . . . 19499 1701 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1701 2 Solenne_--solemn Solenne_--solemn NNP 19499 1701 3 . . . 19499 1702 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1702 2 Sotto Sotto NNP 19499 1702 3 voce_--in voce_--in NNP 19499 1702 4 subdued subdue VBD 19499 1702 5 voice voice NN 19499 1702 6 . . . 19499 1703 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1703 2 Spiritoso_--with Spiritoso_--with NNP 19499 1703 3 spirit spirit NN 19499 1703 4 . . . 19499 1704 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1704 2 Strepitoso_--precipitously strepitoso_--precipitously RB 19499 1704 3 . . . 19499 1705 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1705 2 Tranquillo_--tranquilly Tranquillo_--tranquilly NNP 19499 1705 3 . . . 19499 1706 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1706 2 Tristamente_--sadly Tristamente_--sadly NNP 19499 1706 3 . . . 19499 1707 1 131 131 CD 19499 1707 2 . . . 19499 1708 1 Many many JJ 19499 1708 2 other other JJ 19499 1708 3 terms term NNS 19499 1708 4 are be VBP 19499 1708 5 encountered encounter VBN 19499 1708 6 which which WDT 19499 1708 7 on on IN 19499 1708 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1708 9 face face NN 19499 1708 10 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1708 11 seem seem VBP 19499 1708 12 to to TO 19499 1708 13 be be VB 19499 1708 14 quite quite RB 19499 1708 15 formidable formidable JJ 19499 1708 16 , , , 19499 1708 17 but but CC 19499 1708 18 which which WDT 19499 1708 19 yield yield VBP 19499 1708 20 readily readily RB 19499 1708 21 to to IN 19499 1708 22 analysis analysis NN 19499 1708 23 . . . 19499 1709 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1709 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1709 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1709 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1709 5 , , , 19499 1709 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1709 7 crescendo crescendo NN 19499 1709 8 poco poco NNP 19499 1709 9 a a DT 19499 1709 10 poco poco NNP 19499 1709 11 al al NNP 19499 1709 12 forte forte NNP 19499 1709 13 ed ed NNP 19499 1709 14 un un NNP 19499 1709 15 pochettino pochettino NNP 19499 1709 16 accelerando accelerando RB 19499 1709 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1709 18 , , , 19499 1709 19 is be VBZ 19499 1709 20 seen see VBN 19499 1709 21 to to TO 19499 1709 22 mean mean VB 19499 1709 23 merely--"increase merely--"increase NNP 19499 1709 24 gradually gradually RB 19499 1709 25 to to IN 19499 1709 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1709 27 forte forte NNP 19499 1709 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1709 29 and and CC 19499 1709 30 accelerate accelerate VB 19499 1709 31 a a DT 19499 1709 32 very very RB 19499 1709 33 little little JJ 19499 1709 34 bit bit NN 19499 1709 35 . . . 19499 1709 36 " " '' 19499 1710 1 A a DT 19499 1710 2 liberal liberal JJ 19499 1710 3 application application NN 19499 1710 4 of of IN 19499 1710 5 common common JJ 19499 1710 6 sense sense NN 19499 1710 7 will will MD 19499 1710 8 aid aid VB 19499 1710 9 greatly greatly RB 19499 1710 10 in in IN 19499 1710 11 the the DT 19499 1710 12 interpretation interpretation NN 19499 1710 13 of of IN 19499 1710 14 such such JJ 19499 1710 15 expressions expression NNS 19499 1710 16 . . . 19499 1711 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 1711 2 XIV XIV NNP 19499 1711 3 TERMS term NNS 19499 1711 4 RELATING relate VBG 19499 1711 5 TO to IN 19499 1711 6 FORMS FORMS NNP 19499 1711 7 AND and CC 19499 1711 8 STYLES style NNS 19499 1711 9 132 132 CD 19499 1711 10 . . . 19499 1712 1 A a DT 19499 1712 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1712 3 form form NN 19499 1712 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1712 5 in in IN 19499 1712 6 music music NN 19499 1712 7 is be VBZ 19499 1712 8 a a DT 19499 1712 9 specific specific JJ 19499 1712 10 arrangement arrangement NN 19499 1712 11 of of IN 19499 1712 12 the the DT 19499 1712 13 various various JJ 19499 1712 14 parts part NNS 19499 1712 15 of of IN 19499 1712 16 a a DT 19499 1712 17 composition composition NN 19499 1712 18 resulting result VBG 19499 1712 19 in in IN 19499 1712 20 a a DT 19499 1712 21 structure structure NN 19499 1712 22 so so RB 19499 1712 23 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 1712 24 that that IN 19499 1712 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1712 26 is be VBZ 19499 1712 27 easily easily RB 19499 1712 28 recognized recognize VBN 19499 1712 29 by by IN 19499 1712 30 the the DT 19499 1712 31 ear ear NN 19499 1712 32 . . . 19499 1713 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1713 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1713 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1713 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1713 5 , , , 19499 1713 6 although although IN 19499 1713 7 every every DT 19499 1713 8 fugue fugue NN 19499 1713 9 is be VBZ 19499 1713 10 different different JJ 19499 1713 11 from from IN 19499 1713 12 all all DT 19499 1713 13 other other JJ 19499 1713 14 fugues fugue NNS 19499 1713 15 in in IN 19499 1713 16 actual actual JJ 19499 1713 17 material material NN 19499 1713 18 , , , 19499 1713 19 yet yet CC 19499 1713 20 the the DT 19499 1713 21 arrangement arrangement NN 19499 1713 22 of of IN 19499 1713 23 the the DT 19499 1713 24 various various JJ 19499 1713 25 parts part NNS 19499 1713 26 is be VBZ 19499 1713 27 so so RB 19499 1713 28 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 1713 29 that that IN 19499 1713 30 no no DT 19499 1713 31 one one NN 19499 1713 32 who who WP 19499 1713 33 knows know VBZ 19499 1713 34 the the DT 19499 1713 35 _ _ NNP 19499 1713 36 fugue fugue NN 19499 1713 37 form form NN 19499 1713 38 _ _ NNP 19499 1713 39 has have VBZ 19499 1713 40 any any DT 19499 1713 41 doubt doubt NN 19499 1713 42 as as IN 19499 1713 43 to to IN 19499 1713 44 what what WP 19499 1713 45 kind kind NN 19499 1713 46 of of IN 19499 1713 47 a a DT 19499 1713 48 composition composition NN 19499 1713 49 he -PRON- PRP 19499 1713 50 is be VBZ 19499 1713 51 hearing hear VBG 19499 1713 52 whenever whenever WRB 19499 1713 53 a a DT 19499 1713 54 fugue fugue NN 19499 1713 55 is be VBZ 19499 1713 56 played play VBN 19499 1713 57 . . . 19499 1714 1 The the DT 19499 1714 2 word word NN 19499 1714 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1714 4 form form NN 19499 1714 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1714 6 is be VBZ 19499 1714 7 therefore therefore RB 19499 1714 8 seen see VBN 19499 1714 9 to to TO 19499 1714 10 be be VB 19499 1714 11 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 1714 12 synonymous synonymous JJ 19499 1714 13 with with IN 19499 1714 14 the the DT 19499 1714 15 word word NN 19499 1714 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1714 17 plan plan NN 19499 1714 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1714 19 as as IN 19499 1714 20 used use VBN 19499 1714 21 in in IN 19499 1714 22 architecture architecture NN 19499 1714 23 ; ; : 19499 1714 24 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1714 25 is be VBZ 19499 1714 26 the the DT 19499 1714 27 structure structure NN 19499 1714 28 or or CC 19499 1714 29 design design NN 19499 1714 30 underlying underlie VBG 19499 1714 31 music music NN 19499 1714 32 . . . 19499 1715 1 Examples example NNS 19499 1715 2 of of IN 19499 1715 3 form form NN 19499 1715 4 are be VBP 19499 1715 5 the the DT 19499 1715 6 canon canon NN 19499 1715 7 , , , 19499 1715 8 the the DT 19499 1715 9 fugue fugue NN 19499 1715 10 , , , 19499 1715 11 the the DT 19499 1715 12 sonata sonata NN 19499 1715 13 , , , 19499 1715 14 etc etc FW 19499 1715 15 . . . 19499 1716 1 Speaking speak VBG 19499 1716 2 broadly broadly RB 19499 1716 3 we -PRON- PRP 19499 1716 4 may may MD 19499 1716 5 say say VB 19499 1716 6 that that IN 19499 1716 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1716 8 form form NN 19499 1716 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1716 10 in in IN 19499 1716 11 any any DT 19499 1716 12 art art NN 19499 1716 13 consists consist VBZ 19499 1716 14 in in IN 19499 1716 15 the the DT 19499 1716 16 placing placing NN 19499 1716 17 together together RB 19499 1716 18 of of IN 19499 1716 19 certain certain JJ 19499 1716 20 parts part NNS 19499 1716 21 in in IN 19499 1716 22 such such JJ 19499 1716 23 relations relation NNS 19499 1716 24 of of IN 19499 1716 25 proportion proportion NN 19499 1716 26 and and CC 19499 1716 27 symmetry symmetry VBP 19499 1716 28 as as IN 19499 1716 29 to to TO 19499 1716 30 make make VB 19499 1716 31 a a DT 19499 1716 32 unified unified JJ 19499 1716 33 whole whole NN 19499 1716 34 . . . 19499 1717 1 In in IN 19499 1717 2 music music NN 19499 1717 3 this this DT 19499 1717 4 implies imply VBZ 19499 1717 5 unity unity NN 19499 1717 6 of of IN 19499 1717 7 tonality tonality NN 19499 1717 8 and and CC 19499 1717 9 of of IN 19499 1717 10 general general JJ 19499 1717 11 rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 1717 12 effect effect NN 19499 1717 13 , , , 19499 1717 14 as as RB 19499 1717 15 well well RB 19499 1717 16 as as IN 19499 1717 17 unity unity NN 19499 1717 18 in in IN 19499 1717 19 the the DT 19499 1717 20 grouping grouping NN 19499 1717 21 of of IN 19499 1717 22 the the DT 19499 1717 23 various various JJ 19499 1717 24 parts part NNS 19499 1717 25 of of IN 19499 1717 26 the the DT 19499 1717 27 work work NN 19499 1717 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1717 29 phrases phrase NNS 19499 1717 30 , , , 19499 1717 31 periods period NNS 19499 1717 32 , , , 19499 1717 33 movements movement NNS 19499 1717 34 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1717 35 so so IN 19499 1717 36 as as IN 19499 1717 37 to to TO 19499 1717 38 weld weld VB 19499 1717 39 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1717 40 into into IN 19499 1717 41 one one CD 19499 1717 42 whole whole NN 19499 1717 43 , , , 19499 1717 44 giving give VBG 19499 1717 45 the the DT 19499 1717 46 impression impression NN 19499 1717 47 of of IN 19499 1717 48 completeness completeness NN 19499 1717 49 to to IN 19499 1717 50 the the DT 19499 1717 51 hearer hearer NN 19499 1717 52 . . . 19499 1718 1 133 133 LS 19499 1718 2 . . . 19499 1719 1 The the DT 19499 1719 2 primal primal JJ 19499 1719 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1719 4 basis basis NN 19499 1719 5 of of IN 19499 1719 6 form form NN 19499 1719 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1719 8 is be VBZ 19499 1719 9 the the DT 19499 1719 10 repetition repetition NN 19499 1719 11 of of IN 19499 1719 12 some some DT 19499 1719 13 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 1719 14 effect effect NN 19499 1719 15 , , , 19499 1719 16 and and CC 19499 1719 17 the the DT 19499 1719 18 problem problem NN 19499 1719 19 of of IN 19499 1719 20 the the DT 19499 1719 21 composer composer NN 19499 1719 22 is be VBZ 19499 1719 23 to to TO 19499 1719 24 bring bring VB 19499 1719 25 about about RP 19499 1719 26 these these DT 19499 1719 27 repetitions repetition NNS 19499 1719 28 in in IN 19499 1719 29 such such PDT 19499 1719 30 a a DT 19499 1719 31 way way NN 19499 1719 32 that that WDT 19499 1719 33 the the DT 19499 1719 34 ear ear NN 19499 1719 35 will will MD 19499 1719 36 recognize recognize VB 19499 1719 37 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1719 38 as as IN 19499 1719 39 being be VBG 19499 1719 40 the the DT 19499 1719 41 same same JJ 19499 1719 42 material material NN 19499 1719 43 and and CC 19499 1719 44 will will MD 19499 1719 45 nevertheless nevertheless RB 19499 1719 46 not not RB 19499 1719 47 grow grow VB 19499 1719 48 weary weary JJ 19499 1719 49 of of IN 19499 1719 50 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1719 51 . . . 19499 1720 1 This this DT 19499 1720 2 is be VBZ 19499 1720 3 accomplished accomplish VBN 19499 1720 4 by by IN 19499 1720 5 varying vary VBG 19499 1720 6 the the DT 19499 1720 7 material material NN 19499 1720 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1720 9 cf cf NN 19499 1720 10 . . . 19499 1721 1 thematic thematic JJ 19499 1721 2 development development NN 19499 1721 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1721 4 , , , 19499 1721 5 by by IN 19499 1721 6 introducing introduce VBG 19499 1721 7 contrasting contrast VBG 19499 1721 8 material material NN 19499 1721 9 , , , 19499 1721 10 and and CC 19499 1721 11 by by IN 19499 1721 12 choice choice NN 19499 1721 13 of of IN 19499 1721 14 key key NN 19499 1721 15 . . . 19499 1722 1 134 134 CD 19499 1722 2 . . . 19499 1723 1 The the DT 19499 1723 2 student student NN 19499 1723 3 should should MD 19499 1723 4 note note VB 19499 1723 5 at at IN 19499 1723 6 the the DT 19499 1723 7 outset outset NN 19499 1723 8 of of IN 19499 1723 9 this this DT 19499 1723 10 topic topic NN 19499 1723 11 the the DT 19499 1723 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 13 difference difference NN 19499 1723 14 in in IN 19499 1723 15 meaning meaning NN 19499 1723 16 between between IN 19499 1723 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 18 the the DT 19499 1723 19 terms term NNS 19499 1723 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 21 form form NN 19499 1723 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 23 and and CC 19499 1723 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 25 style style NN 19499 1723 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 27 : : : 19499 1723 28 A a DT 19499 1723 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 30 form form NN 19499 1723 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 32 is be VBZ 19499 1723 33 a a DT 19499 1723 34 plan plan NN 19499 1723 35 for for IN 19499 1723 36 building build VBG 19499 1723 37 a a DT 19499 1723 38 certain certain JJ 19499 1723 39 definite definite JJ 19499 1723 40 kind kind NN 19499 1723 41 of of IN 19499 1723 42 composition composition NN 19499 1723 43 , , , 19499 1723 44 but but CC 19499 1723 45 a a DT 19499 1723 46 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 47 style style NN 19499 1723 48 _ _ NNP 19499 1723 49 is be VBZ 19499 1723 50 merely merely RB 19499 1723 51 a a DT 19499 1723 52 manner manner NN 19499 1723 53 of of IN 19499 1723 54 writing writing NN 19499 1723 55 . . . 19499 1724 1 Thus thus RB 19499 1724 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1724 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 5 , , , 19499 1724 6 the the DT 19499 1724 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 8 fugue fugue NN 19499 1724 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 10 is be VBZ 19499 1724 11 a a DT 19499 1724 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 13 form_--_i.e form_--_i.e NNP 19499 1724 14 . . . 19499 1724 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 16 , , , 19499 1724 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1724 18 is be VBZ 19499 1724 19 a a DT 19499 1724 20 plan plan NN 19499 1724 21 , , , 19499 1724 22 which which WDT 19499 1724 23 although although IN 19499 1724 24 capable capable JJ 19499 1724 25 of of IN 19499 1724 26 variation variation NN 19499 1724 27 in in IN 19499 1724 28 details detail NNS 19499 1724 29 , , , 19499 1724 30 is be VBZ 19499 1724 31 yet yet RB 19499 1724 32 carried carry VBN 19499 1724 33 out out RP 19499 1724 34 fairly fairly RB 19499 1724 35 definitely definitely RB 19499 1724 36 in in IN 19499 1724 37 every every DT 19499 1724 38 case case NN 19499 1724 39 ; ; : 19499 1724 40 but but CC 19499 1724 41 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 42 counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 1724 43 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 44 is be VBZ 19499 1724 45 merely merely RB 19499 1724 46 a a DT 19499 1724 47 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 48 style style NN 19499 1724 49 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 50 or or CC 19499 1724 51 manner manner NN 19499 1724 52 of of IN 19499 1724 53 writing writing NN 19499 1724 54 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1724 55 just just RB 19499 1724 56 as as IN 19499 1724 57 Gothic gothic JJ 19499 1724 58 architecture architecture NN 19499 1724 59 is be VBZ 19499 1724 60 a a DT 19499 1724 61 style style NN 19499 1724 62 of of IN 19499 1724 63 building building NN 19499 1724 64 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1724 65 , , , 19499 1724 66 which which WDT 19499 1724 67 may may MD 19499 1724 68 be be VB 19499 1724 69 cast cast VBN 19499 1724 70 into into IN 19499 1724 71 any any DT 19499 1724 72 one one CD 19499 1724 73 of of IN 19499 1724 74 several several JJ 19499 1724 75 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 76 forms form NNS 19499 1724 77 _ _ NNP 19499 1724 78 . . . 19499 1725 1 135 135 CD 19499 1725 2 . . . 19499 1726 1 The the DT 19499 1726 2 material material NN 19499 1726 3 found find VBD 19499 1726 4 in in IN 19499 1726 5 the the DT 19499 1726 6 following following JJ 19499 1726 7 sections section NNS 19499 1726 8 is be VBZ 19499 1726 9 an an DT 19499 1726 10 attempt attempt NN 19499 1726 11 to to TO 19499 1726 12 explain explain VB 19499 1726 13 in in IN 19499 1726 14 simple simple JJ 19499 1726 15 language language NN 19499 1726 16 certain certain JJ 19499 1726 17 terms term NNS 19499 1726 18 relating relate VBG 19499 1726 19 to to IN 19499 1726 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1726 21 forms form NNS 19499 1726 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1726 23 and and CC 19499 1726 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1726 25 styles style NNS 19499 1726 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1726 27 which which WDT 19499 1726 28 are be VBP 19499 1726 29 in in IN 19499 1726 30 common common JJ 19499 1726 31 use use NN 19499 1726 32 ; ; : 19499 1726 33 in in IN 19499 1726 34 many many JJ 19499 1726 35 cases case NNS 19499 1726 36 the the DT 19499 1726 37 definition definition NN 19499 1726 38 is be VBZ 19499 1726 39 too too RB 19499 1726 40 meagre meagre JJ 19499 1726 41 to to TO 19499 1726 42 give give VB 19499 1726 43 anything anything NN 19499 1726 44 but but IN 19499 1726 45 a a DT 19499 1726 46 very very RB 19499 1726 47 general general JJ 19499 1726 48 idea idea NN 19499 1726 49 , , , 19499 1726 50 but but CC 19499 1726 51 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1726 52 is be VBZ 19499 1726 53 hoped hope VBN 19499 1726 54 that that IN 19499 1726 55 the the DT 19499 1726 56 student student NN 19499 1726 57 will will MD 19499 1726 58 at at IN 19499 1726 59 least least JJS 19499 1726 60 be be VB 19499 1726 61 set set VBN 19499 1726 62 to to IN 19499 1726 63 thinking think VBG 19499 1726 64 and and CC 19499 1726 65 that that IN 19499 1726 66 he -PRON- PRP 19499 1726 67 will will MD 19499 1726 68 eventually eventually RB 19499 1726 69 be be VB 19499 1726 70 led lead VBN 19499 1726 71 to to IN 19499 1726 72 a a DT 19499 1726 73 more more RBR 19499 1726 74 detailed detailed JJ 19499 1726 75 and and CC 19499 1726 76 scholarly scholarly JJ 19499 1726 77 study study NN 19499 1726 78 of of IN 19499 1726 79 the the DT 19499 1726 80 subject subject NN 19499 1726 81 . . . 19499 1727 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1727 2 The the DT 19499 1727 3 article article NN 19499 1727 4 " " `` 19499 1727 5 Form Form NNP 19499 1727 6 " " '' 19499 1727 7 and and CC 19499 1727 8 the the DT 19499 1727 9 separate separate JJ 19499 1727 10 articles article NNS 19499 1727 11 under under IN 19499 1727 12 each each DT 19499 1727 13 term term NN 19499 1727 14 here here RB 19499 1727 15 defined define VBN 19499 1727 16 , , , 19499 1727 17 as as IN 19499 1727 18 found find VBN 19499 1727 19 in in IN 19499 1727 20 Grove Grove NNP 19499 1727 21 's 's POS 19499 1727 22 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 19499 1727 23 , , , 19499 1727 24 are be VBP 19499 1727 25 especially especially RB 19499 1727 26 recommended recommend VBN 19499 1727 27 . . . 19499 1728 1 For for IN 19499 1728 2 examples example NNS 19499 1728 3 of of IN 19499 1728 4 the the DT 19499 1728 5 various various JJ 19499 1728 6 forms form NNS 19499 1728 7 described describe VBN 19499 1728 8 , , , 19499 1728 9 see see VB 19499 1728 10 also also RB 19499 1728 11 Mason Mason NNP 19499 1728 12 and and CC 19499 1728 13 Surette--"The surette--"the CD 19499 1728 14 Appreciation appreciation NN 19499 1728 15 of of IN 19499 1728 16 Music Music NNP 19499 1728 17 , , , 19499 1728 18 " " `` 19499 1728 19 Supplementary Supplementary NNP 19499 1728 20 Volume Volume NNP 19499 1728 21 . . . 19499 1728 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1729 1 136 136 CD 19499 1729 2 . . . 19499 1730 1 In in IN 19499 1730 2 a a DT 19499 1730 3 very very RB 19499 1730 4 general general JJ 19499 1730 5 way way NN 19499 1730 6 there there EX 19499 1730 7 may may MD 19499 1730 8 be be VB 19499 1730 9 said say VBN 19499 1730 10 to to TO 19499 1730 11 be be VB 19499 1730 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1730 13 two two CD 19499 1730 14 styles style NNS 19499 1730 15 of of IN 19499 1730 16 musical musical JJ 19499 1730 17 composition composition NN 19499 1730 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1730 19 , , , 19499 1730 20 the the DT 19499 1730 21 monophonic monophonic NN 19499 1730 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1730 23 or or CC 19499 1730 24 homophonic)--the homophonic)--the DT 19499 1730 25 one one CD 19499 1730 26 - - HYPH 19499 1730 27 voiced voiced JJ 19499 1730 28 -- -- : 19499 1730 29 and and CC 19499 1730 30 the the DT 19499 1730 31 polyphonic polyphonic NN 19499 1730 32 -- -- : 19499 1730 33 the the DT 19499 1730 34 many many JJ 19499 1730 35 voiced voiced JJ 19499 1730 36 . . . 19499 1731 1 The the DT 19499 1731 2 polyphonic[32 polyphonic[32 NN 19499 1731 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1731 4 style style NN 19499 1731 5 antedates antedate VBZ 19499 1731 6 the the DT 19499 1731 7 monophonic monophonic NN 19499 1731 8 historically historically RB 19499 1731 9 . . . 19499 1732 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1732 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1732 3 32 32 CD 19499 1732 4 : : : 19499 1732 5 Polyphonic polyphonic NN 19499 1732 6 music music NN 19499 1732 7 flourished flourish VBD 19499 1732 8 from from IN 19499 1732 9 1000 1000 CD 19499 1732 10 A.D. A.D. NNP 19499 1732 11 to to IN 19499 1732 12 about about IN 19499 1732 13 1750 1750 CD 19499 1732 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 19499 1732 15 , , , 19499 1732 16 the the DT 19499 1732 17 culmination culmination NN 19499 1732 18 of of IN 19499 1732 19 the the DT 19499 1732 20 polyphonic polyphonic JJ 19499 1732 21 period period NN 19499 1732 22 being be VBG 19499 1732 23 reached reach VBN 19499 1732 24 in in IN 19499 1732 25 the the DT 19499 1732 26 music music NN 19499 1732 27 of of IN 19499 1732 28 Johann Johann NNP 19499 1732 29 Sebastian Sebastian NNP 19499 1732 30 Bach Bach NNP 19499 1732 31 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1732 32 1685 1685 CD 19499 1732 33 - - SYM 19499 1732 34 1750 1750 CD 19499 1732 35 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1732 36 . . . 19499 1733 1 Haydn Haydn NNP 19499 1733 2 , , , 19499 1733 3 Mozart Mozart NNP 19499 1733 4 , , , 19499 1733 5 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1733 6 , , , 19499 1733 7 and and CC 19499 1733 8 the the DT 19499 1733 9 later later JJ 19499 1733 10 writers writer NNS 19499 1733 11 have have VBP 19499 1733 12 used use VBN 19499 1733 13 the the DT 19499 1733 14 monophonic monophonic JJ 19499 1733 15 style style NN 19499 1733 16 more more JJR 19499 1733 17 than than IN 19499 1733 18 the the DT 19499 1733 19 polyphonic polyphonic NN 19499 1733 20 , , , 19499 1733 21 although although IN 19499 1733 22 a a DT 19499 1733 23 combination combination NN 19499 1733 24 of of IN 19499 1733 25 the the DT 19499 1733 26 two two CD 19499 1733 27 is be VBZ 19499 1733 28 often often RB 19499 1733 29 found find VBN 19499 1733 30 , , , 19499 1733 31 as as IN 19499 1733 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1733 33 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1733 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1733 35 , , , 19499 1733 36 in in IN 19499 1733 37 the the DT 19499 1733 38 later later JJ 19499 1733 39 works work NNS 19499 1733 40 of of IN 19499 1733 41 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1733 42 . . . 19499 1733 43 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1734 1 137 137 CD 19499 1734 2 . . . 19499 1735 1 In in IN 19499 1735 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1735 3 monophonic monophonic NN 19499 1735 4 music music NN 19499 1735 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1735 6 there there EX 19499 1735 7 is be VBZ 19499 1735 8 one one CD 19499 1735 9 voice voice NN 19499 1735 10 which which WDT 19499 1735 11 has have VBZ 19499 1735 12 a a DT 19499 1735 13 pronounced pronounce VBN 19499 1735 14 melody melody NN 19499 1735 15 , , , 19499 1735 16 the the DT 19499 1735 17 other other JJ 19499 1735 18 voices voice NNS 19499 1735 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1735 20 if if IN 19499 1735 21 present present NN 19499 1735 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1735 23 supporting support VBG 19499 1735 24 this this DT 19499 1735 25 melody melody NN 19499 1735 26 as as IN 19499 1735 27 a a DT 19499 1735 28 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 1735 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1735 30 and and CC 19499 1735 31 often often RB 19499 1735 32 rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 1735 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1735 34 background background NN 19499 1735 35 . . . 19499 1736 1 An an DT 19499 1736 2 example example NN 19499 1736 3 of of IN 19499 1736 4 this this DT 19499 1736 5 is be VBZ 19499 1736 6 the the DT 19499 1736 7 ordinary ordinary JJ 19499 1736 8 hymn hymn NN 19499 1736 9 - - HYPH 19499 1736 10 tune tune NN 19499 1736 11 with with IN 19499 1736 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1736 13 melody melody NN 19499 1736 14 in in IN 19499 1736 15 the the DT 19499 1736 16 highest high JJS 19499 1736 17 part part NN 19499 1736 18 , , , 19499 1736 19 and and CC 19499 1736 20 with with IN 19499 1736 21 three three CD 19499 1736 22 other other JJ 19499 1736 23 voices voice NNS 19499 1736 24 forming form VBG 19499 1736 25 a a DT 19499 1736 26 " " `` 19499 1736 27 four four CD 19499 1736 28 - - HYPH 19499 1736 29 part part NN 19499 1736 30 harmony harmony NN 19499 1736 31 . . . 19499 1736 32 " " '' 19499 1737 1 The the DT 19499 1737 2 sonata sonata NN 19499 1737 3 , , , 19499 1737 4 symphony symphony NN 19499 1737 5 , , , 19499 1737 6 opera opera NN 19499 1737 7 , , , 19499 1737 8 modern modern JJ 19499 1737 9 piano piano NN 19499 1737 10 piece piece NN 19499 1737 11 , , , 19499 1737 12 etc etc FW 19499 1737 13 . . . 19499 1737 14 , , , 19499 1737 15 are be VBP 19499 1737 16 also also RB 19499 1737 17 largely largely RB 19499 1737 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1737 19 monophonic monophonic JJ 19499 1737 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1737 21 , , , 19499 1737 22 though though IN 19499 1737 23 polyphonic polyphonic JJ 19499 1737 24 passages passage NNS 19499 1737 25 by by IN 19499 1737 26 way way NN 19499 1737 27 of of IN 19499 1737 28 contrast contrast NN 19499 1737 29 are be VBP 19499 1737 30 often often RB 19499 1737 31 to to TO 19499 1737 32 be be VB 19499 1737 33 found find VBN 19499 1737 34 . . . 19499 1738 1 138 138 CD 19499 1738 2 . . . 19499 1739 1 In in IN 19499 1739 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1739 3 polyphonic polyphonic NN 19499 1739 4 music music NN 19499 1739 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1739 6 each each DT 19499 1739 7 voice voice NN 19499 1739 8 is be VBZ 19499 1739 9 to to IN 19499 1739 10 a a DT 19499 1739 11 certain certain JJ 19499 1739 12 extent extent NN 19499 1739 13 melodically melodically RB 19499 1739 14 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1739 15 , , , 19499 1739 16 and and CC 19499 1739 17 the the DT 19499 1739 18 " " `` 19499 1739 19 harmony harmony NN 19499 1739 20 " " '' 19499 1739 21 is be VBZ 19499 1739 22 the the DT 19499 1739 23 result result NN 19499 1739 24 of of IN 19499 1739 25 combining combine VBG 19499 1739 26 several several JJ 19499 1739 27 melodies melody NNS 19499 1739 28 in in IN 19499 1739 29 such such PDT 19499 1739 30 a a DT 19499 1739 31 way way NN 19499 1739 32 as as IN 19499 1739 33 to to TO 19499 1739 34 give give VB 19499 1739 35 a a DT 19499 1739 36 pleasing pleasing JJ 19499 1739 37 effect effect NN 19499 1739 38 , , , 19499 1739 39 instead instead RB 19499 1739 40 of of IN 19499 1739 41 treating treat VBG 19499 1739 42 a a DT 19499 1739 43 melody melody NN 19499 1739 44 by by IN 19499 1739 45 adding add VBG 19499 1739 46 chords chord NNS 19499 1739 47 as as IN 19499 1739 48 an an DT 19499 1739 49 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1739 50 or or CC 19499 1739 51 support support NN 19499 1739 52 . . . 19499 1740 1 Counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 1740 2 , , , 19499 1740 3 canon canon NNP 19499 1740 4 , , , 19499 1740 5 round round JJ 19499 1740 6 , , , 19499 1740 7 fugue fugue NN 19499 1740 8 , , , 19499 1740 9 etc etc FW 19499 1740 10 . . . 19499 1740 11 , , , 19499 1740 12 are be VBP 19499 1740 13 all all DT 19499 1740 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1740 15 polyphonic polyphonic NN 19499 1740 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1740 17 in in IN 19499 1740 18 style style NN 19499 1740 19 . . . 19499 1741 1 The the DT 19499 1741 2 word word NN 19499 1741 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1741 4 contrapuntal contrapuntal JJ 19499 1741 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1741 6 is be VBZ 19499 1741 7 often often RB 19499 1741 8 used use VBN 19499 1741 9 synonymously synonymously RB 19499 1741 10 with with IN 19499 1741 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1741 12 polyphonic polyphonic NNP 19499 1741 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1741 14 . . . 19499 1742 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1742 2 Sections section NNS 19499 1742 3 139 139 CD 19499 1742 4 to to TO 19499 1742 5 143 143 CD 19499 1742 6 relate relate VB 19499 1742 7 especially especially RB 19499 1742 8 to to IN 19499 1742 9 terms term NNS 19499 1742 10 describing describe VBG 19499 1742 11 polyphonic polyphonic NN 19499 1742 12 music music NN 19499 1742 13 . . . 19499 1742 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1743 1 139 139 CD 19499 1743 2 . . . 19499 1744 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1744 2 Counterpoint Counterpoint NNP 19499 1744 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1744 4 is be VBZ 19499 1744 5 the the DT 19499 1744 6 art art NN 19499 1744 7 of of IN 19499 1744 8 adding add VBG 19499 1744 9 one one CD 19499 1744 10 or or CC 19499 1744 11 more more JJR 19499 1744 12 parts part NNS 19499 1744 13 or or CC 19499 1744 14 melodies melody NNS 19499 1744 15 to to IN 19499 1744 16 a a DT 19499 1744 17 given give VBN 19499 1744 18 melody melody NN 19499 1744 19 , , , 19499 1744 20 the the DT 19499 1744 21 latter latter JJ 19499 1744 22 being be VBG 19499 1744 23 known know VBN 19499 1744 24 as as IN 19499 1744 25 the the DT 19499 1744 26 " " `` 19499 1744 27 cantus cantus NN 19499 1744 28 firmus firmus NN 19499 1744 29 , , , 19499 1744 30 " " '' 19499 1744 31 or or CC 19499 1744 32 subject subject JJ 19499 1744 33 . . . 19499 1745 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1745 2 may may MD 19499 1745 3 therefore therefore RB 19499 1745 4 be be VB 19499 1745 5 broadly broadly RB 19499 1745 6 defined define VBN 19499 1745 7 as as IN 19499 1745 8 " " `` 19499 1745 9 the the DT 19499 1745 10 art art NN 19499 1745 11 of of IN 19499 1745 12 combining combine VBG 19499 1745 13 melodies melody NNS 19499 1745 14 . . . 19499 1745 15 " " '' 19499 1746 1 The the DT 19499 1746 2 word word NN 19499 1746 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1746 4 counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 1746 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1746 6 comes come VBZ 19499 1746 7 from from IN 19499 1746 8 the the DT 19499 1746 9 three three CD 19499 1746 10 words word NNS 19499 1746 11 " " `` 19499 1746 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1746 13 punctus punctus NN 19499 1746 14 contra contra NNP 19499 1746 15 punctum punctum NNP 19499 1746 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1746 17 , , , 19499 1746 18 " " `` 19499 1746 19 meaning mean VBG 19499 1746 20 " " '' 19499 1746 21 point point NN 19499 1746 22 against against IN 19499 1746 23 point point NN 19499 1746 24 . . . 19499 1746 25 " " '' 19499 1747 1 The the DT 19499 1747 2 word word NN 19499 1747 3 point point NN 19499 1747 4 as as IN 19499 1747 5 here here RB 19499 1747 6 used use VBN 19499 1747 7 refers refer VBZ 19499 1747 8 to to IN 19499 1747 9 the the DT 19499 1747 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1747 11 punctus_--one punctus_--one NNP 19499 1747 12 of of IN 19499 1747 13 the the DT 19499 1747 14 neumae neumae NN 19499 1747 15 of of IN 19499 1747 16 the the DT 19499 1747 17 mediaeval mediaeval JJ 19499 1747 18 system system NN 19499 1747 19 , , , 19499 1747 20 these these DT 19499 1747 21 neumae neumae NN 19499 1747 22 being be VBG 19499 1747 23 the the DT 19499 1747 24 immediate immediate JJ 19499 1747 25 predecessors predecessor NNS 19499 1747 26 of of IN 19499 1747 27 modern modern JJ 19499 1747 28 notes note NNS 19499 1747 29 . . . 19499 1748 1 Both both DT 19499 1748 2 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1748 3 and and CC 19499 1748 4 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1748 5 music music NN 19499 1748 6 have have VBP 19499 1748 7 been be VBN 19499 1748 8 written write VBN 19499 1748 9 in in IN 19499 1748 10 contrapuntal contrapuntal JJ 19499 1748 11 style style NN 19499 1748 12 . . . 19499 1749 1 The the DT 19499 1749 2 familiar familiar JJ 19499 1749 3 two- two- NN 19499 1749 4 and and CC 19499 1749 5 three three CD 19499 1749 6 - - HYPH 19499 1749 7 part part NN 19499 1749 8 " " `` 19499 1749 9 inventions invention NNS 19499 1749 10 " " '' 19499 1749 11 by by IN 19499 1749 12 Bach Bach NNP 19499 1749 13 are be VBP 19499 1749 14 excellent excellent JJ 19499 1749 15 examples example NNS 19499 1749 16 of of IN 19499 1749 17 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1749 18 counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 1749 19 , , , 19499 1749 20 while while IN 19499 1749 21 such such JJ 19499 1749 22 choruses chorus NNS 19499 1749 23 as as IN 19499 1749 24 those those DT 19499 1749 25 in in IN 19499 1749 26 " " `` 19499 1749 27 The the DT 19499 1749 28 Messiah Messiah NNP 19499 1749 29 " " '' 19499 1749 30 by by IN 19499 1749 31 Handel Handel NNP 19499 1749 32 illustrate illustrate VBP 19499 1749 33 the the DT 19499 1749 34 highest high JJS 19499 1749 35 type type NN 19499 1749 36 of of IN 19499 1749 37 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1749 38 counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 1749 39 . . . 19499 1750 1 140 140 CD 19499 1750 2 . . . 19499 1751 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1751 2 Imitation Imitation NNP 19499 1751 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1751 4 is be VBZ 19499 1751 5 the the DT 19499 1751 6 repetition repetition NN 19499 1751 7 by by IN 19499 1751 8 one one CD 19499 1751 9 part part NN 19499 1751 10 , , , 19499 1751 11 of of IN 19499 1751 12 a a DT 19499 1751 13 subject subject NN 19499 1751 14 or or CC 19499 1751 15 theme theme NN 19499 1751 16 previously previously RB 19499 1751 17 introduced introduce VBN 19499 1751 18 by by IN 19499 1751 19 another another DT 19499 1751 20 part part NN 19499 1751 21 . . . 19499 1752 1 If if IN 19499 1752 2 the the DT 19499 1752 3 imitation imitation NN 19499 1752 4 is be VBZ 19499 1752 5 exact exact JJ 19499 1752 6 , , , 19499 1752 7 the the DT 19499 1752 8 term term NN 19499 1752 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1752 10 strict strict JJ 19499 1752 11 imitation imitation NN 19499 1752 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1752 13 is be VBZ 19499 1752 14 applied apply VBN 19499 1752 15 , , , 19499 1752 16 but but CC 19499 1752 17 if if IN 19499 1752 18 only only RB 19499 1752 19 approximate approximate JJ 19499 1752 20 , , , 19499 1752 21 then then RB 19499 1752 22 the the DT 19499 1752 23 term term NN 19499 1752 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1752 25 free free JJ 19499 1752 26 imitation imitation NN 19499 1752 27 _ _ NNP 19499 1752 28 is be VBZ 19499 1752 29 used use VBN 19499 1752 30 in in IN 19499 1752 31 referring refer VBG 19499 1752 32 to to IN 19499 1752 33 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1752 34 . . . 19499 1753 1 The the DT 19499 1753 2 repetition repetition NN 19499 1753 3 need nee MD 19499 1753 4 not not RB 19499 1753 5 have have VB 19499 1753 6 the the DT 19499 1753 7 exact exact JJ 19499 1753 8 pitches pitch NNS 19499 1753 9 of of IN 19499 1753 10 the the DT 19499 1753 11 subject subject NN 19499 1753 12 in in IN 19499 1753 13 order order NN 19499 1753 14 to to TO 19499 1753 15 be be VB 19499 1753 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1753 17 strict strict JJ 19499 1753 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1753 19 ; ; : 19499 1753 20 on on IN 19499 1753 21 the the DT 19499 1753 22 contrary contrary NN 19499 1753 23 the the DT 19499 1753 24 imitation imitation NN 19499 1753 25 is be VBZ 19499 1753 26 usually usually RB 19499 1753 27 at at IN 19499 1753 28 the the DT 19499 1753 29 interval interval NN 19499 1753 30 of of IN 19499 1753 31 an an DT 19499 1753 32 octave octave NN 19499 1753 33 , , , 19499 1753 34 or or CC 19499 1753 35 a a DT 19499 1753 36 fifth fifth JJ 19499 1753 37 , , , 19499 1753 38 or or CC 19499 1753 39 a a DT 19499 1753 40 second second JJ 19499 1753 41 , , , 19499 1753 42 etc etc FW 19499 1753 43 . . . 19499 1754 1 Fig fig NN 19499 1754 2 . . . 19499 1755 1 57 57 CD 19499 1755 2 shows show VBZ 19499 1755 3 an an DT 19499 1755 4 example example NN 19499 1755 5 of of IN 19499 1755 6 strict strict JJ 19499 1755 7 imitation imitation NN 19499 1755 8 in in IN 19499 1755 9 which which WDT 19499 1755 10 the the DT 19499 1755 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1755 12 third third JJ 19499 1755 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1755 14 part part NN 19499 1755 15 comes come VBZ 19499 1755 16 in in IN 19499 1755 17 an an DT 19499 1755 18 octave octave NN 19499 1755 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1755 20 lower low JJR 19499 1755 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1755 22 than than IN 19499 1755 23 the the DT 19499 1755 24 first first JJ 19499 1755 25 part part NN 19499 1755 26 . . . 19499 1756 1 141 141 CD 19499 1756 2 . . . 19499 1757 1 A a DT 19499 1757 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1757 3 canon canon NN 19499 1757 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1757 5 is be VBZ 19499 1757 6 a a DT 19499 1757 7 contrapuntal contrapuntal JJ 19499 1757 8 composition composition NN 19499 1757 9 in in IN 19499 1757 10 the the DT 19499 1757 11 style style NN 19499 1757 12 of of IN 19499 1757 13 strict strict JJ 19499 1757 14 imitation imitation NN 19499 1757 15 , , , 19499 1757 16 one one CD 19499 1757 17 part part NN 19499 1757 18 repeating repeat VBG 19499 1757 19 exactly exactly RB 19499 1757 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1757 21 but but CC 19499 1757 22 at at IN 19499 1757 23 any any DT 19499 1757 24 interval interval NN 19499 1757 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1757 26 what what WP 19499 1757 27 another another DT 19499 1757 28 part part NN 19499 1757 29 has have VBZ 19499 1757 30 played play VBN 19499 1757 31 or or CC 19499 1757 32 sung sing VBN 19499 1757 33 . . . 19499 1758 1 The the DT 19499 1758 2 term term NN 19499 1758 3 " " `` 19499 1758 4 canonic canonic JJ 19499 1758 5 style style NN 19499 1758 6 " " '' 19499 1758 7 is be VBZ 19499 1758 8 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1758 9 applied apply VBN 19499 1758 10 to to IN 19499 1758 11 music music NN 19499 1758 12 in in IN 19499 1758 13 which which WDT 19499 1758 14 the the DT 19499 1758 15 imitation imitation NN 19499 1758 16 is be VBZ 19499 1758 17 not not RB 19499 1758 18 exact exact JJ 19499 1758 19 . . . 19499 1759 1 An an DT 19499 1759 2 example example NN 19499 1759 3 of of IN 19499 1759 4 three three CD 19499 1759 5 - - HYPH 19499 1759 6 part part NN 19499 1759 7 canon canon NN 19499 1759 8 is be VBZ 19499 1759 9 given give VBN 19499 1759 10 in in IN 19499 1759 11 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1759 12 . . . 19499 1760 1 57 57 CD 19499 1760 2 . . . 19499 1761 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1761 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1761 3 : : : 19499 1761 4 CANON CANON NNP 19499 1761 5 IN in IN 19499 1761 6 THREE three CD 19499 1761 7 VOICES VOICES NNPS 19499 1761 8 , , , 19499 1761 9 IN in IN 19499 1761 10 THE the DT 19499 1761 11 UNISON UNISON NNP 19499 1761 12 AND and CC 19499 1761 13 OCTAVE OCTAVE NNP 19499 1761 14 Fig fig NN 19499 1761 15 . . . 19499 1762 1 57 57 CD 19499 1762 2 . . . 19499 1763 1 MOZART MOZART NNP 19499 1763 2 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1763 3 The the DT 19499 1763 4 word word NN 19499 1763 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1763 6 canon canon NNP 19499 1763 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1763 8 means mean VBZ 19499 1763 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1763 10 law law NN 19499 1763 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1763 12 , , , 19499 1763 13 and and CC 19499 1763 14 was be VBD 19499 1763 15 applied apply VBN 19499 1763 16 to to IN 19499 1763 17 this this DT 19499 1763 18 particular particular JJ 19499 1763 19 form form NN 19499 1763 20 of of IN 19499 1763 21 composition composition NN 19499 1763 22 because because IN 19499 1763 23 the the DT 19499 1763 24 rules rule NNS 19499 1763 25 relating relate VBG 19499 1763 26 to to IN 19499 1763 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1763 28 composition composition NN 19499 1763 29 were be VBD 19499 1763 30 invariable invariable JJ 19499 1763 31 . . . 19499 1764 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1764 2 is be VBZ 19499 1764 3 because because IN 19499 1764 4 of of IN 19499 1764 5 this this DT 19499 1764 6 non non JJ 19499 1764 7 - - NN 19499 1764 8 flexibility flexibility NN 19499 1764 9 that that IN 19499 1764 10 the the DT 19499 1764 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1764 12 canon canon NNP 19499 1764 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1764 14 is be VBZ 19499 1764 15 so so RB 19499 1764 16 little little JJ 19499 1764 17 used use VBN 19499 1764 18 as as IN 19499 1764 19 a a DT 19499 1764 20 form form NN 19499 1764 21 at at IN 19499 1764 22 the the DT 19499 1764 23 present present JJ 19499 1764 24 time time NN 19499 1764 25 : : : 19499 1764 26 the the DT 19499 1764 27 modern modern JJ 19499 1764 28 composer composer NN 19499 1764 29 demands demand VBZ 19499 1764 30 a a DT 19499 1764 31 plan plan NN 19499 1764 32 of of IN 19499 1764 33 writing writing NN 19499 1764 34 that that WDT 19499 1764 35 is be VBZ 19499 1764 36 capable capable JJ 19499 1764 37 of of IN 19499 1764 38 being be VBG 19499 1764 39 varied varied JJ 19499 1764 40 to to IN 19499 1764 41 such such PDT 19499 1764 42 an an DT 19499 1764 43 extent extent NN 19499 1764 44 as as IN 19499 1764 45 to to TO 19499 1764 46 give give VB 19499 1764 47 him -PRON- PRP 19499 1764 48 room room NN 19499 1764 49 for for IN 19499 1764 50 the the DT 19499 1764 51 exercise exercise NN 19499 1764 52 of of IN 19499 1764 53 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1764 54 own own JJ 19499 1764 55 particular particular JJ 19499 1764 56 individuality individuality NN 19499 1764 57 of of IN 19499 1764 58 conception conception NN 19499 1764 59 , , , 19499 1764 60 and and CC 19499 1764 61 this this DT 19499 1764 62 the the DT 19499 1764 63 _ _ NNP 19499 1764 64 canon canon NN 19499 1764 65 _ _ NNP 19499 1764 66 does do VBZ 19499 1764 67 not not RB 19499 1764 68 do do VB 19499 1764 69 . . . 19499 1765 1 For for IN 19499 1765 2 this this DT 19499 1765 3 same same JJ 19499 1765 4 reason reason NN 19499 1765 5 too too RB 19499 1765 6 the the DT 19499 1765 7 fugue fugue NN 19499 1765 8 and and CC 19499 1765 9 the the DT 19499 1765 10 sonata sonata NN 19499 1765 11 have have VBP 19499 1765 12 successively successively RB 19499 1765 13 gone go VBN 19499 1765 14 out out IN 19499 1765 15 of of IN 19499 1765 16 fashion fashion NN 19499 1765 17 and and CC 19499 1765 18 from from IN 19499 1765 19 Schumann Schumann NNP 19499 1765 20 down down RP 19499 1765 21 to to IN 19499 1765 22 the the DT 19499 1765 23 present present JJ 19499 1765 24 time time NN 19499 1765 25 composers composer NNS 19499 1765 26 have have VBP 19499 1765 27 as as IN 19499 1765 28 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1765 29 were be VBD 19499 1765 30 created create VBN 19499 1765 31 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1765 32 own own JJ 19499 1765 33 forms form NNS 19499 1765 34 , , , 19499 1765 35 the the DT 19499 1765 36 difficulty difficulty NN 19499 1765 37 in in IN 19499 1765 38 listening listen VBG 19499 1765 39 arising arise VBG 19499 1765 40 from from IN 19499 1765 41 the the DT 19499 1765 42 fact fact NN 19499 1765 43 that that IN 19499 1765 44 no no DT 19499 1765 45 one one NN 19499 1765 46 but but IN 19499 1765 47 the the DT 19499 1765 48 composer composer NN 19499 1765 49 himself -PRON- PRP 19499 1765 50 could could MD 19499 1765 51 recognize recognize VB 19499 1765 52 the the DT 19499 1765 53 form form NN 19499 1765 54 _ _ NNP 19499 1765 55 as as IN 19499 1765 56 _ _ NNP 19499 1765 57 a a DT 19499 1765 58 form form NN 19499 1765 59 because because IN 19499 1765 60 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1765 61 had have VBD 19499 1765 62 not not RB 19499 1765 63 been be VBN 19499 1765 64 adopted adopt VBN 19499 1765 65 to to IN 19499 1765 66 a a DT 19499 1765 67 great great JJ 19499 1765 68 enough enough JJ 19499 1765 69 extent extent NN 19499 1765 70 by by IN 19499 1765 71 other other JJ 19499 1765 72 composers composer NNS 19499 1765 73 to to TO 19499 1765 74 make make VB 19499 1765 75 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1765 76 in in IN 19499 1765 77 any any DT 19499 1765 78 sense sense NN 19499 1765 79 universal universal JJ 19499 1765 80 . . . 19499 1766 1 The the DT 19499 1766 2 result result NN 19499 1766 3 is be VBZ 19499 1766 4 that that IN 19499 1766 5 in in IN 19499 1766 6 much much JJ 19499 1766 7 present present JJ 19499 1766 8 - - HYPH 19499 1766 9 day day NN 19499 1766 10 music music NN 19499 1766 11 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1766 12 is be VBZ 19499 1766 13 very very RB 19499 1766 14 difficult difficult JJ 19499 1766 15 for for IN 19499 1766 16 the the DT 19499 1766 17 hearer hearer NN 19499 1766 18 to to TO 19499 1766 19 discover discover VB 19499 1766 20 any any DT 19499 1766 21 trace trace NN 19499 1766 22 of of IN 19499 1766 23 familiar familiar JJ 19499 1766 24 design design NN 19499 1766 25 , , , 19499 1766 26 and and CC 19499 1766 27 the the DT 19499 1766 28 impression impression NN 19499 1766 29 made make VBN 19499 1766 30 by by IN 19499 1766 31 such such JJ 19499 1766 32 music music NN 19499 1766 33 is be VBZ 19499 1766 34 in in IN 19499 1766 35 consequence consequence NN 19499 1766 36 much much RB 19499 1766 37 less less RBR 19499 1766 38 definite definite JJ 19499 1766 39 than than IN 19499 1766 40 that that DT 19499 1766 41 made make VBN 19499 1766 42 by by IN 19499 1766 43 music music NN 19499 1766 44 of of IN 19499 1766 45 the the DT 19499 1766 46 classic classic JJ 19499 1766 47 school school NN 19499 1766 48 . . . 19499 1767 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1767 2 is be VBZ 19499 1767 3 probable probable JJ 19499 1767 4 that that IN 19499 1767 5 a a DT 19499 1767 6 reaction reaction NN 19499 1767 7 from from IN 19499 1767 8 this this DT 19499 1767 9 state state NN 19499 1767 10 of of IN 19499 1767 11 affairs affair NNS 19499 1767 12 will will MD 19499 1767 13 come come VB 19499 1767 14 in in IN 19499 1767 15 the the DT 19499 1767 16 near near JJ 19499 1767 17 future future NN 19499 1767 18 , , , 19499 1767 19 for for IN 19499 1767 20 in in IN 19499 1767 21 any any DT 19499 1767 22 art art NN 19499 1767 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1767 24 is be VBZ 19499 1767 25 necessary necessary JJ 19499 1767 26 that that IN 19499 1767 27 there there EX 19499 1767 28 should should MD 19499 1767 29 be be VB 19499 1767 30 at at IN 19499 1767 31 least least JJS 19499 1767 32 enough enough JJ 19499 1767 33 semblance semblance NN 19499 1767 34 of of IN 19499 1767 35 structure structure NN 19499 1767 36 to to TO 19499 1767 37 make make VB 19499 1767 38 the the DT 19499 1767 39 art art NN 19499 1767 40 work work NN 19499 1767 41 capable capable JJ 19499 1767 42 of of IN 19499 1767 43 standing stand VBG 19499 1767 44 as as IN 19499 1767 45 a a DT 19499 1767 46 universal universal JJ 19499 1767 47 thing thing NN 19499 1767 48 rather rather RB 19499 1767 49 than than IN 19499 1767 50 as as IN 19499 1767 51 the the DT 19499 1767 52 mere mere JJ 19499 1767 53 temporary temporary JJ 19499 1767 54 expression expression NN 19499 1767 55 of of IN 19499 1767 56 some some DT 19499 1767 57 particular particular JJ 19499 1767 58 composer composer NN 19499 1767 59 or or CC 19499 1767 60 of of IN 19499 1767 61 some some DT 19499 1767 62 period period NN 19499 1767 63 of of IN 19499 1767 64 composition composition NN 19499 1767 65 . . . 19499 1768 1 142 142 CD 19499 1768 2 . . . 19499 1769 1 The the DT 19499 1769 2 common common JJ 19499 1769 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1769 4 school school NN 19499 1769 5 round round NN 19499 1769 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1769 7 is be VBZ 19499 1769 8 an an DT 19499 1769 9 example example NN 19499 1769 10 of of IN 19499 1769 11 canon canon NNP 19499 1769 12 , , , 19499 1769 13 each each DT 19499 1769 14 voice voice NN 19499 1769 15 repeating repeat VBG 19499 1769 16 exactly exactly RB 19499 1769 17 what what WP 19499 1769 18 the the DT 19499 1769 19 first first JJ 19499 1769 20 voice voice NN 19499 1769 21 has have VBZ 19499 1769 22 sung sing VBN 19499 1769 23 , , , 19499 1769 24 while while IN 19499 1769 25 this this DT 19499 1769 26 first first JJ 19499 1769 27 voice voice NN 19499 1769 28 is be VBZ 19499 1769 29 going go VBG 19499 1769 30 on on RP 19499 1769 31 with with IN 19499 1769 32 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1769 33 melody melody NN 19499 1769 34 . . . 19499 1770 1 The the DT 19499 1770 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1770 3 round round NN 19499 1770 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1770 5 is be VBZ 19499 1770 6 therefore therefore RB 19499 1770 7 defined define VBN 19499 1770 8 as as IN 19499 1770 9 a a DT 19499 1770 10 variety variety NN 19499 1770 11 of of IN 19499 1770 12 canon canon NNP 19499 1770 13 in in IN 19499 1770 14 which which WDT 19499 1770 15 the the DT 19499 1770 16 imitation imitation NN 19499 1770 17 is be VBZ 19499 1770 18 always always RB 19499 1770 19 in in IN 19499 1770 20 unison unison NNP 19499 1770 21 with with IN 19499 1770 22 the the DT 19499 1770 23 subject subject NN 19499 1770 24 . . . 19499 1771 1 143 143 CD 19499 1771 2 . . . 19499 1772 1 The the DT 19499 1772 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1772 3 fugue fugue NN 19499 1772 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1772 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1772 6 Latin Latin NNP 19499 1772 7 , , , 19499 1772 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1772 9 fuga fuga NN 19499 1772 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1772 11 = = SYM 19499 1772 12 flight flight NN 19499 1772 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1772 14 is be VBZ 19499 1772 15 a a DT 19499 1772 16 form form NN 19499 1772 17 of of IN 19499 1772 18 contrapuntal contrapuntal JJ 19499 1772 19 composition composition NN 19499 1772 20 in in IN 19499 1772 21 which which WDT 19499 1772 22 the the DT 19499 1772 23 imitation imitation NN 19499 1772 24 is be VBZ 19499 1772 25 always always RB 19499 1772 26 in in IN 19499 1772 27 the the DT 19499 1772 28 dominant dominant JJ 19499 1772 29 key key NN 19499 1772 30 , , , 19499 1772 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1772 32 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1772 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1772 34 , , , 19499 1772 35 a a DT 19499 1772 36 fifth fifth NN 19499 1772 37 above above RB 19499 1772 38 or or CC 19499 1772 39 a a DT 19499 1772 40 fourth fourth JJ 19499 1772 41 below below RB 19499 1772 42 . . . 19499 1773 1 The the DT 19499 1773 2 imitation imitation NN 19499 1773 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1773 4 called call VBN 19499 1773 5 " " `` 19499 1773 6 the the DT 19499 1773 7 answer answer NN 19499 1773 8 " " '' 19499 1773 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1773 10 may may MD 19499 1773 11 be be VB 19499 1773 12 an an DT 19499 1773 13 exact exact JJ 19499 1773 14 repetition repetition NN 19499 1773 15 of of IN 19499 1773 16 the the DT 19499 1773 17 subject subject NN 19499 1773 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1773 19 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1773 20 called call VBN 19499 1773 21 " " `` 19499 1773 22 the the DT 19499 1773 23 question question NN 19499 1773 24 " " '' 19499 1773 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1773 26 , , , 19499 1773 27 but but CC 19499 1773 28 is be VBZ 19499 1773 29 usually usually RB 19499 1773 30 not not RB 19499 1773 31 so so RB 19499 1773 32 . . . 19499 1774 1 The the DT 19499 1774 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1774 3 fugue fugue NN 19499 1774 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1774 5 differs differ VBZ 19499 1774 6 from from IN 19499 1774 7 the the DT 19499 1774 8 canon canon NN 19499 1774 9 also also RB 19499 1774 10 in in IN 19499 1774 11 that that IN 19499 1774 12 the the DT 19499 1774 13 subject subject NN 19499 1774 14 is be VBZ 19499 1774 15 given give VBN 19499 1774 16 in in IN 19499 1774 17 complete complete JJ 19499 1774 18 form form NN 19499 1774 19 before before IN 19499 1774 20 the the DT 19499 1774 21 answer answer NN 19499 1774 22 begins begin VBZ 19499 1774 23 , , , 19499 1774 24 while while IN 19499 1774 25 in in IN 19499 1774 26 the the DT 19499 1774 27 canon canon NN 19499 1774 28 the the DT 19499 1774 29 imitation imitation NN 19499 1774 30 begins begin VBZ 19499 1774 31 while while IN 19499 1774 32 the the DT 19499 1774 33 subject subject NN 19499 1774 34 is be VBZ 19499 1774 35 still still RB 19499 1774 36 going go VBG 19499 1774 37 on on RP 19499 1774 38 . . . 19499 1775 1 The the DT 19499 1775 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1775 3 fugue fugue NN 19499 1775 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1775 5 is be VBZ 19499 1775 6 not not RB 19499 1775 7 nearly nearly RB 19499 1775 8 so so RB 19499 1775 9 strict strict JJ 19499 1775 10 in in IN 19499 1775 11 form form NN 19499 1775 12 as as IN 19499 1775 13 the the DT 19499 1775 14 canon canon NN 19499 1775 15 and and CC 19499 1775 16 gives give VBZ 19499 1775 17 the the DT 19499 1775 18 composer composer NN 19499 1775 19 much much RB 19499 1775 20 greater great JJR 19499 1775 21 opportunity opportunity NN 19499 1775 22 for for IN 19499 1775 23 expressing express VBG 19499 1775 24 musical musical JJ 19499 1775 25 ideas idea NNS 19499 1775 26 . . . 19499 1776 1 A a DT 19499 1776 2 canon canon NN 19499 1776 3 may may MD 19499 1776 4 be be VB 19499 1776 5 perfect perfect JJ 19499 1776 6 in in IN 19499 1776 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1776 8 form form NN 19499 1776 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1776 10 and and CC 19499 1776 11 yet yet RB 19499 1776 12 be be VB 19499 1776 13 very very RB 19499 1776 14 poor poor JJ 19499 1776 15 music music NN 19499 1776 16 ; ; : 19499 1776 17 this this DT 19499 1776 18 same same JJ 19499 1776 19 statement statement NN 19499 1776 20 might may MD 19499 1776 21 of of IN 19499 1776 22 course course NN 19499 1776 23 be be VB 19499 1776 24 made make VBN 19499 1776 25 about about IN 19499 1776 26 any any DT 19499 1776 27 form form NN 19499 1776 28 , , , 19499 1776 29 but but CC 19499 1776 30 is be VBZ 19499 1776 31 especially especially RB 19499 1776 32 true true JJ 19499 1776 33 in in IN 19499 1776 34 the the DT 19499 1776 35 stricter strict JJR 19499 1776 36 ones one NNS 19499 1776 37 . . . 19499 1777 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 1777 2 XV XV NNP 19499 1777 3 TERMS term NNS 19499 1777 4 RELATING relate VBG 19499 1777 5 TO to IN 19499 1777 6 FORMS form NNS 19499 1777 7 AND and CC 19499 1777 8 STYLES style NNS 19499 1777 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1777 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1777 11 Continued Continued NNP 19499 1777 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1777 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1777 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1777 15 Sections section NNS 19499 1777 16 144 144 CD 19499 1777 17 to to TO 19499 1777 18 160 160 CD 19499 1777 19 relate relate VB 19499 1777 20 particularly particularly RB 19499 1777 21 to to IN 19499 1777 22 terms term NNS 19499 1777 23 used use VBN 19499 1777 24 in in IN 19499 1777 25 descriptions description NNS 19499 1777 26 of of IN 19499 1777 27 _ _ NNP 19499 1777 28 monophonic monophonic NN 19499 1777 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1777 30 music[33 music[33 NNP 19499 1777 31 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1777 32 . . . 19499 1777 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1778 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1778 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1778 3 33 33 CD 19499 1778 4 : : : 19499 1778 5 There there EX 19499 1778 6 is be VBZ 19499 1778 7 a a DT 19499 1778 8 very very RB 19499 1778 9 pronounced pronounced JJ 19499 1778 10 disagreement disagreement NN 19499 1778 11 among among IN 19499 1778 12 theorists theorist NNS 19499 1778 13 as as IN 19499 1778 14 to to IN 19499 1778 15 what what WDT 19499 1778 16 terms term NNS 19499 1778 17 are be VBP 19499 1778 18 to to TO 19499 1778 19 be be VB 19499 1778 20 used use VBN 19499 1778 21 in in IN 19499 1778 22 referring refer VBG 19499 1778 23 to to IN 19499 1778 24 certain certain JJ 19499 1778 25 forms form NNS 19499 1778 26 and and CC 19499 1778 27 parts part NNS 19499 1778 28 of of IN 19499 1778 29 forms form NNS 19499 1778 30 and and CC 19499 1778 31 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1778 32 seems seem VBZ 19499 1778 33 impossible impossible JJ 19499 1778 34 to to TO 19499 1778 35 make make VB 19499 1778 36 a a DT 19499 1778 37 compromise compromise NN 19499 1778 38 that that WDT 19499 1778 39 will will MD 19499 1778 40 satisfy satisfy VB 19499 1778 41 even even RB 19499 1778 42 a a DT 19499 1778 43 reasonable reasonable JJ 19499 1778 44 number number NN 19499 1778 45 . . . 19499 1779 1 In in IN 19499 1779 2 order order NN 19499 1779 3 to to TO 19499 1779 4 make make VB 19499 1779 5 the the DT 19499 1779 6 material material NN 19499 1779 7 in in IN 19499 1779 8 this this DT 19499 1779 9 chapter chapter NN 19499 1779 10 consistent consistent JJ 19499 1779 11 with with IN 19499 1779 12 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 1779 13 therefore therefore RB 19499 1779 14 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1779 15 has have VBZ 19499 1779 16 been be VBN 19499 1779 17 thought think VBN 19499 1779 18 best well RBS 19499 1779 19 by by IN 19499 1779 20 the the DT 19499 1779 21 author author NN 19499 1779 22 to to TO 19499 1779 23 follow follow VB 19499 1779 24 the the DT 19499 1779 25 terminology terminology NN 19499 1779 26 of of IN 19499 1779 27 some some DT 19499 1779 28 single single JJ 19499 1779 29 recognized recognize VBN 19499 1779 30 work work NN 19499 1779 31 on on IN 19499 1779 32 form form NN 19499 1779 33 , , , 19499 1779 34 and and CC 19499 1779 35 the the DT 19499 1779 36 general general JJ 19499 1779 37 plan plan NN 19499 1779 38 of of IN 19499 1779 39 monophonic monophonic NN 19499 1779 40 form form NN 19499 1779 41 here here RB 19499 1779 42 given give VBN 19499 1779 43 is be VBZ 19499 1779 44 therefore therefore RB 19499 1779 45 that that DT 19499 1779 46 of of IN 19499 1779 47 the the DT 19499 1779 48 volume volume NN 19499 1779 49 called call VBN 19499 1779 50 _ _ NNP 19499 1779 51 Musical Musical NNP 19499 1779 52 Form Form NNP 19499 1779 53 _ _ NNP 19499 1779 54 , , , 19499 1779 55 by by IN 19499 1779 56 Bussler Bussler NNP 19499 1779 57 - - HYPH 19499 1779 58 Cornell Cornell NNP 19499 1779 59 . . . 19499 1779 60 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1780 1 144 144 CD 19499 1780 2 . . . 19499 1781 1 A a DT 19499 1781 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1781 3 phrase phrase NN 19499 1781 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1781 5 is be VBZ 19499 1781 6 a a DT 19499 1781 7 short short JJ 19499 1781 8 musical musical JJ 19499 1781 9 thought thought NN 19499 1781 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1781 11 at at RB 19499 1781 12 least least RBS 19499 1781 13 two two CD 19499 1781 14 measures measure NNS 19499 1781 15 in in IN 19499 1781 16 length length NN 19499 1781 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1781 18 closing close VBG 19499 1781 19 with with IN 19499 1781 20 either either CC 19499 1781 21 a a DT 19499 1781 22 complete complete JJ 19499 1781 23 or or CC 19499 1781 24 an an DT 19499 1781 25 incomplete incomplete JJ 19499 1781 26 cadence cadence NN 19499 1781 27 . . . 19499 1782 1 The the DT 19499 1782 2 typical typical JJ 19499 1782 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1782 4 phrase phrase NN 19499 1782 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1782 6 is be VBZ 19499 1782 7 four four CD 19499 1782 8 measures measure NNS 19499 1782 9 long long RB 19499 1782 10 . . . 19499 1783 1 The the DT 19499 1783 2 two two CD 19499 1783 3 - - HYPH 19499 1783 4 measure measure NN 19499 1783 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1783 6 phrase phrase NN 19499 1783 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1783 8 is be VBZ 19499 1783 9 often often RB 19499 1783 10 called call VBN 19499 1783 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1783 12 section section NN 19499 1783 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1783 14 . . . 19499 1784 1 The the DT 19499 1784 2 word word NN 19499 1784 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1784 4 phrase phrase NN 19499 1784 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1784 6 as as IN 19499 1784 7 used use VBN 19499 1784 8 in in IN 19499 1784 9 music music NN 19499 1784 10 terminology terminology NN 19499 1784 11 corresponds correspond VBZ 19499 1784 12 with with IN 19499 1784 13 the the DT 19499 1784 14 same same JJ 19499 1784 15 word word NN 19499 1784 16 as as IN 19499 1784 17 used use VBN 19499 1784 18 in in IN 19499 1784 19 language language NN 19499 1784 20 study study NN 19499 1784 21 . . . 19499 1785 1 145 145 CD 19499 1785 2 . . . 19499 1786 1 A a DT 19499 1786 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1786 3 period period NN 19499 1786 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1786 5 is be VBZ 19499 1786 6 a a DT 19499 1786 7 little little JJ 19499 1786 8 piece piece NN 19499 1786 9 of of IN 19499 1786 10 music music NN 19499 1786 11 typically typically RB 19499 1786 12 eight eight CD 19499 1786 13 measures measure NNS 19499 1786 14 long long JJ 19499 1786 15 , , , 19499 1786 16 either either CC 19499 1786 17 complete complete JJ 19499 1786 18 in in IN 19499 1786 19 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 1786 20 or or CC 19499 1786 21 forming form VBG 19499 1786 22 one one CD 19499 1786 23 of of IN 19499 1786 24 the the DT 19499 1786 25 clearly clearly RB 19499 1786 26 defined define VBN 19499 1786 27 divisions division NNS 19499 1786 28 of of IN 19499 1786 29 a a DT 19499 1786 30 larger large JJR 19499 1786 31 form form NN 19499 1786 32 . . . 19499 1787 1 The the DT 19499 1787 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1787 3 period period NN 19499 1787 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1787 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1787 6 when when WRB 19499 1787 7 complete complete JJ 19499 1787 8 in in IN 19499 1787 9 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 1787 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1787 11 is be VBZ 19499 1787 12 the the DT 19499 1787 13 smallest small JJS 19499 1787 14 monophonic monophonic JJ 19499 1787 15 form form NN 19499 1787 16 . . . 19499 1788 1 The the DT 19499 1788 2 essential essential JJ 19499 1788 3 characteristic characteristic NN 19499 1788 4 of of IN 19499 1788 5 the the DT 19499 1788 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 7 regular regular JJ 19499 1788 8 period period NN 19499 1788 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 10 is be VBZ 19499 1788 11 the the DT 19499 1788 12 fact fact NN 19499 1788 13 that that IN 19499 1788 14 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1788 15 usually usually RB 19499 1788 16 consists consist VBZ 19499 1788 17 of of IN 19499 1788 18 two two CD 19499 1788 19 balanced balanced JJ 19499 1788 20 phrases phrase NNS 19499 1788 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1788 22 often often RB 19499 1788 23 called call VBN 19499 1788 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 25 antecedent antecedent NN 19499 1788 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 27 and and CC 19499 1788 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 29 consequent consequent NN 19499 1788 30 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 31 or or CC 19499 1788 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 33 thesis thesis NN 19499 1788 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 35 and and CC 19499 1788 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 37 antithesis antithesis NN 19499 1788 38 _ _ NNP 19499 1788 39 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1788 40 , , , 19499 1788 41 the the DT 19499 1788 42 first first JJ 19499 1788 43 phrase phrase NN 19499 1788 44 giving give VBG 19499 1788 45 rise rise NN 19499 1788 46 to to IN 19499 1788 47 the the DT 19499 1788 48 feeling feeling NN 19499 1788 49 of of IN 19499 1788 50 incompleteness incompleteness NN 19499 1788 51 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1788 52 by by IN 19499 1788 53 means mean NNS 19499 1788 54 of of IN 19499 1788 55 a a DT 19499 1788 56 cadence cadence NN 19499 1788 57 in in IN 19499 1788 58 another another DT 19499 1788 59 key key JJ 19499 1788 60 , , , 19499 1788 61 deceptive deceptive JJ 19499 1788 62 cadence cadence NN 19499 1788 63 , , , 19499 1788 64 etc etc FW 19499 1788 65 . . FW 19499 1788 66 , , , 19499 1788 67 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1788 68 the the DT 19499 1788 69 second second JJ 19499 1788 70 phrase phrase NN 19499 1788 71 giving give VBG 19499 1788 72 the the DT 19499 1788 73 effect effect NN 19499 1788 74 of of IN 19499 1788 75 completeness completeness NN 19499 1788 76 by by IN 19499 1788 77 means mean NNS 19499 1788 78 of of IN 19499 1788 79 a a DT 19499 1788 80 definite definite JJ 19499 1788 81 cadence cadence NN 19499 1788 82 at at IN 19499 1788 83 the the DT 19499 1788 84 close close NN 19499 1788 85 . . . 19499 1789 1 The the DT 19499 1789 2 second second JJ 19499 1789 3 half half NN 19499 1789 4 of of IN 19499 1789 5 the the DT 19499 1789 6 period period NN 19499 1789 7 is be VBZ 19499 1789 8 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1789 9 a a DT 19499 1789 10 literal literal JJ 19499 1789 11 repetition repetition NN 19499 1789 12 of of IN 19499 1789 13 the the DT 19499 1789 14 first first JJ 19499 1789 15 half half NN 19499 1789 16 , , , 19499 1789 17 in in IN 19499 1789 18 all all DT 19499 1789 19 respects respect NNS 19499 1789 20 except except IN 19499 1789 21 the the DT 19499 1789 22 cadence cadence NN 19499 1789 23 , , , 19499 1789 24 but but CC 19499 1789 25 in in IN 19499 1789 26 many many JJ 19499 1789 27 cases case NNS 19499 1789 28 too too RB 19499 1789 29 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1789 30 is be VBZ 19499 1789 31 a a DT 19499 1789 32 repetition repetition NN 19499 1789 33 of of IN 19499 1789 34 only only RB 19499 1789 35 one one CD 19499 1789 36 of of IN 19499 1789 37 the the DT 19499 1789 38 elements element NNS 19499 1789 39 -- -- : 19499 1789 40 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1789 41 , , , 19499 1789 42 intervals interval NNS 19499 1789 43 , , , 19499 1789 44 or or CC 19499 1789 45 general general JJ 19499 1789 46 outline outline NN 19499 1789 47 . . . 19499 1790 1 Figs fig NNS 19499 1790 2 . . . 19499 1791 1 58 58 CD 19499 1791 2 and and CC 19499 1791 3 59 59 CD 19499 1791 4 show show NN 19499 1791 5 examples example NNS 19499 1791 6 of of IN 19499 1791 7 both both DT 19499 1791 8 types type NNS 19499 1791 9 . . . 19499 1792 1 The the DT 19499 1792 2 principle principle NN 19499 1792 3 almost almost RB 19499 1792 4 invariably invariably RB 19499 1792 5 holds hold VBZ 19499 1792 6 that that IN 19499 1792 7 the the DT 19499 1792 8 simpler simple JJR 19499 1792 9 the the DT 19499 1792 10 music music NN 19499 1792 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1792 12 cf cf NN 19499 1792 13 . . . 19499 1793 1 folk folk NN 19499 1793 2 - - HYPH 19499 1793 3 tunes tune NNS 19499 1793 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1793 5 the the DT 19499 1793 6 more more RBR 19499 1793 7 obvious obvious JJ 19499 1793 8 the the DT 19499 1793 9 form form NN 19499 1793 10 of of IN 19499 1793 11 the the DT 19499 1793 12 period period NN 19499 1793 13 , , , 19499 1793 14 while while IN 19499 1793 15 the the DT 19499 1793 16 more more RBR 19499 1793 17 complex complex JJ 19499 1793 18 the the DT 19499 1793 19 music music NN 19499 1793 20 , , , 19499 1793 21 the the DT 19499 1793 22 less less RBR 19499 1793 23 regular regular JJ 19499 1793 24 the the DT 19499 1793 25 period period NN 19499 1793 26 . . . 19499 1794 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1794 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1794 3 : : : 19499 1794 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1794 5 . . . 19499 1795 1 58 58 CD 19499 1795 2 . . . 19499 1796 1 MOZART MOZART NNP 19499 1796 2 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1796 3 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1796 4 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1796 5 : : : 19499 1796 6 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1796 7 . . . 19499 1797 1 59 59 CD 19499 1797 2 . . . 19499 1798 1 SCHUBERT SCHUBERT NNP 19499 1798 2 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1798 3 146 146 CD 19499 1798 4 . . . 19499 1799 1 The the DT 19499 1799 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1799 3 primary primary JJ 19499 1799 4 forms form NNS 19499 1799 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1799 6 are be VBP 19499 1799 7 built build VBN 19499 1799 8 up up RP 19499 1799 9 by by IN 19499 1799 10 combining combine VBG 19499 1799 11 two two CD 19499 1799 12 or or CC 19499 1799 13 more more JJR 19499 1799 14 periods period NNS 19499 1799 15 . . . 19499 1800 1 The the DT 19499 1800 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1800 3 small small JJ 19499 1800 4 two two CD 19499 1800 5 - - HYPH 19499 1800 6 part part NN 19499 1800 7 primary primary JJ 19499 1800 8 form form NN 19499 1800 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1800 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1800 11 often often RB 19499 1800 12 called call VBN 19499 1800 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1800 14 song song NN 19499 1800 15 - - HYPH 19499 1800 16 form form NN 19499 1800 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1800 18 or or CC 19499 1800 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1800 20 Lied Lied NNP 19499 1800 21 - - HYPH 19499 1800 22 form form NN 19499 1800 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1800 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1800 25 consists consist VBZ 19499 1800 26 of of IN 19499 1800 27 two two CD 19499 1800 28 periods period NNS 19499 1800 29 so so RB 19499 1800 30 placed place VBD 19499 1800 31 that that IN 19499 1800 32 the the DT 19499 1800 33 second second JJ 19499 1800 34 constitutes constitute VBZ 19499 1800 35 a a DT 19499 1800 36 consequent consequent NN 19499 1800 37 or or CC 19499 1800 38 antithesis antithesis NN 19499 1800 39 to to IN 19499 1800 40 the the DT 19499 1800 41 first first JJ 19499 1800 42 . . . 19499 1801 1 The the DT 19499 1801 2 second second JJ 19499 1801 3 half half NN 19499 1801 4 of of IN 19499 1801 5 this this DT 19499 1801 6 second second JJ 19499 1801 7 period period NN 19499 1801 8 is be VBZ 19499 1801 9 often often RB 19499 1801 10 exactly exactly RB 19499 1801 11 the the DT 19499 1801 12 same same JJ 19499 1801 13 as as IN 19499 1801 14 the the DT 19499 1801 15 second second JJ 19499 1801 16 half half NN 19499 1801 17 of of IN 19499 1801 18 the the DT 19499 1801 19 first first JJ 19499 1801 20 period period NN 19499 1801 21 , , , 19499 1801 22 thus thus RB 19499 1801 23 binding bind VBG 19499 1801 24 the the DT 19499 1801 25 two two CD 19499 1801 26 periods period NNS 19499 1801 27 together together RB 19499 1801 28 into into IN 19499 1801 29 absolute absolute JJ 19499 1801 30 unity unity NN 19499 1801 31 . . . 19499 1802 1 The the DT 19499 1802 2 theme theme NN 19499 1802 3 of of IN 19499 1802 4 the the DT 19499 1802 5 choral choral JJ 19499 1802 6 movement movement NN 19499 1802 7 of of IN 19499 1802 8 the the DT 19499 1802 9 Ninth Ninth NNP 19499 1802 10 Symphony Symphony NNP 19499 1802 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1802 12 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1802 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1802 14 quoted quote VBN 19499 1802 15 below below RB 19499 1802 16 is be VBZ 19499 1802 17 a a DT 19499 1802 18 perfect perfect JJ 19499 1802 19 example example NN 19499 1802 20 of of IN 19499 1802 21 this this DT 19499 1802 22 form form NN 19499 1802 23 . . . 19499 1803 1 Other other JJ 19499 1803 2 examples example NNS 19499 1803 3 are be VBP 19499 1803 4 " " `` 19499 1803 5 Drink drink VB 19499 1803 6 to to IN 19499 1803 7 Me -PRON- PRP 19499 1803 8 Only only RB 19499 1803 9 With with IN 19499 1803 10 Thine Thine NNP 19499 1803 11 Eyes Eyes NNPS 19499 1803 12 , , , 19499 1803 13 " " '' 19499 1803 14 and and CC 19499 1803 15 " " `` 19499 1803 16 The the DT 19499 1803 17 Last last JJ 19499 1803 18 Rose Rose NNP 19499 1803 19 of of IN 19499 1803 20 Summer Summer NNP 19499 1803 21 . . . 19499 1803 22 " " '' 19499 1804 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1804 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1804 3 : : : 19499 1804 4 BEETHOVEN beethoven NN 19499 1804 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1804 6 The the DT 19499 1804 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1804 8 small small JJ 19499 1804 9 three three CD 19499 1804 10 - - HYPH 19499 1804 11 part part NN 19499 1804 12 primary primary JJ 19499 1804 13 form form NN 19499 1804 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1804 15 is be VBZ 19499 1804 16 like like IN 19499 1804 17 the the DT 19499 1804 18 two two CD 19499 1804 19 - - HYPH 19499 1804 20 part part NN 19499 1804 21 primary primary JJ 19499 1804 22 form form NN 19499 1804 23 except except IN 19499 1804 24 that that IN 19499 1804 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1804 26 has have VBZ 19499 1804 27 a a DT 19499 1804 28 section section NN 19499 1804 29 of of IN 19499 1804 30 contrasting contrast VBG 19499 1804 31 material material NN 19499 1804 32 interpolated interpolate VBN 19499 1804 33 between between IN 19499 1804 34 the the DT 19499 1804 35 two two CD 19499 1804 36 periods period NNS 19499 1804 37 . . . 19499 1805 1 This this DT 19499 1805 2 middle middle JJ 19499 1805 3 part part NN 19499 1805 4 is be VBZ 19499 1805 5 usually usually RB 19499 1805 6 an an DT 19499 1805 7 eight eight CD 19499 1805 8 - - HYPH 19499 1805 9 measure measure NN 19499 1805 10 phrase phrase NN 19499 1805 11 . . . 19499 1806 1 The the DT 19499 1806 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1806 3 large large JJ 19499 1806 4 two- two- NN 19499 1806 5 and and CC 19499 1806 6 three three CD 19499 1806 7 - - HYPH 19499 1806 8 part part NN 19499 1806 9 primary primary JJ 19499 1806 10 forms form NNS 19499 1806 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1806 12 usually usually RB 19499 1806 13 have have VBP 19499 1806 14 sixteen sixteen CD 19499 1806 15 - - HYPH 19499 1806 16 measure measure NN 19499 1806 17 periods period NNS 19499 1806 18 instead instead RB 19499 1806 19 of of IN 19499 1806 20 eight eight CD 19499 1806 21 - - HYPH 19499 1806 22 measure measure NN 19499 1806 23 ones one NNS 19499 1806 24 , , , 19499 1806 25 but but CC 19499 1806 26 are be VBP 19499 1806 27 otherwise otherwise RB 19499 1806 28 similar similar JJ 19499 1806 29 in in IN 19499 1806 30 construction construction NN 19499 1806 31 . . . 19499 1807 1 These these DT 19499 1807 2 various various JJ 19499 1807 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 4 primary primary JJ 19499 1807 5 forms form NNS 19499 1807 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 7 are be VBP 19499 1807 8 used use VBN 19499 1807 9 in in IN 19499 1807 10 constructing construct VBG 19499 1807 11 many many JJ 19499 1807 12 varieties variety NNS 19499 1807 13 of of IN 19499 1807 14 compositions composition NNS 19499 1807 15 , , , 19499 1807 16 among among IN 19499 1807 17 them -PRON- PRP 19499 1807 18 the the DT 19499 1807 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 20 theme theme NN 19499 1807 21 and and CC 19499 1807 22 variations variation NNS 19499 1807 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 24 , , , 19499 1807 25 the the DT 19499 1807 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 27 polka polka NNP 19499 1807 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 29 , , , 19499 1807 30 the the DT 19499 1807 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 32 waltz waltz NN 19499 1807 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 34 , , , 19499 1807 35 the the DT 19499 1807 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 37 march march NNP 19499 1807 38 _ _ NNP 19499 1807 39 , , , 19499 1807 40 etc etc FW 19499 1807 41 . . FW 19499 1807 42 , , , 19499 1807 43 as as RB 19499 1807 44 well well RB 19499 1807 45 as as IN 19499 1807 46 most most JJS 19499 1807 47 of of IN 19499 1807 48 the the DT 19499 1807 49 shorter short JJR 19499 1807 50 movements movement NNS 19499 1807 51 in in IN 19499 1807 52 sonatas sonata NNS 19499 1807 53 , , , 19499 1807 54 quartets quartet NNS 19499 1807 55 , , , 19499 1807 56 etc etc FW 19499 1807 57 . . . 19499 1808 1 They -PRON- PRP 19499 1808 2 are be VBP 19499 1808 3 used use VBN 19499 1808 4 in in IN 19499 1808 5 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1808 6 music music NN 19499 1808 7 also also RB 19499 1808 8 , , , 19499 1808 9 but but CC 19499 1808 10 are be VBP 19499 1808 11 less less RBR 19499 1808 12 apt apt JJ 19499 1808 13 to to TO 19499 1808 14 be be VB 19499 1808 15 regular regular JJ 19499 1808 16 here here RB 19499 1808 17 because because IN 19499 1808 18 the the DT 19499 1808 19 form form NN 19499 1808 20 of of IN 19499 1808 21 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1808 22 music music NN 19499 1808 23 is be VBZ 19499 1808 24 largely largely RB 19499 1808 25 dependent dependent JJ 19499 1808 26 upon upon IN 19499 1808 27 the the DT 19499 1808 28 structure structure NN 19499 1808 29 of of IN 19499 1808 30 the the DT 19499 1808 31 text text NN 19499 1808 32 . . . 19499 1809 1 147 147 CD 19499 1809 2 . . . 19499 1810 1 A a DT 19499 1810 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1810 3 theme theme NN 19499 1810 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1810 5 is be VBZ 19499 1810 6 a a DT 19499 1810 7 fragment fragment NN 19499 1810 8 of of IN 19499 1810 9 melody melody NN 19499 1810 10 used use VBN 19499 1810 11 as as IN 19499 1810 12 the the DT 19499 1810 13 subject subject NN 19499 1810 14 of of IN 19499 1810 15 a a DT 19499 1810 16 fugue fugue NN 19499 1810 17 , , , 19499 1810 18 as as IN 19499 1810 19 the the DT 19499 1810 20 basis basis NN 19499 1810 21 of of IN 19499 1810 22 the the DT 19499 1810 23 development development NN 19499 1810 24 section section NN 19499 1810 25 in in IN 19499 1810 26 " " `` 19499 1810 27 sonata sonata NN 19499 1810 28 form form NN 19499 1810 29 , , , 19499 1810 30 " " '' 19499 1810 31 etc etc FW 19499 1810 32 . . . 19499 1811 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1811 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1811 3 is be VBZ 19499 1811 4 a a DT 19499 1811 5 complete complete JJ 19499 1811 6 tune tune NN 19499 1811 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1811 8 often often RB 19499 1811 9 in in IN 19499 1811 10 period period NN 19499 1811 11 form form NN 19499 1811 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1811 13 , , , 19499 1811 14 on on IN 19499 1811 15 which which WDT 19499 1811 16 variations variation NNS 19499 1811 17 are be VBP 19499 1811 18 made make VBN 19499 1811 19 , , , 19499 1811 20 as as IN 19499 1811 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1811 22 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1811 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1811 24 , , , 19499 1811 25 in in IN 19499 1811 26 the the DT 19499 1811 27 familiar familiar JJ 19499 1811 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1811 29 theme theme NN 19499 1811 30 and and CC 19499 1811 31 variations variation NNS 19499 1811 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1811 33 . . . 19499 1812 1 148 148 CD 19499 1812 2 . . . 19499 1813 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1813 2 Thematic thematic JJ 19499 1813 3 development development NN 19499 1813 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1813 5 consists consist VBZ 19499 1813 6 in in IN 19499 1813 7 taking take VBG 19499 1813 8 a a DT 19499 1813 9 short short JJ 19499 1813 10 theme theme NN 19499 1813 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1813 12 or or CC 19499 1813 13 several several JJ 19499 1813 14 short short JJ 19499 1813 15 themes theme NNS 19499 1813 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1813 17 and and CC 19499 1813 18 by by IN 19499 1813 19 means mean NNS 19499 1813 20 of of IN 19499 1813 21 transposition transposition NN 19499 1813 22 , , , 19499 1813 23 interval interval NN 19499 1813 24 expansion expansion NN 19499 1813 25 and and CC 19499 1813 26 contraction contraction NN 19499 1813 27 , , , 19499 1813 28 rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 1813 29 augmentation augmentation NN 19499 1813 30 and and CC 19499 1813 31 diminution diminution NN 19499 1813 32 , , , 19499 1813 33 inversion inversion NN 19499 1813 34 , , , 19499 1813 35 tonality tonality NN 19499 1813 36 changes change NNS 19499 1813 37 , , , 19499 1813 38 etc etc FW 19499 1813 39 . . FW 19499 1813 40 , , , 19499 1813 41 building build VBG 19499 1813 42 out out IN 19499 1813 43 of of IN 19499 1813 44 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1813 45 a a DT 19499 1813 46 lengthy lengthy JJ 19499 1813 47 composition composition NN 19499 1813 48 or or CC 19499 1813 49 section section NN 19499 1813 50 of of IN 19499 1813 51 a a DT 19499 1813 52 composition composition NN 19499 1813 53 . . . 19499 1814 1 Fig fig NN 19499 1814 2 . . . 19499 1815 1 60 60 CD 19499 1815 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 3 b b NNP 19499 1815 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 5 , , , 19499 1815 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 7 c c NNP 19499 1815 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 9 , , , 19499 1815 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 11 d d NNP 19499 1815 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 13 , , , 19499 1815 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 15 e e NNP 19499 1815 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 17 , , , 19499 1815 18 and and CC 19499 1815 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 20 f f NNP 19499 1815 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1815 22 show show VB 19499 1815 23 how how WRB 19499 1815 24 the the DT 19499 1815 25 theme theme NN 19499 1815 26 given give VBN 19499 1815 27 in in IN 19499 1815 28 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1815 29 . . . 19499 1816 1 60 60 CD 19499 1816 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1816 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1816 4 a a DT 19499 1816 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1816 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1816 7 may may MD 19499 1816 8 be be VB 19499 1816 9 varied vary VBN 19499 1816 10 in in IN 19499 1816 11 a a DT 19499 1816 12 few few JJ 19499 1816 13 of of IN 19499 1816 14 these these DT 19499 1816 15 ways way NNS 19499 1816 16 . . . 19499 1817 1 There there EX 19499 1817 2 are be VBP 19499 1817 3 hundreds hundred NNS 19499 1817 4 of of IN 19499 1817 5 other other JJ 19499 1817 6 fashions fashion NNS 19499 1817 7 in in IN 19499 1817 8 which which WDT 19499 1817 9 this this DT 19499 1817 10 same same JJ 19499 1817 11 theme theme NN 19499 1817 12 might may MD 19499 1817 13 be be VB 19499 1817 14 varied varied JJ 19499 1817 15 without without IN 19499 1817 16 destroying destroy VBG 19499 1817 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1817 18 identity identity NN 19499 1817 19 . . . 19499 1818 1 For for IN 19499 1818 2 other other JJ 19499 1818 3 examples example NNS 19499 1818 4 of of IN 19499 1818 5 thematic thematic JJ 19499 1818 6 development development NN 19499 1818 7 see see VBP 19499 1818 8 the the DT 19499 1818 9 development development NN 19499 1818 10 section section NN 19499 1818 11 of of IN 19499 1818 12 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 1818 13 Op Op NNP 19499 1818 14 . . . 19499 1819 1 31 31 CD 19499 1819 2 , , , 19499 1819 3 No no UH 19499 1819 4 . . . 19499 1820 1 3 3 LS 19499 1820 2 , , , 19499 1820 3 as as IN 19499 1820 4 analyzed analyze VBN 19499 1820 5 in in IN 19499 1820 6 Appendix Appendix NNP 19499 1820 7 E. E. NNP 19499 1820 8 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1820 9 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 1820 10 's 's POS 19499 1820 11 Note note NN 19499 1820 12 : : : 19499 1820 13 Corrected correct VBN 19499 1820 14 error error NN 19499 1820 15 " " `` 19499 1820 16 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1820 17 . . . 19499 1821 1 3 3 LS 19499 1821 2 " " `` 19499 1821 3 in in IN 19499 1821 4 original original JJ 19499 1821 5 . . . 19499 1821 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1822 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1822 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1822 3 : : : 19499 1822 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 1822 5 . . . 19499 1823 1 60 60 CD 19499 1823 2 . . . 19499 1823 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1824 1 For for IN 19499 1824 2 further further JJ 19499 1824 3 illustrations illustration NNS 19499 1824 4 of of IN 19499 1824 5 development development NN 19499 1824 6 in in IN 19499 1824 7 the the DT 19499 1824 8 case case NN 19499 1824 9 of of IN 19499 1824 10 this this DT 19499 1824 11 same same JJ 19499 1824 12 theme theme NN 19499 1824 13 , , , 19499 1824 14 see see VB 19499 1824 15 -- -- : 19499 1824 16 Christiani Christiani NNP 19499 1824 17 -- -- : 19499 1824 18 The the DT 19499 1824 19 Principles Principles NNPS 19499 1824 20 of of IN 19499 1824 21 Expression Expression NNP 19499 1824 22 in in IN 19499 1824 23 Pianoforte Pianoforte NNP 19499 1824 24 playing playing NN 19499 1824 25 , , , 19499 1824 26 p. p. NN 19499 1824 27 144 144 CD 19499 1824 28 , , , 19499 1824 29 ff ff NNP 19499 1824 30 . . . 19499 1825 1 from from IN 19499 1825 2 which which WDT 19499 1825 3 the the DT 19499 1825 4 foregoing forego VBG 19499 1825 5 themes theme NNS 19499 1825 6 have have VBP 19499 1825 7 been be VBN 19499 1825 8 adapted adapt VBN 19499 1825 9 . . . 19499 1826 1 149 149 CD 19499 1826 2 . . . 19499 1827 1 A a DT 19499 1827 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1827 3 rondo rondo NN 19499 1827 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1827 5 is be VBZ 19499 1827 6 an an DT 19499 1827 7 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1827 8 composition composition NN 19499 1827 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1827 10 in in IN 19499 1827 11 homophonic homophonic JJ 19499 1827 12 style style NN 19499 1827 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1827 14 in in IN 19499 1827 15 which which WDT 19499 1827 16 a a DT 19499 1827 17 certain certain JJ 19499 1827 18 theme theme NN 19499 1827 19 appears appear VBZ 19499 1827 20 several several JJ 19499 1827 21 times time NNS 19499 1827 22 almost almost RB 19499 1827 23 always always RB 19499 1827 24 in in IN 19499 1827 25 the the DT 19499 1827 26 same same JJ 19499 1827 27 form form NN 19499 1827 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1827 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1827 30 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1827 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1827 32 , , , 19499 1827 33 not not RB 19499 1827 34 thematically thematically RB 19499 1827 35 varied varied JJ 19499 1827 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1827 37 , , , 19499 1827 38 the the DT 19499 1827 39 repetitions repetition NNS 19499 1827 40 of of IN 19499 1827 41 this this DT 19499 1827 42 theme theme NN 19499 1827 43 being be VBG 19499 1827 44 separated separate VBN 19499 1827 45 by by IN 19499 1827 46 contrasting contrast VBG 19499 1827 47 material material NN 19499 1827 48 . . . 19499 1828 1 The the DT 19499 1828 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1828 3 rondo rondo NNP 19499 1828 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1828 5 is be VBZ 19499 1828 6 the the DT 19499 1828 7 oldest old JJS 19499 1828 8 of of IN 19499 1828 9 the the DT 19499 1828 10 larger large JJR 19499 1828 11 monophonic monophonic JJ 19499 1828 12 forms form NNS 19499 1828 13 and and CC 19499 1828 14 has have VBZ 19499 1828 15 been be VBN 19499 1828 16 used use VBN 19499 1828 17 in in IN 19499 1828 18 many many JJ 19499 1828 19 different different JJ 19499 1828 20 ways way NNS 19499 1828 21 , , , 19499 1828 22 but but CC 19499 1828 23 perhaps perhaps RB 19499 1828 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1828 25 most most RBS 19499 1828 26 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 1828 27 construction construction NN 19499 1828 28 is be VBZ 19499 1828 29 as as IN 19499 1828 30 follows follow VBZ 19499 1828 31 : : : 19499 1828 32 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1828 33 1 1 LS 19499 1828 34 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1828 35 Principal principal JJ 19499 1828 36 subject subject NN 19499 1828 37 ; ; : 19499 1828 38 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1828 39 2 2 LS 19499 1828 40 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1828 41 second second JJ 19499 1828 42 subject subject NN 19499 1828 43 in in IN 19499 1828 44 dominant dominant JJ 19499 1828 45 key key NN 19499 1828 46 ; ; : 19499 1828 47 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1828 48 3 3 LS 19499 1828 49 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1828 50 principal principal JJ 19499 1828 51 subject subject NN 19499 1828 52 ; ; : 19499 1828 53 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1828 54 4 4 LS 19499 1828 55 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1828 56 third third JJ 19499 1828 57 subject subject NN 19499 1828 58 ; ; : 19499 1828 59 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1828 60 5 5 LS 19499 1828 61 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1828 62 first first RB 19499 1828 63 subject subject NN 19499 1828 64 again again RB 19499 1828 65 ; ; , 19499 1828 66 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1828 67 6 6 LS 19499 1828 68 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1828 69 second second JJ 19499 1828 70 subject subject NN 19499 1828 71 , , , 19499 1828 72 in in IN 19499 1828 73 _ _ NNP 19499 1828 74 tonic tonic NN 19499 1828 75 key key NN 19499 1828 76 _ _ NNP 19499 1828 77 ; ; : 19499 1828 78 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1828 79 7 7 LS 19499 1828 80 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1828 81 coda coda NNS 19499 1828 82 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1828 83 or or CC 19499 1828 84 ending end VBG 19499 1828 85 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1828 86 . . . 19499 1829 1 The the DT 19499 1829 2 student student NN 19499 1829 3 should should MD 19499 1829 4 note note VB 19499 1829 5 particularly particularly RB 19499 1829 6 the the DT 19499 1829 7 problem problem NN 19499 1829 8 of of IN 19499 1829 9 repetition repetition NN 19499 1829 10 and and CC 19499 1829 11 contrast contrast NN 19499 1829 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1829 13 mentioned mention VBN 19499 1829 14 in in IN 19499 1829 15 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1829 16 . . . 19499 1830 1 134 134 LS 19499 1830 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1830 3 as as IN 19499 1830 4 here here RB 19499 1830 5 worked work VBD 19499 1830 6 out out RP 19499 1830 7 , , , 19499 1830 8 as as IN 19499 1830 9 the the DT 19499 1830 10 rondo rondo NN 19499 1830 11 was be VBD 19499 1830 12 the the DT 19499 1830 13 first first JJ 19499 1830 14 monophonic monophonic JJ 19499 1830 15 form form NN 19499 1830 16 in in IN 19499 1830 17 which which WDT 19499 1830 18 this this DT 19499 1830 19 matter matter NN 19499 1830 20 was be VBD 19499 1830 21 at at RB 19499 1830 22 all all RB 19499 1830 23 satisfactorily satisfactorily RB 19499 1830 24 solved solve VBD 19499 1830 25 , , , 19499 1830 26 and and CC 19499 1830 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1830 28 construction construction NN 19499 1830 29 is be VBZ 19499 1830 30 especially especially RB 19499 1830 31 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1830 32 because because IN 19499 1830 33 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1830 34 is be VBZ 19499 1830 35 readily readily RB 19499 1830 36 seen see VBN 19499 1830 37 to to TO 19499 1830 38 be be VB 19499 1830 39 one one CD 19499 1830 40 of of IN 19499 1830 41 the the DT 19499 1830 42 direct direct JJ 19499 1830 43 predecessors predecessor NNS 19499 1830 44 of of IN 19499 1830 45 the the DT 19499 1830 46 highest high JJS 19499 1830 47 form form NN 19499 1830 48 of of IN 19499 1830 49 all all DT 19499 1830 50 -- -- : 19499 1830 51 the the DT 19499 1830 52 sonata sonata NN 19499 1830 53 . . . 19499 1831 1 Examples example NNS 19499 1831 2 of of IN 19499 1831 3 rondos rondo NNS 19499 1831 4 may may MD 19499 1831 5 be be VB 19499 1831 6 found find VBN 19499 1831 7 in in IN 19499 1831 8 any any DT 19499 1831 9 volume volume NN 19499 1831 10 of of IN 19499 1831 11 sonatas sonata NNS 19499 1831 12 or or CC 19499 1831 13 sonatinas sonatina NNS 19499 1831 14 . . . 19499 1832 1 150 150 CD 19499 1832 2 . . . 19499 1833 1 A a DT 19499 1833 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1833 3 suite suite NN 19499 1833 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1833 5 is be VBZ 19499 1833 6 a a DT 19499 1833 7 set set NN 19499 1833 8 of of IN 19499 1833 9 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1833 10 dances dance NNS 19499 1833 11 all all RB 19499 1833 12 in in IN 19499 1833 13 the the DT 19499 1833 14 same same JJ 19499 1833 15 or or CC 19499 1833 16 in in IN 19499 1833 17 nearly nearly RB 19499 1833 18 related relate VBN 19499 1833 19 keys key NNS 19499 1833 20 . . . 19499 1834 1 The the DT 19499 1834 2 first first JJ 19499 1834 3 dance dance NN 19499 1834 4 is be VBZ 19499 1834 5 usually usually RB 19499 1834 6 preceded precede VBN 19499 1834 7 by by IN 19499 1834 8 an an DT 19499 1834 9 introduction introduction NN 19499 1834 10 or or CC 19499 1834 11 prelude prelude NN 19499 1834 12 , , , 19499 1834 13 and and CC 19499 1834 14 the the DT 19499 1834 15 various various JJ 19499 1834 16 dances dance NNS 19499 1834 17 are be VBP 19499 1834 18 so so RB 19499 1834 19 grouped group VBN 19499 1834 20 as as IN 19499 1834 21 to to TO 19499 1834 22 secure secure VB 19499 1834 23 contrast contrast NN 19499 1834 24 of of IN 19499 1834 25 movement movement NN 19499 1834 26 -- -- : 19499 1834 27 a a DT 19499 1834 28 quick quick JJ 19499 1834 29 dance dance NN 19499 1834 30 being be VBG 19499 1834 31 usually usually RB 19499 1834 32 followed follow VBN 19499 1834 33 by by IN 19499 1834 34 a a DT 19499 1834 35 slower slow JJR 19499 1834 36 one one CD 19499 1834 37 . . . 19499 1835 1 The the DT 19499 1835 2 suite suite NN 19499 1835 3 is be VBZ 19499 1835 4 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1835 5 to to IN 19499 1835 6 students student NNS 19499 1835 7 of of IN 19499 1835 8 the the DT 19499 1835 9 development development NN 19499 1835 10 of of IN 19499 1835 11 music music NN 19499 1835 12 as as IN 19499 1835 13 being be VBG 19499 1835 14 the the DT 19499 1835 15 first first JJ 19499 1835 16 form form NN 19499 1835 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1835 18 in in IN 19499 1835 19 several several JJ 19499 1835 20 movements movement NNS 19499 1835 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1835 22 to to TO 19499 1835 23 be be VB 19499 1835 24 generally generally RB 19499 1835 25 adopted adopt VBN 19499 1835 26 by by IN 19499 1835 27 composers composer NNS 19499 1835 28 . . . 19499 1836 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1836 2 retained retain VBD 19499 1836 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1836 4 popularity popularity NN 19499 1836 5 from from IN 19499 1836 6 the the DT 19499 1836 7 beginning beginning NN 19499 1836 8 of of IN 19499 1836 9 the the DT 19499 1836 10 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 19499 1836 11 to to IN 19499 1836 12 the the DT 19499 1836 13 end end NN 19499 1836 14 of of IN 19499 1836 15 the the DT 19499 1836 16 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 19499 1836 17 centuries century NNS 19499 1836 18 , , , 19499 1836 19 being be VBG 19499 1836 20 finally finally RB 19499 1836 21 displaced displace VBN 19499 1836 22 by by IN 19499 1836 23 the the DT 19499 1836 24 sonata sonata NN 19499 1836 25 , , , 19499 1836 26 whose whose WP$ 19499 1836 27 immediate immediate JJ 19499 1836 28 predecessor predecessor NN 19499 1836 29 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1836 30 is be VBZ 19499 1836 31 thus thus RB 19499 1836 32 seen see VBN 19499 1836 33 to to TO 19499 1836 34 be be VB 19499 1836 35 . . . 19499 1837 1 The the DT 19499 1837 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1837 3 suite suite NN 19499 1837 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1837 5 was be VBD 19499 1837 6 formerly formerly RB 19499 1837 7 written write VBN 19499 1837 8 for for IN 19499 1837 9 solo solo NN 19499 1837 10 instrument instrument NN 19499 1837 11 only only RB 19499 1837 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1837 13 harpsichord harpsichord NNP 19499 1837 14 , , , 19499 1837 15 clavichord clavichord NNP 19499 1837 16 , , , 19499 1837 17 piano piano NN 19499 1837 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1837 19 but but CC 19499 1837 20 modern modern JJ 19499 1837 21 composers composer NNS 19499 1837 22 like like IN 19499 1837 23 Dvo[vr]ák Dvo[vr]ák NNP 19499 1837 24 , , , 19499 1837 25 Lachner Lachner NNP 19499 1837 26 , , , 19499 1837 27 Moszkowski Moszkowski NNP 19499 1837 28 , , , 19499 1837 29 and and CC 19499 1837 30 others other NNS 19499 1837 31 have have VBP 19499 1837 32 written write VBN 19499 1837 33 suites suite NNS 19499 1837 34 for for IN 19499 1837 35 full full JJ 19499 1837 36 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1837 37 also also RB 19499 1837 38 . . . 19499 1838 1 151 151 CD 19499 1838 2 . . . 19499 1839 1 Among among IN 19499 1839 2 the the DT 19499 1839 3 dances dance NNS 19499 1839 4 commonly commonly RB 19499 1839 5 found find VBD 19499 1839 6 in in IN 19499 1839 7 suites suite NNS 19499 1839 8 are be VBP 19499 1839 9 the the DT 19499 1839 10 following follow VBG 19499 1839 11 : : : 19499 1839 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1839 13 Allemande_--duple Allemande_--duple NNP 19499 1839 14 or or CC 19499 1839 15 quadruple quadruple NN 19499 1839 16 measure measure NN 19499 1839 17 . . . 19499 1840 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1840 2 Bolero_--triple Bolero_--triple NNP 19499 1840 3 measure measure NN 19499 1840 4 . . . 19499 1841 1 _ _ XX 19499 1841 2 Bourée_--duple Bourée_--duple NNP 19499 1841 3 or or CC 19499 1841 4 quadruple quadruple NN 19499 1841 5 measure measure NN 19499 1841 6 . . . 19499 1842 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1842 2 Chaconne_--triple Chaconne_--triple NNP 19499 1842 3 measure measure NN 19499 1842 4 . . . 19499 1843 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1843 2 Courante_--a courante_--a CD 19499 1843 3 very very RB 19499 1843 4 old old JJ 19499 1843 5 dance dance NN 19499 1843 6 in in IN 19499 1843 7 triple triple JJ 19499 1843 8 measure measure NN 19499 1843 9 . . . 19499 1844 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1844 2 Csardas_--Hungarian csardas_--hungarian JJ 19499 1844 3 dance dance NN 19499 1844 4 in in IN 19499 1844 5 duple duple NN 19499 1844 6 or or CC 19499 1844 7 quadruple quadruple NN 19499 1844 8 measure measure NN 19499 1844 9 . . . 19499 1845 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1845 2 Gavotte_--quadruple Gavotte_--quadruple NNP 19499 1845 3 measure measure NN 19499 1845 4 . . . 19499 1846 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1846 2 Gigue Gigue NNP 19499 1846 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1846 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1846 5 or or CC 19499 1846 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1846 7 jig_)--duple jig_)--duple NNP 19499 1846 8 measure measure NN 19499 1846 9 . . . 19499 1847 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1847 2 Habanera_--Spanish Habanera_--Spanish NNP 19499 1847 3 dance dance NN 19499 1847 4 in in IN 19499 1847 5 triple triple JJ 19499 1847 6 measure measure NN 19499 1847 7 . . . 19499 1848 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1848 2 Minuet_--slow Minuet_--slow NNP 19499 1848 3 dance dance NN 19499 1848 4 in in IN 19499 1848 5 triple triple JJ 19499 1848 6 measure measure NN 19499 1848 7 . . . 19499 1849 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1849 2 Mazurka_--Polish mazurka_--polish JJ 19499 1849 3 dance dance NN 19499 1849 4 in in IN 19499 1849 5 triple triple JJ 19499 1849 6 measure measure NN 19499 1849 7 . . . 19499 1850 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1850 2 Polonaise_--Polish polonaise_--polish JJ 19499 1850 3 dance dance NN 19499 1850 4 in in IN 19499 1850 5 triple triple JJ 19499 1850 6 measure measure NN 19499 1850 7 . . . 19499 1851 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1851 2 Rigaudon_--lively rigaudon_--lively RB 19499 1851 3 dance dance NN 19499 1851 4 in in IN 19499 1851 5 duple duple NN 19499 1851 6 or or CC 19499 1851 7 triple triple JJ 19499 1851 8 measure measure NN 19499 1851 9 . . . 19499 1852 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1852 2 Sarabande_--triple Sarabande_--triple NNP 19499 1852 3 measure measure NN 19499 1852 4 . . . 19499 1853 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1853 2 Tarantella_--swift tarantella_--swift NN 19499 1853 3 Italian italian JJ 19499 1853 4 dance dance NN 19499 1853 5 in in IN 19499 1853 6 sextuple sextuple JJ 19499 1853 7 measure measure NN 19499 1853 8 . . . 19499 1854 1 The the DT 19499 1854 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1854 3 allemande allemande NN 19499 1854 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1854 5 is be VBZ 19499 1854 6 especially especially RB 19499 1854 7 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1854 8 to to IN 19499 1854 9 students student NNS 19499 1854 10 of of IN 19499 1854 11 music music NN 19499 1854 12 form form NN 19499 1854 13 because because IN 19499 1854 14 of of IN 19499 1854 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1854 16 relation relation NN 19499 1854 17 to to IN 19499 1854 18 the the DT 19499 1854 19 sonata sonata NN 19499 1854 20 , , , 19499 1854 21 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1854 22 being be VBG 19499 1854 23 the the DT 19499 1854 24 prototype prototype NN 19499 1854 25 of of IN 19499 1854 26 the the DT 19499 1854 27 sonata sonata NN 19499 1854 28 - - HYPH 19499 1854 29 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1854 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1854 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1854 32 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1854 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1854 34 , , , 19499 1854 35 the the DT 19499 1854 36 first first JJ 19499 1854 37 movement movement NN 19499 1854 38 of of IN 19499 1854 39 the the DT 19499 1854 40 sonata sonata NN 19499 1854 41 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1854 42 . . . 19499 1855 1 The the DT 19499 1855 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1855 3 sarabande sarabande NN 19499 1855 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1855 5 and and CC 19499 1855 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1855 7 courante courante NNP 19499 1855 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1855 9 are be VBP 19499 1855 10 likewise likewise RB 19499 1855 11 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1855 12 as as IN 19499 1855 13 the the DT 19499 1855 14 prototypes prototype NNS 19499 1855 15 of of IN 19499 1855 16 the the DT 19499 1855 17 second second JJ 19499 1855 18 movement movement NN 19499 1855 19 , , , 19499 1855 20 and and CC 19499 1855 21 the the DT 19499 1855 22 _ _ NNP 19499 1855 23 bourée bourée NN 19499 1855 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1855 25 , , , 19499 1855 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1855 27 minuet minuet NN 19499 1855 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1855 29 , , , 19499 1855 30 etc etc FW 19499 1855 31 . . FW 19499 1855 32 , , , 19499 1855 33 for for IN 19499 1855 34 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1855 35 connection connection NN 19499 1855 36 with with IN 19499 1855 37 the the DT 19499 1855 38 third third JJ 19499 1855 39 movement movement NN 19499 1855 40 . . . 19499 1856 1 152 152 CD 19499 1856 2 . . . 19499 1857 1 The the DT 19499 1857 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1857 3 scherzo scherzo NN 19499 1857 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1857 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1857 6 lit lit NNP 19499 1857 7 . . . 19499 1858 1 musical musical JJ 19499 1858 2 joke joke NN 19499 1858 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1858 4 is be VBZ 19499 1858 5 a a DT 19499 1858 6 fanciful fanciful JJ 19499 1858 7 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1858 8 composition composition NN 19499 1858 9 . . . 19499 1859 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1859 2 was be VBD 19499 1859 3 used use VBN 19499 1859 4 by by IN 19499 1859 5 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1859 6 as as IN 19499 1859 7 the the DT 19499 1859 8 third third JJ 19499 1859 9 movement movement NN 19499 1859 10 of of IN 19499 1859 11 the the DT 19499 1859 12 sonata sonata NN 19499 1859 13 instead instead RB 19499 1859 14 of of IN 19499 1859 15 the the DT 19499 1859 16 more more RBR 19499 1859 17 limited limited JJ 19499 1859 18 minuet minuet NN 19499 1859 19 , , , 19499 1859 20 but but CC 19499 1859 21 is be VBZ 19499 1859 22 also also RB 19499 1859 23 often often RB 19499 1859 24 found find VBN 19499 1859 25 as as IN 19499 1859 26 an an DT 19499 1859 27 independent independent JJ 19499 1859 28 piece piece NN 19499 1859 29 . . . 19499 1860 1 153 153 CD 19499 1860 2 . . . 19499 1861 1 A a DT 19499 1861 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1861 3 sonata sonata NN 19499 1861 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1861 5 is be VBZ 19499 1861 6 an an DT 19499 1861 7 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1861 8 composition composition NN 19499 1861 9 of of IN 19499 1861 10 three three CD 19499 1861 11 or or CC 19499 1861 12 more more JJR 19499 1861 13 movements movement NNS 19499 1861 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1861 15 usually usually RB 19499 1861 16 four four CD 19499 1861 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1861 18 , , , 19499 1861 19 the the DT 19499 1861 20 first first JJ 19499 1861 21 and and CC 19499 1861 22 last last JJ 19499 1861 23 of of IN 19499 1861 24 which which WDT 19499 1861 25 are be VBP 19499 1861 26 almost almost RB 19499 1861 27 always always RB 19499 1861 28 in in IN 19499 1861 29 rapid rapid JJ 19499 1861 30 tempo tempo NN 19499 1861 31 . . . 19499 1862 1 Each each DT 19499 1862 2 of of IN 19499 1862 3 these these DT 19499 1862 4 movements movement NNS 19499 1862 5 is be VBZ 19499 1862 6 a a DT 19499 1862 7 piece piece NN 19499 1862 8 of of IN 19499 1862 9 music music NN 19499 1862 10 with with IN 19499 1862 11 a a DT 19499 1862 12 unity unity NN 19499 1862 13 of of IN 19499 1862 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1862 15 own own JJ 19499 1862 16 , , , 19499 1862 17 but but CC 19499 1862 18 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1862 19 are be VBP 19499 1862 20 all all RB 19499 1862 21 merged merge VBN 19499 1862 22 together together RB 19499 1862 23 in in IN 19499 1862 24 a a DT 19499 1862 25 larger large JJR 19499 1862 26 whole whole NN 19499 1862 27 with with IN 19499 1862 28 a a DT 19499 1862 29 broad broad JJ 19499 1862 30 underlying underlying JJ 19499 1862 31 unity unity NN 19499 1862 32 of of IN 19499 1862 33 larger large JJR 19499 1862 34 scope scope NN 19499 1862 35 . . . 19499 1863 1 The the DT 19499 1863 2 composition composition NN 19499 1863 3 receives receive VBZ 19499 1863 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1863 5 name name NN 19499 1863 6 from from IN 19499 1863 7 the the DT 19499 1863 8 fact fact NN 19499 1863 9 that that IN 19499 1863 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1863 11 first first JJ 19499 1863 12 movement movement NN 19499 1863 13 is be VBZ 19499 1863 14 cast cast VBN 19499 1863 15 in in IN 19499 1863 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1863 17 sonata sonata NN 19499 1863 18 - - HYPH 19499 1863 19 form form NN 19499 1863 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1863 21 . . . 19499 1864 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1864 2 See see VB 19499 1864 3 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1864 4 . . . 19499 1865 1 157 157 CD 19499 1865 2 for for IN 19499 1865 3 description description NN 19499 1865 4 of of IN 19499 1865 5 sonata sonata NN 19499 1865 6 - - HYPH 19499 1865 7 form form NN 19499 1865 8 . . . 19499 1865 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1866 1 When when WRB 19499 1866 2 the the DT 19499 1866 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1866 4 sonata sonata NN 19499 1866 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1866 6 has have VBZ 19499 1866 7 four four CD 19499 1866 8 movements movement NNS 19499 1866 9 , , , 19499 1866 10 these these DT 19499 1866 11 are be VBP 19499 1866 12 usually usually RB 19499 1866 13 arranged arrange VBN 19499 1866 14 as as IN 19499 1866 15 follows follow VBZ 19499 1866 16 : : : 19499 1866 17 1 1 CD 19499 1866 18 . . . 19499 1867 1 A a DT 19499 1867 2 quick quick JJ 19499 1867 3 movement movement NN 19499 1867 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1867 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1867 6 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1867 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1867 8 , , , 19499 1867 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1867 10 presto presto NN 19499 1867 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1867 12 , , , 19499 1867 13 etc etc FW 19499 1867 14 . . . 19499 1868 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1868 2 , , , 19499 1868 3 often often RB 19499 1868 4 preceded precede VBN 19499 1868 5 by by IN 19499 1868 6 a a DT 19499 1868 7 slower slow JJR 19499 1868 8 introduction introduction NN 19499 1868 9 . . . 19499 1869 1 2 2 LS 19499 1869 2 . . . 19499 1870 1 A a DT 19499 1870 2 slow slow JJ 19499 1870 3 movement movement NN 19499 1870 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1870 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1870 6 largo largo NN 19499 1870 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1870 8 , , , 19499 1870 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1870 10 andante andante NNP 19499 1870 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1870 12 , , , 19499 1870 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1870 14 adagio adagio NNP 19499 1870 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1870 16 , , , 19499 1870 17 etc etc FW 19499 1870 18 . . . 19499 1870 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1870 20 . . . 19499 1871 1 3 3 LS 19499 1871 2 . . . 19499 1872 1 A a DT 19499 1872 2 minuet minuet NN 19499 1872 3 or or CC 19499 1872 4 scherzo scherzo JJ 19499 1872 5 , , , 19499 1872 6 often often RB 19499 1872 7 with with IN 19499 1872 8 a a DT 19499 1872 9 trio trio NN 19499 1872 10 added add VBN 19499 1872 11 , , , 19499 1872 12 in in IN 19499 1872 13 which which WDT 19499 1872 14 case case NN 19499 1872 15 the the DT 19499 1872 16 part part NN 19499 1872 17 preceding precede VBG 19499 1872 18 the the DT 19499 1872 19 trio trio NN 19499 1872 20 is be VBZ 19499 1872 21 repeated repeat VBN 19499 1872 22 after after IN 19499 1872 23 the the DT 19499 1872 24 trio trio NN 19499 1872 25 is be VBZ 19499 1872 26 played play VBN 19499 1872 27 . . . 19499 1873 1 4 4 LS 19499 1873 2 . . . 19499 1874 1 A a DT 19499 1874 2 quick quick JJ 19499 1874 3 movement movement NN 19499 1874 4 -- -- : 19499 1874 5 the the DT 19499 1874 6 finale finale NN 19499 1874 7 , , , 19499 1874 8 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1874 9 a a DT 19499 1874 10 rondo rondo NN 19499 1874 11 , , , 19499 1874 12 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1874 13 another another DT 19499 1874 14 sonata sonata NN 19499 1874 15 - - HYPH 19499 1874 16 form form NN 19499 1874 17 , , , 19499 1874 18 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1874 19 a a DT 19499 1874 20 theme theme NN 19499 1874 21 with with IN 19499 1874 22 variations variation NNS 19499 1874 23 . . . 19499 1875 1 These these DT 19499 1875 2 movements movement NNS 19499 1875 3 are be VBP 19499 1875 4 all all RB 19499 1875 5 in in IN 19499 1875 6 closely closely RB 19499 1875 7 related relate VBN 19499 1875 8 keys key NNS 19499 1875 9 , , , 19499 1875 10 but but CC 19499 1875 11 in in IN 19499 1875 12 a a DT 19499 1875 13 variety variety NN 19499 1875 14 of of IN 19499 1875 15 contrasting contrast VBG 19499 1875 16 rhythms rhythm NNS 19499 1875 17 . . . 19499 1876 1 154 154 CD 19499 1876 2 . . . 19499 1877 1 A a DT 19499 1877 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1877 3 trio trio NN 19499 1877 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1877 5 is be VBZ 19499 1877 6 a a DT 19499 1877 7 sonata sonata NN 19499 1877 8 for for IN 19499 1877 9 three three CD 19499 1877 10 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1877 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1877 12 such such JJ 19499 1877 13 as as IN 19499 1877 14 piano piano NN 19499 1877 15 , , , 19499 1877 16 violin violin NN 19499 1877 17 , , , 19499 1877 18 and and CC 19499 1877 19 cello cello NN 19499 1877 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1877 21 , , , 19499 1877 22 while while IN 19499 1877 23 a a DT 19499 1877 24 _ _ NNP 19499 1877 25 quartet quartet NN 19499 1877 26 _ _ NNP 19499 1877 27 is be VBZ 19499 1877 28 a a DT 19499 1877 29 sonata sonata NN 19499 1877 30 for for IN 19499 1877 31 four four CD 19499 1877 32 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1877 33 , , , 19499 1877 34 the the DT 19499 1877 35 most most RBS 19499 1877 36 common common JJ 19499 1877 37 quartet quartet NN 19499 1877 38 combination combination NN 19499 1877 39 being being NN 19499 1877 40 as as IN 19499 1877 41 follows follow VBZ 19499 1877 42 : : : 19499 1877 43 First first JJ 19499 1877 44 and and CC 19499 1877 45 second second JJ 19499 1877 46 violins violin NNS 19499 1877 47 , , , 19499 1877 48 viola viola NNP 19499 1877 49 , , , 19499 1877 50 and and CC 19499 1877 51 violoncello violoncello NNP 19499 1877 52 . . . 19499 1878 1 The the DT 19499 1878 2 term term NN 19499 1878 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1878 4 chamber chamber NN 19499 1878 5 music music NN 19499 1878 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1878 7 is be VBZ 19499 1878 8 often often RB 19499 1878 9 applied apply VBN 19499 1878 10 to to IN 19499 1878 11 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1878 12 music music NN 19499 1878 13 for for IN 19499 1878 14 trio trio NN 19499 1878 15 , , , 19499 1878 16 quartet quartet NN 19499 1878 17 , , , 19499 1878 18 quintet quintet NNP 19499 1878 19 , , , 19499 1878 20 and and CC 19499 1878 21 other other JJ 19499 1878 22 similar similar JJ 19499 1878 23 combinations combination NNS 19499 1878 24 which which WDT 19499 1878 25 are be VBP 19499 1878 26 suitable suitable JJ 19499 1878 27 for for IN 19499 1878 28 a a DT 19499 1878 29 small small JJ 19499 1878 30 room room NN 19499 1878 31 rather rather RB 19499 1878 32 than than IN 19499 1878 33 for for IN 19499 1878 34 a a DT 19499 1878 35 large large JJ 19499 1878 36 concert concert NN 19499 1878 37 hall hall NN 19499 1878 38 . . . 19499 1879 1 The the DT 19499 1879 2 words word NNS 19499 1879 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1879 4 trio trio NN 19499 1879 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1879 6 and and CC 19499 1879 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1879 8 quartet quartet NN 19499 1879 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1879 10 are be VBP 19499 1879 11 also also RB 19499 1879 12 applied apply VBN 19499 1879 13 to to IN 19499 1879 14 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1879 15 works work NNS 19499 1879 16 for for IN 19499 1879 17 three three CD 19499 1879 18 and and CC 19499 1879 19 four four CD 19499 1879 20 voices voice NNS 19499 1879 21 respectively respectively RB 19499 1879 22 , , , 19499 1879 23 these these DT 19499 1879 24 having have VBG 19499 1879 25 no no DT 19499 1879 26 relation relation NN 19499 1879 27 whatsoever whatsoever RB 19499 1879 28 to to IN 19499 1879 29 the the DT 19499 1879 30 sonata sonata NN 19499 1879 31 as as IN 19499 1879 32 described describe VBN 19499 1879 33 above above RB 19499 1879 34 . . . 19499 1880 1 The the DT 19499 1880 2 word word NN 19499 1880 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1880 4 trio trio NN 19499 1880 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1880 6 is be VBZ 19499 1880 7 also also RB 19499 1880 8 applied apply VBN 19499 1880 9 to to IN 19499 1880 10 the the DT 19499 1880 11 middle middle JJ 19499 1880 12 section section NN 19499 1880 13 of of IN 19499 1880 14 minuets minuet NNS 19499 1880 15 , , , 19499 1880 16 scherzas scherza NNS 19499 1880 17 , , , 19499 1880 18 marches marche NNS 19499 1880 19 , , , 19499 1880 20 etc etc FW 19499 1880 21 . . FW 19499 1880 22 , , , 19499 1880 23 the the DT 19499 1880 24 term term NN 19499 1880 25 originating originate VBG 19499 1880 26 in in IN 19499 1880 27 the the DT 19499 1880 28 old old JJ 19499 1880 29 usage usage NN 19499 1880 30 of of IN 19499 1880 31 writing write VBG 19499 1880 32 this this DT 19499 1880 33 part part NN 19499 1880 34 for for IN 19499 1880 35 three three CD 19499 1880 36 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1880 37 only only RB 19499 1880 38 . . . 19499 1881 1 155 155 CD 19499 1881 2 . . . 19499 1882 1 A a DT 19499 1882 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1882 3 concerto concerto NNP 19499 1882 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1882 5 is be VBZ 19499 1882 6 a a DT 19499 1882 7 sonata sonata NN 19499 1882 8 for for IN 19499 1882 9 a a DT 19499 1882 10 solo solo JJ 19499 1882 11 instrument instrument NN 19499 1882 12 with with IN 19499 1882 13 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 1882 14 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1882 15 , , , 19499 1882 16 the the DT 19499 1882 17 form form NN 19499 1882 18 being be VBG 19499 1882 19 usually usually RB 19499 1882 20 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 1882 21 modified modified JJ 19499 1882 22 so so IN 19499 1882 23 as as IN 19499 1882 24 to to TO 19499 1882 25 adapt adapt VB 19499 1882 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1882 27 to to IN 19499 1882 28 a a DT 19499 1882 29 composition composition NN 19499 1882 30 in in IN 19499 1882 31 which which WDT 19499 1882 32 there there EX 19499 1882 33 must must MD 19499 1882 34 necessarily necessarily RB 19499 1882 35 be be VB 19499 1882 36 opportunity opportunity NN 19499 1882 37 for for IN 19499 1882 38 a a DT 19499 1882 39 good good JJ 19499 1882 40 deal deal NN 19499 1882 41 of of IN 19499 1882 42 technical technical JJ 19499 1882 43 display display NN 19499 1882 44 . . . 19499 1883 1 There there EX 19499 1883 2 are be VBP 19499 1883 3 usually usually RB 19499 1883 4 but but CC 19499 1883 5 three three CD 19499 1883 6 movements movement NNS 19499 1883 7 in in IN 19499 1883 8 the the DT 19499 1883 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1883 10 concerto concerto NNP 19499 1883 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1883 12 . . . 19499 1884 1 The the DT 19499 1884 2 great great JJ 19499 1884 3 majority majority NN 19499 1884 4 of of IN 19499 1884 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1884 6 concertos concerto NNS 19499 1884 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1884 8 are be VBP 19499 1884 9 for for IN 19499 1884 10 piano piano NN 19499 1884 11 and and CC 19499 1884 12 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1884 13 , , , 19499 1884 14 but but CC 19499 1884 15 examples example NNS 19499 1884 16 of of IN 19499 1884 17 concertos concerto NNS 19499 1884 18 for for IN 19499 1884 19 violin violin NN 19499 1884 20 , , , 19499 1884 21 cello cello NN 19499 1884 22 , , , 19499 1884 23 flute flute NN 19499 1884 24 , , , 19499 1884 25 oboe oboe JJ 19499 1884 26 , , , 19499 1884 27 and and CC 19499 1884 28 other other JJ 19499 1884 29 solo solo JJ 19499 1884 30 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1884 31 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1884 32 all all DT 19499 1884 33 with with IN 19499 1884 34 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 1884 35 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1884 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1884 37 have have VBP 19499 1884 38 also also RB 19499 1884 39 been be VBN 19499 1884 40 written write VBN 19499 1884 41 . . . 19499 1885 1 A a DT 19499 1885 2 few few JJ 19499 1885 3 modern modern JJ 19499 1885 4 composers composer NNS 19499 1885 5 have have VBP 19499 1885 6 applied apply VBN 19499 1885 7 the the DT 19499 1885 8 term term NN 19499 1885 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1885 10 concerto concerto NNP 19499 1885 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1885 12 to to IN 19499 1885 13 certain certain JJ 19499 1885 14 large large JJ 19499 1885 15 organ organ NN 19499 1885 16 works work NNS 19499 1885 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1885 18 with with IN 19499 1885 19 no no DT 19499 1885 20 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 1885 21 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1885 22 , , , 19499 1885 23 the the DT 19499 1885 24 composition composition NN 19499 1885 25 being be VBG 19499 1885 26 written write VBN 19499 1885 27 for for IN 19499 1885 28 just just RB 19499 1885 29 the the DT 19499 1885 30 one one CD 19499 1885 31 instrument instrument NN 19499 1885 32 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1885 33 , , , 19499 1885 34 but but CC 19499 1885 35 this this DT 19499 1885 36 use use NN 19499 1885 37 of of IN 19499 1885 38 the the DT 19499 1885 39 word word NN 19499 1885 40 is be VBZ 19499 1885 41 so so RB 19499 1885 42 contrary contrary JJ 19499 1885 43 to to IN 19499 1885 44 the the DT 19499 1885 45 accepted accepted JJ 19499 1885 46 definition definition NN 19499 1885 47 that that IN 19499 1885 48 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1885 49 is be VBZ 19499 1885 50 hardly hardly RB 19499 1885 51 justifiable justifiable JJ 19499 1885 52 . . . 19499 1886 1 When when WRB 19499 1886 2 a a DT 19499 1886 3 concerto concerto NN 19499 1886 4 is be VBZ 19499 1886 5 played play VBN 19499 1886 6 on on IN 19499 1886 7 two two CD 19499 1886 8 pianos piano NNS 19499 1886 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1886 10 without without IN 19499 1886 11 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1886 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1886 13 , , , 19499 1886 14 this this DT 19499 1886 15 does do VBZ 19499 1886 16 not not RB 19499 1886 17 mean mean VB 19499 1886 18 that that IN 19499 1886 19 there there EX 19499 1886 20 is be VBZ 19499 1886 21 no no DT 19499 1886 22 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 1886 23 part part NN 19499 1886 24 , , , 19499 1886 25 but but CC 19499 1886 26 that that IN 19499 1886 27 there there EX 19499 1886 28 is be VBZ 19499 1886 29 no no DT 19499 1886 30 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1886 31 to to TO 19499 1886 32 play play VB 19499 1886 33 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1886 34 , , , 19499 1886 35 and and CC 19499 1886 36 so so RB 19499 1886 37 the the DT 19499 1886 38 parts part NNS 19499 1886 39 that that WDT 19499 1886 40 should should MD 19499 1886 41 be be VB 19499 1886 42 played play VBN 19499 1886 43 by by IN 19499 1886 44 the the DT 19499 1886 45 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 1886 46 instruments instrument NNS 19499 1886 47 have have VBP 19499 1886 48 simply simply RB 19499 1886 49 been be VBN 19499 1886 50 arranged arrange VBN 19499 1886 51 for for IN 19499 1886 52 a a DT 19499 1886 53 second second JJ 19499 1886 54 piano piano NN 19499 1886 55 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1886 56 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1886 57 organ organ NNP 19499 1886 58 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1886 59 . . . 19499 1887 1 156 156 CD 19499 1887 2 . . . 19499 1888 1 A a DT 19499 1888 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1888 3 symphony symphony NN 19499 1888 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1888 5 is be VBZ 19499 1888 6 a a DT 19499 1888 7 sonata sonata NN 19499 1888 8 for for IN 19499 1888 9 full full JJ 19499 1888 10 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1888 11 . . . 19499 1889 1 In in IN 19499 1889 2 general general JJ 19499 1889 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1889 4 construction construction NN 19499 1889 5 is be VBZ 19499 1889 6 the the DT 19499 1889 7 same same JJ 19499 1889 8 as as IN 19499 1889 9 that that DT 19499 1889 10 of of IN 19499 1889 11 the the DT 19499 1889 12 sonata sonata NN 19499 1889 13 , , , 19499 1889 14 but but CC 19499 1889 15 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1889 16 is be VBZ 19499 1889 17 usually usually RB 19499 1889 18 of of IN 19499 1889 19 much much RB 19499 1889 20 larger large JJR 19499 1889 21 proportions proportion NNS 19499 1889 22 and and CC 19499 1889 23 has have VBZ 19499 1889 24 in in IN 19499 1889 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1889 26 much much RB 19499 1889 27 greater great JJR 19499 1889 28 variety variety NN 19499 1889 29 of of IN 19499 1889 30 both both CC 19499 1889 31 tonal tonal JJ 19499 1889 32 and and CC 19499 1889 33 rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 1889 34 material material NN 19499 1889 35 . . . 19499 1890 1 The the DT 19499 1890 2 symphony symphony NN 19499 1890 3 is be VBZ 19499 1890 4 generally generally RB 19499 1890 5 conceded concede VBN 19499 1890 6 to to TO 19499 1890 7 be be VB 19499 1890 8 the the DT 19499 1890 9 highest high JJS 19499 1890 10 type type NN 19499 1890 11 of of IN 19499 1890 12 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1890 13 music music NN 19499 1890 14 ever ever RB 19499 1890 15 evolved evolve VBD 19499 1890 16 . . . 19499 1891 1 The the DT 19499 1891 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1891 3 symphony symphony NN 19499 1891 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1891 5 was be VBD 19499 1891 6 accepted accept VBN 19499 1891 7 as as IN 19499 1891 8 a a DT 19499 1891 9 standard standard JJ 19499 1891 10 form form NN 19499 1891 11 in in IN 19499 1891 12 the the DT 19499 1891 13 time time NN 19499 1891 14 of of IN 19499 1891 15 Haydn Haydn NNP 19499 1891 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1891 17 1732 1732 CD 19499 1891 18 - - SYM 19499 1891 19 1809 1809 CD 19499 1891 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1891 21 and and CC 19499 1891 22 was be VBD 19499 1891 23 developed develop VBN 19499 1891 24 enormously enormously RB 19499 1891 25 by by IN 19499 1891 26 Haydn Haydn NNP 19499 1891 27 himself -PRON- PRP 19499 1891 28 , , , 19499 1891 29 Mozart Mozart NNP 19499 1891 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1891 31 1756 1756 CD 19499 1891 32 - - SYM 19499 1891 33 1791 1791 CD 19499 1891 34 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1891 35 , , , 19499 1891 36 and and CC 19499 1891 37 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1891 38 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1891 39 1770 1770 CD 19499 1891 40 - - SYM 19499 1891 41 1827 1827 CD 19499 1891 42 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1891 43 , , , 19499 1891 44 reaching reach VBG 19499 1891 45 perhaps perhaps RB 19499 1891 46 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1891 47 highest high JJS 19499 1891 48 point point NN 19499 1891 49 in in IN 19499 1891 50 the the DT 19499 1891 51 famous famous JJ 19499 1891 52 " " `` 19499 1891 53 Nine Nine NNP 19499 1891 54 Symphonies Symphonies NNPS 19499 1891 55 " " '' 19499 1891 56 of of IN 19499 1891 57 the the DT 19499 1891 58 last last RB 19499 1891 59 - - HYPH 19499 1891 60 named name VBN 19499 1891 61 composer composer NN 19499 1891 62 . . . 19499 1892 1 Later later RB 19499 1892 2 symphony symphony NN 19499 1892 3 writers writer NNS 19499 1892 4 whose whose WP$ 19499 1892 5 works work NNS 19499 1892 6 are be VBP 19499 1892 7 at at IN 19499 1892 8 present present JJ 19499 1892 9 being be VBG 19499 1892 10 performed perform VBN 19499 1892 11 include include VBP 19499 1892 12 Schumann Schumann NNP 19499 1892 13 , , , 19499 1892 14 Tschaikowsky Tschaikowsky NNP 19499 1892 15 , , , 19499 1892 16 and and CC 19499 1892 17 Dvo[vr]ák Dvo[vr]ák NNP 19499 1892 18 . . . 19499 1893 1 The the DT 19499 1893 2 word word NN 19499 1893 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1893 4 symphony symphony NN 19499 1893 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1893 6 was be VBD 19499 1893 7 formerly formerly RB 19499 1893 8 used use VBN 19499 1893 9 synonymously synonymously RB 19499 1893 10 with with IN 19499 1893 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1893 12 ritornelle ritornelle NNP 19499 1893 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1893 14 , , , 19499 1893 15 both both DT 19499 1893 16 words word NNS 19499 1893 17 being be VBG 19499 1893 18 applied apply VBN 19499 1893 19 to to IN 19499 1893 20 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1893 21 interludes interlude NNS 19499 1893 22 between between IN 19499 1893 23 parts part NNS 19499 1893 24 of of IN 19499 1893 25 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1893 26 works work NNS 19499 1893 27 , , , 19499 1893 28 but but CC 19499 1893 29 this this DT 19499 1893 30 usage usage NN 19499 1893 31 has have VBZ 19499 1893 32 now now RB 19499 1893 33 entirely entirely RB 19499 1893 34 disappeared disappear VBN 19499 1893 35 . . . 19499 1894 1 157 157 CD 19499 1894 2 . . . 19499 1895 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1895 2 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 1895 3 - - HYPH 19499 1895 4 form form NN 19499 1895 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1895 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1895 7 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1895 8 called call VBN 19499 1895 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1895 10 sonata sonata NN 19499 1895 11 - - HYPH 19499 1895 12 allegro allegro NNP 19499 1895 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1895 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1895 15 is be VBZ 19499 1895 16 a a DT 19499 1895 17 plan plan NN 19499 1895 18 for for IN 19499 1895 19 the the DT 19499 1895 20 construction construction NN 19499 1895 21 of of IN 19499 1895 22 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1895 23 music music NN 19499 1895 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1895 25 sonatas sonata NNS 19499 1895 26 , , , 19499 1895 27 quartets quartet NNS 19499 1895 28 , , , 19499 1895 29 symphonies symphony NNS 19499 1895 30 , , , 19499 1895 31 etc etc FW 19499 1895 32 . . . 19499 1896 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1896 2 , , , 19499 1896 3 in in IN 19499 1896 4 which which WDT 19499 1896 5 three three CD 19499 1896 6 rather rather RB 19499 1896 7 definite definite JJ 19499 1896 8 divisions division NNS 19499 1896 9 always always RB 19499 1896 10 occur occur VBP 19499 1896 11 , , , 19499 1896 12 the the DT 19499 1896 13 third third JJ 19499 1896 14 division division NN 19499 1896 15 being be VBG 19499 1896 16 a a DT 19499 1896 17 more more RBR 19499 1896 18 or or CC 19499 1896 19 less less RBR 19499 1896 20 literal literal JJ 19499 1896 21 repetition repetition NN 19499 1896 22 of of IN 19499 1896 23 the the DT 19499 1896 24 first first JJ 19499 1896 25 . . . 19499 1897 1 These these DT 19499 1897 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1897 3 three three CD 19499 1897 4 parts part NNS 19499 1897 5 of of IN 19499 1897 6 sonata sonata NN 19499 1897 7 - - HYPH 19499 1897 8 form form NN 19499 1897 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1897 10 with with IN 19499 1897 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1897 12 usual usual JJ 19499 1897 13 subdivisions subdivision NNS 19499 1897 14 are be VBP 19499 1897 15 : : : 19499 1897 16 I. i. NN 19499 1897 17 EXPOSITION exposition NN 19499 1897 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1897 19 1 1 LS 19499 1897 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1897 21 Principal principal JJ 19499 1897 22 theme theme NN 19499 1897 23 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1897 24 or or CC 19499 1897 25 first first JJ 19499 1897 26 subject subject NN 19499 1897 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1897 28 . . . 19499 1898 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1898 2 2 2 LS 19499 1898 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1898 4 Link link NN 19499 1898 5 - - HYPH 19499 1898 6 episode episode NN 19499 1898 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1898 8 or or CC 19499 1898 9 modulation modulation NNP 19499 1898 10 group group NN 19499 1898 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1898 12 . . . 19499 1899 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1899 2 3 3 LS 19499 1899 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1899 4 Secondary secondary JJ 19499 1899 5 theme theme NN 19499 1899 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1899 7 or or CC 19499 1899 8 song song NNP 19499 1899 9 group group NNP 19499 1899 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1899 11 , , , 19499 1899 12 always always RB 19499 1899 13 in in IN 19499 1899 14 a a DT 19499 1899 15 nearly nearly RB 19499 1899 16 related relate VBN 19499 1899 17 key key NN 19499 1899 18 . . . 19499 1900 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1900 2 4 4 LS 19499 1900 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1900 4 Closing closing NN 19499 1900 5 group group NN 19499 1900 6 . . . 19499 1901 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1901 2 5 5 LS 19499 1901 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1901 4 Coda Coda NNP 19499 1901 5 . . . 19499 1902 1 II ii CD 19499 1902 2 . . . 19499 1903 1 DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT NNP 19499 1903 2 SECTION section NN 19499 1903 3 Treating treat VBG 19499 1903 4 the the DT 19499 1903 5 themes theme NNS 19499 1903 6 introduced introduce VBN 19499 1903 7 in in IN 19499 1903 8 the the DT 19499 1903 9 exposition exposition NN 19499 1903 10 in in IN 19499 1903 11 an an DT 19499 1903 12 almost almost RB 19499 1903 13 infinite infinite JJ 19499 1903 14 variety variety NN 19499 1903 15 of of IN 19499 1903 16 fashions fashion NNS 19499 1903 17 , , , 19499 1903 18 according accord VBG 19499 1903 19 to to IN 19499 1903 20 the the DT 19499 1903 21 principles principle NNS 19499 1903 22 of of IN 19499 1903 23 thematic thematic JJ 19499 1903 24 development development NN 19499 1903 25 . . . 19499 1904 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1904 2 See see VB 19499 1904 3 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1904 4 . . . 19499 1905 1 148 148 CD 19499 1905 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1905 3 . . . 19499 1906 1 III iii CD 19499 1906 2 . . . 19499 1907 1 RECAPITULATION RECAPITULATION NNP 19499 1907 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1907 3 OR or CC 19499 1907 4 REPRISE REPRISE NNS 19499 1907 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1907 6 Consisting consist VBG 19499 1907 7 essentially essentially RB 19499 1907 8 of of IN 19499 1907 9 the the DT 19499 1907 10 same same JJ 19499 1907 11 subdivisions subdivision NNS 19499 1907 12 found find VBN 19499 1907 13 in in IN 19499 1907 14 the the DT 19499 1907 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1907 16 exposition exposition NN 19499 1907 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1907 18 , , , 19499 1907 19 but but CC 19499 1907 20 differing differ VBG 19499 1907 21 from from IN 19499 1907 22 this this DT 19499 1907 23 first first JJ 19499 1907 24 section section NN 19499 1907 25 in in IN 19499 1907 26 one one CD 19499 1907 27 essential essential JJ 19499 1907 28 point point NN 19499 1907 29 , , , 19499 1907 30 viz viz NNP 19499 1907 31 . . NNP 19499 1907 32 , , , 19499 1907 33 that that IN 19499 1907 34 instead instead RB 19499 1907 35 of of IN 19499 1907 36 stating state VBG 19499 1907 37 the the DT 19499 1907 38 secondary secondary JJ 19499 1907 39 theme theme NN 19499 1907 40 in in IN 19499 1907 41 a a DT 19499 1907 42 _ _ NNP 19499 1907 43 related relate VBN 19499 1907 44 _ _ NNP 19499 1907 45 key key NN 19499 1907 46 , , , 19499 1907 47 the the DT 19499 1907 48 entire entire JJ 19499 1907 49 recapitulation recapitulation NN 19499 1907 50 is be VBZ 19499 1907 51 in in IN 19499 1907 52 the the DT 19499 1907 53 _ _ NNP 19499 1907 54 principal principal NN 19499 1907 55 _ _ NNP 19499 1907 56 key key NN 19499 1907 57 . . . 19499 1908 1 This this DT 19499 1908 2 third third JJ 19499 1908 3 section section NN 19499 1908 4 is be VBZ 19499 1908 5 always always RB 19499 1908 6 followed follow VBN 19499 1908 7 by by IN 19499 1908 8 a a DT 19499 1908 9 coda coda NN 19499 1908 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1908 11 which which WDT 19499 1908 12 may may MD 19499 1908 13 either either CC 19499 1908 14 be be VB 19499 1908 15 very very RB 19499 1908 16 short short JJ 19499 1908 17 or or CC 19499 1908 18 quite quite RB 19499 1908 19 extended extended JJ 19499 1908 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1908 21 , , , 19499 1908 22 bringing bring VBG 19499 1908 23 the the DT 19499 1908 24 whole whole JJ 19499 1908 25 movement movement NN 19499 1908 26 to to IN 19499 1908 27 a a DT 19499 1908 28 more more RBR 19499 1908 29 definite definite JJ 19499 1908 30 close close NN 19499 1908 31 . . . 19499 1909 1 The the DT 19499 1909 2 second second JJ 19499 1909 3 part part NN 19499 1909 4 of of IN 19499 1909 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1909 6 sonata sonata NN 19499 1909 7 - - HYPH 19499 1909 8 form form NN 19499 1909 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1909 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1909 11 the the DT 19499 1909 12 development development NN 19499 1909 13 section section NN 19499 1909 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1909 15 is be VBZ 19499 1909 16 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1909 17 the the DT 19499 1909 18 longest long JJS 19499 1909 19 and and CC 19499 1909 20 most most RBS 19499 1909 21 intricate intricate JJ 19499 1909 22 of of IN 19499 1909 23 the the DT 19499 1909 24 three three CD 19499 1909 25 divisions division NNS 19499 1909 26 , , , 19499 1909 27 and and CC 19499 1909 28 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1909 29 is be VBZ 19499 1909 30 at at IN 19499 1909 31 this this DT 19499 1909 32 point point NN 19499 1909 33 that that IN 19499 1909 34 the the DT 19499 1909 35 composer composer NN 19499 1909 36 has have VBZ 19499 1909 37 an an DT 19499 1909 38 opportunity opportunity NN 19499 1909 39 of of IN 19499 1909 40 displaying display VBG 19499 1909 41 to to IN 19499 1909 42 the the DT 19499 1909 43 full full JJ 19499 1909 44 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1909 45 originality originality NN 19499 1909 46 and and CC 19499 1909 47 inventive inventive JJ 19499 1909 48 skill skill NN 19499 1909 49 . . . 19499 1910 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1910 2 is be VBZ 19499 1910 3 principally principally RB 19499 1910 4 because because IN 19499 1910 5 of of IN 19499 1910 6 this this DT 19499 1910 7 development development NN 19499 1910 8 section section NN 19499 1910 9 that that WDT 19499 1910 10 the the DT 19499 1910 11 sonata sonata NN 19499 1910 12 is be VBZ 19499 1910 13 so so RB 19499 1910 14 far far RB 19499 1910 15 superior superior JJ 19499 1910 16 as as IN 19499 1910 17 a a DT 19499 1910 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1910 19 form form NN 19499 1910 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1910 21 to to IN 19499 1910 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1910 23 predecessors predecessor NNS 19499 1910 24 . . . 19499 1911 1 For for IN 19499 1911 2 an an DT 19499 1911 3 analyzed analyze VBN 19499 1911 4 example example NN 19499 1911 5 of of IN 19499 1911 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1911 7 sonata sonata NN 19499 1911 8 - - HYPH 19499 1911 9 form form NN 19499 1911 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1911 11 , , , 19499 1911 12 see see VB 19499 1911 13 Appendix Appendix NNP 19499 1911 14 E. E. NNP 19499 1911 15 The the DT 19499 1911 16 student student NN 19499 1911 17 is be VBZ 19499 1911 18 advised advise VBN 19499 1911 19 to to TO 19499 1911 20 take take VB 19499 1911 21 other other JJ 19499 1911 22 sonatas sonata NNS 19499 1911 23 and and CC 19499 1911 24 go go VB 19499 1911 25 through through IN 19499 1911 26 the the DT 19499 1911 27 first first JJ 19499 1911 28 movements movement NNS 19499 1911 29 with with IN 19499 1911 30 a a DT 19499 1911 31 view view NN 19499 1911 32 to to IN 19499 1911 33 finding find VBG 19499 1911 34 at at IN 19499 1911 35 least least JJS 19499 1911 36 the the DT 19499 1911 37 three three CD 19499 1911 38 main main JJ 19499 1911 39 divisions division NNS 19499 1911 40 mentioned mention VBN 19499 1911 41 above above RB 19499 1911 42 . . . 19499 1912 1 In in IN 19499 1912 2 some some DT 19499 1912 3 cases case NNS 19499 1912 4 the the DT 19499 1912 5 form form NN 19499 1912 6 will will MD 19499 1912 7 of of IN 19499 1912 8 course course NN 19499 1912 9 be be VB 19499 1912 10 so so RB 19499 1912 11 irregular irregular JJ 19499 1912 12 that that IN 19499 1912 13 all all PDT 19499 1912 14 the the DT 19499 1912 15 parts part NNS 19499 1912 16 indicated indicate VBN 19499 1912 17 can can MD 19499 1912 18 not not RB 19499 1912 19 be be VB 19499 1912 20 discovered discover VBN 19499 1912 21 , , , 19499 1912 22 but but CC 19499 1912 23 the the DT 19499 1912 24 general general JJ 19499 1912 25 outlines outline NNS 19499 1912 26 of of IN 19499 1912 27 the the DT 19499 1912 28 scheme scheme NN 19499 1912 29 will will MD 19499 1912 30 always always RB 19499 1912 31 be be VB 19499 1912 32 present present JJ 19499 1912 33 . . . 19499 1913 1 158 158 CD 19499 1913 2 . . . 19499 1914 1 A a DT 19499 1914 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1914 3 sonatina sonatina NN 19499 1914 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1914 5 , , , 19499 1914 6 as as IN 19499 1914 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1914 8 name name NN 19499 1914 9 implies imply VBZ 19499 1914 10 , , , 19499 1914 11 is be VBZ 19499 1914 12 a a DT 19499 1914 13 little little JJ 19499 1914 14 sonata sonata NN 19499 1914 15 . . . 19499 1915 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1915 2 differs differ VBZ 19499 1915 3 from from IN 19499 1915 4 the the DT 19499 1915 5 sonata sonata NN 19499 1915 6 proper proper JJ 19499 1915 7 principally principally RB 19499 1915 8 in in IN 19499 1915 9 having have VBG 19499 1915 10 little little JJ 19499 1915 11 or or CC 19499 1915 12 no no DT 19499 1915 13 development development NN 19499 1915 14 , , , 19499 1915 15 the the DT 19499 1915 16 second second JJ 19499 1915 17 section section NN 19499 1915 18 being be VBG 19499 1915 19 of of IN 19499 1915 20 slight slight JJ 19499 1915 21 importance importance NN 19499 1915 22 as as IN 19499 1915 23 compared compare VBN 19499 1915 24 with with IN 19499 1915 25 the the DT 19499 1915 26 corresponding corresponding JJ 19499 1915 27 section section NN 19499 1915 28 of of IN 19499 1915 29 a a DT 19499 1915 30 sonata sonata NN 19499 1915 31 . . . 19499 1916 1 A a DT 19499 1916 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1916 3 grand grand JJ 19499 1916 4 sonata sonata NN 19499 1916 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1916 6 is be VBZ 19499 1916 7 like like IN 19499 1916 8 an an DT 19499 1916 9 ordinary ordinary JJ 19499 1916 10 sonata sonata NN 19499 1916 11 in in IN 19499 1916 12 form form NN 19499 1916 13 , , , 19499 1916 14 but but CC 19499 1916 15 is be VBZ 19499 1916 16 of of IN 19499 1916 17 unusually unusually RB 19499 1916 18 large large JJ 19499 1916 19 dimensions dimension NNS 19499 1916 20 . . . 19499 1917 1 159 159 CD 19499 1917 2 . . . 19499 1918 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1918 2 Program Program NNP 19499 1918 3 music music NN 19499 1918 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1918 5 is be VBZ 19499 1918 6 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1918 7 music music NN 19499 1918 8 which which WDT 19499 1918 9 is be VBZ 19499 1918 10 supposed suppose VBN 19499 1918 11 to to TO 19499 1918 12 convey convey VB 19499 1918 13 to to IN 19499 1918 14 the the DT 19499 1918 15 listener listener NN 19499 1918 16 an an DT 19499 1918 17 image image NN 19499 1918 18 or or CC 19499 1918 19 a a DT 19499 1918 20 succession succession NN 19499 1918 21 of of IN 19499 1918 22 images image NNS 19499 1918 23 that that WDT 19499 1918 24 will will MD 19499 1918 25 arouse arouse VB 19499 1918 26 in in IN 19499 1918 27 him -PRON- PRP 19499 1918 28 certain certain JJ 19499 1918 29 emotions emotion NNS 19499 1918 30 which which WDT 19499 1918 31 have have VBP 19499 1918 32 been be VBN 19499 1918 33 previously previously RB 19499 1918 34 aroused arouse VBN 19499 1918 35 in in IN 19499 1918 36 the the DT 19499 1918 37 composer composer NN 19499 1918 38 's 's POS 19499 1918 39 mind mind NN 19499 1918 40 by by IN 19499 1918 41 some some DT 19499 1918 42 scene scene NN 19499 1918 43 , , , 19499 1918 44 event event NN 19499 1918 45 , , , 19499 1918 46 or or CC 19499 1918 47 idea idea NN 19499 1918 48 . . . 19499 1919 1 The the DT 19499 1919 2 clue clue NN 19499 1919 3 to to IN 19499 1919 4 the the DT 19499 1919 5 general general JJ 19499 1919 6 idea idea NN 19499 1919 7 is be VBZ 19499 1919 8 usually usually RB 19499 1919 9 given give VBN 19499 1919 10 at at IN 19499 1919 11 the the DT 19499 1919 12 beginning beginning NN 19499 1919 13 of of IN 19499 1919 14 the the DT 19499 1919 15 music music NN 19499 1919 16 in in IN 19499 1919 17 the the DT 19499 1919 18 form form NN 19499 1919 19 of of IN 19499 1919 20 a a DT 19499 1919 21 poem poem NN 19499 1919 22 or or CC 19499 1919 23 a a DT 19499 1919 24 short short JJ 19499 1919 25 description description NN 19499 1919 26 of of IN 19499 1919 27 the the DT 19499 1919 28 thing thing NN 19499 1919 29 in in IN 19499 1919 30 the the DT 19499 1919 31 mind mind NN 19499 1919 32 of of IN 19499 1919 33 the the DT 19499 1919 34 composer composer NN 19499 1919 35 , , , 19499 1919 36 but but CC 19499 1919 37 there there EX 19499 1919 38 are be VBP 19499 1919 39 many many JJ 19499 1919 40 examples example NNS 19499 1919 41 in in IN 19499 1919 42 which which WDT 19499 1919 43 there there EX 19499 1919 44 is be VBZ 19499 1919 45 no no DT 19499 1919 46 clue clue NN 19499 1919 47 whatsoever whatsoever RB 19499 1919 48 except except IN 19499 1919 49 the the DT 19499 1919 50 title title NN 19499 1919 51 of of IN 19499 1919 52 the the DT 19499 1919 53 composition composition NN 19499 1919 54 . . . 19499 1920 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1920 2 Program Program NNP 19499 1920 3 music music NN 19499 1920 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1920 5 represents represent VBZ 19499 1920 6 a a DT 19499 1920 7 mean mean NN 19499 1920 8 between between IN 19499 1920 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1920 10 pure pure JJ 19499 1920 11 music music NN 19499 1920 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1920 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1920 14 cf cf NN 19499 1920 15 . . . 19499 1921 1 the the DT 19499 1921 2 piano piano NN 19499 1921 3 sonata sonata NN 19499 1921 4 or or CC 19499 1921 5 the the DT 19499 1921 6 string string NN 19499 1921 7 quartet quartet NN 19499 1921 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1921 9 on on IN 19499 1921 10 the the DT 19499 1921 11 one one CD 19499 1921 12 hand hand NN 19499 1921 13 , , , 19499 1921 14 and and CC 19499 1921 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1921 16 descriptive descriptive JJ 19499 1921 17 music music NN 19499 1921 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1921 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1921 20 in in IN 19499 1921 21 which which WDT 19499 1921 22 actual actual JJ 19499 1921 23 imitations imitation NNS 19499 1921 24 of of IN 19499 1921 25 bird bird NN 19499 1921 26 - - HYPH 19499 1921 27 calls call NNS 19499 1921 28 , , , 19499 1921 29 whistles whistle NNS 19499 1921 30 , , , 19499 1921 31 the the DT 19499 1921 32 blowing blowing NN 19499 1921 33 of of IN 19499 1921 34 the the DT 19499 1921 35 wind wind NN 19499 1921 36 , , , 19499 1921 37 the the DT 19499 1921 38 galloping galloping NN 19499 1921 39 of of IN 19499 1921 40 horses horse NNS 19499 1921 41 , , , 19499 1921 42 the the DT 19499 1921 43 rolling rolling NN 19499 1921 44 of of IN 19499 1921 45 thunder thunder NN 19499 1921 46 , , , 19499 1921 47 etc etc FW 19499 1921 48 . . FW 19499 1921 49 , , , 19499 1921 50 occur occur VBP 19499 1921 51 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1921 52 , , , 19499 1921 53 on on IN 19499 1921 54 the the DT 19499 1921 55 other other JJ 19499 1921 56 . . . 19499 1922 1 Most Most JJS 19499 1922 2 program program NN 19499 1922 3 music music NN 19499 1922 4 is be VBZ 19499 1922 5 written write VBN 19499 1922 6 for for IN 19499 1922 7 the the DT 19499 1922 8 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1922 9 , , , 19499 1922 10 examples example NNS 19499 1922 11 being be VBG 19499 1922 12 Liszt Liszt NNP 19499 1922 13 's 's POS 19499 1922 14 " " `` 19499 1922 15 The The NNP 19499 1922 16 Preludes Preludes NNPS 19499 1922 17 , , , 19499 1922 18 " " `` 19499 1922 19 Strauss Strauss NNP 19499 1922 20 ' ' '' 19499 1922 21 " " `` 19499 1922 22 Till Till NNP 19499 1922 23 Eulenspiegel Eulenspiegel NNP 19499 1922 24 , , , 19499 1922 25 " " '' 19499 1922 26 etc etc FW 19499 1922 27 . . . 19499 1923 1 160 160 CD 19499 1923 2 . . . 19499 1924 1 A a DT 19499 1924 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1924 3 symphonic symphonic JJ 19499 1924 4 poem poem NN 19499 1924 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1924 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1924 7 or or CC 19499 1924 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1924 9 tone tone NN 19499 1924 10 poem poem NNP 19499 1924 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1924 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1924 13 is be VBZ 19499 1924 14 an an DT 19499 1924 15 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 1924 16 composition composition NN 19499 1924 17 of of IN 19499 1924 18 large large JJ 19499 1924 19 dimensions dimension NNS 19499 1924 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1924 21 resembling resemble VBG 19499 1924 22 the the DT 19499 1924 23 symphony symphony NN 19499 1924 24 in in IN 19499 1924 25 size size NN 19499 1924 26 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1924 27 , , , 19499 1924 28 usually usually RB 19499 1924 29 embodying embody VBG 19499 1924 30 the the DT 19499 1924 31 program program NN 19499 1924 32 idea idea NN 19499 1924 33 . . . 19499 1925 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1925 2 has have VBZ 19499 1925 3 no no DT 19499 1925 4 prescribed prescribed JJ 19499 1925 5 form form NN 19499 1925 6 and and CC 19499 1925 7 seems seem VBZ 19499 1925 8 indeed indeed RB 19499 1925 9 to to TO 19499 1925 10 be be VB 19499 1925 11 often often RB 19499 1925 12 characterized characterize VBN 19499 1925 13 by by IN 19499 1925 14 an an DT 19499 1925 15 almost almost RB 19499 1925 16 total total JJ 19499 1925 17 lack lack NN 19499 1925 18 of of IN 19499 1925 19 design design NN 19499 1925 20 , , , 19499 1925 21 but but CC 19499 1925 22 there there EX 19499 1925 23 are be VBP 19499 1925 24 also also RB 19499 1925 25 examples example NNS 19499 1925 26 of of IN 19499 1925 27 symphonic symphonic JJ 19499 1925 28 poems poem NNS 19499 1925 29 in in IN 19499 1925 30 which which WDT 19499 1925 31 the the DT 19499 1925 32 same same JJ 19499 1925 33 theme theme NN 19499 1925 34 runs run VBZ 19499 1925 35 throughout throughout IN 19499 1925 36 the the DT 19499 1925 37 entire entire JJ 19499 1925 38 composition composition NN 19499 1925 39 , , , 19499 1925 40 being be VBG 19499 1925 41 adapted adapt VBN 19499 1925 42 at at IN 19499 1925 43 the the DT 19499 1925 44 various various JJ 19499 1925 45 points point NNS 19499 1925 46 at at IN 19499 1925 47 which which WDT 19499 1925 48 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1925 49 occurs occur VBZ 19499 1925 50 to to IN 19499 1925 51 the the DT 19499 1925 52 particular particular JJ 19499 1925 53 moods mood NNS 19499 1925 54 expressed express VBN 19499 1925 55 by by IN 19499 1925 56 the the DT 19499 1925 57 _ _ NNP 19499 1925 58 program program NN 19499 1925 59 _ _ NNP 19499 1925 60 at at IN 19499 1925 61 those those DT 19499 1925 62 points point NNS 19499 1925 63 . . . 19499 1926 1 The the DT 19499 1926 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1926 3 symphonic symphonic JJ 19499 1926 4 poem poem NN 19499 1926 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1926 6 was be VBD 19499 1926 7 invented invent VBN 19499 1926 8 by by IN 19499 1926 9 Liszt Liszt NNP 19499 1926 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1926 11 1811 1811 CD 19499 1926 12 - - SYM 19499 1926 13 1886 1886 CD 19499 1926 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1926 15 and and CC 19499 1926 16 has have VBZ 19499 1926 17 since since IN 19499 1926 18 been be VBN 19499 1926 19 used use VBN 19499 1926 20 extensively extensively RB 19499 1926 21 by by IN 19499 1926 22 Strauss Strauss NNP 19499 1926 23 , , , 19499 1926 24 Saint Saint NNP 19499 1926 25 - - HYPH 19499 1926 26 Saëns Saëns NNP 19499 1926 27 and and CC 19499 1926 28 others other NNS 19499 1926 29 . . . 19499 1927 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1927 2 came come VBD 19499 1927 3 into into IN 19499 1927 4 existence existence NN 19499 1927 5 as as IN 19499 1927 6 a a DT 19499 1927 7 part part NN 19499 1927 8 of of IN 19499 1927 9 the the DT 19499 1927 10 general general JJ 19499 1927 11 movement movement NN 19499 1927 12 which which WDT 19499 1927 13 has have VBZ 19499 1927 14 caused cause VBN 19499 1927 15 the the DT 19499 1927 16 fugue fugue NN 19499 1927 17 and and CC 19499 1927 18 the the DT 19499 1927 19 sonata sonata NN 19499 1927 20 successively successively RB 19499 1927 21 to to TO 19499 1927 22 go go VB 19499 1927 23 out out IN 19499 1927 24 of of IN 19499 1927 25 fashion fashion NN 19499 1927 26 , , , 19499 1927 27 viz viz NNP 19499 1927 28 . . NNP 19499 1927 29 , , , 19499 1927 30 the the DT 19499 1927 31 tendency tendency NN 19499 1927 32 to to TO 19499 1927 33 invent invent VB 19499 1927 34 forms form NNS 19499 1927 35 which which WDT 19499 1927 36 would would MD 19499 1927 37 not not RB 19499 1927 38 hamper hamper VB 19499 1927 39 the the DT 19499 1927 40 composer composer NN 19499 1927 41 in in IN 19499 1927 42 any any DT 19499 1927 43 way way NN 19499 1927 44 , , , 19499 1927 45 but but CC 19499 1927 46 would would MD 19499 1927 47 leave leave VB 19499 1927 48 him -PRON- PRP 19499 1927 49 absolutely absolutely RB 19499 1927 50 free free JJ 19499 1927 51 to to TO 19499 1927 52 express express VB 19499 1927 53 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1927 54 ideas idea NNS 19499 1927 55 in in IN 19499 1927 56 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1927 57 own own JJ 19499 1927 58 individual individual JJ 19499 1927 59 way way NN 19499 1927 60 . . . 19499 1928 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 1928 2 XVI XVI NNP 19499 1928 3 TERMS term NNS 19499 1928 4 RELATING relate VBG 19499 1928 5 TO to IN 19499 1928 6 VOCAL vocal NN 19499 1928 7 MUSIC MUSIC NNP 19499 1928 8 161 161 CD 19499 1928 9 . . . 19499 1929 1 An an DT 19499 1929 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1929 3 anthem anthem NN 19499 1929 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1929 5 is be VBZ 19499 1929 6 a a DT 19499 1929 7 sacred sacred JJ 19499 1929 8 choral choral JJ 19499 1929 9 composition composition NN 19499 1929 10 , , , 19499 1929 11 usually usually RB 19499 1929 12 based base VBN 19499 1929 13 on on IN 19499 1929 14 Biblical Biblical NNP 19499 1929 15 or or CC 19499 1929 16 liturgical[34 liturgical[34 NNP 19499 1929 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1929 18 words word NNS 19499 1929 19 . . . 19499 1930 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1930 2 may may MD 19499 1930 3 or or CC 19499 1930 4 may may MD 19499 1930 5 not not RB 19499 1930 6 have have VB 19499 1930 7 an an DT 19499 1930 8 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 1930 9 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1930 10 , , , 19499 1930 11 and and CC 19499 1930 12 is be VBZ 19499 1930 13 usually usually RB 19499 1930 14 written write VBN 19499 1930 15 in in IN 19499 1930 16 four four CD 19499 1930 17 parts part NNS 19499 1930 18 , , , 19499 1930 19 but but CC 19499 1930 20 may may MD 19499 1930 21 have have VB 19499 1930 22 five five CD 19499 1930 23 , , , 19499 1930 24 six six CD 19499 1930 25 , , , 19499 1930 26 eight eight CD 19499 1930 27 , , , 19499 1930 28 or or CC 19499 1930 29 more more JJR 19499 1930 30 . . . 19499 1931 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1931 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1931 3 34 34 CD 19499 1931 4 : : : 19499 1931 5 A a DT 19499 1931 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1931 7 liturgy liturgy NN 19499 1931 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1931 9 is be VBZ 19499 1931 10 a a DT 19499 1931 11 prescribed prescribed JJ 19499 1931 12 form form NN 19499 1931 13 or or CC 19499 1931 14 method method NN 19499 1931 15 of of IN 19499 1931 16 conducting conduct VBG 19499 1931 17 a a DT 19499 1931 18 religious religious JJ 19499 1931 19 service service NN 19499 1931 20 , , , 19499 1931 21 and and CC 19499 1931 22 the the DT 19499 1931 23 parts part NNS 19499 1931 24 sung sing VBD 19499 1931 25 in in IN 19499 1931 26 such such PDT 19499 1931 27 a a DT 19499 1931 28 service service NN 19499 1931 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1931 30 as as IN 19499 1931 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1931 32 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 1931 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1931 34 , , , 19499 1931 35 the the DT 19499 1931 36 holy holy JJ 19499 1931 37 communion communion NN 19499 1931 38 , , , 19499 1931 39 baptism baptism NN 19499 1931 40 , , , 19499 1931 41 etc etc FW 19499 1931 42 . . . 19499 1932 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1932 2 , , , 19499 1932 3 are be VBP 19499 1932 4 referred refer VBN 19499 1932 5 to to IN 19499 1932 6 as as IN 19499 1932 7 the the DT 19499 1932 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1932 9 musical musical JJ 19499 1932 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1932 11 liturgy liturgy NN 19499 1932 12 . . . 19499 1932 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1933 1 The the DT 19499 1933 2 word word NN 19499 1933 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 4 anthem anthem NN 19499 1933 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 6 is be VBZ 19499 1933 7 derived derive VBN 19499 1933 8 from from IN 19499 1933 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 10 antifona antifona NNP 19499 1933 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1933 13 or or CC 19499 1933 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 15 antiphona antiphona NN 19499 1933 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1933 18 , , , 19499 1933 19 meaning mean VBG 19499 1933 20 a a DT 19499 1933 21 psalm psalm NN 19499 1933 22 or or CC 19499 1933 23 hymn hymn NN 19499 1933 24 sung sung NNP 19499 1933 25 responsively responsively RB 19499 1933 26 , , , 19499 1933 27 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 28 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1933 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 30 , , , 19499 1933 31 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 32 antiphonally antiphonally RB 19499 1933 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1933 34 , , , 19499 1933 35 by by IN 19499 1933 36 two two CD 19499 1933 37 choirs choir NNS 19499 1933 38 , , , 19499 1933 39 or or CC 19499 1933 40 by by IN 19499 1933 41 choir choir NN 19499 1933 42 and and CC 19499 1933 43 congregation congregation NN 19499 1933 44 . . . 19499 1934 1 A a DT 19499 1934 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1934 3 full full JJ 19499 1934 4 anthem anthem NN 19499 1934 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1934 6 is be VBZ 19499 1934 7 one one CD 19499 1934 8 containing contain VBG 19499 1934 9 no no DT 19499 1934 10 solo solo NN 19499 1934 11 parts part NNS 19499 1934 12 ; ; : 19499 1934 13 a a DT 19499 1934 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1934 15 solo solo NN 19499 1934 16 anthem anthem NN 19499 1934 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1934 18 is be VBZ 19499 1934 19 one one CD 19499 1934 20 in in IN 19499 1934 21 which which WDT 19499 1934 22 the the DT 19499 1934 23 solo solo NN 19499 1934 24 part part NN 19499 1934 25 is be VBZ 19499 1934 26 predominant predominant JJ 19499 1934 27 over over IN 19499 1934 28 the the DT 19499 1934 29 chorus chorus NN 19499 1934 30 , , , 19499 1934 31 while while IN 19499 1934 32 a a DT 19499 1934 33 _ _ NNP 19499 1934 34 verse verse NN 19499 1934 35 anthem anthem NN 19499 1934 36 _ _ NNP 19499 1934 37 is be VBZ 19499 1934 38 one one CD 19499 1934 39 in in IN 19499 1934 40 which which WDT 19499 1934 41 the the DT 19499 1934 42 chorus chorus NN 19499 1934 43 parts part NNS 19499 1934 44 alternate alternate VBP 19499 1934 45 with with IN 19499 1934 46 passages passage NNS 19499 1934 47 for for IN 19499 1934 48 concerted concerted JJ 19499 1934 49 solo solo NN 19499 1934 50 voices voice NNS 19499 1934 51 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1934 52 _ _ NNP 19499 1934 53 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1934 54 _ _ NNP 19499 1934 55 , , , 19499 1934 56 trios trio NNS 19499 1934 57 , , , 19499 1934 58 quartets quartet NNS 19499 1934 59 , , , 19499 1934 60 etc etc FW 19499 1934 61 . . . 19499 1934 62 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1934 63 . . . 19499 1935 1 162 162 CD 19499 1935 2 . . . 19499 1936 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1936 2 A a DT 19499 1936 3 capella capella NN 19499 1936 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1936 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1936 6 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1936 7 spelled spell VBN 19499 1936 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1936 9 cappella cappella FW 19499 1936 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1936 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1936 12 or or CC 19499 1936 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1936 14 alla alla NN 19499 1936 15 capella capella NN 19499 1936 16 music music NN 19499 1936 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1936 18 is be VBZ 19499 1936 19 part part NN 19499 1936 20 - - HYPH 19499 1936 21 singing singing NN 19499 1936 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1936 23 either either CC 19499 1936 24 sacred sacred JJ 19499 1936 25 or or CC 19499 1936 26 secular secular JJ 19499 1936 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1936 28 without without IN 19499 1936 29 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1936 30 . . . 19499 1937 1 This this DT 19499 1937 2 term term NN 19499 1937 3 means mean VBZ 19499 1937 4 literally literally RB 19499 1937 5 " " '' 19499 1937 6 in in IN 19499 1937 7 chapel chapel NN 19499 1937 8 style style NN 19499 1937 9 , , , 19499 1937 10 " " '' 19499 1937 11 and and CC 19499 1937 12 refers refer VBZ 19499 1937 13 to to IN 19499 1937 14 the the DT 19499 1937 15 fact fact NN 19499 1937 16 that that IN 19499 1937 17 in in IN 19499 1937 18 the the DT 19499 1937 19 early early JJ 19499 1937 20 days day NNS 19499 1937 21 of of IN 19499 1937 22 the the DT 19499 1937 23 church church NN 19499 1937 24 all all DT 19499 1937 25 singing singing NN 19499 1937 26 was be VBD 19499 1937 27 unaccompanied unaccompanied JJ 19499 1937 28 . . . 19499 1938 1 163 163 CD 19499 1938 2 . . . 19499 1939 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1939 2 A a DT 19499 1939 3 motet motet NN 19499 1939 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1939 5 is be VBZ 19499 1939 6 a a DT 19499 1939 7 sacred sacred JJ 19499 1939 8 choral choral JJ 19499 1939 9 composition composition NN 19499 1939 10 in in IN 19499 1939 11 contrapuntal contrapuntal JJ 19499 1939 12 style style NN 19499 1939 13 . . . 19499 1940 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1940 2 has have VBZ 19499 1940 3 no no DT 19499 1940 4 solo solo JJ 19499 1940 5 parts part NNS 19499 1940 6 , , , 19499 1940 7 thus thus RB 19499 1940 8 corresponding correspond VBG 19499 1940 9 to to IN 19499 1940 10 the the DT 19499 1940 11 madrigal madrigal JJ 19499 1940 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1940 13 q.v q.v NNP 19499 1940 14 . . . 19499 1940 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1941 1 in in IN 19499 1941 2 secular secular JJ 19499 1941 3 music music NN 19499 1941 4 . . . 19499 1942 1 The the DT 19499 1942 2 motet motet NN 19499 1942 3 is be VBZ 19499 1942 4 intended intend VBN 19499 1942 5 for for IN 19499 1942 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1942 7 a a DT 19499 1942 8 capella capella NN 19499 1942 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1942 10 performance performance NN 19499 1942 11 , , , 19499 1942 12 but but CC 19499 1942 13 is be VBZ 19499 1942 14 often often RB 19499 1942 15 given give VBN 19499 1942 16 with with IN 19499 1942 17 organ organ NN 19499 1942 18 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1942 19 . . . 19499 1943 1 164 164 CD 19499 1943 2 . . . 19499 1944 1 A a DT 19499 1944 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1944 3 choral choral NN 19499 1944 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1944 5 is be VBZ 19499 1944 6 a a DT 19499 1944 7 hymn hymn NN 19499 1944 8 - - HYPH 19499 1944 9 tune tune NN 19499 1944 10 of of IN 19499 1944 11 the the DT 19499 1944 12 German German NNP 19499 1944 13 Protestant Protestant NNP 19499 1944 14 Church Church NNP 19499 1944 15 . . . 19499 1945 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1945 2 is be VBZ 19499 1945 3 usually usually RB 19499 1945 4 harmonized harmonize VBN 19499 1945 5 in in IN 19499 1945 6 four four CD 19499 1945 7 voices voice NNS 19499 1945 8 . . . 19499 1946 1 The the DT 19499 1946 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1946 3 choral choral NN 19499 1946 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1946 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1946 6 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1946 7 spelled spell VBN 19499 1946 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1946 9 chorale chorale NN 19499 1946 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1946 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1946 12 is be VBZ 19499 1946 13 described describe VBN 19499 1946 14 as as IN 19499 1946 15 having have VBG 19499 1946 16 " " `` 19499 1946 17 a a DT 19499 1946 18 plain plain JJ 19499 1946 19 melody melody NN 19499 1946 20 , , , 19499 1946 21 a a DT 19499 1946 22 strong strong JJ 19499 1946 23 harmony harmony NN 19499 1946 24 , , , 19499 1946 25 and and CC 19499 1946 26 a a DT 19499 1946 27 stately stately JJ 19499 1946 28 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1946 29 . . . 19499 1946 30 " " '' 19499 1947 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1947 2 differs differ VBZ 19499 1947 3 from from IN 19499 1947 4 the the DT 19499 1947 5 ordinary ordinary JJ 19499 1947 6 English English NNP 19499 1947 7 and and CC 19499 1947 8 American american JJ 19499 1947 9 hymn hymn NN 19499 1947 10 - - HYPH 19499 1947 11 tune tune NN 19499 1947 12 in in IN 19499 1947 13 being be VBG 19499 1947 14 usually usually RB 19499 1947 15 sung sing VBN 19499 1947 16 at at IN 19499 1947 17 a a DT 19499 1947 18 much much RB 19499 1947 19 slower slow JJR 19499 1947 20 tempo tempo NN 19499 1947 21 , , , 19499 1947 22 and and CC 19499 1947 23 in in IN 19499 1947 24 having have VBG 19499 1947 25 a a DT 19499 1947 26 pause pause NN 19499 1947 27 at at IN 19499 1947 28 the the DT 19499 1947 29 end end NN 19499 1947 30 of of IN 19499 1947 31 each each DT 19499 1947 32 line line NN 19499 1947 33 of of IN 19499 1947 34 text text NN 19499 1947 35 . . . 19499 1948 1 165 165 CD 19499 1948 2 . . . 19499 1949 1 The the DT 19499 1949 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1949 3 mass mass NN 19499 1949 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1949 5 is be VBZ 19499 1949 6 the the DT 19499 1949 7 liturgy liturgy NN 19499 1949 8 for for IN 19499 1949 9 the the DT 19499 1949 10 celebration celebration NN 19499 1949 11 of of IN 19499 1949 12 the the DT 19499 1949 13 Lord Lord NNP 19499 1949 14 's 's POS 19499 1949 15 Supper Supper NNP 19499 1949 16 in in IN 19499 1949 17 the the DT 19499 1949 18 service service NN 19499 1949 19 of of IN 19499 1949 20 the the DT 19499 1949 21 Roman Roman NNP 19499 1949 22 Catholic Catholic NNP 19499 1949 23 Church Church NNP 19499 1949 24 . . . 19499 1950 1 As as IN 19499 1950 2 used use VBN 19499 1950 3 in in IN 19499 1950 4 the the DT 19499 1950 5 terminology terminology NN 19499 1950 6 of of IN 19499 1950 7 music music NN 19499 1950 8 the the DT 19499 1950 9 word word NN 19499 1950 10 refers refer VBZ 19499 1950 11 to to IN 19499 1950 12 the the DT 19499 1950 13 six six CD 19499 1950 14 hymns hymn NNS 19499 1950 15 which which WDT 19499 1950 16 are be VBP 19499 1950 17 always always RB 19499 1950 18 included include VBN 19499 1950 19 when when WRB 19499 1950 20 a a DT 19499 1950 21 composer composer NN 19499 1950 22 writes write VBZ 19499 1950 23 a a DT 19499 1950 24 musical musical JJ 19499 1950 25 _ _ NNP 19499 1950 26 mass mass NN 19499 1950 27 _ _ NNP 19499 1950 28 , , , 19499 1950 29 and and CC 19499 1950 30 which which WDT 19499 1950 31 form form VBP 19499 1950 32 the the DT 19499 1950 33 basis basis NN 19499 1950 34 of of IN 19499 1950 35 the the DT 19499 1950 36 celebration celebration NN 19499 1950 37 of of IN 19499 1950 38 the the DT 19499 1950 39 Communion Communion NNP 19499 1950 40 . . . 19499 1951 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1951 2 35 35 CD 19499 1951 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1951 4 These these DT 19499 1951 5 six six CD 19499 1951 6 hymns hymn NNS 19499 1951 7 are be VBP 19499 1951 8 as as IN 19499 1951 9 follows follow VBZ 19499 1951 10 : : : 19499 1951 11 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1951 12 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 1951 13 35 35 CD 19499 1951 14 : : : 19499 1951 15 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1951 16 should should MD 19499 1951 17 be be VB 19499 1951 18 understood understand VBN 19499 1951 19 that that IN 19499 1951 20 this this DT 19499 1951 21 statement statement NN 19499 1951 22 refers refer VBZ 19499 1951 23 to to IN 19499 1951 24 the the DT 19499 1951 25 service service NN 19499 1951 26 called call VBN 19499 1951 27 " " `` 19499 1951 28 the the DT 19499 1951 29 high high JJ 19499 1951 30 mass mass NN 19499 1951 31 " " `` 19499 1951 32 only only RB 19499 1951 33 , , , 19499 1951 34 there there EX 19499 1951 35 being be VBG 19499 1951 36 no no DT 19499 1951 37 music music NN 19499 1951 38 at at RB 19499 1951 39 all all RB 19499 1951 40 in in IN 19499 1951 41 connection connection NN 19499 1951 42 with with IN 19499 1951 43 the the DT 19499 1951 44 so so RB 19499 1951 45 - - HYPH 19499 1951 46 called call VBN 19499 1951 47 " " `` 19499 1951 48 low low NNP 19499 1951 49 mass mass NN 19499 1951 50 . . . 19499 1951 51 " " '' 19499 1951 52 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1952 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 2 Kyrie Kyrie NNP 19499 1952 3 . . . 19499 1952 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 6 Gloria Gloria NNP 19499 1952 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1952 9 including include VBG 19499 1952 10 the the DT 19499 1952 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 12 Gratias Gratias NNP 19499 1952 13 agimus agimus NN 19499 1952 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 15 , , , 19499 1952 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 17 Qui Qui NNP 19499 1952 18 tollis tollis NNP 19499 1952 19 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 20 , , , 19499 1952 21 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 22 Quoniam Quoniam NNP 19499 1952 23 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 24 , , , 19499 1952 25 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 26 Cum Cum NNP 19499 1952 27 Sancto Sancto NNP 19499 1952 28 Spirito Spirito NNP 19499 1952 29 _ _ NNP 19499 1952 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1952 31 . . . 19499 1953 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1953 2 Credo Credo NNP 19499 1953 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1953 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1953 5 including include VBG 19499 1953 6 the the DT 19499 1953 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1953 8 Et Et NNP 19499 1953 9 Incarnatus Incarnatus NNP 19499 1953 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1953 11 , , , 19499 1953 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1953 13 Crucifixus Crucifixus NNP 19499 1953 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1953 15 , , , 19499 1953 16 and and CC 19499 1953 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1953 18 Et Et NNP 19499 1953 19 Resurrexit Resurrexit NNP 19499 1953 20 _ _ NNP 19499 1953 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1953 22 . . . 19499 1954 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1954 2 Sanctus Sanctus NNP 19499 1954 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1954 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1954 5 including include VBG 19499 1954 6 the the DT 19499 1954 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1954 8 Hosanna Hosanna NNP 19499 1954 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1954 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1954 11 . . . 19499 1955 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1955 2 Benedictus Benedictus NNP 19499 1955 3 . . . 19499 1955 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1955 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1955 6 Agnus Agnus NNP 19499 1955 7 Dei Dei NNP 19499 1955 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1955 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1955 10 including include VBG 19499 1955 11 the the DT 19499 1955 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1955 13 Dona Dona NNP 19499 1955 14 nobis nobis NN 19499 1955 15 _ _ NNP 19499 1955 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1955 17 . . . 19499 1956 1 The the DT 19499 1956 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1956 3 requiem requiem JJ 19499 1956 4 mass mass NNP 19499 1956 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1956 6 is be VBZ 19499 1956 7 the the DT 19499 1956 8 " " `` 19499 1956 9 mass mass NN 19499 1956 10 for for IN 19499 1956 11 the the DT 19499 1956 12 dead dead NN 19499 1956 13 " " '' 19499 1956 14 and and CC 19499 1956 15 differs differ VBZ 19499 1956 16 considerably considerably RB 19499 1956 17 from from IN 19499 1956 18 the the DT 19499 1956 19 ordinary ordinary JJ 19499 1956 20 mass mass NN 19499 1956 21 . . . 19499 1957 1 Both both CC 19499 1957 2 regular regular JJ 19499 1957 3 and and CC 19499 1957 4 requiem requiem JJ 19499 1957 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1957 6 masses masse NNS 19499 1957 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1957 8 have have VBP 19499 1957 9 been be VBN 19499 1957 10 written write VBN 19499 1957 11 by by IN 19499 1957 12 many many JJ 19499 1957 13 of of IN 19499 1957 14 the the DT 19499 1957 15 great great JJ 19499 1957 16 composers composer NNS 19499 1957 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1957 18 Bach Bach NNP 19499 1957 19 , , , 19499 1957 20 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 1957 21 , , , 19499 1957 22 Verdi Verdi NNP 19499 1957 23 , , , 19499 1957 24 Gounod Gounod NNP 19499 1957 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1957 26 , , , 19499 1957 27 and and CC 19499 1957 28 in in IN 19499 1957 29 many many JJ 19499 1957 30 cases case NNS 19499 1957 31 these these DT 19499 1957 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1957 33 masses masse NNS 19499 1957 34 _ _ NNP 19499 1957 35 are be VBP 19499 1957 36 so so RB 19499 1957 37 complex complex JJ 19499 1957 38 that that IN 19499 1957 39 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1957 40 are be VBP 19499 1957 41 not not RB 19499 1957 42 practicable practicable JJ 19499 1957 43 for for IN 19499 1957 44 the the DT 19499 1957 45 actual actual JJ 19499 1957 46 service service NN 19499 1957 47 of of IN 19499 1957 48 the the DT 19499 1957 49 Church Church NNP 19499 1957 50 , , , 19499 1957 51 and and CC 19499 1957 52 are be VBP 19499 1957 53 therefore therefore RB 19499 1957 54 performed perform VBN 19499 1957 55 only only RB 19499 1957 56 by by IN 19499 1957 57 large large JJ 19499 1957 58 choral choral JJ 19499 1957 59 societies society NNS 19499 1957 60 , , , 19499 1957 61 as as IN 19499 1957 62 concert concert NN 19499 1957 63 works work VBZ 19499 1957 64 . . . 19499 1958 1 166 166 CD 19499 1958 2 . . . 19499 1959 1 A a DT 19499 1959 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1959 3 cantata cantata NN 19499 1959 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1959 5 is be VBZ 19499 1959 6 a a DT 19499 1959 7 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1959 8 composition composition NN 19499 1959 9 for for IN 19499 1959 10 chorus chorus NN 19499 1959 11 and and CC 19499 1959 12 soloists soloist NNS 19499 1959 13 , , , 19499 1959 14 the the DT 19499 1959 15 text text NN 19499 1959 16 being be VBG 19499 1959 17 either either CC 19499 1959 18 sacred sacred JJ 19499 1959 19 or or CC 19499 1959 20 secular secular JJ 19499 1959 21 . . . 19499 1960 1 The the DT 19499 1960 2 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1960 3 may may MD 19499 1960 4 be be VB 19499 1960 5 written write VBN 19499 1960 6 for for IN 19499 1960 7 piano piano NN 19499 1960 8 , , , 19499 1960 9 organ organ NN 19499 1960 10 , , , 19499 1960 11 or or CC 19499 1960 12 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1960 13 . . . 19499 1961 1 When when WRB 19499 1961 2 sacred sacred JJ 19499 1961 3 in in IN 19499 1961 4 character character NN 19499 1961 5 the the DT 19499 1961 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1961 7 cantata cantata NN 19499 1961 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1961 9 differs differ VBZ 19499 1961 10 from from IN 19499 1961 11 the the DT 19499 1961 12 oratorio oratorio NN 19499 1961 13 in in IN 19499 1961 14 being be VBG 19499 1961 15 shorter short JJR 19499 1961 16 and and CC 19499 1961 17 less less RBR 19499 1961 18 dramatic dramatic JJ 19499 1961 19 , , , 19499 1961 20 in in IN 19499 1961 21 not not RB 19499 1961 22 usually usually RB 19499 1961 23 having have VBG 19499 1961 24 definite definite JJ 19499 1961 25 characters character NNS 19499 1961 26 , , , 19499 1961 27 and and CC 19499 1961 28 in in IN 19499 1961 29 being be VBG 19499 1961 30 written write VBN 19499 1961 31 for for IN 19499 1961 32 church church NN 19499 1961 33 use use NN 19499 1961 34 , , , 19499 1961 35 while while IN 19499 1961 36 the the DT 19499 1961 37 oratorio oratorio NN 19499 1961 38 is be VBZ 19499 1961 39 intended intend VBN 19499 1961 40 for for IN 19499 1961 41 concert concert NN 19499 1961 42 performance performance NN 19499 1961 43 . . . 19499 1962 1 When when WRB 19499 1962 2 secular secular JJ 19499 1962 3 in in IN 19499 1962 4 subject subject NN 19499 1962 5 the the DT 19499 1962 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1962 7 cantata cantata NN 19499 1962 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1962 9 differs differ VBZ 19499 1962 10 from from IN 19499 1962 11 the the DT 19499 1962 12 opera opera NN 19499 1962 13 in in IN 19499 1962 14 not not RB 19499 1962 15 usually usually RB 19499 1962 16 having have VBG 19499 1962 17 definite definite JJ 19499 1962 18 characters character NNS 19499 1962 19 , , , 19499 1962 20 and and CC 19499 1962 21 in in IN 19499 1962 22 being be VBG 19499 1962 23 always always RB 19499 1962 24 rendered render VBN 19499 1962 25 without without IN 19499 1962 26 scenery scenery NN 19499 1962 27 or or CC 19499 1962 28 action action NN 19499 1962 29 . . . 19499 1963 1 Examples example NNS 19499 1963 2 of of IN 19499 1963 3 the the DT 19499 1963 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1963 5 sacred sacred JJ 19499 1963 6 cantata cantata NN 19499 1963 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1963 8 are be VBP 19499 1963 9 : : : 19499 1963 10 Stainer Stainer NNP 19499 1963 11 's 's POS 19499 1963 12 " " `` 19499 1963 13 The the DT 19499 1963 14 Crucifixion Crucifixion NNP 19499 1963 15 , , , 19499 1963 16 " " `` 19499 1963 17 Clough Clough NNP 19499 1963 18 - - HYPH 19499 1963 19 Leighter Leighter NNP 19499 1963 20 's 's POS 19499 1963 21 " " `` 19499 1963 22 The the DT 19499 1963 23 Righteous Righteous NNP 19499 1963 24 Branch Branch NNP 19499 1963 25 , , , 19499 1963 26 " " '' 19499 1963 27 and and CC 19499 1963 28 Gaul Gaul NNP 19499 1963 29 's 's POS 19499 1963 30 " " `` 19499 1963 31 The The NNP 19499 1963 32 Holy Holy NNP 19499 1963 33 City City NNP 19499 1963 34 . . . 19499 1963 35 " " '' 19499 1964 1 Examples example NNS 19499 1964 2 of of IN 19499 1964 3 the the DT 19499 1964 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1964 5 secular secular JJ 19499 1964 6 cantata cantata NN 19499 1964 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1964 8 are be VBP 19499 1964 9 : : : 19499 1964 10 Bruch Bruch NNP 19499 1964 11 's 's POS 19499 1964 12 " " `` 19499 1964 13 Armenius Armenius NNP 19499 1964 14 , , , 19499 1964 15 " " '' 19499 1964 16 Coleridge Coleridge NNP 19499 1964 17 - - HYPH 19499 1964 18 Taylor Taylor NNP 19499 1964 19 's 's POS 19499 1964 20 " " `` 19499 1964 21 Hiawatha Hiawatha NNP 19499 1964 22 . . . 19499 1964 23 " " '' 19499 1965 1 167 167 CD 19499 1965 2 . . . 19499 1966 1 An an DT 19499 1966 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1966 3 oratorio oratorio NN 19499 1966 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1966 5 is be VBZ 19499 1966 6 a a DT 19499 1966 7 composition composition NN 19499 1966 8 on on IN 19499 1966 9 a a DT 19499 1966 10 large large JJ 19499 1966 11 scale scale NN 19499 1966 12 for for IN 19499 1966 13 chorus chorus NN 19499 1966 14 , , , 19499 1966 15 soloists soloist NNS 19499 1966 16 , , , 19499 1966 17 and and CC 19499 1966 18 orchestra orchestra NNP 19499 1966 19 , , , 19499 1966 20 the the DT 19499 1966 21 text text NN 19499 1966 22 usually usually RB 19499 1966 23 dealing deal VBG 19499 1966 24 with with IN 19499 1966 25 some some DT 19499 1966 26 religious religious JJ 19499 1966 27 subject subject NN 19499 1966 28 . . . 19499 1967 1 The the DT 19499 1967 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1967 3 oratorio oratorio NN 19499 1967 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1967 5 , , , 19499 1967 6 as as IN 19499 1967 7 noted note VBN 19499 1967 8 above above RB 19499 1967 9 , , , 19499 1967 10 is be VBZ 19499 1967 11 not not RB 19499 1967 12 intended intend VBN 19499 1967 13 for for IN 19499 1967 14 the the DT 19499 1967 15 church church NN 19499 1967 16 service service NN 19499 1967 17 , , , 19499 1967 18 but but CC 19499 1967 19 is be VBZ 19499 1967 20 written write VBN 19499 1967 21 for for IN 19499 1967 22 concert concert NN 19499 1967 23 performance performance NN 19499 1967 24 . . . 19499 1968 1 168 168 CD 19499 1968 2 . . . 19499 1969 1 An an DT 19499 1969 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1969 3 opera opera NN 19499 1969 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1969 5 is be VBZ 19499 1969 6 a a DT 19499 1969 7 composition composition NN 19499 1969 8 for for IN 19499 1969 9 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1969 10 soloists soloist NNS 19499 1969 11 , , , 19499 1969 12 chorus chorus NNP 19499 1969 13 , , , 19499 1969 14 and and CC 19499 1969 15 orchestra orchestra NNP 19499 1969 16 , , , 19499 1969 17 with with IN 19499 1969 18 characters character NNS 19499 1969 19 , , , 19499 1969 20 action action NN 19499 1969 21 , , , 19499 1969 22 scenery scenery NN 19499 1969 23 , , , 19499 1969 24 and and CC 19499 1969 25 dramatic dramatic JJ 19499 1969 26 movement movement NN 19499 1969 27 . . . 19499 1970 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1970 2 is be VBZ 19499 1970 3 a a DT 19499 1970 4 drama drama NN 19499 1970 5 set set VBN 19499 1970 6 to to IN 19499 1970 7 music music NN 19499 1970 8 . . . 19499 1971 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1971 2 Grand Grand NNP 19499 1971 3 opera opera NN 19499 1971 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1971 5 is be VBZ 19499 1971 6 opera opera NN 19499 1971 7 with with IN 19499 1971 8 a a DT 19499 1971 9 serious serious JJ 19499 1971 10 plot plot NN 19499 1971 11 , , , 19499 1971 12 in in IN 19499 1971 13 which which WDT 19499 1971 14 everything everything NN 19499 1971 15 is be VBZ 19499 1971 16 sung sung JJ 19499 1971 17 , , , 19499 1971 18 there there EX 19499 1971 19 being be VBG 19499 1971 20 no no DT 19499 1971 21 spoken spoken JJ 19499 1971 22 dialog dialog NN 19499 1971 23 at at RB 19499 1971 24 all all RB 19499 1971 25 . . . 19499 1972 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1972 2 Opera Opera NNP 19499 1972 3 comique comique NN 19499 1972 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1972 5 is be VBZ 19499 1972 6 a a DT 19499 1972 7 species species NN 19499 1972 8 of of IN 19499 1972 9 opera opera NN 19499 1972 10 in in IN 19499 1972 11 which which WDT 19499 1972 12 part part NN 19499 1972 13 of of IN 19499 1972 14 the the DT 19499 1972 15 dialog dialog NN 19499 1972 16 is be VBZ 19499 1972 17 spoken speak VBN 19499 1972 18 and and CC 19499 1972 19 part part NN 19499 1972 20 sung sung NNP 19499 1972 21 . . . 19499 1973 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1973 2 Opera Opera NNP 19499 1973 3 comique comique NN 19499 1973 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1973 5 is be VBZ 19499 1973 6 not not RB 19499 1973 7 synonymous synonymous JJ 19499 1973 8 with with IN 19499 1973 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1973 10 comic comic JJ 19499 1973 11 opera opera NNP 19499 1973 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1973 13 , , , 19499 1973 14 for for IN 19499 1973 15 the the DT 19499 1973 16 plot plot NN 19499 1973 17 of of IN 19499 1973 18 opera opera NN 19499 1973 19 comique comique NNP 19499 1973 20 is be VBZ 19499 1973 21 as as RB 19499 1973 22 often often RB 19499 1973 23 serious serious JJ 19499 1973 24 as as IN 19499 1973 25 not not RB 19499 1973 26 . . . 19499 1974 1 In in IN 19499 1974 2 fact fact NN 19499 1974 3 the the DT 19499 1974 4 entire entire JJ 19499 1974 5 distinction distinction NN 19499 1974 6 between between IN 19499 1974 7 the the DT 19499 1974 8 terms term NNS 19499 1974 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1974 10 grand grand NNP 19499 1974 11 opera opera NNP 19499 1974 12 _ _ NNP 19499 1974 13 and and CC 19499 1974 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1974 15 opera opera NNP 19499 1974 16 comique comique NNP 19499 1974 17 _ _ NNP 19499 1974 18 is be VBZ 19499 1974 19 being be VBG 19499 1974 20 broken break VBN 19499 1974 21 down down RP 19499 1974 22 , , , 19499 1974 23 the the DT 19499 1974 24 latter latter JJ 19499 1974 25 term term NN 19499 1974 26 referring refer VBG 19499 1974 27 merely merely RB 19499 1974 28 to to IN 19499 1974 29 operas opera NNS 19499 1974 30 first first RB 19499 1974 31 given give VBN 19499 1974 32 at at IN 19499 1974 33 the the DT 19499 1974 34 Opera Opera NNP 19499 1974 35 Comique Comique NNP 19499 1974 36 in in IN 19499 1974 37 Paris Paris NNP 19499 1974 38 , , , 19499 1974 39 and and CC 19499 1974 40 the the DT 19499 1974 41 former former JJ 19499 1974 42 term term NN 19499 1974 43 to to IN 19499 1974 44 those those DT 19499 1974 45 given give VBN 19499 1974 46 at at IN 19499 1974 47 the the DT 19499 1974 48 Grand Grand NNP 19499 1974 49 Opera Opera NNP 19499 1974 50 House House NNP 19499 1974 51 in in IN 19499 1974 52 the the DT 19499 1974 53 same same JJ 19499 1974 54 city city NN 19499 1974 55 . . . 19499 1975 1 A a DT 19499 1975 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1975 3 comic comic JJ 19499 1975 4 opera opera NN 19499 1975 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1975 6 is be VBZ 19499 1975 7 a a DT 19499 1975 8 humorous humorous JJ 19499 1975 9 opera opera NN 19499 1975 10 , , , 19499 1975 11 the the DT 19499 1975 12 plot plot NN 19499 1975 13 providing provide VBG 19499 1975 14 many many JJ 19499 1975 15 amusing amusing JJ 19499 1975 16 situations situation NNS 19499 1975 17 and and CC 19499 1975 18 the the DT 19499 1975 19 whole whole JJ 19499 1975 20 ending ending NN 19499 1975 21 happily happily RB 19499 1975 22 . . . 19499 1976 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 1976 2 corresponds correspond VBZ 19499 1976 3 with with IN 19499 1976 4 the the DT 19499 1976 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1976 6 comedy comedy NN 19499 1976 7 _ _ NNP 19499 1976 8 in in IN 19499 1976 9 literature literature NN 19499 1976 10 . . . 19499 1977 1 A a DT 19499 1977 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1977 3 light light NN 19499 1977 4 opera opera NNP 19499 1977 5 _ _ NNP 19499 1977 6 is be VBZ 19499 1977 7 one one CD 19499 1977 8 with with IN 19499 1977 9 an an DT 19499 1977 10 exceedingly exceedingly RB 19499 1977 11 trivial trivial JJ 19499 1977 12 plot plot NN 19499 1977 13 , , , 19499 1977 14 in in IN 19499 1977 15 which which WDT 19499 1977 16 songs song NNS 19499 1977 17 , , , 19499 1977 18 dances dance NNS 19499 1977 19 , , , 19499 1977 20 and and CC 19499 1977 21 pretty pretty RB 19499 1977 22 scenery scenery NN 19499 1977 23 contribute contribute VB 19499 1977 24 to to IN 19499 1977 25 the the DT 19499 1977 26 amusement amusement NN 19499 1977 27 of of IN 19499 1977 28 the the DT 19499 1977 29 audience audience NN 19499 1977 30 . . . 19499 1978 1 The the DT 19499 1978 2 music music NN 19499 1978 3 is be VBZ 19499 1978 4 lively lively JJ 19499 1978 5 , , , 19499 1978 6 but but CC 19499 1978 7 usually usually RB 19499 1978 8 as as RB 19499 1978 9 trivial trivial JJ 19499 1978 10 as as IN 19499 1978 11 the the DT 19499 1978 12 plot plot NN 19499 1978 13 . . . 19499 1979 1 The the DT 19499 1979 2 term term NN 19499 1979 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1979 4 music music NN 19499 1979 5 drama drama NN 19499 1979 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1979 7 was be VBD 19499 1979 8 used use VBN 19499 1979 9 by by IN 19499 1979 10 Wagner Wagner NNP 19499 1979 11 in in IN 19499 1979 12 referring refer VBG 19499 1979 13 to to IN 19499 1979 14 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1979 15 own own JJ 19499 1979 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1979 17 operas opera NNS 19499 1979 18 _ _ NNP 19499 1979 19 , , , 19499 1979 20 and and CC 19499 1979 21 is be VBZ 19499 1979 22 also also RB 19499 1979 23 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 1979 24 applied apply VBN 19499 1979 25 to to IN 19499 1979 26 other other JJ 19499 1979 27 modern modern JJ 19499 1979 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1979 29 operas opera NNS 19499 1979 30 _ _ NNP 19499 1979 31 in in IN 19499 1979 32 which which WDT 19499 1979 33 the the DT 19499 1979 34 dramatic dramatic JJ 19499 1979 35 element element NN 19499 1979 36 is be VBZ 19499 1979 37 supposed suppose VBN 19499 1979 38 to to TO 19499 1979 39 predominate predominate VB 19499 1979 40 over over IN 19499 1979 41 the the DT 19499 1979 42 musical musical JJ 19499 1979 43 . . . 19499 1980 1 169 169 CD 19499 1980 2 . . . 19499 1981 1 A a DT 19499 1981 2 _ _ NNP 19499 1981 3 libretto libretto NN 19499 1981 4 _ _ NNP 19499 1981 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1981 6 lit.--little lit.--little NNP 19499 1981 7 book book NN 19499 1981 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1981 9 is be VBZ 19499 1981 10 the the DT 19499 1981 11 word word NN 19499 1981 12 - - HYPH 19499 1981 13 text text NN 19499 1981 14 of of IN 19499 1981 15 an an DT 19499 1981 16 opera opera NN 19499 1981 17 , , , 19499 1981 18 oratorio oratorio NN 19499 1981 19 , , , 19499 1981 20 cantata cantata NN 19499 1981 21 , , , 19499 1981 22 or or CC 19499 1981 23 some some DT 19499 1981 24 other other JJ 19499 1981 25 similar similar JJ 19499 1981 26 work work NN 19499 1981 27 . . . 19499 1982 1 170 170 CD 19499 1982 2 . . . 19499 1983 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1983 2 Recitative Recitative NNP 19499 1983 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1983 4 is be VBZ 19499 1983 5 a a DT 19499 1983 6 style style NN 19499 1983 7 of of IN 19499 1983 8 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1983 9 solo solo NN 19499 1983 10 common common JJ 19499 1983 11 to to IN 19499 1983 12 operas opera NNS 19499 1983 13 , , , 19499 1983 14 oratorios oratorio NNS 19499 1983 15 , , , 19499 1983 16 and and CC 19499 1983 17 cantatas cantata NNS 19499 1983 18 , , , 19499 1983 19 especially especially RB 19499 1983 20 those those DT 19499 1983 21 written write VBN 19499 1983 22 some some DT 19499 1983 23 time time NN 19499 1983 24 ago ago RB 19499 1983 25 . . . 19499 1984 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1984 2 main main JJ 19499 1984 3 characteristic characteristic NN 19499 1984 4 is be VBZ 19499 1984 5 that that IN 19499 1984 6 the the DT 19499 1984 7 word word NN 19499 1984 8 - - HYPH 19499 1984 9 text text NN 19499 1984 10 is be VBZ 19499 1984 11 of of IN 19499 1984 12 paramount paramount JJ 19499 1984 13 importance importance NN 19499 1984 14 , , , 19499 1984 15 both both CC 19499 1984 16 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1984 17 and and CC 19499 1984 18 tone tone NN 19499 1984 19 - - HYPH 19499 1984 20 progression progression NN 19499 1984 21 being be VBG 19499 1984 22 governed govern VBN 19499 1984 23 by by IN 19499 1984 24 rhetorical rhetorical JJ 19499 1984 25 rather rather RB 19499 1984 26 than than IN 19499 1984 27 by by IN 19499 1984 28 musical musical JJ 19499 1984 29 considerations consideration NNS 19499 1984 30 . . . 19499 1985 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1985 2 Recitative Recitative NNP 19499 1985 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1985 4 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 19499 1985 5 originated originate VBD 19499 1985 6 in in IN 19499 1985 7 the the DT 19499 1985 8 intoning intoning NN 19499 1985 9 of of IN 19499 1985 10 the the DT 19499 1985 11 priest priest NN 19499 1985 12 in in IN 19499 1985 13 the the DT 19499 1985 14 ritualistic ritualistic JJ 19499 1985 15 service service NN 19499 1985 16 of of IN 19499 1985 17 the the DT 19499 1985 18 Church Church NNP 19499 1985 19 , , , 19499 1985 20 but but CC 19499 1985 21 when when WRB 19499 1985 22 applied apply VBN 19499 1985 23 to to IN 19499 1985 24 the the DT 19499 1985 25 opera opera NN 19499 1985 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1985 27 became become VBD 19499 1985 28 an an DT 19499 1985 29 important important JJ 19499 1985 30 means mean NNS 19499 1985 31 of of IN 19499 1985 32 securing secure VBG 19499 1985 33 dramatic dramatic JJ 19499 1985 34 effects effect NNS 19499 1985 35 , , , 19499 1985 36 especially especially RB 19499 1985 37 in in IN 19499 1985 38 situations situation NNS 19499 1985 39 in in IN 19499 1985 40 which which WDT 19499 1985 41 the the DT 19499 1985 42 action action NN 19499 1985 43 of of IN 19499 1985 44 the the DT 19499 1985 45 play play NN 19499 1985 46 moved move VBN 19499 1985 47 along along RB 19499 1985 48 rapidly rapidly RB 19499 1985 49 . . . 19499 1986 1 _ _ NNP 19499 1986 2 Recitative Recitative NNP 19499 1986 3 _ _ NNP 19499 1986 4 is be VBZ 19499 1986 5 thus thus RB 19499 1986 6 seen see VBN 19499 1986 7 to to TO 19499 1986 8 be be VB 19499 1986 9 a a DT 19499 1986 10 species species NN 19499 1986 11 of of IN 19499 1986 12 musical musical JJ 19499 1986 13 declamation declamation NN 19499 1986 14 . . . 19499 1987 1 In in IN 19499 1987 2 the the DT 19499 1987 3 early early JJ 19499 1987 4 examples example NNS 19499 1987 5 of of IN 19499 1987 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1987 7 recitative recitative NN 19499 1987 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1987 9 there there EX 19499 1987 10 was be VBD 19499 1987 11 scarcely scarcely RB 19499 1987 12 any any DT 19499 1987 13 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1987 14 , , , 19499 1987 15 often often RB 19499 1987 16 only only RB 19499 1987 17 one one CD 19499 1987 18 instrument instrument NN 19499 1987 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1987 20 like like IN 19499 1987 21 the the DT 19499 1987 22 cello cello NN 19499 1987 23 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1987 24 being be VBG 19499 1987 25 employed employ VBN 19499 1987 26 to to TO 19499 1987 27 play play VB 19499 1987 28 a a DT 19499 1987 29 sort sort NN 19499 1987 30 of of IN 19499 1987 31 obbligato obbligato JJ 19499 1987 32 melody melody NN 19499 1987 33 : : : 19499 1987 34 when when WRB 19499 1987 35 full full JJ 19499 1987 36 chords chord NNS 19499 1987 37 were be VBD 19499 1987 38 played play VBN 19499 1987 39 they -PRON- PRP 19499 1987 40 were be VBD 19499 1987 41 not not RB 19499 1987 42 written write VBN 19499 1987 43 out out RP 19499 1987 44 in in IN 19499 1987 45 the the DT 19499 1987 46 score score NN 19499 1987 47 , , , 19499 1987 48 but but CC 19499 1987 49 were be VBD 19499 1987 50 merely merely RB 19499 1987 51 indicated indicate VBN 19499 1987 52 in in IN 19499 1987 53 a a DT 19499 1987 54 more more RBR 19499 1987 55 or or CC 19499 1987 56 less less RBR 19499 1987 57 general general JJ 19499 1987 58 way way NN 19499 1987 59 by by IN 19499 1987 60 certain certain JJ 19499 1987 61 signs sign NNS 19499 1987 62 and and CC 19499 1987 63 figures figure NNS 19499 1987 64 . . . 19499 1988 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1988 2 See see VB 19499 1988 3 " " `` 19499 1988 4 thorough thorough JJ 19499 1988 5 - - HYPH 19499 1988 6 bass bass NN 19499 1988 7 , , , 19499 1988 8 " " '' 19499 1988 9 p. p. NN 19499 1988 10 85 85 CD 19499 1988 11 , , , 19499 1988 12 Sec Sec NNP 19499 1988 13 . . . 19499 1989 1 200 200 CD 19499 1989 2 . . . 19499 1989 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1990 1 But but CC 19499 1990 2 about about IN 19499 1990 3 the the DT 19499 1990 4 middle middle NN 19499 1990 5 of of IN 19499 1990 6 the the DT 19499 1990 7 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 19499 1990 8 century century NN 19499 1990 9 a a DT 19499 1990 10 slightly slightly RB 19499 1990 11 different different JJ 19499 1990 12 style style NN 19499 1990 13 of of IN 19499 1990 14 _ _ NNP 19499 1990 15 recitative recitative NN 19499 1990 16 _ _ NNP 19499 1990 17 was be VBD 19499 1990 18 invented invent VBN 19499 1990 19 , , , 19499 1990 20 and and CC 19499 1990 21 in in IN 19499 1990 22 this this DT 19499 1990 23 type type NN 19499 1990 24 the the DT 19499 1990 25 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1990 26 was be VBD 19499 1990 27 employed employ VBN 19499 1990 28 much much RB 19499 1990 29 more more RBR 19499 1990 30 freely freely RB 19499 1990 31 in in IN 19499 1990 32 the the DT 19499 1990 33 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1990 34 , , , 19499 1990 35 especially especially RB 19499 1990 36 in in IN 19499 1990 37 the the DT 19499 1990 38 parts part NNS 19499 1990 39 between between IN 19499 1990 40 the the DT 19499 1990 41 phrases phrase NNS 19499 1990 42 of of IN 19499 1990 43 the the DT 19499 1990 44 text text NN 19499 1990 45 , , , 19499 1990 46 but but CC 19499 1990 47 to to IN 19499 1990 48 some some DT 19499 1990 49 extent extent NN 19499 1990 50 also also RB 19499 1990 51 to to TO 19499 1990 52 support support VB 19499 1990 53 the the DT 19499 1990 54 voice voice NN 19499 1990 55 while while IN 19499 1990 56 singing singe VBG 19499 1990 57 . . . 19499 1991 1 This this DT 19499 1991 2 new new JJ 19499 1991 3 style style NN 19499 1991 4 was be VBD 19499 1991 5 called call VBN 19499 1991 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1991 7 recitativo recitativo NNP 19499 1991 8 stromento stromento NNP 19499 1991 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1991 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1991 11 _ _ NNP 19499 1991 12 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1991 13 _ _ NNP 19499 1991 14 , , , 19499 1991 15 accompanied accompany VBN 19499 1991 16 recitative recitative NN 19499 1991 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1991 18 , , , 19499 1991 19 while while IN 19499 1991 20 the the DT 19499 1991 21 original original JJ 19499 1991 22 type type NN 19499 1991 23 was be VBD 19499 1991 24 called call VBN 19499 1991 25 _ _ NNP 19499 1991 26 recitativo recitativo NNP 19499 1991 27 secco secco NNP 19499 1991 28 _ _ NNP 19499 1991 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 1991 30 _ _ NNP 19499 1991 31 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 1991 32 _ _ NNP 19499 1991 33 , , , 19499 1991 34 dry dry JJ 19499 1991 35 recitative recitative NN 19499 1991 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 1991 37 . . . 19499 1992 1 During during IN 19499 1992 2 the the DT 19499 1992 3 last last JJ 19499 1992 4 century century NN 19499 1992 5 the the DT 19499 1992 6 style style NN 19499 1992 7 of of IN 19499 1992 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1992 9 recitative recitative NN 19499 1992 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1992 11 has have VBZ 19499 1992 12 been be VBN 19499 1992 13 still still RB 19499 1992 14 further further RB 19499 1992 15 developed develop VBN 19499 1992 16 by by IN 19499 1992 17 Gluck Gluck NNP 19499 1992 18 and and CC 19499 1992 19 Wagner Wagner NNP 19499 1992 20 , , , 19499 1992 21 both both DT 19499 1992 22 of of IN 19499 1992 23 whom whom WP 19499 1992 24 used use VBD 19499 1992 25 the the DT 19499 1992 26 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 1992 27 as as IN 19499 1992 28 an an DT 19499 1992 29 independent independent JJ 19499 1992 30 entity entity NN 19499 1992 31 , , , 19499 1992 32 with with IN 19499 1992 33 interesting interesting JJ 19499 1992 34 melodies melody NNS 19499 1992 35 , , , 19499 1992 36 harmonies harmony NNS 19499 1992 37 and and CC 19499 1992 38 rhythms rhythm NNS 19499 1992 39 all all DT 19499 1992 40 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1992 41 own own JJ 19499 1992 42 , , , 19499 1992 43 while while IN 19499 1992 44 the the DT 19499 1992 45 vocal vocal JJ 19499 1992 46 part part NN 19499 1992 47 is be VBZ 19499 1992 48 a a DT 19499 1992 49 sort sort NN 19499 1992 50 of of IN 19499 1992 51 obbligato obbligato JJ 19499 1992 52 to to IN 19499 1992 53 this this DT 19499 1992 54 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 1992 55 . . . 19499 1993 1 But but CC 19499 1993 2 even even RB 19499 1993 3 in in IN 19499 1993 4 this this DT 19499 1993 5 latest late JJS 19499 1993 6 phase phase NN 19499 1993 7 of of IN 19499 1993 8 _ _ NNP 19499 1993 9 recitative recitative NN 19499 1993 10 _ _ NNP 19499 1993 11 , , , 19499 1993 12 it -PRON- PRP 19499 1993 13 is be VBZ 19499 1993 14 the the DT 19499 1993 15 word word NN 19499 1993 16 - - HYPH 19499 1993 17 text text NN 19499 1993 18 that that WDT 19499 1993 19 decides decide VBZ 19499 1993 20 the the DT 19499 1993 21 style style NN 19499 1993 22 of of IN 19499 1993 23 both both CC 19499 1993 24 melody melody NN 19499 1993 25 and and CC 19499 1993 26 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 1993 27 in in IN 19499 1993 28 the the DT 19499 1993 29 voice voice NN 19499 1993 30 part part NN 19499 1993 31 . . . 19499 1994 1 Fig fig NN 19499 1994 2 . . . 19499 1995 1 61 61 CD 19499 1995 2 shows show VBZ 19499 1995 3 an an DT 19499 1995 4 example example NN 19499 1995 5 of of IN 19499 1995 6 _ _ NNP 19499 1995 7 dry dry JJ 19499 1995 8 recitative recitative NN 19499 1995 9 _ _ NNP 19499 1995 10 , , , 19499 1995 11 taken take VBN 19499 1995 12 from from IN 19499 1995 13 " " `` 19499 1995 14 The the DT 19499 1995 15 Messiah Messiah NNP 19499 1995 16 . . . 19499 1995 17 " " '' 19499 1996 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 1996 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 1996 3 : : : 19499 1996 4 ALTO alto NN 19499 1996 5 VOICE voice NN 19499 1996 6 . . . 19499 1997 1 Be be VB 19499 1997 2 - - HYPH 19499 1997 3 hold hold VB 19499 1997 4 ! ! . 19499 1998 1 a a DT 19499 1998 2 vir vir NNP 19499 1998 3 - - HYPH 19499 1998 4 gin gin NN 19499 1998 5 shall shall MD 19499 1998 6 con con XX 19499 1998 7 - - JJ 19499 1998 8 ceive ceive JJ 19499 1998 9 , , , 19499 1998 10 and and CC 19499 1998 11 bear bear VB 19499 1998 12 a a DT 19499 1998 13 son son NN 19499 1998 14 , , , 19499 1998 15 and and CC 19499 1998 16 shall shall MD 19499 1998 17 call call VB 19499 1998 18 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 1998 19 name name NN 19499 1998 20 Em Em NNP 19499 1998 21 - - HYPH 19499 1998 22 man man NN 19499 1998 23 - - HYPH 19499 1998 24 u u NNP 19499 1998 25 - - HYPH 19499 1998 26 el el NNP 19499 1998 27 ; ; : 19499 1998 28 God God NNP 19499 1998 29 with with IN 19499 1998 30 us -PRON- PRP 19499 1998 31 . . . 19499 1998 32 ] ] -RRB- 19499 1999 1 171 171 CD 19499 1999 2 . . . 19499 2000 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2000 2 Aria Aria NNP 19499 2000 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2000 4 is be VBZ 19499 2000 5 likewise likewise RB 19499 2000 6 a a DT 19499 2000 7 style style NN 19499 2000 8 of of IN 19499 2000 9 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2000 10 solo solo NN 19499 2000 11 found find VBN 19499 2000 12 in in IN 19499 2000 13 operas opera NNS 19499 2000 14 , , , 19499 2000 15 etc etc FW 19499 2000 16 . . FW 19499 2000 17 , , , 19499 2000 18 but but CC 19499 2000 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2000 20 predominating predominate VBG 19499 2000 21 characteristic characteristic NN 19499 2000 22 is be VBZ 19499 2000 23 diametrically diametrically RB 19499 2000 24 opposed oppose VBN 19499 2000 25 to to IN 19499 2000 26 that that DT 19499 2000 27 of of IN 19499 2000 28 the the DT 19499 2000 29 recitative recitative NN 19499 2000 30 . . . 19499 2001 1 In in IN 19499 2001 2 the the DT 19499 2001 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2001 4 aria aria NN 19499 2001 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2001 6 the the DT 19499 2001 7 word word NN 19499 2001 8 - - HYPH 19499 2001 9 text text NN 19499 2001 10 is be VBZ 19499 2001 11 usually usually RB 19499 2001 12 entirely entirely RB 19499 2001 13 subordinate subordinate JJ 19499 2001 14 to to IN 19499 2001 15 the the DT 19499 2001 16 melody melody NN 19499 2001 17 , , , 19499 2001 18 and and CC 19499 2001 19 the the DT 19499 2001 20 latter latter JJ 19499 2001 21 is be VBZ 19499 2001 22 often often RB 19499 2001 23 very very RB 19499 2001 24 ornate ornate JJ 19499 2001 25 , , , 19499 2001 26 containing contain VBG 19499 2001 27 trills trill NNS 19499 2001 28 , , , 19499 2001 29 runs run NNS 19499 2001 30 , , , 19499 2001 31 etc etc FW 19499 2001 32 . . . 19499 2002 1 The the DT 19499 2002 2 rendition rendition NN 19499 2002 3 of of IN 19499 2002 4 this this DT 19499 2002 5 ornate ornate JJ 19499 2002 6 style style NN 19499 2002 7 of of IN 19499 2002 8 music music NN 19499 2002 9 is be VBZ 19499 2002 10 often often RB 19499 2002 11 referred refer VBN 19499 2002 12 to to IN 19499 2002 13 as as IN 19499 2002 14 " " `` 19499 2002 15 coloratura coloratura NNP 19499 2002 16 singing singing NN 19499 2002 17 , , , 19499 2002 18 " " '' 19499 2002 19 but but CC 19499 2002 20 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2002 21 should should MD 19499 2002 22 be be VB 19499 2002 23 noted note VBN 19499 2002 24 that that IN 19499 2002 25 not not RB 19499 2002 26 all all DT 19499 2002 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2002 28 arias arias NNP 19499 2002 29 _ _ NNP 19499 2002 30 are be VBP 19499 2002 31 coloratura coloratura NNP 19499 2002 32 in in IN 19499 2002 33 style style NN 19499 2002 34 . . . 19499 2003 1 The the DT 19499 2003 2 familiar familiar JJ 19499 2003 3 solos solo NNS 19499 2003 4 from from IN 19499 2003 5 The the DT 19499 2003 6 Messiah--"Rejoice Messiah--"Rejoice NNP 19499 2003 7 Greatly Greatly NNP 19499 2003 8 , , , 19499 2003 9 " " '' 19499 2003 10 and and CC 19499 2003 11 " " `` 19499 2003 12 The the DT 19499 2003 13 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2003 14 shall shall MD 19499 2003 15 sound sound VB 19499 2003 16 " " `` 19499 2003 17 are be VBP 19499 2003 18 good good JJ 19499 2003 19 examples example NNS 19499 2003 20 of of IN 19499 2003 21 the the DT 19499 2003 22 aria aria NNP 19499 2003 23 style style NN 19499 2003 24 . . . 19499 2004 1 172 172 CD 19499 2004 2 . . . 19499 2005 1 A a DT 19499 2005 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2005 3 lied lie VBD 19499 2005 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2005 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2005 6 Ger Ger NNP 19499 2005 7 . . . 19499 2006 1 = = NFP 19499 2006 2 song song NNP 19499 2006 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2006 4 is be VBZ 19499 2006 5 a a DT 19499 2006 6 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2006 7 solo solo NN 19499 2006 8 in in IN 19499 2006 9 which which WDT 19499 2006 10 the the DT 19499 2006 11 text text NN 19499 2006 12 , , , 19499 2006 13 the the DT 19499 2006 14 melody melody NN 19499 2006 15 , , , 19499 2006 16 and and CC 19499 2006 17 the the DT 19499 2006 18 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 2006 19 contribute contribute VBP 19499 2006 20 more more RBR 19499 2006 21 or or CC 19499 2006 22 less less RBR 19499 2006 23 equally equally RB 19499 2006 24 to to IN 19499 2006 25 the the DT 19499 2006 26 effect effect NN 19499 2006 27 of of IN 19499 2006 28 the the DT 19499 2006 29 whole whole NN 19499 2006 30 . . . 19499 2007 1 Strictly strictly RB 19499 2007 2 speaking speak VBG 19499 2007 3 the the DT 19499 2007 4 word word NN 19499 2007 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2007 6 lied lie VBD 19499 2007 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2007 8 means mean VBZ 19499 2007 9 " " `` 19499 2007 10 a a DT 19499 2007 11 poem poem NN 19499 2007 12 to to TO 19499 2007 13 be be VB 19499 2007 14 sung sung JJ 19499 2007 15 , , , 19499 2007 16 " " '' 19499 2007 17 and and CC 19499 2007 18 this this DT 19499 2007 19 meaning meaning NN 19499 2007 20 will will MD 19499 2007 21 explain explain VB 19499 2007 22 at at IN 19499 2007 23 once once RB 19499 2007 24 the the DT 19499 2007 25 difference difference NN 19499 2007 26 between between IN 19499 2007 27 the the DT 19499 2007 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2007 29 lied lie VBD 19499 2007 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2007 31 on on IN 19499 2007 32 the the DT 19499 2007 33 one one CD 19499 2007 34 hand hand NN 19499 2007 35 , , , 19499 2007 36 and and CC 19499 2007 37 the the DT 19499 2007 38 Italian italian JJ 19499 2007 39 recitative recitative NN 19499 2007 40 and and CC 19499 2007 41 aria aria NN 19499 2007 42 on on IN 19499 2007 43 the the DT 19499 2007 44 other other JJ 19499 2007 45 , , , 19499 2007 46 for for IN 19499 2007 47 in in IN 19499 2007 48 the the DT 19499 2007 49 _ _ NNP 19499 2007 50 lied lie VBD 19499 2007 51 _ _ NNP 19499 2007 52 the the DT 19499 2007 53 text text NN 19499 2007 54 is be VBZ 19499 2007 55 of of IN 19499 2007 56 great great JJ 19499 2007 57 importance importance NN 19499 2007 58 , , , 19499 2007 59 but but CC 19499 2007 60 the the DT 19499 2007 61 music music NN 19499 2007 62 is be VBZ 19499 2007 63 also also RB 19499 2007 64 interesting interesting JJ 19499 2007 65 , , , 19499 2007 66 while while IN 19499 2007 67 in in IN 19499 2007 68 the the DT 19499 2007 69 recitative recitative NN 19499 2007 70 the the DT 19499 2007 71 text text NN 19499 2007 72 was be VBD 19499 2007 73 important important JJ 19499 2007 74 but but CC 19499 2007 75 the the DT 19499 2007 76 music music NN 19499 2007 77 very very RB 19499 2007 78 slight slight JJ 19499 2007 79 , , , 19499 2007 80 and and CC 19499 2007 81 in in IN 19499 2007 82 the the DT 19499 2007 83 aria aria NN 19499 2007 84 the the DT 19499 2007 85 text text NN 19499 2007 86 was be VBD 19499 2007 87 usually usually RB 19499 2007 88 inconsequential inconsequential JJ 19499 2007 89 while while IN 19499 2007 90 the the DT 19499 2007 91 music music NN 19499 2007 92 held hold VBD 19499 2007 93 the the DT 19499 2007 94 center center NN 19499 2007 95 of of IN 19499 2007 96 interest interest NN 19499 2007 97 . . . 19499 2008 1 The the DT 19499 2008 2 most most RBS 19499 2008 3 pronounced pronounced JJ 19499 2008 4 characteristic characteristic NN 19499 2008 5 of of IN 19499 2008 6 the the DT 19499 2008 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2008 8 lied lie VBD 19499 2008 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2008 10 is be VBZ 19499 2008 11 the the DT 19499 2008 12 fact fact NN 19499 2008 13 that that IN 19499 2008 14 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2008 15 usually usually RB 19499 2008 16 portrays portray VBZ 19499 2008 17 a a DT 19499 2008 18 single single JJ 19499 2008 19 mood mood NN 19499 2008 20 , , , 19499 2008 21 sentiment sentiment NN 19499 2008 22 , , , 19499 2008 23 or or CC 19499 2008 24 picture picture NN 19499 2008 25 , , , 19499 2008 26 thus thus RB 19499 2008 27 differing differ VBG 19499 2008 28 from from IN 19499 2008 29 the the DT 19499 2008 30 ballad ballad NN 19499 2008 31 , , , 19499 2008 32 which which WDT 19499 2008 33 is be VBZ 19499 2008 34 narrative narrative JJ 19499 2008 35 in in IN 19499 2008 36 style style NN 19499 2008 37 . . . 19499 2009 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2009 2 will will MD 19499 2009 3 be be VB 19499 2009 4 noted note VBN 19499 2009 5 that that IN 19499 2009 6 this this DT 19499 2009 7 " " `` 19499 2009 8 single single JJ 19499 2009 9 mood mood NN 19499 2009 10 , , , 19499 2009 11 or or CC 19499 2009 12 sentiment sentiment NN 19499 2009 13 , , , 19499 2009 14 or or CC 19499 2009 15 picture picture NN 19499 2009 16 " " '' 19499 2009 17 was be VBD 19499 2009 18 originally originally RB 19499 2009 19 conceived conceive VBN 19499 2009 20 by by IN 19499 2009 21 the the DT 19499 2009 22 poet poet NN 19499 2009 23 who who WP 19499 2009 24 wrote write VBD 19499 2009 25 the the DT 19499 2009 26 word word NN 19499 2009 27 - - HYPH 19499 2009 28 text text NN 19499 2009 29 , , , 19499 2009 30 and and CC 19499 2009 31 that that IN 19499 2009 32 the the DT 19499 2009 33 composer composer NN 19499 2009 34 in in IN 19499 2009 35 writing write VBG 19499 2009 36 music music NN 19499 2009 37 to to IN 19499 2009 38 this this DT 19499 2009 39 text text NN 19499 2009 40 has have VBZ 19499 2009 41 first first RB 19499 2009 42 tried try VBN 19499 2009 43 to to TO 19499 2009 44 get get VB 19499 2009 45 at at IN 19499 2009 46 the the DT 19499 2009 47 thought thought NN 19499 2009 48 of of IN 19499 2009 49 the the DT 19499 2009 50 poet poet NN 19499 2009 51 , , , 19499 2009 52 and and CC 19499 2009 53 has have VBZ 19499 2009 54 then then RB 19499 2009 55 attempted attempt VBN 19499 2009 56 to to TO 19499 2009 57 compose compose VB 19499 2009 58 music music NN 19499 2009 59 which which WDT 19499 2009 60 would would MD 19499 2009 61 intensify intensify VB 19499 2009 62 and and CC 19499 2009 63 make make VB 19499 2009 64 more more RBR 19499 2009 65 vivid vivid JJ 19499 2009 66 that that DT 19499 2009 67 thought thought NN 19499 2009 68 . . . 19499 2010 1 This this DT 19499 2010 2 intensification intensification NN 19499 2010 3 of of IN 19499 2010 4 the the DT 19499 2010 5 poet poet NN 19499 2010 6 's 's POS 19499 2010 7 thought thought NN 19499 2010 8 comes come VBZ 19499 2010 9 as as RB 19499 2010 10 often often RB 19499 2010 11 through through IN 19499 2010 12 the the DT 19499 2010 13 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 2010 14 , , , 19499 2010 15 harmony harmony NN 19499 2010 16 , , , 19499 2010 17 and and CC 19499 2010 18 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 2010 19 of of IN 19499 2010 20 the the DT 19499 2010 21 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 2010 22 as as IN 19499 2010 23 through through IN 19499 2010 24 the the DT 19499 2010 25 expressiveness expressiveness NN 19499 2010 26 of of IN 19499 2010 27 the the DT 19499 2010 28 voice voice NN 19499 2010 29 part part NN 19499 2010 30 . . . 19499 2011 1 The the DT 19499 2011 2 style style NN 19499 2011 3 of of IN 19499 2011 4 song song NN 19499 2011 5 - - HYPH 19499 2011 6 writing writing NN 19499 2011 7 in in IN 19499 2011 8 which which WDT 19499 2011 9 each each DT 19499 2011 10 verse verse NN 19499 2011 11 is be VBZ 19499 2011 12 sung sing VBN 19499 2011 13 to to IN 19499 2011 14 the the DT 19499 2011 15 same same JJ 19499 2011 16 tune tune NN 19499 2011 17 is be VBZ 19499 2011 18 called call VBN 19499 2011 19 the the DT 19499 2011 20 " " `` 19499 2011 21 strophe strophe NN 19499 2011 22 form form NN 19499 2011 23 , , , 19499 2011 24 " " '' 19499 2011 25 while while IN 19499 2011 26 that that DT 19499 2011 27 in in IN 19499 2011 28 which which WDT 19499 2011 29 each each DT 19499 2011 30 verse verse NN 19499 2011 31 has have VBZ 19499 2011 32 a a DT 19499 2011 33 different different JJ 19499 2011 34 melody melody NN 19499 2011 35 is be VBZ 19499 2011 36 often often RB 19499 2011 37 referred refer VBN 19499 2011 38 to to IN 19499 2011 39 as as IN 19499 2011 40 the the DT 19499 2011 41 " " `` 19499 2011 42 continuous continuous JJ 19499 2011 43 " " '' 19499 2011 44 or or CC 19499 2011 45 " " `` 19499 2011 46 through through IN 19499 2011 47 - - HYPH 19499 2011 48 composed compose VBN 19499 2011 49 " " '' 19499 2011 50 form form NN 19499 2011 51 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2011 52 Ger Ger NNP 19499 2011 53 . . . 19499 2012 1 durch durch NN 19499 2012 2 - - HYPH 19499 2012 3 componiert componiert NN 19499 2012 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2012 5 . . . 19499 2013 1 173 173 CD 19499 2013 2 . . . 19499 2014 1 A a DT 19499 2014 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2014 3 ballad ballad NN 19499 2014 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2014 5 was be VBD 19499 2014 6 originally originally RB 19499 2014 7 a a DT 19499 2014 8 short short JJ 19499 2014 9 , , , 19499 2014 10 simple simple JJ 19499 2014 11 song song NN 19499 2014 12 , , , 19499 2014 13 the the DT 19499 2014 14 words word NNS 19499 2014 15 being be VBG 19499 2014 16 in in IN 19499 2014 17 narrative narrative JJ 19499 2014 18 style style NN 19499 2014 19 , , , 19499 2014 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2014 21 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2014 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2014 23 , , , 19499 2014 24 the the DT 19499 2014 25 word word NN 19499 2014 26 - - HYPH 19499 2014 27 text text NN 19499 2014 28 telling tell VBG 19499 2014 29 a a DT 19499 2014 30 story story NN 19499 2014 31 . . . 19499 2015 1 In in IN 19499 2015 2 the the DT 19499 2015 3 earlier early JJR 19499 2015 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2015 5 ballads ballad NNS 19499 2015 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2015 7 each each DT 19499 2015 8 verse verse NN 19499 2015 9 of of IN 19499 2015 10 the the DT 19499 2015 11 poem poem NN 19499 2015 12 was be VBD 19499 2015 13 usually usually RB 19499 2015 14 sung sing VBN 19499 2015 15 to to IN 19499 2015 16 the the DT 19499 2015 17 same same JJ 19499 2015 18 tune tune NN 19499 2015 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2015 20 strophe strophe NN 19499 2015 21 form form NN 19499 2015 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2015 23 , , , 19499 2015 24 but but CC 19499 2015 25 in in IN 19499 2015 26 the the DT 19499 2015 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2015 28 art art NN 19499 2015 29 - - HYPH 19499 2015 30 ballad ballad NN 19499 2015 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2015 32 as as IN 19499 2015 33 developed develop VBN 19499 2015 34 by by IN 19499 2015 35 Loewe Loewe NNP 19499 2015 36 and and CC 19499 2015 37 others other VBZ 19499 2015 38 the the DT 19499 2015 39 continuous continuous JJ 19499 2015 40 style style NN 19499 2015 41 of of IN 19499 2015 42 composition composition NN 19499 2015 43 is be VBZ 19499 2015 44 employed employ VBN 19499 2015 45 , , , 19499 2015 46 this this DT 19499 2015 47 giving give VBG 19499 2015 48 the the DT 19499 2015 49 composer composer NN 19499 2015 50 greater great JJR 19499 2015 51 opportunities opportunity NNS 19499 2015 52 of of IN 19499 2015 53 making make VBG 19499 2015 54 vivid vivid JJ 19499 2015 55 through through IN 19499 2015 56 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2015 57 music music NN 19499 2015 58 the the DT 19499 2015 59 events event NNS 19499 2015 60 described describe VBN 19499 2015 61 by by IN 19499 2015 62 the the DT 19499 2015 63 poem poem NN 19499 2015 64 . . . 19499 2016 1 These these DT 19499 2016 2 later later RBR 19499 2016 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2016 4 ballads ballad NNS 19499 2016 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2016 6 are be VBP 19499 2016 7 in in IN 19499 2016 8 consequence consequence NN 19499 2016 9 neither neither CC 19499 2016 10 " " `` 19499 2016 11 short short JJ 19499 2016 12 " " '' 19499 2016 13 nor nor CC 19499 2016 14 " " `` 19499 2016 15 simple simple JJ 19499 2016 16 " " '' 19499 2016 17 but but CC 19499 2016 18 compare compare VB 19499 2016 19 in in IN 19499 2016 20 structure structure NN 19499 2016 21 with with IN 19499 2016 22 the the DT 19499 2016 23 lied lied NN 19499 2016 24 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 2016 25 . . . 19499 2017 1 174 174 CD 19499 2017 2 . . . 19499 2018 1 A a DT 19499 2018 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2018 3 folk folk NN 19499 2018 4 - - HYPH 19499 2018 5 song song NN 19499 2018 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2018 7 is be VBZ 19499 2018 8 a a DT 19499 2018 9 short short JJ 19499 2018 10 song song NN 19499 2018 11 sung sing VBN 19499 2018 12 by by RB 19499 2018 13 and and CC 19499 2018 14 usually usually RB 19499 2018 15 originating originate VBG 19499 2018 16 among among IN 19499 2018 17 the the DT 19499 2018 18 common common JJ 19499 2018 19 people people NNS 19499 2018 20 . . . 19499 2019 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2019 2 dominant dominant JJ 19499 2019 3 characteristic characteristic NN 19499 2019 4 is be VBZ 19499 2019 5 usually usually RB 19499 2019 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2019 7 simplicity simplicity NN 19499 2019 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2019 9 , , , 19499 2019 10 this this DT 19499 2019 11 applying apply VBG 19499 2019 12 to to IN 19499 2019 13 word word NN 19499 2019 14 - - HYPH 19499 2019 15 text text NN 19499 2019 16 , , , 19499 2019 17 melody melody NN 19499 2019 18 , , , 19499 2019 19 and and CC 19499 2019 20 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 2019 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2019 22 if if IN 19499 2019 23 there there EX 19499 2019 24 is be VBZ 19499 2019 25 one one CD 19499 2019 26 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2019 27 . . . 19499 2020 1 The the DT 19499 2020 2 text text NN 19499 2020 3 of of IN 19499 2020 4 the the DT 19499 2020 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2020 6 folk folk NN 19499 2020 7 - - HYPH 19499 2020 8 song song NN 19499 2020 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2020 10 is be VBZ 19499 2020 11 usually usually RB 19499 2020 12 based base VBN 19499 2020 13 on on IN 19499 2020 14 some some DT 19499 2020 15 event event NN 19499 2020 16 connected connect VBN 19499 2020 17 with with IN 19499 2020 18 ordinary ordinary JJ 19499 2020 19 life life NN 19499 2020 20 , , , 19499 2020 21 but but CC 19499 2020 22 there there EX 19499 2020 23 are be VBP 19499 2020 24 also also RB 19499 2020 25 many many JJ 19499 2020 26 examples example NNS 19499 2020 27 in in IN 19499 2020 28 which which WDT 19499 2020 29 historical historical JJ 19499 2020 30 and and CC 19499 2020 31 legendary legendary JJ 19499 2020 32 happenings happening NNS 19499 2020 33 are be VBP 19499 2020 34 dealt deal VBN 19499 2020 35 with with IN 19499 2020 36 . . . 19499 2021 1 Auld Auld NNP 19499 2021 2 Lang Lang NNP 19499 2021 3 Syne Syne NNP 19499 2021 4 , , , 19499 2021 5 and and CC 19499 2021 6 Comin Comin NNP 19499 2021 7 ' ' '' 19499 2021 8 thru thru IN 19499 2021 9 the the DT 19499 2021 10 Rye Rye NNP 19499 2021 11 , , , 19499 2021 12 are be VBP 19499 2021 13 examples example NNS 19499 2021 14 of of IN 19499 2021 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2021 16 folk folk NN 19499 2021 17 - - HYPH 19499 2021 18 songs song NNS 19499 2021 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2021 20 . . . 19499 2022 1 There there EX 19499 2022 2 has have VBZ 19499 2022 3 been be VBN 19499 2022 4 some some DT 19499 2022 5 difference difference NN 19499 2022 6 of of IN 19499 2022 7 opinion opinion NN 19499 2022 8 as as IN 19499 2022 9 to to IN 19499 2022 10 whether whether IN 19499 2022 11 a a DT 19499 2022 12 song song NN 19499 2022 13 , , , 19499 2022 14 the the DT 19499 2022 15 composer composer NN 19499 2022 16 of of IN 19499 2022 17 which which WDT 19499 2022 18 is be VBZ 19499 2022 19 known know VBN 19499 2022 20 , , , 19499 2022 21 can can MD 19499 2022 22 ever ever RB 19499 2022 23 constitute constitute VB 19499 2022 24 a a DT 19499 2022 25 real real JJ 19499 2022 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2022 27 folk folk NN 19499 2022 28 - - HYPH 19499 2022 29 song song NN 19499 2022 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2022 31 : : : 19499 2022 32 recent recent JJ 19499 2022 33 writers writer NNS 19499 2022 34 seem seem VBP 19499 2022 35 to to TO 19499 2022 36 be be VB 19499 2022 37 taking take VBG 19499 2022 38 the the DT 19499 2022 39 sensible sensible JJ 19499 2022 40 view view NN 19499 2022 41 of of IN 19499 2022 42 the the DT 19499 2022 43 matter matter NN 19499 2022 44 , , , 19499 2022 45 viz viz NN 19499 2022 46 . . . 19499 2023 1 : : : 19499 2023 2 that that IN 19499 2023 3 if if IN 19499 2023 4 a a DT 19499 2023 5 song song NN 19499 2023 6 has have VBZ 19499 2023 7 the the DT 19499 2023 8 characteristics characteristic NNS 19499 2023 9 of of IN 19499 2023 10 a a DT 19499 2023 11 folk- folk- NN 19499 2023 12 rather rather RB 19499 2023 13 than than IN 19499 2023 14 an an DT 19499 2023 15 art art NN 19499 2023 16 - - HYPH 19499 2023 17 song song NN 19499 2023 18 , , , 19499 2023 19 and and CC 19499 2023 20 if if IN 19499 2023 21 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2023 22 remains remain VBZ 19499 2023 23 popular popular JJ 19499 2023 24 for for IN 19499 2023 25 some some DT 19499 2023 26 time time NN 19499 2023 27 among among IN 19499 2023 28 the the DT 19499 2023 29 common common JJ 19499 2023 30 people people NNS 19499 2023 31 , , , 19499 2023 32 then then RB 19499 2023 33 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2023 34 is be VBZ 19499 2023 35 just just RB 19499 2023 36 as as RB 19499 2023 37 much much JJ 19499 2023 38 a a DT 19499 2023 39 _ _ NNP 19499 2023 40 folk folk NN 19499 2023 41 - - HYPH 19499 2023 42 song song NN 19499 2023 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2023 44 whether whether IN 19499 2023 45 the the DT 19499 2023 46 composer composer NN 19499 2023 47 happens happen VBZ 19499 2023 48 to to TO 19499 2023 49 be be VB 19499 2023 50 known know VBN 19499 2023 51 or or CC 19499 2023 52 not not RB 19499 2023 53 . . . 19499 2024 1 175 175 CD 19499 2024 2 . . . 19499 2025 1 A a DT 19499 2025 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2025 3 madrigal madrigal JJ 19499 2025 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2025 5 is be VBZ 19499 2025 6 a a DT 19499 2025 7 secular secular JJ 19499 2025 8 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2025 9 composition composition NN 19499 2025 10 having have VBG 19499 2025 11 from from IN 19499 2025 12 three three CD 19499 2025 13 to to TO 19499 2025 14 eight eight CD 19499 2025 15 parts part NNS 19499 2025 16 . . . 19499 2026 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2026 2 is be VBZ 19499 2026 3 in in IN 19499 2026 4 contrapuntal contrapuntal JJ 19499 2026 5 style style NN 19499 2026 6 , , , 19499 2026 7 like like IN 19499 2026 8 the the DT 19499 2026 9 motet motet NN 19499 2026 10 , , , 19499 2026 11 and and CC 19499 2026 12 is be VBZ 19499 2026 13 usually usually RB 19499 2026 14 sung sing VBN 19499 2026 15 a a DT 19499 2026 16 capella capella NN 19499 2026 17 . . . 19499 2027 1 176 176 CD 19499 2027 2 . . . 19499 2028 1 A a DT 19499 2028 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2028 3 glee glee NN 19499 2028 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2028 5 is be VBZ 19499 2028 6 a a DT 19499 2028 7 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2028 8 composition composition NN 19499 2028 9 in in IN 19499 2028 10 three three CD 19499 2028 11 or or CC 19499 2028 12 more more JJR 19499 2028 13 parts part NNS 19499 2028 14 , , , 19499 2028 15 being be VBG 19499 2028 16 usually usually RB 19499 2028 17 more more RBR 19499 2028 18 simple simple JJ 19499 2028 19 in in IN 19499 2028 20 style style NN 19499 2028 21 than than IN 19499 2028 22 the the DT 19499 2028 23 madrigal madrigal NN 19499 2028 24 , , , 19499 2028 25 and and CC 19499 2028 26 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2028 27 having have VBG 19499 2028 28 more more JJR 19499 2028 29 than than IN 19499 2028 30 one one CD 19499 2028 31 movement movement NN 19499 2028 32 . . . 19499 2029 1 The the DT 19499 2029 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2029 3 glee glee NN 19499 2029 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2029 5 may may MD 19499 2029 6 be be VB 19499 2029 7 either either CC 19499 2029 8 gay gay JJ 19499 2029 9 or or CC 19499 2029 10 sad sad JJ 19499 2029 11 in in IN 19499 2029 12 mood mood NN 19499 2029 13 , , , 19499 2029 14 and and CC 19499 2029 15 seems seem VBZ 19499 2029 16 to to TO 19499 2029 17 be be VB 19499 2029 18 a a DT 19499 2029 19 composition composition NN 19499 2029 20 peculiar peculiar JJ 19499 2029 21 to to IN 19499 2029 22 the the DT 19499 2029 23 English english JJ 19499 2029 24 people people NNS 19499 2029 25 . . . 19499 2030 1 177 177 CD 19499 2030 2 . . . 19499 2031 1 A a DT 19499 2031 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2031 3 part part NN 19499 2031 4 - - HYPH 19499 2031 5 song song NN 19499 2031 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2031 7 is be VBZ 19499 2031 8 a a DT 19499 2031 9 composition composition NN 19499 2031 10 for for IN 19499 2031 11 two two CD 19499 2031 12 or or CC 19499 2031 13 more more JJR 19499 2031 14 voices voice NNS 19499 2031 15 , , , 19499 2031 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2031 17 usually usually RB 19499 2031 18 four four CD 19499 2031 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2031 20 to to TO 19499 2031 21 be be VB 19499 2031 22 sung sing VBN 19499 2031 23 a a DT 19499 2031 24 capella capella NN 19499 2031 25 . . . 19499 2032 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2032 2 is be VBZ 19499 2032 3 written write VBN 19499 2032 4 in in IN 19499 2032 5 monophonic monophonic NN 19499 2032 6 rather rather RB 19499 2032 7 than than IN 19499 2032 8 in in IN 19499 2032 9 polyphonic polyphonic JJ 19499 2032 10 style style NN 19499 2032 11 , , , 19499 2032 12 thus thus RB 19499 2032 13 differing differ VBG 19499 2032 14 from from IN 19499 2032 15 the the DT 19499 2032 16 madrigal madrigal JJ 19499 2032 17 and and CC 19499 2032 18 glee glee NNP 19499 2032 19 . . . 19499 2033 1 Morley Morley NNP 19499 2033 2 's 's POS 19499 2033 3 " " `` 19499 2033 4 Now now RB 19499 2033 5 is be VBZ 19499 2033 6 the the DT 19499 2033 7 Month Month NNP 19499 2033 8 of of IN 19499 2033 9 Maying Maying NNP 19499 2033 10 " " '' 19499 2033 11 is be VBZ 19499 2033 12 an an DT 19499 2033 13 example example NN 19499 2033 14 of of IN 19499 2033 15 the the DT 19499 2033 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2033 17 part part NN 19499 2033 18 - - HYPH 19499 2033 19 song song NN 19499 2033 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2033 21 , , , 19499 2033 22 as as IN 19499 2033 23 is be VBZ 19499 2033 24 also also RB 19499 2033 25 Sullivan Sullivan NNP 19499 2033 26 's 's POS 19499 2033 27 " " `` 19499 2033 28 O O NNP 19499 2033 29 Hush Hush NNP 19499 2033 30 Thee Thee NNP 19499 2033 31 , , , 19499 2033 32 My -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2033 33 Baby Baby NNP 19499 2033 34 . . . 19499 2033 35 " " '' 19499 2034 1 The the DT 19499 2034 2 term term NN 19499 2034 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2034 4 part part NN 19499 2034 5 - - HYPH 19499 2034 6 song song NN 19499 2034 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2034 8 is be VBZ 19499 2034 9 often often RB 19499 2034 10 loosely loosely RB 19499 2034 11 applied apply VBN 19499 2034 12 to to IN 19499 2034 13 glees glee NNS 19499 2034 14 , , , 19499 2034 15 madrigals madrigal NNS 19499 2034 16 , , , 19499 2034 17 etc etc FW 19499 2034 18 . . . 19499 2035 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 19499 2035 2 XVII XVII NNP 19499 2035 3 RHYTHM RHYTHM NNP 19499 2035 4 , , , 19499 2035 5 MELODY MELODY NNP 19499 2035 6 , , , 19499 2035 7 HARMONY HARMONY NNP 19499 2035 8 AND and CC 19499 2035 9 INTERVALS INTERVALS NNP 19499 2035 10 178 178 CD 19499 2035 11 . . . 19499 2036 1 The the DT 19499 2036 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2036 3 four four CD 19499 2036 4 elements element NNS 19499 2036 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2036 6 commonly commonly RB 19499 2036 7 attributed attribute VBN 19499 2036 8 to to IN 19499 2036 9 music music NN 19499 2036 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2036 11 in in IN 19499 2036 12 the the DT 19499 2036 13 order order NN 19499 2036 14 of of IN 19499 2036 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2036 16 development development NN 19499 2036 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2036 18 are be VBP 19499 2036 19 : : : 19499 2036 20 Rhythm Rhythm NNP 19499 2036 21 , , , 19499 2036 22 Melody Melody NNP 19499 2036 23 , , , 19499 2036 24 Harmony Harmony NNP 19499 2036 25 , , , 19499 2036 26 and and CC 19499 2036 27 Timbre Timbre NNP 19499 2036 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2036 29 or or CC 19499 2036 30 tone tone NN 19499 2036 31 - - HYPH 19499 2036 32 color color NN 19499 2036 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2036 34 . . . 19499 2037 1 179 179 CD 19499 2037 2 . . . 19499 2038 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2038 2 Rhythm Rhythm NNP 19499 2038 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2038 4 is be VBZ 19499 2038 5 the the DT 19499 2038 6 regular regular JJ 19499 2038 7 recurrence recurrence NN 19499 2038 8 of of IN 19499 2038 9 accent accent NN 19499 2038 10 . . . 19499 2039 1 In in IN 19499 2039 2 music music NN 19499 2039 3 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2039 4 is be VBZ 19499 2039 5 more more RBR 19499 2039 6 specifically specifically RB 19499 2039 7 the the DT 19499 2039 8 regular regular JJ 19499 2039 9 recurrence recurrence NN 19499 2039 10 of of IN 19499 2039 11 groups group NNS 19499 2039 12 of of IN 19499 2039 13 accented accented JJ 19499 2039 14 and and CC 19499 2039 15 non non JJ 19499 2039 16 - - JJ 19499 2039 17 accented accented JJ 19499 2039 18 beats beat NNS 19499 2039 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2039 20 or or CC 19499 2039 21 pulses)--according pulses)--according NNP 19499 2039 22 to to IN 19499 2039 23 some some DT 19499 2039 24 specified specified JJ 19499 2039 25 measure measure NN 19499 2039 26 - - HYPH 19499 2039 27 system system NN 19499 2039 28 . . . 19499 2040 1 Since since IN 19499 2040 2 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 2040 3 implies imply VBZ 19499 2040 4 continuity continuity NN 19499 2040 5 , , , 19499 2040 6 there there EX 19499 2040 7 must must MD 19499 2040 8 usually usually RB 19499 2040 9 be be VB 19499 2040 10 at at RB 19499 2040 11 least least RBS 19499 2040 12 two two CD 19499 2040 13 such such JJ 19499 2040 14 measure measure NN 19499 2040 15 groups group NNS 19499 2040 16 in in IN 19499 2040 17 order order NN 19499 2040 18 to to TO 19499 2040 19 make make VB 19499 2040 20 musical musical JJ 19499 2040 21 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 2040 22 possible possible JJ 19499 2040 23 . . . 19499 2041 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2041 2 See see VB 19499 2041 3 p. p. NN 19499 2041 4 44 44 CD 19499 2041 5 , , , 19499 2041 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2041 7 . . . 19499 2042 1 97 97 CD 19499 2042 2 . . . 19499 2042 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2043 1 180 180 CD 19499 2043 2 . . . 19499 2044 1 A a DT 19499 2044 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2044 3 melody melody NN 19499 2044 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2044 5 is be VBZ 19499 2044 6 a a DT 19499 2044 7 succession succession NN 19499 2044 8 of of IN 19499 2044 9 single single JJ 19499 2044 10 tones tone NNS 19499 2044 11 of of IN 19499 2044 12 various various JJ 19499 2044 13 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2044 14 so so RB 19499 2044 15 arranged arrange VBD 19499 2044 16 that that IN 19499 2044 17 the the DT 19499 2044 18 effect effect NN 19499 2044 19 of of IN 19499 2044 20 the the DT 19499 2044 21 whole whole NN 19499 2044 22 will will MD 19499 2044 23 be be VB 19499 2044 24 unified unify VBN 19499 2044 25 , , , 19499 2044 26 coherent coherent JJ 19499 2044 27 , , , 19499 2044 28 and and CC 19499 2044 29 pleasing pleasing JJ 19499 2044 30 to to IN 19499 2044 31 the the DT 19499 2044 32 ear ear NN 19499 2044 33 . . . 19499 2045 1 The the DT 19499 2045 2 soprano soprano NN 19499 2045 3 part part NN 19499 2045 4 of of IN 19499 2045 5 hymn hymn NN 19499 2045 6 - - HYPH 19499 2045 7 tunes tune NNS 19499 2045 8 and and CC 19499 2045 9 other other JJ 19499 2045 10 simple simple JJ 19499 2045 11 harmonized harmonized JJ 19499 2045 12 compositions composition NNS 19499 2045 13 is be VBZ 19499 2045 14 often often RB 19499 2045 15 referred refer VBN 19499 2045 16 to to IN 19499 2045 17 as as IN 19499 2045 18 " " `` 19499 2045 19 the the DT 19499 2045 20 melody melody NN 19499 2045 21 . . . 19499 2045 22 " " '' 19499 2046 1 181 181 CD 19499 2046 2 . . . 19499 2047 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2047 2 Harmony Harmony NNP 19499 2047 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2047 4 is be VBZ 19499 2047 5 the the DT 19499 2047 6 science science NN 19499 2047 7 of of IN 19499 2047 8 chord chord NN 19499 2047 9 construction construction NN 19499 2047 10 and and CC 19499 2047 11 combination combination NN 19499 2047 12 . . . 19499 2048 1 The the DT 19499 2048 2 term term NN 19499 2048 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2048 4 harmony harmony NN 19499 2048 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2048 6 refers refer VBZ 19499 2048 7 to to IN 19499 2048 8 tones tone NNS 19499 2048 9 sounding sound VBG 19499 2048 10 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2048 11 , , , 19499 2048 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2048 13 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2048 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2048 15 , , , 19499 2048 16 to to IN 19499 2048 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2048 18 chords chord NNS 19499 2048 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2048 20 , , , 19499 2048 21 as as IN 19499 2048 22 differentiated differentiate VBN 19499 2048 23 from from IN 19499 2048 24 tones tone NNS 19499 2048 25 sounding sound VBG 19499 2048 26 consecutively consecutively RB 19499 2048 27 , , , 19499 2048 28 as as IN 19499 2048 29 in in IN 19499 2048 30 melody melody NN 19499 2048 31 . . . 19499 2049 1 The the DT 19499 2049 2 word word NN 19499 2049 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2049 4 harmony harmony NN 19499 2049 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2049 6 may may MD 19499 2049 7 therefore therefore RB 19499 2049 8 be be VB 19499 2049 9 applied apply VBN 19499 2049 10 to to IN 19499 2049 11 any any DT 19499 2049 12 group group NN 19499 2049 13 of of IN 19499 2049 14 tones tone NNS 19499 2049 15 of of IN 19499 2049 16 different different JJ 19499 2049 17 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2049 18 sounded sound VBD 19499 2049 19 as as IN 19499 2049 20 a a DT 19499 2049 21 chord chord NN 19499 2049 22 , , , 19499 2049 23 although although IN 19499 2049 24 specifically specifically RB 19499 2049 25 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2049 26 usually usually RB 19499 2049 27 refer refer VBP 19499 2049 28 to to IN 19499 2049 29 a a DT 19499 2049 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2049 31 succession succession NN 19499 2049 32 _ _ NNP 19499 2049 33 of of IN 19499 2049 34 such such JJ 19499 2049 35 chords chord NNS 19499 2049 36 when when WRB 19499 2049 37 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2049 38 speak speak VBP 19499 2049 39 of of IN 19499 2049 40 " " `` 19499 2049 41 harmony harmony NN 19499 2049 42 . . . 19499 2049 43 " " '' 19499 2050 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2050 2 is be VBZ 19499 2050 3 possible possible JJ 19499 2050 4 to to TO 19499 2050 5 use use VB 19499 2050 6 the the DT 19499 2050 7 same same JJ 19499 2050 8 combination combination NN 19499 2050 9 of of IN 19499 2050 10 tones tone NNS 19499 2050 11 in in IN 19499 2050 12 either either DT 19499 2050 13 melody melody NN 19499 2050 14 or or CC 19499 2050 15 harmony harmony NN 19499 2050 16 ; ; : 19499 2050 17 in in IN 19499 2050 18 fact fact NN 19499 2050 19 these these DT 19499 2050 20 two two CD 19499 2050 21 elements element NNS 19499 2050 22 as as IN 19499 2050 23 applied apply VBN 19499 2050 24 to to IN 19499 2050 25 modern modern JJ 19499 2050 26 music music NN 19499 2050 27 have have VBP 19499 2050 28 developed develop VBN 19499 2050 29 together together RB 19499 2050 30 and and CC 19499 2050 31 the the DT 19499 2050 32 style style NN 19499 2050 33 of of IN 19499 2050 34 present present JJ 19499 2050 35 - - HYPH 19499 2050 36 day day NN 19499 2050 37 melody melody NN 19499 2050 38 is be VBZ 19499 2050 39 directly directly RB 19499 2050 40 based base VBN 19499 2050 41 upon upon IN 19499 2050 42 the the DT 19499 2050 43 development development NN 19499 2050 44 that that WDT 19499 2050 45 has have VBZ 19499 2050 46 recently recently RB 19499 2050 47 taken take VBN 19499 2050 48 place place NN 19499 2050 49 in in IN 19499 2050 50 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 2050 51 construction construction NN 19499 2050 52 . . . 19499 2051 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2051 2 Harmony Harmony NNP 19499 2051 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2051 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2051 5 as as IN 19499 2051 6 contrasted contrast VBN 19499 2051 7 with with IN 19499 2051 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2051 9 counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 2051 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2051 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2051 12 first first RB 19499 2051 13 began begin VBD 19499 2051 14 to to TO 19499 2051 15 be be VB 19499 2051 16 an an DT 19499 2051 17 important important JJ 19499 2051 18 factor factor NN 19499 2051 19 in in IN 19499 2051 20 music music NN 19499 2051 21 about about RB 19499 2051 22 1600 1600 CD 19499 2051 23 A.D. A.D. NNP 19499 2051 24 , , , 19499 2051 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2051 26 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2051 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2051 28 , , , 19499 2051 29 at at IN 19499 2051 30 the the DT 19499 2051 31 time time NN 19499 2051 32 when when WRB 19499 2051 33 opera opera NNP 19499 2051 34 and and CC 19499 2051 35 oratorio oratorio NNP 19499 2051 36 came come VBD 19499 2051 37 into into IN 19499 2051 38 existence existence NN 19499 2051 39 , , , 19499 2051 40 when when WRB 19499 2051 41 form form NN 19499 2051 42 was be VBD 19499 2051 43 established establish VBN 19499 2051 44 , , , 19499 2051 45 and and CC 19499 2051 46 when when WRB 19499 2051 47 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2051 48 modern modern JJ 19499 2051 49 major major JJ 19499 2051 50 and and CC 19499 2051 51 minor minor JJ 19499 2051 52 scales scale NNS 19499 2051 53 were be VBD 19499 2051 54 adopted adopt VBN 19499 2051 55 . . . 19499 2052 1 Before before IN 19499 2052 2 this this DT 19499 2052 3 practically practically RB 19499 2052 4 all all DT 19499 2052 5 music music NN 19499 2052 6 was be VBD 19499 2052 7 composed compose VBN 19499 2052 8 on on IN 19499 2052 9 a a DT 19499 2052 10 contrapuntal contrapuntal JJ 19499 2052 11 basis basis NN 19499 2052 12 . . . 19499 2053 1 182 182 CD 19499 2053 2 . . . 19499 2054 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2054 2 Timbre Timbre NNP 19499 2054 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2054 4 is be VBZ 19499 2054 5 that that DT 19499 2054 6 peculiar peculiar JJ 19499 2054 7 quality quality NN 19499 2054 8 of of IN 19499 2054 9 sound sound NN 19499 2054 10 which which WDT 19499 2054 11 enables enable VBZ 19499 2054 12 one one PRP 19499 2054 13 to to TO 19499 2054 14 distinguish distinguish VB 19499 2054 15 a a DT 19499 2054 16 tone tone NN 19499 2054 17 produced produce VBN 19499 2054 18 by by IN 19499 2054 19 one one CD 19499 2054 20 instrument instrument NN 19499 2054 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2054 22 or or CC 19499 2054 23 voice voice NN 19499 2054 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2054 25 from from IN 19499 2054 26 a a DT 19499 2054 27 tone tone NN 19499 2054 28 produced produce VBN 19499 2054 29 by by IN 19499 2054 30 an an DT 19499 2054 31 equal equal JJ 19499 2054 32 number number NN 19499 2054 33 of of IN 19499 2054 34 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2054 35 on on IN 19499 2054 36 another another DT 19499 2054 37 instrument instrument NN 19499 2054 38 . . . 19499 2055 1 The the DT 19499 2055 2 word word NN 19499 2055 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 4 timbre timbre NNP 19499 2055 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 6 is be VBZ 19499 2055 7 synonymous synonymous JJ 19499 2055 8 with with IN 19499 2055 9 the the DT 19499 2055 10 terms term NNS 19499 2055 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 12 quality quality NN 19499 2055 13 of of IN 19499 2055 14 tone tone NN 19499 2055 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 16 , , , 19499 2055 17 and and CC 19499 2055 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 19 tone tone NN 19499 2055 20 quality quality NN 19499 2055 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2055 23 Ger.--Klang Ger.--Klang NNP 19499 2055 24 - - HYPH 19499 2055 25 farbe farbe NNP 19499 2055 26 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2055 27 , , , 19499 2055 28 the the DT 19499 2055 29 excuse excuse NN 19499 2055 30 for for IN 19499 2055 31 using use VBG 19499 2055 32 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2055 33 being be VBG 19499 2055 34 that that IN 19499 2055 35 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2055 36 expresses express VBZ 19499 2055 37 adequately adequately RB 19499 2055 38 in in IN 19499 2055 39 one one CD 19499 2055 40 word word NN 19499 2055 41 an an DT 19499 2055 42 idea idea NN 19499 2055 43 that that IN 19499 2055 44 in in IN 19499 2055 45 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2055 46 language language NN 19499 2055 47 takes take VBZ 19499 2055 48 at at RB 19499 2055 49 least least JJS 19499 2055 50 two two CD 19499 2055 51 : : : 19499 2055 52 this this DT 19499 2055 53 excuse excuse NN 19499 2055 54 would would MD 19499 2055 55 disappear disappear VB 19499 2055 56 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2055 57 and and CC 19499 2055 58 incidentally incidentally RB 19499 2055 59 a a DT 19499 2055 60 much much RB 19499 2055 61 - - HYPH 19499 2055 62 mispronounced mispronounce VBN 19499 2055 63 word word NN 19499 2055 64 would would MD 19499 2055 65 be be VB 19499 2055 66 eliminated eliminate VBN 19499 2055 67 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2055 68 if if IN 19499 2055 69 the the DT 19499 2055 70 single single JJ 19499 2055 71 word word NN 19499 2055 72 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 73 quality quality NN 19499 2055 74 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 75 were be VBD 19499 2055 76 to to TO 19499 2055 77 be be VB 19499 2055 78 adopted adopt VBN 19499 2055 79 as as IN 19499 2055 80 the the DT 19499 2055 81 equivalent equivalent NN 19499 2055 82 of of IN 19499 2055 83 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 84 timbre timbre NNP 19499 2055 85 _ _ NNP 19499 2055 86 . . . 19499 2056 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2056 2 , , , 19499 2056 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2056 4 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2056 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2056 6 , , , 19499 2056 7 the the DT 19499 2056 8 soprano soprano NN 19499 2056 9 voice voice NN 19499 2056 10 singing singing NN 19499 2056 11 c c NNP 19499 2056 12 ' ' '' 19499 2056 13 has have VBZ 19499 2056 14 a a DT 19499 2056 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2056 16 quality quality NN 19499 2056 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2056 18 different different RB 19499 2056 19 from from IN 19499 2056 20 the the DT 19499 2056 21 contralto contralto NN 19499 2056 22 voice voice NN 19499 2056 23 singing singe VBG 19499 2056 24 the the DT 19499 2056 25 same same JJ 19499 2056 26 tone tone NN 19499 2056 27 . . . 19499 2057 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2057 2 The the DT 19499 2057 3 remainder remainder NN 19499 2057 4 of of IN 19499 2057 5 this this DT 19499 2057 6 chapter chapter NN 19499 2057 7 and and CC 19499 2057 8 all all DT 19499 2057 9 of of IN 19499 2057 10 Chapter chapter NN 19499 2057 11 XVIII xviii NN 19499 2057 12 deal deal VBP 19499 2057 13 with with IN 19499 2057 14 terms term NNS 19499 2057 15 commonly commonly RB 19499 2057 16 encountered encounter VBN 19499 2057 17 in in IN 19499 2057 18 the the DT 19499 2057 19 study study NN 19499 2057 20 of of IN 19499 2057 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2057 22 harmony harmony NN 19499 2057 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2057 24 . . . 19499 2058 1 Courses course NNS 19499 2058 2 in in IN 19499 2058 3 this this DT 19499 2058 4 subject subject NN 19499 2058 5 usually usually RB 19499 2058 6 begin begin VBP 19499 2058 7 with with IN 19499 2058 8 a a DT 19499 2058 9 study study NN 19499 2058 10 of of IN 19499 2058 11 scales scale NNS 19499 2058 12 , , , 19499 2058 13 but but CC 19499 2058 14 since since IN 19499 2058 15 this this DT 19499 2058 16 subject subject NN 19499 2058 17 has have VBZ 19499 2058 18 already already RB 19499 2058 19 been be VBN 19499 2058 20 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2058 21 extensively extensively RB 19499 2058 22 treated treat VBN 19499 2058 23 , , , 19499 2058 24 this this DT 19499 2058 25 chapter chapter NN 19499 2058 26 will will MD 19499 2058 27 omit omit VB 19499 2058 28 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2058 29 , , , 19499 2058 30 and and CC 19499 2058 31 will will MD 19499 2058 32 begin begin VB 19499 2058 33 with with IN 19499 2058 34 the the DT 19499 2058 35 next next JJ 19499 2058 36 topic topic NN 19499 2058 37 in in IN 19499 2058 38 harmony harmony NNP 19499 2058 39 study study NN 19499 2058 40 , , , 19499 2058 41 viz.--the viz.--the DT 19499 2058 42 interval interval NN 19499 2058 43 . . . 19499 2058 44 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2059 1 183 183 CD 19499 2059 2 . . . 19499 2060 1 An an DT 19499 2060 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2060 3 interval interval NN 19499 2060 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2060 5 is be VBZ 19499 2060 6 the the DT 19499 2060 7 relation relation NN 19499 2060 8 of of IN 19499 2060 9 two two CD 19499 2060 10 tones tone NNS 19499 2060 11 with with IN 19499 2060 12 regard regard NN 19499 2060 13 to to IN 19499 2060 14 pitch pitch NN 19499 2060 15 . . . 19499 2061 1 If if IN 19499 2061 2 the the DT 19499 2061 3 two two CD 19499 2061 4 tones tone NNS 19499 2061 5 are be VBP 19499 2061 6 sounded sound VBN 19499 2061 7 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2061 8 the the DT 19499 2061 9 result result NN 19499 2061 10 is be VBZ 19499 2061 11 an an DT 19499 2061 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2061 13 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 2061 14 interval interval NN 19499 2061 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2061 16 , , , 19499 2061 17 but but CC 19499 2061 18 if if IN 19499 2061 19 sounded sound VBD 19499 2061 20 consecutively consecutively RB 19499 2061 21 the the DT 19499 2061 22 result result NN 19499 2061 23 is be VBZ 19499 2061 24 a a DT 19499 2061 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2061 26 melodic melodic JJ 19499 2061 27 interval interval NN 19499 2061 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2061 29 . . . 19499 2062 1 Fig fig NN 19499 2062 2 . . . 19499 2063 1 62 62 CD 19499 2063 2 represents represent VBZ 19499 2063 3 the the DT 19499 2063 4 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2063 5 f f NNP 19499 2063 6 ' ' '' 19499 2063 7 and and CC 19499 2063 8 a a DT 19499 2063 9 ' ' '' 19499 2063 10 as as IN 19499 2063 11 a a DT 19499 2063 12 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 2063 13 interval interval NN 19499 2063 14 , , , 19499 2063 15 while while IN 19499 2063 16 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2063 17 . . . 19499 2064 1 63 63 CD 19499 2064 2 represents represent VBZ 19499 2064 3 the the DT 19499 2064 4 same same JJ 19499 2064 5 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2064 6 arranged arrange VBD 19499 2064 7 as as IN 19499 2064 8 a a DT 19499 2064 9 melodic melodic JJ 19499 2064 10 interval interval NN 19499 2064 11 . . . 19499 2065 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2065 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2065 3 : : : 19499 2065 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2065 5 . . . 19499 2066 1 62 62 CD 19499 2066 2 . . . 19499 2066 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2067 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2067 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2067 3 : : : 19499 2067 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2067 5 . . . 19499 2068 1 63 63 CD 19499 2068 2 . . . 19499 2068 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2069 1 184 184 CD 19499 2069 2 . . . 19499 2070 1 In in IN 19499 2070 2 classifying classify VBG 19499 2070 3 intervals interval NNS 19499 2070 4 two two CD 19499 2070 5 facts fact NNS 19499 2070 6 should should MD 19499 2070 7 be be VB 19499 2070 8 constantly constantly RB 19499 2070 9 kept keep VBN 19499 2070 10 in in IN 19499 2070 11 mind mind NN 19499 2070 12 : : : 19499 2070 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2070 14 1 1 LS 19499 2070 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2070 16 The the DT 19499 2070 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2070 18 number number NN 19499 2070 19 name name NN 19499 2070 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2070 21 of of IN 19499 2070 22 the the DT 19499 2070 23 interval interval NN 19499 2070 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2070 25 third third JJ 19499 2070 26 , , , 19499 2070 27 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2070 28 , , , 19499 2070 29 sixth sixth JJ 19499 2070 30 , , , 19499 2070 31 etc etc FW 19499 2070 32 . . . 19499 2071 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2071 2 , , , 19499 2071 3 is be VBZ 19499 2071 4 derived derive VBN 19499 2071 5 from from IN 19499 2071 6 the the DT 19499 2071 7 order order NN 19499 2071 8 of of IN 19499 2071 9 letters letter NNS 19499 2071 10 as as IN 19499 2071 11 found find VBN 19499 2071 12 in in IN 19499 2071 13 the the DT 19499 2071 14 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 2071 15 scale scale NN 19499 2071 16 . . . 19499 2072 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2072 2 the the DT 19499 2072 3 interval interval JJ 19499 2072 4 C c NN 19499 2072 5 -- -- : 19499 2072 6 E E NNP 19499 2072 7 is be VBZ 19499 2072 8 a a DT 19499 2072 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2072 10 third third JJ 19499 2072 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2072 12 because because IN 19499 2072 13 E E NNP 19499 2072 14 is be VBZ 19499 2072 15 the the DT 19499 2072 16 third third JJ 19499 2072 17 tone tone NN 19499 2072 18 from from IN 19499 2072 19 C C NNP 19499 2072 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2072 21 counting count VBG 19499 2072 22 C C NNP 19499 2072 23 as as IN 19499 2072 24 one one CD 19499 2072 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2072 26 in in IN 19499 2072 27 the the DT 19499 2072 28 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 2072 29 scale scale NN 19499 2072 30 . . . 19499 2073 1 C C NNP 19499 2073 2 -- -- : 19499 2073 3 G g NN 19499 2073 4 is be VBZ 19499 2073 5 a a DT 19499 2073 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2073 7 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2073 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2073 9 because because IN 19499 2073 10 G G NNP 19499 2073 11 is be VBZ 19499 2073 12 the the DT 19499 2073 13 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2073 14 tone tone NN 19499 2073 15 above above IN 19499 2073 16 C C NNP 19499 2073 17 in in IN 19499 2073 18 the the DT 19499 2073 19 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 2073 20 scale scale NN 19499 2073 21 . . . 19499 2074 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2074 2 should should MD 19499 2074 3 be be VB 19499 2074 4 noted note VBN 19499 2074 5 however however RB 19499 2074 6 that that IN 19499 2074 7 the the DT 19499 2074 8 same same JJ 19499 2074 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2074 10 number number NN 19499 2074 11 - - HYPH 19499 2074 12 names name NNS 19499 2074 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2074 14 apply apply VBP 19499 2074 15 even even RB 19499 2074 16 though though IN 19499 2074 17 one one CD 19499 2074 18 or or CC 19499 2074 19 both both DT 19499 2074 20 letters letter NNS 19499 2074 21 of of IN 19499 2074 22 the the DT 19499 2074 23 interval interval NN 19499 2074 24 are be VBP 19499 2074 25 qualified qualify VBN 19499 2074 26 by by IN 19499 2074 27 sharps sharps NN 19499 2074 28 , , , 19499 2074 29 flats flat NNS 19499 2074 30 , , , 19499 2074 31 etc etc FW 19499 2074 32 . . . 19499 2075 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2075 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2075 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2075 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2075 5 , , , 19499 2075 6 C C NNP 19499 2075 7 -- -- : 19499 2075 8 G[sharp G[sharp NNP 19499 2075 9 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2075 10 is be VBZ 19499 2075 11 still still RB 19499 2075 12 a a DT 19499 2075 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2075 14 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2075 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2075 16 , , , 19499 2075 17 as as IN 19499 2075 18 are be VBP 19499 2075 19 also also RB 19499 2075 20 C[sharp]--G[flat c[sharp]--g[flat JJ 19499 2075 21 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2075 22 and and CC 19499 2075 23 C[flat]--G[sharp c[flat]--g[sharp NN 19499 2075 24 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2075 25 . . . 19499 2076 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2076 2 2 2 LS 19499 2076 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2076 4 In in IN 19499 2076 5 determining determine VBG 19499 2076 6 the the DT 19499 2076 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2076 8 specific specific JJ 19499 2076 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2076 10 name name NN 19499 2076 11 of of IN 19499 2076 12 any any DT 19499 2076 13 interval interval NN 19499 2076 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2076 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2076 16 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2076 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2076 18 fifth fifth NN 19499 2076 19 , , , 19499 2076 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2076 21 major major JJ 19499 2076 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2076 23 third third RB 19499 2076 24 , , , 19499 2076 25 etc etc FW 19499 2076 26 . . . 19499 2077 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2077 2 , , , 19499 2077 3 the the DT 19499 2077 4 half half JJ 19499 2077 5 - - HYPH 19499 2077 6 step step NN 19499 2077 7 and and CC 19499 2077 8 whole whole JJ 19499 2077 9 - - HYPH 19499 2077 10 step step NN 19499 2077 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2077 12 often often RB 19499 2077 13 referred refer VBN 19499 2077 14 to to TO 19499 2077 15 respectively respectively RB 19499 2077 16 as as IN 19499 2077 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2077 18 minor minor JJ 19499 2077 19 second second JJ 19499 2077 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2077 21 , , , 19499 2077 22 and and CC 19499 2077 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2077 24 major major JJ 19499 2077 25 second second JJ 19499 2077 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2077 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2077 28 are be VBP 19499 2077 29 used use VBN 19499 2077 30 as as IN 19499 2077 31 units unit NNS 19499 2077 32 of of IN 19499 2077 33 measurement measurement NN 19499 2077 34 . . . 19499 2078 1 The the DT 19499 2078 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2078 3 half half JJ 19499 2078 4 - - HYPH 19499 2078 5 step step NN 19499 2078 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2078 7 is be VBZ 19499 2078 8 usually usually RB 19499 2078 9 defined define VBN 19499 2078 10 as as IN 19499 2078 11 " " `` 19499 2078 12 the the DT 19499 2078 13 smallest small JJS 19499 2078 14 usable usable JJ 19499 2078 15 interval interval NN 19499 2078 16 between between IN 19499 2078 17 two two CD 19499 2078 18 tones tone NNS 19499 2078 19 . . . 19499 2078 20 " " '' 19499 2079 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2079 2 , , , 19499 2079 3 C c NN 19499 2079 4 -- -- : 19499 2079 5 C[sharp C[sharp NNP 19499 2079 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2079 7 is be VBZ 19499 2079 8 a a DT 19499 2079 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2079 10 half half JJ 19499 2079 11 - - HYPH 19499 2079 12 step step NN 19499 2079 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2079 14 , , , 19499 2079 15 as as IN 19499 2079 16 are be VBP 19499 2079 17 also also RB 19499 2079 18 B B NNP 19499 2079 19 -- -- : 19499 2079 20 C C NNP 19499 2079 21 , , , 19499 2079 22 F F NNP 19499 2079 23 -- -- : 19499 2079 24 G[flat G[flat NNP 19499 2079 25 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2079 26 , , , 19499 2079 27 etc etc FW 19499 2079 28 . . . 19499 2080 1 A a DT 19499 2080 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2080 3 whole whole JJ 19499 2080 4 - - HYPH 19499 2080 5 step step NN 19499 2080 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2080 7 consists consist VBZ 19499 2080 8 of of IN 19499 2080 9 two two CD 19499 2080 10 half half JJ 19499 2080 11 - - HYPH 19499 2080 12 steps step NNS 19499 2080 13 . . . 19499 2081 1 C C NNP 19499 2081 2 -- -- : 19499 2081 3 D D NNP 19499 2081 4 is be VBZ 19499 2081 5 a a DT 19499 2081 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2081 7 whole whole JJ 19499 2081 8 - - HYPH 19499 2081 9 step step NN 19499 2081 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2081 11 , , , 19499 2081 12 as as IN 19499 2081 13 are be VBP 19499 2081 14 also also RB 19499 2081 15 B[flat]--C B[flat]--C VBN 19499 2081 16 , , , 19499 2081 17 E e NN 19499 2081 18 -- -- : 19499 2081 19 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 2081 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2081 21 , , , 19499 2081 22 F[sharp]--G[sharp F[sharp]--G[sharp NNP 19499 2081 23 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2081 24 , , , 19499 2081 25 G[flat]--A[flat G[flat]--A[flat NNP 19499 2081 26 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2081 27 , , , 19499 2081 28 etc etc FW 19499 2081 29 . . . 19499 2082 1 The the DT 19499 2082 2 expressions expression NNS 19499 2082 3 _ _ XX 19499 2082 4 half half JJ 19499 2082 5 - - HYPH 19499 2082 6 step step NN 19499 2082 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2082 8 and and CC 19499 2082 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2082 10 whole whole JJ 19499 2082 11 - - HYPH 19499 2082 12 step step NN 19499 2082 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2082 14 are be VBP 19499 2082 15 much much JJ 19499 2082 16 to to TO 19499 2082 17 be be VB 19499 2082 18 preferred prefer VBN 19499 2082 19 to to IN 19499 2082 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2082 21 half half JJ 19499 2082 22 - - HYPH 19499 2082 23 tone tone NN 19499 2082 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2082 25 and and CC 19499 2082 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2082 27 whole whole JJ 19499 2082 28 - - HYPH 19499 2082 29 tone tone NN 19499 2082 30 _ _ NN 19499 2082 31 , , , 19499 2082 32 as as IN 19499 2082 33 being be VBG 19499 2082 34 more more RBR 19499 2082 35 clear clear JJ 19499 2082 36 and and CC 19499 2082 37 definite definite JJ 19499 2082 38 . . . 19499 2083 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2083 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2083 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2083 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2083 5 , , , 19499 2083 6 the the DT 19499 2083 7 sentence sentence NN 19499 2083 8 " " `` 19499 2083 9 The the DT 19499 2083 10 two two CD 19499 2083 11 tones tone NNS 19499 2083 12 are be VBP 19499 2083 13 a a DT 19499 2083 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2083 15 half half JJ 19499 2083 16 - - HYPH 19499 2083 17 step step NN 19499 2083 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2083 19 apart apart RB 19499 2083 20 " " `` 19499 2083 21 is be VBZ 19499 2083 22 much much RB 19499 2083 23 better well JJR 19499 2083 24 than than IN 19499 2083 25 " " `` 19499 2083 26 The the DT 19499 2083 27 two two CD 19499 2083 28 tones tone NNS 19499 2083 29 are be VBP 19499 2083 30 a a DT 19499 2083 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2083 32 half half JJ 19499 2083 33 - - HYPH 19499 2083 34 tone tone NN 19499 2083 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2083 36 apart apart RB 19499 2083 37 . . . 19499 2083 38 " " '' 19499 2084 1 185 185 CD 19499 2084 2 . . . 19499 2085 1 A a DT 19499 2085 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2085 3 prime prime NN 19499 2085 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2085 5 is be VBZ 19499 2085 6 the the DT 19499 2085 7 relation relation NN 19499 2085 8 between between IN 19499 2085 9 two two CD 19499 2085 10 tones tone NNS 19499 2085 11 whose whose WP$ 19499 2085 12 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2085 13 are be VBP 19499 2085 14 properly properly RB 19499 2085 15 represented represent VBN 19499 2085 16 by by IN 19499 2085 17 the the DT 19499 2085 18 same same JJ 19499 2085 19 degree degree NN 19499 2085 20 of of IN 19499 2085 21 the the DT 19499 2085 22 staff staff NN 19499 2085 23 . . . 19499 2086 1 A a DT 19499 2086 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2086 3 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2086 4 prime prime NNP 19499 2086 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2086 6 is be VBZ 19499 2086 7 one one CD 19499 2086 8 whose whose WP$ 19499 2086 9 tones tone NNS 19499 2086 10 have have VBP 19499 2086 11 the the DT 19499 2086 12 same same JJ 19499 2086 13 pitch pitch NN 19499 2086 14 . . . 19499 2087 1 Middle Middle NNP 19499 2087 2 C C NNP 19499 2087 3 sounded sound VBD 19499 2087 4 by by IN 19499 2087 5 piano piano NN 19499 2087 6 and and CC 19499 2087 7 violin violin NN 19499 2087 8 at at IN 19499 2087 9 the the DT 19499 2087 10 same same JJ 19499 2087 11 time time NN 19499 2087 12 would would MD 19499 2087 13 offer offer VB 19499 2087 14 an an DT 19499 2087 15 example example NN 19499 2087 16 . . . 19499 2088 1 An an DT 19499 2088 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2088 3 augmented augment VBN 19499 2088 4 prime prime NN 19499 2088 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2088 6 is be VBZ 19499 2088 7 one one CD 19499 2088 8 whose whose WP$ 19499 2088 9 second second JJ 19499 2088 10 tone tone NN 19499 2088 11 is be VBZ 19499 2088 12 one one CD 19499 2088 13 half half JJ 19499 2088 14 - - HYPH 19499 2088 15 step step NN 19499 2088 16 higher high JJR 19499 2088 17 than than IN 19499 2088 18 the the DT 19499 2088 19 first first JJ 19499 2088 20 . . . 19499 2089 1 Ex Ex NNP 19499 2089 2 . . . 19499 2090 1 C C NNP 19499 2090 2 -- -- : 19499 2090 3 C[sharp C[sharp NNP 19499 2090 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2090 5 . . . 19499 2091 1 186 186 CD 19499 2091 2 . . . 19499 2092 1 A a DT 19499 2092 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2092 3 second second JJ 19499 2092 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2092 5 is be VBZ 19499 2092 6 the the DT 19499 2092 7 relation relation NN 19499 2092 8 between between IN 19499 2092 9 two two CD 19499 2092 10 tones tone NNS 19499 2092 11 whose whose WP$ 19499 2092 12 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2092 13 are be VBP 19499 2092 14 properly properly RB 19499 2092 15 represented represent VBN 19499 2092 16 by by IN 19499 2092 17 adjacent adjacent JJ 19499 2092 18 degrees degree NNS 19499 2092 19 of of IN 19499 2092 20 the the DT 19499 2092 21 staff staff NN 19499 2092 22 . . . 19499 2093 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2093 2 The the DT 19499 2093 3 first first JJ 19499 2093 4 line line NN 19499 2093 5 and and CC 19499 2093 6 first first JJ 19499 2093 7 space space NN 19499 2093 8 are be VBP 19499 2093 9 adjacent adjacent JJ 19499 2093 10 degrees degree NNS 19499 2093 11 , , , 19499 2093 12 as as IN 19499 2093 13 are be VBP 19499 2093 14 also also RB 19499 2093 15 the the DT 19499 2093 16 third third JJ 19499 2093 17 line line NN 19499 2093 18 and and CC 19499 2093 19 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2093 20 space space NN 19499 2093 21 . . . 19499 2093 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2094 1 A a DT 19499 2094 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2094 3 minor minor JJ 19499 2094 4 second second JJ 19499 2094 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2094 6 is be VBZ 19499 2094 7 one one CD 19499 2094 8 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2094 9 one one CD 19499 2094 10 half half JJ 19499 2094 11 - - HYPH 19499 2094 12 step step NN 19499 2094 13 . . . 19499 2095 1 Ex Ex NNP 19499 2095 2 . . . 19499 2096 1 B B NNP 19499 2096 2 -- -- : 19499 2096 3 C. C. NNP 19499 2096 4 A A NNP 19499 2096 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2096 6 major major JJ 19499 2096 7 second second JJ 19499 2096 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2096 9 is be VBZ 19499 2096 10 one one CD 19499 2096 11 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2096 12 two two CD 19499 2096 13 half half JJ 19499 2096 14 - - HYPH 19499 2096 15 steps step NNS 19499 2096 16 . . . 19499 2097 1 Ex Ex NNP 19499 2097 2 . . . 19499 2098 1 B b NN 19499 2098 2 -- -- : 19499 2098 3 C[sharp C[sharp NNP 19499 2098 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2098 5 . . . 19499 2099 1 An an DT 19499 2099 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2099 3 augmented augment VBD 19499 2099 4 second second JJ 19499 2099 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2099 6 is be VBZ 19499 2099 7 one one CD 19499 2099 8 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2099 9 three three CD 19499 2099 10 half half JJ 19499 2099 11 - - HYPH 19499 2099 12 steps step NNS 19499 2099 13 . . . 19499 2100 1 Ex Ex NNP 19499 2100 2 . . . 19499 2101 1 F F NNP 19499 2101 2 -- -- : 19499 2101 3 G[sharp G[sharp NNP 19499 2101 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2101 5 . . . 19499 2102 1 187 187 CD 19499 2102 2 . . . 19499 2103 1 A a DT 19499 2103 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2103 3 third third JJ 19499 2103 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2103 5 is be VBZ 19499 2103 6 an an DT 19499 2103 7 interval interval NN 19499 2103 8 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2103 9 two two CD 19499 2103 10 seconds second NNS 19499 2103 11 . . . 19499 2104 1 A a DT 19499 2104 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2104 3 diminished diminish VBD 19499 2104 4 third third JJ 19499 2104 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2104 6 has have VBZ 19499 2104 7 two two CD 19499 2104 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2104 9 seconds second NNS 19499 2104 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2104 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2104 12 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2104 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2104 14 , , , 19499 2104 15 two two CD 19499 2104 16 half half JJ 19499 2104 17 - - HYPH 19499 2104 18 steps step NNS 19499 2104 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2104 20 . . . 19499 2105 1 C c NN 19499 2105 2 -- -- : 19499 2105 3 E[double e[double JJ 19499 2105 4 - - HYPH 19499 2105 5 flat flat NN 19499 2105 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2105 7 . . . 19499 2106 1 A a DT 19499 2106 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2106 3 minor minor JJ 19499 2106 4 third third JJ 19499 2106 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2106 6 has have VBZ 19499 2106 7 one one CD 19499 2106 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2106 9 and and CC 19499 2106 10 one one CD 19499 2106 11 major major JJ 19499 2106 12 second second NN 19499 2106 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2106 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2106 15 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2106 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2106 17 , , , 19499 2106 18 three three CD 19499 2106 19 half half JJ 19499 2106 20 - - HYPH 19499 2106 21 steps step NNS 19499 2106 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2106 23 . . . 19499 2107 1 C C NNP 19499 2107 2 -- -- : 19499 2107 3 E[flat E[flat NNP 19499 2107 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2107 5 . . . 19499 2108 1 A a DT 19499 2108 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2108 3 major major JJ 19499 2108 4 third third JJ 19499 2108 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2108 6 has have VBZ 19499 2108 7 two two CD 19499 2108 8 major major JJ 19499 2108 9 seconds second NNS 19499 2108 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2108 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2108 12 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2108 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2108 14 , , , 19499 2108 15 four four CD 19499 2108 16 half half JJ 19499 2108 17 - - HYPH 19499 2108 18 steps step NNS 19499 2108 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2108 20 . . . 19499 2109 1 C C NNP 19499 2109 2 -- -- : 19499 2109 3 E. E. NNP 19499 2109 4 188 188 CD 19499 2109 5 . . . 19499 2110 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2110 2 A a DT 19499 2110 3 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2110 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2110 5 is be VBZ 19499 2110 6 an an DT 19499 2110 7 interval interval NN 19499 2110 8 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2110 9 three three CD 19499 2110 10 seconds second NNS 19499 2110 11 . . . 19499 2111 1 A a DT 19499 2111 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2111 3 diminished diminish VBD 19499 2111 4 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2111 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2111 6 has have VBZ 19499 2111 7 two two CD 19499 2111 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2111 9 and and CC 19499 2111 10 one one CD 19499 2111 11 major major JJ 19499 2111 12 second second NN 19499 2111 13 . . . 19499 2112 1 C[sharp]--F. C[sharp]--F. NNP 19499 2112 2 A a DT 19499 2112 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2112 4 perfect perfect NN 19499 2112 5 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2112 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2112 7 has have VBZ 19499 2112 8 one one CD 19499 2112 9 minor minor JJ 19499 2112 10 and and CC 19499 2112 11 two two CD 19499 2112 12 major major JJ 19499 2112 13 seconds second NNS 19499 2112 14 . . . 19499 2113 1 C C NNP 19499 2113 2 -- -- : 19499 2113 3 F. F. NNP 19499 2113 4 An An NNP 19499 2113 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2113 6 augmented augment VBN 19499 2113 7 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2113 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2113 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2113 10 tritone tritone NN 19499 2113 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2113 12 has have VBZ 19499 2113 13 three three CD 19499 2113 14 major major JJ 19499 2113 15 seconds second NNS 19499 2113 16 . . . 19499 2114 1 C C NNP 19499 2114 2 -- -- : 19499 2114 3 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 2114 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2114 5 . . . 19499 2115 1 189 189 CD 19499 2115 2 . . . 19499 2116 1 A a DT 19499 2116 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2116 3 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2116 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2116 5 is be VBZ 19499 2116 6 an an DT 19499 2116 7 interval interval NN 19499 2116 8 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2116 9 four four CD 19499 2116 10 seconds second NNS 19499 2116 11 . . . 19499 2117 1 A a DT 19499 2117 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2117 3 diminished diminish VBD 19499 2117 4 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2117 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2117 6 has have VBZ 19499 2117 7 two two CD 19499 2117 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2117 9 and and CC 19499 2117 10 two two CD 19499 2117 11 major major JJ 19499 2117 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2117 13 . . . 19499 2118 1 C C NNP 19499 2118 2 -- -- : 19499 2118 3 G[flat G[flat NNP 19499 2118 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2118 5 . . . 19499 2119 1 A a DT 19499 2119 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2119 3 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2119 4 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2119 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2119 6 has have VBZ 19499 2119 7 one one CD 19499 2119 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2119 9 and and CC 19499 2119 10 three three CD 19499 2119 11 major major JJ 19499 2119 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2119 13 . . . 19499 2120 1 C C NNP 19499 2120 2 -- -- : 19499 2120 3 G. G. NNP 19499 2120 4 An An NNP 19499 2120 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2120 6 augmented augment VBD 19499 2120 7 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2120 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2120 9 has have VBZ 19499 2120 10 four four CD 19499 2120 11 major major JJ 19499 2120 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2120 13 . . . 19499 2121 1 C C NNP 19499 2121 2 -- -- : 19499 2121 3 G[sharp G[sharp NNP 19499 2121 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2121 5 . . . 19499 2122 1 190 190 CD 19499 2122 2 . . . 19499 2123 1 A a DT 19499 2123 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2123 3 sixth sixth JJ 19499 2123 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2123 5 is be VBZ 19499 2123 6 an an DT 19499 2123 7 interval interval NN 19499 2123 8 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2123 9 five five CD 19499 2123 10 seconds second NNS 19499 2123 11 . . . 19499 2124 1 A a DT 19499 2124 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2124 3 minor minor JJ 19499 2124 4 sixth sixth JJ 19499 2124 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2124 6 has have VBZ 19499 2124 7 two two CD 19499 2124 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2124 9 and and CC 19499 2124 10 three three CD 19499 2124 11 major major JJ 19499 2124 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2124 13 . . . 19499 2125 1 C C NNP 19499 2125 2 -- -- : 19499 2125 3 A[flat A[flat NNP 19499 2125 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2125 5 . . . 19499 2126 1 A a DT 19499 2126 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2126 3 major major JJ 19499 2126 4 sixth sixth JJ 19499 2126 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2126 6 has have VBZ 19499 2126 7 one one CD 19499 2126 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2126 9 and and CC 19499 2126 10 four four CD 19499 2126 11 major major JJ 19499 2126 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2126 13 . . . 19499 2127 1 C C NNP 19499 2127 2 -- -- : 19499 2127 3 A. a. NN 19499 2128 1 An an DT 19499 2128 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2128 3 augmented augment VBD 19499 2128 4 sixth sixth JJ 19499 2128 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2128 6 has have VBZ 19499 2128 7 five five CD 19499 2128 8 major major JJ 19499 2128 9 seconds second NNS 19499 2128 10 . . . 19499 2129 1 C C NNP 19499 2129 2 -- -- : 19499 2129 3 A[sharp A[sharp NNP 19499 2129 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2129 5 . . . 19499 2130 1 191 191 CD 19499 2130 2 . . . 19499 2131 1 A a DT 19499 2131 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2131 3 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2131 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2131 5 is be VBZ 19499 2131 6 an an DT 19499 2131 7 interval interval NN 19499 2131 8 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2131 9 six six CD 19499 2131 10 seconds second NNS 19499 2131 11 . . . 19499 2132 1 A a DT 19499 2132 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2132 3 diminished diminish VBD 19499 2132 4 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2132 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2132 6 has have VBZ 19499 2132 7 three three CD 19499 2132 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2132 9 and and CC 19499 2132 10 three three CD 19499 2132 11 major major JJ 19499 2132 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2132 13 . . . 19499 2133 1 C c NN 19499 2133 2 -- -- : 19499 2133 3 B[double b[double NN 19499 2133 4 - - HYPH 19499 2133 5 flat flat NN 19499 2133 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2133 7 . . . 19499 2134 1 A a DT 19499 2134 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2134 3 minor minor JJ 19499 2134 4 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2134 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2134 6 has have VBZ 19499 2134 7 two two CD 19499 2134 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2134 9 and and CC 19499 2134 10 four four CD 19499 2134 11 major major JJ 19499 2134 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2134 13 . . . 19499 2135 1 C c NN 19499 2135 2 -- -- : 19499 2135 3 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 2135 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2135 5 . . . 19499 2136 1 A a DT 19499 2136 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2136 3 major major JJ 19499 2136 4 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2136 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2136 6 has have VBZ 19499 2136 7 one one CD 19499 2136 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2136 9 and and CC 19499 2136 10 five five CD 19499 2136 11 major major JJ 19499 2136 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2136 13 . . . 19499 2137 1 C C NNP 19499 2137 2 -- -- : 19499 2137 3 B. B. NNP 19499 2138 1 192 192 CD 19499 2138 2 . . . 19499 2139 1 An an DT 19499 2139 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2139 3 octave octave NN 19499 2139 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2139 5 is be VBZ 19499 2139 6 an an DT 19499 2139 7 interval interval NN 19499 2139 8 comprising comprise VBG 19499 2139 9 seven seven CD 19499 2139 10 seconds second NNS 19499 2139 11 . . . 19499 2140 1 A a DT 19499 2140 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2140 3 diminished diminish VBD 19499 2140 4 octave octave NN 19499 2140 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2140 6 has have VBZ 19499 2140 7 three three CD 19499 2140 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2140 9 and and CC 19499 2140 10 four four CD 19499 2140 11 major major JJ 19499 2140 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2140 13 . . . 19499 2141 1 C C NNP 19499 2141 2 -- -- : 19499 2141 3 C[flat C[flat NNP 19499 2141 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2141 5 . . . 19499 2142 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2142 2 A a DT 19499 2142 3 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2142 4 octave octave NN 19499 2142 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2142 6 has have VBZ 19499 2142 7 two two CD 19499 2142 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2142 9 and and CC 19499 2142 10 five five CD 19499 2142 11 major major JJ 19499 2142 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2142 13 . . . 19499 2143 1 C C NNP 19499 2143 2 -- -- : 19499 2143 3 C. C. NNP 19499 2143 4 An An NNP 19499 2143 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2143 6 augmented augment VBN 19499 2143 7 octave octave NN 19499 2143 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2143 9 has have VBZ 19499 2143 10 one one CD 19499 2143 11 minor minor JJ 19499 2143 12 and and CC 19499 2143 13 six six CD 19499 2143 14 major major JJ 19499 2143 15 seconds second NNS 19499 2143 16 . . . 19499 2144 1 C C NNP 19499 2144 2 -- -- : 19499 2144 3 C[sharp C[sharp NNP 19499 2144 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2144 5 . . . 19499 2145 1 193 193 CD 19499 2145 2 . . . 19499 2146 1 A a DT 19499 2146 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2146 3 ninth ninth JJ 19499 2146 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2146 5 is be VBZ 19499 2146 6 usually usually RB 19499 2146 7 treated treat VBN 19499 2146 8 as as IN 19499 2146 9 a a DT 19499 2146 10 second second NN 19499 2146 11 , , , 19499 2146 12 a a DT 19499 2146 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2146 14 tenth tenth NN 19499 2146 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2146 16 as as IN 19499 2146 17 a a DT 19499 2146 18 third third JJ 19499 2146 19 , , , 19499 2146 20 etc etc FW 19499 2146 21 . . . 19499 2147 1 The the DT 19499 2147 2 interval interval NN 19499 2147 3 of of IN 19499 2147 4 two two CD 19499 2147 5 octaves octave NNS 19499 2147 6 is be VBZ 19499 2147 7 often often RB 19499 2147 8 referred refer VBN 19499 2147 9 to to IN 19499 2147 10 as as IN 19499 2147 11 a a DT 19499 2147 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2147 13 fifteenth fifteenth NN 19499 2147 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2147 15 . . . 19499 2148 1 194 194 CD 19499 2148 2 . . . 19499 2149 1 If if IN 19499 2149 2 the the DT 19499 2149 3 major major JJ 19499 2149 4 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 2149 5 scale scale NN 19499 2149 6 be be VB 19499 2149 7 written write VBN 19499 2149 8 and and CC 19499 2149 9 the the DT 19499 2149 10 interval interval NN 19499 2149 11 between between IN 19499 2149 12 each each DT 19499 2149 13 tone tone NN 19499 2149 14 and and CC 19499 2149 15 the the DT 19499 2149 16 key key JJ 19499 2149 17 - - HYPH 19499 2149 18 tone tone NN 19499 2149 19 noted note VBN 19499 2149 20 , , , 19499 2149 21 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2149 22 will will MD 19499 2149 23 be be VB 19499 2149 24 observed observe VBN 19499 2149 25 that that IN 19499 2149 26 the the DT 19499 2149 27 intervals interval NNS 19499 2149 28 are be VBP 19499 2149 29 all all RB 19499 2149 30 either either CC 19499 2149 31 major major JJ 19499 2149 32 or or CC 19499 2149 33 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2149 34 . . . 19499 2150 1 See see VB 19499 2150 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2150 3 . . . 19499 2151 1 64 64 CD 19499 2151 2 . . . 19499 2152 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2152 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2152 3 : : : 19499 2152 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2152 5 . . . 19499 2153 1 64 64 CD 19499 2153 2 . . . 19499 2153 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2154 1 In in IN 19499 2154 2 this this DT 19499 2154 3 connection connection NN 19499 2154 4 also also RB 19499 2154 5 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2154 6 will will MD 19499 2154 7 be be VB 19499 2154 8 noted note VBN 19499 2154 9 that that IN 19499 2154 10 the the DT 19499 2154 11 interval interval NN 19499 2154 12 next next RB 19499 2154 13 smaller small JJR 19499 2154 14 than than IN 19499 2154 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 16 major major JJ 19499 2154 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 18 is be VBZ 19499 2154 19 always always RB 19499 2154 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 21 minor minor JJ 19499 2154 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 23 , , , 19499 2154 24 while while IN 19499 2154 25 that that DT 19499 2154 26 next next JJ 19499 2154 27 smaller small JJR 19499 2154 28 than than IN 19499 2154 29 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 30 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2154 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 32 or or CC 19499 2154 33 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 34 minor minor JJ 19499 2154 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 36 is be VBZ 19499 2154 37 always always RB 19499 2154 38 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 39 diminished diminish VBN 19499 2154 40 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 41 : : : 19499 2154 42 but but CC 19499 2154 43 that that IN 19499 2154 44 the the DT 19499 2154 45 interval interval NN 19499 2154 46 next next RB 19499 2154 47 larger large JJR 19499 2154 48 than than IN 19499 2154 49 both both DT 19499 2154 50 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 51 major major JJ 19499 2154 52 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 53 and and CC 19499 2154 54 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 55 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2154 56 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 57 is be VBZ 19499 2154 58 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 59 augmented augment VBN 19499 2154 60 _ _ NNP 19499 2154 61 . . . 19499 2155 1 195 195 CD 19499 2155 2 . . . 19499 2156 1 An an DT 19499 2156 2 interval interval NN 19499 2156 3 is be VBZ 19499 2156 4 said say VBN 19499 2156 5 to to TO 19499 2156 6 be be VB 19499 2156 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2156 8 inverted invert VBN 19499 2156 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2156 10 when when WRB 19499 2156 11 the the DT 19499 2156 12 tone tone NN 19499 2156 13 originally originally RB 19499 2156 14 the the DT 19499 2156 15 upper upper JJ 19499 2156 16 becomes become VBZ 19499 2156 17 the the DT 19499 2156 18 lower low JJR 19499 2156 19 . . . 19499 2157 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2157 2 C C NNP 19499 2157 3 -- -- : 19499 2157 4 E e NN 19499 2157 5 , , , 19499 2157 6 a a DT 19499 2157 7 major major JJ 19499 2157 8 third third NN 19499 2157 9 , , , 19499 2157 10 inverted invert VBN 19499 2157 11 becomes become VBZ 19499 2157 12 E E NNP 19499 2157 13 -- -- : 19499 2157 14 C c NN 19499 2157 15 , , , 19499 2157 16 a a DT 19499 2157 17 minor minor JJ 19499 2157 18 sixth sixth NN 19499 2157 19 . . . 19499 2158 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 2158 2 XVIII xviii NN 19499 2158 3 CHORDS chord NNS 19499 2158 4 , , , 19499 2158 5 CADENCES CADENCES NNP 19499 2158 6 , , , 19499 2158 7 ETC ETC NNP 19499 2158 8 . . . 19499 2159 1 196 196 CD 19499 2159 2 . . . 19499 2160 1 A a DT 19499 2160 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2160 3 chord chord NN 19499 2160 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2160 5 is be VBZ 19499 2160 6 a a DT 19499 2160 7 combination combination NN 19499 2160 8 of of IN 19499 2160 9 several several JJ 19499 2160 10 tones tone NNS 19499 2160 11 sounding sound VBG 19499 2160 12 together together RB 19499 2160 13 and and CC 19499 2160 14 bearing bear VBG 19499 2160 15 an an DT 19499 2160 16 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 2160 17 relation relation NN 19499 2160 18 to to IN 19499 2160 19 each each DT 19499 2160 20 other other JJ 19499 2160 21 . . . 19499 2161 1 The the DT 19499 2161 2 simplest simple JJS 19499 2161 3 chord chord NN 19499 2161 4 is be VBZ 19499 2161 5 the the DT 19499 2161 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2161 7 triad triad NNP 19499 2161 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2161 9 , , , 19499 2161 10 which which WDT 19499 2161 11 consists consist VBZ 19499 2161 12 of of IN 19499 2161 13 a a DT 19499 2161 14 fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 2161 15 tone tone NN 19499 2161 16 called call VBD 19499 2161 17 the the DT 19499 2161 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2161 19 root root NN 19499 2161 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2161 21 , , , 19499 2161 22 with with IN 19499 2161 23 the the DT 19499 2161 24 third third JJ 19499 2161 25 and and CC 19499 2161 26 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2161 27 above above IN 19499 2161 28 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2161 29 . . . 19499 2162 1 C C NNP 19499 2162 2 -- -- : 19499 2162 3 E e NN 19499 2162 4 -- -- : 19499 2162 5 G g NN 19499 2162 6 is be VBZ 19499 2162 7 a a DT 19499 2162 8 triad triad NN 19499 2162 9 , , , 19499 2162 10 as as IN 19499 2162 11 are be VBP 19499 2162 12 also also RB 19499 2162 13 D d JJ 19499 2162 14 -- -- : 19499 2162 15 F f NN 19499 2162 16 -- -- : 19499 2162 17 A a NN 19499 2162 18 , , , 19499 2162 19 F f NN 19499 2162 20 -- -- : 19499 2162 21 A A NNP 19499 2162 22 -- -- : 19499 2162 23 C c NN 19499 2162 24 , , , 19499 2162 25 and and CC 19499 2162 26 G g NN 19499 2162 27 -- -- : 19499 2162 28 B b NN 19499 2162 29 -- -- : 19499 2162 30 D. D. NNP 19499 2162 31 197 197 CD 19499 2162 32 . . . 19499 2163 1 Triads triad NNS 19499 2163 2 are be VBP 19499 2163 3 classified classify VBN 19499 2163 4 as as IN 19499 2163 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2163 6 major major JJ 19499 2163 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2163 8 , , , 19499 2163 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2163 10 minor minor JJ 19499 2163 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2163 12 , , , 19499 2163 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2163 14 diminished diminish VBD 19499 2163 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2163 16 , , , 19499 2163 17 or or CC 19499 2163 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2163 19 augmented augment VBN 19499 2163 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2163 21 . . . 19499 2164 1 A a DT 19499 2164 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2164 3 major major JJ 19499 2164 4 triad triad NNP 19499 2164 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2164 6 has have VBZ 19499 2164 7 a a DT 19499 2164 8 major major JJ 19499 2164 9 third third NN 19499 2164 10 and and CC 19499 2164 11 a a DT 19499 2164 12 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2164 13 fifth fifth NN 19499 2164 14 , , , 19499 2164 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2164 16 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2164 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2164 18 , , , 19499 2164 19 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2164 20 is be VBZ 19499 2164 21 a a DT 19499 2164 22 major major JJ 19499 2164 23 third third NN 19499 2164 24 with with IN 19499 2164 25 a a DT 19499 2164 26 minor minor JJ 19499 2164 27 third third NN 19499 2164 28 on on IN 19499 2164 29 top top NN 19499 2164 30 of of IN 19499 2164 31 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2164 32 . . . 19499 2165 1 Ex Ex NNP 19499 2165 2 . . . 19499 2166 1 C C NNP 19499 2166 2 -- -- : 19499 2166 3 E E NNP 19499 2166 4 -- -- : 19499 2166 5 G. G. NNP 19499 2166 6 A A NNP 19499 2166 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2166 8 minor minor JJ 19499 2166 9 triad triad NNP 19499 2166 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2166 11 has have VBZ 19499 2166 12 a a DT 19499 2166 13 minor minor JJ 19499 2166 14 third third NN 19499 2166 15 and and CC 19499 2166 16 a a DT 19499 2166 17 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2166 18 fifth fifth NN 19499 2166 19 , , , 19499 2166 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2166 21 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2166 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2166 23 , , , 19499 2166 24 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2166 25 is be VBZ 19499 2166 26 a a DT 19499 2166 27 minor minor JJ 19499 2166 28 third third NN 19499 2166 29 with with IN 19499 2166 30 a a DT 19499 2166 31 major major JJ 19499 2166 32 third third NN 19499 2166 33 on on IN 19499 2166 34 top top NN 19499 2166 35 of of IN 19499 2166 36 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2166 37 . . . 19499 2167 1 Ex Ex NNP 19499 2167 2 . . . 19499 2168 1 C C NNP 19499 2168 2 -- -- : 19499 2168 3 E[flat]--G. E[flat]--G. NNP 19499 2168 4 A A NNP 19499 2168 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2168 6 diminished diminish VBD 19499 2168 7 triad triad NNP 19499 2168 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2168 9 has have VBZ 19499 2168 10 a a DT 19499 2168 11 minor minor JJ 19499 2168 12 third third NN 19499 2168 13 and and CC 19499 2168 14 a a DT 19499 2168 15 diminished diminished JJ 19499 2168 16 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2168 17 , , , 19499 2168 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2168 19 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2168 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2168 21 , , , 19499 2168 22 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2168 23 is be VBZ 19499 2168 24 a a DT 19499 2168 25 minor minor JJ 19499 2168 26 third third NN 19499 2168 27 with with IN 19499 2168 28 another another DT 19499 2168 29 minor minor JJ 19499 2168 30 third third NN 19499 2168 31 on on IN 19499 2168 32 top top NN 19499 2168 33 of of IN 19499 2168 34 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2168 35 . . . 19499 2169 1 Ex Ex NNP 19499 2169 2 . . . 19499 2170 1 C C NNP 19499 2170 2 -- -- : 19499 2170 3 E[flat]--G[flat E[flat]--G[flat NNP 19499 2170 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2170 5 . . . 19499 2171 1 An an DT 19499 2171 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2171 3 augmented augment VBN 19499 2171 4 triad triad NNP 19499 2171 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2171 6 has have VBZ 19499 2171 7 a a DT 19499 2171 8 major major JJ 19499 2171 9 third third NN 19499 2171 10 and and CC 19499 2171 11 an an DT 19499 2171 12 augmented augment VBN 19499 2171 13 fifth fifth NN 19499 2171 14 , , , 19499 2171 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2171 16 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2171 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2171 18 , , , 19499 2171 19 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2171 20 is be VBZ 19499 2171 21 a a DT 19499 2171 22 major major JJ 19499 2171 23 third third NN 19499 2171 24 with with IN 19499 2171 25 another another DT 19499 2171 26 major major JJ 19499 2171 27 third third NN 19499 2171 28 on on IN 19499 2171 29 top top NN 19499 2171 30 of of IN 19499 2171 31 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2171 32 . . . 19499 2172 1 Ex Ex NNP 19499 2172 2 . . . 19499 2173 1 C C NNP 19499 2173 2 -- -- : 19499 2173 3 E e NN 19499 2173 4 -- -- : 19499 2173 5 G[sharp G[sharp NNP 19499 2173 6 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2173 7 . . . 19499 2174 1 198 198 CD 19499 2174 2 . . . 19499 2175 1 A a DT 19499 2175 2 triad triad NN 19499 2175 3 may may MD 19499 2175 4 be be VB 19499 2175 5 built build VBN 19499 2175 6 on on IN 19499 2175 7 any any DT 19499 2175 8 scale scale NN 19499 2175 9 - - HYPH 19499 2175 10 tone tone NN 19499 2175 11 , , , 19499 2175 12 but but CC 19499 2175 13 those those DT 19499 2175 14 on on IN 19499 2175 15 I -PRON- PRP 19499 2175 16 , , , 19499 2175 17 IV IV NNP 19499 2175 18 , , , 19499 2175 19 and and CC 19499 2175 20 V v NN 19499 2175 21 , , , 19499 2175 22 are be VBP 19499 2175 23 used use VBN 19499 2175 24 so so RB 19499 2175 25 much much RB 19499 2175 26 oftener oftener RB 19499 2175 27 than than IN 19499 2175 28 the the DT 19499 2175 29 others other NNS 19499 2175 30 that that IN 19499 2175 31 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2175 32 are be VBP 19499 2175 33 often often RB 19499 2175 34 called call VBN 19499 2175 35 the the DT 19499 2175 36 _ _ NNP 19499 2175 37 common common JJ 19499 2175 38 chords chord NNS 19499 2175 39 _ _ IN 19499 2175 40 . . . 19499 2176 1 In in IN 19499 2176 2 referring refer VBG 19499 2176 3 to to IN 19499 2176 4 triads triad NNS 19499 2176 5 the the DT 19499 2176 6 Roman roman JJ 19499 2176 7 numerals numeral NNS 19499 2176 8 are be VBP 19499 2176 9 used use VBN 19499 2176 10 to to TO 19499 2176 11 show show VB 19499 2176 12 on on IN 19499 2176 13 what what WDT 19499 2176 14 scale scale NN 19499 2176 15 - - HYPH 19499 2176 16 tone tone NN 19499 2176 17 the the DT 19499 2176 18 triad triad NNP 19499 2176 19 is be VBZ 19499 2176 20 based base VBN 19499 2176 21 , , , 19499 2176 22 the the DT 19499 2176 23 size size NN 19499 2176 24 of of IN 19499 2176 25 the the DT 19499 2176 26 numeral numeral JJ 19499 2176 27 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2176 28 with with IN 19499 2176 29 other other JJ 19499 2176 30 signs sign NNS 19499 2176 31 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2176 32 indicating indicate VBG 19499 2176 33 the the DT 19499 2176 34 kind kind NN 19499 2176 35 of of IN 19499 2176 36 triad triad NNS 19499 2176 37 found find VBN 19499 2176 38 on on IN 19499 2176 39 each each DT 19499 2176 40 tone tone NN 19499 2176 41 of of IN 19499 2176 42 the the DT 19499 2176 43 scale scale NN 19499 2176 44 . . . 19499 2177 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2177 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2177 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2177 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2177 5 , , , 19499 2177 6 the the DT 19499 2177 7 large large JJ 19499 2177 8 I -PRON- PRP 19499 2177 9 shows show VBZ 19499 2177 10 that that IN 19499 2177 11 the the DT 19499 2177 12 triad triad NNP 19499 2177 13 on on IN 19499 2177 14 the the DT 19499 2177 15 first first JJ 19499 2177 16 tone tone NN 19499 2177 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2177 18 in in IN 19499 2177 19 major major NN 19499 2177 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2177 21 is be VBZ 19499 2177 22 a a DT 19499 2177 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2177 24 major major JJ 19499 2177 25 triad triad NNP 19499 2177 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2177 27 , , , 19499 2177 28 the the DT 19499 2177 29 small small JJ 19499 2177 30 II II NNP 19499 2177 31 shows show VBZ 19499 2177 32 that that IN 19499 2177 33 the the DT 19499 2177 34 triad triad NN 19499 2177 35 on on IN 19499 2177 36 the the DT 19499 2177 37 second second JJ 19499 2177 38 tone tone NN 19499 2177 39 is be VBZ 19499 2177 40 minor minor JJ 19499 2177 41 , , , 19499 2177 42 etc etc FW 19499 2177 43 . . . 19499 2178 1 The the DT 19499 2178 2 following follow VBG 19499 2178 3 figure figure NN 19499 2178 4 will will MD 19499 2178 5 make make VB 19499 2178 6 this this DT 19499 2178 7 clear clear JJ 19499 2178 8 . . . 19499 2179 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2179 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2179 3 : : : 19499 2179 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2179 5 . . . 19499 2180 1 65 65 CD 19499 2180 2 . . . 19499 2180 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2181 1 The the DT 19499 2181 2 triads triad NNS 19499 2181 3 in in IN 19499 2181 4 the the DT 19499 2181 5 minor minor JJ 19499 2181 6 scale scale NN 19499 2181 7 are be VBP 19499 2181 8 as as IN 19499 2181 9 follows follow VBZ 19499 2181 10 : : : 19499 2181 11 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2181 12 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2181 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2181 14 199 199 CD 19499 2181 15 . . . 19499 2182 1 A a DT 19499 2182 2 triad triad NN 19499 2182 3 is be VBZ 19499 2182 4 said say VBN 19499 2182 5 to to TO 19499 2182 6 be be VB 19499 2182 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2182 8 in in IN 19499 2182 9 fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 2182 10 position position NN 19499 2182 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2182 12 when when WRB 19499 2182 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2182 14 root root NN 19499 2182 15 is be VBZ 19499 2182 16 the the DT 19499 2182 17 lowest low JJS 19499 2182 18 tone tone NN 19499 2182 19 . . . 19499 2183 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2183 2 is be VBZ 19499 2183 3 said say VBN 19499 2183 4 to to TO 19499 2183 5 be be VB 19499 2183 6 in in IN 19499 2183 7 the the DT 19499 2183 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2183 9 first first JJ 19499 2183 10 inversion inversion NN 19499 2183 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2183 12 when when WRB 19499 2183 13 the the DT 19499 2183 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2183 15 third third JJ 19499 2183 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2183 17 is be VBZ 19499 2183 18 the the DT 19499 2183 19 lowest low JJS 19499 2183 20 tone tone NN 19499 2183 21 , , , 19499 2183 22 and and CC 19499 2183 23 in in IN 19499 2183 24 the the DT 19499 2183 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2183 26 second second JJ 19499 2183 27 inversion inversion NN 19499 2183 28 _ _ IN 19499 2183 29 when when WRB 19499 2183 30 the the DT 19499 2183 31 fifth fifth NN 19499 2183 32 is be VBZ 19499 2183 33 the the DT 19499 2183 34 lowest low JJS 19499 2183 35 tone tone NN 19499 2183 36 . . . 19499 2184 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2184 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2184 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2184 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2184 5 , , , 19499 2184 6 in in IN 19499 2184 7 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2184 8 . . . 19499 2185 1 66 66 CD 19499 2185 2 the the DT 19499 2185 3 same same JJ 19499 2185 4 chord chord NN 19499 2185 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2185 6 C C NNP 19499 2185 7 -- -- : 19499 2185 8 E e NN 19499 2185 9 -- -- : 19499 2185 10 G g NN 19499 2185 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2185 12 is be VBZ 19499 2185 13 arranged arrange VBN 19499 2185 14 in in IN 19499 2185 15 three three CD 19499 2185 16 different different JJ 19499 2185 17 positions position NNS 19499 2185 18 , , , 19499 2185 19 at at IN 19499 2185 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2185 21 a a LS 19499 2185 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2185 23 in in IN 19499 2185 24 fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 2185 25 position position NN 19499 2185 26 , , , 19499 2185 27 at at IN 19499 2185 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2185 29 b b NN 19499 2185 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2185 31 in in IN 19499 2185 32 the the DT 19499 2185 33 first first JJ 19499 2185 34 inversion inversion NN 19499 2185 35 , , , 19499 2185 36 and and CC 19499 2185 37 at at IN 19499 2185 38 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2185 39 c c NN 19499 2185 40 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2185 41 in in IN 19499 2185 42 the the DT 19499 2185 43 second second JJ 19499 2185 44 inversion inversion NN 19499 2185 45 . . . 19499 2186 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2186 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2186 3 : : : 19499 2186 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2186 5 . . . 19499 2187 1 66 66 CD 19499 2187 2 . . . 19499 2187 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2188 1 200 200 CD 19499 2188 2 . . . 19499 2189 1 When when WRB 19499 2189 2 the the DT 19499 2189 3 root root NN 19499 2189 4 is be VBZ 19499 2189 5 not not RB 19499 2189 6 the the DT 19499 2189 7 bass bass NN 19499 2189 8 note note NN 19499 2189 9 , , , 19499 2189 10 figures figure NNS 19499 2189 11 are be VBP 19499 2189 12 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2189 13 used use VBN 19499 2189 14 to to TO 19499 2189 15 show show VB 19499 2189 16 what what WP 19499 2189 17 chord chord NN 19499 2189 18 is be VBZ 19499 2189 19 to to TO 19499 2189 20 be be VB 19499 2189 21 played play VBN 19499 2189 22 or or CC 19499 2189 23 written write VBN 19499 2189 24 . . . 19499 2190 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2190 2 , , , 19499 2190 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2190 4 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2190 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2190 6 , , , 19499 2190 7 the the DT 19499 2190 8 figure figure NN 19499 2190 9 6 6 CD 19499 2190 10 over over IN 19499 2190 11 a a DT 19499 2190 12 bass bass NN 19499 2190 13 note note NN 19499 2190 14 means mean VBZ 19499 2190 15 that that IN 19499 2190 16 the the DT 19499 2190 17 note note NN 19499 2190 18 given give VBN 19499 2190 19 is be VBZ 19499 2190 20 the the DT 19499 2190 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2190 22 third third JJ 19499 2190 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2190 24 of of IN 19499 2190 25 a a DT 19499 2190 26 chord chord NN 19499 2190 27 , , , 19499 2190 28 the the DT 19499 2190 29 root root NN 19499 2190 30 being be VBG 19499 2190 31 found find VBN 19499 2190 32 by by IN 19499 2190 33 going go VBG 19499 2190 34 up up RP 19499 2190 35 a a DT 19499 2190 36 sixth sixth JJ 19499 2190 37 from from IN 19499 2190 38 the the DT 19499 2190 39 bass bass NN 19499 2190 40 note note NN 19499 2190 41 : : : 19499 2190 42 _ _ NNP 19499 2190 43 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2190 44 _ _ NNP 19499 2190 45 , , , 19499 2190 46 the the DT 19499 2190 47 chord chord NN 19499 2190 48 is be VBZ 19499 2190 49 to to TO 19499 2190 50 be be VB 19499 2190 51 sounded sound VBN 19499 2190 52 in in IN 19499 2190 53 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2190 54 first first JJ 19499 2190 55 inversion inversion NN 19499 2190 56 . . . 19499 2191 1 In in IN 19499 2191 2 the the DT 19499 2191 3 same same JJ 19499 2191 4 way way NN 19499 2191 5 the the DT 19499 2191 6 figures figure NNS 19499 2191 7 6/4 6/4 CD 19499 2191 8 indicate indicate VBP 19499 2191 9 that that IN 19499 2191 10 the the DT 19499 2191 11 note note NN 19499 2191 12 given give VBN 19499 2191 13 is be VBZ 19499 2191 14 the the DT 19499 2191 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2191 16 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2191 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2191 18 of of IN 19499 2191 19 the the DT 19499 2191 20 chord chord NN 19499 2191 21 , , , 19499 2191 22 the the DT 19499 2191 23 root root NN 19499 2191 24 and and CC 19499 2191 25 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2191 26 being being NN 19499 2191 27 found find VBN 19499 2191 28 by by IN 19499 2191 29 going go VBG 19499 2191 30 up up RP 19499 2191 31 a a DT 19499 2191 32 sixth sixth JJ 19499 2191 33 and and CC 19499 2191 34 a a DT 19499 2191 35 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2191 36 from from IN 19499 2191 37 the the DT 19499 2191 38 note note NN 19499 2191 39 given give VBN 19499 2191 40 ; ; : 19499 2191 41 _ _ NNP 19499 2191 42 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2191 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2191 44 , , , 19499 2191 45 the the DT 19499 2191 46 chord chord NN 19499 2191 47 is be VBZ 19499 2191 48 to to TO 19499 2191 49 be be VB 19499 2191 50 sounded sound VBN 19499 2191 51 in in IN 19499 2191 52 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2191 53 second second JJ 19499 2191 54 inversion inversion NN 19499 2191 55 . . . 19499 2192 1 The the DT 19499 2192 2 use use NN 19499 2192 3 of of IN 19499 2192 4 these these DT 19499 2192 5 and and CC 19499 2192 6 other other JJ 19499 2192 7 similar similar JJ 19499 2192 8 figures figure NNS 19499 2192 9 and and CC 19499 2192 10 signs sign NNS 19499 2192 11 is be VBZ 19499 2192 12 called call VBN 19499 2192 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2192 14 figured figured JJ 19499 2192 15 bass bass NN 19499 2192 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2192 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2192 18 or or CC 19499 2192 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2192 20 thorough thorough JJ 19499 2192 21 bass bass NN 19499 2192 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2192 23 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2192 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2192 25 notation notation NN 19499 2192 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2192 27 . . . 19499 2193 1 An an DT 19499 2193 2 example example NN 19499 2193 3 of of IN 19499 2193 4 a a DT 19499 2193 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2193 6 figured figured JJ 19499 2193 7 bass bass NN 19499 2193 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2193 9 is be VBZ 19499 2193 10 given give VBN 19499 2193 11 in in IN 19499 2193 12 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2193 13 . . . 19499 2194 1 67 67 CD 19499 2194 2 . . . 19499 2195 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2195 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2195 3 : : : 19499 2195 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2195 5 . . . 19499 2196 1 67 67 CD 19499 2196 2 . . . 19499 2196 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2197 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2197 2 Thorough Thorough NNP 19499 2197 3 bass bass NN 19499 2197 4 notation notation NN 19499 2197 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2197 6 was be VBD 19499 2197 7 formerly formerly RB 19499 2197 8 used use VBN 19499 2197 9 extensively extensively RB 19499 2197 10 in in IN 19499 2197 11 writing write VBG 19499 2197 12 accompaniments accompaniment NNS 19499 2197 13 to to IN 19499 2197 14 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2197 15 works work NNS 19499 2197 16 , , , 19499 2197 17 the the DT 19499 2197 18 accompanist accompanist NN 19499 2197 19 having have VBG 19499 2197 20 to to TO 19499 2197 21 interpret interpret VB 19499 2197 22 the the DT 19499 2197 23 notes note NNS 19499 2197 24 and and CC 19499 2197 25 signs sign NNS 19499 2197 26 given give VBN 19499 2197 27 , , , 19499 2197 28 and and CC 19499 2197 29 then then RB 19499 2197 30 to to TO 19499 2197 31 make make VB 19499 2197 32 up up RP 19499 2197 33 an an DT 19499 2197 34 interesting interesting JJ 19499 2197 35 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 2197 36 as as IN 19499 2197 37 he -PRON- PRP 19499 2197 38 went go VBD 19499 2197 39 along along RB 19499 2197 40 . . . 19499 2198 1 Much much JJ 19499 2198 2 of of IN 19499 2198 3 Handel Handel NNP 19499 2198 4 's 's POS 19499 2198 5 music music NN 19499 2198 6 was be VBD 19499 2198 7 written write VBN 19499 2198 8 in in IN 19499 2198 9 this this DT 19499 2198 10 way way NN 19499 2198 11 , , , 19499 2198 12 but but CC 19499 2198 13 in in IN 19499 2198 14 modern modern JJ 19499 2198 15 editions edition NNS 19499 2198 16 of of IN 19499 2198 17 these these DT 19499 2198 18 works work NNS 19499 2198 19 the the DT 19499 2198 20 chords chord NNS 19499 2198 21 have have VBP 19499 2198 22 been be VBN 19499 2198 23 printed print VBN 19499 2198 24 in in IN 19499 2198 25 full full JJ 19499 2198 26 and and CC 19499 2198 27 the the DT 19499 2198 28 signs sign NNS 19499 2198 29 omitted omit VBD 19499 2198 30 . . . 19499 2199 1 201 201 CD 19499 2199 2 . . . 19499 2200 1 A a DT 19499 2200 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2200 3 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2200 4 chord chord NN 19499 2200 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2200 6 consists consist VBZ 19499 2200 7 of of IN 19499 2200 8 a a DT 19499 2200 9 fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 2200 10 tone tone NN 19499 2200 11 with with IN 19499 2200 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2200 13 third third JJ 19499 2200 14 , , , 19499 2200 15 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2200 16 , , , 19499 2200 17 and and CC 19499 2200 18 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2200 19 . . . 19499 2201 1 The the DT 19499 2201 2 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2201 3 is be VBZ 19499 2201 4 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2201 5 omitted omit VBN 19499 2201 6 . . . 19499 2202 1 A a DT 19499 2202 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2202 3 ninth ninth JJ 19499 2202 4 chord chord NN 19499 2202 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2202 6 consists consist VBZ 19499 2202 7 of of IN 19499 2202 8 a a DT 19499 2202 9 fundamental fundamental NN 19499 2202 10 with with IN 19499 2202 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2202 12 third third JJ 19499 2202 13 , , , 19499 2202 14 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2202 15 , , , 19499 2202 16 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2202 17 , , , 19499 2202 18 and and CC 19499 2202 19 ninth ninth JJ 19499 2202 20 . . . 19499 2203 1 202 202 CD 19499 2203 2 . . . 19499 2204 1 A a DT 19499 2204 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2204 3 cadence cadence NN 19499 2204 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2204 5 is be VBZ 19499 2204 6 the the DT 19499 2204 7 close close NN 19499 2204 8 of of IN 19499 2204 9 a a DT 19499 2204 10 musical musical JJ 19499 2204 11 phrase phrase NN 19499 2204 12 : : : 19499 2204 13 in in IN 19499 2204 14 melody melody NN 19499 2204 15 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2204 16 refers refer VBZ 19499 2204 17 to to IN 19499 2204 18 the the DT 19499 2204 19 last last JJ 19499 2204 20 two two CD 19499 2204 21 tones tone NNS 19499 2204 22 ; ; : 19499 2204 23 in in IN 19499 2204 24 harmony harmony NN 19499 2204 25 to to IN 19499 2204 26 the the DT 19499 2204 27 last last JJ 19499 2204 28 two two CD 19499 2204 29 chords chord NNS 19499 2204 30 . . . 19499 2205 1 The the DT 19499 2205 2 word word NN 19499 2205 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2205 4 cadence cadence NN 19499 2205 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2205 6 is be VBZ 19499 2205 7 derived derive VBN 19499 2205 8 from from IN 19499 2205 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2205 10 cadere cadere NNP 19499 2205 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2205 12 , , , 19499 2205 13 a a DT 19499 2205 14 Latin latin JJ 19499 2205 15 word word NN 19499 2205 16 meaning meaning NN 19499 2205 17 to to IN 19499 2205 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2205 19 fall fall NN 19499 2205 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2205 21 , , , 19499 2205 22 the the DT 19499 2205 23 reference reference NN 19499 2205 24 being be VBG 19499 2205 25 to to IN 19499 2205 26 the the DT 19499 2205 27 falling falling NN 19499 2205 28 of of IN 19499 2205 29 the the DT 19499 2205 30 voice voice NN 19499 2205 31 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2205 32 _ _ NNP 19499 2205 33 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2205 34 _ _ NNP 19499 2205 35 , , , 19499 2205 36 the the DT 19499 2205 37 dropping dropping NN 19499 2205 38 to to IN 19499 2205 39 the the DT 19499 2205 40 normal normal JJ 19499 2205 41 pitch pitch NN 19499 2205 42 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2205 43 at at IN 19499 2205 44 the the DT 19499 2205 45 close close NN 19499 2205 46 of of IN 19499 2205 47 a a DT 19499 2205 48 sentence sentence NN 19499 2205 49 . . . 19499 2206 1 203 203 CD 19499 2206 2 . . . 19499 2207 1 The the DT 19499 2207 2 most most RBS 19499 2207 3 frequent frequent JJ 19499 2207 4 cadence cadence NN 19499 2207 5 in in IN 19499 2207 6 harmony harmony NN 19499 2207 7 is be VBZ 19499 2207 8 that that IN 19499 2207 9 involving involve VBG 19499 2207 10 the the DT 19499 2207 11 chord chord NN 19499 2207 12 on on IN 19499 2207 13 I -PRON- PRP 19499 2207 14 preceded precede VBN 19499 2207 15 by by IN 19499 2207 16 the the DT 19499 2207 17 chord chord NN 19499 2207 18 on on IN 19499 2207 19 V. V. NNP 19499 2207 20 Because because IN 19499 2207 21 of of IN 19499 2207 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2207 23 directness directness NN 19499 2207 24 the the DT 19499 2207 25 cadence cadence NN 19499 2207 26 V V NNP 19499 2207 27 -- -- : 19499 2207 28 I -PRON- PRP 19499 2207 29 is be VBZ 19499 2207 30 called call VBN 19499 2207 31 the the DT 19499 2207 32 _ _ NNP 19499 2207 33 authentic authentic JJ 19499 2207 34 cadence cadence NN 19499 2207 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2207 36 . . . 19499 2208 1 204 204 CD 19499 2208 2 . . . 19499 2209 1 The the DT 19499 2209 2 most most RBS 19499 2209 3 satisfactory satisfactory JJ 19499 2209 4 form form NN 19499 2209 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2209 6 to to IN 19499 2209 7 the the DT 19499 2209 8 ear ear NN 19499 2209 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2209 10 of of IN 19499 2209 11 the the DT 19499 2209 12 authentic authentic JJ 19499 2209 13 cadence cadence NN 19499 2209 14 is be VBZ 19499 2209 15 that that IN 19499 2209 16 in in IN 19499 2209 17 which which WDT 19499 2209 18 the the DT 19499 2209 19 highest high JJS 19499 2209 20 voice voice NN 19499 2209 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2209 22 the the DT 19499 2209 23 soprano soprano NN 19499 2209 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2209 25 of of IN 19499 2209 26 the the DT 19499 2209 27 final final JJ 19499 2209 28 chord chord NN 19499 2209 29 is be VBZ 19499 2209 30 the the DT 19499 2209 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2209 32 root root NN 19499 2209 33 _ _ NNP 19499 2209 34 of of IN 19499 2209 35 that that DT 19499 2209 36 chord chord NN 19499 2209 37 . . . 19499 2210 1 When when WRB 19499 2210 2 the the DT 19499 2210 3 final final JJ 19499 2210 4 chord chord NN 19499 2210 5 appears appear VBZ 19499 2210 6 in in IN 19499 2210 7 this this DT 19499 2210 8 position position NN 19499 2210 9 the the DT 19499 2210 10 cadence cadence NN 19499 2210 11 is be VBZ 19499 2210 12 called call VBN 19499 2210 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2210 14 perfect_[36 perfect_[36 NNP 19499 2210 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2210 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2210 17 authentic authentic NN 19499 2210 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2210 19 , , , 19499 2210 20 and and CC 19499 2210 21 when when WRB 19499 2210 22 the the DT 19499 2210 23 third third JJ 19499 2210 24 or or CC 19499 2210 25 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2210 26 of of IN 19499 2210 27 the the DT 19499 2210 28 chord chord NN 19499 2210 29 appear appear VB 19499 2210 30 in in IN 19499 2210 31 the the DT 19499 2210 32 soprano soprano NN 19499 2210 33 , , , 19499 2210 34 the the DT 19499 2210 35 cadence cadence NN 19499 2210 36 is be VBZ 19499 2210 37 called call VBN 19499 2210 38 _ _ NNP 19499 2210 39 imperfect imperfect JJ 19499 2210 40 authentic authentic JJ 19499 2210 41 _ _ NNP 19499 2210 42 . . . 19499 2211 1 Fig fig NN 19499 2211 2 . . . 19499 2212 1 68 68 CD 19499 2212 2 shows show VBZ 19499 2212 3 the the DT 19499 2212 4 chord chord NN 19499 2212 5 G g NN 19499 2212 6 -- -- : 19499 2212 7 B b NN 19499 2212 8 -- -- : 19499 2212 9 D d NN 19499 2212 10 cadencing cadence VBG 19499 2212 11 to to IN 19499 2212 12 C c NN 19499 2212 13 -- -- : 19499 2212 14 E e NN 19499 2212 15 -- -- : 19499 2212 16 G g NN 19499 2212 17 in in IN 19499 2212 18 three three CD 19499 2212 19 different different JJ 19499 2212 20 ways way NNS 19499 2212 21 . . . 19499 2213 1 The the DT 19499 2213 2 first first JJ 19499 2213 3 one one CD 19499 2213 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2213 5 a a NN 19499 2213 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2213 7 is be VBZ 19499 2213 8 called call VBN 19499 2213 9 a a DT 19499 2213 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2213 11 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2213 12 authentic authentic JJ 19499 2213 13 cadence cadence NN 19499 2213 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2213 15 , , , 19499 2213 16 but but CC 19499 2213 17 the the DT 19499 2213 18 last last JJ 19499 2213 19 two two CD 19499 2213 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2213 21 c c NN 19499 2213 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2213 23 and and CC 19499 2213 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2213 25 d d NN 19499 2213 26 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2213 27 are be VBP 19499 2213 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2213 29 imperfect imperfect JJ 19499 2213 30 authentic authentic JJ 19499 2213 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2213 32 . . . 19499 2214 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2214 2 Footnote footnote NN 19499 2214 3 36 36 CD 19499 2214 4 : : : 19499 2214 5 Many many JJ 19499 2214 6 theorists theorist NNS 19499 2214 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2214 8 including include VBG 19499 2214 9 Durand Durand NNP 19499 2214 10 in in IN 19499 2214 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2214 12 monumental monumental JJ 19499 2214 13 " " `` 19499 2214 14 Treatise Treatise NNP 19499 2214 15 on on IN 19499 2214 16 Harmony harmony NN 19499 2214 17 " " '' 19499 2214 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2214 19 consider consider VB 19499 2214 20 the the DT 19499 2214 21 V v NN 19499 2214 22 -- -- : 19499 2214 23 I -PRON- PRP 19499 2214 24 cadence cadence VBP 19499 2214 25 to to TO 19499 2214 26 be be VB 19499 2214 27 the the DT 19499 2214 28 only only JJ 19499 2214 29 one one CD 19499 2214 30 which which WDT 19499 2214 31 may may MD 19499 2214 32 legitimately legitimately RB 19499 2214 33 be be VB 19499 2214 34 called call VBN 19499 2214 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2214 36 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2214 37 _ _ NNP 19499 2214 38 , , , 19499 2214 39 but but CC 19499 2214 40 the the DT 19499 2214 41 majority majority NN 19499 2214 42 of of IN 19499 2214 43 writers writer NNS 19499 2214 44 seem seem VBP 19499 2214 45 to to TO 19499 2214 46 take take VB 19499 2214 47 the the DT 19499 2214 48 view view NN 19499 2214 49 that that IN 19499 2214 50 either either CC 19499 2214 51 authentic authentic JJ 19499 2214 52 or or CC 19499 2214 53 plagal plagal JJ 19499 2214 54 cadence cadence NN 19499 2214 55 may may MD 19499 2214 56 be be VB 19499 2214 57 either either CC 19499 2214 58 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2214 59 or or CC 19499 2214 60 imperfect imperfect JJ 19499 2214 61 , , , 19499 2214 62 depending depend VBG 19499 2214 63 upon upon IN 19499 2214 64 the the DT 19499 2214 65 soprano soprano NN 19499 2214 66 tone tone NN 19499 2214 67 , , , 19499 2214 68 as as IN 19499 2214 69 noted note VBN 19499 2214 70 above above RB 19499 2214 71 . . . 19499 2214 72 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2215 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2215 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2215 3 : : : 19499 2215 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2215 5 . . . 19499 2216 1 68 68 CD 19499 2216 2 . . . 19499 2216 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2217 1 205 205 CD 19499 2217 2 . . . 19499 2218 1 A a DT 19499 2218 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2218 3 plagal plagal JJ 19499 2218 4 cadence cadence NN 19499 2218 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2218 6 is be VBZ 19499 2218 7 one one CD 19499 2218 8 in in IN 19499 2218 9 which which WDT 19499 2218 10 the the DT 19499 2218 11 tonic tonic NN 19499 2218 12 chord chord NN 19499 2218 13 is be VBZ 19499 2218 14 preceded precede VBN 19499 2218 15 by by IN 19499 2218 16 the the DT 19499 2218 17 sub sub JJ 19499 2218 18 - - JJ 19499 2218 19 dominant dominant JJ 19499 2218 20 chord chord NN 19499 2218 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2218 22 IV IV NNP 19499 2218 23 -- -- : 19499 2218 24 I i NN 19499 2218 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2218 26 . . . 19499 2219 1 The the DT 19499 2219 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 3 plagal plagal JJ 19499 2219 4 cadence cadence NN 19499 2219 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2219 7 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2219 8 called call VBN 19499 2219 9 the the DT 19499 2219 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 11 church church NN 19499 2219 12 cadence cadence NN 19499 2219 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 14 , , , 19499 2219 15 or or CC 19499 2219 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 17 amen amen UH 19499 2219 18 cadence cadence NNP 19499 2219 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2219 21 , , , 19499 2219 22 like like IN 19499 2219 23 the the DT 19499 2219 24 authentic authentic NN 19499 2219 25 , , , 19499 2219 26 is be VBZ 19499 2219 27 described describe VBN 19499 2219 28 as as IN 19499 2219 29 being be VBG 19499 2219 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 31 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2219 32 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 33 when when WRB 19499 2219 34 the the DT 19499 2219 35 soprano soprano NN 19499 2219 36 of of IN 19499 2219 37 the the DT 19499 2219 38 tonic tonic NN 19499 2219 39 chord chord NN 19499 2219 40 is be VBZ 19499 2219 41 the the DT 19499 2219 42 root root NN 19499 2219 43 of of IN 19499 2219 44 that that DT 19499 2219 45 chord chord NN 19499 2219 46 , , , 19499 2219 47 and and CC 19499 2219 48 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 49 imperfect imperfect NN 19499 2219 50 _ _ NNP 19499 2219 51 when when WRB 19499 2219 52 the the DT 19499 2219 53 soprano soprano NN 19499 2219 54 of of IN 19499 2219 55 the the DT 19499 2219 56 final final JJ 19499 2219 57 chord chord NN 19499 2219 58 is be VBZ 19499 2219 59 the the DT 19499 2219 60 third third JJ 19499 2219 61 or or CC 19499 2219 62 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2219 63 of of IN 19499 2219 64 that that DT 19499 2219 65 chord chord NN 19499 2219 66 . . . 19499 2220 1 Fig fig NN 19499 2220 2 . . . 19499 2221 1 69 69 CD 19499 2221 2 shows show VBZ 19499 2221 3 the the DT 19499 2221 4 chord chord NN 19499 2221 5 F F NNP 19499 2221 6 -- -- : 19499 2221 7 A A NNP 19499 2221 8 -- -- : 19499 2221 9 C c NN 19499 2221 10 cadencing cadence VBG 19499 2221 11 to to IN 19499 2221 12 C c NN 19499 2221 13 -- -- : 19499 2221 14 E e NN 19499 2221 15 -- -- : 19499 2221 16 G g NN 19499 2221 17 in in IN 19499 2221 18 three three CD 19499 2221 19 ways way NNS 19499 2221 20 . . . 19499 2222 1 The the DT 19499 2222 2 first first JJ 19499 2222 3 one one CD 19499 2222 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2222 5 a a NN 19499 2222 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2222 7 is be VBZ 19499 2222 8 called call VBN 19499 2222 9 a a DT 19499 2222 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2222 11 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2222 12 plagal plagal JJ 19499 2222 13 cadence cadence NN 19499 2222 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2222 15 , , , 19499 2222 16 the the DT 19499 2222 17 last last JJ 19499 2222 18 two two CD 19499 2222 19 are be VBP 19499 2222 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2222 21 imperfect imperfect JJ 19499 2222 22 plagal plagal JJ 19499 2222 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2222 24 . . . 19499 2223 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2223 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2223 3 : : : 19499 2223 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2223 5 . . . 19499 2224 1 69 69 CD 19499 2224 2 . . . 19499 2224 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2225 1 206 206 CD 19499 2225 2 . . . 19499 2226 1 A a DT 19499 2226 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2226 3 half half JJ 19499 2226 4 - - HYPH 19499 2226 5 cadence cadence NN 19499 2226 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2226 7 occurs occur VBZ 19499 2226 8 when when WRB 19499 2226 9 the the DT 19499 2226 10 dominant dominant JJ 19499 2226 11 chord chord NN 19499 2226 12 is be VBZ 19499 2226 13 used use VBN 19499 2226 14 as as IN 19499 2226 15 the the DT 19499 2226 16 final final JJ 19499 2226 17 chord chord NN 19499 2226 18 of of IN 19499 2226 19 a a DT 19499 2226 20 phrase phrase NN 19499 2226 21 , , , 19499 2226 22 and and CC 19499 2226 23 is be VBZ 19499 2226 24 immediately immediately RB 19499 2226 25 preceded precede VBN 19499 2226 26 by by IN 19499 2226 27 the the DT 19499 2226 28 tonic tonic NN 19499 2226 29 chord chord NN 19499 2226 30 . . . 19499 2227 1 This this DT 19499 2227 2 form form NN 19499 2227 3 is be VBZ 19499 2227 4 used use VBN 19499 2227 5 to to TO 19499 2227 6 give give VB 19499 2227 7 variety variety NN 19499 2227 8 in in IN 19499 2227 9 the the DT 19499 2227 10 course course NN 19499 2227 11 of of IN 19499 2227 12 a a DT 19499 2227 13 composition composition NN 19499 2227 14 , , , 19499 2227 15 but but CC 19499 2227 16 is be VBZ 19499 2227 17 not not RB 19499 2227 18 available available JJ 19499 2227 19 at at IN 19499 2227 20 the the DT 19499 2227 21 end end NN 19499 2227 22 because because IN 19499 2227 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2227 24 does do VBZ 19499 2227 25 not not RB 19499 2227 26 give give VB 19499 2227 27 a a DT 19499 2227 28 definite definite JJ 19499 2227 29 close close NN 19499 2227 30 in in IN 19499 2227 31 the the DT 19499 2227 32 tonic tonic NN 19499 2227 33 key key NN 19499 2227 34 . . . 19499 2228 1 Fig fig NN 19499 2228 2 . . . 19499 2229 1 70 70 CD 19499 2229 2 shows show VBZ 19499 2229 3 the the DT 19499 2229 4 use use NN 19499 2229 5 of of IN 19499 2229 6 the the DT 19499 2229 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2229 8 half half NN 19499 2229 9 - - HYPH 19499 2229 10 cadence cadence NN 19499 2229 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2229 12 at at IN 19499 2229 13 the the DT 19499 2229 14 close close NN 19499 2229 15 of of IN 19499 2229 16 such such PDT 19499 2229 17 a a DT 19499 2229 18 phrase phrase NN 19499 2229 19 . . . 19499 2230 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2230 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2230 3 : : : 19499 2230 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2230 5 . . . 19499 2231 1 70 70 CD 19499 2231 2 . . . 19499 2232 1 BACH BACH NNP 19499 2232 2 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2232 3 207 207 CD 19499 2232 4 . . . 19499 2233 1 A a DT 19499 2233 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2233 3 deceptive deceptive JJ 19499 2233 4 cadence cadence NN 19499 2233 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2233 6 is be VBZ 19499 2233 7 the the DT 19499 2233 8 progression progression NN 19499 2233 9 of of IN 19499 2233 10 the the DT 19499 2233 11 dominant dominant JJ 19499 2233 12 chord chord NN 19499 2233 13 to to IN 19499 2233 14 some some DT 19499 2233 15 other other JJ 19499 2233 16 chord chord NN 19499 2233 17 than than IN 19499 2233 18 the the DT 19499 2233 19 tonic tonic NN 19499 2233 20 , , , 19499 2233 21 the the DT 19499 2233 22 word word NN 19499 2233 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2233 24 deceptive deceptive JJ 19499 2233 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2233 26 implying imply VBG 19499 2233 27 that that IN 19499 2233 28 the the DT 19499 2233 29 ear ear NN 19499 2233 30 expects expect VBZ 19499 2233 31 to to TO 19499 2233 32 hear hear VB 19499 2233 33 V v NN 19499 2233 34 resolve resolve VB 19499 2233 35 to to IN 19499 2233 36 I -PRON- PRP 19499 2233 37 and and CC 19499 2233 38 is be VBZ 19499 2233 39 deceived deceive VBN 19499 2233 40 when when WRB 19499 2233 41 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2233 42 does do VBZ 19499 2233 43 not not RB 19499 2233 44 do do VB 19499 2233 45 so so RB 19499 2233 46 . . . 19499 2234 1 The the DT 19499 2234 2 most most RBS 19499 2234 3 common common JJ 19499 2234 4 form form NN 19499 2234 5 of of IN 19499 2234 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2234 7 deceptive deceptive JJ 19499 2234 8 cadence cadence NN 19499 2234 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2234 10 is be VBZ 19499 2234 11 that that IN 19499 2234 12 in in IN 19499 2234 13 which which WDT 19499 2234 14 V V NNP 19499 2234 15 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2234 16 or or CC 19499 2234 17 V^7 V^7 NNP 19499 2234 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2234 19 resolves resolve VBZ 19499 2234 20 to to IN 19499 2234 21 VI VI NNP 19499 2234 22 . . . 19499 2235 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2235 2 is be VBZ 19499 2235 3 used use VBN 19499 2235 4 to to TO 19499 2235 5 give give VB 19499 2235 6 variety variety NN 19499 2235 7 , , , 19499 2235 8 but but CC 19499 2235 9 as as IN 19499 2235 10 in in IN 19499 2235 11 the the DT 19499 2235 12 case case NN 19499 2235 13 of of IN 19499 2235 14 the the DT 19499 2235 15 half half JJ 19499 2235 16 - - HYPH 19499 2235 17 cadence cadence NN 19499 2235 18 , , , 19499 2235 19 is be VBZ 19499 2235 20 not not RB 19499 2235 21 available available JJ 19499 2235 22 at at IN 19499 2235 23 the the DT 19499 2235 24 end end NN 19499 2235 25 of of IN 19499 2235 26 a a DT 19499 2235 27 composition composition NN 19499 2235 28 . . . 19499 2236 1 Fig fig NN 19499 2236 2 . . . 19499 2237 1 71 71 CD 19499 2237 2 gives give VBZ 19499 2237 3 an an DT 19499 2237 4 example example NN 19499 2237 5 . . . 19499 2238 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2238 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2238 3 : : : 19499 2238 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2238 5 . . . 19499 2239 1 71 71 CD 19499 2239 2 . . . 19499 2240 1 WM WM NNP 19499 2240 2 . . . 19499 2241 1 MATHER MATHER NNP 19499 2241 2 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2241 3 208 208 CD 19499 2241 4 . . . 19499 2242 1 A a DT 19499 2242 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2242 3 sequence sequence NN 19499 2242 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2242 5 is be VBZ 19499 2242 6 a a DT 19499 2242 7 succession succession NN 19499 2242 8 of of IN 19499 2242 9 similar similar JJ 19499 2242 10 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 2242 11 progressions progression NNS 19499 2242 12 , , , 19499 2242 13 these these DT 19499 2242 14 resulting result VBG 19499 2242 15 from from IN 19499 2242 16 a a DT 19499 2242 17 typical typical JJ 19499 2242 18 or or CC 19499 2242 19 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 19499 2242 20 movement movement NN 19499 2242 21 of of IN 19499 2242 22 the the DT 19499 2242 23 bass bass NN 19499 2242 24 part part NN 19499 2242 25 . . . 19499 2243 1 See see VB 19499 2243 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2243 3 . . . 19499 2244 1 72 72 CD 19499 2244 2 . . . 19499 2245 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2245 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2245 3 : : : 19499 2245 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2245 5 . . . 19499 2246 1 72 72 CD 19499 2246 2 . . . 19499 2246 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2247 1 The the DT 19499 2247 2 word word NN 19499 2247 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2247 4 sequence sequence NN 19499 2247 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2247 6 is be VBZ 19499 2247 7 also also RB 19499 2247 8 applied apply VBN 19499 2247 9 to to IN 19499 2247 10 a a DT 19499 2247 11 succession succession NN 19499 2247 12 of of IN 19499 2247 13 similar similar JJ 19499 2247 14 melodic melodic JJ 19499 2247 15 progressions progression NNS 19499 2247 16 , , , 19499 2247 17 as as IN 19499 2247 18 in in IN 19499 2247 19 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2247 20 . . . 19499 2248 1 73 73 CD 19499 2248 2 . . . 19499 2249 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2249 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2249 3 : : : 19499 2249 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2249 5 . . . 19499 2250 1 73 73 CD 19499 2250 2 . . . 19499 2250 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2251 1 209 209 CD 19499 2251 2 . . . 19499 2252 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2252 2 Modulation Modulation NNP 19499 2252 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2252 4 is be VBZ 19499 2252 5 a a DT 19499 2252 6 change change NN 19499 2252 7 of of IN 19499 2252 8 key key NN 19499 2252 9 without without IN 19499 2252 10 any any DT 19499 2252 11 break break NN 19499 2252 12 in in IN 19499 2252 13 the the DT 19499 2252 14 continuity continuity NN 19499 2252 15 of of IN 19499 2252 16 chords chord NNS 19499 2252 17 or or CC 19499 2252 18 melody melody NN 19499 2252 19 tones tone NNS 19499 2252 20 . . . 19499 2253 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2253 2 Harmonic Harmonic NNP 19499 2253 3 modulations modulation NNS 19499 2253 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2253 5 are be VBP 19499 2253 6 usually usually RB 19499 2253 7 effected effect VBN 19499 2253 8 through through IN 19499 2253 9 the the DT 19499 2253 10 medium medium NN 19499 2253 11 of of IN 19499 2253 12 a a DT 19499 2253 13 chord chord NN 19499 2253 14 , , , 19499 2253 15 some some DT 19499 2253 16 or or CC 19499 2253 17 all all DT 19499 2253 18 of of IN 19499 2253 19 whose whose WP$ 19499 2253 20 tones tone NNS 19499 2253 21 are be VBP 19499 2253 22 common common JJ 19499 2253 23 to to IN 19499 2253 24 both both DT 19499 2253 25 keys key NNS 19499 2253 26 . . . 19499 2254 1 Examples example NNS 19499 2254 2 of of IN 19499 2254 3 both both DT 19499 2254 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2254 5 harmonic harmonic NNP 19499 2254 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2254 7 and and CC 19499 2254 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2254 9 melodic melodic JJ 19499 2254 10 modulations modulation NNS 19499 2254 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2254 12 are be VBP 19499 2254 13 shown show VBN 19499 2254 14 in in IN 19499 2254 15 Figs Figs NNP 19499 2254 16 . . . 19499 2255 1 74 74 CD 19499 2255 2 and and CC 19499 2255 3 75 75 CD 19499 2255 4 . . . 19499 2256 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2256 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2256 3 : : : 19499 2256 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2256 5 . . . 19499 2257 1 74 74 CD 19499 2257 2 . . . 19499 2257 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2258 1 The the DT 19499 2258 2 chord chord NN 19499 2258 3 most most RBS 19499 2258 4 frequently frequently RB 19499 2258 5 used use VBN 19499 2258 6 in in IN 19499 2258 7 modulating modulating NN 19499 2258 8 is be VBZ 19499 2258 9 the the DT 19499 2258 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2258 11 dominant dominant JJ 19499 2258 12 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2258 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2258 14 , , , 19499 2258 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2258 16 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2258 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2258 18 , , , 19499 2258 19 a a DT 19499 2258 20 seventh seventh JJ 19499 2258 21 chord chord NN 19499 2258 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2258 23 see see VB 19499 2258 24 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2258 25 . . . 19499 2259 1 201 201 CD 19499 2259 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2259 3 on on IN 19499 2259 4 the the DT 19499 2259 5 dominant dominant JJ 19499 2259 6 tone tone NN 19499 2259 7 of of IN 19499 2259 8 the the DT 19499 2259 9 key key NN 19499 2259 10 . . . 19499 2260 1 In in IN 19499 2260 2 the the DT 19499 2260 3 key key NN 19499 2260 4 of of IN 19499 2260 5 C c NN 19499 2260 6 this this DT 19499 2260 7 chord chord NN 19499 2260 8 is be VBZ 19499 2260 9 G g NN 19499 2260 10 -- -- : 19499 2260 11 B b NN 19499 2260 12 -- -- : 19499 2260 13 D d NN 19499 2260 14 -- -- : 19499 2260 15 F f NN 19499 2260 16 ; ; : 19499 2260 17 in in IN 19499 2260 18 the the DT 19499 2260 19 key key NN 19499 2260 20 of of IN 19499 2260 21 D d NN 19499 2260 22 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2260 23 is be VBZ 19499 2260 24 A a DT 19499 2260 25 -- -- : 19499 2260 26 C[sharp]--E c[sharp]--e NN 19499 2260 27 -- -- : 19499 2260 28 G g NN 19499 2260 29 ; ; : 19499 2260 30 in in IN 19499 2260 31 the the DT 19499 2260 32 key key NN 19499 2260 33 of of IN 19499 2260 34 A[flat a[flat NN 19499 2260 35 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2260 36 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2260 37 is be VBZ 19499 2260 38 E[flat]--G e[flat]--g JJ 19499 2260 39 -- -- : 19499 2260 40 B[flat]--D[flat b[flat]--d[flat NN 19499 2260 41 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2260 42 , , , 19499 2260 43 etc etc FW 19499 2260 44 . . . 19499 2261 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2261 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2261 3 : : : 19499 2261 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2261 5 . . . 19499 2262 1 75 75 CD 19499 2262 2 . . . 19499 2262 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2263 1 210 210 CD 19499 2263 2 . . . 19499 2264 1 A a DT 19499 2264 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2264 3 suspension suspension NN 19499 2264 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2264 5 is be VBZ 19499 2264 6 the the DT 19499 2264 7 temporary temporary JJ 19499 2264 8 substitution substitution NN 19499 2264 9 of of IN 19499 2264 10 a a DT 19499 2264 11 tone tone NN 19499 2264 12 a a DT 19499 2264 13 degree degree NN 19499 2264 14 higher high JJR 19499 2264 15 than than IN 19499 2264 16 the the DT 19499 2264 17 regular regular JJ 19499 2264 18 chord chord NN 19499 2264 19 - - HYPH 19499 2264 20 tone tone NN 19499 2264 21 , , , 19499 2264 22 this this DT 19499 2264 23 temporary temporary JJ 19499 2264 24 tone tone NN 19499 2264 25 being be VBG 19499 2264 26 later later RB 19499 2264 27 replaced replace VBN 19499 2264 28 by by IN 19499 2264 29 the the DT 19499 2264 30 regular regular JJ 19499 2264 31 chord chord NN 19499 2264 32 - - HYPH 19499 2264 33 tone tone NN 19499 2264 34 . . . 19499 2265 1 See see VB 19499 2265 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2265 3 . . . 19499 2266 1 76 76 CD 19499 2266 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2266 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2266 4 a a DT 19499 2266 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2266 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2266 7 . . . 19499 2267 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2267 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2267 3 : : : 19499 2267 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2267 5 . . . 19499 2268 1 76 76 CD 19499 2268 2 . . . 19499 2268 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2269 1 211 211 CD 19499 2269 2 . . . 19499 2270 1 A a DT 19499 2270 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2270 3 retardation retardation NN 19499 2270 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2270 5 is be VBZ 19499 2270 6 the the DT 19499 2270 7 temporary temporary JJ 19499 2270 8 substitution substitution NN 19499 2270 9 of of IN 19499 2270 10 a a DT 19499 2270 11 tone tone NN 19499 2270 12 a a DT 19499 2270 13 degree degree NN 19499 2270 14 lower low JJR 19499 2270 15 than than IN 19499 2270 16 the the DT 19499 2270 17 regular regular JJ 19499 2270 18 tone tone NN 19499 2270 19 , , , 19499 2270 20 this this DT 19499 2270 21 tone tone NN 19499 2270 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2270 23 as as IN 19499 2270 24 in in IN 19499 2270 25 the the DT 19499 2270 26 case case NN 19499 2270 27 of of IN 19499 2270 28 the the DT 19499 2270 29 suspension suspension NN 19499 2270 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2270 31 being be VBG 19499 2270 32 later later RB 19499 2270 33 replaced replace VBN 19499 2270 34 by by IN 19499 2270 35 the the DT 19499 2270 36 regular regular JJ 19499 2270 37 chord chord NN 19499 2270 38 tone tone NN 19499 2270 39 . . . 19499 2271 1 See see VB 19499 2271 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2271 3 . . . 19499 2272 1 77 77 CD 19499 2272 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2272 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2272 4 a a DT 19499 2272 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2272 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2272 7 . . . 19499 2273 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2273 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2273 3 : : : 19499 2273 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2273 5 . . . 19499 2274 1 77 77 CD 19499 2274 2 . . . 19499 2274 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2275 1 The the DT 19499 2275 2 " " `` 19499 2275 3 regular regular JJ 19499 2275 4 chord chord NN 19499 2275 5 tone tone NN 19499 2275 6 " " '' 19499 2275 7 to to TO 19499 2275 8 which which WDT 19499 2275 9 both both DT 19499 2275 10 suspension suspension NN 19499 2275 11 and and CC 19499 2275 12 retardation retardation NN 19499 2275 13 resolve resolve NN 19499 2275 14 is be VBZ 19499 2275 15 called call VBN 19499 2275 16 the the DT 19499 2275 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2275 18 tone tone NN 19499 2275 19 of of IN 19499 2275 20 resolution resolution NN 19499 2275 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2275 22 . . . 19499 2276 1 212 212 CD 19499 2276 2 . . . 19499 2277 1 The the DT 19499 2277 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2277 3 anticipation anticipation NN 19499 2277 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2277 5 is be VBZ 19499 2277 6 a a DT 19499 2277 7 chord chord NN 19499 2277 8 - - HYPH 19499 2277 9 tone tone NN 19499 2277 10 introduced introduce VBD 19499 2277 11 just just RB 19499 2277 12 before before IN 19499 2277 13 the the DT 19499 2277 14 rest rest NN 19499 2277 15 of of IN 19499 2277 16 the the DT 19499 2277 17 chord chord NN 19499 2277 18 to to TO 19499 2277 19 which which WDT 19499 2277 20 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2277 21 belongs belong VBZ 19499 2277 22 is be VBZ 19499 2277 23 sounded sound VBN 19499 2277 24 . . . 19499 2278 1 See see VB 19499 2278 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2278 3 . . . 19499 2279 1 78 78 CD 19499 2279 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2279 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2279 4 a a DT 19499 2279 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2279 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2279 7 . . . 19499 2280 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2280 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2280 3 : : : 19499 2280 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2280 5 . . . 19499 2281 1 78 78 CD 19499 2281 2 . . . 19499 2281 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2282 1 213 213 CD 19499 2282 2 . . . 19499 2283 1 A a DT 19499 2283 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2283 3 pedal pedal NN 19499 2283 4 point point NN 19499 2283 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2283 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2283 7 or or CC 19499 2283 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2283 9 organ organ NN 19499 2283 10 point point NN 19499 2283 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2283 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2283 13 is be VBZ 19499 2283 14 a a DT 19499 2283 15 tone tone NN 19499 2283 16 sustained sustain VBD 19499 2283 17 through through IN 19499 2283 18 a a DT 19499 2283 19 succession succession NN 19499 2283 20 of of IN 19499 2283 21 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 2283 22 progressions progression NNS 19499 2283 23 , , , 19499 2283 24 to to IN 19499 2283 25 the the DT 19499 2283 26 chords chord NNS 19499 2283 27 of of IN 19499 2283 28 some some DT 19499 2283 29 of of IN 19499 2283 30 which which WDT 19499 2283 31 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2283 32 usually usually RB 19499 2283 33 belongs belong VBZ 19499 2283 34 . . . 19499 2284 1 The the DT 19499 2284 2 term term NN 19499 2284 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2284 4 pedal pedal NN 19499 2284 5 point point NN 19499 2284 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2284 7 originated originate VBD 19499 2284 8 in in IN 19499 2284 9 organ organ NN 19499 2284 10 playing playing NN 19499 2284 11 , , , 19499 2284 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2284 13 where where WRB 19499 2284 14 the the DT 19499 2284 15 foot foot NN 19499 2284 16 on on IN 19499 2284 17 a a DT 19499 2284 18 pedal pedal NN 19499 2284 19 can can MD 19499 2284 20 sustain sustain VB 19499 2284 21 a a DT 19499 2284 22 tone tone NN 19499 2284 23 while while IN 19499 2284 24 the the DT 19499 2284 25 hands hand NNS 19499 2284 26 are be VBP 19499 2284 27 playing play VBG 19499 2284 28 a a DT 19499 2284 29 succession succession NN 19499 2284 30 of of IN 19499 2284 31 harmonies harmony NNS 19499 2284 32 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2284 33 , , , 19499 2284 34 but but CC 19499 2284 35 as as RB 19499 2284 36 now now RB 19499 2284 37 used use VBN 19499 2284 38 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2284 39 may may MD 19499 2284 40 be be VB 19499 2284 41 applied apply VBN 19499 2284 42 to to IN 19499 2284 43 any any DT 19499 2284 44 kind kind NN 19499 2284 45 of of IN 19499 2284 46 music music NN 19499 2284 47 . . . 19499 2285 1 The the DT 19499 2285 2 dominant dominant JJ 19499 2285 3 and and CC 19499 2285 4 tonic tonic NN 19499 2285 5 are be VBP 19499 2285 6 the the DT 19499 2285 7 tones tone NNS 19499 2285 8 most most RBS 19499 2285 9 often often RB 19499 2285 10 used use VBN 19499 2285 11 in in IN 19499 2285 12 this this DT 19499 2285 13 way way NN 19499 2285 14 . . . 19499 2286 1 See see VB 19499 2286 2 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2286 3 . . . 19499 2287 1 79 79 CD 19499 2287 2 . . . 19499 2288 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2288 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2288 3 : : : 19499 2288 4 Fig Fig NNP 19499 2288 5 . . . 19499 2289 1 79 79 CD 19499 2289 2 . . . 19499 2290 1 SCHUMANN SCHUMANN NNP 19499 2290 2 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2290 3 214 214 CD 19499 2290 4 . . . 19499 2291 1 When when WRB 19499 2291 2 the the DT 19499 2291 3 upper upper JJ 19499 2291 4 three three CD 19499 2291 5 voices voice NNS 19499 2291 6 of of IN 19499 2291 7 a a DT 19499 2291 8 four four CD 19499 2291 9 - - HYPH 19499 2291 10 voice voice NN 19499 2291 11 composition composition NN 19499 2291 12 are be VBP 19499 2291 13 written write VBN 19499 2291 14 close close RB 19499 2291 15 together together RB 19499 2291 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2291 17 the the DT 19499 2291 18 soprano soprano NN 19499 2291 19 and and CC 19499 2291 20 tenor tenor NN 19499 2291 21 never never RB 19499 2291 22 appearing appear VBG 19499 2291 23 more more JJR 19499 2291 24 than than IN 19499 2291 25 an an DT 19499 2291 26 octave octave NN 19499 2291 27 apart apart RB 19499 2291 28 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2291 29 , , , 19499 2291 30 the the DT 19499 2291 31 term term NN 19499 2291 32 _ _ IN 19499 2291 33 close close JJ 19499 2291 34 position position NN 19499 2291 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2291 36 is be VBZ 19499 2291 37 applied apply VBN 19499 2291 38 . . . 19499 2292 1 But but CC 19499 2292 2 when when WRB 19499 2292 3 the the DT 19499 2292 4 upper upper JJ 19499 2292 5 voices voice NNS 19499 2292 6 are be VBP 19499 2292 7 not not RB 19499 2292 8 written write VBN 19499 2292 9 close close RB 19499 2292 10 together together RB 19499 2292 11 , , , 19499 2292 12 the the DT 19499 2292 13 term term NN 19499 2292 14 _ _ IN 19499 2292 15 open open JJ 19499 2292 16 position position NN 19499 2292 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2292 18 is be VBZ 19499 2292 19 applied apply VBN 19499 2292 20 . . . 19499 2293 1 215 215 CD 19499 2293 2 . . . 19499 2294 1 By by IN 19499 2294 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2294 3 transposition transposition NN 19499 2294 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2294 5 is be VBZ 19499 2294 6 meant mean VBN 19499 2294 7 playing play VBG 19499 2294 8 , , , 19499 2294 9 singing singing NN 19499 2294 10 , , , 19499 2294 11 or or CC 19499 2294 12 writing write VBG 19499 2294 13 a a DT 19499 2294 14 piece piece NN 19499 2294 15 of of IN 19499 2294 16 music music NN 19499 2294 17 in in IN 19499 2294 18 some some DT 19499 2294 19 other other JJ 19499 2294 20 key key NN 19499 2294 21 than than IN 19499 2294 22 the the DT 19499 2294 23 original original NN 19499 2294 24 . . . 19499 2295 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2295 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2295 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2295 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2295 5 , , , 19499 2295 6 if if IN 19499 2295 7 a a DT 19499 2295 8 song song NN 19499 2295 9 written write VBN 19499 2295 10 in in IN 19499 2295 11 the the DT 19499 2295 12 key key NN 19499 2295 13 of of IN 19499 2295 14 G g NN 19499 2295 15 is be VBZ 19499 2295 16 too too RB 19499 2295 17 high high JJ 19499 2295 18 in in IN 19499 2295 19 range range NN 19499 2295 20 for for IN 19499 2295 21 a a DT 19499 2295 22 soloist soloist NN 19499 2295 23 , , , 19499 2295 24 the the DT 19499 2295 25 accompanist accompanist NN 19499 2295 26 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2295 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2295 28 transposes transpose NNS 19499 2295 29 _ _ IN 19499 2295 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2295 31 to to IN 19499 2295 32 a a DT 19499 2295 33 lower low JJR 19499 2295 34 key key NN 19499 2295 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2295 36 as as IN 19499 2295 37 F F NNP 19499 2295 38 or or CC 19499 2295 39 E E NNP 19499 2295 40 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2295 41 , , , 19499 2295 42 thus thus RB 19499 2295 43 causing cause VBG 19499 2295 44 all all DT 19499 2295 45 tones tone NNS 19499 2295 46 to to TO 19499 2295 47 sound sound VB 19499 2295 48 a a DT 19499 2295 49 second second JJ 19499 2295 50 or or CC 19499 2295 51 a a DT 19499 2295 52 third third JJ 19499 2295 53 lower low JJR 19499 2295 54 than than IN 19499 2295 55 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2295 56 did do VBD 19499 2295 57 when when WRB 19499 2295 58 the the DT 19499 2295 59 same same JJ 19499 2295 60 song song NN 19499 2295 61 was be VBD 19499 2295 62 played play VBN 19499 2295 63 in in IN 19499 2295 64 the the DT 19499 2295 65 original original JJ 19499 2295 66 key key NN 19499 2295 67 . . . 19499 2296 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 2296 2 XIX xix NN 19499 2296 3 MISCELLANEOUS miscellaneous NN 19499 2296 4 TERMS term NNS 19499 2296 5 _ _ VBP 19499 2296 6 A a NN 19499 2296 7 battuta_--with battuta_--with NN 19499 2296 8 the the DT 19499 2296 9 beat beat NN 19499 2296 10 ; ; : 19499 2296 11 in in IN 19499 2296 12 strict strict JJ 19499 2296 13 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 2296 14 . . . 19499 2297 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2297 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 2297 3 's 's POS 19499 2297 4 Note note NN 19499 2297 5 : : : 19499 2297 6 Corrected correct VBN 19499 2297 7 error error NN 19499 2297 8 " " `` 19499 2297 9 battua battua FW 19499 2297 10 " " '' 19499 2297 11 in in IN 19499 2297 12 original original JJ 19499 2297 13 . . . 19499 2297 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2298 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2298 2 À À NNP 19499 2298 3 quatre quatre NN 19499 2298 4 mains_--for mains_--for NNP 19499 2298 5 four four CD 19499 2298 6 hands hand NNS 19499 2298 7 . . . 19499 2299 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2299 2 Accompagnamento_--the accompagnamento_--the DT 19499 2299 3 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 2299 4 . . . 19499 2300 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2300 2 All'unisono_--in All'unisono_--in NNP 19499 2300 3 unison unison NNP 19499 2300 4 . . . 19499 2301 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2301 2 Alla Alla NNP 19499 2301 3 breve_--2/2 breve_--2/2 NNP 19499 2301 4 measure measure NN 19499 2301 5 . . . 19499 2302 1 The the DT 19499 2302 2 term term NN 19499 2302 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2302 4 alla alla NN 19499 2302 5 breve breve VBP 19499 2302 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2302 7 is be VBZ 19499 2302 8 also also RB 19499 2302 9 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2302 10 used use VBN 19499 2302 11 as as IN 19499 2302 12 a a DT 19499 2302 13 tempo tempo JJ 19499 2302 14 indication indication NN 19499 2302 15 , , , 19499 2302 16 to to TO 19499 2302 17 show show VB 19499 2302 18 a a DT 19499 2302 19 rate rate NN 19499 2302 20 of of IN 19499 2302 21 speed speed NN 19499 2302 22 so so RB 19499 2302 23 great great JJ 19499 2302 24 that that IN 19499 2302 25 a a DT 19499 2302 26 half half JJ 19499 2302 27 - - HYPH 19499 2302 28 note note NN 19499 2302 29 has have VBZ 19499 2302 30 a a DT 19499 2302 31 beat beat NN 19499 2302 32 , , , 19499 2302 33 _ _ NNP 19499 2302 34 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2302 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2302 36 , , , 19499 2302 37 only only RB 19499 2302 38 two two CD 19499 2302 39 beats beat NNS 19499 2302 40 in in IN 19499 2302 41 a a DT 19499 2302 42 measure measure NN 19499 2302 43 -- -- : 19499 2302 44 hence hence RB 19499 2302 45 twice twice RB 19499 2302 46 as as RB 19499 2302 47 fast fast JJ 19499 2302 48 as as IN 19499 2302 49 before before RB 19499 2302 50 . . . 19499 2303 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2303 2 Alla Alla NNP 19499 2303 3 capella_--usually capella_--usually RB 19499 2303 4 the the DT 19499 2303 5 same same JJ 19499 2303 6 as as IN 19499 2303 7 a a DT 19499 2303 8 capella capella NN 19499 2303 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2303 10 see see VB 19499 2303 11 p. p. NN 19499 2303 12 76 76 CD 19499 2303 13 , , , 19499 2303 14 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2303 15 . . . 19499 2304 1 162 162 CD 19499 2304 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2304 3 but but CC 19499 2304 4 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2304 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2304 6 used use VBD 19499 2304 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2304 8 in in IN 19499 2304 9 the the DT 19499 2304 10 same same JJ 19499 2304 11 sense sense NN 19499 2304 12 as as IN 19499 2304 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2304 14 alla alla NN 19499 2304 15 breve breve VBP 19499 2304 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2304 17 . . . 19499 2305 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2305 2 Alla Alla NNP 19499 2305 3 marcia_--in marcia_--in NNP 19499 2305 4 march march NNP 19499 2305 5 style style NN 19499 2305 6 . . . 19499 2306 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2306 2 Alla Alla NNP 19499 2306 3 zingara_--in zingara_--in NNP 19499 2306 4 gypsy gypsy JJ 19499 2306 5 style style NN 19499 2306 6 . . . 19499 2307 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2307 2 Alt_--see Alt_--see NNP 19499 2307 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2307 4 in in IN 19499 2307 5 alt alt NNP 19499 2307 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2307 7 . . . 19499 2308 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2308 2 Alto_--the alto_--the DT 19499 2308 3 lowest low JJS 19499 2308 4 female female JJ 19499 2308 5 voice voice NN 19499 2308 6 . . . 19499 2309 1 Range range VB 19499 2309 2 approximately approximately RB 19499 2309 3 g g NN 19499 2309 4 - - HYPH 19499 2309 5 e e NNP 19499 2309 6 ' ' '' 19499 2309 7 ' ' '' 19499 2309 8 . . . 19499 2310 1 The the DT 19499 2310 2 word word NN 19499 2310 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2310 4 alto alto NNP 19499 2310 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2310 6 is be VBZ 19499 2310 7 derived derive VBN 19499 2310 8 from from IN 19499 2310 9 the the DT 19499 2310 10 Latin latin JJ 19499 2310 11 word word NN 19499 2310 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2310 13 altus altus NN 19499 2310 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2310 15 , , , 19499 2310 16 meaning mean VBG 19499 2310 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2310 18 high high JJ 19499 2310 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2310 20 , , , 19499 2310 21 the the DT 19499 2310 22 term term NN 19499 2310 23 being be VBG 19499 2310 24 formerly formerly RB 19499 2310 25 applied apply VBN 19499 2310 26 to to IN 19499 2310 27 the the DT 19499 2310 28 highest high JJS 19499 2310 29 male male JJ 19499 2310 30 voice voice NN 19499 2310 31 , , , 19499 2310 32 which which WDT 19499 2310 33 originally originally RB 19499 2310 34 sang sing VBD 19499 2310 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2310 36 and and CC 19499 2310 37 still still RB 19499 2310 38 does do VBZ 19499 2310 39 so so RB 19499 2310 40 in in IN 19499 2310 41 many many JJ 19499 2310 42 male male JJ 19499 2310 43 choirs choir NNS 19499 2310 44 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2310 45 the the DT 19499 2310 46 alto alto NN 19499 2310 47 part part NN 19499 2310 48 . . . 19499 2311 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2311 2 Animato Animato NNP 19499 2311 3 come come VBD 19499 2311 4 sopra_--in sopra_--in NNP 19499 2311 5 animated animate VBN 19499 2311 6 style style NN 19499 2311 7 as as IN 19499 2311 8 above above RB 19499 2311 9 . . . 19499 2312 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2312 2 Antiphony Antiphony NNP 19499 2312 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2312 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2312 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2312 6 antiphonal_)--the antiphonal_)--the DT 19499 2312 7 responsive responsive JJ 19499 2312 8 singing singing NN 19499 2312 9 of of IN 19499 2312 10 two two CD 19499 2312 11 choirs choir NNS 19499 2312 12 , , , 19499 2312 13 usually usually RB 19499 2312 14 one one CD 19499 2312 15 at at IN 19499 2312 16 either either DT 19499 2312 17 end end NN 19499 2312 18 of of IN 19499 2312 19 the the DT 19499 2312 20 church church NN 19499 2312 21 , , , 19499 2312 22 or or CC 19499 2312 23 at at IN 19499 2312 24 either either DT 19499 2312 25 side side NN 19499 2312 26 of of IN 19499 2312 27 the the DT 19499 2312 28 chancel chancel NN 19499 2312 29 . . . 19499 2313 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2313 2 Arabesque_--an Arabesque_--an NNP 19499 2313 3 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2313 4 composition composition NN 19499 2313 5 in in IN 19499 2313 6 light light NN 19499 2313 7 , , , 19499 2313 8 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2313 9 fantastic fantastic JJ 19499 2313 10 style style NN 19499 2313 11 . . . 19499 2314 1 The the DT 19499 2314 2 term term NN 19499 2314 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2314 4 arabesque arabesque NN 19499 2314 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2314 6 is be VBZ 19499 2314 7 derived derive VBN 19499 2314 8 from from IN 19499 2314 9 the the DT 19499 2314 10 word word NN 19499 2314 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2314 12 Arabian Arabian NNP 19499 2314 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2314 14 , , , 19499 2314 15 and and CC 19499 2314 16 was be VBD 19499 2314 17 originally originally RB 19499 2314 18 applied apply VBN 19499 2314 19 to to IN 19499 2314 20 a a DT 19499 2314 21 style style NN 19499 2314 22 of of IN 19499 2314 23 decoration decoration NN 19499 2314 24 . . . 19499 2315 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2315 2 Arioso_--in Arioso_--in NNP 19499 2315 3 the the DT 19499 2315 4 style style NN 19499 2315 5 of of IN 19499 2315 6 an an DT 19499 2315 7 air air NN 19499 2315 8 or or CC 19499 2315 9 song song NN 19499 2315 10 , , , 19499 2315 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2315 12 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2315 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2315 14 , , , 19499 2315 15 a a DT 19499 2315 16 flowing flow VBG 19499 2315 17 , , , 19499 2315 18 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2315 19 style style NN 19499 2315 20 . . . 19499 2316 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2316 2 Attacca_--attack Attacca_--attack VBZ 19499 2316 3 the the DT 19499 2316 4 next next JJ 19499 2316 5 division division NN 19499 2316 6 without without IN 19499 2316 7 any any DT 19499 2316 8 pause pause NN 19499 2316 9 . . . 19499 2317 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2317 2 Attacca Attacca NNP 19499 2317 3 subito_--same subito_--same CD 19499 2317 4 as as IN 19499 2317 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2317 6 attacca attacca NN 19499 2317 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2317 8 . . . 19499 2318 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2318 2 Attacca Attacca NNP 19499 2318 3 subito subito CC 19499 2318 4 il il NNP 19499 2318 5 seguente_--attack seguente_--attack XX 19499 2318 6 at at IN 19499 2318 7 once once RB 19499 2318 8 that that DT 19499 2318 9 which which WDT 19499 2318 10 follows follow VBZ 19499 2318 11 . . . 19499 2319 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2319 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 2319 3 's 's POS 19499 2319 4 Note note NN 19499 2319 5 : : : 19499 2319 6 In in IN 19499 2319 7 last last JJ 19499 2319 8 3 3 CD 19499 2319 9 entries entry NNS 19499 2319 10 , , , 19499 2319 11 corrected correct VBN 19499 2319 12 misspelling misspell VBG 19499 2319 13 " " `` 19499 2319 14 attaca attaca NN 19499 2319 15 " " '' 19499 2319 16 in in IN 19499 2319 17 original original JJ 19499 2319 18 . . . 19499 2319 19 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2320 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2320 2 Attack_--the attack_--the DT 19499 2320 3 promptness promptness NN 19499 2320 4 or or CC 19499 2320 5 firmness firmness NN 19499 2320 6 with with IN 19499 2320 7 which which WDT 19499 2320 8 a a DT 19499 2320 9 phrase phrase NN 19499 2320 10 is be VBZ 19499 2320 11 begun begin VBN 19499 2320 12 . . . 19499 2321 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2321 2 Bagpipe_--A Bagpipe_--A NNP 19499 2321 3 Scotch Scotch NNP 19499 2321 4 instrument instrument NN 19499 2321 5 on on IN 19499 2321 6 which which WDT 19499 2321 7 the the DT 19499 2321 8 tone tone NN 19499 2321 9 is be VBZ 19499 2321 10 produced produce VBN 19499 2321 11 by by IN 19499 2321 12 a a DT 19499 2321 13 combination combination NN 19499 2321 14 of of IN 19499 2321 15 bellows bellow NNS 19499 2321 16 and and CC 19499 2321 17 reeds reed NNS 19499 2321 18 . . . 19499 2322 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2322 2 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 2322 3 effect effect NN 19499 2322 4 is be VBZ 19499 2322 5 the the DT 19499 2322 6 continuous continuous JJ 19499 2322 7 sounding sounding NN 19499 2322 8 of of IN 19499 2322 9 a a DT 19499 2322 10 low low JJ 19499 2322 11 tone tone NN 19499 2322 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2322 13 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2322 14 several several JJ 19499 2322 15 tones tone NNS 19499 2322 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2322 17 while while IN 19499 2322 18 the the DT 19499 2322 19 melody melody NN 19499 2322 20 is be VBZ 19499 2322 21 being be VBG 19499 2322 22 played play VBN 19499 2322 23 on on IN 19499 2322 24 the the DT 19499 2322 25 higher high JJR 19499 2322 26 reeds reed NNS 19499 2322 27 . . . 19499 2323 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2323 2 Barcarole Barcarole NNP 19499 2323 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2323 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2323 5 or or CC 19499 2323 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2323 7 barcarolle_)--a barcarolle_)--a NNP 19499 2323 8 boat boat NN 19499 2323 9 song song NN 19499 2323 10 . . . 19499 2324 1 Also also RB 19499 2324 2 applied apply VBD 19499 2324 3 to to IN 19499 2324 4 a a DT 19499 2324 5 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2324 6 or or CC 19499 2324 7 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2324 8 composition composition NN 19499 2324 9 in in IN 19499 2324 10 the the DT 19499 2324 11 style style NN 19499 2324 12 of of IN 19499 2324 13 the the DT 19499 2324 14 gondolier gondolier NN 19499 2324 15 's 's POS 19499 2324 16 boat boat NN 19499 2324 17 song song NN 19499 2324 18 . . . 19499 2325 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2325 2 Baritone Baritone NNP 19499 2325 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2325 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2325 5 or or CC 19499 2325 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2325 7 barytone_)--the barytone_)--the CD 19499 2325 8 male male JJ 19499 2325 9 voice voice NN 19499 2325 10 having have VBG 19499 2325 11 a a DT 19499 2325 12 range range NN 19499 2325 13 between between IN 19499 2325 14 that that DT 19499 2325 15 of of IN 19499 2325 16 the the DT 19499 2325 17 tenor tenor NN 19499 2325 18 and and CC 19499 2325 19 that that DT 19499 2325 20 of of IN 19499 2325 21 the the DT 19499 2325 22 bass bass NN 19499 2325 23 . . . 19499 2326 1 Approximate approximate JJ 19499 2326 2 range range NN 19499 2326 3 G G NNP 19499 2326 4 - - HYPH 19499 2326 5 g g NNP 19499 2326 6 ' ' '' 19499 2326 7 . . . 19499 2327 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2327 2 Bass_--the bass_--the DT 19499 2327 3 lowest low JJS 19499 2327 4 male male JJ 19499 2327 5 voice voice NN 19499 2327 6 . . . 19499 2328 1 Approximate approximate JJ 19499 2328 2 range range NN 19499 2328 3 E E NNS 19499 2328 4 - - NN 19499 2328 5 e e NNP 19499 2328 6 ' ' '' 19499 2328 7 . . . 19499 2329 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2329 2 Basso_--same Basso_--same NNP 19499 2329 3 as as IN 19499 2329 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2329 5 bass bass NN 19499 2329 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2329 7 . . . 19499 2330 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2330 2 Berceuse_--a Berceuse_--a NNP 19499 2330 3 cradle cradle NN 19499 2330 4 song song NN 19499 2330 5 . . . 19499 2331 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2331 2 Binary Binary NNP 19499 2331 3 form_--a form_--a NNP 19499 2331 4 form form NN 19499 2331 5 in in IN 19499 2331 6 two two CD 19499 2331 7 parts part NNS 19499 2331 8 . . . 19499 2332 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2332 2 Binary Binary NNP 19499 2332 3 measure_--a measure_--a NNP 19499 2332 4 measure measure NN 19499 2332 5 having have VBG 19499 2332 6 two two CD 19499 2332 7 beats beat NNS 19499 2332 8 . . . 19499 2333 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2333 2 Bis_--twice Bis_--twice NNP 19499 2333 3 . . . 19499 2334 1 Used use VBN 19499 2334 2 to to TO 19499 2334 3 indicate indicate VB 19499 2334 4 a a DT 19499 2334 5 repetition repetition NN 19499 2334 6 . . . 19499 2335 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2335 2 Rare rare JJ 19499 2335 3 . . . 19499 2335 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2336 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2336 2 Brace_--the Brace_--the NNP 19499 2336 3 sign sign NN 19499 2336 4 used use VBD 19499 2336 5 to to TO 19499 2336 6 join join VB 19499 2336 7 several several JJ 19499 2336 8 staffs staff NNS 19499 2336 9 , , , 19499 2336 10 showing show VBG 19499 2336 11 that that IN 19499 2336 12 all all DT 19499 2336 13 tones tone NNS 19499 2336 14 represented represent VBN 19499 2336 15 on on IN 19499 2336 16 these these DT 19499 2336 17 staffs staff NNS 19499 2336 18 are be VBP 19499 2336 19 to to TO 19499 2336 20 be be VB 19499 2336 21 performed perform VBN 19499 2336 22 together together RB 19499 2336 23 . . . 19499 2337 1 The the DT 19499 2337 2 term term NN 19499 2337 3 is be VBZ 19499 2337 4 often often RB 19499 2337 5 used use VBN 19499 2337 6 also also RB 19499 2337 7 in in IN 19499 2337 8 referring refer VBG 19499 2337 9 to to IN 19499 2337 10 the the DT 19499 2337 11 music music NN 19499 2337 12 written write VBN 19499 2337 13 on on IN 19499 2337 14 staffs staff NNS 19499 2337 15 so so RB 19499 2337 16 joined joined JJ 19499 2337 17 ; ; : 19499 2337 18 as--"Begin as--"begin CD 19499 2337 19 with with IN 19499 2337 20 the the DT 19499 2337 21 upper upper JJ 19499 2337 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2337 23 brace brace NN 19499 2337 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2337 25 . . . 19499 2337 26 " " '' 19499 2338 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2338 2 Broken Broken NNP 19499 2338 3 chord_--a chord_--a NNP 19499 2338 4 chord chord NN 19499 2338 5 whose whose WP$ 19499 2338 6 tones tone NNS 19499 2338 7 are be VBP 19499 2338 8 not not RB 19499 2338 9 all all DT 19499 2338 10 sounded sound VBN 19499 2338 11 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2338 12 , , , 19499 2338 13 as as IN 19499 2338 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2338 15 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2338 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2338 17 , , , 19499 2338 18 in in IN 19499 2338 19 an an DT 19499 2338 20 accompaniment accompaniment JJ 19499 2338 21 group group NN 19499 2338 22 . . . 19499 2339 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2339 2 Broken Broken NNP 19499 2339 3 octave_--an octave_--an NNP 19499 2339 4 octave octave NN 19499 2339 5 whose whose WP$ 19499 2339 6 tones tone NNS 19499 2339 7 are be VBP 19499 2339 8 sounded sound VBN 19499 2339 9 one one CD 19499 2339 10 at at IN 19499 2339 11 a a DT 19499 2339 12 time time NN 19499 2339 13 instead instead RB 19499 2339 14 of of IN 19499 2339 15 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2339 16 . . . 19499 2340 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2340 2 Cacophony_--harsh Cacophony_--harsh NNP 19499 2340 3 , , , 19499 2340 4 discordant discordant JJ 19499 2340 5 , , , 19499 2340 6 unpleasant unpleasant JJ 19499 2340 7 , , , 19499 2340 8 especially especially RB 19499 2340 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2340 10 incorrect incorrect NN 19499 2340 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2340 12 combinations combination NNS 19499 2340 13 of of IN 19499 2340 14 tones tone NNS 19499 2340 15 . . . 19499 2341 1 The the DT 19499 2341 2 opposite opposite NN 19499 2341 3 of of IN 19499 2341 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2341 5 euphony euphony NN 19499 2341 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2341 7 . . . 19499 2342 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2342 2 Cadenza_--A Cadenza_--A NNP 19499 2342 3 brilliant brilliant JJ 19499 2342 4 passage passage NN 19499 2342 5 , , , 19499 2342 6 usually usually RB 19499 2342 7 in in IN 19499 2342 8 an an DT 19499 2342 9 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2342 10 composition composition NN 19499 2342 11 , , , 19499 2342 12 introduced introduce VBN 19499 2342 13 just just RB 19499 2342 14 before before IN 19499 2342 15 the the DT 19499 2342 16 close close NN 19499 2342 17 of of IN 19499 2342 18 a a DT 19499 2342 19 movement movement NN 19499 2342 20 . . . 19499 2343 1 The the DT 19499 2343 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2343 3 cadenza cadenza NN 19499 2343 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2343 5 was be VBD 19499 2343 6 formerly formerly RB 19499 2343 7 improvised improvise VBN 19499 2343 8 by by IN 19499 2343 9 the the DT 19499 2343 10 performer performer NN 19499 2343 11 , , , 19499 2343 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2343 13 thus thus RB 19499 2343 14 giving give VBG 19499 2343 15 an an DT 19499 2343 16 opportunity opportunity NN 19499 2343 17 of of IN 19499 2343 18 displaying display VBG 19499 2343 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2343 20 technical technical JJ 19499 2343 21 skill skill NN 19499 2343 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2343 23 , , , 19499 2343 24 but but CC 19499 2343 25 since since IN 19499 2343 26 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 2343 27 , , , 19499 2343 28 composers composer NNS 19499 2343 29 have have VBP 19499 2343 30 usually usually RB 19499 2343 31 written write VBN 19499 2343 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2343 33 own own JJ 19499 2343 34 _ _ NNP 19499 2343 35 cadenzas cadenza NNS 19499 2343 36 _ _ NNP 19499 2343 37 . . . 19499 2344 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2344 2 Cantabile_--in Cantabile_--in NNP 19499 2344 3 a a DT 19499 2344 4 singing singing NN 19499 2344 5 style style NN 19499 2344 6 . . . 19499 2345 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2345 2 Cantando_--same Cantando_--same NNP 19499 2345 3 as as IN 19499 2345 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2345 5 cantabile cantabile NN 19499 2345 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2345 7 . . . 19499 2346 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2346 2 Canto_--the canto_--the DT 19499 2346 3 highest high JJS 19499 2346 4 voice voice NN 19499 2346 5 part part NN 19499 2346 6 ; ; : 19499 2346 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2346 8 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2346 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2346 10 , , , 19499 2346 11 the the DT 19499 2346 12 soprano soprano NN 19499 2346 13 part part NN 19499 2346 14 . . . 19499 2347 1 Note note VB 19499 2347 2 the the DT 19499 2347 3 derivation derivation NN 19499 2347 4 of of IN 19499 2347 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2347 6 canto canto NNP 19499 2347 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2347 8 , , , 19499 2347 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2347 10 cantabile cantabile NN 19499 2347 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2347 12 , , , 19499 2347 13 etc etc FW 19499 2347 14 . . FW 19499 2347 15 , , , 19499 2347 16 from from IN 19499 2347 17 the the DT 19499 2347 18 Latin latin JJ 19499 2347 19 word word NN 19499 2347 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2347 21 cantus cantus NN 19499 2347 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2347 23 , , , 19499 2347 24 meaning mean VBG 19499 2347 25 a a DT 19499 2347 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2347 27 song song NN 19499 2347 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2347 29 . . . 19499 2348 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2348 2 Carol_--a Carol_--a NNP 19499 2348 3 hymn hymn NN 19499 2348 4 of of IN 19499 2348 5 joyful joyful NNP 19499 2348 6 praise praise NN 19499 2348 7 , , , 19499 2348 8 usually usually RB 19499 2348 9 sung sing VBN 19499 2348 10 in in IN 19499 2348 11 connection connection NN 19499 2348 12 with with IN 19499 2348 13 Easter Easter NNP 19499 2348 14 or or CC 19499 2348 15 Christmas Christmas NNP 19499 2348 16 festivities festivity NNS 19499 2348 17 . . . 19499 2349 1 The the DT 19499 2349 2 word word NN 19499 2349 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2349 4 carol carol NNP 19499 2349 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2349 6 meant mean VBD 19499 2349 7 originally originally RB 19499 2349 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2349 9 a a DT 19499 2349 10 dance dance NN 19499 2349 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2349 12 , , , 19499 2349 13 hence hence RB 19499 2349 14 the the DT 19499 2349 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2349 16 happy happy JJ 19499 2349 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2349 18 character character NN 19499 2349 19 of of IN 19499 2349 20 songs song NNS 19499 2349 21 of of IN 19499 2349 22 this this DT 19499 2349 23 type type NN 19499 2349 24 . . . 19499 2350 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2350 2 Catch_--a Catch_--a NNP 19499 2350 3 round round RB 19499 2350 4 set set VBN 19499 2350 5 to to IN 19499 2350 6 humorous humorous JJ 19499 2350 7 words word NNS 19499 2350 8 . . . 19499 2351 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2351 2 Chromatic Chromatic NNP 19499 2351 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2351 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2351 5 noun)--a noun)--a NNP 19499 2351 6 term term NN 19499 2351 7 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2351 8 loosely loosely RB 19499 2351 9 applied apply VBD 19499 2351 10 to to IN 19499 2351 11 any any DT 19499 2351 12 tone tone NN 19499 2351 13 not not RB 19499 2351 14 belonging belong VBG 19499 2351 15 to to IN 19499 2351 16 the the DT 19499 2351 17 key key NN 19499 2351 18 as as IN 19499 2351 19 indicated indicate VBN 19499 2351 20 by by IN 19499 2351 21 the the DT 19499 2351 22 signature signature NN 19499 2351 23 . . . 19499 2352 1 Many many JJ 19499 2352 2 teachers teacher NNS 19499 2352 3 are be VBP 19499 2352 4 replacing replace VBG 19499 2352 5 the the DT 19499 2352 6 word word NN 19499 2352 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2352 8 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 2352 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2352 10 in in IN 19499 2352 11 this this DT 19499 2352 12 sense sense NN 19499 2352 13 with with IN 19499 2352 14 the the DT 19499 2352 15 term term NN 19499 2352 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2352 17 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 2352 18 tone tone NN 19499 2352 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2352 20 , , , 19499 2352 21 this this DT 19499 2352 22 term term NN 19499 2352 23 being be VBG 19499 2352 24 applicable applicable JJ 19499 2352 25 whether whether IN 19499 2352 26 the the DT 19499 2352 27 foreign foreign JJ 19499 2352 28 tone tone NN 19499 2352 29 is be VBZ 19499 2352 30 actually actually RB 19499 2352 31 used use VBN 19499 2352 32 for for IN 19499 2352 33 ornamental ornamental JJ 19499 2352 34 purposes purpose NNS 19499 2352 35 as as IN 19499 2352 36 a a DT 19499 2352 37 _ _ NNP 19499 2352 38 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 2352 39 _ _ NNP 19499 2352 40 , , , 19499 2352 41 or or CC 19499 2352 42 to to TO 19499 2352 43 effect effect VB 19499 2352 44 a a DT 19499 2352 45 modulation modulation NN 19499 2352 46 . . . 19499 2353 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2353 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2353 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2353 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2353 5 , , , 19499 2353 6 " " `` 19499 2353 7 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 2353 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2353 9 is be VBZ 19499 2353 10 the the DT 19499 2353 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2353 12 intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 2353 13 tone tone NN 19499 2353 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2353 15 between between IN 19499 2353 16 F F NNP 19499 2353 17 and and CC 19499 2353 18 G G NNP 19499 2353 19 in in IN 19499 2353 20 the the DT 19499 2353 21 key key NN 19499 2353 22 of of IN 19499 2353 23 C. C. NNP 19499 2353 24 " " '' 19499 2353 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2353 26 Clavichord_--an Clavichord_--an NNP 19499 2353 27 instrument instrument NN 19499 2353 28 with with IN 19499 2353 29 keys key NNS 19499 2353 30 , , , 19499 2353 31 resembling resemble VBG 19499 2353 32 the the DT 19499 2353 33 square square JJ 19499 2353 34 piano piano NN 19499 2353 35 in in IN 19499 2353 36 appearance appearance NN 19499 2353 37 . . . 19499 2354 1 The the DT 19499 2354 2 tone tone NN 19499 2354 3 was be VBD 19499 2354 4 produced produce VBN 19499 2354 5 by by IN 19499 2354 6 forcing force VBG 19499 2354 7 wedge wedge NN 19499 2354 8 - - HYPH 19499 2354 9 shaped shape VBN 19499 2354 10 pieces piece NNS 19499 2354 11 of of IN 19499 2354 12 metal metal NN 19499 2354 13 against against IN 19499 2354 14 the the DT 19499 2354 15 strings string NNS 19499 2354 16 , , , 19499 2354 17 thus thus RB 19499 2354 18 setting set VBG 19499 2354 19 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2354 20 in in IN 19499 2354 21 vibration vibration NN 19499 2354 22 . . . 19499 2355 1 The the DT 19499 2355 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2355 3 clavichord clavichord NN 19499 2355 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2355 5 was be VBD 19499 2355 6 one one CD 19499 2355 7 of of IN 19499 2355 8 the the DT 19499 2355 9 immediate immediate JJ 19499 2355 10 predecessors predecessor NNS 19499 2355 11 of of IN 19499 2355 12 the the DT 19499 2355 13 piano piano NN 19499 2355 14 , , , 19499 2355 15 much much JJ 19499 2355 16 of of IN 19499 2355 17 the the DT 19499 2355 18 music music NN 19499 2355 19 written write VBN 19499 2355 20 by by IN 19499 2355 21 Bach Bach NNP 19499 2355 22 being be VBG 19499 2355 23 composed compose VBN 19499 2355 24 for for IN 19499 2355 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2355 26 , , , 19499 2355 27 although although IN 19499 2355 28 this this DT 19499 2355 29 music music NN 19499 2355 30 is be VBZ 19499 2355 31 now now RB 19499 2355 32 played play VBN 19499 2355 33 on on IN 19499 2355 34 the the DT 19499 2355 35 modern modern JJ 19499 2355 36 piano piano NN 19499 2355 37 . . . 19499 2356 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2356 2 Colla Colla NNP 19499 2356 3 voce_--with voce_--with VBP 19499 2356 4 the the DT 19499 2356 5 voice voice NN 19499 2356 6 : : : 19499 2356 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2356 8 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2356 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2356 10 , , , 19499 2356 11 play play VB 19499 2356 12 the the DT 19499 2356 13 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 2356 14 according accord VBG 19499 2356 15 to to IN 19499 2356 16 the the DT 19499 2356 17 soloist soloist NN 19499 2356 18 's 's POS 19499 2356 19 performance performance NN 19499 2356 20 rather rather RB 19499 2356 21 than than IN 19499 2356 22 strictly strictly RB 19499 2356 23 according accord VBG 19499 2356 24 to to IN 19499 2356 25 the the DT 19499 2356 26 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 2356 27 indicated indicate VBN 19499 2356 28 in in IN 19499 2356 29 the the DT 19499 2356 30 score score NN 19499 2356 31 . . . 19499 2357 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2357 2 Colla Colla NNP 19499 2357 3 parte_--same parte_--same NN 19499 2357 4 as as IN 19499 2357 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2357 6 colla colla NN 19499 2357 7 voce voce NNP 19499 2357 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2357 9 . . . 19499 2358 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2358 2 Coloratura_--florid Coloratura_--florid NNP 19499 2358 3 passages passage NNS 19499 2358 4 in in IN 19499 2358 5 singing singing NN 19499 2358 6 . . . 19499 2359 1 Also also RB 19499 2359 2 applied apply VBN 19499 2359 3 to to IN 19499 2359 4 the the DT 19499 2359 5 style style NN 19499 2359 6 of of IN 19499 2359 7 singing singing NN 19499 2359 8 employed employ VBN 19499 2359 9 in in IN 19499 2359 10 rendering render VBG 19499 2359 11 such such JJ 19499 2359 12 passages passage NNS 19499 2359 13 . . . 19499 2360 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2360 2 See see VB 19499 2360 3 p. p. NN 19499 2360 4 76 76 CD 19499 2360 5 , , , 19499 2360 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2360 7 . . . 19499 2361 1 171 171 CD 19499 2361 2 . . . 19499 2361 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2362 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2362 2 Consonance_--A Consonance_--A NNP 19499 2362 3 combination combination NN 19499 2362 4 of of IN 19499 2362 5 tones tone NNS 19499 2362 6 agreeable agreeable JJ 19499 2362 7 to to IN 19499 2362 8 the the DT 19499 2362 9 ear ear NN 19499 2362 10 and and CC 19499 2362 11 requiring require VBG 19499 2362 12 no no DT 19499 2362 13 resolution resolution NN 19499 2362 14 to to IN 19499 2362 15 other other JJ 19499 2362 16 tone tone NN 19499 2362 17 - - HYPH 19499 2362 18 combinations combination NNS 19499 2362 19 in in IN 19499 2362 20 order order NN 19499 2362 21 to to TO 19499 2362 22 give give VB 19499 2362 23 the the DT 19499 2362 24 effect effect NN 19499 2362 25 of of IN 19499 2362 26 finality finality NN 19499 2362 27 . . . 19499 2363 1 The the DT 19499 2363 2 major major JJ 19499 2363 3 triad triad NN 19499 2363 4 C C NNP 19499 2363 5 -- -- : 19499 2363 6 E e NN 19499 2363 7 -- -- : 19499 2363 8 G g NN 19499 2363 9 is be VBZ 19499 2363 10 an an DT 19499 2363 11 example example NN 19499 2363 12 of of IN 19499 2363 13 a a DT 19499 2363 14 consonant consonant NN 19499 2363 15 chord chord NN 19499 2363 16 . . . 19499 2364 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2364 2 Contralto_--same Contralto_--same NNP 19499 2364 3 as as IN 19499 2364 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2364 5 alto alto NNP 19499 2364 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2364 7 . . . 19499 2365 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2365 2 Con Con NNP 19499 2365 3 variazioni_--with variazioni_--with IN 19499 2365 4 variations variation NNS 19499 2365 5 . . . 19499 2366 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2366 2 Direct_--a Direct_--a NNP 19499 2366 3 sign sign NN 19499 2366 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2366 5 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2366 6 direct direct JJ 19499 2366 7 symbol symbol NN 19499 2366 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2366 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2366 10 placed place VBN 19499 2366 11 at at IN 19499 2366 12 the the DT 19499 2366 13 end end NN 19499 2366 14 of of IN 19499 2366 15 the the DT 19499 2366 16 last last JJ 19499 2366 17 staff staff NN 19499 2366 18 on on IN 19499 2366 19 a a DT 19499 2366 20 page page NN 19499 2366 21 , , , 19499 2366 22 to to TO 19499 2366 23 indicate indicate VB 19499 2366 24 what what WP 19499 2366 25 the the DT 19499 2366 26 first first JJ 19499 2366 27 note note NN 19499 2366 28 on on IN 19499 2366 29 the the DT 19499 2366 30 next next JJ 19499 2366 31 page page NN 19499 2366 32 is be VBZ 19499 2366 33 going go VBG 19499 2366 34 to to TO 19499 2366 35 be be VB 19499 2366 36 . . . 19499 2367 1 This this DT 19499 2367 2 sign sign NN 19499 2367 3 is be VBZ 19499 2367 4 now now RB 19499 2367 5 practically practically RB 19499 2367 6 obsolete obsolete JJ 19499 2367 7 . . . 19499 2368 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2368 2 Dirge_--a Dirge_--a NNP 19499 2368 3 funeral funeral NN 19499 2368 4 chant chant NN 19499 2368 5 . . . 19499 2369 1 The the DT 19499 2369 2 dirge dirge NN 19499 2369 3 is be VBZ 19499 2369 4 named name VBN 19499 2369 5 from from IN 19499 2369 6 the the DT 19499 2369 7 first first JJ 19499 2369 8 word word NN 19499 2369 9 of of IN 19499 2369 10 a a DT 19499 2369 11 chant chant NN 19499 2369 12 used use VBN 19499 2369 13 in in IN 19499 2369 14 the the DT 19499 2369 15 " " `` 19499 2369 16 office office NN 19499 2369 17 for for IN 19499 2369 18 the the DT 19499 2369 19 dead dead JJ 19499 2369 20 , , , 19499 2369 21 " " '' 19499 2369 22 which which WDT 19499 2369 23 begins--_Dirige begins--_Dirige NNP 19499 2369 24 Domine Domine NNP 19499 2369 25 , , , 19499 2369 26 Deus Deus NNP 19499 2369 27 meus meus NNP 19499 2369 28 , , , 19499 2369 29 in in IN 19499 2369 30 conspectu conspectu NNP 19499 2369 31 tuo tuo CC 19499 2369 32 viam viam NNP 19499 2369 33 meam meam NNP 19499 2369 34 _ _ NNP 19499 2369 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2369 36 Direct Direct NNP 19499 2369 37 , , , 19499 2369 38 O o UH 19499 2369 39 Lord Lord NNP 19499 2369 40 , , , 19499 2369 41 My -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2369 42 God God NNP 19499 2369 43 , , , 19499 2369 44 my -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2369 45 way way NN 19499 2369 46 in in IN 19499 2369 47 Thy Thy NNP 19499 2369 48 sight sight NN 19499 2369 49 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2369 50 . . . 19499 2370 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2370 2 Discord_--an Discord_--an NNP 19499 2370 3 ugly ugly JJ 19499 2370 4 , , , 19499 2370 5 unharmonious unharmonious JJ 19499 2370 6 combination combination NN 19499 2370 7 of of IN 19499 2370 8 tones tone NNS 19499 2370 9 . . . 19499 2371 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2371 2 Dissonance_--a Dissonance_--a NNP 19499 2371 3 harmonic harmonic NNP 19499 2371 4 combination combination NN 19499 2371 5 of of IN 19499 2371 6 tones tone NNS 19499 2371 7 giving give VBG 19499 2371 8 rise rise NN 19499 2371 9 to to IN 19499 2371 10 the the DT 19499 2371 11 feeling feeling NN 19499 2371 12 of of IN 19499 2371 13 incompleteness incompleteness NN 19499 2371 14 or or CC 19499 2371 15 unrest unrest NN 19499 2371 16 , , , 19499 2371 17 and and CC 19499 2371 18 therefore therefore RB 19499 2371 19 requiring require VBG 19499 2371 20 resolution resolution NN 19499 2371 21 to to IN 19499 2371 22 some some DT 19499 2371 23 other other JJ 19499 2371 24 combination combination NN 19499 2371 25 which which WDT 19499 2371 26 has have VBZ 19499 2371 27 an an DT 19499 2371 28 agreeable agreeable JJ 19499 2371 29 or or CC 19499 2371 30 final final JJ 19499 2371 31 feeling feeling NN 19499 2371 32 . . . 19499 2372 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2372 2 cf cf NN 19499 2372 3 . . . 19499 2373 1 consonance consonance NN 19499 2373 2 . . . 19499 2373 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2374 1 The the DT 19499 2374 2 diminished diminished JJ 19499 2374 3 triad triad NNP 19499 2374 4 C C NNP 19499 2374 5 -- -- : 19499 2374 6 E[flat]--G[flat E[flat]--G[flat NNP 19499 2374 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2374 8 is be VBZ 19499 2374 9 an an DT 19499 2374 10 example example NN 19499 2374 11 of of IN 19499 2374 12 a a DT 19499 2374 13 dissonant dissonant JJ 19499 2374 14 chord chord NN 19499 2374 15 . . . 19499 2375 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2375 2 Divisi_--divided divisi_--divide VBD 19499 2375 3 . . . 19499 2376 1 An an DT 19499 2376 2 indication indication NN 19499 2376 3 showing show VBG 19499 2376 4 that that IN 19499 2376 5 the the DT 19499 2376 6 first first JJ 19499 2376 7 violins violin NNS 19499 2376 8 , , , 19499 2376 9 or or CC 19499 2376 10 the the DT 19499 2376 11 sopranos soprano NNS 19499 2376 12 , , , 19499 2376 13 or or CC 19499 2376 14 any any DT 19499 2376 15 other other JJ 19499 2376 16 body body NN 19499 2376 17 of of IN 19499 2376 18 performers performer NNS 19499 2376 19 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2376 20 sounding sound VBG 19499 2376 21 in in IN 19499 2376 22 unison unison NNP 19499 2376 23 are be VBP 19499 2376 24 now now RB 19499 2376 25 to to TO 19499 2376 26 divide divide VB 19499 2376 27 into into IN 19499 2376 28 two two CD 19499 2376 29 or or CC 19499 2376 30 more more JJR 19499 2376 31 parts part NNS 19499 2376 32 . . . 19499 2377 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2377 2 Duet_--a Duet_--a NNP 19499 2377 3 composition composition NN 19499 2377 4 for for IN 19499 2377 5 two two CD 19499 2377 6 performers performer NNS 19499 2377 7 . . . 19499 2378 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2378 2 From from IN 19499 2378 3 the the DT 19499 2378 4 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2378 5 . . . 19499 2379 1 word word NN 19499 2379 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2379 3 due_--two due_--two NNP 19499 2379 4 . . . 19499 2379 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2380 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2380 2 École_--a École_--a NNP 19499 2380 3 school school NN 19499 2380 4 or or CC 19499 2380 5 style style NN 19499 2380 6 of of IN 19499 2380 7 composition composition NN 19499 2380 8 or or CC 19499 2380 9 performance performance NN 19499 2380 10 . . . 19499 2381 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2381 2 Etude_--a Etude_--a NNP 19499 2381 3 study study NN 19499 2381 4 . . . 19499 2382 1 Also also RB 19499 2382 2 an an DT 19499 2382 3 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2382 4 composition composition NN 19499 2382 5 in in IN 19499 2382 6 the the DT 19499 2382 7 style style NN 19499 2382 8 of of IN 19499 2382 9 a a DT 19499 2382 10 study study NN 19499 2382 11 , , , 19499 2382 12 but but CC 19499 2382 13 intended intend VBN 19499 2382 14 for for IN 19499 2382 15 artistic artistic JJ 19499 2382 16 performance performance NN 19499 2382 17 . . . 19499 2383 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2383 2 Euphony_--agreeable euphony_--agreeable JJ 19499 2383 3 tone tone NN 19499 2383 4 combinations combination NNS 19499 2383 5 ; ; : 19499 2383 6 the the DT 19499 2383 7 opposite opposite NN 19499 2383 8 of of IN 19499 2383 9 cacophony cacophony NN 19499 2383 10 . . . 19499 2384 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2384 2 From from IN 19499 2384 3 the the DT 19499 2384 4 Greek greek JJ 19499 2384 5 word word NN 19499 2384 6 meaning meaning NN 19499 2384 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2384 8 well well RB 19499 2384 9 - - HYPH 19499 2384 10 sounding sound VBG 19499 2384 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2384 12 . . . 19499 2384 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2385 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2385 2 Facile_--easy Facile_--easy NNP 19499 2385 3 . . . 19499 2386 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2386 2 Fanfare_--a Fanfare_--a NNP 19499 2386 3 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2386 4 call call NN 19499 2386 5 . . . 19499 2387 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2387 2 Fantasia_--An Fantasia_--An NNP 19499 2387 3 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2387 4 composition composition NN 19499 2387 5 not not RB 19499 2387 6 based base VBN 19499 2387 7 on on IN 19499 2387 8 any any DT 19499 2387 9 regular regular JJ 19499 2387 10 form form NN 19499 2387 11 . . . 19499 2388 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2388 2 Fiasco_--a fiasco_--a CD 19499 2388 3 complete complete JJ 19499 2388 4 failure failure NN 19499 2388 5 or or CC 19499 2388 6 breakdown breakdown NN 19499 2388 7 . . . 19499 2389 1 This this DT 19499 2389 2 use use NN 19499 2389 3 of of IN 19499 2389 4 the the DT 19499 2389 5 word word NN 19499 2389 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2389 7 fiasco fiasco NNP 19499 2389 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2389 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2389 10 which which WDT 19499 2389 11 means mean VBZ 19499 2389 12 in in IN 19499 2389 13 Italian Italian NNP 19499 2389 14 a a DT 19499 2389 15 flask flask NN 19499 2389 16 , , , 19499 2389 17 or or CC 19499 2389 18 bottle bottle NN 19499 2389 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2389 20 is be VBZ 19499 2389 21 said say VBN 19499 2389 22 to to TO 19499 2389 23 have have VB 19499 2389 24 reference reference NN 19499 2389 25 to to IN 19499 2389 26 the the DT 19499 2389 27 bursting bursting NN 19499 2389 28 of of IN 19499 2389 29 a a DT 19499 2389 30 bottle bottle NN 19499 2389 31 , , , 19499 2389 32 the the DT 19499 2389 33 complete complete JJ 19499 2389 34 ruin ruin NN 19499 2389 35 of of IN 19499 2389 36 the the DT 19499 2389 37 bottle bottle NN 19499 2389 38 being be VBG 19499 2389 39 compared compare VBN 19499 2389 40 with with IN 19499 2389 41 the the DT 19499 2389 42 complete complete JJ 19499 2389 43 failure failure NN 19499 2389 44 of of IN 19499 2389 45 a a DT 19499 2389 46 performance performance NN 19499 2389 47 . . . 19499 2390 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2390 2 Gamut_--all Gamut_--all NNP 19499 2390 3 the the DT 19499 2390 4 tones tone NNS 19499 2390 5 of of IN 19499 2390 6 a a DT 19499 2390 7 scale scale NN 19499 2390 8 . . . 19499 2391 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2391 2 Glissando_--playing glissando_--playe VBG 19499 2391 3 a a DT 19499 2391 4 scale scale NN 19499 2391 5 on on IN 19499 2391 6 the the DT 19499 2391 7 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2391 8 by by IN 19499 2391 9 drawing draw VBG 19499 2391 10 the the DT 19499 2391 11 finger finger NN 19499 2391 12 along along IN 19499 2391 13 over over IN 19499 2391 14 the the DT 19499 2391 15 keys key NNS 19499 2391 16 , , , 19499 2391 17 thus thus RB 19499 2391 18 depressing depress VBG 19499 2391 19 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2391 20 in in IN 19499 2391 21 very very RB 19499 2391 22 rapid rapid JJ 19499 2391 23 succession succession NN 19499 2391 24 . . . 19499 2392 1 The the DT 19499 2392 2 word word NN 19499 2392 3 is be VBZ 19499 2392 4 derived derive VBN 19499 2392 5 from from IN 19499 2392 6 the the DT 19499 2392 7 French french JJ 19499 2392 8 word word NN 19499 2392 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2392 10 glisser_--to glisser_--to NNP 19499 2392 11 glide glide NN 19499 2392 12 . . . 19499 2393 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2393 2 Harpsichord_--one harpsichord_--one NN 19499 2393 3 of of IN 19499 2393 4 the the DT 19499 2393 5 immediate immediate JJ 19499 2393 6 predecessors predecessor NNS 19499 2393 7 of of IN 19499 2393 8 the the DT 19499 2393 9 piano piano NN 19499 2393 10 . . . 19499 2394 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2394 2 Humoresque_--a Humoresque_--a NNPS 19499 2394 3 capricious capricious JJ 19499 2394 4 , , , 19499 2394 5 fantastic fantastic JJ 19499 2394 6 composition composition NN 19499 2394 7 . . . 19499 2395 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2395 2 Cf cf NN 19499 2395 3 . . . 19499 2396 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2396 2 fantasia fantasia NNP 19499 2396 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2396 4 . . . 19499 2396 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2397 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2397 2 Idyl_--a idyl_--a JJ 19499 2397 3 short short JJ 19499 2397 4 , , , 19499 2397 5 romantic romantic JJ 19499 2397 6 piece piece NN 19499 2397 7 of of IN 19499 2397 8 music music NN 19499 2397 9 in in IN 19499 2397 10 simple simple JJ 19499 2397 11 and and CC 19499 2397 12 unaffected unaffected JJ 19499 2397 13 style style NN 19499 2397 14 . . . 19499 2398 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2398 2 In in IN 19499 2398 3 alt_--pitches alt_--pitche NNS 19499 2398 4 in in IN 19499 2398 5 the the DT 19499 2398 6 first first JJ 19499 2398 7 octave octave NN 19499 2398 8 above above IN 19499 2398 9 the the DT 19499 2398 10 treble treble JJ 19499 2398 11 staff staff NN 19499 2398 12 . . . 19499 2399 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2399 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2399 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2399 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2399 5 , , , 19499 2399 6 " " '' 19499 2399 7 C C NNP 19499 2399 8 in in IN 19499 2399 9 alt alt NN 19499 2399 10 " " '' 19499 2399 11 is be VBZ 19499 2399 12 the the DT 19499 2399 13 C C NNP 19499 2399 14 represented represent VBN 19499 2399 15 by by IN 19499 2399 16 the the DT 19499 2399 17 second second JJ 19499 2399 18 added add VBN 19499 2399 19 line line NN 19499 2399 20 above above IN 19499 2399 21 the the DT 19499 2399 22 treble treble JJ 19499 2399 23 staff staff NN 19499 2399 24 . . . 19499 2400 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2400 2 In in IN 19499 2400 3 altissimo_--pitches altissimo_--pitche NNS 19499 2400 4 in in IN 19499 2400 5 the the DT 19499 2400 6 octave octave NN 19499 2400 7 above above IN 19499 2400 8 the the DT 19499 2400 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2400 10 alt alt NNP 19499 2400 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2400 12 octave octave NN 19499 2400 13 . . . 19499 2401 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2401 2 Instrumentation_--see Instrumentation_--see NNP 19499 2401 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2401 4 orchestration orchestration NN 19499 2401 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2401 6 . . . 19499 2402 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2402 2 Interlude_--a interlude_--a CD 19499 2402 3 short short JJ 19499 2402 4 movement movement NN 19499 2402 5 between between IN 19499 2402 6 two two CD 19499 2402 7 larger large JJR 19499 2402 8 movements movement NNS 19499 2402 9 . . . 19499 2403 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2403 2 Loco_--place loco_--place NN 19499 2403 3 ; ; : 19499 2403 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2403 5 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2403 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2403 7 , , , 19499 2403 8 play play NN 19499 2403 9 as as IN 19499 2403 10 written write VBN 19499 2403 11 . . . 19499 2404 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2404 2 See see VB 19499 2404 3 p. p. NN 19499 2404 4 15 15 CD 19499 2404 5 , , , 19499 2404 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2404 7 . . . 19499 2405 1 46 46 CD 19499 2405 2 . . . 19499 2405 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2406 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2406 2 Lunga Lunga NNP 19499 2406 3 trillo_--a trillo_--a NNP 19499 2406 4 long long JJ 19499 2406 5 trill trill NN 19499 2406 6 . . . 19499 2407 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 19499 2407 2 XX XX VBZ 19499 2407 3 MISCELLANEOUS miscellaneous JJ 19499 2407 4 TERMS term NNS 19499 2407 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2407 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2407 7 Continued Continued NNP 19499 2407 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2407 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2407 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2407 11 Lyric_--a Lyric_--a NNP 19499 2407 12 short short JJ 19499 2407 13 , , , 19499 2407 14 song song NN 19499 2407 15 - - HYPH 19499 2407 16 like like JJ 19499 2407 17 poem poem NN 19499 2407 18 of of IN 19499 2407 19 simple simple JJ 19499 2407 20 character character NN 19499 2407 21 . . . 19499 2408 1 Also also RB 19499 2408 2 applied apply VBN 19499 2408 3 to to IN 19499 2408 4 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2408 5 pieces piece NNS 19499 2408 6 of of IN 19499 2408 7 like like IN 19499 2408 8 character character NN 19499 2408 9 . . . 19499 2409 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2409 2 Maggiore_--major Maggiore_--major NNP 19499 2409 3 . . . 19499 2410 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2410 2 Marcato Marcato NNP 19499 2410 3 il il NNP 19499 2410 4 canto_--the canto_--the NNP 19499 2410 5 melody melody NN 19499 2410 6 well well RB 19499 2410 7 marked mark VBN 19499 2410 8 ; ; : 19499 2410 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2410 10 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2410 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2410 12 , , , 19499 2410 13 subdue subdue VB 19499 2410 14 the the DT 19499 2410 15 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 2410 16 so so IN 19499 2410 17 that that IN 19499 2410 18 the the DT 19499 2410 19 melody melody NN 19499 2410 20 may may MD 19499 2410 21 stand stand VB 19499 2410 22 out out RP 19499 2410 23 strongly strongly RB 19499 2410 24 . . . 19499 2411 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2411 2 Melos_--melody Melos_--melody NNP 19499 2411 3 . . . 19499 2412 1 This this DT 19499 2412 2 word word NN 19499 2412 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2412 4 melos melos NNP 19499 2412 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2412 6 is be VBZ 19499 2412 7 also also RB 19499 2412 8 applied apply VBN 19499 2412 9 to to IN 19499 2412 10 the the DT 19499 2412 11 peculiar peculiar JJ 19499 2412 12 style style NN 19499 2412 13 of of IN 19499 2412 14 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2412 15 solo solo NN 19499 2412 16 found find VBN 19499 2412 17 in in IN 19499 2412 18 Wagner Wagner NNP 19499 2412 19 's 's POS 19499 2412 20 music music NN 19499 2412 21 dramas drama NNS 19499 2412 22 . . . 19499 2413 1 See see VB 19499 2413 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2413 3 recitative recitative NN 19499 2413 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2413 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2413 6 p. p. NN 19499 2413 7 75 75 CD 19499 2413 8 , , , 19499 2413 9 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2413 10 . . . 19499 2414 1 170 170 LS 19499 2414 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2414 3 . . . 19499 2415 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2415 2 Mellifluous_--pleasing mellifluous_--pleasing NN 19499 2415 3 ; ; : 19499 2415 4 pleasant pleasant JJ 19499 2415 5 sounding sounding NN 19499 2415 6 . . . 19499 2416 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2416 2 Menuetto Menuetto NNP 19499 2416 3 , , , 19499 2416 4 menuet_--same menuet_--same NN 19499 2416 5 as as IN 19499 2416 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2416 7 minuet minuet NN 19499 2416 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2416 9 . . . 19499 2417 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2417 2 See see VB 19499 2417 3 p. p. NN 19499 2417 4 68 68 CD 19499 2417 5 , , , 19499 2417 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2417 7 . . . 19499 2418 1 151 151 CD 19499 2418 2 . . . 19499 2418 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2419 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2419 2 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 2419 3 soprano_--a soprano_--a NNP 19499 2419 4 woman woman NN 19499 2419 5 's 's POS 19499 2419 6 voice voice NN 19499 2419 7 of of IN 19499 2419 8 soprano soprano NN 19499 2419 9 quality quality NN 19499 2419 10 , , , 19499 2419 11 but but CC 19499 2419 12 of of IN 19499 2419 13 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2419 14 lower low JJR 19499 2419 15 compass compass NN 19499 2419 16 than than IN 19499 2419 17 the the DT 19499 2419 18 soprano soprano NN 19499 2419 19 voice voice NN 19499 2419 20 . . . 19499 2420 1 Range range VB 19499 2420 2 approximately approximately RB 19499 2420 3 b b VBZ 19499 2420 4 to to IN 19499 2420 5 g g NN 19499 2420 6 ' ' '' 19499 2420 7 ' ' '' 19499 2420 8 . . . 19499 2421 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2421 2 Minore_--minor Minore_--minor NNP 19499 2421 3 . . . 19499 2422 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2422 2 Nocturne Nocturne NNP 19499 2422 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2422 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2422 5 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2422 6 spelled spell VBN 19499 2422 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2422 8 nocturn nocturn NNP 19499 2422 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2422 10 , , , 19499 2422 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2422 12 notturna notturna NNP 19499 2422 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2422 14 , , , 19499 2422 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2422 16 nokturne nokturne NN 19499 2422 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2422 18 , , , 19499 2422 19 etc etc FW 19499 2422 20 . . . 19499 2422 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2423 1 --a --a : 19499 2423 2 night night NN 19499 2423 3 piece piece NN 19499 2423 4 ; ; : 19499 2423 5 a a DT 19499 2423 6 quiet quiet JJ 19499 2423 7 , , , 19499 2423 8 melodious melodious JJ 19499 2423 9 , , , 19499 2423 10 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2423 11 sentimental sentimental JJ 19499 2423 12 composition composition NN 19499 2423 13 , , , 19499 2423 14 usually usually RB 19499 2423 15 for for IN 19499 2423 16 piano piano NN 19499 2423 17 solo solo NN 19499 2423 18 . . . 19499 2424 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2424 2 Nuance_--delicate Nuance_--delicate NNP 19499 2424 3 shading shade VBG 19499 2424 4 ; ; : 19499 2424 5 subtle subtle JJ 19499 2424 6 variations variation NNS 19499 2424 7 in in IN 19499 2424 8 tempo tempo NNP 19499 2424 9 and and CC 19499 2424 10 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 2424 11 which which WDT 19499 2424 12 make make VBP 19499 2424 13 the the DT 19499 2424 14 rendition rendition NN 19499 2424 15 of of IN 19499 2424 16 music music NN 19499 2424 17 more more RBR 19499 2424 18 expressive expressive JJ 19499 2424 19 . . . 19499 2425 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2425 2 Obbligato Obbligato NNP 19499 2425 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2425 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2425 5 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2425 6 incorrectly incorrectly RB 19499 2425 7 spelled spell VBN 19499 2425 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2425 9 obligato_)--an obligato_)--an NNP 19499 2425 10 accessory accessory NN 19499 2425 11 melody melody NN 19499 2425 12 accompanying accompany VBG 19499 2425 13 harmonized harmonized JJ 19499 2425 14 music music NN 19499 2425 15 , , , 19499 2425 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2425 17 usually usually RB 19499 2425 18 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2425 19 music music NN 19499 2425 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2425 21 . . . 19499 2426 1 The the DT 19499 2426 2 word word NN 19499 2426 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2426 4 obbligato obbligato NNP 19499 2426 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2426 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2426 7 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2426 8 . . . 19499 2427 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2427 2 bound bind VBN 19499 2427 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2427 4 , , , 19499 2427 5 or or CC 19499 2427 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2427 7 obliged oblige VBD 19499 2427 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2427 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2427 10 refers refer VBZ 19499 2427 11 to to IN 19499 2427 12 the the DT 19499 2427 13 fact fact NN 19499 2427 14 that that IN 19499 2427 15 this this DT 19499 2427 16 is be VBZ 19499 2427 17 usually usually RB 19499 2427 18 a a DT 19499 2427 19 melody melody NN 19499 2427 20 of of IN 19499 2427 21 independent independent JJ 19499 2427 22 value value NN 19499 2427 23 , , , 19499 2427 24 so so RB 19499 2427 25 important important JJ 19499 2427 26 that that IN 19499 2427 27 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2427 28 can can MD 19499 2427 29 not not RB 19499 2427 30 be be VB 19499 2427 31 omitted omit VBN 19499 2427 32 in in IN 19499 2427 33 a a DT 19499 2427 34 complete complete JJ 19499 2427 35 performance performance NN 19499 2427 36 . . . 19499 2428 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2428 2 Offertory Offertory NNP 19499 2428 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2428 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2428 5 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2428 6 spelled spell VBN 19499 2428 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2428 8 offertoire offertoire NN 19499 2428 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2428 10 , , , 19499 2428 11 or or CC 19499 2428 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2428 13 offertorium_)--a offertorium_)--a NN 19499 2428 14 piece piece NN 19499 2428 15 of of IN 19499 2428 16 music music NN 19499 2428 17 played play VBN 19499 2428 18 or or CC 19499 2428 19 sung sing VBN 19499 2428 20 during during IN 19499 2428 21 the the DT 19499 2428 22 taking taking NN 19499 2428 23 up up RP 19499 2428 24 of of IN 19499 2428 25 the the DT 19499 2428 26 offering offering NN 19499 2428 27 in in IN 19499 2428 28 the the DT 19499 2428 29 church church NN 19499 2428 30 service service NN 19499 2428 31 . . . 19499 2429 1 The the DT 19499 2429 2 word word NN 19499 2429 3 is be VBZ 19499 2429 4 often often RB 19499 2429 5 applied apply VBN 19499 2429 6 by by IN 19499 2429 7 composers composer NNS 19499 2429 8 to to IN 19499 2429 9 any any DT 19499 2429 10 short short JJ 19499 2429 11 , , , 19499 2429 12 simple simple JJ 19499 2429 13 piece piece NN 19499 2429 14 of of IN 19499 2429 15 music music NN 19499 2429 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2429 17 usually usually RB 19499 2429 18 for for IN 19499 2429 19 organ organ NN 19499 2429 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2429 21 that that WDT 19499 2429 22 is be VBZ 19499 2429 23 suitable suitable JJ 19499 2429 24 for for IN 19499 2429 25 the the DT 19499 2429 26 above above JJ 19499 2429 27 purpose purpose NN 19499 2429 28 . . . 19499 2430 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2430 2 Opus_--work opus_--work NN 19499 2430 3 ; ; , 19499 2430 4 used use VBN 19499 2430 5 by by IN 19499 2430 6 composers composer NNS 19499 2430 7 to to TO 19499 2430 8 designate designate VB 19499 2430 9 the the DT 19499 2430 10 order order NN 19499 2430 11 in in IN 19499 2430 12 which which WDT 19499 2430 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2430 14 compositions composition NNS 19499 2430 15 were be VBD 19499 2430 16 written write VBN 19499 2430 17 , , , 19499 2430 18 as as IN 19499 2430 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2430 20 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2430 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2430 22 , , , 19499 2430 23 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 2430 24 , , , 19499 2430 25 Op Op NNP 19499 2430 26 . . . 19499 2431 1 2 2 LS 19499 2431 2 , , , 19499 2431 3 No no UH 19499 2431 4 . . . 19499 2432 1 1 1 LS 19499 2432 2 . . . 19499 2433 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2433 2 Orchestration_--the orchestration_--the DT 19499 2433 3 art art NN 19499 2433 4 of of IN 19499 2433 5 writing writing NN 19499 2433 6 for for IN 19499 2433 7 the the DT 19499 2433 8 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2433 9 , , , 19499 2433 10 this this DT 19499 2433 11 implying imply VBG 19499 2433 12 an an DT 19499 2433 13 intimate intimate JJ 19499 2433 14 knowledge knowledge NN 19499 2433 15 of of IN 19499 2433 16 the the DT 19499 2433 17 range range NN 19499 2433 18 , , , 19499 2433 19 quality quality NN 19499 2433 20 , , , 19499 2433 21 and and CC 19499 2433 22 possibilities possibility NNS 19499 2433 23 of of IN 19499 2433 24 all all PDT 19499 2433 25 the the DT 19499 2433 26 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2433 27 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2433 28 . . . 19499 2434 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2434 2 Ossia_--or Ossia_--or NNP 19499 2434 3 else else RB 19499 2434 4 ; ; : 19499 2434 5 used use VBD 19499 2434 6 most most RBS 19499 2434 7 often often RB 19499 2434 8 to to TO 19499 2434 9 call call VB 19499 2434 10 the the DT 19499 2434 11 attention attention NN 19499 2434 12 of of IN 19499 2434 13 the the DT 19499 2434 14 performer performer NN 19499 2434 15 to to IN 19499 2434 16 a a DT 19499 2434 17 simpler simple JJR 19499 2434 18 passage passage NN 19499 2434 19 that that WDT 19499 2434 20 may may MD 19499 2434 21 be be VB 19499 2434 22 substituted substitute VBN 19499 2434 23 for for IN 19499 2434 24 the the DT 19499 2434 25 original original JJ 19499 2434 26 one one NN 19499 2434 27 by by IN 19499 2434 28 a a DT 19499 2434 29 player player NN 19499 2434 30 whose whose WP$ 19499 2434 31 skill skill NN 19499 2434 32 is be VBZ 19499 2434 33 not not RB 19499 2434 34 equal equal JJ 19499 2434 35 to to IN 19499 2434 36 the the DT 19499 2434 37 task task NN 19499 2434 38 he -PRON- PRP 19499 2434 39 is be VBZ 19499 2434 40 attempting attempt VBG 19499 2434 41 to to TO 19499 2434 42 perform perform VB 19499 2434 43 . . . 19499 2435 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2435 2 Overture_--(from Overture_--(from NNP 19499 2435 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2435 4 overt_--open)--an overt_--open)--an IN 19499 2435 5 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2435 6 prelude prelude NN 19499 2435 7 to to IN 19499 2435 8 an an DT 19499 2435 9 opera opera NN 19499 2435 10 or or CC 19499 2435 11 oratorio oratorio NN 19499 2435 12 . . . 19499 2436 1 The the DT 19499 2436 2 older old JJR 19499 2436 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2436 4 overtures overture NNS 19499 2436 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2436 6 were be VBD 19499 2436 7 independent independent JJ 19499 2436 8 compositions composition NNS 19499 2436 9 and and CC 19499 2436 10 bore bear VBD 19499 2436 11 no no DT 19499 2436 12 particular particular JJ 19499 2436 13 relation relation NN 19499 2436 14 to to IN 19499 2436 15 the the DT 19499 2436 16 work work NN 19499 2436 17 which which WDT 19499 2436 18 was be VBD 19499 2436 19 to to TO 19499 2436 20 follow follow VB 19499 2436 21 , , , 19499 2436 22 but but CC 19499 2436 23 in in IN 19499 2436 24 modern modern JJ 19499 2436 25 music music NN 19499 2436 26 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2436 27 cf cf NN 19499 2436 28 . . . 19499 2437 1 Wagner Wagner NNP 19499 2437 2 , , , 19499 2437 3 Strauss Strauss NNP 19499 2437 4 , , , 19499 2437 5 etc etc FW 19499 2437 6 . . . 19499 2438 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2438 2 , , , 19499 2438 3 the the DT 19499 2438 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2438 5 overture overture NN 19499 2438 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2438 7 introduces introduce VBZ 19499 2438 8 the the DT 19499 2438 9 principal principal JJ 19499 2438 10 themes theme NNS 19499 2438 11 that that WDT 19499 2438 12 are be VBP 19499 2438 13 to to TO 19499 2438 14 occur occur VB 19499 2438 15 in in IN 19499 2438 16 the the DT 19499 2438 17 work work NN 19499 2438 18 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 2438 19 , , , 19499 2438 20 and and CC 19499 2438 21 the the DT 19499 2438 22 introduction introduction NN 19499 2438 23 thus thus RB 19499 2438 24 becomes become VBZ 19499 2438 25 an an DT 19499 2438 26 integral integral JJ 19499 2438 27 part part NN 19499 2438 28 of of IN 19499 2438 29 the the DT 19499 2438 30 work work NN 19499 2438 31 as as IN 19499 2438 32 a a DT 19499 2438 33 whole whole NN 19499 2438 34 . . . 19499 2439 1 The the DT 19499 2439 2 word word NN 19499 2439 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2439 4 overture overture NN 19499 2439 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2439 6 is be VBZ 19499 2439 7 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2439 8 applied apply VBN 19499 2439 9 to to IN 19499 2439 10 independent independent JJ 19499 2439 11 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2439 12 compositions composition NNS 19499 2439 13 that that WDT 19499 2439 14 have have VBP 19499 2439 15 no no DT 19499 2439 16 connection connection NN 19499 2439 17 with with IN 19499 2439 18 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2439 19 works work NNS 19499 2439 20 , , , 19499 2439 21 as as IN 19499 2439 22 the the DT 19499 2439 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2439 24 Hebrides Hebrides NNP 19499 2439 25 Overture Overture NNP 19499 2439 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2439 27 by by IN 19499 2439 28 Mendelssohn Mendelssohn NNP 19499 2439 29 . . . 19499 2440 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2440 2 Pizzicato_--plucked pizzicato_--plucke VBD 19499 2440 3 . . . 19499 2441 1 A a DT 19499 2441 2 term term NN 19499 2441 3 found find VBN 19499 2441 4 in in IN 19499 2441 5 music music NN 19499 2441 6 for for IN 19499 2441 7 stringed stringed JJ 19499 2441 8 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2441 9 , , , 19499 2441 10 and and CC 19499 2441 11 indicating indicate VBG 19499 2441 12 that that IN 19499 2441 13 for for IN 19499 2441 14 the the DT 19499 2441 15 moment moment NN 19499 2441 16 the the DT 19499 2441 17 bow bow NN 19499 2441 18 is be VBZ 19499 2441 19 not not RB 19499 2441 20 to to TO 19499 2441 21 be be VB 19499 2441 22 used use VBN 19499 2441 23 , , , 19499 2441 24 the the DT 19499 2441 25 tone tone NN 19499 2441 26 being be VBG 19499 2441 27 secured secure VBN 19499 2441 28 by by IN 19499 2441 29 _ _ NNP 19499 2441 30 plucking plucking NN 19499 2441 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2441 32 the the DT 19499 2441 33 string string NN 19499 2441 34 . . . 19499 2442 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2442 2 Polacca_--a Polacca_--a NNP 19499 2442 3 Polish polish JJ 19499 2442 4 dance dance NN 19499 2442 5 in in IN 19499 2442 6 three three CD 19499 2442 7 - - HYPH 19499 2442 8 quarter quarter NN 19499 2442 9 measure measure NN 19499 2442 10 . . . 19499 2443 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2443 2 Polonaise_--same Polonaise_--same NNS 19499 2443 3 as as IN 19499 2443 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2443 5 polacca polacca NNP 19499 2443 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2443 7 . . . 19499 2444 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2444 2 Postlude_--(lit Postlude_--(lit NNP 19499 2444 3 . . . 19499 2445 1 after after IN 19499 2445 2 - - HYPH 19499 2445 3 play)--an play)--an NNP 19499 2445 4 organ organ NN 19499 2445 5 composition composition NN 19499 2445 6 to to TO 19499 2445 7 be be VB 19499 2445 8 played play VBN 19499 2445 9 at at IN 19499 2445 10 the the DT 19499 2445 11 close close NN 19499 2445 12 of of IN 19499 2445 13 a a DT 19499 2445 14 church church NN 19499 2445 15 service service NN 19499 2445 16 . . . 19499 2446 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2446 2 Prelude_--(lit Prelude_--(lit NNP 19499 2446 3 . . . 19499 2447 1 before before IN 19499 2447 2 - - : 19499 2447 3 play)--an play)--an NNP 19499 2447 4 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2447 5 composition composition NN 19499 2447 6 to to TO 19499 2447 7 be be VB 19499 2447 8 played play VBN 19499 2447 9 at at IN 19499 2447 10 the the DT 19499 2447 11 beginning beginning NN 19499 2447 12 of of IN 19499 2447 13 a a DT 19499 2447 14 church church NN 19499 2447 15 service service NN 19499 2447 16 , , , 19499 2447 17 or or CC 19499 2447 18 before before IN 19499 2447 19 some some DT 19499 2447 20 larger large JJR 19499 2447 21 work work NN 19499 2447 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2447 23 opera opera NN 19499 2447 24 , , , 19499 2447 25 etc etc FW 19499 2447 26 . . . 19499 2447 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2447 28 . . . 19499 2448 1 The the DT 19499 2448 2 term term NN 19499 2448 3 is be VBZ 19499 2448 4 also also RB 19499 2448 5 applied apply VBN 19499 2448 6 to to IN 19499 2448 7 independent independent JJ 19499 2448 8 piano piano NN 19499 2448 9 compositions composition NNS 19499 2448 10 of of IN 19499 2448 11 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2448 12 indefinite indefinite JJ 19499 2448 13 form form NN 19499 2448 14 . . . 19499 2449 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2449 2 Cf cf NN 19499 2449 3 . . . 19499 2450 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2450 2 preludes prelude NNS 19499 2450 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2450 4 by by IN 19499 2450 5 Chopin Chopin NNP 19499 2450 6 , , , 19499 2450 7 Rachmaninoff Rachmaninoff NNP 19499 2450 8 , , , 19499 2450 9 etc etc FW 19499 2450 10 . . . 19499 2450 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2451 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2451 2 Prière_--a prière_--a CD 19499 2451 3 prayer prayer NN 19499 2451 4 ; ; : 19499 2451 5 a a DT 19499 2451 6 term term NN 19499 2451 7 often often RB 19499 2451 8 applied apply VBN 19499 2451 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2451 10 especially especially RB 19499 2451 11 by by IN 19499 2451 12 French french JJ 19499 2451 13 composers composer NNS 19499 2451 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2451 15 to to IN 19499 2451 16 a a DT 19499 2451 17 quiet quiet JJ 19499 2451 18 , , , 19499 2451 19 devotional devotional JJ 19499 2451 20 composition composition NN 19499 2451 21 for for IN 19499 2451 22 organ organ NN 19499 2451 23 . . . 19499 2452 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2452 2 Quintole Quintole NNP 19499 2452 3 , , , 19499 2452 4 quintuplet_--a quintuplet_--a NNP 19499 2452 5 group group NN 19499 2452 6 of of IN 19499 2452 7 five five CD 19499 2452 8 notes note NNS 19499 2452 9 to to TO 19499 2452 10 be be VB 19499 2452 11 performed perform VBN 19499 2452 12 in in IN 19499 2452 13 the the DT 19499 2452 14 time time NN 19499 2452 15 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2452 16 given give VBN 19499 2452 17 to to IN 19499 2452 18 four four CD 19499 2452 19 notes note NNS 19499 2452 20 of of IN 19499 2452 21 the the DT 19499 2452 22 same same JJ 19499 2452 23 value value NN 19499 2452 24 . . . 19499 2453 1 There there EX 19499 2453 2 is be VBZ 19499 2453 3 only only RB 19499 2453 4 one one CD 19499 2453 5 accent accent NN 19499 2453 6 in in IN 19499 2453 7 the the DT 19499 2453 8 group group NN 19499 2453 9 , , , 19499 2453 10 this this DT 19499 2453 11 occurring occurring NN 19499 2453 12 of of IN 19499 2453 13 course course NN 19499 2453 14 on on IN 19499 2453 15 the the DT 19499 2453 16 first first JJ 19499 2453 17 of of IN 19499 2453 18 the the DT 19499 2453 19 five five CD 19499 2453 20 tones tone NNS 19499 2453 21 . . . 19499 2454 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2454 2 Religioso Religioso NNP 19499 2454 3 , , , 19499 2454 4 religiosamente_--in religiosamente_--in NNP 19499 2454 5 a a DT 19499 2454 6 devotional devotional JJ 19499 2454 7 style style NN 19499 2454 8 . . . 19499 2455 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2455 2 Requiem_--the requiem_--the DT 19499 2455 3 mass mass NN 19499 2455 4 for for IN 19499 2455 5 the the DT 19499 2455 6 dead dead NN 19499 2455 7 in in IN 19499 2455 8 the the DT 19499 2455 9 Roman roman JJ 19499 2455 10 Catholic Catholic NNP 19499 2455 11 service service NN 19499 2455 12 . . . 19499 2456 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2456 2 is be VBZ 19499 2456 3 so so RB 19499 2456 4 called call VBN 19499 2456 5 from from IN 19499 2456 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2456 7 first first JJ 19499 2456 8 word word NN 19499 2456 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2456 10 requiem requiem NN 19499 2456 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2456 12 which which WDT 19499 2456 13 means mean VBZ 19499 2456 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2456 15 rest rest NN 19499 2456 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2456 17 . . . 19499 2457 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2457 2 See see VB 19499 2457 3 p. p. NN 19499 2457 4 77 77 CD 19499 2457 5 , , , 19499 2457 6 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2457 7 . . . 19499 2458 1 165 165 CD 19499 2458 2 . . . 19499 2458 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2459 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2459 2 Rhapsody_--an rhapsody_--an JJ 19499 2459 3 irregular irregular JJ 19499 2459 4 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2459 5 composition composition NN 19499 2459 6 of of IN 19499 2459 7 the the DT 19499 2459 8 nature nature NN 19499 2459 9 of of IN 19499 2459 10 an an DT 19499 2459 11 improvisation improvisation NN 19499 2459 12 . . . 19499 2460 1 A a DT 19499 2460 2 term term NN 19499 2460 3 first first RB 19499 2460 4 applied apply VBN 19499 2460 5 by by IN 19499 2460 6 Liszt Liszt NNP 19499 2460 7 to to IN 19499 2460 8 a a DT 19499 2460 9 series series NN 19499 2460 10 of of IN 19499 2460 11 piano piano NN 19499 2460 12 pieces piece NNS 19499 2460 13 based base VBN 19499 2460 14 on on IN 19499 2460 15 gypsy gypsy JJ 19499 2460 16 themes theme NNS 19499 2460 17 . . . 19499 2461 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2461 2 Ribattuta_--a ribattuta_--a CD 19499 2461 3 device device NN 19499 2461 4 in in IN 19499 2461 5 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2461 6 music music NN 19499 2461 7 whereby whereby WRB 19499 2461 8 a a DT 19499 2461 9 two two CD 19499 2461 10 - - HYPH 19499 2461 11 note note NN 19499 2461 12 phrase phrase NN 19499 2461 13 is be VBZ 19499 2461 14 gradually gradually RB 19499 2461 15 accelerated accelerate VBN 19499 2461 16 , , , 19499 2461 17 even even RB 19499 2461 18 to to IN 19499 2461 19 the the DT 19499 2461 20 extent extent NN 19499 2461 21 of of IN 19499 2461 22 becoming become VBG 19499 2461 23 a a DT 19499 2461 24 trill trill NN 19499 2461 25 . . . 19499 2462 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2462 2 See see VB 19499 2462 3 Appendix Appendix NNP 19499 2462 4 E E NNP 19499 2462 5 , , , 19499 2462 6 p. p. NN 19499 2462 7 150 150 CD 19499 2462 8 , , , 19499 2462 9 for for IN 19499 2462 10 an an DT 19499 2462 11 example example NN 19499 2462 12 . . . 19499 2462 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2463 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2463 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 2463 3 's 's POS 19499 2463 4 Note note NN 19499 2463 5 : : : 19499 2463 6 Corrected correct VBN 19499 2463 7 misspelling misspell VBG 19499 2463 8 " " `` 19499 2463 9 Ribbatua Ribbatua NNP 19499 2463 10 " " '' 19499 2463 11 in in IN 19499 2463 12 original original JJ 19499 2463 13 . . . 19499 2463 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2464 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2464 2 Ritornello Ritornello NNP 19499 2464 3 , , , 19499 2464 4 ritornelle_--a ritornelle_--a NNP 19499 2464 5 short short JJ 19499 2464 6 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2464 7 prelude prelude NN 19499 2464 8 , , , 19499 2464 9 interlude interlude NNP 19499 2464 10 , , , 19499 2464 11 or or CC 19499 2464 12 postlude postlude NNP 19499 2464 13 , , , 19499 2464 14 in in IN 19499 2464 15 a a DT 19499 2464 16 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2464 17 composition composition NN 19499 2464 18 , , , 19499 2464 19 as as IN 19499 2464 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2464 21 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2464 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2464 23 , , , 19499 2464 24 in in IN 19499 2464 25 an an DT 19499 2464 26 operatic operatic JJ 19499 2464 27 aria aria NN 19499 2464 28 or or CC 19499 2464 29 chorus chorus NN 19499 2464 30 . . . 19499 2465 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2465 2 Schottische_--a Schottische_--a NNP 19499 2465 3 dance dance NNP 19499 2465 4 in in IN 19499 2465 5 two two CD 19499 2465 6 - - HYPH 19499 2465 7 quarter quarter NN 19499 2465 8 measure measure NN 19499 2465 9 , , , 19499 2465 10 something something NN 19499 2465 11 like like IN 19499 2465 12 the the DT 19499 2465 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2465 14 polka polka NNP 19499 2465 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2465 16 . . . 19499 2466 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2466 2 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2466 3 , , , 19499 2466 4 secco_--dry secco_--dry NNP 19499 2466 5 , , , 19499 2466 6 unornamented unornamented JJ 19499 2466 7 : : : 19499 2466 8 applied apply VBN 19499 2466 9 to to IN 19499 2466 10 a a DT 19499 2466 11 style style NN 19499 2466 12 of of IN 19499 2466 13 opera opera NNP 19499 2466 14 recitative recitative NNP 19499 2466 15 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2466 16 see see VB 19499 2466 17 p. p. NN 19499 2466 18 75 75 CD 19499 2466 19 , , , 19499 2466 20 Sec Sec NNP 19499 2466 21 . . . 19499 2467 1 170 170 LS 19499 2467 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2467 3 , , , 19499 2467 4 and and CC 19499 2467 5 also also RB 19499 2467 6 to to IN 19499 2467 7 some some DT 19499 2467 8 particular particular JJ 19499 2467 9 chord chord NN 19499 2467 10 in in IN 19499 2467 11 an an DT 19499 2467 12 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2467 13 composition composition NN 19499 2467 14 which which WDT 19499 2467 15 is be VBZ 19499 2467 16 to to TO 19499 2467 17 be be VB 19499 2467 18 sounded sound VBN 19499 2467 19 and and CC 19499 2467 20 almost almost RB 19499 2467 21 instantly instantly RB 19499 2467 22 dropped drop VBD 19499 2467 23 . . . 19499 2468 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2468 2 Score_--a Score_--a NNP 19499 2468 3 term term NN 19499 2468 4 used use VBN 19499 2468 5 in in IN 19499 2468 6 two two CD 19499 2468 7 senses sense NNS 19499 2468 8 : : : 19499 2468 9 1 1 CD 19499 2468 10 . . . 19499 2469 1 To to TO 19499 2469 2 designate designate VB 19499 2469 3 some some DT 19499 2469 4 particular particular JJ 19499 2469 5 point point NN 19499 2469 6 to to TO 19499 2469 7 which which WDT 19499 2469 8 teacher teacher NN 19499 2469 9 or or CC 19499 2469 10 conductor conductor NN 19499 2469 11 wishes wish VBZ 19499 2469 12 to to TO 19499 2469 13 call call VB 19499 2469 14 attention attention NN 19499 2469 15 ; ; : 19499 2469 16 as as IN 19499 2469 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2469 18 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2469 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2469 20 , , , 19499 2469 21 " " `` 19499 2469 22 Begin begin VB 19499 2469 23 with with IN 19499 2469 24 the the DT 19499 2469 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2469 26 lower low JJR 19499 2469 27 score score NN 19499 2469 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2469 29 , , , 19499 2469 30 third third JJ 19499 2469 31 measure measure NN 19499 2469 32 . . . 19499 2469 33 " " '' 19499 2470 1 The the DT 19499 2470 2 word word NN 19499 2470 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2470 4 brace brace NN 19499 2470 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2470 6 is be VBZ 19499 2470 7 also also RB 19499 2470 8 frequently frequently RB 19499 2470 9 used use VBN 19499 2470 10 in in IN 19499 2470 11 this this DT 19499 2470 12 sense sense NN 19499 2470 13 . . . 19499 2471 1 2 2 LS 19499 2471 2 . . . 19499 2472 1 To to TO 19499 2472 2 refer refer VB 19499 2472 3 to to IN 19499 2472 4 all all PDT 19499 2472 5 the the DT 19499 2472 6 parts part NNS 19499 2472 7 of of IN 19499 2472 8 a a DT 19499 2472 9 composition composition NN 19499 2472 10 that that WDT 19499 2472 11 are be VBP 19499 2472 12 to to TO 19499 2472 13 be be VB 19499 2472 14 performed perform VBN 19499 2472 15 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2472 16 , , , 19499 2472 17 when when WRB 19499 2472 18 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2472 19 have have VBP 19499 2472 20 been be VBN 19499 2472 21 assembled assemble VBN 19499 2472 22 on on IN 19499 2472 23 a a DT 19499 2472 24 single single JJ 19499 2472 25 page page NN 19499 2472 26 for for IN 19499 2472 27 use use NN 19499 2472 28 by by IN 19499 2472 29 a a DT 19499 2472 30 chorus chorus NN 19499 2472 31 or or CC 19499 2472 32 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2472 33 conductor conductor NN 19499 2472 34 . . . 19499 2473 1 The the DT 19499 2473 2 term term NN 19499 2473 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2473 4 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2473 5 score score NN 19499 2473 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2473 7 usually usually RB 19499 2473 8 means mean VBZ 19499 2473 9 all all DT 19499 2473 10 chorus chorus NN 19499 2473 11 parts part NNS 19499 2473 12 together together RB 19499 2473 13 with with IN 19499 2473 14 an an DT 19499 2473 15 accompaniment accompaniment NN 19499 2473 16 arranged arrange VBN 19499 2473 17 for for IN 19499 2473 18 piano piano NN 19499 2473 19 or or CC 19499 2473 20 organ organ NN 19499 2473 21 , , , 19499 2473 22 while while IN 19499 2473 23 the the DT 19499 2473 24 terms term NNS 19499 2473 25 _ _ IN 19499 2473 26 full full JJ 19499 2473 27 score score NN 19499 2473 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2473 29 and and CC 19499 2473 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2473 31 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2473 32 score score NN 19499 2473 33 _ _ NNP 19499 2473 34 refer refer VBP 19499 2473 35 to to IN 19499 2473 36 a a DT 19499 2473 37 complete complete JJ 19499 2473 38 assemblage assemblage NN 19499 2473 39 of of IN 19499 2473 40 _ _ NNP 19499 2473 41 all all DT 19499 2473 42 parts part NNS 19499 2473 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2473 44 , , , 19499 2473 45 each each DT 19499 2473 46 being be VBG 19499 2473 47 printed print VBN 19499 2473 48 on on IN 19499 2473 49 a a DT 19499 2473 50 separate separate JJ 19499 2473 51 staff staff NN 19499 2473 52 , , , 19499 2473 53 but but CC 19499 2473 54 all all DT 19499 2473 55 staffs staff NNS 19499 2473 56 being be VBG 19499 2473 57 braced brace VBN 19499 2473 58 and and CC 19499 2473 59 barred bar VBN 19499 2473 60 together together RB 19499 2473 61 . . . 19499 2474 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2474 2 Senza Senza NNP 19499 2474 3 replica replica NNP 19499 2474 4 , , , 19499 2474 5 senza senza NNP 19499 2474 6 repetizione_--without repetizione_--without NNP 19499 2474 7 repetition repetition NN 19499 2474 8 ; ; : 19499 2474 9 a a DT 19499 2474 10 term term NN 19499 2474 11 used use VBN 19499 2474 12 in in IN 19499 2474 13 connection connection NN 19499 2474 14 with with IN 19499 2474 15 such such JJ 19499 2474 16 indications indication NNS 19499 2474 17 as as IN 19499 2474 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2474 19 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 2474 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2474 21 , , , 19499 2474 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2474 23 D.S. D.S. NNP 19499 2474 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2474 25 , , , 19499 2474 26 etc etc FW 19499 2474 27 . . FW 19499 2474 28 , , , 19499 2474 29 which which WDT 19499 2474 30 often often RB 19499 2474 31 call call VBP 19499 2474 32 for for IN 19499 2474 33 the the DT 19499 2474 34 repetition repetition NN 19499 2474 35 of of IN 19499 2474 36 some some DT 19499 2474 37 large large JJ 19499 2474 38 division division NN 19499 2474 39 of of IN 19499 2474 40 a a DT 19499 2474 41 composition composition NN 19499 2474 42 , , , 19499 2474 43 the the DT 19499 2474 44 term term NN 19499 2474 45 _ _ NNP 19499 2474 46 senza senza JJ 19499 2474 47 replica replica NN 19499 2474 48 _ _ NNP 19499 2474 49 indicating indicate VBG 19499 2474 50 that that IN 19499 2474 51 the the DT 19499 2474 52 smaller small JJR 19499 2474 53 repeats repeat NNS 19499 2474 54 included include VBN 19499 2474 55 within within IN 19499 2474 56 the the DT 19499 2474 57 larger large JJR 19499 2474 58 division division NN 19499 2474 59 are be VBP 19499 2474 60 not not RB 19499 2474 61 to to TO 19499 2474 62 be be VB 19499 2474 63 observed observe VBN 19499 2474 64 the the DT 19499 2474 65 second second JJ 19499 2474 66 time time NN 19499 2474 67 . . . 19499 2475 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2475 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 2475 3 's 's POS 19499 2475 4 Note note NN 19499 2475 5 : : : 19499 2475 6 Corrected correct VBN 19499 2475 7 misspelling misspell VBG 19499 2475 8 " " `` 19499 2475 9 senza senza JJ 19499 2475 10 repetitione repetitione NN 19499 2475 11 " " '' 19499 2475 12 in in IN 19499 2475 13 original original JJ 19499 2475 14 . . . 19499 2475 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2476 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2476 2 Serenade Serenade NNP 19499 2476 3 , , , 19499 2476 4 serenata_--an serenata_--an NNP 19499 2476 5 evening evening NN 19499 2476 6 song song NN 19499 2476 7 . . . 19499 2477 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2477 2 Sextet_--a Sextet_--a NNP 19499 2477 3 composition composition NN 19499 2477 4 for for IN 19499 2477 5 six six CD 19499 2477 6 voices voice NNS 19499 2477 7 or or CC 19499 2477 8 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2477 9 . . . 19499 2478 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2478 2 Sextuplet_--a Sextuplet_--a NNP 19499 2478 3 group group NNP 19499 2478 4 of of IN 19499 2478 5 six six CD 19499 2478 6 notes note NNS 19499 2478 7 to to TO 19499 2478 8 be be VB 19499 2478 9 performed perform VBN 19499 2478 10 in in IN 19499 2478 11 the the DT 19499 2478 12 time time NN 19499 2478 13 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2478 14 given give VBN 19499 2478 15 to to IN 19499 2478 16 four four CD 19499 2478 17 of of IN 19499 2478 18 the the DT 19499 2478 19 same same JJ 19499 2478 20 value value NN 19499 2478 21 . . . 19499 2479 1 The the DT 19499 2479 2 sextuplet sextuplet NN 19499 2479 3 differs differ VBZ 19499 2479 4 from from IN 19499 2479 5 a a DT 19499 2479 6 pair pair NN 19499 2479 7 of of IN 19499 2479 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2479 9 triplets triplet NNS 19499 2479 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2479 11 in in IN 19499 2479 12 having have VBG 19499 2479 13 but but CC 19499 2479 14 one one CD 19499 2479 15 accent accent NN 19499 2479 16 . . . 19499 2480 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2480 2 Simile Simile NNP 19499 2480 3 , , , 19499 2480 4 similiter_--the similiter_--the DT 19499 2480 5 same same JJ 19499 2480 6 ; ; : 19499 2480 7 indicating indicate VBG 19499 2480 8 that that IN 19499 2480 9 the the DT 19499 2480 10 same same JJ 19499 2480 11 general general JJ 19499 2480 12 effect effect NN 19499 2480 13 is be VBZ 19499 2480 14 to to TO 19499 2480 15 be be VB 19499 2480 16 continued continue VBN 19499 2480 17 . . . 19499 2481 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2481 2 Solfeggio Solfeggio NNP 19499 2481 3 , , , 19499 2481 4 solfège_--a solfège_--a NNP 19499 2481 5 vocal vocal NNP 19499 2481 6 exercise exercise NN 19499 2481 7 sung sing VBD 19499 2481 8 either either CC 19499 2481 9 on on IN 19499 2481 10 simple simple JJ 19499 2481 11 vowels vowel NNS 19499 2481 12 or or CC 19499 2481 13 on on IN 19499 2481 14 arbitrary arbitrary JJ 19499 2481 15 syllables syllable NNS 19499 2481 16 containing contain VBG 19499 2481 17 these these DT 19499 2481 18 simple simple JJ 19499 2481 19 vowel vowel NN 19499 2481 20 sounds sound NNS 19499 2481 21 . . . 19499 2482 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2482 2 purpose purpose NN 19499 2482 3 is be VBZ 19499 2482 4 to to TO 19499 2482 5 develop develop VB 19499 2482 6 tone tone NN 19499 2482 7 quality quality NN 19499 2482 8 and and CC 19499 2482 9 flexibility flexibility NN 19499 2482 10 . . . 19499 2483 1 These these DT 19499 2483 2 terms term NNS 19499 2483 3 are be VBP 19499 2483 4 also also RB 19499 2483 5 often often RB 19499 2483 6 applied apply VBN 19499 2483 7 to to IN 19499 2483 8 classes class NNS 19499 2483 9 in in IN 19499 2483 10 sight sight NN 19499 2483 11 - - HYPH 19499 2483 12 singing singing NN 19499 2483 13 which which WDT 19499 2483 14 use use VBP 19499 2483 15 the the DT 19499 2483 16 sol sol NNP 19499 2483 17 - - HYPH 19499 2483 18 fa fa JJ 19499 2483 19 syllables syllable NNS 19499 2483 20 . . . 19499 2484 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2484 2 Sopra_--above Sopra_--above NNP 19499 2484 3 . . . 19499 2485 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2485 2 Soprano_--the soprano_--the DT 19499 2485 3 highest high JJS 19499 2485 4 female female JJ 19499 2485 5 voice voice NN 19499 2485 6 . . . 19499 2486 1 Range range VB 19499 2486 2 approximately approximately RB 19499 2486 3 b b NN 19499 2486 4 -- -- : 19499 2486 5 c c NN 19499 2486 6 ' ' '' 19499 2486 7 ' ' '' 19499 2486 8 ' ' '' 19499 2486 9 . . . 19499 2487 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2487 2 Sostenuto_--sustained Sostenuto_--sustained : 19499 2487 3 or or CC 19499 2487 4 connected connect VBD 19499 2487 5 ; ; : 19499 2487 6 the the DT 19499 2487 7 opposite opposite NN 19499 2487 8 of of IN 19499 2487 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2487 10 staccato staccato NNP 19499 2487 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2487 12 . . . 19499 2488 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2488 2 Sotto_--under Sotto_--under NNP 19499 2488 3 . . . 19499 2489 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2489 2 E.g. E.g. NNP 19499 2489 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2489 4 , , , 19499 2489 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2489 6 sotto sotto NN 19499 2489 7 voce_--under voce_--under IN 19499 2489 8 the the DT 19499 2489 9 voice voice NN 19499 2489 10 , , , 19499 2489 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2489 12 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2489 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2489 14 , , , 19499 2489 15 with with IN 19499 2489 16 subdued subdued JJ 19499 2489 17 tone tone NN 19499 2489 18 . . . 19499 2490 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2490 2 Solmization_--sight solmization_--sight NN 19499 2490 3 - - HYPH 19499 2490 4 singing singing NN 19499 2490 5 by by IN 19499 2490 6 syllable syllable NN 19499 2490 7 . . . 19499 2491 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2491 2 Staccato_--detached Staccato_--detached NNP 19499 2491 3 ; ; : 19499 2491 4 the the DT 19499 2491 5 opposite opposite NN 19499 2491 6 of of IN 19499 2491 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2491 8 legato legato NNP 19499 2491 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2491 10 . . . 19499 2492 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2492 2 Subito_--suddenly subito_--suddenly RB 19499 2492 3 . . . 19499 2493 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2493 2 Tenor_--the tenor_--the DT 19499 2493 3 highest high JJS 19499 2493 4 male male JJ 19499 2493 5 voice voice NN 19499 2493 6 . . . 19499 2494 1 Range range VB 19499 2494 2 approximately approximately RB 19499 2494 3 d d XX 19499 2494 4 -- -- : 19499 2494 5 c c NN 19499 2494 6 ' ' '' 19499 2494 7 ' ' '' 19499 2494 8 . . . 19499 2495 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2495 2 Tenuto_--(from Tenuto_--(from NNP 19499 2495 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2495 4 teneo teneo NN 19499 2495 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2495 6 , , , 19499 2495 7 to to IN 19499 2495 8 hold)--a hold)--a NNP 19499 2495 9 direction direction NN 19499 2495 10 signifying signify VBG 19499 2495 11 that that IN 19499 2495 12 the the DT 19499 2495 13 tones tone NNS 19499 2495 14 are be VBP 19499 2495 15 to to TO 19499 2495 16 be be VB 19499 2495 17 prolonged prolong VBN 19499 2495 18 to to IN 19499 2495 19 the the DT 19499 2495 20 full full JJ 19499 2495 21 value value NN 19499 2495 22 indicated indicate VBN 19499 2495 23 by by IN 19499 2495 24 the the DT 19499 2495 25 notes note NNS 19499 2495 26 . . . 19499 2496 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2496 2 Toccata_--a Toccata_--a NNP 19499 2496 3 brilliant brilliant JJ 19499 2496 4 composition composition NN 19499 2496 5 for for IN 19499 2496 6 piano piano NN 19499 2496 7 or or CC 19499 2496 8 organ organ NN 19499 2496 9 , , , 19499 2496 10 usually usually RB 19499 2496 11 characterized characterize VBN 19499 2496 12 by by IN 19499 2496 13 much much JJ 19499 2496 14 rapid rapid JJ 19499 2496 15 staccato staccato NN 19499 2496 16 playing playing NN 19499 2496 17 . . . 19499 2497 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2497 2 Triplet_--a Triplet_--a NNP 19499 2497 3 group group NN 19499 2497 4 of of IN 19499 2497 5 three three CD 19499 2497 6 tones tone NNS 19499 2497 7 , , , 19499 2497 8 to to TO 19499 2497 9 be be VB 19499 2497 10 performed perform VBN 19499 2497 11 in in IN 19499 2497 12 the the DT 19499 2497 13 time time NN 19499 2497 14 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2497 15 given give VBN 19499 2497 16 to to IN 19499 2497 17 two two CD 19499 2497 18 of of IN 19499 2497 19 the the DT 19499 2497 20 same same JJ 19499 2497 21 value value NN 19499 2497 22 . . . 19499 2498 1 The the DT 19499 2498 2 first first JJ 19499 2498 3 tone tone NN 19499 2498 4 of of IN 19499 2498 5 the the DT 19499 2498 6 triplet triplet NN 19499 2498 7 is be VBZ 19499 2498 8 always always RB 19499 2498 9 slightly slightly RB 19499 2498 10 accented accent VBN 19499 2498 11 . . . 19499 2499 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2499 2 Tutti_--(derived tutti_--(derive VBD 19499 2499 3 from from IN 19499 2499 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2499 5 totus totus NNP 19499 2499 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2499 7 , , , 19499 2499 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2499 9 toti toti NN 19499 2499 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2499 11 , , , 19499 2499 12 Latin Latin NNP 19499 2499 13 -- -- : 19499 2499 14 all)--a all)--a CD 19499 2499 15 direction direction NN 19499 2499 16 signifying signify VBG 19499 2499 17 that that IN 19499 2499 18 all all DT 19499 2499 19 performers performer NNS 19499 2499 20 are be VBP 19499 2499 21 to to TO 19499 2499 22 take take VB 19499 2499 23 part part NN 19499 2499 24 . . . 19499 2500 1 Also also RB 19499 2500 2 used use VBN 19499 2500 3 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 2500 4 to to TO 19499 2500 5 refer refer VB 19499 2500 6 to to IN 19499 2500 7 a a DT 19499 2500 8 passage passage NN 19499 2500 9 where where WRB 19499 2500 10 all all DT 19499 2500 11 performers performer NNS 19499 2500 12 do do VBP 19499 2500 13 take take VB 19499 2500 14 part part NN 19499 2500 15 . . . 19499 2501 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 2501 2 A a DT 19499 2501 3 THE the DT 19499 2501 4 HISTORY history NN 19499 2501 5 OF of IN 19499 2501 6 MUSIC music NN 19499 2501 7 NOTATION notation VBP 19499 2501 8 Many many JJ 19499 2501 9 conflicting conflicting JJ 19499 2501 10 statements statement NNS 19499 2501 11 have have VBP 19499 2501 12 been be VBN 19499 2501 13 made make VBN 19499 2501 14 regarding regard VBG 19499 2501 15 the the DT 19499 2501 16 history history NN 19499 2501 17 and and CC 19499 2501 18 development development NN 19499 2501 19 of of IN 19499 2501 20 music music NN 19499 2501 21 writing writing NN 19499 2501 22 , , , 19499 2501 23 and and CC 19499 2501 24 the the DT 19499 2501 25 student student NN 19499 2501 26 who who WP 19499 2501 27 is be VBZ 19499 2501 28 seeking seek VBG 19499 2501 29 light light NN 19499 2501 30 on on IN 19499 2501 31 this this DT 19499 2501 32 subject subject NN 19499 2501 33 is be VBZ 19499 2501 34 often often RB 19499 2501 35 at at IN 19499 2501 36 a a DT 19499 2501 37 loss loss NN 19499 2501 38 to to TO 19499 2501 39 determine determine VB 19499 2501 40 what what WP 19499 2501 41 actually actually RB 19499 2501 42 did do VBD 19499 2501 43 happen happen VB 19499 2501 44 in in IN 19499 2501 45 the the DT 19499 2501 46 rise rise NN 19499 2501 47 of of IN 19499 2501 48 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2501 49 modern modern JJ 19499 2501 50 system system NN 19499 2501 51 of of IN 19499 2501 52 writing write VBG 19499 2501 53 music music NN 19499 2501 54 . . . 19499 2502 1 We -PRON- PRP 19499 2502 2 have have VBP 19499 2502 3 one one CD 19499 2502 4 writer writer NN 19499 2502 5 for for IN 19499 2502 6 example example NN 19499 2502 7 asserting assert VBG 19499 2502 8 that that IN 19499 2502 9 staff staff NN 19499 2502 10 notation notation NN 19499 2502 11 was be VBD 19499 2502 12 begun begin VBN 19499 2502 13 by by IN 19499 2502 14 drawing draw VBG 19499 2502 15 a a DT 19499 2502 16 single single JJ 19499 2502 17 red red JJ 19499 2502 18 line line NN 19499 2502 19 across across IN 19499 2502 20 the the DT 19499 2502 21 page page NN 19499 2502 22 , , , 19499 2502 23 this this DT 19499 2502 24 line line NN 19499 2502 25 representing represent VBG 19499 2502 26 the the DT 19499 2502 27 pitch pitch NN 19499 2502 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 29 f f NNP 19499 2502 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 31 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2502 32 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2502 33 line line NN 19499 2502 34 , , , 19499 2502 35 bass bass NN 19499 2502 36 staff staff NN 19499 2502 37 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2502 38 , , , 19499 2502 39 the the DT 19499 2502 40 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 41 neumae neumae NN 19499 2502 42 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 43 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2502 44 the the DT 19499 2502 45 predecessors predecessor NNS 19499 2502 46 of of IN 19499 2502 47 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2502 48 modern modern JJ 19499 2502 49 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 50 notes note NNS 19499 2502 51 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 52 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2502 53 standing stand VBG 19499 2502 54 either either CC 19499 2502 55 for for IN 19499 2502 56 this this DT 19499 2502 57 pitch pitch NN 19499 2502 58 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 59 f f NNP 19499 2502 60 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 61 , , , 19499 2502 62 or or CC 19499 2502 63 for for IN 19499 2502 64 a a DT 19499 2502 65 higher high JJR 19499 2502 66 or or CC 19499 2502 67 lower low JJR 19499 2502 68 pitch pitch NN 19499 2502 69 , , , 19499 2502 70 according accord VBG 19499 2502 71 to to IN 19499 2502 72 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2502 73 position position NN 19499 2502 74 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 75 on on IN 19499 2502 76 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 77 the the DT 19499 2502 78 line line NN 19499 2502 79 , , , 19499 2502 80 or or CC 19499 2502 81 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 82 above above IN 19499 2502 83 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 84 or or CC 19499 2502 85 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 86 below below IN 19499 2502 87 _ _ NNP 19499 2502 88 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2502 89 . . . 19499 2503 1 " " `` 19499 2503 2 Another another DT 19499 2503 3 line line NN 19499 2503 4 , , , 19499 2503 5 " " '' 19499 2503 6 continues continue VBZ 19499 2503 7 this this DT 19499 2503 8 writer writer NN 19499 2503 9 , , , 19499 2503 10 " " `` 19499 2503 11 this this DT 19499 2503 12 time time NN 19499 2503 13 of of IN 19499 2503 14 yellow yellow JJ 19499 2503 15 color color NN 19499 2503 16 , , , 19499 2503 17 was be VBD 19499 2503 18 soon soon RB 19499 2503 19 added add VBN 19499 2503 20 above above IN 19499 2503 21 the the DT 19499 2503 22 red red JJ 19499 2503 23 one one NN 19499 2503 24 , , , 19499 2503 25 and and CC 19499 2503 26 this this DT 19499 2503 27 line line NN 19499 2503 28 was be VBD 19499 2503 29 to to TO 19499 2503 30 represent represent VB 19499 2503 31 c c NNP 19499 2503 32 ' ' '' 19499 2503 33 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2503 34 middle middle NNP 19499 2503 35 C C NNP 19499 2503 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2503 37 . . . 19499 2504 1 Soon soon RB 19499 2504 2 the the DT 19499 2504 3 colors color NNS 19499 2504 4 of of IN 19499 2504 5 these these DT 19499 2504 6 lines line NNS 19499 2504 7 were be VBD 19499 2504 8 omitted omit VBN 19499 2504 9 and and CC 19499 2504 10 the the DT 19499 2504 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2504 12 letters letter NNS 19499 2504 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2504 14 F F NNP 19499 2504 15 and and CC 19499 2504 16 C C NNP 19499 2504 17 were be VBD 19499 2504 18 placed place VBN 19499 2504 19 at at IN 19499 2504 20 the the DT 19499 2504 21 beginning beginning NN 19499 2504 22 of of IN 19499 2504 23 each each DT 19499 2504 24 of of IN 19499 2504 25 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2504 26 . . . 19499 2505 1 From from IN 19499 2505 2 this this DT 19499 2505 3 arose arise VBD 19499 2505 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2505 5 F F NNP 19499 2505 6 and and CC 19499 2505 7 C C NNP 19499 2505 8 clefs clef NNS 19499 2505 9 , , , 19499 2505 10 which which WDT 19499 2505 11 preceded precede VBD 19499 2505 12 the the DT 19499 2505 13 G g NN 19499 2505 14 clef clef NNS 19499 2505 15 by by IN 19499 2505 16 some some DT 19499 2505 17 centuries century NNS 19499 2505 18 . . . 19499 2506 1 " " `` 19499 2506 2 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2506 3 37 37 CD 19499 2506 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2506 5 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2506 6 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 2506 7 37 37 CD 19499 2506 8 : : : 19499 2506 9 Elson Elson NNP 19499 2506 10 -- -- : 19499 2506 11 Music Music NNP 19499 2506 12 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 19499 2506 13 , , , 19499 2506 14 article article NN 19499 2506 15 , , , 19499 2506 16 " " `` 19499 2506 17 Notation notation NN 19499 2506 18 . . . 19499 2506 19 " " '' 19499 2506 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2507 1 Another another DT 19499 2507 2 writer[38 writer[38 NN 19499 2507 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2507 4 gives give VBZ 19499 2507 5 a a DT 19499 2507 6 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2507 7 different different JJ 19499 2507 8 explanation explanation NN 19499 2507 9 , , , 19499 2507 10 stating state VBG 19499 2507 11 that that IN 19499 2507 12 the the DT 19499 2507 13 staff staff NN 19499 2507 14 system system NN 19499 2507 15 with with IN 19499 2507 16 the the DT 19499 2507 17 use use NN 19499 2507 18 of of IN 19499 2507 19 clefs clef NNS 19499 2507 20 came come VBD 19499 2507 21 about about RB 19499 2507 22 through through IN 19499 2507 23 writing write VBG 19499 2507 24 a a DT 19499 2507 25 letter letter NN 19499 2507 26 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2507 27 C C NNP 19499 2507 28 or or CC 19499 2507 29 F F NNP 19499 2507 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2507 31 in in IN 19499 2507 32 the the DT 19499 2507 33 margin margin NN 19499 2507 34 of of IN 19499 2507 35 the the DT 19499 2507 36 manuscript manuscript NN 19499 2507 37 and and CC 19499 2507 38 drawing draw VBG 19499 2507 39 a a DT 19499 2507 40 line line NN 19499 2507 41 from from IN 19499 2507 42 this this DT 19499 2507 43 letter letter NN 19499 2507 44 to to IN 19499 2507 45 the the DT 19499 2507 46 neume neume NN 19499 2507 47 which which WDT 19499 2507 48 was be VBD 19499 2507 49 to to TO 19499 2507 50 represent represent VB 19499 2507 51 the the DT 19499 2507 52 tone tone NN 19499 2507 53 for for IN 19499 2507 54 which which WDT 19499 2507 55 this this DT 19499 2507 56 particular particular JJ 19499 2507 57 letter letter NN 19499 2507 58 stood stand VBD 19499 2507 59 . . . 19499 2508 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2508 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 2508 3 38 38 CD 19499 2508 4 : : : 19499 2508 5 Goddard goddard NN 19499 2508 6 -- -- : 19499 2508 7 The the DT 19499 2508 8 Rise rise NN 19499 2508 9 of of IN 19499 2508 10 Music music NN 19499 2508 11 , , , 19499 2508 12 p. p. NN 19499 2509 1 177 177 CD 19499 2509 2 . . . 19499 2509 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2510 1 A a DT 19499 2510 2 third third JJ 19499 2510 3 writer[39 writer[39 NN 19499 2510 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2510 5 asserts assert VBZ 19499 2510 6 that that IN 19499 2510 7 because because IN 19499 2510 8 the the DT 19499 2510 9 alphabetical alphabetical JJ 19499 2510 10 notation notation NN 19499 2510 11 was be VBD 19499 2510 12 not not RB 19499 2510 13 suitable suitable JJ 19499 2510 14 for for IN 19499 2510 15 recording record VBG 19499 2510 16 melodies melody NNS 19499 2510 17 because because IN 19499 2510 18 of of IN 19499 2510 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2510 20 inconvenience inconvenience NN 19499 2510 21 in in IN 19499 2510 22 sight sight NN 19499 2510 23 - - HYPH 19499 2510 24 singing singe VBG 19499 2510 25 " " '' 19499 2510 26 points point NNS 19499 2510 27 were be VBD 19499 2510 28 placed place VBN 19499 2510 29 at at IN 19499 2510 30 definite definite JJ 19499 2510 31 distances distance NNS 19499 2510 32 above above IN 19499 2510 33 the the DT 19499 2510 34 words word NNS 19499 2510 35 and and CC 19499 2510 36 above above IN 19499 2510 37 and and CC 19499 2510 38 below below IN 19499 2510 39 one one CD 19499 2510 40 another another DT 19499 2510 41 . . . 19499 2510 42 " " '' 19499 2511 1 " " `` 19499 2511 2 In in IN 19499 2511 3 this this DT 19499 2511 4 system system NN 19499 2511 5 ... ... : 19499 2511 6 everything everything NN 19499 2511 7 depended depend VBD 19499 2511 8 on on IN 19499 2511 9 the the DT 19499 2511 10 accuracy accuracy NN 19499 2511 11 with with IN 19499 2511 12 which which WDT 19499 2511 13 the the DT 19499 2511 14 points point NNS 19499 2511 15 were be VBD 19499 2511 16 interspersed intersperse VBN 19499 2511 17 , , , 19499 2511 18 and and CC 19499 2511 19 the the DT 19499 2511 20 scribes scribe NNS 19499 2511 21 , , , 19499 2511 22 as as IN 19499 2511 23 a a DT 19499 2511 24 guide guide NN 19499 2511 25 to to IN 19499 2511 26 the the DT 19499 2511 27 eye eye NN 19499 2511 28 , , , 19499 2511 29 began begin VBD 19499 2511 30 to to TO 19499 2511 31 scratch scratch VB 19499 2511 32 a a DT 19499 2511 33 straight straight JJ 19499 2511 34 line line NN 19499 2511 35 across across IN 19499 2511 36 the the DT 19499 2511 37 page page NN 19499 2511 38 to to TO 19499 2511 39 indicate indicate VB 19499 2511 40 the the DT 19499 2511 41 position position NN 19499 2511 42 of of IN 19499 2511 43 one one CD 19499 2511 44 particular particular JJ 19499 2511 45 scale scale NN 19499 2511 46 degree degree NN 19499 2511 47 from from IN 19499 2511 48 which which WDT 19499 2511 49 all all PDT 19499 2511 50 the the DT 19499 2511 51 others other NNS 19499 2511 52 could could MD 19499 2511 53 be be VB 19499 2511 54 shown show VBN 19499 2511 55 by by IN 19499 2511 56 the the DT 19499 2511 57 relative relative JJ 19499 2511 58 distances distance NNS 19499 2511 59 of of IN 19499 2511 60 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2511 61 points point NNS 19499 2511 62 . . . 19499 2512 1 But but CC 19499 2512 2 this this DT 19499 2512 3 was be VBD 19499 2512 4 not not RB 19499 2512 5 found find VBN 19499 2512 6 sufficiently sufficiently RB 19499 2512 7 definite definite JJ 19499 2512 8 and and CC 19499 2512 9 the the DT 19499 2512 10 scratched scratched JJ 19499 2512 11 line line NN 19499 2512 12 was be VBD 19499 2512 13 therefore therefore RB 19499 2512 14 colored color VBN 19499 2512 15 red red JJ 19499 2512 16 and and CC 19499 2512 17 a a DT 19499 2512 18 second second JJ 19499 2512 19 line line NN 19499 2512 20 was be VBD 19499 2512 21 added add VBN 19499 2512 22 , , , 19499 2512 23 colored color VBN 19499 2512 24 yellow yellow NN 19499 2512 25 , , , 19499 2512 26 indicating indicate VBG 19499 2512 27 the the DT 19499 2512 28 interval interval NN 19499 2512 29 of of IN 19499 2512 30 a a DT 19499 2512 31 fifth fifth NN 19499 2512 32 above above IN 19499 2512 33 the the DT 19499 2512 34 first first JJ 19499 2512 35 . . . 19499 2512 36 " " '' 19499 2513 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2513 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 2513 3 39 39 CD 19499 2513 4 : : : 19499 2513 5 Williams Williams NNP 19499 2513 6 in in IN 19499 2513 7 Grove Grove NNP 19499 2513 8 's 's POS 19499 2513 9 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 19499 2513 10 , , , 19499 2513 11 article article NN 19499 2513 12 , , , 19499 2513 13 " " `` 19499 2513 14 Notation notation NN 19499 2513 15 . . . 19499 2513 16 " " '' 19499 2513 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2514 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2514 2 will will MD 19499 2514 3 be be VB 19499 2514 4 noted note VBN 19499 2514 5 that that IN 19499 2514 6 all all DT 19499 2514 7 three three CD 19499 2514 8 writers writer NNS 19499 2514 9 agree agree VBP 19499 2514 10 that that IN 19499 2514 11 a a DT 19499 2514 12 certain certain JJ 19499 2514 13 thing thing NN 19499 2514 14 happened happen VBD 19499 2514 15 , , , 19499 2514 16 but but CC 19499 2514 17 as as IN 19499 2514 18 in in IN 19499 2514 19 the the DT 19499 2514 20 case case NN 19499 2514 21 of of IN 19499 2514 22 the the DT 19499 2514 23 four four CD 19499 2514 24 Gospels Gospels NNPS 19499 2514 25 in in IN 19499 2514 26 the the DT 19499 2514 27 New New NNP 19499 2514 28 Testament Testament NNP 19499 2514 29 , , , 19499 2514 30 not not RB 19499 2514 31 all all PDT 19499 2514 32 the the DT 19499 2514 33 writers writer NNS 19499 2514 34 agree agree VBP 19499 2514 35 on on IN 19499 2514 36 details detail NNS 19499 2514 37 and and CC 19499 2514 38 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2514 39 is be VBZ 19499 2514 40 difficult difficult JJ 19499 2514 41 to to TO 19499 2514 42 determine determine VB 19499 2514 43 which which WDT 19499 2514 44 account account NN 19499 2514 45 is be VBZ 19499 2514 46 most most RBS 19499 2514 47 nearly nearly RB 19499 2514 48 accurate accurate JJ 19499 2514 49 in in IN 19499 2514 50 detail detail NN 19499 2514 51 as as RB 19499 2514 52 well well RB 19499 2514 53 as as IN 19499 2514 54 in in IN 19499 2514 55 general general JJ 19499 2514 56 statement statement NN 19499 2514 57 . . . 19499 2515 1 Communication communication NN 19499 2515 2 was be VBD 19499 2515 3 much much RB 19499 2515 4 slower slow JJR 19499 2515 5 a a DT 19499 2515 6 thousand thousand CD 19499 2515 7 years year NNS 19499 2515 8 ago ago RB 19499 2515 9 than than IN 19499 2515 10 now now RB 19499 2515 11 and and CC 19499 2515 12 ideas idea NNS 19499 2515 13 about about IN 19499 2515 14 new new JJ 19499 2515 15 methods method NNS 19499 2515 16 of of IN 19499 2515 17 doing do VBG 19499 2515 18 things thing NNS 19499 2515 19 did do VBD 19499 2515 20 not not RB 19499 2515 21 spread spread VB 19499 2515 22 rapidly rapidly RB 19499 2515 23 , , , 19499 2515 24 consequently consequently RB 19499 2515 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2515 26 is be VBZ 19499 2515 27 entirely entirely RB 19499 2515 28 possible possible JJ 19499 2515 29 that that IN 19499 2515 30 various various JJ 19499 2515 31 men man NNS 19499 2515 32 or or CC 19499 2515 33 groups group NNS 19499 2515 34 of of IN 19499 2515 35 men man NNS 19499 2515 36 in in IN 19499 2515 37 various various JJ 19499 2515 38 places place NNS 19499 2515 39 worked work VBD 19499 2515 40 out out RP 19499 2515 41 a a DT 19499 2515 42 system system NN 19499 2515 43 of of IN 19499 2515 44 notation notation NN 19499 2515 45 differing differ VBG 19499 2515 46 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2515 47 in in IN 19499 2515 48 details detail NNS 19499 2515 49 of of IN 19499 2515 50 origin origin NN 19499 2515 51 and and CC 19499 2515 52 development development NN 19499 2515 53 but but CC 19499 2515 54 alike alike RB 19499 2515 55 in in IN 19499 2515 56 final final JJ 19499 2515 57 result result NN 19499 2515 58 . . . 19499 2516 1 The the DT 19499 2516 2 point point NN 19499 2516 3 is be VBZ 19499 2516 4 that that IN 19499 2516 5 the the DT 19499 2516 6 development development NN 19499 2516 7 of of IN 19499 2516 8 musical musical JJ 19499 2516 9 knowledge knowledge NN 19499 2516 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2516 11 rise rise NN 19499 2516 12 of of IN 19499 2516 13 part part NN 19499 2516 14 - - HYPH 19499 2516 15 writing writing NN 19499 2516 16 , , , 19499 2516 17 increased increased JJ 19499 2516 18 interest interest NN 19499 2516 19 in in IN 19499 2516 20 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2516 21 music music NN 19499 2516 22 , , , 19499 2516 23 etc etc FW 19499 2516 24 . . . 19499 2517 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2517 2 , , , 19499 2517 3 demanded demand VBD 19499 2517 4 a a DT 19499 2517 5 more more RBR 19499 2517 6 exact exact JJ 19499 2517 7 system system NN 19499 2517 8 of of IN 19499 2517 9 notation notation NN 19499 2517 10 than than IN 19499 2517 11 had have VBD 19499 2517 12 previously previously RB 19499 2517 13 existed exist VBN 19499 2517 14 , , , 19499 2517 15 just just RB 19499 2517 16 as as IN 19499 2517 17 the the DT 19499 2517 18 development development NN 19499 2517 19 of of IN 19499 2517 20 science science NN 19499 2517 21 in in IN 19499 2517 22 the the DT 19499 2517 23 nineteenth nineteenth JJ 19499 2517 24 century century NN 19499 2517 25 necessitated necessitate VBD 19499 2517 26 a a DT 19499 2517 27 more more RBR 19499 2517 28 accurate accurate JJ 19499 2517 29 scientific scientific JJ 19499 2517 30 nomenclature nomenclature NN 19499 2517 31 , , , 19499 2517 32 and and CC 19499 2517 33 in in IN 19499 2517 34 both both DT 19499 2517 35 cases case NNS 19499 2517 36 the the DT 19499 2517 37 need need NN 19499 2517 38 gave give VBD 19499 2517 39 rise rise NN 19499 2517 40 to to IN 19499 2517 41 the the DT 19499 2517 42 result result NN 19499 2517 43 as as IN 19499 2517 44 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2517 45 have have VBP 19499 2517 46 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2517 47 to to IN 19499 2517 48 - - HYPH 19499 2517 49 day day NN 19499 2517 50 . . . 19499 2518 1 Out out IN 19499 2518 2 of of IN 19499 2518 3 the the DT 19499 2518 4 chaos chaos NN 19499 2518 5 of of IN 19499 2518 6 conflicting conflicting JJ 19499 2518 7 statements statement NNS 19499 2518 8 regarding regard VBG 19499 2518 9 the the DT 19499 2518 10 development development NN 19499 2518 11 of of IN 19499 2518 12 music music NN 19499 2518 13 notation notation NN 19499 2518 14 , , , 19499 2518 15 the the DT 19499 2518 16 student student NN 19499 2518 17 may may MD 19499 2518 18 glean glean VB 19499 2518 19 an an DT 19499 2518 20 outline outline NN 19499 2518 21 - - HYPH 19499 2518 22 knowledge knowledge NN 19499 2518 23 of of IN 19499 2518 24 three three CD 19499 2518 25 fairly fairly RB 19499 2518 26 distinct distinct JJ 19499 2518 27 periods period NNS 19499 2518 28 or or CC 19499 2518 29 stages stage NNS 19499 2518 30 , , , 19499 2518 31 each each DT 19499 2518 32 of of IN 19499 2518 33 these these DT 19499 2518 34 stages stage NNS 19499 2518 35 being be VBG 19499 2518 36 intimately intimately RB 19499 2518 37 bound bind VBN 19499 2518 38 up up RP 19499 2518 39 with with IN 19499 2518 40 the the DT 19499 2518 41 development development NN 19499 2518 42 of of IN 19499 2518 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2518 44 music music NN 19499 2518 45 _ _ NNP 19499 2518 46 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 2518 47 in in IN 19499 2518 48 that that DT 19499 2518 49 period period NN 19499 2518 50 . . . 19499 2519 1 These these DT 19499 2519 2 three three CD 19499 2519 3 stages stage NNS 19499 2519 4 are be VBP 19499 2519 5 : : : 19499 2519 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2519 7 1 1 LS 19499 2519 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2519 9 The the DT 19499 2519 10 Greek greek JJ 19499 2519 11 system system NN 19499 2519 12 , , , 19499 2519 13 which which WDT 19499 2519 14 used use VBD 19499 2519 15 the the DT 19499 2519 16 letters letter NNS 19499 2519 17 of of IN 19499 2519 18 the the DT 19499 2519 19 alphabet alphabet NN 19499 2519 20 for for IN 19499 2519 21 representing represent VBG 19499 2519 22 fixed fixed JJ 19499 2519 23 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2519 24 . . . 19499 2520 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2520 2 2 2 LS 19499 2520 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2520 4 The the DT 19499 2520 5 period period NN 19499 2520 6 of of IN 19499 2520 7 the the DT 19499 2520 8 neumae neumae NN 19499 2520 9 . . . 19499 2521 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2521 2 3 3 LS 19499 2521 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2521 4 The the DT 19499 2521 5 period period NN 19499 2521 6 of of IN 19499 2521 7 staff staff NN 19499 2521 8 notation notation NN 19499 2521 9 . . . 19499 2522 1 Of of IN 19499 2522 2 the the DT 19499 2522 3 Greek greek JJ 19499 2522 4 system system NN 19499 2522 5 little little JJ 19499 2522 6 is be VBZ 19499 2522 7 known know VBN 19499 2522 8 beyond beyond IN 19499 2522 9 the the DT 19499 2522 10 fact fact NN 19499 2522 11 that that IN 19499 2522 12 the the DT 19499 2522 13 letters letter NNS 19499 2522 14 of of IN 19499 2522 15 the the DT 19499 2522 16 alphabet alphabet NN 19499 2522 17 were be VBD 19499 2522 18 used use VBN 19499 2522 19 to to TO 19499 2522 20 represent represent VB 19499 2522 21 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2522 22 . . . 19499 2523 1 This this DT 19499 2523 2 method method NN 19499 2523 3 was be VBD 19499 2523 4 probably probably RB 19499 2523 5 accurate accurate JJ 19499 2523 6 enough enough RB 19499 2523 7 , , , 19499 2523 8 but but CC 19499 2523 9 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2523 10 was be VBD 19499 2523 11 cumbersome cumbersome JJ 19499 2523 12 , , , 19499 2523 13 and and CC 19499 2523 14 did do VBD 19499 2523 15 not not RB 19499 2523 16 afford afford VB 19499 2523 17 any any DT 19499 2523 18 means mean NNS 19499 2523 19 of of IN 19499 2523 20 writing writing NN 19499 2523 21 " " `` 19499 2523 22 measured measured JJ 19499 2523 23 music music NN 19499 2523 24 " " '' 19499 2523 25 nor nor CC 19499 2523 26 did do VBD 19499 2523 27 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2523 28 give give VB 19499 2523 29 the the DT 19499 2523 30 eye eye NN 19499 2523 31 any any DT 19499 2523 32 opportunity opportunity NN 19499 2523 33 of of IN 19499 2523 34 grasping grasp VBG 19499 2523 35 the the DT 19499 2523 36 general general JJ 19499 2523 37 outline outline NN 19499 2523 38 of of IN 19499 2523 39 the the DT 19499 2523 40 melody melody NN 19499 2523 41 in in IN 19499 2523 42 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2523 43 progression progression NN 19499 2523 44 upward upward RB 19499 2523 45 and and CC 19499 2523 46 downward downward RB 19499 2523 47 , , , 19499 2523 48 as as IN 19499 2523 49 staff staff NN 19499 2523 50 notation notation NN 19499 2523 51 does do VBZ 19499 2523 52 . . . 19499 2524 1 The the DT 19499 2524 2 Greek greek JJ 19499 2524 3 system system NN 19499 2524 4 seems seem VBZ 19499 2524 5 to to TO 19499 2524 6 have have VB 19499 2524 7 been be VBN 19499 2524 8 abandoned abandon VBN 19499 2524 9 at at IN 19499 2524 10 some some DT 19499 2524 11 time time NN 19499 2524 12 preceding precede VBG 19499 2524 13 the the DT 19499 2524 14 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2524 15 century century NN 19499 2524 16 . . . 19499 2525 1 At at IN 19499 2525 2 any any DT 19499 2525 3 rate rate NN 19499 2525 4 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2525 5 was be VBD 19499 2525 6 about about IN 19499 2525 7 this this DT 19499 2525 8 time time NN 19499 2525 9 that that WDT 19499 2525 10 certain certain JJ 19499 2525 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2525 12 accent accent JJ 19499 2525 13 marks mark NNS 19499 2525 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2525 15 began begin VBD 19499 2525 16 to to TO 19499 2525 17 be be VB 19499 2525 18 written write VBN 19499 2525 19 above above IN 19499 2525 20 the the DT 19499 2525 21 text text NN 19499 2525 22 of of IN 19499 2525 23 the the DT 19499 2525 24 Latin latin JJ 19499 2525 25 hymns hymn NNS 19499 2525 26 of of IN 19499 2525 27 the the DT 19499 2525 28 church church NN 19499 2525 29 , , , 19499 2525 30 these these DT 19499 2525 31 marks mark NNS 19499 2525 32 serving serve VBG 19499 2525 33 to to TO 19499 2525 34 indicate indicate VB 19499 2525 35 in in IN 19499 2525 36 a a DT 19499 2525 37 general general JJ 19499 2525 38 way way NN 19499 2525 39 the the DT 19499 2525 40 progress progress NN 19499 2525 41 of of IN 19499 2525 42 the the DT 19499 2525 43 melody melody NN 19499 2525 44 . . . 19499 2526 1 E.g. e.g. RB 19499 2526 2 , , , 19499 2526 3 an an DT 19499 2526 4 upward upward JJ 19499 2526 5 stroke stroke NN 19499 2526 6 of of IN 19499 2526 7 the the DT 19499 2526 8 pen pen NN 19499 2526 9 indicated indicate VBD 19499 2526 10 a a DT 19499 2526 11 rise rise NN 19499 2526 12 of of IN 19499 2526 13 the the DT 19499 2526 14 melody melody NN 19499 2526 15 , , , 19499 2526 16 a a DT 19499 2526 17 downward downward JJ 19499 2526 18 stroke stroke NN 19499 2526 19 a a DT 19499 2526 20 fall fall NN 19499 2526 21 , , , 19499 2526 22 etc etc FW 19499 2526 23 . . . 19499 2527 1 In in IN 19499 2527 2 the the DT 19499 2527 3 course course NN 19499 2527 4 of of IN 19499 2527 5 two two CD 19499 2527 6 or or CC 19499 2527 7 three three CD 19499 2527 8 centuries century NNS 19499 2527 9 these these DT 19499 2527 10 marks mark NNS 19499 2527 11 were be VBD 19499 2527 12 added add VBN 19499 2527 13 to to IN 19499 2527 14 and and CC 19499 2527 15 modified modify VBN 19499 2527 16 quite quite RB 19499 2527 17 considerably considerably RB 19499 2527 18 , , , 19499 2527 19 and and CC 19499 2527 20 the the DT 19499 2527 21 system system NN 19499 2527 22 of of IN 19499 2527 23 notation notation NN 19499 2527 24 which which WDT 19499 2527 25 thus thus RB 19499 2527 26 grew grow VBD 19499 2527 27 up up RP 19499 2527 28 was be VBD 19499 2527 29 called call VBN 19499 2527 30 " " `` 19499 2527 31 neume neume NNP 19499 2527 32 notation notation NN 19499 2527 33 , , , 19499 2527 34 " " '' 19499 2527 35 the the DT 19499 2527 36 word word NN 19499 2527 37 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 38 neume neume NN 19499 2527 39 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 40 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2527 41 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2527 42 spelled spell VBN 19499 2527 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 44 neuma neuma NNP 19499 2527 45 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 46 , , , 19499 2527 47 or or CC 19499 2527 48 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 49 pneuma pneuma NNP 19499 2527 50 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 51 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2527 52 being be VBG 19499 2527 53 of of IN 19499 2527 54 Greek greek JJ 19499 2527 55 origin origin NN 19499 2527 56 and and CC 19499 2527 57 meaning mean VBG 19499 2527 58 a a DT 19499 2527 59 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 60 nod nod NN 19499 2527 61 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 62 or or CC 19499 2527 63 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 64 sign sign NN 19499 2527 65 _ _ NNP 19499 2527 66 . . . 19499 2528 1 This this DT 19499 2528 2 system system NN 19499 2528 3 of of IN 19499 2528 4 neumes neume NNS 19499 2528 5 was be VBD 19499 2528 6 in in IN 19499 2528 7 some some DT 19499 2528 8 ways way NNS 19499 2528 9 a a DT 19499 2528 10 retrogression retrogression NN 19499 2528 11 from from IN 19499 2528 12 the the DT 19499 2528 13 Greek greek JJ 19499 2528 14 letter letter NN 19499 2528 15 system system NN 19499 2528 16 , , , 19499 2528 17 for for IN 19499 2528 18 the the DT 19499 2528 19 neumes neume NNS 19499 2528 20 indicated indicate VBD 19499 2528 21 neither neither DT 19499 2528 22 definite definite JJ 19499 2528 23 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2528 24 nor nor CC 19499 2528 25 definite definite JJ 19499 2528 26 tone tone NN 19499 2528 27 - - HYPH 19499 2528 28 lengths length NNS 19499 2528 29 . . . 19499 2529 1 But but CC 19499 2529 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2529 3 had have VBD 19499 2529 4 this this DT 19499 2529 5 advantage advantage NN 19499 2529 6 over over IN 19499 2529 7 the the DT 19499 2529 8 Greek greek JJ 19499 2529 9 system system NN 19499 2529 10 , , , 19499 2529 11 that that IN 19499 2529 12 the the DT 19499 2529 13 position position NN 19499 2529 14 of of IN 19499 2529 15 the the DT 19499 2529 16 signs sign NNS 19499 2529 17 on on IN 19499 2529 18 the the DT 19499 2529 19 page page NN 19499 2529 20 indicated indicate VBD 19499 2529 21 graphically graphically RB 19499 2529 22 to to IN 19499 2529 23 the the DT 19499 2529 24 eye eye NN 19499 2529 25 the the DT 19499 2529 26 general general JJ 19499 2529 27 direction direction NN 19499 2529 28 of of IN 19499 2529 29 the the DT 19499 2529 30 melody melody NN 19499 2529 31 , , , 19499 2529 32 as as RB 19499 2529 33 well well RB 19499 2529 34 as as IN 19499 2529 35 giving give VBG 19499 2529 36 at at RB 19499 2529 37 least least JJS 19499 2529 38 a a DT 19499 2529 39 hint hint NN 19499 2529 40 concerning concern VBG 19499 2529 41 the the DT 19499 2529 42 relative relative JJ 19499 2529 43 highness highness NN 19499 2529 44 or or CC 19499 2529 45 lowness lowness NN 19499 2529 46 of of IN 19499 2529 47 each each DT 19499 2529 48 individual individual JJ 19499 2529 49 tone tone NN 19499 2529 50 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2529 51 the the DT 19499 2529 52 so so RB 19499 2529 53 - - HYPH 19499 2529 54 called call VBN 19499 2529 55 _ _ NNP 19499 2529 56 diastematic diastematic JJ 19499 2529 57 system system NN 19499 2529 58 _ _ NNP 19499 2529 59 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2529 60 , , , 19499 2529 61 and and CC 19499 2529 62 this this DT 19499 2529 63 was be VBD 19499 2529 64 a a DT 19499 2529 65 great great JJ 19499 2529 66 aid aid NN 19499 2529 67 to to IN 19499 2529 68 the the DT 19499 2529 69 eye eye NN 19499 2529 70 in in IN 19499 2529 71 singing singing NN 19499 2529 72 , , , 19499 2529 73 just just RB 19499 2529 74 as as IN 19499 2529 75 the the DT 19499 2529 76 relative relative JJ 19499 2529 77 highness highness NN 19499 2529 78 and and CC 19499 2529 79 lowness lowness NN 19499 2529 80 of of IN 19499 2529 81 notes note NNS 19499 2529 82 on on IN 19499 2529 83 the the DT 19499 2529 84 modern modern JJ 19499 2529 85 staff staff NN 19499 2529 86 is be VBZ 19499 2529 87 of of IN 19499 2529 88 great great JJ 19499 2529 89 value value NN 19499 2529 90 in in IN 19499 2529 91 reading read VBG 19499 2529 92 music music NN 19499 2529 93 at at IN 19499 2529 94 the the DT 19499 2529 95 present present JJ 19499 2529 96 time time NN 19499 2529 97 . . . 19499 2530 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2530 2 although although IN 19499 2530 3 the the DT 19499 2530 4 neumae neumae NN 19499 2530 5 did do VBD 19499 2530 6 not not RB 19499 2530 7 enable enable VB 19499 2530 8 one one PRP 19499 2530 9 to to TO 19499 2530 10 sing sing VB 19499 2530 11 a a DT 19499 2530 12 new new JJ 19499 2530 13 melody melody NN 19499 2530 14 at at IN 19499 2530 15 sight sight NN 19499 2530 16 as as IN 19499 2530 17 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2530 18 modern modern JJ 19499 2530 19 staff staff NN 19499 2530 20 notation notation NN 19499 2530 21 does do VBZ 19499 2530 22 , , , 19499 2530 23 yet yet CC 19499 2530 24 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2530 25 served serve VBD 19499 2530 26 very very RB 19499 2530 27 well well RB 19499 2530 28 to to TO 19499 2530 29 recall recall VB 19499 2530 30 to to IN 19499 2530 31 the the DT 19499 2530 32 eye eye NN 19499 2530 33 the the DT 19499 2530 34 general general JJ 19499 2530 35 outline outline NN 19499 2530 36 of of IN 19499 2530 37 a a DT 19499 2530 38 melody melody NN 19499 2530 39 previously previously RB 19499 2530 40 learned learn VBN 19499 2530 41 by by IN 19499 2530 42 ear ear NN 19499 2530 43 and and CC 19499 2530 44 therefore therefore RB 19499 2530 45 enabled enable VBD 19499 2530 46 the the DT 19499 2530 47 singer singer NN 19499 2530 48 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2530 49 the the DT 19499 2530 50 system system NN 19499 2530 51 was be VBD 19499 2530 52 used use VBN 19499 2530 53 for for IN 19499 2530 54 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2530 55 music music NN 19499 2530 56 only only RB 19499 2530 57 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2530 58 to to TO 19499 2530 59 differentiate differentiate VB 19499 2530 60 between between IN 19499 2530 61 that that DT 19499 2530 62 particular particular JJ 19499 2530 63 melody melody NN 19499 2530 64 and and CC 19499 2530 65 the the DT 19499 2530 66 dozens dozen NNS 19499 2530 67 of of IN 19499 2530 68 others other NNS 19499 2530 69 which which WDT 19499 2530 70 he -PRON- PRP 19499 2530 71 probably probably RB 19499 2530 72 knew know VBD 19499 2530 73 . . . 19499 2531 1 Neume Neume NNP 19499 2531 2 notation notation NN 19499 2531 3 was be VBD 19499 2531 4 used use VBN 19499 2531 5 mostly mostly RB 19499 2531 6 in in IN 19499 2531 7 connection connection NN 19499 2531 8 with with IN 19499 2531 9 the the DT 19499 2531 10 " " `` 19499 2531 11 plain plain JJ 19499 2531 12 - - HYPH 19499 2531 13 song song NN 19499 2531 14 melodies melody NNS 19499 2531 15 " " '' 19499 2531 16 of of IN 19499 2531 17 the the DT 19499 2531 18 Church Church NNP 19499 2531 19 , , , 19499 2531 20 and and CC 19499 2531 21 since since IN 19499 2531 22 the the DT 19499 2531 23 words word NNS 19499 2531 24 of of IN 19499 2531 25 these these DT 19499 2531 26 chants chant NNS 19499 2531 27 were be VBD 19499 2531 28 sung sung JJ 19499 2531 29 as as IN 19499 2531 30 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2531 31 would would MD 19499 2531 32 be be VB 19499 2531 33 pronounced pronounce VBN 19499 2531 34 in in IN 19499 2531 35 reading reading NN 19499 2531 36 , , , 19499 2531 37 the the DT 19499 2531 38 deficiency deficiency NN 19499 2531 39 of of IN 19499 2531 40 the the DT 19499 2531 41 neume neume NN 19499 2531 42 system system NN 19499 2531 43 in in IN 19499 2531 44 not not RB 19499 2531 45 expressing express VBG 19499 2531 46 definite definite JJ 19499 2531 47 duration duration NN 19499 2531 48 values value NNS 19499 2531 49 was be VBD 19499 2531 50 not not RB 19499 2531 51 felt feel VBN 19499 2531 52 . . . 19499 2532 1 But but CC 19499 2532 2 later later RB 19499 2532 3 on on RB 19499 2532 4 with with IN 19499 2532 5 the the DT 19499 2532 6 rise rise NN 19499 2532 7 of of IN 19499 2532 8 so so RB 19499 2532 9 - - HYPH 19499 2532 10 called call VBN 19499 2532 11 " " `` 19499 2532 12 measured measure VBN 19499 2532 13 music music NN 19499 2532 14 " " '' 19499 2532 15 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2532 16 cf cf NN 19499 2532 17 . . . 19499 2533 1 invention invention NN 19499 2533 2 of of IN 19499 2533 3 opera opera NNP 19499 2533 4 , , , 19499 2533 5 development development NN 19499 2533 6 of of IN 19499 2533 7 independent independent JJ 19499 2533 8 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2533 9 music music NN 19499 2533 10 , , , 19499 2533 11 etc etc FW 19499 2533 12 . . . 19499 2534 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2534 2 , , , 19499 2534 3 this this DT 19499 2534 4 lack lack NN 19499 2534 5 was be VBD 19499 2534 6 seen see VBN 19499 2534 7 to to TO 19499 2534 8 be be VB 19499 2534 9 one one CD 19499 2534 10 of of IN 19499 2534 11 the the DT 19499 2534 12 chief chief JJ 19499 2534 13 disadvantages disadvantage NNS 19499 2534 14 of of IN 19499 2534 15 the the DT 19499 2534 16 system system NN 19499 2534 17 . . . 19499 2535 1 The the DT 19499 2535 2 elements element NNS 19499 2535 3 of of IN 19499 2535 4 neume neume NN 19499 2535 5 - - HYPH 19499 2535 6 writing writing NN 19499 2535 7 as as IN 19499 2535 8 given give VBN 19499 2535 9 by by IN 19499 2535 10 Riemann Riemann NNP 19499 2535 11 in in IN 19499 2535 12 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2535 13 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 19499 2535 14 of of IN 19499 2535 15 Music Music NNP 19499 2535 16 are be VBP 19499 2535 17 : : : 19499 2535 18 " " `` 19499 2535 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2535 20 1 1 LS 19499 2535 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2535 22 The the DT 19499 2535 23 signs sign NNS 19499 2535 24 for for IN 19499 2535 25 a a DT 19499 2535 26 single single JJ 19499 2535 27 note note NN 19499 2535 28 : : : 19499 2535 29 Virga Virga NNP 19499 2535 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2535 31 Virgula Virgula NNP 19499 2535 32 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2535 33 and and CC 19499 2535 34 Punctus Punctus NNP 19499 2535 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2535 36 Punctum Punctum NNP 19499 2535 37 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2535 38 . . . 19499 2536 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2536 2 2 2 LS 19499 2536 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2536 4 The the DT 19499 2536 5 sign sign NN 19499 2536 6 for for IN 19499 2536 7 a a DT 19499 2536 8 rising rise VBG 19499 2536 9 interval interval NN 19499 2536 10 : : : 19499 2536 11 Pes Pes NNP 19499 2536 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2536 13 Podatus Podatus NNP 19499 2536 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2536 15 . . . 19499 2537 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2537 2 3 3 LS 19499 2537 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2537 4 The the DT 19499 2537 5 sign sign NN 19499 2537 6 for for IN 19499 2537 7 a a DT 19499 2537 8 falling fall VBG 19499 2537 9 interval interval NN 19499 2537 10 : : : 19499 2537 11 Clinis Clinis NNP 19499 2537 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2537 13 Flexa Flexa NNP 19499 2537 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2537 15 . . . 19499 2538 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2538 2 4 4 LS 19499 2538 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2538 4 Some some DT 19499 2538 5 signs sign NNS 19499 2538 6 for for IN 19499 2538 7 special special JJ 19499 2538 8 manners manner NNS 19499 2538 9 of of IN 19499 2538 10 performance performance NN 19499 2538 11 : : : 19499 2538 12 Tremula Tremula NNP 19499 2538 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2538 14 Bebung Bebung NNP 19499 2538 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2538 16 , , , 19499 2538 17 Quilisma Quilisma NNP 19499 2538 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2538 19 shake shake NN 19499 2538 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2538 21 , , , 19499 2538 22 Plica Plica NNP 19499 2538 23 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2538 24 turn turn NN 19499 2538 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2538 26 , , , 19499 2538 27 etc etc FW 19499 2538 28 . . . 19499 2539 1 The the DT 19499 2539 2 others other NNS 19499 2539 3 were be VBD 19499 2539 4 either either DT 19499 2539 5 synonyms synonyms NN 19499 2539 6 of of IN 19499 2539 7 the the DT 19499 2539 8 above above RB 19499 2539 9 - - HYPH 19499 2539 10 named name VBN 19499 2539 11 or or CC 19499 2539 12 combinations combination NNS 19499 2539 13 of of IN 19499 2539 14 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2539 15 .... .... NFP 19499 2539 16 " " '' 19499 2539 17 Since since IN 19499 2539 18 music music NN 19499 2539 19 in in IN 19499 2539 20 the the DT 19499 2539 21 middle middle JJ 19499 2539 22 ages age NNS 19499 2539 23 was be VBD 19499 2539 24 always always RB 19499 2539 25 copied copy VBN 19499 2539 26 by by IN 19499 2539 27 hand hand NN 19499 2539 28 , , , 19499 2539 29 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2539 30 will will MD 19499 2539 31 readily readily RB 19499 2539 32 be be VB 19499 2539 33 understood understand VBN 19499 2539 34 that that IN 19499 2539 35 these these DT 19499 2539 36 neumae neumae NNP 19499 2539 37 were be VBD 19499 2539 38 not not RB 19499 2539 39 uniform uniform JJ 19499 2539 40 either either CC 19499 2539 41 in in IN 19499 2539 42 shape shape NN 19499 2539 43 or or CC 19499 2539 44 size size NN 19499 2539 45 , , , 19499 2539 46 and and CC 19499 2539 47 that that IN 19499 2539 48 each each DT 19499 2539 49 writer writer NN 19499 2539 50 made make VBD 19499 2539 51 use use NN 19499 2539 52 of of IN 19499 2539 53 certain certain JJ 19499 2539 54 peculiarities peculiarity NNS 19499 2539 55 of of IN 19499 2539 56 writing writing NN 19499 2539 57 , , , 19499 2539 58 which which WDT 19499 2539 59 , , , 19499 2539 60 although although IN 19499 2539 61 perfectly perfectly RB 19499 2539 62 intelligible intelligible JJ 19499 2539 63 to to IN 19499 2539 64 himself -PRON- PRP 19499 2539 65 , , , 19499 2539 66 could could MD 19499 2539 67 not not RB 19499 2539 68 readily readily RB 19499 2539 69 be be VB 19499 2539 70 interpreted interpret VBN 19499 2539 71 by by IN 19499 2539 72 others other NNS 19499 2539 73 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2539 74 cf cf NN 19499 2539 75 . . . 19499 2540 1 writing write VBG 19499 2540 2 shorthand shorthand NNP 19499 2540 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2540 4 . . . 19499 2541 1 Here here RB 19499 2541 2 then then RB 19499 2541 3 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2541 4 observe observe VBP 19499 2541 5 the the DT 19499 2541 6 greatest great JJS 19499 2541 7 weakness weakness NN 19499 2541 8 of of IN 19499 2541 9 the the DT 19499 2541 10 neume neume NN 19499 2541 11 system system NN 19499 2541 12 -- -- : 19499 2541 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2541 14 lack lack NN 19499 2541 15 of of IN 19499 2541 16 uniformity uniformity NN 19499 2541 17 and and CC 19499 2541 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2541 19 consequent consequent JJ 19499 2541 20 inability inability NN 19499 2541 21 accurately accurately RB 19499 2541 22 to to TO 19499 2541 23 express express VB 19499 2541 24 musical musical JJ 19499 2541 25 ideas idea NNS 19499 2541 26 for for IN 19499 2541 27 universal universal JJ 19499 2541 28 interpretation interpretation NN 19499 2541 29 . . . 19499 2542 1 Examples example NNS 19499 2542 2 of of IN 19499 2542 3 several several JJ 19499 2542 4 neumes neume NNS 19499 2542 5 are be VBP 19499 2542 6 given give VBN 19499 2542 7 merely merely RB 19499 2542 8 in in IN 19499 2542 9 order order NN 19499 2542 10 to to TO 19499 2542 11 give give VB 19499 2542 12 the the DT 19499 2542 13 beginner beginner NN 19499 2542 14 a a DT 19499 2542 15 general general JJ 19499 2542 16 idea idea NN 19499 2542 17 of of IN 19499 2542 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2542 19 appearance appearance NN 19499 2542 20 . . . 19499 2543 1 Virga Virga NNP 19499 2543 2 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2543 3 virga virga NNP 19499 2543 4 symbol symbol NN 19499 2543 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2543 6 or or CC 19499 2543 7 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2543 8 virga virga NNP 19499 2543 9 symbol symbol NN 19499 2543 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2543 11 . . . 19499 2544 1 Punctus Punctus NNP 19499 2544 2 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2544 3 punctus punctus NN 19499 2544 4 symbol symbol NN 19499 2544 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2544 6 or or CC 19499 2544 7 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2544 8 punctus punctus NN 19499 2544 9 symbol symbol NN 19499 2544 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2544 11 . . . 19499 2545 1 Pes Pes NNP 19499 2545 2 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2545 3 pes pes NNP 19499 2545 4 symbol symbol NN 19499 2545 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2545 6 or or CC 19499 2545 7 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2545 8 pes pes NNP 19499 2545 9 symbol symbol NN 19499 2545 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2545 11 . . . 19499 2546 1 Clinis clinis NN 19499 2546 2 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2546 3 clinis clinis NNP 19499 2546 4 symbol symbol NN 19499 2546 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2546 6 or or CC 19499 2546 7 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2546 8 clinis clinis NNP 19499 2546 9 symbol symbol NN 19499 2546 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2546 11 . . . 19499 2547 1 As as IN 19499 2547 2 music music NN 19499 2547 3 grew grow VBD 19499 2547 4 more more JJR 19499 2547 5 and and CC 19499 2547 6 more more RBR 19499 2547 7 complex complex JJ 19499 2547 8 , , , 19499 2547 9 and and CC 19499 2547 10 especially especially RB 19499 2547 11 as as IN 19499 2547 12 writing write VBG 19499 2547 13 in in IN 19499 2547 14 several several JJ 19499 2547 15 parts part NNS 19499 2547 16 came come VBD 19499 2547 17 into into IN 19499 2547 18 use use NN 19499 2547 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2547 20 cf cf NN 19499 2547 21 . . . 19499 2548 1 rise rise NN 19499 2548 2 of of IN 19499 2548 3 organum organum NN 19499 2548 4 , , , 19499 2548 5 descant descant JJ 19499 2548 6 , , , 19499 2548 7 and and CC 19499 2548 8 counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 2548 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2548 10 , , , 19499 2548 11 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2548 12 became become VBD 19499 2548 13 increasingly increasingly RB 19499 2548 14 difficult difficult JJ 19499 2548 15 to to TO 19499 2548 16 express express VB 19499 2548 17 musical musical JJ 19499 2548 18 ideas idea NNS 19499 2548 19 on on IN 19499 2548 20 the the DT 19499 2548 21 basis basis NN 19499 2548 22 of of IN 19499 2548 23 the the DT 19499 2548 24 old old JJ 19499 2548 25 notation notation NN 19499 2548 26 , , , 19499 2548 27 and and CC 19499 2548 28 numerous numerous JJ 19499 2548 29 attempts attempt NNS 19499 2548 30 were be VBD 19499 2548 31 made make VBN 19499 2548 32 to to TO 19499 2548 33 invent invent VB 19499 2548 34 a a DT 19499 2548 35 more more RBR 19499 2548 36 accurate accurate JJ 19499 2548 37 and and CC 19499 2548 38 usable usable JJ 19499 2548 39 system system NN 19499 2548 40 . . . 19499 2549 1 Among among IN 19499 2549 2 these these DT 19499 2549 3 one one CD 19499 2549 4 of of IN 19499 2549 5 the the DT 19499 2549 6 most most RBS 19499 2549 7 interesting interesting JJ 19499 2549 8 was be VBD 19499 2549 9 that that IN 19499 2549 10 in in IN 19499 2549 11 which which WDT 19499 2549 12 the the DT 19499 2549 13 words word NNS 19499 2549 14 of of IN 19499 2549 15 the the DT 19499 2549 16 text text NN 19499 2549 17 were be VBD 19499 2549 18 written write VBN 19499 2549 19 in in IN 19499 2549 20 the the DT 19499 2549 21 spaces space NNS 19499 2549 22 between between IN 19499 2549 23 long long JJ 19499 2549 24 , , , 19499 2549 25 parallel parallel JJ 19499 2549 26 lines line NNS 19499 2549 27 , , , 19499 2549 28 placing place VBG 19499 2549 29 the the DT 19499 2549 30 initial initial JJ 19499 2549 31 letters letter NNS 19499 2549 32 of of IN 19499 2549 33 the the DT 19499 2549 34 words word NNS 19499 2549 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2549 36 tone tone NN 19499 2549 37 _ _ NNP 19499 2549 38 and and CC 19499 2549 39 _ _ NNP 19499 2549 40 semi semi JJ 19499 2549 41 - - JJ 19499 2549 42 tone tone JJ 19499 2549 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2549 44 at at IN 19499 2549 45 the the DT 19499 2549 46 beginning beginning NN 19499 2549 47 of of IN 19499 2549 48 the the DT 19499 2549 49 line line NN 19499 2549 50 to to TO 19499 2549 51 indicate indicate VB 19499 2549 52 the the DT 19499 2549 53 scale scale NN 19499 2549 54 interval interval NN 19499 2549 55 . . . 19499 2550 1 An an DT 19499 2550 2 example example NN 19499 2550 3 will will MD 19499 2550 4 make make VB 19499 2550 5 this this DT 19499 2550 6 clear clear JJ 19499 2550 7 . . . 19499 2551 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2551 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2551 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2551 4 This this DT 19499 2551 5 indicated indicate VBD 19499 2551 6 the the DT 19499 2551 7 precise precise JJ 19499 2551 8 melodic melodic JJ 19499 2551 9 interval interval NN 19499 2551 10 but but CC 19499 2551 11 did do VBD 19499 2551 12 not not RB 19499 2551 13 give give VB 19499 2551 14 any any DT 19499 2551 15 idea idea NN 19499 2551 16 of of IN 19499 2551 17 the the DT 19499 2551 18 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 2551 19 , , , 19499 2551 20 and and CC 19499 2551 21 the the DT 19499 2551 22 natural natural JJ 19499 2551 23 accents accent NNS 19499 2551 24 of of IN 19499 2551 25 the the DT 19499 2551 26 text text NN 19499 2551 27 were be VBD 19499 2551 28 the the DT 19499 2551 29 only only JJ 19499 2551 30 guide guide NN 19499 2551 31 the the DT 19499 2551 32 singer singer NN 19499 2551 33 had have VBD 19499 2551 34 in in IN 19499 2551 35 this this DT 19499 2551 36 direction direction NN 19499 2551 37 , , , 19499 2551 38 as as IN 19499 2551 39 was be VBD 19499 2551 40 the the DT 19499 2551 41 case case NN 19499 2551 42 in in IN 19499 2551 43 neume neume NN 19499 2551 44 - - HYPH 19499 2551 45 notation notation NN 19499 2551 46 and and CC 19499 2551 47 in in IN 19499 2551 48 early early JJ 19499 2551 49 staff staff NN 19499 2551 50 - - HYPH 19499 2551 51 notation notation NN 19499 2551 52 also also RB 19499 2551 53 . . . 19499 2552 1 Various various JJ 19499 2552 2 other other JJ 19499 2552 3 attempts attempt NNS 19499 2552 4 to to TO 19499 2552 5 invent invent VB 19499 2552 6 a a DT 19499 2552 7 more more RBR 19499 2552 8 definite definite JJ 19499 2552 9 notation notation NN 19499 2552 10 were be VBD 19499 2552 11 made make VBN 19499 2552 12 , , , 19499 2552 13 but but CC 19499 2552 14 all all DT 19499 2552 15 were be VBD 19499 2552 16 sporadic sporadic JJ 19499 2552 17 , , , 19499 2552 18 and and CC 19499 2552 19 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2552 20 was be VBD 19499 2552 21 not not RB 19499 2552 22 until until IN 19499 2552 23 the the DT 19499 2552 24 idea idea NN 19499 2552 25 of of IN 19499 2552 26 using use VBG 19499 2552 27 the the DT 19499 2552 28 lines line NNS 19499 2552 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2552 30 later later JJ 19499 2552 31 lines line NNS 19499 2552 32 and and CC 19499 2552 33 spaces space NNS 19499 2552 34 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2552 35 to to TO 19499 2552 36 represent represent VB 19499 2552 37 definite definite JJ 19499 2552 38 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2552 39 , , , 19499 2552 40 and and CC 19499 2552 41 writing write VBG 19499 2552 42 notes note NNS 19499 2552 43 of of IN 19499 2552 44 various various JJ 19499 2552 45 shapes shape NNS 19499 2552 46 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2552 47 derived derive VBN 19499 2552 48 from from IN 19499 2552 49 the the DT 19499 2552 50 neumae neumae NN 19499 2552 51 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2552 52 to to TO 19499 2552 53 indicate indicate VB 19499 2552 54 relative relative JJ 19499 2552 55 duration duration NN 19499 2552 56 - - HYPH 19499 2552 57 values value NNS 19499 2552 58 -- -- : 19499 2552 59 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2552 60 was be VBD 19499 2552 61 only only RB 19499 2552 62 when when WRB 19499 2552 63 this this DT 19499 2552 64 combination combination NN 19499 2552 65 of of IN 19499 2552 66 two two CD 19499 2552 67 elements element NNS 19499 2552 68 was be VBD 19499 2552 69 devised devise VBN 19499 2552 70 that that IN 19499 2552 71 any any DT 19499 2552 72 one one CD 19499 2552 73 system system NN 19499 2552 74 began begin VBD 19499 2552 75 to to TO 19499 2552 76 be be VB 19499 2552 77 universally universally RB 19499 2552 78 used use VBN 19499 2552 79 . . . 19499 2553 1 Just just RB 19499 2553 2 how how WRB 19499 2553 3 the the DT 19499 2553 4 transition transition NN 19499 2553 5 from from IN 19499 2553 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2553 7 neume neume NN 19499 2553 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2553 9 to to IN 19499 2553 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2553 11 staff staff NN 19499 2553 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2553 13 notation notation NN 19499 2553 14 was be VBD 19499 2553 15 made make VBN 19499 2553 16 no no DT 19499 2553 17 one one NN 19499 2553 18 knows know VBZ 19499 2553 19 : : : 19499 2553 20 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2553 21 was be VBD 19499 2553 22 not not RB 19499 2553 23 done do VBN 19499 2553 24 in in IN 19499 2553 25 a a DT 19499 2553 26 day day NN 19499 2553 27 nor nor CC 19499 2553 28 in in IN 19499 2553 29 a a DT 19499 2553 30 year year NN 19499 2553 31 but but CC 19499 2553 32 was be VBD 19499 2553 33 the the DT 19499 2553 34 result result NN 19499 2553 35 of of IN 19499 2553 36 a a DT 19499 2553 37 gradual gradual JJ 19499 2553 38 process process NN 19499 2553 39 of of IN 19499 2553 40 evolution evolution NN 19499 2553 41 and and CC 19499 2553 42 improvement improvement NN 19499 2553 43 . . . 19499 2554 1 Nor nor CC 19499 2554 2 is be VBZ 19499 2554 3 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2554 4 probable probable JJ 19499 2554 5 that that IN 19499 2554 6 any any DT 19499 2554 7 one one CD 19499 2554 8 man man NN 19499 2554 9 deserves deserve VBZ 19499 2554 10 the the DT 19499 2554 11 entire entire JJ 19499 2554 12 credit credit NN 19499 2554 13 for for IN 19499 2554 14 the the DT 19499 2554 15 invention invention NN 19499 2554 16 of of IN 19499 2554 17 staff staff NNP 19499 2554 18 notation notation NN 19499 2554 19 , , , 19499 2554 20 although although IN 19499 2554 21 this this DT 19499 2554 22 feat feat NN 19499 2554 23 is be VBZ 19499 2554 24 commonly commonly RB 19499 2554 25 attributed attribute VBN 19499 2554 26 to to IN 19499 2554 27 an an DT 19499 2554 28 Italian italian JJ 19499 2554 29 monk monk NN 19499 2554 30 named name VBN 19499 2554 31 Guido Guido NNP 19499 2554 32 d'Arezzo d'Arezzo NNP 19499 2554 33 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2554 34 approximate approximate JJ 19499 2554 35 dates date VBZ 19499 2554 36 995 995 CD 19499 2554 37 - - HYPH 19499 2554 38 1050 1050 CD 19499 2554 39 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2554 40 . . . 19499 2555 1 To to IN 19499 2555 2 this this DT 19499 2555 3 same same JJ 19499 2555 4 monk monk NN 19499 2555 5 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2555 6 are be VBP 19499 2555 7 indebted indebted JJ 19499 2555 8 , , , 19499 2555 9 however however RB 19499 2555 10 , , , 19499 2555 11 for for IN 19499 2555 12 the the DT 19499 2555 13 invention invention NN 19499 2555 14 of of IN 19499 2555 15 the the DT 19499 2555 16 syllables syllable NNS 19499 2555 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2555 18 UT UT NNP 19499 2555 19 , , , 19499 2555 20 RE RE NNP 19499 2555 21 , , , 19499 2555 22 MI MI NNP 19499 2555 23 , , , 19499 2555 24 etc etc FW 19499 2555 25 . . . 19499 2555 26 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2556 1 which which WDT 19499 2556 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2556 3 in in IN 19499 2556 4 a a DT 19499 2556 5 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2556 6 modified modify VBN 19499 2556 7 form form NN 19499 2556 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2556 9 are be VBP 19499 2556 10 so so RB 19499 2556 11 widely widely RB 19499 2556 12 used use VBN 19499 2556 13 for for IN 19499 2556 14 sight sight NN 19499 2556 15 - - HYPH 19499 2556 16 singing singing NN 19499 2556 17 purposes purpose NNS 19499 2556 18 . . . 19499 2557 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2557 2 For for IN 19499 2557 3 a a DT 19499 2557 4 more more RBR 19499 2557 5 detailed detailed JJ 19499 2557 6 account account NN 19499 2557 7 of of IN 19499 2557 8 the the DT 19499 2557 9 transition transition NN 19499 2557 10 to to IN 19499 2557 11 staff staff NN 19499 2557 12 notation notation NN 19499 2557 13 , , , 19499 2557 14 see see VB 19499 2557 15 Grove Grove NNP 19499 2557 16 , , , 19499 2557 17 op op NN 19499 2557 18 . . . 19499 2558 1 cit cit NNP 19499 2558 2 . . . 19499 2559 1 article article NNP 19499 2559 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2559 3 notation notation NN 19499 2559 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2559 5 . . . 19499 2559 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2560 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2560 2 will will MD 19499 2560 3 now now RB 19499 2560 4 be be VB 19499 2560 5 readily readily RB 19499 2560 6 seen see VBN 19499 2560 7 that that IN 19499 2560 8 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2560 9 modern modern JJ 19499 2560 10 notation notation NN 19499 2560 11 is be VBZ 19499 2560 12 the the DT 19499 2560 13 result result NN 19499 2560 14 of of IN 19499 2560 15 a a DT 19499 2560 16 combination combination NN 19499 2560 17 of of IN 19499 2560 18 two two CD 19499 2560 19 preceding precede VBG 19499 2560 20 methods method NNS 19499 2560 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2560 22 the the DT 19499 2560 23 Greek greek JJ 19499 2560 24 letters letter NNS 19499 2560 25 , , , 19499 2560 26 and and CC 19499 2560 27 the the DT 19499 2560 28 neumes neume NNS 19499 2560 29 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2560 30 together together RB 19499 2560 31 with with IN 19499 2560 32 a a DT 19499 2560 33 new new JJ 19499 2560 34 element element NN 19499 2560 35 -- -- : 19499 2560 36 the the DT 19499 2560 37 staff staff NN 19499 2560 38 , , , 19499 2560 39 emphasizing emphasize VBG 19499 2560 40 the the DT 19499 2560 41 idea idea NN 19499 2560 42 that that WDT 19499 2560 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2560 44 higher high JJR 19499 2560 45 tones tone NNS 19499 2560 46 _ _ NNP 19499 2560 47 are be VBP 19499 2560 48 written write VBN 19499 2560 49 _ _ NNP 19499 2560 50 higher high JJR 19499 2560 51 _ _ NNP 19499 2560 52 on on IN 19499 2560 53 the the DT 19499 2560 54 staff staff NN 19499 2560 55 than than IN 19499 2560 56 lower low JJR 19499 2560 57 ones one NNS 19499 2560 58 . . . 19499 2561 1 The the DT 19499 2561 2 development development NN 19499 2561 3 of of IN 19499 2561 4 the the DT 19499 2561 5 neumes neume NNS 19499 2561 6 into into IN 19499 2561 7 notes note NNS 19499 2561 8 of of IN 19499 2561 9 various various JJ 19499 2561 10 shapes shape NNS 19499 2561 11 indicating indicate VBG 19499 2561 12 relative relative JJ 19499 2561 13 time time NN 19499 2561 14 values value NNS 19499 2561 15 and and CC 19499 2561 16 the the DT 19499 2561 17 division division NN 19499 2561 18 of of IN 19499 2561 19 the the DT 19499 2561 20 staff staff NN 19499 2561 21 into into IN 19499 2561 22 measures measure NNS 19499 2561 23 with with IN 19499 2561 24 a a DT 19499 2561 25 definite definite JJ 19499 2561 26 measure measure NN 19499 2561 27 signature signature NN 19499 2561 28 at at IN 19499 2561 29 the the DT 19499 2561 30 beginning beginning NN 19499 2561 31 are be VBP 19499 2561 32 natural natural JJ 19499 2561 33 developments development NNS 19499 2561 34 of of IN 19499 2561 35 the the DT 19499 2561 36 earlier early RBR 19499 2561 37 primitive primitive JJ 19499 2561 38 idea idea NN 19499 2561 39 . . . 19499 2562 1 In in IN 19499 2562 2 the the DT 19499 2562 3 system system NN 19499 2562 4 of of IN 19499 2562 5 " " `` 19499 2562 6 musica musica NNP 19499 2562 7 mensurabilis mensurabilis NNP 19499 2562 8 " " '' 19499 2562 9 or or CC 19499 2562 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 11 measured measure VBN 19499 2562 12 music music NN 19499 2562 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 14 which which WDT 19499 2562 15 was be VBD 19499 2562 16 inaugurated inaugurate VBN 19499 2562 17 a a DT 19499 2562 18 little little JJ 19499 2562 19 later later RB 19499 2562 20 , , , 19499 2562 21 the the DT 19499 2562 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 23 virga virga NN 19499 2562 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2562 26 which which WDT 19499 2562 27 had have VBD 19499 2562 28 meanwhile meanwhile RB 19499 2562 29 developed develop VBN 19499 2562 30 into into IN 19499 2562 31 a a DT 19499 2562 32 square square JJ 19499 2562 33 - - HYPH 19499 2562 34 headed headed JJ 19499 2562 35 neume neume NN 19499 2562 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2562 37 was be VBD 19499 2562 38 adopted adopt VBN 19499 2562 39 as as IN 19499 2562 40 the the DT 19499 2562 41 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 42 longa longa VBD 19499 2562 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 44 or or CC 19499 2562 45 long long JJ 19499 2562 46 note note NN 19499 2562 47 , , , 19499 2562 48 and and CC 19499 2562 49 the the DT 19499 2562 50 punctus punctus NN 19499 2562 51 in in IN 19499 2562 52 two two CD 19499 2562 53 of of IN 19499 2562 54 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2562 55 forms form NNS 19499 2562 56 as as IN 19499 2562 57 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 58 breve breve NN 19499 2562 59 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 60 and and CC 19499 2562 61 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 62 semi semi JJ 19499 2562 63 - - JJ 19499 2562 64 breve breve JJ 19499 2562 65 _ _ NNP 19499 2562 66 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2562 67 short short JJ 19499 2562 68 and and CC 19499 2562 69 half half JJ 19499 2562 70 - - HYPH 19499 2562 71 short short JJ 19499 2562 72 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2562 73 . . . 19499 2563 1 The the DT 19499 2563 2 longa longa NN 19499 2563 3 is be VBZ 19499 2563 4 now now RB 19499 2563 5 extinct extinct JJ 19499 2563 6 , , , 19499 2563 7 but but CC 19499 2563 8 the the DT 19499 2563 9 modern modern JJ 19499 2563 10 form form NN 19499 2563 11 of of IN 19499 2563 12 the the DT 19499 2563 13 breve breve NN 19499 2563 14 is be VBZ 19499 2563 15 still still RB 19499 2563 16 used use VBN 19499 2563 17 as as IN 19499 2563 18 the the DT 19499 2563 19 double double JJ 19499 2563 20 - - HYPH 19499 2563 21 whole whole JJ 19499 2563 22 - - HYPH 19499 2563 23 note note NN 19499 2563 24 , , , 19499 2563 25 and and CC 19499 2563 26 the the DT 19499 2563 27 semi semi JJ 19499 2563 28 - - JJ 19499 2563 29 breve breve JJ 19499 2563 30 is be VBZ 19499 2563 31 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2563 32 modern modern JJ 19499 2563 33 whole whole JJ 19499 2563 34 - - HYPH 19499 2563 35 note note NN 19499 2563 36 . . . 19499 2564 1 Red red JJ 19499 2564 2 - - HYPH 19499 2564 3 colored color VBN 19499 2564 4 notes note NNS 19499 2564 5 were be VBD 19499 2564 6 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2564 7 used use VBN 19499 2564 8 to to TO 19499 2564 9 indicate indicate VB 19499 2564 10 changes change NNS 19499 2564 11 in in IN 19499 2564 12 value value NN 19499 2564 13 and and CC 19499 2564 14 before before IN 19499 2564 15 long long JJ 19499 2564 16 outline outline NN 19499 2564 17 notes note NNS 19499 2564 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2564 19 called call VBN 19499 2564 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2564 21 empty empty JJ 19499 2564 22 notes note NNS 19499 2564 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2564 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2564 25 came come VBD 19499 2564 26 into into IN 19499 2564 27 use use NN 19499 2564 28 , , , 19499 2564 29 these these DT 19499 2564 30 being be VBG 19499 2564 31 easier easy JJR 19499 2564 32 to to TO 19499 2564 33 make make VB 19499 2564 34 than than IN 19499 2564 35 the the DT 19499 2564 36 solid solid JJ 19499 2564 37 ones one NNS 19499 2564 38 . . . 19499 2565 1 The the DT 19499 2565 2 transition transition NN 19499 2565 3 from from IN 19499 2565 4 square- square- NN 19499 2565 5 and and CC 19499 2565 6 diamond diamond NN 19499 2565 7 - - HYPH 19499 2565 8 shaped shape VBN 19499 2565 9 notes note NNS 19499 2565 10 to to TO 19499 2565 11 round round NN 19499 2565 12 and and CC 19499 2565 13 oval oval JJ 19499 2565 14 ones one NNS 19499 2565 15 also also RB 19499 2565 16 came come VBD 19499 2565 17 about about RP 19499 2565 18 because because IN 19499 2565 19 of of IN 19499 2565 20 the the DT 19499 2565 21 greater great JJR 19499 2565 22 facility facility NN 19499 2565 23 with with IN 19499 2565 24 which which WDT 19499 2565 25 the the DT 19499 2565 26 latter latter JJ 19499 2565 27 could could MD 19499 2565 28 be be VB 19499 2565 29 written write VBN 19499 2565 30 , , , 19499 2565 31 and and CC 19499 2565 32 for for IN 19499 2565 33 the the DT 19499 2565 34 same same JJ 19499 2565 35 reason reason NN 19499 2565 36 notes note NNS 19499 2565 37 of of IN 19499 2565 38 small small JJ 19499 2565 39 denomination denomination NN 19499 2565 40 were be VBD 19499 2565 41 later later RB 19499 2565 42 " " `` 19499 2565 43 tied tie VBN 19499 2565 44 together together RB 19499 2565 45 " " '' 19499 2565 46 or or CC 19499 2565 47 _ _ NNP 19499 2565 48 stroked stroke VBD 19499 2565 49 _ _ NNP 19499 2565 50 . . . 19499 2566 1 This this DT 19499 2566 2 latter latter JJ 19499 2566 3 usage usage NN 19499 2566 4 began begin VBD 19499 2566 5 about about RB 19499 2566 6 1700 1700 CD 19499 2566 7 A.D. A.D. NNP 19499 2567 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2567 2 is be VBZ 19499 2567 3 interesting interesting JJ 19499 2567 4 to to TO 19499 2567 5 find find VB 19499 2567 6 that that IN 19499 2567 7 when when WRB 19499 2567 8 " " `` 19499 2567 9 measured measure VBN 19499 2567 10 music music NN 19499 2567 11 " " '' 19499 2567 12 was be VBD 19499 2567 13 finally finally RB 19499 2567 14 inaugurated inaugurate VBN 19499 2567 15 there there EX 19499 2567 16 were be VBD 19499 2567 17 at at IN 19499 2567 18 first first JJ 19499 2567 19 but but CC 19499 2567 20 two two CD 19499 2567 21 measure measure NN 19499 2567 22 - - HYPH 19499 2567 23 signatures signature NNS 19499 2567 24 , , , 19499 2567 25 viz.--the viz.--the DT 19499 2567 26 circle circle NN 19499 2567 27 , , , 19499 2567 28 standing stand VBG 19499 2567 29 for for IN 19499 2567 30 three three CD 19499 2567 31 - - HYPH 19499 2567 32 beat beat VBN 19499 2567 33 measure measure NN 19499 2567 34 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2567 35 the the DT 19499 2567 36 so so RB 19499 2567 37 - - HYPH 19499 2567 38 called call VBN 19499 2567 39 _ _ NNP 19499 2567 40 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2567 41 measure measure NN 19499 2567 42 _ _ NNP 19499 2567 43 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2567 44 and and CC 19499 2567 45 the the DT 19499 2567 46 semi semi JJ 19499 2567 47 - - JJ 19499 2567 48 circle circle JJ 19499 2567 49 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2567 50 or or CC 19499 2567 51 broken break VBN 19499 2567 52 circle circle NN 19499 2567 53 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2567 54 which which WDT 19499 2567 55 indicated indicate VBD 19499 2567 56 two two CD 19499 2567 57 - - HYPH 19499 2567 58 beat beat NN 19499 2567 59 measure measure NN 19499 2567 60 . . . 19499 2568 1 Occasionally occasionally RB 19499 2568 2 three three CD 19499 2568 3 - - HYPH 19499 2568 4 beat beat VBN 19499 2568 5 measure measure NN 19499 2568 6 was be VBD 19499 2568 7 indicated indicate VBN 19499 2568 8 by by IN 19499 2568 9 three three CD 19499 2568 10 vertical vertical JJ 19499 2568 11 strokes stroke NNS 19499 2568 12 at at IN 19499 2568 13 the the DT 19499 2568 14 beginning beginning NN 19499 2568 15 of of IN 19499 2568 16 the the DT 19499 2568 17 melody melody NN 19499 2568 18 , , , 19499 2568 19 while while IN 19499 2568 20 two two CD 19499 2568 21 - - HYPH 19499 2568 22 beat beat NN 19499 2568 23 measure measure NN 19499 2568 24 was be VBD 19499 2568 25 shown show VBN 19499 2568 26 by by IN 19499 2568 27 two two CD 19499 2568 28 such such JJ 19499 2568 29 strokes stroke NNS 19499 2568 30 . . . 19499 2569 1 Upon upon IN 19499 2569 2 the the DT 19499 2569 3 basis basis NN 19499 2569 4 of of IN 19499 2569 5 these these DT 19499 2569 6 two two CD 19499 2569 7 varieties variety NNS 19499 2569 8 of of IN 19499 2569 9 measure measure NN 19499 2569 10 , , , 19499 2569 11 primitive primitive JJ 19499 2569 12 in in IN 19499 2569 13 conception conception NN 19499 2569 14 though though IN 19499 2569 15 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2569 16 may may MD 19499 2569 17 have have VB 19499 2569 18 been be VBN 19499 2569 19 , , , 19499 2569 20 has have VBZ 19499 2569 21 been be VBN 19499 2569 22 built build VBN 19499 2569 23 nevertheless nevertheless RB 19499 2569 24 the the DT 19499 2569 25 whole whole JJ 19499 2569 26 system system NN 19499 2569 27 now now RB 19499 2569 28 employed employ VBN 19499 2569 29 , , , 19499 2569 30 and and CC 19499 2569 31 in in IN 19499 2569 32 the the DT 19499 2569 33 last last JJ 19499 2569 34 analysis analysis NN 19499 2569 35 all all DT 19499 2569 36 forms form NNS 19499 2569 37 of of IN 19499 2569 38 measure measure NN 19499 2569 39 now now RB 19499 2569 40 in in IN 19499 2569 41 use use NN 19499 2569 42 will will MD 19499 2569 43 be be VB 19499 2569 44 found find VBN 19499 2569 45 to to TO 19499 2569 46 be be VB 19499 2569 47 of of IN 19499 2569 48 either either CC 19499 2569 49 the the DT 19499 2569 50 two two CD 19499 2569 51 - - HYPH 19499 2569 52 beat beat NN 19499 2569 53 or or CC 19499 2569 54 the the DT 19499 2569 55 three three CD 19499 2569 56 - - HYPH 19499 2569 57 beat beat VBN 19499 2569 58 variety variety NN 19499 2569 59 . . . 19499 2570 1 The the DT 19499 2570 2 circle circle NN 19499 2570 3 has have VBZ 19499 2570 4 disappeared disappear VBN 19499 2570 5 entirely entirely RB 19499 2570 6 as as IN 19499 2570 7 a a DT 19499 2570 8 measure measure NN 19499 2570 9 - - HYPH 19499 2570 10 sign sign NN 19499 2570 11 , , , 19499 2570 12 but but CC 19499 2570 13 the the DT 19499 2570 14 broken broken JJ 19499 2570 15 circle circle NN 19499 2570 16 still still RB 19499 2570 17 survives survive VBZ 19499 2570 18 , , , 19499 2570 19 and and CC 19499 2570 20 from from IN 19499 2570 21 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2570 22 are be VBP 19499 2570 23 derived derive VBN 19499 2570 24 the the DT 19499 2570 25 familiar familiar JJ 19499 2570 26 signs sign NNS 19499 2570 27 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2570 28 common common JJ 19499 2570 29 - - HYPH 19499 2570 30 time time NN 19499 2570 31 symbol symbol NN 19499 2570 32 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2570 33 and and CC 19499 2570 34 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2570 35 cut cut VBN 19499 2570 36 - - HYPH 19499 2570 37 time time NN 19499 2570 38 symbol symbol NN 19499 2570 39 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2570 40 , , , 19499 2570 41 which which WDT 19499 2570 42 are be VBP 19499 2570 43 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2570 44 erroneously erroneously RB 19499 2570 45 referred refer VBN 19499 2570 46 to to IN 19499 2570 47 as as IN 19499 2570 48 being be VBG 19499 2570 49 the the DT 19499 2570 50 initial initial JJ 19499 2570 51 letter letter NN 19499 2570 52 of of IN 19499 2570 53 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2570 54 word word NN 19499 2570 55 _ _ NNP 19499 2570 56 common common JJ 19499 2570 57 _ _ NNP 19499 2570 58 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2570 59 as as IN 19499 2570 60 used use VBN 19499 2570 61 in in IN 19499 2570 62 the the DT 19499 2570 63 expression expression NN 19499 2570 64 " " `` 19499 2570 65 common common JJ 19499 2570 66 time time NN 19499 2570 67 " " '' 19499 2570 68 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2570 69 . . . 19499 2571 1 The the DT 19499 2571 2 transition transition NN 19499 2571 3 from from IN 19499 2571 4 the the DT 19499 2571 5 older old JJR 19499 2571 6 style style NN 19499 2571 7 of of IN 19499 2571 8 measure measure NN 19499 2571 9 - - HYPH 19499 2571 10 signature signature NN 19499 2571 11 to to IN 19499 2571 12 the the DT 19499 2571 13 present present JJ 19499 2571 14 one one NN 19499 2571 15 seems seem VBZ 19499 2571 16 to to TO 19499 2571 17 have have VB 19499 2571 18 occurred occur VBN 19499 2571 19 during during IN 19499 2571 20 the the DT 19499 2571 21 century century NN 19499 2571 22 following follow VBG 19499 2571 23 the the DT 19499 2571 24 invention invention NN 19499 2571 25 of of IN 19499 2571 26 opera opera NNP 19499 2571 27 , , , 19499 2571 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2571 29 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2571 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2571 31 , , , 19499 2571 32 from from IN 19499 2571 33 about about RB 19499 2571 34 1600 1600 CD 19499 2571 35 to to IN 19499 2571 36 about about RB 19499 2571 37 1700 1700 CD 19499 2571 38 A.D. A.D. NNP 19499 2572 1 The the DT 19499 2572 2 rest rest NN 19499 2572 3 came come VBD 19499 2572 4 into into IN 19499 2572 5 use use NN 19499 2572 6 very very RB 19499 2572 7 soon soon RB 19499 2572 8 after after IN 19499 2572 9 " " `` 19499 2572 10 measured measured JJ 19499 2572 11 music music NN 19499 2572 12 " " '' 19499 2572 13 began begin VBD 19499 2572 14 to to TO 19499 2572 15 be be VB 19499 2572 16 composed compose VBN 19499 2572 17 and and CC 19499 2572 18 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2572 19 soon soon RB 19499 2572 20 find find VBP 19499 2572 21 rests rest NNS 19499 2572 22 corresponding correspond VBG 19499 2572 23 with with IN 19499 2572 24 the the DT 19499 2572 25 various various JJ 19499 2572 26 denominations denomination NNS 19499 2572 27 of of IN 19499 2572 28 notes note NNS 19499 2572 29 in in IN 19499 2572 30 use use NN 19499 2572 31 , , , 19499 2572 32 viz viz NN 19499 2572 33 . . . 19499 2573 1 : : : 19499 2573 2 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2573 3 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2573 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2573 5 The the DT 19499 2573 6 terms term NNS 19499 2573 7 applied apply VBD 19499 2573 8 to to IN 19499 2573 9 these these DT 19499 2573 10 rests rest NNS 19499 2573 11 vary vary VBP 19499 2573 12 in in IN 19499 2573 13 different different JJ 19499 2573 14 authorities authority NNS 19499 2573 15 , , , 19499 2573 16 but but CC 19499 2573 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2573 18 will will MD 19499 2573 19 be be VB 19499 2573 20 noted note VBN 19499 2573 21 that that IN 19499 2573 22 the the DT 19499 2573 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2573 24 pausa pausa NN 19499 2573 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2573 26 , , , 19499 2573 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2573 28 semi semi JJ 19499 2573 29 - - JJ 19499 2573 30 pausa pausa JJ 19499 2573 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2573 32 , , , 19499 2573 33 and and CC 19499 2573 34 _ _ NNP 19499 2573 35 suspirum suspirum NN 19499 2573 36 _ _ NNP 19499 2573 37 correspond correspond VBP 19499 2573 38 respectively respectively RB 19499 2573 39 to to IN 19499 2573 40 the the DT 19499 2573 41 double double JJ 19499 2573 42 - - HYPH 19499 2573 43 whole whole JJ 19499 2573 44 - - HYPH 19499 2573 45 rest rest NN 19499 2573 46 , , , 19499 2573 47 whole whole JJ 19499 2573 48 - - HYPH 19499 2573 49 rest rest NN 19499 2573 50 , , , 19499 2573 51 and and CC 19499 2573 52 half half JJ 19499 2573 53 - - HYPH 19499 2573 54 rest rest NN 19499 2573 55 in in IN 19499 2573 56 use use NN 19499 2573 57 at at IN 19499 2573 58 present present NN 19499 2573 59 . . . 19499 2574 1 The the DT 19499 2574 2 bar bar NN 19499 2574 3 and and CC 19499 2574 4 double double JJ 19499 2574 5 bar bar NN 19499 2574 6 may may MD 19499 2574 7 be be VB 19499 2574 8 developments development NNS 19499 2574 9 of of IN 19499 2574 10 the the DT 19499 2574 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2574 12 maxima maxima NN 19499 2574 13 rest rest NNP 19499 2574 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2574 15 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2574 16 as as IN 19499 2574 17 some some DT 19499 2574 18 writers writer NNS 19499 2574 19 suggest suggest VBP 19499 2574 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2574 21 but but CC 19499 2574 22 are be VBP 19499 2574 23 probably probably RB 19499 2574 24 also also RB 19499 2574 25 derived derive VBN 19499 2574 26 from from IN 19499 2574 27 the the DT 19499 2574 28 practice practice NN 19499 2574 29 of of IN 19499 2574 30 drawing draw VBG 19499 2574 31 a a DT 19499 2574 32 line line NN 19499 2574 33 vertically vertically RB 19499 2574 34 through through IN 19499 2574 35 the the DT 19499 2574 36 various various JJ 19499 2574 37 parts part NNS 19499 2574 38 of of IN 19499 2574 39 a a DT 19499 2574 40 score score NN 19499 2574 41 to to TO 19499 2574 42 show show VB 19499 2574 43 which which WDT 19499 2574 44 notes note VBZ 19499 2574 45 belonged belong VBD 19499 2574 46 together together RB 19499 2574 47 , , , 19499 2574 48 thus thus RB 19499 2574 49 facilitating facilitate VBG 19499 2574 50 score score NN 19499 2574 51 reading read VBG 19499 2574 52 . . . 19499 2575 1 The the DT 19499 2575 2 bar bar NN 19499 2575 3 may may MD 19499 2575 4 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 2575 5 be be VB 19499 2575 6 found find VBN 19499 2575 7 as as RB 19499 2575 8 early early RB 19499 2575 9 as as IN 19499 2575 10 1500 1500 CD 19499 2575 11 , , , 19499 2575 12 but but CC 19499 2575 13 was be VBD 19499 2575 14 not not RB 19499 2575 15 employed employ VBN 19499 2575 16 universally universally RB 19499 2575 17 until until IN 19499 2575 18 1650 1650 CD 19499 2575 19 or or CC 19499 2575 20 later later RB 19499 2575 21 . . . 19499 2576 1 The the DT 19499 2576 2 number number NN 19499 2576 3 of of IN 19499 2576 4 lines line NNS 19499 2576 5 used use VBN 19499 2576 6 in in IN 19499 2576 7 the the DT 19499 2576 8 staff staff NN 19499 2576 9 has have VBZ 19499 2576 10 varied vary VBN 19499 2576 11 greatly greatly RB 19499 2576 12 since since IN 19499 2576 13 the the DT 19499 2576 14 time time NN 19499 2576 15 of of IN 19499 2576 16 Guido Guido NNP 19499 2576 17 , , , 19499 2576 18 there there EX 19499 2576 19 having have VBG 19499 2576 20 been be VBN 19499 2576 21 all all PDT 19499 2576 22 the the DT 19499 2576 23 way way NN 19499 2576 24 from from IN 19499 2576 25 four four CD 19499 2576 26 to to IN 19499 2576 27 fifteen fifteen CD 19499 2576 28 at at IN 19499 2576 29 various various JJ 19499 2576 30 times time NNS 19499 2576 31 and and CC 19499 2576 32 in in IN 19499 2576 33 various various JJ 19499 2576 34 places place NNS 19499 2576 35 , , , 19499 2576 36 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2576 37 _ _ NNP 19499 2576 38 four four CD 19499 2576 39 _ _ NNP 19499 2576 40 being be VBG 19499 2576 41 the the DT 19499 2576 42 standard standard JJ 19499 2576 43 number number NN 19499 2576 44 for for IN 19499 2576 45 a a DT 19499 2576 46 long long JJ 19499 2576 47 time time NN 19499 2576 48 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2576 49 . . . 19499 2577 1 These these DT 19499 2577 2 lines line NNS 19499 2577 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2577 4 when when WRB 19499 2577 5 there there EX 19499 2577 6 were be VBD 19499 2577 7 quite quite PDT 19499 2577 8 a a DT 19499 2577 9 number number NN 19499 2577 10 in in IN 19499 2577 11 the the DT 19499 2577 12 staff staff NN 19499 2577 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2577 14 were be VBD 19499 2577 15 often often RB 19499 2577 16 divided divide VBN 19499 2577 17 into into IN 19499 2577 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2577 19 groups group NNS 19499 2577 20 of of IN 19499 2577 21 four four CD 19499 2577 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2577 23 by by IN 19499 2577 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2577 25 red red NNP 19499 2577 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2577 27 lines line NNS 19499 2577 28 , , , 19499 2577 29 which which WDT 19499 2577 30 were be VBD 19499 2577 31 not not RB 19499 2577 32 themselves -PRON- PRP 19499 2577 33 used use VBN 19499 2577 34 for for IN 19499 2577 35 notes note NNS 19499 2577 36 . . . 19499 2578 1 These these DT 19499 2578 2 red red JJ 19499 2578 3 lines line NNS 19499 2578 4 were be VBD 19499 2578 5 gradually gradually RB 19499 2578 6 omitted omit VBN 19499 2578 7 and and CC 19499 2578 8 the the DT 19499 2578 9 staff staff NN 19499 2578 10 divided divide VBN 19499 2578 11 into into IN 19499 2578 12 sections section NNS 19499 2578 13 by by IN 19499 2578 14 a a DT 19499 2578 15 space space NN 19499 2578 16 , , , 19499 2578 17 as as IN 19499 2578 18 in in IN 19499 2578 19 modern modern JJ 19499 2578 20 usage usage NN 19499 2578 21 . . . 19499 2579 1 The the DT 19499 2579 2 number number NN 19499 2579 3 of of IN 19499 2579 4 lines line NNS 19499 2579 5 in in IN 19499 2579 6 each each DT 19499 2579 7 section section NN 19499 2579 8 was be VBD 19499 2579 9 changed change VBN 19499 2579 10 to to IN 19499 2579 11 five five CD 19499 2579 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2579 13 in in IN 19499 2579 14 some some DT 19499 2579 15 cases case NNS 19499 2579 16 six six CD 19499 2579 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2579 18 for for IN 19499 2579 19 the the DT 19499 2579 20 sake sake NN 19499 2579 21 of of IN 19499 2579 22 having have VBG 19499 2579 23 a a DT 19499 2579 24 larger large JJR 19499 2579 25 available available JJ 19499 2579 26 range range NN 19499 2579 27 in in IN 19499 2579 28 each each DT 19499 2579 29 section section NN 19499 2579 30 . . . 19499 2580 1 The the DT 19499 2580 2 clefs clef NNS 19499 2580 3 at at IN 19499 2580 4 the the DT 19499 2580 5 beginning beginning NN 19499 2580 6 of of IN 19499 2580 7 the the DT 19499 2580 8 staffs staff NNS 19499 2580 9 are be VBP 19499 2580 10 of of IN 19499 2580 11 course course NN 19499 2580 12 simply simply RB 19499 2580 13 altered alter VBN 19499 2580 14 forms form NNS 19499 2580 15 of of IN 19499 2580 16 the the DT 19499 2580 17 letters letter NNS 19499 2580 18 F F NNP 19499 2580 19 , , , 19499 2580 20 C C NNP 19499 2580 21 , , , 19499 2580 22 and and CC 19499 2580 23 G G NNP 19499 2580 24 , , , 19499 2580 25 which which WDT 19499 2580 26 were be VBD 19499 2580 27 written write VBN 19499 2580 28 at at IN 19499 2580 29 first first RB 19499 2580 30 by by IN 19499 2580 31 Guido Guido NNP 19499 2580 32 and and CC 19499 2580 33 others other NNS 19499 2580 34 to to TO 19499 2580 35 make make VB 19499 2580 36 the the DT 19499 2580 37 old old JJ 19499 2580 38 neume neume NN 19499 2580 39 notation notation NN 19499 2580 40 more more RBR 19499 2580 41 definite definite JJ 19499 2580 42 . . . 19499 2581 1 The the DT 19499 2581 2 staccato staccato NN 19499 2581 3 sign sign NN 19499 2581 4 seems seem VBZ 19499 2581 5 not not RB 19499 2581 6 to to TO 19499 2581 7 have have VB 19499 2581 8 appeared appear VBN 19499 2581 9 until until IN 19499 2581 10 about about IN 19499 2581 11 the the DT 19499 2581 12 time time NN 19499 2581 13 of of IN 19499 2581 14 Bach Bach NNP 19499 2581 15 , , , 19499 2581 16 the the DT 19499 2581 17 legato legato NNP 19499 2581 18 sign sign NN 19499 2581 19 being be VBG 19499 2581 20 also also RB 19499 2581 21 invented invent VBN 19499 2581 22 at at IN 19499 2581 23 about about IN 19499 2581 24 the the DT 19499 2581 25 same same JJ 19499 2581 26 time time NN 19499 2581 27 . . . 19499 2582 1 The the DT 19499 2582 2 fermata fermata NNS 19499 2582 3 was be VBD 19499 2582 4 first first RB 19499 2582 5 used use VBN 19499 2582 6 in in IN 19499 2582 7 imitative imitative JJ 19499 2582 8 part part NN 19499 2582 9 - - HYPH 19499 2582 10 writing writing NN 19499 2582 11 to to TO 19499 2582 12 show show VB 19499 2582 13 where where WRB 19499 2582 14 each each DT 19499 2582 15 part part NN 19499 2582 16 was be VBD 19499 2582 17 to to TO 19499 2582 18 stop stop VB 19499 2582 19 , , , 19499 2582 20 but but CC 19499 2582 21 with with IN 19499 2582 22 the the DT 19499 2582 23 development development NN 19499 2582 24 of of IN 19499 2582 25 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 2582 26 writing write VBG 19499 2582 27 the the DT 19499 2582 28 present present JJ 19499 2582 29 practice practice NN 19499 2582 30 was be VBD 19499 2582 31 inaugurated inaugurate VBN 19499 2582 32 . . . 19499 2583 1 Leger leger NN 19499 2583 2 lines line NNS 19499 2583 3 came come VBD 19499 2583 4 into into IN 19499 2583 5 use use NN 19499 2583 6 in in IN 19499 2583 7 the the DT 19499 2583 8 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 19499 2583 9 century century NN 19499 2583 10 . . . 19499 2584 1 Sharps Sharps NNP 19499 2584 2 and and CC 19499 2584 3 flats flat NNS 19499 2584 4 were be VBD 19499 2584 5 invented invent VBN 19499 2584 6 because because IN 19499 2584 7 composers composer NNS 19499 2584 8 found find VBD 19499 2584 9 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2584 10 necessary necessary JJ 19499 2584 11 to to TO 19499 2584 12 use use VB 19499 2584 13 other other JJ 19499 2584 14 tones tone NNS 19499 2584 15 than than IN 19499 2584 16 those those DT 19499 2584 17 that that WDT 19499 2584 18 could could MD 19499 2584 19 be be VB 19499 2584 20 represented represent VBN 19499 2584 21 by by IN 19499 2584 22 the the DT 19499 2584 23 staff staff NN 19499 2584 24 degrees degree NNS 19499 2584 25 in in IN 19499 2584 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2584 27 natural natural JJ 19499 2584 28 condition condition NN 19499 2584 29 . . . 19499 2585 1 The the DT 19499 2585 2 history history NN 19499 2585 3 of of IN 19499 2585 4 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2585 5 origin origin NN 19499 2585 6 and and CC 19499 2585 7 development development NN 19499 2585 8 is be VBZ 19499 2585 9 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2585 10 complicated complicated JJ 19499 2585 11 and and CC 19499 2585 12 can can MD 19499 2585 13 not not RB 19499 2585 14 be be VB 19499 2585 15 given give VBN 19499 2585 16 here here RB 19499 2585 17 , , , 19499 2585 18 but but CC 19499 2585 19 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2585 20 should should MD 19499 2585 21 be be VB 19499 2585 22 noted note VBN 19499 2585 23 once once RB 19499 2585 24 more more JJR 19499 2585 25 that that IN 19499 2585 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2585 27 was be VBD 19499 2585 28 the the DT 19499 2585 29 need need NN 19499 2585 30 of of IN 19499 2585 31 expressing express VBG 19499 2585 32 more more JJR 19499 2585 33 than than IN 19499 2585 34 could could MD 19499 2585 35 be be VB 19499 2585 36 expressed express VBN 19499 2585 37 by by IN 19499 2585 38 the the DT 19499 2585 39 older old JJR 19499 2585 40 symbols symbol NNS 19499 2585 41 that that WDT 19499 2585 42 called call VBD 19499 2585 43 forth forth RP 19499 2585 44 the the DT 19499 2585 45 newer new JJR 19499 2585 46 and and CC 19499 2585 47 more more RBR 19499 2585 48 comprehensive comprehensive JJ 19499 2585 49 method method NN 19499 2585 50 . . . 19499 2586 1 The the DT 19499 2586 2 use use NN 19499 2586 3 of of IN 19499 2586 4 sharps sharps NN 19499 2586 5 and and CC 19499 2586 6 flats flat NNS 19499 2586 7 in in IN 19499 2586 8 key key JJ 19499 2586 9 signatures signature NNS 19499 2586 10 grew grow VBD 19499 2586 11 up up RP 19499 2586 12 early early RB 19499 2586 13 in in IN 19499 2586 14 the the DT 19499 2586 15 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 19499 2586 16 century century NN 19499 2586 17 . . . 19499 2587 1 In in IN 19499 2587 2 the the DT 19499 2587 3 earlier early JJR 19499 2587 4 signatures signature NNS 19499 2587 5 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2587 6 was be VBD 19499 2587 7 customary customary JJ 19499 2587 8 to to TO 19499 2587 9 duplicate duplicate VB 19499 2587 10 sharps sharps NN 19499 2587 11 or or CC 19499 2587 12 flats flat NNS 19499 2587 13 on on IN 19499 2587 14 staff staff NN 19499 2587 15 degrees degree NNS 19499 2587 16 having have VBG 19499 2587 17 the the DT 19499 2587 18 same same JJ 19499 2587 19 pitch pitch NN 19499 2587 20 - - HYPH 19499 2587 21 name name NN 19499 2587 22 , , , 19499 2587 23 thus thus RB 19499 2587 24 : : : 19499 2587 25 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2587 26 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2587 27 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2587 28 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2587 29 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2587 30 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2587 31 . . . 19499 2588 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2588 2 The the DT 19499 2588 3 use use NN 19499 2588 4 of of IN 19499 2588 5 the the DT 19499 2588 6 G g NN 19499 2588 7 clef clef VBZ 19499 2588 8 as as IN 19499 2588 9 here here RB 19499 2588 10 shown show VBN 19499 2588 11 did do VBD 19499 2588 12 not not RB 19499 2588 13 of of RB 19499 2588 14 course course NN 19499 2588 15 exist exist VB 19499 2588 16 at at IN 19499 2588 17 that that DT 19499 2588 18 time time NN 19499 2588 19 . . . 19499 2588 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2589 1 The the DT 19499 2589 2 double double JJ 19499 2589 3 - - HYPH 19499 2589 4 sharp sharp JJ 19499 2589 5 and and CC 19499 2589 6 double double JJ 19499 2589 7 - - HYPH 19499 2589 8 flat flat NN 19499 2589 9 became become VBD 19499 2589 10 necessary necessary JJ 19499 2589 11 when when WRB 19499 2589 12 " " `` 19499 2589 13 equal equal JJ 19499 2589 14 temperament temperament NN 19499 2589 15 " " '' 19499 2589 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2589 17 making make VBG 19499 2589 18 possible possible JJ 19499 2589 19 the the DT 19499 2589 20 use use NN 19499 2589 21 of of IN 19499 2589 22 the the DT 19499 2589 23 complete complete JJ 19499 2589 24 cycle cycle NN 19499 2589 25 of of IN 19499 2589 26 keys key NNS 19499 2589 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2589 28 was be VBD 19499 2589 29 adopted adopt VBN 19499 2589 30 . . . 19499 2590 1 This this DT 19499 2590 2 was be VBD 19499 2590 3 in in IN 19499 2590 4 the the DT 19499 2590 5 time time NN 19499 2590 6 of of IN 19499 2590 7 Bach Bach NNP 19499 2590 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2590 9 1685 1685 CD 19499 2590 10 - - SYM 19499 2590 11 1750 1750 CD 19499 2590 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2590 13 . . . 19499 2591 1 Signs sign NNS 19499 2591 2 of of IN 19499 2591 3 expression expression NN 19499 2591 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2591 5 relating relate VBG 19499 2591 6 to to IN 19499 2591 7 tempo tempo NN 19499 2591 8 and and CC 19499 2591 9 dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 2591 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2591 11 date date NN 19499 2591 12 back back RB 19499 2591 13 at at IN 19499 2591 14 least least JJS 19499 2591 15 as as RB 19499 2591 16 far far RB 19499 2591 17 as as IN 19499 2591 18 the the DT 19499 2591 19 year year NN 19499 2591 20 1000 1000 CD 19499 2591 21 A.D. A.D. NNP 19499 2591 22 , , , 19499 2591 23 but but CC 19499 2591 24 the the DT 19499 2591 25 modern modern JJ 19499 2591 26 terms term NNS 19499 2591 27 used use VBN 19499 2591 28 for for IN 19499 2591 29 this this DT 19499 2591 30 purpose purpose NN 19499 2591 31 did do VBD 19499 2591 32 not not RB 19499 2591 33 appear appear VB 19499 2591 34 until until IN 19499 2591 35 some some DT 19499 2591 36 years year NNS 19499 2591 37 after after IN 19499 2591 38 the the DT 19499 2591 39 invention invention NN 19499 2591 40 of of IN 19499 2591 41 opera opera NNP 19499 2591 42 , , , 19499 2591 43 the the DT 19499 2591 44 date date NN 19499 2591 45 given give VBN 19499 2591 46 by by IN 19499 2591 47 C.F.A. C.F.A. NNP 19499 2592 1 Williams Williams NNP 19499 2592 2 in in IN 19499 2592 3 Grove Grove NNP 19499 2592 4 's 's POS 19499 2592 5 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 19499 2592 6 being be VBG 19499 2592 7 1638 1638 CD 19499 2592 8 . . . 19499 2593 1 These these DT 19499 2593 2 words word NNS 19499 2593 3 and and CC 19499 2593 4 signs sign NNS 19499 2593 5 of of IN 19499 2593 6 expression expression NN 19499 2593 7 were be VBD 19499 2593 8 at at IN 19499 2593 9 first first RB 19499 2593 10 used use VBN 19499 2593 11 only only RB 19499 2593 12 in in IN 19499 2593 13 connection connection NN 19499 2593 14 with with IN 19499 2593 15 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2593 16 music music NN 19499 2593 17 , , , 19499 2593 18 but but CC 19499 2593 19 were be VBD 19499 2593 20 gradually gradually RB 19499 2593 21 applied apply VBN 19499 2593 22 to to IN 19499 2593 23 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2593 24 music music NN 19499 2593 25 also also RB 19499 2593 26 . . . 19499 2594 1 Other other JJ 19499 2594 2 systems system NNS 19499 2594 3 of of IN 19499 2594 4 notation notation NN 19499 2594 5 have have VBP 19499 2594 6 been be VBN 19499 2594 7 invented invent VBN 19499 2594 8 from from IN 19499 2594 9 time time NN 19499 2594 10 to to IN 19499 2594 11 time time NN 19499 2594 12 in in IN 19499 2594 13 the the DT 19499 2594 14 course course NN 19499 2594 15 of of IN 19499 2594 16 the the DT 19499 2594 17 last last JJ 19499 2594 18 two two CD 19499 2594 19 or or CC 19499 2594 20 three three CD 19499 2594 21 centuries century NNS 19499 2594 22 , , , 19499 2594 23 but but CC 19499 2594 24 in in IN 19499 2594 25 most most JJS 19499 2594 26 cases case NNS 19499 2594 27 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2594 28 have have VBP 19499 2594 29 died die VBN 19499 2594 30 with with IN 19499 2594 31 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2594 32 inventors inventor NNS 19499 2594 33 , , , 19499 2594 34 and and CC 19499 2594 35 in in IN 19499 2594 36 no no DT 19499 2594 37 case case NN 19499 2594 38 has have VBZ 19499 2594 39 any any DT 19499 2594 40 such such JJ 19499 2594 41 system system NN 19499 2594 42 been be VBN 19499 2594 43 accepted accept VBN 19499 2594 44 with with IN 19499 2594 45 anything anything NN 19499 2594 46 even even RB 19499 2594 47 approaching approach VBG 19499 2594 48 unanimity unanimity NN 19499 2594 49 . . . 19499 2595 1 The the DT 19499 2595 2 tonic tonic JJ 19499 2595 3 - - HYPH 19499 2595 4 sol sol NN 19499 2595 5 - - HYPH 19499 2595 6 fa fa NN 19499 2595 7 system[40 system[40 NN 19499 2595 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2595 9 is be VBZ 19499 2595 10 used use VBN 19499 2595 11 quite quite RB 19499 2595 12 extensively extensively RB 19499 2595 13 in in IN 19499 2595 14 England England NNP 19499 2595 15 for for IN 19499 2595 16 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2595 17 music music NN 19499 2595 18 , , , 19499 2595 19 but but CC 19499 2595 20 has have VBZ 19499 2595 21 gained gain VBN 19499 2595 22 little little JJ 19499 2595 23 ground ground NN 19499 2595 24 anywhere anywhere RB 19499 2595 25 else else RB 19499 2595 26 and and CC 19499 2595 27 the the DT 19499 2595 28 chances chance NNS 19499 2595 29 are be VBP 19499 2595 30 that that IN 19499 2595 31 the the DT 19499 2595 32 present present JJ 19499 2595 33 system system NN 19499 2595 34 of of IN 19499 2595 35 notation notation NN 19499 2595 36 , , , 19499 2595 37 with with IN 19499 2595 38 possibly possibly RB 19499 2595 39 slight slight JJ 19499 2595 40 additions addition NNS 19499 2595 41 and and CC 19499 2595 42 modifications modification NNS 19499 2595 43 , , , 19499 2595 44 will will MD 19499 2595 45 remain remain VB 19499 2595 46 the the DT 19499 2595 47 standard standard JJ 19499 2595 48 notation notation NN 19499 2595 49 for for IN 19499 2595 50 some some DT 19499 2595 51 time time NN 19499 2595 52 to to TO 19499 2595 53 come come VB 19499 2595 54 in in IN 19499 2595 55 spite spite NN 19499 2595 56 of of IN 19499 2595 57 the the DT 19499 2595 58 attacks attack NNS 19499 2595 59 that that WDT 19499 2595 60 are be VBP 19499 2595 61 periodically periodically RB 19499 2595 62 made make VBN 19499 2595 63 upon upon IN 19499 2595 64 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2595 65 on on IN 19499 2595 66 the the DT 19499 2595 67 ground ground NN 19499 2595 68 of of IN 19499 2595 69 cumbersomeness cumbersomeness NN 19499 2595 70 , , , 19499 2595 71 difficulty difficulty NN 19499 2595 72 in in IN 19499 2595 73 teaching teach VBG 19499 2595 74 children child NNS 19499 2595 75 , , , 19499 2595 76 etc etc FW 19499 2595 77 . . . 19499 2596 1 The the DT 19499 2596 2 main main JJ 19499 2596 3 characteristics characteristic NNS 19499 2596 4 of of IN 19499 2596 5 staff staff NN 19499 2596 6 notation notation NN 19499 2596 7 may may MD 19499 2596 8 be be VB 19499 2596 9 summed sum VBN 19499 2596 10 up up RP 19499 2596 11 as as IN 19499 2596 12 follows follow VBZ 19499 2596 13 : : : 19499 2596 14 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2596 15 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 2596 16 40 40 CD 19499 2596 17 : : : 19499 2596 18 The the DT 19499 2596 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2596 20 tonic tonic NN 19499 2596 21 - - HYPH 19499 2596 22 sol sol NN 19499 2596 23 - - HYPH 19499 2596 24 fa fa JJ 19499 2596 25 system system NN 19499 2596 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2596 27 represents represent VBZ 19499 2596 28 an an DT 19499 2596 29 attempt attempt NN 19499 2596 30 to to TO 19499 2596 31 invent invent VB 19499 2596 32 a a DT 19499 2596 33 simpler simple JJR 19499 2596 34 notation notation NN 19499 2596 35 to to TO 19499 2596 36 be be VB 19499 2596 37 used use VBN 19499 2596 38 by by IN 19499 2596 39 beginners beginner NNS 19499 2596 40 , , , 19499 2596 41 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2596 42 especially especially RB 19499 2596 43 in in IN 19499 2596 44 the the DT 19499 2596 45 lower low JJR 19499 2596 46 grades grade NNS 19499 2596 47 of of IN 19499 2596 48 the the DT 19499 2596 49 public public JJ 19499 2596 50 schools school NNS 19499 2596 51 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2596 52 and and CC 19499 2596 53 by by IN 19499 2596 54 singers singer NNS 19499 2596 55 in in IN 19499 2596 56 choral choral JJ 19499 2596 57 societies society NNS 19499 2596 58 who who WP 19499 2596 59 have have VBP 19499 2596 60 never never RB 19499 2596 61 learned learn VBN 19499 2596 62 to to TO 19499 2596 63 interpret interpret VB 19499 2596 64 staff staff NN 19499 2596 65 notation notation NN 19499 2596 66 and and CC 19499 2596 67 who who WP 19499 2596 68 therefore therefore RB 19499 2596 69 find find VBP 19499 2596 70 some some DT 19499 2596 71 simpler simple JJR 19499 2596 72 scheme scheme NN 19499 2596 73 of of IN 19499 2596 74 notation notation NN 19499 2596 75 necessary necessary JJ 19499 2596 76 if if IN 19499 2596 77 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2596 78 are be VBP 19499 2596 79 to to TO 19499 2596 80 read read VB 19499 2596 81 music music NN 19499 2596 82 at at RB 19499 2596 83 all all RB 19499 2596 84 . . . 19499 2597 1 In in IN 19499 2597 2 this this DT 19499 2597 3 system system NN 19499 2597 4 the the DT 19499 2597 5 syllables syllable NNS 19499 2597 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 7 do do VBP 19499 2597 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 9 , , , 19499 2597 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 11 re re NNP 19499 2597 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 13 , , , 19499 2597 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 15 mi mi NNP 19499 2597 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 17 , , , 19499 2597 18 etc etc FW 19499 2597 19 . . FW 19499 2597 20 , , , 19499 2597 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2597 22 in in IN 19499 2597 23 phonetic phonetic JJ 19499 2597 24 spelling spelling NN 19499 2597 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2597 26 are be VBP 19499 2597 27 used use VBN 19499 2597 28 , , , 19499 2597 29 the the DT 19499 2597 30 tone tone NN 19499 2597 31 being be VBG 19499 2597 32 arrived arrive VBN 19499 2597 33 at at IN 19499 2597 34 in in IN 19499 2597 35 each each DT 19499 2597 36 case case NN 19499 2597 37 , , , 19499 2597 38 first first RB 19499 2597 39 by by IN 19499 2597 40 means mean NNS 19499 2597 41 of of IN 19499 2597 42 a a DT 19499 2597 43 firmly firmly RB 19499 2597 44 established establish VBN 19499 2597 45 sense sense NN 19499 2597 46 of of IN 19499 2597 47 tonality tonality NN 19499 2597 48 , , , 19499 2597 49 and and CC 19499 2597 50 second second RB 19499 2597 51 by by IN 19499 2597 52 associating associate VBG 19499 2597 53 each each DT 19499 2597 54 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 2597 55 tone tone NN 19499 2597 56 with with IN 19499 2597 57 some some DT 19499 2597 58 universally universally RB 19499 2597 59 felt feel VBN 19499 2597 60 emotional emotional JJ 19499 2597 61 feeling feeling NN 19499 2597 62 : : : 19499 2597 63 thus thus RB 19499 2597 64 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 65 do do VBP 19499 2597 66 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 67 is be VBZ 19499 2597 68 referred refer VBN 19499 2597 69 to to IN 19499 2597 70 as as IN 19499 2597 71 the the DT 19499 2597 72 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 73 strong strong JJ 19499 2597 74 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 75 tone tone NN 19499 2597 76 , , , 19499 2597 77 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 78 mi mi NNP 19499 2597 79 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 80 as as IN 19499 2597 81 the the DT 19499 2597 82 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 83 calm calm NN 19499 2597 84 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 85 one one CD 19499 2597 86 , , , 19499 2597 87 and and CC 19499 2597 88 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 89 la la NNP 19499 2597 90 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 91 as as IN 19499 2597 92 the the DT 19499 2597 93 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 94 sad sad JJ 19499 2597 95 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 96 tone tone NN 19499 2597 97 , , , 19499 2597 98 great great JJ 19499 2597 99 emphasis emphasis NN 19499 2597 100 being be VBG 19499 2597 101 placed place VBN 19499 2597 102 upon upon IN 19499 2597 103 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 104 do do VBP 19499 2597 105 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 106 as as IN 19499 2597 107 the the DT 19499 2597 108 center center NN 19499 2597 109 of of IN 19499 2597 110 the the DT 19499 2597 111 major major JJ 19499 2597 112 tonality tonality NN 19499 2597 113 , , , 19499 2597 114 and and CC 19499 2597 115 upon upon IN 19499 2597 116 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 117 la la NNP 19499 2597 118 _ _ NNP 19499 2597 119 as as IN 19499 2597 120 the the DT 19499 2597 121 center center NN 19499 2597 122 of of IN 19499 2597 123 the the DT 19499 2597 124 minor minor NN 19499 2597 125 . . . 19499 2598 1 The the DT 19499 2598 2 system system NN 19499 2598 3 is be VBZ 19499 2598 4 thus thus RB 19499 2598 5 seen see VBN 19499 2598 6 to to TO 19499 2598 7 have have VB 19499 2598 8 one one CD 19499 2598 9 advantage advantage NN 19499 2598 10 over over IN 19499 2598 11 staff staff NN 19499 2598 12 notation notation NNP 19499 2598 13 , , , 19499 2598 14 viz viz NNP 19499 2598 15 . . . 19499 2599 1 : : : 19499 2599 2 that that IN 19499 2599 3 in in IN 19499 2599 4 presenting present VBG 19499 2599 5 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2599 6 _ _ IN 19499 2599 7 the the DT 19499 2599 8 teacher teacher NN 19499 2599 9 is be VBZ 19499 2599 10 compelled compel VBN 19499 2599 11 to to TO 19499 2599 12 begin begin VB 19499 2599 13 with with IN 19499 2599 14 a a DT 19499 2599 15 presentation presentation NN 19499 2599 16 of of IN 19499 2599 17 actual actual JJ 19499 2599 18 tones tone NNS 19499 2599 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2599 20 , , , 19499 2599 21 while while IN 19499 2599 22 in in IN 19499 2599 23 many many JJ 19499 2599 24 cases case NNS 19499 2599 25 the the DT 19499 2599 26 teacher teacher NN 19499 2599 27 of of IN 19499 2599 28 staff staff NN 19499 2599 29 notation notation NN 19499 2599 30 begins begin VBZ 19499 2599 31 by by IN 19499 2599 32 presenting present VBG 19499 2599 33 facts fact NNS 19499 2599 34 regarding regard VBG 19499 2599 35 the the DT 19499 2599 36 staff staff NN 19499 2599 37 and and CC 19499 2599 38 other other JJ 19499 2599 39 symbols symbol NNS 19499 2599 40 before before IN 19499 2599 41 the the DT 19499 2599 42 pupil pupil NN 19499 2599 43 knows know VBZ 19499 2599 44 anything anything NN 19499 2599 45 about about IN 19499 2599 46 tone tone NN 19499 2599 47 and and CC 19499 2599 48 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 2599 49 as as IN 19499 2599 50 such such JJ 19499 2599 51 . . . 19499 2600 1 The the DT 19499 2600 2 symbol symbol NN 19499 2600 3 for for IN 19499 2600 4 each each DT 19499 2600 5 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 2600 6 tone tone NN 19499 2600 7 is be VBZ 19499 2600 8 the the DT 19499 2600 9 initial initial JJ 19499 2600 10 letter letter NN 19499 2600 11 of of IN 19499 2600 12 the the DT 19499 2600 13 syllable syllable NN 19499 2600 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2600 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2600 16 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2600 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2600 18 , , , 19499 2600 19 d d NNP 19499 2600 20 for for IN 19499 2600 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2600 22 do do VBP 19499 2600 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2600 24 , , , 19499 2600 25 r r NNP 19499 2600 26 for for IN 19499 2600 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2600 28 re re IN 19499 2600 29 _ _ NNP 19499 2600 30 , , , 19499 2600 31 etc etc FW 19499 2600 32 . . . 19499 2601 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2601 2 , , , 19499 2601 3 the the DT 19499 2601 4 key key NN 19499 2601 5 being be VBG 19499 2601 6 indicated indicate VBN 19499 2601 7 by by IN 19499 2601 8 a a DT 19499 2601 9 letter letter NN 19499 2601 10 at at IN 19499 2601 11 the the DT 19499 2601 12 beginning beginning NN 19499 2601 13 of of IN 19499 2601 14 the the DT 19499 2601 15 composition composition NN 19499 2601 16 . . . 19499 2602 1 The the DT 19499 2602 2 duration duration NN 19499 2602 3 - - HYPH 19499 2602 4 value value NN 19499 2602 5 of of IN 19499 2602 6 tones tone NNS 19499 2602 7 is be VBZ 19499 2602 8 indicated indicate VBN 19499 2602 9 by by IN 19499 2602 10 a a DT 19499 2602 11 system system NN 19499 2602 12 of of IN 19499 2602 13 bars bar NNS 19499 2602 14 , , , 19499 2602 15 dots dot NNS 19499 2602 16 , , , 19499 2602 17 and and CC 19499 2602 18 spaces space NNS 19499 2602 19 , , , 19499 2602 20 the the DT 19499 2602 21 bar bar NN 19499 2602 22 being be VBG 19499 2602 23 used use VBN 19499 2602 24 to to TO 19499 2602 25 indicate indicate VB 19499 2602 26 the the DT 19499 2602 27 strongest strong JJS 19499 2602 28 pulse pulse NN 19499 2602 29 of of IN 19499 2602 30 each each DT 19499 2602 31 measure measure NN 19499 2602 32 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2602 33 as as IN 19499 2602 34 in in IN 19499 2602 35 staff staff NN 19499 2602 36 notation notation NN 19499 2602 37 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2602 38 the the DT 19499 2602 39 beats beat NNS 19499 2602 40 being be VBG 19499 2602 41 shown show VBN 19499 2602 42 by by IN 19499 2602 43 the the DT 19499 2602 44 mark mark NN 19499 2602 45 : : : 19499 2602 46 a a DT 19499 2602 47 dash dash NN 19499 2602 48 indicating indicate VBG 19499 2602 49 the the DT 19499 2602 50 continuation continuation NN 19499 2602 51 of of IN 19499 2602 52 the the DT 19499 2602 53 same same JJ 19499 2602 54 tone tone NN 19499 2602 55 through through IN 19499 2602 56 another another DT 19499 2602 57 beat beat NN 19499 2602 58 . . . 19499 2603 1 If if IN 19499 2603 2 a a DT 19499 2603 3 beat beat NN 19499 2603 4 has have VBZ 19499 2603 5 two two CD 19499 2603 6 tones tone NNS 19499 2603 7 this this DT 19499 2603 8 is be VBZ 19499 2603 9 indicated indicate VBN 19499 2603 10 by by IN 19499 2603 11 writing write VBG 19499 2603 12 the the DT 19499 2603 13 two two CD 19499 2603 14 initial initial JJ 19499 2603 15 letters letter NNS 19499 2603 16 representing represent VBG 19499 2603 17 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2603 18 with with IN 19499 2603 19 a a DT 19499 2603 20 . . . 19499 2604 1 between between IN 19499 2604 2 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2604 3 . . . 19499 2605 1 A a DT 19499 2605 2 modulation modulation NN 19499 2605 3 is be VBZ 19499 2605 4 indicated indicate VBN 19499 2605 5 by by IN 19499 2605 6 giving give VBG 19499 2605 7 the the DT 19499 2605 8 new new JJ 19499 2605 9 key key JJ 19499 2605 10 letter letter NN 19499 2605 11 and and CC 19499 2605 12 by by IN 19499 2605 13 printing print VBG 19499 2605 14 the the DT 19499 2605 15 syllable syllable NN 19499 2605 16 - - HYPH 19499 2605 17 initials initial NNS 19499 2605 18 from from IN 19499 2605 19 the the DT 19499 2605 20 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 2605 21 of of IN 19499 2605 22 both both CC 19499 2605 23 the the DT 19499 2605 24 old old JJ 19499 2605 25 and and CC 19499 2605 26 the the DT 19499 2605 27 new new JJ 19499 2605 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2605 29 do_-position do_-position NN 19499 2605 30 . . . 19499 2606 1 The the DT 19499 2606 2 figure figure NN 19499 2606 3 ' ' `` 19499 2606 4 above above RB 19499 2606 5 and and CC 19499 2606 6 to to IN 19499 2606 7 the the DT 19499 2606 8 right right NN 19499 2606 9 of of IN 19499 2606 10 the the DT 19499 2606 11 letter letter NN 19499 2606 12 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 2606 13 the the DT 19499 2606 14 tone tone NN 19499 2606 15 in in IN 19499 2606 16 the the DT 19499 2606 17 octave octave NN 19499 2606 18 above above RB 19499 2606 19 , , , 19499 2606 20 while while IN 19499 2606 21 the the DT 19499 2606 22 same same JJ 19499 2606 23 figure figure NN 19499 2606 24 below below RB 19499 2606 25 and and CC 19499 2606 26 to to IN 19499 2606 27 the the DT 19499 2606 28 right right NN 19499 2606 29 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 2606 30 the the DT 19499 2606 31 octave octave NN 19499 2606 32 below below RB 19499 2606 33 . . . 19499 2607 1 A a DT 19499 2607 2 blank blank JJ 19499 2607 3 space space NN 19499 2607 4 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 2607 5 a a DT 19499 2607 6 rest rest NN 19499 2607 7 . . . 19499 2608 1 The the DT 19499 2608 2 tune tune NN 19499 2608 3 of of IN 19499 2608 4 My -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2608 5 Country country NN 19499 2608 6 , , , 19499 2608 7 ' ' '' 19499 2608 8 Tis Tis NNP 19499 2608 9 of of IN 19499 2608 10 Thee Thee NNP 19499 2608 11 , , , 19499 2608 12 as as IN 19499 2608 13 printed print VBN 19499 2608 14 in in IN 19499 2608 15 tonic tonic NNP 19499 2608 16 sol sol FW 19499 2608 17 - - HYPH 19499 2608 18 fa fa NN 19499 2608 19 notation notation NN 19499 2608 20 below below RB 19499 2608 21 will will MD 19499 2608 22 make make VB 19499 2608 23 these these DT 19499 2608 24 points point NNS 19499 2608 25 clear clear JJ 19499 2608 26 . . . 19499 2609 1 Key Key NNP 19499 2609 2 F F NNP 19499 2609 3 |d |d NNP 19499 2609 4 : : : 19499 2609 5 d d LS 19499 2609 6 : : : 19499 2609 7 r r NN 19499 2609 8 |t_1 |t_1 NNP 19499 2609 9 : : : 19499 2609 10 -.d -.d : 19499 2609 11 : : : 19499 2609 12 r r NNP 19499 2609 13 |m |m NN 19499 2609 14 : : : 19499 2609 15 m m LS 19499 2609 16 : : : 19499 2609 17 f f NNP 19499 2609 18 |m |m NNP 19499 2609 19 : : : 19499 2609 20 -.r -.r ADD 19499 2609 21 : : : 19499 2609 22 d d NNP 19499 2609 23 |r |r JJ 19499 2609 24 : : : 19499 2609 25 d d XX 19499 2609 26 : : : 19499 2609 27 t_1 t_1 NNP 19499 2609 28 |d |d NNP 19499 2609 29 : : : 19499 2609 30 -- -- : 19499 2609 31 : : : 19499 2609 32 -- -- : 19499 2609 33 | | NNP 19499 2609 34 |s |s NNPS 19499 2609 35 : : : 19499 2609 36 s s NN 19499 2609 37 : : : 19499 2609 38 s s NNP 19499 2609 39 |s |s NNP 19499 2609 40 : : : 19499 2609 41 -.f -.f ADD 19499 2609 42 : : : 19499 2609 43 m m NNP 19499 2609 44 |f |f NNP 19499 2609 45 : : : 19499 2609 46 f f XX 19499 2609 47 : : : 19499 2609 48 f f NNP 19499 2609 49 |f |f NNP 19499 2609 50 : : : 19499 2609 51 -.m -.m ADD 19499 2609 52 : : : 19499 2609 53 r r NNP 19499 2609 54 |m |m NNP 19499 2609 55 : : : 19499 2609 56 f.m f.m NNP 19499 2609 57 : : : 19499 2609 58 r.d r.d NNP 19499 2609 59 |m |m NNP 19499 2609 60 : : : 19499 2609 61 -.f -.f ADD 19499 2609 62 : : : 19499 2609 63 s s NNP 19499 2609 64 | | NNP 19499 2609 65 |l.f |l.f NNP 19499 2609 66 : : : 19499 2609 67 m m NN 19499 2609 68 : : : 19499 2609 69 r r NNP 19499 2609 70 |d |d NNP 19499 2609 71 : : : 19499 2609 72 -- -- : 19499 2609 73 : : : 19499 2609 74 -- -- : 19499 2609 75 | | : 19499 2609 76 The the DT 19499 2609 77 advantages advantage NNS 19499 2609 78 of of IN 19499 2609 79 the the DT 19499 2609 80 system system NN 19499 2609 81 are be VBP 19499 2609 82 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2609 83 1 1 LS 19499 2609 84 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2609 85 the the DT 19499 2609 86 strong strong JJ 19499 2609 87 sense sense NN 19499 2609 88 of of IN 19499 2609 89 key key NN 19499 2609 90 - - HYPH 19499 2609 91 feeling feeling NN 19499 2609 92 aroused aroused JJ 19499 2609 93 and and CC 19499 2609 94 the the DT 19499 2609 95 ease ease NN 19499 2609 96 with with IN 19499 2609 97 which which WDT 19499 2609 98 modulations modulation NNS 19499 2609 99 are be VBP 19499 2609 100 felt feel VBN 19499 2609 101 ; ; : 19499 2609 102 and and CC 19499 2609 103 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2609 104 2 2 LS 19499 2609 105 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2609 106 the the DT 19499 2609 107 fact fact NN 19499 2609 108 that that IN 19499 2609 109 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2609 110 is be VBZ 19499 2609 111 necessary necessary JJ 19499 2609 112 to to TO 19499 2609 113 learn learn VB 19499 2609 114 to to TO 19499 2609 115 sing sing VB 19499 2609 116 in in RP 19499 2609 117 but but CC 19499 2609 118 one one CD 19499 2609 119 key key NN 19499 2609 120 , , , 19499 2609 121 thus thus RB 19499 2609 122 making make VBG 19499 2609 123 sight sight NN 19499 2609 124 - - HYPH 19499 2609 125 singing singe VBG 19499 2609 126 a a DT 19499 2609 127 much much RB 19499 2609 128 simpler simple JJR 19499 2609 129 matter matter NN 19499 2609 130 , , , 19499 2609 131 and and CC 19499 2609 132 transposition transposition NN 19499 2609 133 the the DT 19499 2609 134 easiest easy JJS 19499 2609 135 process process NN 19499 2609 136 imaginable imaginable JJ 19499 2609 137 . . . 19499 2610 1 But but CC 19499 2610 2 these these DT 19499 2610 3 are be VBP 19499 2610 4 advantages advantage NNS 19499 2610 5 from from IN 19499 2610 6 the the DT 19499 2610 7 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 2610 8 of of IN 19499 2610 9 the the DT 19499 2610 10 vocalist vocalist NN 19499 2610 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2610 12 producing produce VBG 19499 2610 13 but but CC 19499 2610 14 one one CD 19499 2610 15 tone tone NN 19499 2610 16 at at IN 19499 2610 17 a a DT 19499 2610 18 time time NN 19499 2610 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2610 20 only only RB 19499 2610 21 , , , 19499 2610 22 and and CC 19499 2610 23 do do VBP 19499 2610 24 not not RB 19499 2610 25 apply apply VB 19499 2610 26 to to IN 19499 2610 27 instrumental instrumental JJ 19499 2610 28 music music NN 19499 2610 29 . . . 19499 2611 1 The the DT 19499 2611 2 scheme scheme NN 19499 2611 3 will will MD 19499 2611 4 therefore therefore RB 19499 2611 5 probably probably RB 19499 2611 6 be be VB 19499 2611 7 always always RB 19499 2611 8 restricted restrict VBN 19499 2611 9 to to IN 19499 2611 10 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2611 11 music music NN 19499 2611 12 and and CC 19499 2611 13 will will MD 19499 2611 14 hardly hardly RB 19499 2611 15 come come VB 19499 2611 16 into into IN 19499 2611 17 very very RB 19499 2611 18 extensive extensive JJ 19499 2611 19 use use NN 19499 2611 20 even even RB 19499 2611 21 in in IN 19499 2611 22 this this DT 19499 2611 23 field field NN 19499 2611 24 , , , 19499 2611 25 for for IN 19499 2611 26 the the DT 19499 2611 27 teacher teacher NN 19499 2611 28 of of IN 19499 2611 29 music music NN 19499 2611 30 is be VBZ 19499 2611 31 finding find VBG 19499 2611 32 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2611 33 perfectly perfectly RB 19499 2611 34 possible possible JJ 19499 2611 35 to to TO 19499 2611 36 improve improve VB 19499 2611 37 methods method NNS 19499 2611 38 of of IN 19499 2611 39 presentation presentation NN 19499 2611 40 to to IN 19499 2611 41 such such PDT 19499 2611 42 an an DT 19499 2611 43 extent extent NN 19499 2611 44 that that IN 19499 2611 45 learning learn VBG 19499 2611 46 to to TO 19499 2611 47 sing sing VB 19499 2611 48 from from IN 19499 2611 49 the the DT 19499 2611 50 staff staff NN 19499 2611 51 becomes become VBZ 19499 2611 52 a a DT 19499 2611 53 very very RB 19499 2611 54 simple simple JJ 19499 2611 55 matter matter NN 19499 2611 56 even even RB 19499 2611 57 to to IN 19499 2611 58 the the DT 19499 2611 59 young young JJ 19499 2611 60 child child NN 19499 2611 61 . . . 19499 2612 1 And and CC 19499 2612 2 even even RB 19499 2612 3 though though IN 19499 2612 4 this this DT 19499 2612 5 were be VBD 19499 2612 6 not not RB 19499 2612 7 true true JJ 19499 2612 8 , , , 19499 2612 9 the the DT 19499 2612 10 tonic tonic NNP 19499 2612 11 - - HYPH 19499 2612 12 sol sol NN 19499 2612 13 - - HYPH 19499 2612 14 fa fa NN 19499 2612 15 will will MD 19499 2612 16 always always RB 19499 2612 17 be be VB 19499 2612 18 hampered hamper VBN 19499 2612 19 by by IN 19499 2612 20 the the DT 19499 2612 21 fact fact NN 19499 2612 22 that that IN 19499 2612 23 since since IN 19499 2612 24 all all DT 19499 2612 25 letters letter NNS 19499 2612 26 are be VBP 19499 2612 27 printed print VBN 19499 2612 28 in in IN 19499 2612 29 a a DT 19499 2612 30 straight straight JJ 19499 2612 31 horizontal horizontal JJ 19499 2612 32 line line NN 19499 2612 33 the the DT 19499 2612 34 ear ear NN 19499 2612 35 does do VBZ 19499 2612 36 not not RB 19499 2612 37 have have VB 19499 2612 38 the the DT 19499 2612 39 assistance assistance NN 19499 2612 40 of of IN 19499 2612 41 the the DT 19499 2612 42 eye eye NN 19499 2612 43 in in IN 19499 2612 44 appreciating appreciate VBG 19499 2612 45 the the DT 19499 2612 46 rise rise NN 19499 2612 47 and and CC 19499 2612 48 fall fall NN 19499 2612 49 of of IN 19499 2612 50 melody melody NN 19499 2612 51 , , , 19499 2612 52 as as IN 19499 2612 53 is be VBZ 19499 2612 54 the the DT 19499 2612 55 case case NN 19499 2612 56 in in IN 19499 2612 57 staff staff NN 19499 2612 58 notation notation NN 19499 2612 59 . . . 19499 2612 60 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2613 1 1 1 LS 19499 2613 2 . . . 19499 2614 1 Pitches pitch NNS 19499 2614 2 represented represent VBN 19499 2614 3 by by IN 19499 2614 4 lines line NNS 19499 2614 5 and and CC 19499 2614 6 spaces space NNS 19499 2614 7 of of IN 19499 2614 8 a a DT 19499 2614 9 staff staff NN 19499 2614 10 , , , 19499 2614 11 the the DT 19499 2614 12 higher high JJR 19499 2614 13 the the DT 19499 2614 14 line line NN 19499 2614 15 , , , 19499 2614 16 the the DT 19499 2614 17 higher high JJR 19499 2614 18 the the DT 19499 2614 19 pitch pitch NN 19499 2614 20 represented represent VBD 19499 2614 21 , , , 19499 2614 22 signs sign NNS 19499 2614 23 called call VBD 19499 2614 24 clefs clef NNS 19499 2614 25 at at IN 19499 2614 26 the the DT 19499 2614 27 beginning beginning NN 19499 2614 28 of of IN 19499 2614 29 each each DT 19499 2614 30 staff staff NN 19499 2614 31 making make VBG 19499 2614 32 clear clear JJ 19499 2614 33 the the DT 19499 2614 34 pitch pitch NN 19499 2614 35 names name NNS 19499 2614 36 of of IN 19499 2614 37 the the DT 19499 2614 38 lines line NNS 19499 2614 39 and and CC 19499 2614 40 spaces space NNS 19499 2614 41 . . . 19499 2615 1 2 2 LS 19499 2615 2 . . . 19499 2616 1 Duration duration NN 19499 2616 2 values value NNS 19499 2616 3 shown show VBN 19499 2616 4 by by IN 19499 2616 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2616 6 shapes shapes NNP 19499 2616 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2616 8 of of IN 19499 2616 9 notes note NNS 19499 2616 10 . . . 19499 2617 1 3 3 LS 19499 2617 2 . . . 19499 2618 1 Accents accent NNS 19499 2618 2 shown show VBN 19499 2618 3 by by IN 19499 2618 4 position position NN 19499 2618 5 of of IN 19499 2618 6 notes note NNS 19499 2618 7 on on IN 19499 2618 8 the the DT 19499 2618 9 staff staff NN 19499 2618 10 with with IN 19499 2618 11 regard regard NN 19499 2618 12 to to IN 19499 2618 13 bars bar NNS 19499 2618 14 , , , 19499 2618 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2618 16 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2618 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2618 18 , , , 19499 2618 19 the the DT 19499 2618 20 strongest strong JJS 19499 2618 21 accent accent NN 19499 2618 22 always always RB 19499 2618 23 falls fall VBZ 19499 2618 24 just just RB 19499 2618 25 after after IN 19499 2618 26 the the DT 19499 2618 27 bar bar NN 19499 2618 28 , , , 19499 2618 29 and and CC 19499 2618 30 the the DT 19499 2618 31 beat beat NN 19499 2618 32 relatively relatively RB 19499 2618 33 least least RBS 19499 2618 34 accented accent VBN 19499 2618 35 is be VBZ 19499 2618 36 found find VBN 19499 2618 37 just just RB 19499 2618 38 before before IN 19499 2618 39 the the DT 19499 2618 40 bar bar NN 19499 2618 41 . . . 19499 2619 1 4 4 LS 19499 2619 2 . . . 19499 2620 1 Extent extent NN 19499 2620 2 and and CC 19499 2620 3 description description NN 19499 2620 4 of of IN 19499 2620 5 beat beat NN 19499 2620 6 - - HYPH 19499 2620 7 groups group NNS 19499 2620 8 shown show VBN 19499 2620 9 by by IN 19499 2620 10 measure measure NN 19499 2620 11 - - HYPH 19499 2620 12 signs sign NNS 19499 2620 13 . . . 19499 2621 1 5 5 CD 19499 2621 2 . . . 19499 2622 1 Key Key NNP 19499 2622 2 shown show VBN 19499 2622 3 by by IN 19499 2622 4 key key JJ 19499 2622 5 signature signature NN 19499 2622 6 placed place VBN 19499 2622 7 at at IN 19499 2622 8 the the DT 19499 2622 9 beginning beginning NN 19499 2622 10 of of IN 19499 2622 11 each each DT 19499 2622 12 staff staff NN 19499 2622 13 . . . 19499 2623 1 6 6 CD 19499 2623 2 . . . 19499 2624 1 Rate rate NN 19499 2624 2 of of IN 19499 2624 3 speed speed NN 19499 2624 4 , , , 19499 2624 5 dynamic dynamic JJ 19499 2624 6 changes change NNS 19499 2624 7 , , , 19499 2624 8 etc etc FW 19499 2624 9 . . FW 19499 2624 10 , , , 19499 2624 11 shown show VBN 19499 2624 12 by by IN 19499 2624 13 certain certain JJ 19499 2624 14 Italian italian JJ 19499 2624 15 words word NNS 19499 2624 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2624 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2624 18 allegro allegro NNP 19499 2624 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2624 20 , , , 19499 2624 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2624 22 andante andante NNP 19499 2624 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2624 24 , , , 19499 2624 25 etc etc FW 19499 2624 26 . . . 19499 2625 1 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2625 2 , , , 19499 2625 3 whose whose WP$ 19499 2625 4 meaning meaning NN 19499 2625 5 is be VBZ 19499 2625 6 as as RB 19499 2625 7 universally universally RB 19499 2625 8 understood understand VBN 19499 2625 9 as as IN 19499 2625 10 staff staff NN 19499 2625 11 notation notation NN 19499 2625 12 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 2625 13 . . . 19499 2626 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 2626 2 B B NNP 19499 2626 3 MUSICAL MUSICAL NNP 19499 2626 4 INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS NNP 19499 2626 5 1 1 CD 19499 2626 6 . . . 19499 2627 1 Broadly broadly RB 19499 2627 2 speaking speak VBG 19499 2627 3 , , , 19499 2627 4 musical musical JJ 19499 2627 5 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2627 6 may may MD 19499 2627 7 be be VB 19499 2627 8 divided divide VBN 19499 2627 9 into into IN 19499 2627 10 two two CD 19499 2627 11 classes class NNS 19499 2627 12 , , , 19499 2627 13 viz viz NN 19499 2627 14 . . . 19499 2628 1 : : : 19499 2628 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2628 3 1 1 LS 19499 2628 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2628 5 those those DT 19499 2628 6 that that WDT 19499 2628 7 have have VBP 19499 2628 8 a a DT 19499 2628 9 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2628 10 and and CC 19499 2628 11 are be VBP 19499 2628 12 therefore therefore RB 19499 2628 13 capable capable JJ 19499 2628 14 of of IN 19499 2628 15 sounding sound VBG 19499 2628 16 several several JJ 19499 2628 17 tones tone NNS 19499 2628 18 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2628 19 ; ; : 19499 2628 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2628 21 2 2 LS 19499 2628 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2628 23 those those DT 19499 2628 24 that that WDT 19499 2628 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2628 26 as as IN 19499 2628 27 a a DT 19499 2628 28 rule rule NN 19499 2628 29 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2628 30 sound sound VB 19499 2628 31 only only RB 19499 2628 32 one one CD 19499 2628 33 tone tone NN 19499 2628 34 at at IN 19499 2628 35 a a DT 19499 2628 36 time time NN 19499 2628 37 , , , 19499 2628 38 as as IN 19499 2628 39 the the DT 19499 2628 40 violin violin NN 19499 2628 41 and and CC 19499 2628 42 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2628 43 . . . 19499 2629 1 The the DT 19499 2629 2 piano piano NN 19499 2629 3 is be VBZ 19499 2629 4 of of IN 19499 2629 5 course course NN 19499 2629 6 the the DT 19499 2629 7 most most RBS 19499 2629 8 familiar familiar JJ 19499 2629 9 example example NN 19499 2629 10 of of IN 19499 2629 11 the the DT 19499 2629 12 first first JJ 19499 2629 13 class class NN 19499 2629 14 , , , 19499 2629 15 and and CC 19499 2629 16 a a DT 19499 2629 17 brief brief JJ 19499 2629 18 description description NN 19499 2629 19 is be VBZ 19499 2629 20 therefore therefore RB 19499 2629 21 given give VBN 19499 2629 22 . . . 19499 2630 1 The the DT 19499 2630 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2630 3 piano piano NN 19499 2630 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2630 5 was be VBD 19499 2630 6 invented invent VBN 19499 2630 7 about about RB 19499 2630 8 two two CD 19499 2630 9 hundred hundred CD 19499 2630 10 years year NNS 19499 2630 11 ago ago RB 19499 2630 12 by by IN 19499 2630 13 Cristofori Cristofori NNP 19499 2630 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2630 15 1651 1651 CD 19499 2630 16 - - SYM 19499 2630 17 1731 1731 CD 19499 2630 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2630 19 , , , 19499 2630 20 an an DT 19499 2630 21 Italian Italian NNP 19499 2630 22 . . . 19499 2631 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2631 2 was be VBD 19499 2631 3 an an DT 19499 2631 4 enormous enormous JJ 19499 2631 5 improvement improvement NN 19499 2631 6 over over IN 19499 2631 7 the the DT 19499 2631 8 types type NNS 19499 2631 9 of of IN 19499 2631 10 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2631 11 instrument instrument NN 19499 2631 12 that that WDT 19499 2631 13 were be VBD 19499 2631 14 in in IN 19499 2631 15 use use NN 19499 2631 16 at at IN 19499 2631 17 that that DT 19499 2631 18 time time NN 19499 2631 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2631 20 clavichord clavichord NNP 19499 2631 21 , , , 19499 2631 22 harpsichord harpsichord NNP 19499 2631 23 , , , 19499 2631 24 spinet spinet NN 19499 2631 25 , , , 19499 2631 26 virginal virginal JJ 19499 2631 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2631 28 and and CC 19499 2631 29 has have VBZ 19499 2631 30 resulted result VBN 19499 2631 31 in in IN 19499 2631 32 an an DT 19499 2631 33 entirely entirely RB 19499 2631 34 different different JJ 19499 2631 35 style style NN 19499 2631 36 of of IN 19499 2631 37 composition composition NN 19499 2631 38 . . . 19499 2632 1 See see VB 19499 2632 2 note note NN 19499 2632 3 on on IN 19499 2632 4 embellishments embellishment NNS 19499 2632 5 , , , 19499 2632 6 p. p. NN 19499 2632 7 26 26 CD 19499 2632 8 . . . 19499 2633 1 2 2 LS 19499 2633 2 . . . 19499 2634 1 The the DT 19499 2634 2 most most RBS 19499 2634 3 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 2634 4 things thing NNS 19499 2634 5 about about IN 19499 2634 6 the the DT 19499 2634 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2634 8 piano piano NN 19499 2634 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2634 10 as as IN 19499 2634 11 contrasted contrast VBN 19499 2634 12 with with IN 19499 2634 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2634 14 immediate immediate JJ 19499 2634 15 predecessors predecessor NNS 19499 2634 16 are be VBP 19499 2634 17 : : : 19499 2634 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2634 19 1 1 LS 19499 2634 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2634 21 that that IN 19499 2634 22 on on IN 19499 2634 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2634 24 the the DT 19499 2634 25 loudness loudness NN 19499 2634 26 and and CC 19499 2634 27 softness softness NN 19499 2634 28 of of IN 19499 2634 29 the the DT 19499 2634 30 tone tone NN 19499 2634 31 can can MD 19499 2634 32 be be VB 19499 2634 33 regulated regulate VBN 19499 2634 34 by by IN 19499 2634 35 the the DT 19499 2634 36 force force NN 19499 2634 37 with with IN 19499 2634 38 which which WDT 19499 2634 39 the the DT 19499 2634 40 keys key NNS 19499 2634 41 are be VBP 19499 2634 42 struck strike VBN 19499 2634 43 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2634 44 hence hence RB 19499 2634 45 the the DT 19499 2634 46 name name NN 19499 2634 47 _ _ NNP 19499 2634 48 pianoforte pianoforte NNP 19499 2634 49 _ _ NNP 19499 2634 50 meaning meaning NN 19499 2634 51 literally literally RB 19499 2634 52 the the DT 19499 2634 53 _ _ NNP 19499 2634 54 soft soft JJ 19499 2634 55 - - HYPH 19499 2634 56 loud loud JJ 19499 2634 57 _ _ NNP 19499 2634 58 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2634 59 ; ; : 19499 2634 60 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2634 61 2 2 LS 19499 2634 62 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2634 63 the the DT 19499 2634 64 fact fact NN 19499 2634 65 that that IN 19499 2634 66 the the DT 19499 2634 67 piano piano NN 19499 2634 68 is be VBZ 19499 2634 69 capable capable JJ 19499 2634 70 of of IN 19499 2634 71 sustaining sustain VBG 19499 2634 72 tone tone NN 19499 2634 73 to to IN 19499 2634 74 a a DT 19499 2634 75 much much RB 19499 2634 76 greater great JJR 19499 2634 77 extent extent NN 19499 2634 78 than than IN 19499 2634 79 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2634 80 predecessors predecessor NNS 19499 2634 81 . . . 19499 2635 1 In in IN 19499 2635 2 other other JJ 19499 2635 3 words word NNS 19499 2635 4 the the DT 19499 2635 5 tone tone NN 19499 2635 6 continues continue VBZ 19499 2635 7 sounding sound VBG 19499 2635 8 for for IN 19499 2635 9 some some DT 19499 2635 10 little little JJ 19499 2635 11 time time NN 19499 2635 12 after after IN 19499 2635 13 the the DT 19499 2635 14 key key NN 19499 2635 15 is be VBZ 19499 2635 16 struck strike VBN 19499 2635 17 , , , 19499 2635 18 while while IN 19499 2635 19 on on IN 19499 2635 20 the the DT 19499 2635 21 earlier early JJR 19499 2635 22 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2635 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2635 24 stopped stop VBD 19499 2635 25 almost almost RB 19499 2635 26 instantly instantly RB 19499 2635 27 after after IN 19499 2635 28 being be VBG 19499 2635 29 sounded sound VBN 19499 2635 30 . . . 19499 2636 1 The the DT 19499 2636 2 essentials essential NNS 19499 2636 3 of of IN 19499 2636 4 the the DT 19499 2636 5 piano piano NN 19499 2636 6 mechanism mechanism NN 19499 2636 7 are be VBP 19499 2636 8 : : : 19499 2636 9 1 1 LS 19499 2636 10 . . . 19499 2637 1 Felt Felt NNP 19499 2637 2 hammers hammer NNS 19499 2637 3 controlled control VBN 19499 2637 4 by by IN 19499 2637 5 keys key NNS 19499 2637 6 , , , 19499 2637 7 each each DT 19499 2637 8 hammer hammer NN 19499 2637 9 striking strike VBG 19499 2637 10 two two CD 19499 2637 11 or or CC 19499 2637 12 three three CD 19499 2637 13 strings string NNS 19499 2637 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2637 15 which which WDT 19499 2637 16 are be VBP 19499 2637 17 tuned tune VBN 19499 2637 18 in in IN 19499 2637 19 unison unison NNP 19499 2637 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2637 21 and and CC 19499 2637 22 immediately immediately RB 19499 2637 23 rebounding rebound VBG 19499 2637 24 from from IN 19499 2637 25 these these DT 19499 2637 26 strings string NNS 19499 2637 27 , , , 19499 2637 28 allowing allow VBG 19499 2637 29 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2637 30 to to TO 19499 2637 31 vibrate vibrate VB 19499 2637 32 as as RB 19499 2637 33 long long RB 19499 2637 34 as as IN 19499 2637 35 the the DT 19499 2637 36 key key NN 19499 2637 37 is be VBZ 19499 2637 38 held hold VBN 19499 2637 39 down down RP 19499 2637 40 . . . 19499 2638 1 The the DT 19499 2638 2 mechanism mechanism NN 19499 2638 3 that that WDT 19499 2638 4 allows allow VBZ 19499 2638 5 the the DT 19499 2638 6 hammers hammer NNS 19499 2638 7 to to TO 19499 2638 8 rebound rebound VB 19499 2638 9 from from IN 19499 2638 10 the the DT 19499 2638 11 strings string NNS 19499 2638 12 and and CC 19499 2638 13 fall fall VB 19499 2638 14 into into IN 19499 2638 15 position position NN 19499 2638 16 for for IN 19499 2638 17 another another DT 19499 2638 18 blow blow NN 19499 2638 19 is be VBZ 19499 2638 20 called call VBN 19499 2638 21 the the DT 19499 2638 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2638 23 escapement escapement NN 19499 2638 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2638 25 . . . 19499 2639 1 2 2 LS 19499 2639 2 . . . 19499 2640 1 A a DT 19499 2640 2 damper damper NN 19499 2640 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2640 4 made make VBN 19499 2640 5 of of IN 19499 2640 6 softer soft JJR 19499 2640 7 felt feel VBD 19499 2640 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2640 9 pressing press VBG 19499 2640 10 against against IN 19499 2640 11 each each DT 19499 2640 12 string string NN 19499 2640 13 and and CC 19499 2640 14 preventing prevent VBG 19499 2640 15 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2640 16 from from IN 19499 2640 17 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2640 18 until until IN 19499 2640 19 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2640 20 is be VBZ 19499 2640 21 wanted want VBN 19499 2640 22 . . . 19499 2641 1 3 3 LS 19499 2641 2 . . . 19499 2642 1 A a DT 19499 2642 2 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2642 3 action action NN 19499 2642 4 that that WDT 19499 2642 5 controls control VBZ 19499 2642 6 both both DT 19499 2642 7 hammers hammer NNS 19499 2642 8 and and CC 19499 2642 9 dampers damper NNS 19499 2642 10 , , , 19499 2642 11 causing cause VBG 19499 2642 12 the the DT 19499 2642 13 damper damper NN 19499 2642 14 to to TO 19499 2642 15 leave leave VB 19499 2642 16 the the DT 19499 2642 17 string string NN 19499 2642 18 at at IN 19499 2642 19 the the DT 19499 2642 20 same same JJ 19499 2642 21 instant instant NN 19499 2642 22 that that IN 19499 2642 23 the the DT 19499 2642 24 hammer hammer NN 19499 2642 25 strikes strike VBZ 19499 2642 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2642 27 . . . 19499 2643 1 4 4 LS 19499 2643 2 . . . 19499 2644 1 A a DT 19499 2644 2 pedal pedal NN 19499 2644 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2644 4 damper damper NNP 19499 2644 5 pedal pedal NN 19499 2644 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2644 7 controlling control VBG 19499 2644 8 all all DT 19499 2644 9 of of IN 19499 2644 10 the the DT 19499 2644 11 dampers damper NNS 19499 2644 12 , , , 19499 2644 13 so so IN 19499 2644 14 that that IN 19499 2644 15 at at IN 19499 2644 16 any any DT 19499 2644 17 moment moment NN 19499 2644 18 all all PDT 19499 2644 19 the the DT 19499 2644 20 strings string NNS 19499 2644 21 may may MD 19499 2644 22 be be VB 19499 2644 23 released release VBN 19499 2644 24 so so IN 19499 2644 25 as as IN 19499 2644 26 to to TO 19499 2644 27 be be VB 19499 2644 28 free free JJ 19499 2644 29 to to TO 19499 2644 30 vibrate vibrate VB 19499 2644 31 . . . 19499 2645 1 Other other JJ 19499 2645 2 interesting interesting JJ 19499 2645 3 details detail NNS 19499 2645 4 are be VBP 19499 2645 5 : : : 19499 2645 6 1 1 LS 19499 2645 7 . . . 19499 2646 1 The the DT 19499 2646 2 strings string NNS 19499 2646 3 are be VBP 19499 2646 4 stretched stretch VBN 19499 2646 5 over over IN 19499 2646 6 a a DT 19499 2646 7 thin thin JJ 19499 2646 8 sheet sheet NN 19499 2646 9 of of IN 19499 2646 10 wood wood NN 19499 2646 11 called call VBD 19499 2646 12 the the DT 19499 2646 13 sound sound NN 19499 2646 14 - - HYPH 19499 2646 15 board board NN 19499 2646 16 . . . 19499 2647 1 This this DT 19499 2647 2 aids aid VBZ 19499 2647 3 greatly greatly RB 19499 2647 4 in in IN 19499 2647 5 intensifying intensify VBG 19499 2647 6 the the DT 19499 2647 7 tone tone NN 19499 2647 8 . . . 19499 2648 1 2 2 LS 19499 2648 2 . . . 19499 2649 1 The the DT 19499 2649 2 soft soft JJ 19499 2649 3 pedal pedal NN 19499 2649 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2649 5 the the DT 19499 2649 6 one one CD 19499 2649 7 at at IN 19499 2649 8 the the DT 19499 2649 9 left left NN 19499 2649 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2649 11 in in IN 19499 2649 12 an an DT 19499 2649 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2649 14 upright upright JJ 19499 2649 15 piano piano NN 19499 2649 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2649 17 causes cause VBZ 19499 2649 18 the the DT 19499 2649 19 hammers hammer NNS 19499 2649 20 to to TO 19499 2649 21 move move VB 19499 2649 22 up up RP 19499 2649 23 nearer nearer IN 19499 2649 24 the the DT 19499 2649 25 strings string NNS 19499 2649 26 , , , 19499 2649 27 and and CC 19499 2649 28 the the DT 19499 2649 29 shorter short JJR 19499 2649 30 swing swing NN 19499 2649 31 thus thus RB 19499 2649 32 afforded afford VBD 19499 2649 33 causes cause VBZ 19499 2649 34 a a DT 19499 2649 35 less less RBR 19499 2649 36 violent violent JJ 19499 2649 37 blow blow NN 19499 2649 38 and and CC 19499 2649 39 consequently consequently RB 19499 2649 40 a a DT 19499 2649 41 softer soft JJR 19499 2649 42 tone tone NN 19499 2649 43 . . . 19499 2650 1 In in IN 19499 2650 2 the the DT 19499 2650 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2650 4 grand grand JJ 19499 2650 5 piano piano NN 19499 2650 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2650 7 this this DT 19499 2650 8 same same JJ 19499 2650 9 pedal pedal NN 19499 2650 10 shifts shift VBZ 19499 2650 11 the the DT 19499 2650 12 mechanism mechanism NN 19499 2650 13 to to IN 19499 2650 14 one one CD 19499 2650 15 side side NN 19499 2650 16 so so IN 19499 2650 17 that that IN 19499 2650 18 the the DT 19499 2650 19 hammers hammer NNS 19499 2650 20 strike strike VBP 19499 2650 21 only only RB 19499 2650 22 one one CD 19499 2650 23 or or CC 19499 2650 24 two two CD 19499 2650 25 of of IN 19499 2650 26 the the DT 19499 2650 27 strings string NNS 19499 2650 28 , , , 19499 2650 29 this this DT 19499 2650 30 resulting result VBG 19499 2650 31 in in IN 19499 2650 32 a a DT 19499 2650 33 softer soft JJR 19499 2650 34 tone tone NN 19499 2650 35 of of IN 19499 2650 36 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2650 37 modified modify VBN 19499 2650 38 quality quality NN 19499 2650 39 . . . 19499 2651 1 These these DT 19499 2651 2 details detail NNS 19499 2651 3 regarding regard VBG 19499 2651 4 the the DT 19499 2651 5 mechanism mechanism NN 19499 2651 6 of of IN 19499 2651 7 the the DT 19499 2651 8 piano piano NN 19499 2651 9 can can MD 19499 2651 10 easily easily RB 19499 2651 11 be be VB 19499 2651 12 verified verify VBN 19499 2651 13 by by IN 19499 2651 14 removing remove VBG 19499 2651 15 the the DT 19499 2651 16 front front NN 19499 2651 17 of of IN 19499 2651 18 any any DT 19499 2651 19 ordinary ordinary JJ 19499 2651 20 upright upright JJ 19499 2651 21 piano piano NN 19499 2651 22 and and CC 19499 2651 23 observing observe VBG 19499 2651 24 what what WP 19499 2651 25 takes take VBZ 19499 2651 26 place place NN 19499 2651 27 when when WRB 19499 2651 28 the the DT 19499 2651 29 keys key NNS 19499 2651 30 are be VBP 19499 2651 31 struck strike VBN 19499 2651 32 or or CC 19499 2651 33 the the DT 19499 2651 34 pedals pedal NNS 19499 2651 35 depressed depress VBD 19499 2651 36 . . . 19499 2652 1 3 3 LS 19499 2652 2 . . . 19499 2653 1 There there EX 19499 2653 2 are be VBP 19499 2653 3 two two CD 19499 2653 4 familiar familiar JJ 19499 2653 5 types type NNS 19499 2653 6 of of IN 19499 2653 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2653 8 organ organ NN 19499 2653 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2653 10 in in IN 19499 2653 11 use use NN 19499 2653 12 at at IN 19499 2653 13 the the DT 19499 2653 14 present present JJ 19499 2653 15 time time NN 19499 2653 16 , , , 19499 2653 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2653 18 1 1 LS 19499 2653 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2653 20 the the DT 19499 2653 21 reed reed NNP 19499 2653 22 organ organ NNP 19499 2653 23 , , , 19499 2653 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2653 25 2 2 LS 19499 2653 26 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2653 27 the the DT 19499 2653 28 pipe pipe NN 19499 2653 29 - - HYPH 19499 2653 30 organ organ NN 19499 2653 31 . . . 19499 2654 1 The the DT 19499 2654 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2654 3 reed reed NN 19499 2654 4 organ organ NNP 19499 2654 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2654 6 is be VBZ 19499 2654 7 very very RB 19499 2654 8 simple simple JJ 19499 2654 9 in in IN 19499 2654 10 construction construction NN 19499 2654 11 , , , 19499 2654 12 the the DT 19499 2654 13 tone tone NN 19499 2654 14 being be VBG 19499 2654 15 produced produce VBN 19499 2654 16 by by IN 19499 2654 17 the the DT 19499 2654 18 vibration vibration NN 19499 2654 19 of of IN 19499 2654 20 metal metal NN 19499 2654 21 reeds reed NNS 19499 2654 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2654 23 fixed fix VBN 19499 2654 24 in in IN 19499 2654 25 little little JJ 19499 2654 26 cells cell NNS 19499 2654 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2654 28 , , , 19499 2654 29 through through IN 19499 2654 30 which which WDT 19499 2654 31 air air NN 19499 2654 32 is be VBZ 19499 2654 33 forced force VBN 19499 2654 34 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2654 35 or or CC 19499 2654 36 sucked suck VBN 19499 2654 37 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2654 38 from from IN 19499 2654 39 the the DT 19499 2654 40 bellows bellow NNS 19499 2654 41 , , , 19499 2654 42 the the DT 19499 2654 43 latter latter JJ 19499 2654 44 being be VBG 19499 2654 45 usually usually RB 19499 2654 46 worked work VBN 19499 2654 47 by by IN 19499 2654 48 the the DT 19499 2654 49 feet foot NNS 19499 2654 50 of of IN 19499 2654 51 the the DT 19499 2654 52 player player NN 19499 2654 53 . . . 19499 2655 1 More More JJR 19499 2655 2 power power NN 19499 2655 3 may may MD 19499 2655 4 be be VB 19499 2655 5 secured secure VBN 19499 2655 6 either either CC 19499 2655 7 by by IN 19499 2655 8 drawing draw VBG 19499 2655 9 additional additional JJ 19499 2655 10 stops stop NNS 19499 2655 11 , , , 19499 2655 12 thus thus RB 19499 2655 13 throwing throw VBG 19499 2655 14 on on RP 19499 2655 15 more more JJR 19499 2655 16 sets set NNS 19499 2655 17 of of IN 19499 2655 18 reeds reed NNS 19499 2655 19 , , , 19499 2655 20 or or CC 19499 2655 21 by by IN 19499 2655 22 opening open VBG 19499 2655 23 the the DT 19499 2655 24 knee knee NN 19499 2655 25 swells swell NNS 19499 2655 26 which which WDT 19499 2655 27 either either CC 19499 2655 28 throw throw VBP 19499 2655 29 on on RP 19499 2655 30 more more JJR 19499 2655 31 reeds reed NNS 19499 2655 32 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2655 33 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2655 34 octave octave VBP 19499 2655 35 couplers coupler NNS 19499 2655 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2655 37 or or CC 19499 2655 38 else else RB 19499 2655 39 open open VB 19499 2655 40 a a DT 19499 2655 41 _ _ NNP 19499 2655 42 swell swell NN 19499 2655 43 box box NNP 19499 2655 44 _ _ NNP 19499 2655 45 in in IN 19499 2655 46 which which WDT 19499 2655 47 some some DT 19499 2655 48 of of IN 19499 2655 49 the the DT 19499 2655 50 reeds reed NNS 19499 2655 51 are be VBP 19499 2655 52 enclosed enclose VBN 19499 2655 53 , , , 19499 2655 54 the the DT 19499 2655 55 tone tone NN 19499 2655 56 being be VBG 19499 2655 57 louder loud JJR 19499 2655 58 when when WRB 19499 2655 59 the the DT 19499 2655 60 box box NN 19499 2655 61 is be VBZ 19499 2655 62 open open JJ 19499 2655 63 than than IN 19499 2655 64 when when WRB 19499 2655 65 closed close VBN 19499 2655 66 . . . 19499 2656 1 More More JJR 19499 2656 2 tone tone NN 19499 2656 3 may may MD 19499 2656 4 also also RB 19499 2656 5 be be VB 19499 2656 6 secured secure VBN 19499 2656 7 by by IN 19499 2656 8 pumping pump VBG 19499 2656 9 harder hard RBR 19499 2656 10 . . . 19499 2657 1 4 4 LS 19499 2657 2 . . . 19499 2658 1 The the DT 19499 2658 2 essential essential JJ 19499 2658 3 characteristic characteristic NN 19499 2658 4 of of IN 19499 2658 5 the the DT 19499 2658 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2658 7 pipe pipe NN 19499 2658 8 - - HYPH 19499 2658 9 organ organ NN 19499 2658 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2658 11 is be VBZ 19499 2658 12 a a DT 19499 2658 13 number number NN 19499 2658 14 of of IN 19499 2658 15 sets set NNS 19499 2658 16 or or CC 19499 2658 17 registers register NNS 19499 2658 18 of of IN 19499 2658 19 pipes pipe NNS 19499 2658 20 called call VBN 19499 2658 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2658 22 stops stop VBZ 19499 2658 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2658 24 , , , 19499 2658 25 each each DT 19499 2658 26 set set NN 19499 2658 27 being be VBG 19499 2658 28 capable capable JJ 19499 2658 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2658 30 usually usually RB 19499 2658 31 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2658 32 of of IN 19499 2658 33 sounding sound VBG 19499 2658 34 the the DT 19499 2658 35 entire entire JJ 19499 2658 36 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 2658 37 scale scale NN 19499 2658 38 through through IN 19499 2658 39 a a DT 19499 2658 40 range range NN 19499 2658 41 of of IN 19499 2658 42 five five CD 19499 2658 43 or or CC 19499 2658 44 six six CD 19499 2658 45 octaves octave NNS 19499 2658 46 . . . 19499 2659 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2659 2 for for IN 19499 2659 3 example example NN 19499 2659 4 when when WRB 19499 2659 5 the the DT 19499 2659 6 stop stop NN 19499 2659 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2659 8 melodia melodia NNP 19499 2659 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2659 10 is be VBZ 19499 2659 11 drawn draw VBN 19499 2659 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2659 13 by by IN 19499 2659 14 pulling pull VBG 19499 2659 15 out out RP 19499 2659 16 a a DT 19499 2659 17 stop stop VB 19499 2659 18 - - HYPH 19499 2659 19 knob knob NN 19499 2659 20 or or CC 19499 2659 21 tilting tilt VBG 19499 2659 22 a a DT 19499 2659 23 tablet tablet NN 19499 2659 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2659 25 , , , 19499 2659 26 one one CD 19499 2659 27 set set NN 19499 2659 28 of of IN 19499 2659 29 pipes pipe NNS 19499 2659 30 only only RB 19499 2659 31 , , , 19499 2659 32 sounds sound VBZ 19499 2659 33 when when WRB 19499 2659 34 the the DT 19499 2659 35 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2659 36 is be VBZ 19499 2659 37 played play VBN 19499 2659 38 on on IN 19499 2659 39 : : : 19499 2659 40 but but CC 19499 2659 41 if if IN 19499 2659 42 the the DT 19499 2659 43 stop stop NN 19499 2659 44 _ _ NNP 19499 2659 45 flute flute NN 19499 2659 46 _ _ NNP 19499 2659 47 is be VBZ 19499 2659 48 drawn draw VBN 19499 2659 49 with with IN 19499 2659 50 _ _ NNP 19499 2659 51 melodia melodia NNP 19499 2659 52 _ _ NNP 19499 2659 53 , , , 19499 2659 54 two two CD 19499 2659 55 pipes pipe NNS 19499 2659 56 speak speak VBP 19499 2659 57 every every DT 19499 2659 58 time time NN 19499 2659 59 a a DT 19499 2659 60 key key NN 19499 2659 61 is be VBZ 19499 2659 62 depressed depressed JJ 19499 2659 63 . . . 19499 2660 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2660 2 if if IN 19499 2660 3 an an DT 19499 2660 4 organ organ NN 19499 2660 5 has have VBZ 19499 2660 6 forty forty CD 19499 2660 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2660 8 speaking speak VBG 19499 2660 9 stops stop VBZ 19499 2660 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2660 11 , , , 19499 2660 12 all all DT 19499 2660 13 running run VBG 19499 2660 14 through through IN 19499 2660 15 the the DT 19499 2660 16 entire entire JJ 19499 2660 17 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2660 18 , , , 19499 2660 19 then then RB 19499 2660 20 each each DT 19499 2660 21 time time NN 19499 2660 22 one one CD 19499 2660 23 key key NN 19499 2660 24 is be VBZ 19499 2660 25 depressed depressed JJ 19499 2660 26 forty forty CD 19499 2660 27 pipes pipe NNS 19499 2660 28 will will MD 19499 2660 29 speak speak VB 19499 2660 30 , , , 19499 2660 31 and and CC 19499 2660 32 if if IN 19499 2660 33 a a DT 19499 2660 34 chord chord NN 19499 2660 35 of of IN 19499 2660 36 five five CD 19499 2660 37 tones tone NNS 19499 2660 38 is be VBZ 19499 2660 39 played play VBN 19499 2660 40 , , , 19499 2660 41 two two CD 19499 2660 42 hundred hundred CD 19499 2660 43 pipes pipe NNS 19499 2660 44 will will MD 19499 2660 45 speak speak VB 19499 2660 46 . . . 19499 2661 1 The the DT 19499 2661 2 object object NN 19499 2661 3 of of IN 19499 2661 4 having have VBG 19499 2661 5 so so RB 19499 2661 6 many many JJ 19499 2661 7 pipes pipe NNS 19499 2661 8 is be VBZ 19499 2661 9 not not RB 19499 2661 10 merely merely RB 19499 2661 11 to to TO 19499 2661 12 make make VB 19499 2661 13 possible possible JJ 19499 2661 14 a a DT 19499 2661 15 very very RB 19499 2661 16 powerful powerful JJ 19499 2661 17 tone tone NN 19499 2661 18 , , , 19499 2661 19 but but CC 19499 2661 20 , , , 19499 2661 21 rather rather RB 19499 2661 22 , , , 19499 2661 23 to to TO 19499 2661 24 give give VB 19499 2661 25 greater great JJR 19499 2661 26 variety variety NN 19499 2661 27 of of IN 19499 2661 28 tone tone NN 19499 2661 29 - - HYPH 19499 2661 30 color color NN 19499 2661 31 . . . 19499 2662 1 The the DT 19499 2662 2 pipe pipe NN 19499 2662 3 - - HYPH 19499 2662 4 organ organ NN 19499 2662 5 usually usually RB 19499 2662 6 has have VBZ 19499 2662 7 a a DT 19499 2662 8 pedal pedal JJ 19499 2662 9 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2662 10 on on IN 19499 2662 11 which which WDT 19499 2662 12 the the DT 19499 2662 13 feet foot NNS 19499 2662 14 of of IN 19499 2662 15 the the DT 19499 2662 16 performer performer JJ 19499 2662 17 play play VBP 19499 2662 18 a a DT 19499 2662 19 bass bass NN 19499 2662 20 part part NN 19499 2662 21 , , , 19499 2662 22 this this DT 19499 2662 23 part part NN 19499 2662 24 often often RB 19499 2662 25 sounding sound VBG 19499 2662 26 an an DT 19499 2662 27 octave octave NN 19499 2662 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2662 29 or or CC 19499 2662 30 more more JJR 19499 2662 31 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2662 32 lower low JJR 19499 2662 33 than than IN 19499 2662 34 the the DT 19499 2662 35 notes note NNS 19499 2662 36 indicate indicate VBP 19499 2662 37 . . . 19499 2663 1 An an DT 19499 2663 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2663 3 eight eight CD 19499 2663 4 - - HYPH 19499 2663 5 foot foot NN 19499 2663 6 stop stop NN 19499 2663 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2663 8 on on IN 19499 2663 9 the the DT 19499 2663 10 organ organ NN 19499 2663 11 produces produce VBZ 19499 2663 12 tones tone NNS 19499 2663 13 of of IN 19499 2663 14 the the DT 19499 2663 15 same same JJ 19499 2663 16 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2663 17 as as IN 19499 2663 18 the the DT 19499 2663 19 piano piano NN 19499 2663 20 when when WRB 19499 2663 21 corresponding correspond VBG 19499 2663 22 keys key NNS 19499 2663 23 are be VBP 19499 2663 24 struck strike VBN 19499 2663 25 : : : 19499 2663 26 A a DT 19499 2663 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2663 28 four four CD 19499 2663 29 - - HYPH 19499 2663 30 foot foot NN 19499 2663 31 stop stop NN 19499 2663 32 _ _ NNP 19499 2663 33 sounds sound VBZ 19499 2663 34 tones tone VBZ 19499 2663 35 an an DT 19499 2663 36 octave octave NN 19499 2663 37 higher high JJR 19499 2663 38 and and CC 19499 2663 39 a a DT 19499 2663 40 _ _ NNP 19499 2663 41 two two CD 19499 2663 42 - - HYPH 19499 2663 43 foot foot NN 19499 2663 44 stop stop NN 19499 2663 45 _ _ NNP 19499 2663 46 tones tone VBZ 19499 2663 47 two two CD 19499 2663 48 octaves octave NNS 19499 2663 49 higher high JJR 19499 2663 50 . . . 19499 2664 1 A a DT 19499 2664 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2664 3 sixteen sixteen CD 19499 2664 4 - - HYPH 19499 2664 5 foot foot NN 19499 2664 6 stop stop NN 19499 2664 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2664 8 sounds sound VBZ 19499 2664 9 tones tone VBZ 19499 2664 10 an an DT 19499 2664 11 octave octave NN 19499 2664 12 lower low JJR 19499 2664 13 than than IN 19499 2664 14 the the DT 19499 2664 15 piano piano NN 19499 2664 16 , , , 19499 2664 17 and and CC 19499 2664 18 a a DT 19499 2664 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2664 20 thirty thirty CD 19499 2664 21 - - HYPH 19499 2664 22 two two CD 19499 2664 23 foot foot NN 19499 2664 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2664 25 stop stop NN 19499 2664 26 , , , 19499 2664 27 tones tone VBZ 19499 2664 28 two two CD 19499 2664 29 octaves octave NNS 19499 2664 30 lower low JJR 19499 2664 31 , , , 19499 2664 32 while while IN 19499 2664 33 some some DT 19499 2664 34 organs organ NNS 19499 2664 35 have have VBP 19499 2664 36 also also RB 19499 2664 37 a a DT 19499 2664 38 _ _ NNP 19499 2664 39 sixty sixty CD 19499 2664 40 - - HYPH 19499 2664 41 four four CD 19499 2664 42 foot foot NN 19499 2664 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2664 44 stop stop NN 19499 2664 45 which which WDT 19499 2664 46 sounds sound VBZ 19499 2664 47 three three CD 19499 2664 48 octaves octave NNS 19499 2664 49 lower low JJR 19499 2664 50 . . . 19499 2665 1 This this DT 19499 2665 2 gives give VBZ 19499 2665 3 the the DT 19499 2665 4 organ organ NN 19499 2665 5 an an DT 19499 2665 6 exceedingly exceedingly RB 19499 2665 7 wide wide JJ 19499 2665 8 range range NN 19499 2665 9 , , , 19499 2665 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2665 11 compass compass NN 19499 2665 12 being be VBG 19499 2665 13 greater great JJR 19499 2665 14 than than IN 19499 2665 15 that that DT 19499 2665 16 of of IN 19499 2665 17 any any DT 19499 2665 18 other other JJ 19499 2665 19 single single JJ 19499 2665 20 instrument instrument NN 19499 2665 21 , , , 19499 2665 22 and and CC 19499 2665 23 comparable comparable JJ 19499 2665 24 in in IN 19499 2665 25 both both DT 19499 2665 26 range range NN 19499 2665 27 of of IN 19499 2665 28 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2665 29 and and CC 19499 2665 30 variety variety NN 19499 2665 31 of of IN 19499 2665 32 color color NN 19499 2665 33 only only RB 19499 2665 34 with with IN 19499 2665 35 the the DT 19499 2665 36 modern modern JJ 19499 2665 37 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2665 38 . . . 19499 2666 1 Modern modern JJ 19499 2666 2 pipe pipe NN 19499 2666 3 - - HYPH 19499 2666 4 organs organ NNS 19499 2666 5 always always RB 19499 2666 6 have have VBP 19499 2666 7 a a DT 19499 2666 8 number number NN 19499 2666 9 of of IN 19499 2666 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2666 11 combination combination NN 19499 2666 12 pedals pedal NNS 19499 2666 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2666 14 or or CC 19499 2666 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2666 16 pistons pistons NNPS 19499 2666 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2666 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2666 19 usually usually RB 19499 2666 20 both both DT 19499 2666 21 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2666 22 , , , 19499 2666 23 by by IN 19499 2666 24 means mean NNS 19499 2666 25 of of IN 19499 2666 26 which which WDT 19499 2666 27 the the DT 19499 2666 28 organist organist NN 19499 2666 29 is be VBZ 19499 2666 30 enabled enable VBN 19499 2666 31 to to TO 19499 2666 32 throw throw VB 19499 2666 33 on on RP 19499 2666 34 a a DT 19499 2666 35 number number NN 19499 2666 36 of of IN 19499 2666 37 stops stop NNS 19499 2666 38 with with IN 19499 2666 39 one one CD 19499 2666 40 movement movement NN 19499 2666 41 . . . 19499 2667 1 The the DT 19499 2667 2 selection selection NN 19499 2667 3 and and CC 19499 2667 4 use use NN 19499 2667 5 of of IN 19499 2667 6 suitable suitable JJ 19499 2667 7 stops stop NNS 19499 2667 8 , , , 19499 2667 9 couplers coupler NNS 19499 2667 10 , , , 19499 2667 11 combinations combination NNS 19499 2667 12 , , , 19499 2667 13 etc etc FW 19499 2667 14 . . . 19499 2667 15 , , , 19499 2667 16 is be VBZ 19499 2667 17 called call VBN 19499 2667 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2667 19 registration registration NN 19499 2667 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2667 21 . . . 19499 2668 1 5 5 CD 19499 2668 2 . . . 19499 2669 1 The the DT 19499 2669 2 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2669 3 mentioned mention VBD 19499 2669 4 at at IN 19499 2669 5 the the DT 19499 2669 6 beginning beginning NN 19499 2669 7 of of IN 19499 2669 8 this this DT 19499 2669 9 appendix appendix NNP 19499 2669 10 as as IN 19499 2669 11 belonging belong VBG 19499 2669 12 to to IN 19499 2669 13 the the DT 19499 2669 14 second second JJ 19499 2669 15 class class NN 19499 2669 16 are be VBP 19499 2669 17 more more RBR 19499 2669 18 familiar familiar JJ 19499 2669 19 in in IN 19499 2669 20 connection connection NN 19499 2669 21 with with IN 19499 2669 22 ensemble ensemble JJ 19499 2669 23 playing playing NN 19499 2669 24 , , , 19499 2669 25 being be VBG 19499 2669 26 commonly commonly RB 19499 2669 27 associated associate VBN 19499 2669 28 with with IN 19499 2669 29 either either DT 19499 2669 30 band band NN 19499 2669 31 or or CC 19499 2669 32 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2669 33 . . . 19499 2670 1 6 6 CD 19499 2670 2 . . . 19499 2671 1 A a DT 19499 2671 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2671 3 band band NN 19499 2671 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2671 5 is be VBZ 19499 2671 6 a a DT 19499 2671 7 company company NN 19499 2671 8 of of IN 19499 2671 9 musicians musician NNS 19499 2671 10 all all DT 19499 2671 11 of of IN 19499 2671 12 whom whom WP 19499 2671 13 play play VBP 19499 2671 14 upon upon IN 19499 2671 15 either either DT 19499 2671 16 wind wind NN 19499 2671 17 or or CC 19499 2671 18 percussion percussion NN 19499 2671 19 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2671 20 , , , 19499 2671 21 the the DT 19499 2671 22 main main JJ 19499 2671 23 body body NN 19499 2671 24 of of IN 19499 2671 25 tone tone NN 19499 2671 26 being be VBG 19499 2671 27 produced produce VBN 19499 2671 28 by by IN 19499 2671 29 the the DT 19499 2671 30 brass brass NN 19499 2671 31 and and CC 19499 2671 32 wood wood NN 19499 2671 33 - - HYPH 19499 2671 34 wind wind NN 19499 2671 35 divisions division NNS 19499 2671 36 . . . 19499 2672 1 Sousa Sousa NNP 19499 2672 2 's 's POS 19499 2672 3 band band NN 19499 2672 4 is be VBZ 19499 2672 5 usually usually RB 19499 2672 6 made make VBN 19499 2672 7 up up RP 19499 2672 8 in in IN 19499 2672 9 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2672 10 the the DT 19499 2672 11 following follow VBG 19499 2672 12 manner manner NN 19499 2672 13 : : : 19499 2672 14 4 4 CD 19499 2672 15 flutes flute NNS 19499 2672 16 and and CC 19499 2672 17 piccolos piccolo NNS 19499 2672 18 , , , 19499 2672 19 12 12 CD 19499 2672 20 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 2672 21 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2672 22 clarinets clarinet NNS 19499 2672 23 , , , 19499 2672 24 1 1 CD 19499 2672 25 E[flat e[flat NN 19499 2672 26 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2672 27 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2672 28 , , , 19499 2672 29 1 1 CD 19499 2672 30 alto alto NN 19499 2672 31 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2672 32 , , , 19499 2672 33 1 1 CD 19499 2672 34 bass bass NN 19499 2672 35 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2672 36 , , , 19499 2672 37 2 2 CD 19499 2672 38 oboes oboe NNS 19499 2672 39 , , , 19499 2672 40 2 2 CD 19499 2672 41 bassoons bassoon NNS 19499 2672 42 , , , 19499 2672 43 2 2 CD 19499 2672 44 sarrusophones sarrusophone NNS 19499 2672 45 , , , 19499 2672 46 4 4 CD 19499 2672 47 saxophones saxophone NNS 19499 2672 48 , , , 19499 2672 49 4 4 CD 19499 2672 50 cornets cornet NNS 19499 2672 51 , , , 19499 2672 52 2 2 CD 19499 2672 53 trumpets trumpet NNS 19499 2672 54 , , , 19499 2672 55 1 1 CD 19499 2672 56 soprano soprano NN 19499 2672 57 saxhorn saxhorn NN 19499 2672 58 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2672 59 fluegelhorn fluegelhorn NNP 19499 2672 60 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2672 61 , , , 19499 2672 62 4 4 CD 19499 2672 63 French french JJ 19499 2672 64 horns horn NNS 19499 2672 65 , , , 19499 2672 66 4 4 CD 19499 2672 67 trombones trombone NNS 19499 2672 68 , , , 19499 2672 69 2 2 CD 19499 2672 70 contra contra NNP 19499 2672 71 - - HYPH 19499 2672 72 bass bass NN 19499 2672 73 tubas tubas NNP 19499 2672 74 , , , 19499 2672 75 4 4 CD 19499 2672 76 tubas tuba NNS 19499 2672 77 , , , 19499 2672 78 1 1 CD 19499 2672 79 snare snare NNP 19499 2672 80 drum drum NNP 19499 2672 81 , , , 19499 2672 82 1 1 CD 19499 2672 83 bass bass NN 19499 2672 84 drum drum NN 19499 2672 85 , , , 19499 2672 86 2 2 CD 19499 2672 87 kettle kettle NN 19499 2672 88 drums drum NNS 19499 2672 89 , , , 19499 2672 90 cymbals cymbal NNS 19499 2672 91 , , , 19499 2672 92 triangle triangle NN 19499 2672 93 , , , 19499 2672 94 bells bell NNS 19499 2672 95 , , , 19499 2672 96 castanets castanet NNS 19499 2672 97 , , , 19499 2672 98 xylophone xylophone NN 19499 2672 99 , , , 19499 2672 100 etc etc FW 19499 2672 101 . . . 19499 2673 1 7 7 LS 19499 2673 2 . . . 19499 2674 1 An an DT 19499 2674 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2674 3 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2674 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2674 5 is be VBZ 19499 2674 6 a a DT 19499 2674 7 company company NN 19499 2674 8 of of IN 19499 2674 9 musicians musician NNS 19499 2674 10 performing perform VBG 19499 2674 11 upon upon IN 19499 2674 12 stringed stringed JJ 19499 2674 13 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2674 14 as as RB 19499 2674 15 well well RB 19499 2674 16 as as IN 19499 2674 17 upon upon IN 19499 2674 18 wind wind NN 19499 2674 19 and and CC 19499 2674 20 percussion percussion NN 19499 2674 21 . . . 19499 2675 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2675 2 is be VBZ 19499 2675 3 differentiated differentiate VBN 19499 2675 4 from from IN 19499 2675 5 the the DT 19499 2675 6 band band NN 19499 2675 7 by by IN 19499 2675 8 the the DT 19499 2675 9 fact fact NN 19499 2675 10 that that IN 19499 2675 11 the the DT 19499 2675 12 main main JJ 19499 2675 13 body body NN 19499 2675 14 of of IN 19499 2675 15 tone tone NN 19499 2675 16 is be VBZ 19499 2675 17 produced produce VBN 19499 2675 18 by by IN 19499 2675 19 the the DT 19499 2675 20 strings string NNS 19499 2675 21 . . . 19499 2676 1 There there EX 19499 2676 2 are be VBP 19499 2676 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 4 four four CD 19499 2676 5 classes class NNS 19499 2676 6 of of IN 19499 2676 7 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2676 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 9 in in IN 19499 2676 10 the the DT 19499 2676 11 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2676 12 , , , 19499 2676 13 viz viz NNP 19499 2676 14 . . NNP 19499 2676 15 , , , 19499 2676 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 17 strings string NNS 19499 2676 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 19 , , , 19499 2676 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 21 wood wood NN 19499 2676 22 - - HYPH 19499 2676 23 wind wind NN 19499 2676 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 25 , , , 19499 2676 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 27 brass brass NN 19499 2676 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2676 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 31 wind wind NN 19499 2676 32 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2676 34 and and CC 19499 2676 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 36 percussion percussion NN 19499 2676 37 _ _ NNP 19499 2676 38 . . . 19499 2677 1 In in IN 19499 2677 2 addition addition NN 19499 2677 3 to to IN 19499 2677 4 these these DT 19499 2677 5 four four CD 19499 2677 6 classes class NNS 19499 2677 7 , , , 19499 2677 8 there there EX 19499 2677 9 is be VBZ 19499 2677 10 the the DT 19499 2677 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2677 12 harp harp NN 19499 2677 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2677 14 , , , 19499 2677 15 which which WDT 19499 2677 16 although although IN 19499 2677 17 a a DT 19499 2677 18 stringed string VBN 19499 2677 19 instrument instrument NN 19499 2677 20 , , , 19499 2677 21 does do VBZ 19499 2677 22 not not RB 19499 2677 23 belong belong VB 19499 2677 24 in in IN 19499 2677 25 the the DT 19499 2677 26 same same JJ 19499 2677 27 group group NN 19499 2677 28 as as IN 19499 2677 29 the the DT 19499 2677 30 other other JJ 19499 2677 31 strings string NNS 19499 2677 32 because because IN 19499 2677 33 the the DT 19499 2677 34 manner manner NN 19499 2677 35 of of IN 19499 2677 36 producing produce VBG 19499 2677 37 the the DT 19499 2677 38 tone tone NN 19499 2677 39 is be VBZ 19499 2677 40 altogether altogether RB 19499 2677 41 different different JJ 19499 2677 42 . . . 19499 2678 1 8 8 LS 19499 2678 2 . . . 19499 2679 1 In in IN 19499 2679 2 the the DT 19499 2679 3 first first JJ 19499 2679 4 group group NN 19499 2679 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2679 6 the the DT 19499 2679 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2679 8 strings string NNS 19499 2679 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2679 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2679 11 are be VBP 19499 2679 12 found find VBN 19499 2679 13 the the DT 19499 2679 14 first first JJ 19499 2679 15 and and CC 19499 2679 16 second second JJ 19499 2679 17 violins violin NNS 19499 2679 18 , , , 19499 2679 19 viola viola NNP 19499 2679 20 , , , 19499 2679 21 violoncello violoncello NNP 19499 2679 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2679 23 usually usually RB 19499 2679 24 spelled spell VBN 19499 2679 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2679 26 cello cello NN 19499 2679 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2679 28 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2679 29 , , , 19499 2679 30 and and CC 19499 2679 31 double double JJ 19499 2679 32 - - HYPH 19499 2679 33 bass bass NN 19499 2679 34 . . . 19499 2680 1 The the DT 19499 2680 2 first first JJ 19499 2680 3 and and CC 19499 2680 4 second second JJ 19499 2680 5 violins violin NNS 19499 2680 6 are be VBP 19499 2680 7 identical identical JJ 19499 2680 8 in in IN 19499 2680 9 every every DT 19499 2680 10 way way NN 19499 2680 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2680 12 but but CC 19499 2680 13 play play VB 19499 2680 14 different different JJ 19499 2680 15 parts part NNS 19499 2680 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2680 17 , , , 19499 2680 18 while while IN 19499 2680 19 the the DT 19499 2680 20 other other JJ 19499 2680 21 members member NNS 19499 2680 22 of of IN 19499 2680 23 the the DT 19499 2680 24 family family NN 19499 2680 25 merely merely RB 19499 2680 26 represent represent VBP 19499 2680 27 larger large JJR 19499 2680 28 examples example NNS 19499 2680 29 of of IN 19499 2680 30 the the DT 19499 2680 31 same same JJ 19499 2680 32 type type NN 19499 2680 33 of of IN 19499 2680 34 instrument instrument NN 19499 2680 35 . . . 19499 2681 1 9 9 CD 19499 2681 2 . . . 19499 2682 1 In in IN 19499 2682 2 the the DT 19499 2682 3 second second JJ 19499 2682 4 group group NN 19499 2682 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2682 6 the the DT 19499 2682 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2682 8 wood wood NN 19499 2682 9 - - HYPH 19499 2682 10 wind wind NN 19499 2682 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2682 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2682 13 are be VBP 19499 2682 14 found find VBN 19499 2682 15 the the DT 19499 2682 16 flute flute NN 19499 2682 17 , , , 19499 2682 18 piccolo piccolo NN 19499 2682 19 , , , 19499 2682 20 oboe oboe JJ 19499 2682 21 , , , 19499 2682 22 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2682 23 , , , 19499 2682 24 English English NNP 19499 2682 25 horn horn NN 19499 2682 26 , , , 19499 2682 27 double double JJ 19499 2682 28 - - HYPH 19499 2682 29 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2682 30 , , , 19499 2682 31 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2682 32 , , , 19499 2682 33 and and CC 19499 2682 34 bass bass NN 19499 2682 35 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2682 36 . . . 19499 2683 1 The the DT 19499 2683 2 English English NNP 19499 2683 3 horn horn NN 19499 2683 4 , , , 19499 2683 5 double double JJ 19499 2683 6 - - HYPH 19499 2683 7 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2683 8 , , , 19499 2683 9 bass bass NN 19499 2683 10 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2683 11 , , , 19499 2683 12 and and CC 19499 2683 13 piccolo piccolo NN 19499 2683 14 are be VBP 19499 2683 15 not not RB 19499 2683 16 called call VBN 19499 2683 17 for for IN 19499 2683 18 in in IN 19499 2683 19 the the DT 19499 2683 20 older old JJR 19499 2683 21 compositions composition NNS 19499 2683 22 , , , 19499 2683 23 hence hence RB 19499 2683 24 are be VBP 19499 2683 25 not not RB 19499 2683 26 always always RB 19499 2683 27 present present JJ 19499 2683 28 in in IN 19499 2683 29 the the DT 19499 2683 30 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2683 31 . . . 19499 2684 1 10 10 CD 19499 2684 2 . . . 19499 2685 1 In in IN 19499 2685 2 the the DT 19499 2685 3 third third JJ 19499 2685 4 group group NN 19499 2685 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2685 6 the the DT 19499 2685 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2685 8 brass brass NN 19499 2685 9 choir choir NN 19499 2685 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2685 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2685 12 are be VBP 19499 2685 13 found find VBN 19499 2685 14 the the DT 19499 2685 15 French french JJ 19499 2685 16 horn horn NN 19499 2685 17 , , , 19499 2685 18 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2685 19 usually usually RB 19499 2685 20 referred refer VBN 19499 2685 21 to to IN 19499 2685 22 as as IN 19499 2685 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2685 24 the the DT 19499 2685 25 horn horn NN 19499 2685 26 _ _ NN 19499 2685 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2685 28 , , , 19499 2685 29 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2685 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2685 31 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2685 32 replaced replace VBN 19499 2685 33 by by IN 19499 2685 34 the the DT 19499 2685 35 cornet cornet NN 19499 2685 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2685 37 trombone trombone NN 19499 2685 38 , , , 19499 2685 39 and and CC 19499 2685 40 tuba tuba NNP 19499 2685 41 . . . 19499 2686 1 11 11 CD 19499 2686 2 . . . 19499 2687 1 The the DT 19499 2687 2 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2687 3 group group NN 19499 2687 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2687 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2687 6 percussion percussion NN 19499 2687 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2687 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2687 9 consists consist VBZ 19499 2687 10 of of IN 19499 2687 11 kettle kettle NN 19499 2687 12 drums drum NNS 19499 2687 13 , , , 19499 2687 14 bass bass NNP 19499 2687 15 drum drum NN 19499 2687 16 , , , 19499 2687 17 cymbals cymbal NNS 19499 2687 18 , , , 19499 2687 19 snare snare NNP 19499 2687 20 drum drum NNP 19499 2687 21 , , , 19499 2687 22 triangle triangle NNP 19499 2687 23 , , , 19499 2687 24 bells bell NNS 19499 2687 25 , , , 19499 2687 26 etc etc FW 19499 2687 27 . . . 19499 2688 1 12 12 CD 19499 2688 2 . . . 19499 2689 1 In in IN 19499 2689 2 an an DT 19499 2689 3 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2689 4 of of IN 19499 2689 5 about about RB 19499 2689 6 100 100 CD 19499 2689 7 players player NNS 19499 2689 8 the the DT 19499 2689 9 proportion proportion NN 19499 2689 10 of of IN 19499 2689 11 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2689 12 is be VBZ 19499 2689 13 as as RB 19499 2689 14 about about RB 19499 2689 15 as as IN 19499 2689 16 follows follow VBZ 19499 2689 17 , , , 19499 2689 18 although although IN 19499 2689 19 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2689 20 varies vary VBZ 19499 2689 21 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2689 22 according accord VBG 19499 2689 23 to to IN 19499 2689 24 the the DT 19499 2689 25 taste taste NN 19499 2689 26 of of IN 19499 2689 27 the the DT 19499 2689 28 conductor conductor NN 19499 2689 29 , , , 19499 2689 30 the the DT 19499 2689 31 style style NN 19499 2689 32 of of IN 19499 2689 33 composition composition NN 19499 2689 34 to to TO 19499 2689 35 be be VB 19499 2689 36 performed perform VBN 19499 2689 37 , , , 19499 2689 38 etc etc FW 19499 2689 39 . . . 19499 2690 1 : : : 19499 2690 2 18 18 CD 19499 2690 3 first first JJ 19499 2690 4 violins violin NNS 19499 2690 5 , , , 19499 2690 6 16 16 CD 19499 2690 7 second second JJ 19499 2690 8 violins violin NNS 19499 2690 9 , , , 19499 2690 10 14 14 CD 19499 2690 11 violas viola NNS 19499 2690 12 , , , 19499 2690 13 12 12 CD 19499 2690 14 cellos cello NNS 19499 2690 15 , , , 19499 2690 16 10 10 CD 19499 2690 17 basses bass NNS 19499 2690 18 , , , 19499 2690 19 1 1 CD 19499 2690 20 harp harp NN 19499 2690 21 , , , 19499 2690 22 3 3 CD 19499 2690 23 flutes flute NNS 19499 2690 24 , , , 19499 2690 25 1 1 CD 19499 2690 26 piccolo piccolo NN 19499 2690 27 , , , 19499 2690 28 3 3 CD 19499 2690 29 oboes oboe NNS 19499 2690 30 , , , 19499 2690 31 1 1 CD 19499 2690 32 English English NNP 19499 2690 33 horn horn NN 19499 2690 34 , , , 19499 2690 35 3 3 CD 19499 2690 36 clarinets clarinet NNS 19499 2690 37 , , , 19499 2690 38 1 1 CD 19499 2690 39 bass bass NN 19499 2690 40 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2690 41 , , , 19499 2690 42 3 3 CD 19499 2690 43 bassoons bassoon NNS 19499 2690 44 , , , 19499 2690 45 1 1 CD 19499 2690 46 contra contra NNP 19499 2690 47 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2690 48 or or CC 19499 2690 49 double double JJ 19499 2690 50 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2690 51 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2690 52 , , , 19499 2690 53 4 4 CD 19499 2690 54 horns horn NNS 19499 2690 55 , , , 19499 2690 56 2 2 CD 19499 2690 57 trumpets trumpet NNS 19499 2690 58 , , , 19499 2690 59 3 3 CD 19499 2690 60 trombones trombone NNS 19499 2690 61 , , , 19499 2690 62 1 1 CD 19499 2690 63 tuba tuba NN 19499 2690 64 , , , 19499 2690 65 3 3 CD 19499 2690 66 kettle kettle NN 19499 2690 67 drums drum NNS 19499 2690 68 , , , 19499 2690 69 1 1 CD 19499 2690 70 bass bass NN 19499 2690 71 drum drum NN 19499 2690 72 , , , 19499 2690 73 1 1 CD 19499 2690 74 snare snare NN 19499 2690 75 drum drum NNP 19499 2690 76 , , , 19499 2690 77 1 1 CD 19499 2690 78 each each DT 19499 2690 79 of of IN 19499 2690 80 triangle triangle NN 19499 2690 81 , , , 19499 2690 82 cymbals cymbal NNS 19499 2690 83 , , , 19499 2690 84 bells bell NNS 19499 2690 85 , , , 19499 2690 86 and and CC 19499 2690 87 other other JJ 19499 2690 88 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2690 89 of of IN 19499 2690 90 percussion percussion NN 19499 2690 91 , , , 19499 2690 92 several several JJ 19499 2690 93 of of IN 19499 2690 94 which which WDT 19499 2690 95 are be VBP 19499 2690 96 often often RB 19499 2690 97 manipulated manipulate VBN 19499 2690 98 by by IN 19499 2690 99 one one CD 19499 2690 100 performer performer NN 19499 2690 101 . . . 19499 2691 1 13 13 CD 19499 2691 2 . . . 19499 2692 1 The the DT 19499 2692 2 cuts cut NNS 19499 2692 3 and and CC 19499 2692 4 brief brief JJ 19499 2692 5 descriptions description NNS 19499 2692 6 here here RB 19499 2692 7 added add VBN 19499 2692 8 will will MD 19499 2692 9 give give VB 19499 2692 10 at at IN 19499 2692 11 least least JJS 19499 2692 12 a a DT 19499 2692 13 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 19499 2692 14 idea idea NN 19499 2692 15 of of IN 19499 2692 16 the the DT 19499 2692 17 appearance appearance NN 19499 2692 18 and and CC 19499 2692 19 possibilities possibility NNS 19499 2692 20 of of IN 19499 2692 21 the the DT 19499 2692 22 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2692 23 most most RBS 19499 2692 24 commonly commonly RB 19499 2692 25 used use VBN 19499 2692 26 in in IN 19499 2692 27 bands band NNS 19499 2692 28 and and CC 19499 2692 29 orchestras orchestra NNS 19499 2692 30 . . . 19499 2693 1 For for IN 19499 2693 2 fuller full JJR 19499 2693 3 descriptions description NNS 19499 2693 4 and and CC 19499 2693 5 particulars particular NNS 19499 2693 6 regarding regard VBG 19499 2693 7 range range NN 19499 2693 8 , , , 19499 2693 9 quality quality NN 19499 2693 10 , , , 19499 2693 11 etc etc FW 19499 2693 12 . . FW 19499 2693 13 , , , 19499 2693 14 the the DT 19499 2693 15 student student NN 19499 2693 16 is be VBZ 19499 2693 17 referred refer VBN 19499 2693 18 to to IN 19499 2693 19 Mason Mason NNP 19499 2693 20 's 's POS 19499 2693 21 " " `` 19499 2693 22 The The NNP 19499 2693 23 Orchestral Orchestral NNP 19499 2693 24 Instruments Instruments NNPS 19499 2693 25 and and CC 19499 2693 26 What what WP 19499 2693 27 They -PRON- PRP 19499 2693 28 Do do VBP 19499 2693 29 , , , 19499 2693 30 " " `` 19499 2693 31 Lavignac Lavignac NNP 19499 2693 32 's 's POS 19499 2693 33 " " `` 19499 2693 34 Music Music NNP 19499 2693 35 and and CC 19499 2693 36 Musicians Musicians NNPS 19499 2693 37 , , , 19499 2693 38 " " '' 19499 2693 39 and and CC 19499 2693 40 to to IN 19499 2693 41 the the DT 19499 2693 42 various various JJ 19499 2693 43 articles article NNS 19499 2693 44 which which WDT 19499 2693 45 describe describe VBP 19499 2693 46 each each DT 19499 2693 47 instrument instrument NN 19499 2693 48 under under IN 19499 2693 49 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2693 50 own own JJ 19499 2693 51 name name NN 19499 2693 52 in in IN 19499 2693 53 Grove Grove NNP 19499 2693 54 's 's POS 19499 2693 55 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 19499 2693 56 or or CC 19499 2693 57 in in IN 19499 2693 58 any any DT 19499 2693 59 good good JJ 19499 2693 60 encyclopaedia encyclopaedia NN 19499 2693 61 . . . 19499 2694 1 For for IN 19499 2694 2 still still RB 19499 2694 3 fuller full JJR 19499 2694 4 details detail NNS 19499 2694 5 some some DT 19499 2694 6 work work NN 19499 2694 7 on on IN 19499 2694 8 orchestration orchestration NN 19499 2694 9 will will MD 19499 2694 10 have have VB 19499 2694 11 to to TO 19499 2694 12 be be VB 19499 2694 13 consulted consult VBN 19499 2694 14 . . . 19499 2695 1 14 14 CD 19499 2695 2 . . . 19499 2696 1 The the DT 19499 2696 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2696 3 violin violin NN 19499 2696 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2696 5 has have VBZ 19499 2696 6 four four CD 19499 2696 7 strings string NNS 19499 2696 8 , , , 19499 2696 9 tuned tune VBN 19499 2696 10 thus thus RB 19499 2696 11 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2696 12 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2696 13 : : : 19499 2696 14 g g NNP 19499 2696 15 d d NN 19499 2696 16 ' ' `` 19499 2696 17 a a NN 19499 2696 18 ' ' `` 19499 2696 19 e e NN 19499 2696 20 ' ' '' 19499 2696 21 ' ' '' 19499 2696 22 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2696 23 , , , 19499 2696 24 these these DT 19499 2696 25 making make VBG 19499 2696 26 available available JJ 19499 2696 27 a a DT 19499 2696 28 range range NN 19499 2696 29 of of IN 19499 2696 30 about about RB 19499 2696 31 three three CD 19499 2696 32 and and CC 19499 2696 33 one one CD 19499 2696 34 - - HYPH 19499 2696 35 half half NN 19499 2696 36 octaves octave NNS 19499 2696 37 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2696 38 g g NN 19499 2696 39 -- -- : 19499 2696 40 c c NN 19499 2696 41 ' ' `` 19499 2696 42 ' ' '' 19499 2696 43 ' ' '' 19499 2696 44 ' ' '' 19499 2696 45 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2696 46 . . . 19499 2697 1 This this DT 19499 2697 2 range[41 range[41 NN 19499 2697 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2697 4 may may MD 19499 2697 5 be be VB 19499 2697 6 extended extend VBN 19499 2697 7 upward upward RB 19499 2697 8 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2697 9 further further RB 19499 2697 10 by by IN 19499 2697 11 means mean NNS 19499 2697 12 of of IN 19499 2697 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2697 14 harmonics harmonics NNP 19499 2697 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2697 16 , , , 19499 2697 17 these these DT 19499 2697 18 being be VBG 19499 2697 19 produced produce VBN 19499 2697 20 by by IN 19499 2697 21 lightly lightly RB 19499 2697 22 touching touch VBG 19499 2697 23 the the DT 19499 2697 24 string string NN 19499 2697 25 at at IN 19499 2697 26 certain certain JJ 19499 2697 27 points point NNS 19499 2697 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2697 29 while while IN 19499 2697 30 the the DT 19499 2697 31 bow bow NN 19499 2697 32 is be VBZ 19499 2697 33 moving move VBG 19499 2697 34 across across IN 19499 2697 35 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2697 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2697 37 instead instead RB 19499 2697 38 of of IN 19499 2697 39 holding hold VBG 19499 2697 40 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2697 41 down down RP 19499 2697 42 against against IN 19499 2697 43 the the DT 19499 2697 44 finger finger NN 19499 2697 45 - - HYPH 19499 2697 46 board board NNP 19499 2697 47 . . . 19499 2698 1 The the DT 19499 2698 2 highest high JJS 19499 2698 3 string string NN 19499 2698 4 of of IN 19499 2698 5 the the DT 19499 2698 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2698 7 violin violin NN 19499 2698 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2698 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2698 10 viola viola NNP 19499 2698 11 and and CC 19499 2698 12 cello cello NNP 19499 2698 13 also also RB 19499 2698 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2698 15 is be VBZ 19499 2698 16 often often RB 19499 2698 17 called call VBN 19499 2698 18 the the DT 19499 2698 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2698 20 chanterelle chanterelle NNP 19499 2698 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2698 22 because because IN 19499 2698 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2698 24 is be VBZ 19499 2698 25 most most RBS 19499 2698 26 often often RB 19499 2698 27 used use VBN 19499 2698 28 for for IN 19499 2698 29 playing play VBG 19499 2698 30 the the DT 19499 2698 31 melody melody NN 19499 2698 32 . . . 19499 2699 1 The the DT 19499 2699 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2699 3 violin violin NN 19499 2699 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2699 5 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2699 6 produces produce VBZ 19499 2699 7 but but CC 19499 2699 8 one one CD 19499 2699 9 tone tone NN 19499 2699 10 at at IN 19499 2699 11 a a DT 19499 2699 12 time time NN 19499 2699 13 , , , 19499 2699 14 but but CC 19499 2699 15 by by IN 19499 2699 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2699 17 stopping stop VBG 19499 2699 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2699 19 two two CD 19499 2699 20 strings string NNS 19499 2699 21 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2699 22 and and CC 19499 2699 23 so so RB 19499 2699 24 drawing draw VBG 19499 2699 25 the the DT 19499 2699 26 bow bow NN 19499 2699 27 as as IN 19499 2699 28 to to TO 19499 2699 29 set set VB 19499 2699 30 both both DT 19499 2699 31 in in IN 19499 2699 32 vibration vibration NN 19499 2699 33 , , , 19499 2699 34 two two CD 19499 2699 35 tones tone NNS 19499 2699 36 may may MD 19499 2699 37 be be VB 19499 2699 38 produced produce VBN 19499 2699 39 at at IN 19499 2699 40 the the DT 19499 2699 41 same same JJ 19499 2699 42 time time NN 19499 2699 43 , , , 19499 2699 44 while while IN 19499 2699 45 three three CD 19499 2699 46 and and CC 19499 2699 47 four four CD 19499 2699 48 tones tone NNS 19499 2699 49 can can MD 19499 2699 50 be be VB 19499 2699 51 sounded sound VBN 19499 2699 52 _ _ NNP 19499 2699 53 almost almost RB 19499 2699 54 _ _ NNP 19499 2699 55 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2699 56 . . . 19499 2700 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2700 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 2700 3 41 41 CD 19499 2700 4 : : : 19499 2700 5 The the DT 19499 2700 6 ranges range NNS 19499 2700 7 noted note VBN 19499 2700 8 in in IN 19499 2700 9 connection connection NN 19499 2700 10 with with IN 19499 2700 11 these these DT 19499 2700 12 descriptions description NNS 19499 2700 13 of of IN 19499 2700 14 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2700 15 are be VBP 19499 2700 16 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2700 17 the the DT 19499 2700 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2700 19 practical practical JJ 19499 2700 20 orchestral orchestral NN 19499 2700 21 or or CC 19499 2700 22 band band NN 19499 2700 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2700 24 ranges range VBZ 19499 2700 25 rather rather RB 19499 2700 26 than than IN 19499 2700 27 those those DT 19499 2700 28 which which WDT 19499 2700 29 are be VBP 19499 2700 30 possible possible JJ 19499 2700 31 in in IN 19499 2700 32 solo solo JJ 19499 2700 33 performance performance NN 19499 2700 34 . . . 19499 2700 35 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2701 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2701 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2701 3 : : : 19499 2701 4 VIOLIN VIOLIN NNP 19499 2701 5 . . . 19499 2702 1 Length length NN 19499 2702 2 , , , 19499 2702 3 23 23 CD 19499 2702 4 - - HYPH 19499 2702 5 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2702 6 inches inch NNS 19499 2702 7 . . . 19499 2703 1 Length length NN 19499 2703 2 of of IN 19499 2703 3 bow bow NN 19499 2703 4 , , , 19499 2703 5 29 29 CD 19499 2703 6 - - HYPH 19499 2703 7 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2703 8 inches inch NNS 19499 2703 9 . . . 19499 2703 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2704 1 The the DT 19499 2704 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2704 3 mute mute NN 19499 2704 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2704 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2704 6 or or CC 19499 2704 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2704 8 sordino sordino NN 19499 2704 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2704 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2704 11 is be VBZ 19499 2704 12 a a DT 19499 2704 13 small small JJ 19499 2704 14 clamp clamp NN 19499 2704 15 made make VBN 19499 2704 16 of of IN 19499 2704 17 metal metal NN 19499 2704 18 , , , 19499 2704 19 wood wood NN 19499 2704 20 , , , 19499 2704 21 or or CC 19499 2704 22 ivory ivory NN 19499 2704 23 , , , 19499 2704 24 which which WDT 19499 2704 25 when when WRB 19499 2704 26 clipped clip VBD 19499 2704 27 to to IN 19499 2704 28 the the DT 19499 2704 29 top top NN 19499 2704 30 of of IN 19499 2704 31 the the DT 19499 2704 32 bridge bridge NN 19499 2704 33 causes cause VBZ 19499 2704 34 the the DT 19499 2704 35 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2704 36 to to TO 19499 2704 37 be be VB 19499 2704 38 transmitted transmit VBN 19499 2704 39 less less RBR 19499 2704 40 freely freely RB 19499 2704 41 to to IN 19499 2704 42 the the DT 19499 2704 43 body body NN 19499 2704 44 of of IN 19499 2704 45 the the DT 19499 2704 46 violin violin NN 19499 2704 47 , , , 19499 2704 48 giving give VBG 19499 2704 49 rise rise NN 19499 2704 50 to to IN 19499 2704 51 a a DT 19499 2704 52 tone tone NN 19499 2704 53 modified modify VBN 19499 2704 54 in in IN 19499 2704 55 quality quality NN 19499 2704 56 , , , 19499 2704 57 and and CC 19499 2704 58 decreased decrease VBD 19499 2704 59 in in IN 19499 2704 60 power power NN 19499 2704 61 . . . 19499 2705 1 For for IN 19499 2705 2 certain certain JJ 19499 2705 3 special special JJ 19499 2705 4 effects effect NNS 19499 2705 5 the the DT 19499 2705 6 player player NN 19499 2705 7 is be VBZ 19499 2705 8 directed direct VBN 19499 2705 9 to to TO 19499 2705 10 pluck pluck VB 19499 2705 11 the the DT 19499 2705 12 string string NN 19499 2705 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2705 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2705 15 pizzicato pizzicato NNP 19499 2705 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2705 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2705 18 , , , 19499 2705 19 this this DT 19499 2705 20 method method NN 19499 2705 21 of of IN 19499 2705 22 playing play VBG 19499 2705 23 giving give VBG 19499 2705 24 rise rise NN 19499 2705 25 to to IN 19499 2705 26 a a DT 19499 2705 27 dry dry JJ 19499 2705 28 , , , 19499 2705 29 detached detach VBN 19499 2705 30 tone tone NN 19499 2705 31 instead instead RB 19499 2705 32 of of IN 19499 2705 33 the the DT 19499 2705 34 smooth smooth JJ 19499 2705 35 , , , 19499 2705 36 flowing flow VBG 19499 2705 37 one one CD 19499 2705 38 that that WDT 19499 2705 39 is be VBZ 19499 2705 40 so so RB 19499 2705 41 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 2705 42 of of IN 19499 2705 43 the the DT 19499 2705 44 _ _ NNP 19499 2705 45 violin violin NN 19499 2705 46 _ _ NNP 19499 2705 47 as as IN 19499 2705 48 commonly commonly RB 19499 2705 49 played play VBN 19499 2705 50 . . . 19499 2706 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2706 2 Violins Violins NNP 19499 2706 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2706 4 in in IN 19499 2706 5 the the DT 19499 2706 6 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2706 7 are be VBP 19499 2706 8 divided divide VBN 19499 2706 9 into into IN 19499 2706 10 firsts first NNS 19499 2706 11 and and CC 19499 2706 12 seconds second NNS 19499 2706 13 , , , 19499 2706 14 the the DT 19499 2706 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2706 16 first first JJ 19499 2706 17 violins violin NNS 19499 2706 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2706 19 being be VBG 19499 2706 20 always always RB 19499 2706 21 seated seat VBN 19499 2706 22 at at IN 19499 2706 23 the the DT 19499 2706 24 left left NN 19499 2706 25 of of IN 19499 2706 26 the the DT 19499 2706 27 audience audience NN 19499 2706 28 and and CC 19499 2706 29 the the DT 19499 2706 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2706 31 seconds second NNS 19499 2706 32 _ _ NNP 19499 2706 33 at at IN 19499 2706 34 the the DT 19499 2706 35 right right NN 19499 2706 36 . . . 19499 2707 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2707 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2707 3 : : : 19499 2707 4 VIOLA VIOLA NNP 19499 2707 5 . . . 19499 2708 1 Length length NN 19499 2708 2 , , , 19499 2708 3 26 26 CD 19499 2708 4 in in IN 19499 2708 5 . . . 19499 2709 1 Length length NN 19499 2709 2 of of IN 19499 2709 3 bow bow NN 19499 2709 4 , , , 19499 2709 5 28 28 CD 19499 2709 6 . . . 19499 2709 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2710 1 15 15 CD 19499 2710 2 . . . 19499 2711 1 The the DT 19499 2711 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2711 3 viola viola NN 19499 2711 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2711 5 has have VBZ 19499 2711 6 four four CD 19499 2711 7 strings string NNS 19499 2711 8 , , , 19499 2711 9 also also RB 19499 2711 10 tuned tune VBN 19499 2711 11 in in IN 19499 2711 12 fifths fifth NNS 19499 2711 13 , , , 19499 2711 14 thus thus RB 19499 2711 15 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2711 16 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2711 17 : : : 19499 2711 18 c c NN 19499 2711 19 g g NN 19499 2711 20 d d NNP 19499 2711 21 ' ' `` 19499 2711 22 a a NN 19499 2711 23 ' ' '' 19499 2711 24 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2711 25 . . . 19499 2712 1 The the DT 19499 2712 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2712 3 viola viola NN 19499 2712 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2712 5 looks look VBZ 19499 2712 6 exactly exactly RB 19499 2712 7 like like IN 19499 2712 8 the the DT 19499 2712 9 violin violin NN 19499 2712 10 at at IN 19499 2712 11 a a DT 19499 2712 12 little little JJ 19499 2712 13 distance distance NN 19499 2712 14 , , , 19499 2712 15 and and CC 19499 2712 16 is be VBZ 19499 2712 17 really really RB 19499 2712 18 only only RB 19499 2712 19 a a DT 19499 2712 20 larger large JJR 19499 2712 21 sized sized JJ 19499 2712 22 violin violin NN 19499 2712 23 , , , 19499 2712 24 having have VBG 19499 2712 25 a a DT 19499 2712 26 range range NN 19499 2712 27 a a DT 19499 2712 28 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2712 29 lower low JJR 19499 2712 30 . . . 19499 2713 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2713 2 tone tone NN 19499 2713 3 is be VBZ 19499 2713 4 not not RB 19499 2713 5 so so RB 19499 2713 6 incisive incisive JJ 19499 2713 7 as as IN 19499 2713 8 that that DT 19499 2713 9 of of IN 19499 2713 10 the the DT 19499 2713 11 violin violin NN 19499 2713 12 , , , 19499 2713 13 being be VBG 19499 2713 14 rather rather RB 19499 2713 15 heavier--"more heavier--"more NFP 19499 2713 16 gloomy gloomy JJ 19499 2713 17 , , , 19499 2713 18 " " `` 19499 2713 19 as as IN 19499 2713 20 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2713 21 is be VBZ 19499 2713 22 often often RB 19499 2713 23 described describe VBN 19499 2713 24 . . . 19499 2714 1 The the DT 19499 2714 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2714 3 viola viola NN 19499 2714 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2714 5 is be VBZ 19499 2714 6 not not RB 19499 2714 7 so so RB 19499 2714 8 useful useful JJ 19499 2714 9 as as IN 19499 2714 10 the the DT 19499 2714 11 violin violin NN 19499 2714 12 as as IN 19499 2714 13 a a DT 19499 2714 14 solo solo JJ 19499 2714 15 instrument instrument NN 19499 2714 16 because because IN 19499 2714 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2714 18 is be VBZ 19499 2714 19 not not RB 19499 2714 20 capable capable JJ 19499 2714 21 of of IN 19499 2714 22 producing produce VBG 19499 2714 23 so so RB 19499 2714 24 many many JJ 19499 2714 25 varieties variety NNS 19499 2714 26 of of IN 19499 2714 27 color color NN 19499 2714 28 , , , 19499 2714 29 nevertheless nevertheless RB 19499 2714 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2714 31 is be VBZ 19499 2714 32 invaluable invaluable JJ 19499 2714 33 for for IN 19499 2714 34 certain certain JJ 19499 2714 35 effects effect NNS 19499 2714 36 . . . 19499 2715 1 In in IN 19499 2715 2 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2715 3 music music NN 19499 2715 4 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2715 5 is be VBZ 19499 2715 6 of of IN 19499 2715 7 course course NN 19499 2715 8 one one CD 19499 2715 9 of of IN 19499 2715 10 the the DT 19499 2715 11 most most RBS 19499 2715 12 valuable valuable JJ 19499 2715 13 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2715 14 for for IN 19499 2715 15 filling fill VBG 19499 2715 16 in in RP 19499 2715 17 the the DT 19499 2715 18 harmony harmony NN 19499 2715 19 . . . 19499 2716 1 The the DT 19499 2716 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2716 3 viola viola NN 19499 2716 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2716 5 players player NNS 19499 2716 6 are be VBP 19499 2716 7 usually usually RB 19499 2716 8 seated seat VBN 19499 2716 9 behind behind IN 19499 2716 10 the the DT 19499 2716 11 second second JJ 19499 2716 12 violin violin NN 19499 2716 13 players player NNS 19499 2716 14 in in IN 19499 2716 15 the the DT 19499 2716 16 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2716 17 . . . 19499 2717 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2717 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2717 3 : : : 19499 2717 4 VIOLONCELLO VIOLONCELLO NNP 19499 2717 5 . . . 19499 2718 1 Length length NN 19499 2718 2 , , , 19499 2718 3 3 3 CD 19499 2718 4 ft ft NN 19499 2718 5 . . NNP 19499 2718 6 10 10 CD 19499 2718 7 in in IN 19499 2718 8 . . . 19499 2719 1 Length length NN 19499 2719 2 of of IN 19499 2719 3 bow bow NN 19499 2719 4 , , , 19499 2719 5 28 28 CD 19499 2719 6 in in IN 19499 2719 7 . . . 19499 2719 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2720 1 16 16 CD 19499 2720 2 . . . 19499 2721 1 The the DT 19499 2721 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2721 3 violoncello violoncello NN 19499 2721 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2721 5 or or CC 19499 2721 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2721 7 cello cello NN 19499 2721 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2721 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2721 10 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2721 11 called call VBN 19499 2721 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2721 13 bass bass NNP 19499 2721 14 viol viol NNP 19499 2721 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2721 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2721 17 has have VBZ 19499 2721 18 four four CD 19499 2721 19 strings string NNS 19499 2721 20 , , , 19499 2721 21 tuned tune VBN 19499 2721 22 thus thus RB 19499 2721 23 : : : 19499 2721 24 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2721 25 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2721 26 : : : 19499 2721 27 C C NNP 19499 2721 28 G G NNP 19499 2721 29 d d NNP 19499 2721 30 a a NN 19499 2721 31 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2721 32 . . . 19499 2722 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2722 2 range range NN 19499 2722 3 is be VBZ 19499 2722 4 about about RB 19499 2722 5 three three CD 19499 2722 6 and and CC 19499 2722 7 one one CD 19499 2722 8 - - HYPH 19499 2722 9 half half NN 19499 2722 10 octaves octave NNS 19499 2722 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2722 12 from from IN 19499 2722 13 C C NNP 19499 2722 14 to to IN 19499 2722 15 e e NNP 19499 2722 16 ' ' '' 19499 2722 17 ' ' '' 19499 2722 18 or or CC 19499 2722 19 f f NN 19499 2722 20 ' ' '' 19499 2722 21 ' ' '' 19499 2722 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2722 23 , , , 19499 2722 24 but but CC 19499 2722 25 in in IN 19499 2722 26 solo solo NN 19499 2722 27 work work NN 19499 2722 28 this this DT 19499 2722 29 range range NN 19499 2722 30 is be VBZ 19499 2722 31 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2722 32 extended extend VBN 19499 2722 33 much much RB 19499 2722 34 higher high JJR 19499 2722 35 . . . 19499 2723 1 The the DT 19499 2723 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2723 3 cello cello NN 19499 2723 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2723 5 is be VBZ 19499 2723 6 much much RB 19499 2723 7 more more RBR 19499 2723 8 universally universally RB 19499 2723 9 used use VBN 19499 2723 10 as as IN 19499 2723 11 a a DT 19499 2723 12 solo solo JJ 19499 2723 13 instrument instrument NN 19499 2723 14 than than IN 19499 2723 15 the the DT 19499 2723 16 viola viola NNP 19499 2723 17 and and CC 19499 2723 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2723 19 tone tone NN 19499 2723 20 is be VBZ 19499 2723 21 capable capable JJ 19499 2723 22 of of IN 19499 2723 23 a a DT 19499 2723 24 much much RB 19499 2723 25 greater great JJR 19499 2723 26 degree degree NN 19499 2723 27 of of IN 19499 2723 28 variation variation NN 19499 2723 29 . . . 19499 2724 1 In in IN 19499 2724 2 the the DT 19499 2724 3 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2724 4 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2724 5 plays play VBZ 19499 2724 6 the the DT 19499 2724 7 bass bass NN 19499 2724 8 of of IN 19499 2724 9 the the DT 19499 2724 10 string string NN 19499 2724 11 quartet quartet NN 19499 2724 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2724 13 reinforced reinforce VBN 19499 2724 14 by by IN 19499 2724 15 the the DT 19499 2724 16 double double JJ 19499 2724 17 - - HYPH 19499 2724 18 bass bass NN 19499 2724 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2724 20 , , , 19499 2724 21 but but CC 19499 2724 22 is be VBZ 19499 2724 23 also also RB 19499 2724 24 often often RB 19499 2724 25 used use VBN 19499 2724 26 for for IN 19499 2724 27 solo solo NN 19499 2724 28 passages passage NNS 19499 2724 29 . . . 19499 2725 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2725 2 Con Con NNP 19499 2725 3 sordino sordino NN 19499 2725 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2725 5 and and CC 19499 2725 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2725 7 pizzicato pizzicato NN 19499 2725 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2725 9 passages passage NNS 19499 2725 10 occur occur VBP 19499 2725 11 as as RB 19499 2725 12 often often RB 19499 2725 13 for for IN 19499 2725 14 the the DT 19499 2725 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2725 16 cello cello NN 19499 2725 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2725 18 as as IN 19499 2725 19 for for IN 19499 2725 20 the the DT 19499 2725 21 violin violin NN 19499 2725 22 . . . 19499 2726 1 17 17 CD 19499 2726 2 . . . 19499 2727 1 The the DT 19499 2727 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2727 3 double double JJ 19499 2727 4 bass bass NN 19499 2727 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2727 6 differs differ VBZ 19499 2727 7 from from IN 19499 2727 8 the the DT 19499 2727 9 other other JJ 19499 2727 10 members member NNS 19499 2727 11 of of IN 19499 2727 12 the the DT 19499 2727 13 string string NN 19499 2727 14 family family NN 19499 2727 15 in in IN 19499 2727 16 that that IN 19499 2727 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2727 18 is be VBZ 19499 2727 19 tuned tune VBN 19499 2727 20 in in IN 19499 2727 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2727 22 fourths fourth NNS 19499 2727 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2727 24 instead instead RB 19499 2727 25 of of IN 19499 2727 26 in in IN 19499 2727 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2727 28 fifths fifth NNS 19499 2727 29 _ _ NNP 19499 2727 30 . . . 19499 2728 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2728 2 four four CD 19499 2728 3 strings string NNS 19499 2728 4 are be VBP 19499 2728 5 tuned tune VBN 19499 2728 6 as as IN 19499 2728 7 follows follow VBZ 19499 2728 8 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2728 9 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2728 10 : : : 19499 2728 11 EE ee NN 19499 2728 12 AA AA NNP 19499 2728 13 D D NNP 19499 2728 14 G g NN 19499 2728 15 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2728 16 the the DT 19499 2728 17 entire entire JJ 19499 2728 18 range range NN 19499 2728 19 of of IN 19499 2728 20 the the DT 19499 2728 21 instrument instrument NN 19499 2728 22 being be VBG 19499 2728 23 from from IN 19499 2728 24 EE EE NNP 19499 2728 25 to to IN 19499 2728 26 a. a. NN 19499 2729 1 In in IN 19499 2729 2 music music NN 19499 2729 3 written write VBN 19499 2729 4 for for IN 19499 2729 5 double double JJ 19499 2729 6 - - HYPH 19499 2729 7 bass bass NN 19499 2729 8 the the DT 19499 2729 9 notes note NNS 19499 2729 10 are be VBP 19499 2729 11 always always RB 19499 2729 12 printed print VBN 19499 2729 13 an an DT 19499 2729 14 octave octave NN 19499 2729 15 higher high JJR 19499 2729 16 than than IN 19499 2729 17 the the DT 19499 2729 18 tones tone NNS 19499 2729 19 are be VBP 19499 2729 20 to to TO 19499 2729 21 sound sound VB 19499 2729 22 : : : 19499 2729 23 that that RB 19499 2729 24 is is RB 19499 2729 25 , , , 19499 2729 26 when when WRB 19499 2729 27 the the DT 19499 2729 28 bass bass NN 19499 2729 29 - - HYPH 19499 2729 30 player player NN 19499 2729 31 sees see VBZ 19499 2729 32 the the DT 19499 2729 33 note note NN 19499 2729 34 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2729 35 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2729 36 : : : 19499 2729 37 c c LS 19499 2729 38 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2729 39 he -PRON- PRP 19499 2729 40 plays play VBZ 19499 2729 41 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2729 42 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2729 43 : : : 19499 2729 44 C C NNP 19499 2729 45 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2729 46 this this DT 19499 2729 47 being be VBG 19499 2729 48 done do VBN 19499 2729 49 to to TO 19499 2729 50 avoid avoid VB 19499 2729 51 leger leger NN 19499 2729 52 lines line NNS 19499 2729 53 . . . 19499 2730 1 The the DT 19499 2730 2 tone tone NN 19499 2730 3 of of IN 19499 2730 4 the the DT 19499 2730 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2730 6 bass bass NN 19499 2730 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2730 8 is be VBZ 19499 2730 9 much much RB 19499 2730 10 heavier heavy JJR 19499 2730 11 and and CC 19499 2730 12 the the DT 19499 2730 13 instrument instrument NN 19499 2730 14 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 2730 15 is be VBZ 19499 2730 16 much much RB 19499 2730 17 more more RBR 19499 2730 18 clumsy clumsy JJ 19499 2730 19 to to TO 19499 2730 20 handle handle VB 19499 2730 21 than than IN 19499 2730 22 the the DT 19499 2730 23 other other JJ 19499 2730 24 members member NNS 19499 2730 25 of of IN 19499 2730 26 the the DT 19499 2730 27 group group NN 19499 2730 28 , , , 19499 2730 29 hence hence RB 19499 2730 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2730 31 is be VBZ 19499 2730 32 almost almost RB 19499 2730 33 never never RB 19499 2730 34 used use VBN 19499 2730 35 as as IN 19499 2730 36 a a DT 19499 2730 37 solo solo JJ 19499 2730 38 instrument instrument NN 19499 2730 39 but but CC 19499 2730 40 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2730 41 is be VBZ 19499 2730 42 invaluable invaluable JJ 19499 2730 43 for for IN 19499 2730 44 reinforcing reinforce VBG 19499 2730 45 the the DT 19499 2730 46 bass bass NN 19499 2730 47 part part NN 19499 2730 48 in in IN 19499 2730 49 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2730 50 music music NN 19499 2730 51 . . . 19499 2731 1 The the DT 19499 2731 2 mute mute NN 19499 2731 3 is be VBZ 19499 2731 4 rarely rarely RB 19499 2731 5 used use VBN 19499 2731 6 on on IN 19499 2731 7 the the DT 19499 2731 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2731 9 double double JJ 19499 2731 10 - - HYPH 19499 2731 11 bass bass NN 19499 2731 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2731 13 , , , 19499 2731 14 but but CC 19499 2731 15 the the DT 19499 2731 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2731 17 pizzicato pizzicato NN 19499 2731 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2731 19 effect effect NN 19499 2731 20 is be VBZ 19499 2731 21 very very RB 19499 2731 22 common common JJ 19499 2731 23 and and CC 19499 2731 24 the the DT 19499 2731 25 bass bass NN 19499 2731 26 pizzicato pizzicato NN 19499 2731 27 tone tone NN 19499 2731 28 is be VBZ 19499 2731 29 much much RB 19499 2731 30 fuller full JJR 19499 2731 31 and and CC 19499 2731 32 richer rich JJR 19499 2731 33 than than IN 19499 2731 34 that that DT 19499 2731 35 of of IN 19499 2731 36 any any DT 19499 2731 37 other other JJ 19499 2731 38 stringed string VBN 19499 2731 39 instrument instrument NN 19499 2731 40 . . . 19499 2732 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2732 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2732 3 : : : 19499 2732 4 DOUBLE DOUBLE NNP 19499 2732 5 - - HYPH 19499 2732 6 BASS BASS NNP 19499 2732 7 . . . 19499 2733 1 Length length NN 19499 2733 2 , , , 19499 2733 3 6 6 CD 19499 2733 4 ft ft NN 19499 2733 5 . . NNP 19499 2733 6 6 6 CD 19499 2733 7 in in IN 19499 2733 8 . . . 19499 2734 1 Length length NN 19499 2734 2 of of IN 19499 2734 3 bow bow NN 19499 2734 4 , , , 19499 2734 5 23 23 CD 19499 2734 6 - - HYPH 19499 2734 7 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2734 8 in in IN 19499 2734 9 . . . 19499 2734 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2735 1 18 18 CD 19499 2735 2 . . . 19499 2736 1 The the DT 19499 2736 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2736 3 flute flute NN 19499 2736 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2736 5 has have VBZ 19499 2736 6 a a DT 19499 2736 7 range range NN 19499 2736 8 of of IN 19499 2736 9 three three CD 19499 2736 10 octaves octave NNS 19499 2736 11 . . . 19499 2737 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2737 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2737 3 : : : 19499 2737 4 c c LS 19499 2737 5 ' ' `` 19499 2737 6 c c NN 19499 2737 7 ' ' '' 19499 2737 8 ' ' '' 19499 2737 9 ' ' '' 19499 2737 10 ' ' '' 19499 2737 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2737 12 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2737 13 is be VBZ 19499 2737 14 used use VBN 19499 2737 15 in in IN 19499 2737 16 both both DT 19499 2737 17 solo solo NN 19499 2737 18 and and CC 19499 2737 19 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2737 20 playing playing NN 19499 2737 21 as as RB 19499 2737 22 well well RB 19499 2737 23 as as IN 19499 2737 24 in in IN 19499 2737 25 bands band NNS 19499 2737 26 . . . 19499 2738 1 The the DT 19499 2738 2 flute flute NN 19499 2738 3 was be VBD 19499 2738 4 formerly formerly RB 19499 2738 5 always always RB 19499 2738 6 made make VBN 19499 2738 7 of of IN 19499 2738 8 wood wood NN 19499 2738 9 , , , 19499 2738 10 but but CC 19499 2738 11 is be VBZ 19499 2738 12 at at IN 19499 2738 13 present present JJ 19499 2738 14 often often RB 19499 2738 15 made make VBN 19499 2738 16 of of IN 19499 2738 17 metal metal NN 19499 2738 18 . . . 19499 2739 1 19 19 CD 19499 2739 2 . . . 19499 2740 1 The the DT 19499 2740 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2740 3 piccolo piccolo NN 19499 2740 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2740 5 is be VBZ 19499 2740 6 a a DT 19499 2740 7 flute flute NN 19499 2740 8 playing play VBG 19499 2740 9 an an DT 19499 2740 10 octave octave NN 19499 2740 11 higher high JJR 19499 2740 12 than than IN 19499 2740 13 the the DT 19499 2740 14 one one NN 19499 2740 15 described describe VBN 19499 2740 16 above above RB 19499 2740 17 . . . 19499 2741 1 The the DT 19499 2741 2 notes note NNS 19499 2741 3 are be VBP 19499 2741 4 printed print VBN 19499 2741 5 as as IN 19499 2741 6 for for IN 19499 2741 7 the the DT 19499 2741 8 flute flute NN 19499 2741 9 , , , 19499 2741 10 but but CC 19499 2741 11 the the DT 19499 2741 12 player player NN 19499 2741 13 understands understand VBZ 19499 2741 14 that that IN 19499 2741 15 the the DT 19499 2741 16 tone tone NN 19499 2741 17 is be VBZ 19499 2741 18 to to TO 19499 2741 19 sound sound VB 19499 2741 20 an an DT 19499 2741 21 octave octave NN 19499 2741 22 higher high JJR 19499 2741 23 . . . 19499 2742 1 The the DT 19499 2742 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2742 3 piccolo piccolo NN 19499 2742 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2742 5 is be VBZ 19499 2742 6 used use VBN 19499 2742 7 widely widely RB 19499 2742 8 in in IN 19499 2742 9 band band NN 19499 2742 10 music music NN 19499 2742 11 and and CC 19499 2742 12 quite quite RB 19499 2742 13 often often RB 19499 2742 14 in in IN 19499 2742 15 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2742 16 music music NN 19499 2742 17 also also RB 19499 2742 18 , , , 19499 2742 19 but but CC 19499 2742 20 since since IN 19499 2742 21 the the DT 19499 2742 22 tone tone NN 19499 2742 23 is be VBZ 19499 2742 24 so so RB 19499 2742 25 brilliant brilliant JJ 19499 2742 26 and and CC 19499 2742 27 penetrating penetrating JJ 19499 2742 28 and and CC 19499 2742 29 is be VBZ 19499 2742 30 incapable incapable JJ 19499 2742 31 of of IN 19499 2742 32 any any DT 19499 2742 33 great great JJ 19499 2742 34 variation variation NN 19499 2742 35 , , , 19499 2742 36 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2742 37 is be VBZ 19499 2742 38 not not RB 19499 2742 39 suitable suitable JJ 19499 2742 40 for for IN 19499 2742 41 solo solo JJ 19499 2742 42 performance performance NN 19499 2742 43 . . . 19499 2743 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2743 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2743 3 : : : 19499 2743 4 OBOE OBOE NNP 19499 2743 5 . . . 19499 2744 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2744 2 hautboy hautboy NNP 19499 2744 3 . . . 19499 2744 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2745 1 Length length NN 19499 2745 2 , , , 19499 2745 3 24 24 CD 19499 2745 4 - - SYM 19499 2745 5 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2745 6 in in IN 19499 2745 7 . . . 19499 2746 1 Range Range NNP 19499 2746 2 b b NNP 19499 2746 3 e e NNP 19499 2746 4 ' ' '' 19499 2746 5 ' ' '' 19499 2746 6 ' ' '' 19499 2746 7 . . . 19499 2747 1 CONTRA CONTRA NNS 19499 2747 2 BASSOON BASSOON NNP 19499 2747 3 . . . 19499 2748 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2748 2 Double double JJ 19499 2748 3 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2748 4 . . . 19499 2748 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2749 1 Length length NN 19499 2749 2 6 6 CD 19499 2749 3 ft ft NN 19499 2749 4 . . . 19499 2750 1 Range range VB 19499 2750 2 about about IN 19499 2750 3 an an DT 19499 2750 4 octave octave NN 19499 2750 5 lower low JJR 19499 2750 6 than than IN 19499 2750 7 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2750 8 , , , 19499 2750 9 but but CC 19499 2750 10 not not RB 19499 2750 11 all all DT 19499 2750 12 tones tone NNS 19499 2750 13 in in IN 19499 2750 14 this this DT 19499 2750 15 range range NN 19499 2750 16 are be VBP 19499 2750 17 practicable practicable JJ 19499 2750 18 . . . 19499 2751 1 ENGLISH ENGLISH NNP 19499 2751 2 HORN HORN NNS 19499 2751 3 . . . 19499 2752 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2752 2 Cor Cor NNP 19499 2752 3 . . . 19499 2753 1 Anglais Anglais NNP 19499 2753 2 . . . 19499 2753 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2754 1 Length length NN 19499 2754 2 , , , 19499 2754 3 2 2 CD 19499 2754 4 ft ft NN 19499 2754 5 . . NNP 19499 2754 6 11 11 CD 19499 2754 7 - - SYM 19499 2754 8 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2754 9 in in IN 19499 2754 10 . . . 19499 2755 1 Range range VB 19499 2755 2 e e NNP 19499 2755 3 a a NN 19499 2755 4 ' ' '' 19499 2755 5 ' ' '' 19499 2755 6 . . . 19499 2756 1 PICCOLO PICCOLO NNP 19499 2756 2 . . . 19499 2757 1 Length length NN 19499 2757 2 , , , 19499 2757 3 13 13 CD 19499 2757 4 in in IN 19499 2757 5 . . . 19499 2758 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2758 2 Note note VB 19499 2758 3 that that IN 19499 2758 4 this this DT 19499 2758 5 is be VBZ 19499 2758 6 approximately approximately RB 19499 2758 7 half half PDT 19499 2758 8 the the DT 19499 2758 9 length length NN 19499 2758 10 of of IN 19499 2758 11 the the DT 19499 2758 12 flute flute NN 19499 2758 13 . . . 19499 2758 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2759 1 FLUTE flute NN 19499 2759 2 . . . 19499 2760 1 Length length NN 19499 2760 2 , , , 19499 2760 3 26 26 CD 19499 2760 4 - - SYM 19499 2760 5 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2760 6 in in IN 19499 2760 7 . . . 19499 2761 1 BASSOON BASSOON NNP 19499 2761 2 . . . 19499 2762 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2762 2 fagotto fagotto NNP 19499 2762 3 . . . 19499 2762 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2763 1 Length length NN 19499 2763 2 , , , 19499 2763 3 4 4 CD 19499 2763 4 ft ft NN 19499 2763 5 . . NN 19499 2763 6 3 3 CD 19499 2763 7 - - SYM 19499 2763 8 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2763 9 in in IN 19499 2763 10 . . . 19499 2764 1 Range Range NNP 19499 2764 2 BB bb JJ 19499 2764 3 - - HYPH 19499 2764 4 flat flat JJ 19499 2764 5 b b NN 19499 2764 6 - - HYPH 19499 2764 7 flat flat NN 19499 2764 8 ' ' '' 19499 2764 9 . . . 19499 2764 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2765 1 20 20 CD 19499 2765 2 . . . 19499 2766 1 The the DT 19499 2766 2 next next JJ 19499 2766 3 four four CD 19499 2766 4 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2766 5 to to TO 19499 2766 6 be be VB 19499 2766 7 described describe VBN 19499 2766 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2766 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 10 oboe oboe JJ 19499 2766 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 12 , , , 19499 2766 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 14 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2766 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 16 , , , 19499 2766 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 18 English English NNP 19499 2766 19 horn horn NN 19499 2766 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 21 , , , 19499 2766 22 and and CC 19499 2766 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 24 contra contra NNP 19499 2766 25 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2766 26 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2766 28 are be VBP 19499 2766 29 often often RB 19499 2766 30 referred refer VBN 19499 2766 31 to to IN 19499 2766 32 as as IN 19499 2766 33 the the DT 19499 2766 34 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 35 oboe oboe NN 19499 2766 36 family family NN 19499 2766 37 _ _ NNP 19499 2766 38 since since IN 19499 2766 39 the the DT 19499 2766 40 principle principle NN 19499 2766 41 of of IN 19499 2766 42 tone tone NN 19499 2766 43 production production NN 19499 2766 44 and and CC 19499 2766 45 general general JJ 19499 2766 46 manipulation manipulation NN 19499 2766 47 is be VBZ 19499 2766 48 the the DT 19499 2766 49 same same JJ 19499 2766 50 in in IN 19499 2766 51 all all DT 19499 2766 52 four four CD 19499 2766 53 . . . 19499 2767 1 The the DT 19499 2767 2 tone tone NN 19499 2767 3 in in IN 19499 2767 4 these these DT 19499 2767 5 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2767 6 is be VBZ 19499 2767 7 produced produce VBN 19499 2767 8 by by IN 19499 2767 9 the the DT 19499 2767 10 vibration vibration NN 19499 2767 11 of of IN 19499 2767 12 two two CD 19499 2767 13 very very RB 19499 2767 14 thin thin JJ 19499 2767 15 pieces piece NNS 19499 2767 16 of of IN 19499 2767 17 cane cane NN 19499 2767 18 , , , 19499 2767 19 which which WDT 19499 2767 20 are be VBP 19499 2767 21 called call VBN 19499 2767 22 together together RB 19499 2767 23 a a DT 19499 2767 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2767 25 double double JJ 19499 2767 26 - - HYPH 19499 2767 27 reed reed NN 19499 2767 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2767 29 . . . 19499 2768 1 The the DT 19499 2768 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2768 3 oboe oboe NN 19499 2768 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2768 5 is be VBZ 19499 2768 6 especially especially RB 19499 2768 7 valuable valuable JJ 19499 2768 8 in in IN 19499 2768 9 the the DT 19499 2768 10 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2768 11 as as IN 19499 2768 12 a a DT 19499 2768 13 solo solo NN 19499 2768 14 instrument instrument NN 19499 2768 15 , , , 19499 2768 16 and and CC 19499 2768 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2768 18 thin thin JJ 19499 2768 19 , , , 19499 2768 20 nasal nasal NN 19499 2768 21 tones tone NNS 19499 2768 22 are be VBP 19499 2768 23 suggestive suggestive JJ 19499 2768 24 of of IN 19499 2768 25 rustic rustic JJ 19499 2768 26 , , , 19499 2768 27 pastoral pastoral JJ 19499 2768 28 simplicity simplicity NN 19499 2768 29 , , , 19499 2768 30 both both CC 19499 2768 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2768 32 oboe oboe JJ 19499 2768 33 _ _ NNP 19499 2768 34 and and CC 19499 2768 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2768 36 English English NNP 19499 2768 37 horn horn NN 19499 2768 38 _ _ NNP 19499 2768 39 being be VBG 19499 2768 40 often often RB 19499 2768 41 used use VBN 19499 2768 42 by by IN 19499 2768 43 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 2768 44 composers composer NNS 19499 2768 45 in in IN 19499 2768 46 passages passage NNS 19499 2768 47 intended intend VBN 19499 2768 48 to to TO 19499 2768 49 express express VB 19499 2768 50 the the DT 19499 2768 51 idea idea NN 19499 2768 52 of of IN 19499 2768 53 rural rural JJ 19499 2768 54 out out RB 19499 2768 55 - - HYPH 19499 2768 56 of of IN 19499 2768 57 - - HYPH 19499 2768 58 door door NN 19499 2768 59 life life NN 19499 2768 60 . . . 19499 2769 1 The the DT 19499 2769 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2769 3 English English NNP 19499 2769 4 horn horn NN 19499 2769 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2769 6 is be VBZ 19499 2769 7 also also RB 19499 2769 8 often often RB 19499 2769 9 used use VBN 19499 2769 10 in in IN 19499 2769 11 passages passage NNS 19499 2769 12 where where WRB 19499 2769 13 the the DT 19499 2769 14 idea idea NN 19499 2769 15 of of IN 19499 2769 16 melancholy melancholy NNP 19499 2769 17 and and CC 19499 2769 18 suffering suffering NN 19499 2769 19 is be VBZ 19499 2769 20 to to TO 19499 2769 21 be be VB 19499 2769 22 conveyed convey VBN 19499 2769 23 to to IN 19499 2769 24 the the DT 19499 2769 25 audience audience NN 19499 2769 26 . . . 19499 2770 1 In in IN 19499 2770 2 a a DT 19499 2770 3 military military JJ 19499 2770 4 band band NN 19499 2770 5 the the DT 19499 2770 6 oboe oboe JJ 19499 2770 7 corresponds correspond NNS 19499 2770 8 to to IN 19499 2770 9 the the DT 19499 2770 10 first first JJ 19499 2770 11 violin violin NN 19499 2770 12 of of IN 19499 2770 13 the the DT 19499 2770 14 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2770 15 . . . 19499 2771 1 The the DT 19499 2771 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2771 3 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2771 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2771 5 and and CC 19499 2771 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2771 7 contra contra NNP 19499 2771 8 - - HYPH 19499 2771 9 bassoon bassoon NNP 19499 2771 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2771 11 are be VBP 19499 2771 12 used use VBN 19499 2771 13 mostly mostly RB 19499 2771 14 to to TO 19499 2771 15 provide provide VB 19499 2771 16 a a DT 19499 2771 17 bass bass NN 19499 2771 18 part part NN 19499 2771 19 for for IN 19499 2771 20 the the DT 19499 2771 21 harmony harmony NN 19499 2771 22 of of IN 19499 2771 23 the the DT 19499 2771 24 wood wood NN 19499 2771 25 - - HYPH 19499 2771 26 wind wind NN 19499 2771 27 group group NN 19499 2771 28 , , , 19499 2771 29 but but CC 19499 2771 30 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2771 31 are be VBP 19499 2771 32 also also RB 19499 2771 33 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2771 34 employed employ VBN 19499 2771 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2771 36 especially especially RB 19499 2771 37 the the DT 19499 2771 38 _ _ NNP 19499 2771 39 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2771 40 _ _ NNP 19499 2771 41 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2771 42 to to TO 19499 2771 43 depict depict VB 19499 2771 44 comic comic JJ 19499 2771 45 or or CC 19499 2771 46 grotesque grotesque JJ 19499 2771 47 effects effect NNS 19499 2771 48 . . . 19499 2772 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2772 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2772 3 : : : 19499 2772 4 BASS BASS NNP 19499 2772 5 CLARINET CLARINET NNS 19499 2772 6 . . . 19499 2773 1 Length length NN 19499 2773 2 , , , 19499 2773 3 3 3 CD 19499 2773 4 ft ft NN 19499 2773 5 . . NNP 19499 2773 6 3 3 CD 19499 2773 7 in in IN 19499 2773 8 . . . 19499 2774 1 Range range VB 19499 2774 2 D d NN 19499 2774 3 to to IN 19499 2774 4 b b NN 19499 2774 5 - - HYPH 19499 2774 6 flat flat JJ 19499 2774 7 ' ' '' 19499 2774 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2774 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2774 10 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2774 11 : : : 19499 2774 12 CLARINET CLARINET NNP 19499 2774 13 . . . 19499 2775 1 Length length NN 19499 2775 2 28 28 CD 19499 2775 3 in in IN 19499 2775 4 . . . 19499 2775 5 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2776 1 21 21 CD 19499 2776 2 . . . 19499 2777 1 The the DT 19499 2777 2 next next JJ 19499 2777 3 two two CD 19499 2777 4 types type NNS 19499 2777 5 of of IN 19499 2777 6 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2777 7 to to TO 19499 2777 8 be be VB 19499 2777 9 described describe VBN 19499 2777 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2777 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2777 12 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2777 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2777 14 and and CC 19499 2777 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2777 16 saxophone saxophone NN 19499 2777 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2777 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2777 19 are be VBP 19499 2777 20 alike alike JJ 19499 2777 21 in in IN 19499 2777 22 that that IN 19499 2777 23 the the DT 19499 2777 24 tone tone NN 19499 2777 25 is be VBZ 19499 2777 26 produced produce VBN 19499 2777 27 by by IN 19499 2777 28 the the DT 19499 2777 29 vibration vibration NN 19499 2777 30 of of IN 19499 2777 31 a a DT 19499 2777 32 _ _ NNP 19499 2777 33 single single JJ 19499 2777 34 _ _ NNP 19499 2777 35 strip strip NN 19499 2777 36 of of IN 19499 2777 37 cane cane NNP 19499 2777 38 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2777 39 called call VBN 19499 2777 40 _ _ NNP 19499 2777 41 single single JJ 19499 2777 42 reed reed NN 19499 2777 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2777 44 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2777 45 which which WDT 19499 2777 46 is be VBZ 19499 2777 47 held hold VBN 19499 2777 48 against against IN 19499 2777 49 the the DT 19499 2777 50 lower low JJR 19499 2777 51 lip lip NN 19499 2777 52 of of IN 19499 2777 53 the the DT 19499 2777 54 player player NN 19499 2777 55 . . . 19499 2778 1 The the DT 19499 2778 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2778 3 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2778 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2778 5 and and CC 19499 2778 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2778 7 bass bass NN 19499 2778 8 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2778 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2778 10 are be VBP 19499 2778 11 made make VBN 19499 2778 12 of of IN 19499 2778 13 wood wood NN 19499 2778 14 and and CC 19499 2778 15 are be VBP 19499 2778 16 used use VBN 19499 2778 17 in in IN 19499 2778 18 both both DT 19499 2778 19 bands band NNS 19499 2778 20 and and CC 19499 2778 21 orchestras orchestra NNS 19499 2778 22 , , , 19499 2778 23 but but CC 19499 2778 24 the the DT 19499 2778 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2778 26 saxophone saxophone NN 19499 2778 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2778 28 is be VBZ 19499 2778 29 usually usually RB 19499 2778 30 made make VBN 19499 2778 31 of of IN 19499 2778 32 metal metal NN 19499 2778 33 , , , 19499 2778 34 and and CC 19499 2778 35 , , , 19499 2778 36 the the DT 19499 2778 37 tone tone NN 19499 2778 38 being be VBG 19499 2778 39 more more RBR 19499 2778 40 strident strident JJ 19499 2778 41 and and CC 19499 2778 42 penetrating penetrating NN 19499 2778 43 , , , 19499 2778 44 the the DT 19499 2778 45 instrument instrument NN 19499 2778 46 is be VBZ 19499 2778 47 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2778 48 used use VBN 19499 2778 49 only only RB 19499 2778 50 in in IN 19499 2778 51 combination combination NN 19499 2778 52 with with IN 19499 2778 53 other other JJ 19499 2778 54 wind wind NN 19499 2778 55 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2778 56 , , , 19499 2778 57 _ _ NNP 19499 2778 58 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2778 59 _ _ NNP 19499 2778 60 , , , 19499 2778 61 in in IN 19499 2778 62 bands band NNS 19499 2778 63 . . . 19499 2779 1 Since since IN 19499 2779 2 the the DT 19499 2779 3 fingering fingering NN 19499 2779 4 of of IN 19499 2779 5 the the DT 19499 2779 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2779 7 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2779 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2779 9 is be VBZ 19499 2779 10 excessively excessively RB 19499 2779 11 difficult difficult JJ 19499 2779 12 the the DT 19499 2779 13 performer performer NN 19499 2779 14 can can MD 19499 2779 15 play play VB 19499 2779 16 in in IN 19499 2779 17 only only RB 19499 2779 18 certain certain JJ 19499 2779 19 keys key NNS 19499 2779 20 on on IN 19499 2779 21 the the DT 19499 2779 22 same same JJ 19499 2779 23 instrument instrument NN 19499 2779 24 , , , 19499 2779 25 hence hence RB 19499 2779 26 to to TO 19499 2779 27 play play VB 19499 2779 28 in in IN 19499 2779 29 different different JJ 19499 2779 30 keys key NNS 19499 2779 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2779 32 clarinets clarinet NNS 19499 2779 33 _ _ NNP 19499 2779 34 in in IN 19499 2779 35 several several JJ 19499 2779 36 keys key NNS 19499 2779 37 must must MD 19499 2779 38 be be VB 19499 2779 39 provided provide VBN 19499 2779 40 , , , 19499 2779 41 there there EX 19499 2779 42 being be VBG 19499 2779 43 usually usually RB 19499 2779 44 three three CD 19499 2779 45 in in IN 19499 2779 46 all all DT 19499 2779 47 . . . 19499 2780 1 The the DT 19499 2780 2 music music NN 19499 2780 3 is be VBZ 19499 2780 4 written write VBN 19499 2780 5 as as IN 19499 2780 6 though though IN 19499 2780 7 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2780 8 were be VBD 19499 2780 9 to to TO 19499 2780 10 be be VB 19499 2780 11 played play VBN 19499 2780 12 in in IN 19499 2780 13 the the DT 19499 2780 14 key key NN 19499 2780 15 of of IN 19499 2780 16 C C NNP 19499 2780 17 , , , 19499 2780 18 but but CC 19499 2780 19 the the DT 19499 2780 20 tones tone NNS 19499 2780 21 produced produce VBN 19499 2780 22 are be VBP 19499 2780 23 actually actually RB 19499 2780 24 in in IN 19499 2780 25 other other JJ 19499 2780 26 keys key NNS 19499 2780 27 . . . 19499 2781 1 For for IN 19499 2781 2 this this DT 19499 2781 3 reason reason NN 19499 2781 4 the the DT 19499 2781 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2781 6 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2781 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2781 8 is be VBZ 19499 2781 9 called call VBN 19499 2781 10 a a DT 19499 2781 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2781 12 transposing transpose VBG 19499 2781 13 instrument instrument NN 19499 2781 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2781 15 . . . 19499 2782 1 The the DT 19499 2782 2 range range NN 19499 2782 3 of of IN 19499 2782 4 the the DT 19499 2782 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2782 6 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2782 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2782 8 is be VBZ 19499 2782 9 the the DT 19499 2782 10 greatest great JJS 19499 2782 11 possessed possess VBN 19499 2782 12 by by IN 19499 2782 13 any any DT 19499 2782 14 of of IN 19499 2782 15 the the DT 19499 2782 16 wind wind NN 19499 2782 17 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2782 18 , , , 19499 2782 19 that that DT 19499 2782 20 of of IN 19499 2782 21 the the DT 19499 2782 22 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 2782 23 in in IN 19499 2782 24 C C NNP 19499 2782 25 being be VBG 19499 2782 26 from from IN 19499 2782 27 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2782 28 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2782 29 : : : 19499 2782 30 e e LS 19499 2782 31 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2782 32 to to IN 19499 2782 33 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2782 34 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2782 35 : : : 19499 2782 36 g g LS 19499 2782 37 ' ' `` 19499 2782 38 ' ' '' 19499 2782 39 ' ' '' 19499 2782 40 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2782 41 . . . 19499 2783 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2783 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2783 3 : : : 19499 2783 4 SAXOPHONES SAXOPHONES NNP 19499 2783 5 . . . 19499 2784 1 SOPRANO SOPRANO NNP 19499 2784 2 . . . 19499 2785 1 ALTO alto NN 19499 2785 2 . . . 19499 2786 1 Length length NN 19499 2786 2 , , , 19499 2786 3 15 15 CD 19499 2786 4 - - HYPH 19499 2786 5 3/4 3/4 CD 19499 2786 6 in in IN 19499 2786 7 . . . 19499 2787 1 TENOR tenor NN 19499 2787 2 . . . 19499 2788 1 Length length NN 19499 2788 2 , , , 19499 2788 3 2 2 CD 19499 2788 4 ft ft NN 19499 2788 5 . . NNP 19499 2788 6 7 7 CD 19499 2788 7 - - SYM 19499 2788 8 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2788 9 in in IN 19499 2788 10 . . . 19499 2789 1 BASS BASS NNP 19499 2789 2 . . . 19499 2790 1 Length length NN 19499 2790 2 , , , 19499 2790 3 3 3 CD 19499 2790 4 ft ft NN 19499 2790 5 . . NNP 19499 2790 6 9 9 CD 19499 2790 7 in in IN 19499 2790 8 . . . 19499 2791 1 Combined combine VBN 19499 2791 2 range range NN 19499 2791 3 AA AA NNP 19499 2791 4 to to IN 19499 2791 5 g g NN 19499 2791 6 - - HYPH 19499 2791 7 flat flat JJ 19499 2791 8 ' ' '' 19499 2791 9 ' ' '' 19499 2791 10 ' ' '' 19499 2791 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2791 12 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2791 13 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2791 14 : : : 19499 2791 15 SARRUSOPHONE SARRUSOPHONE NNP 19499 2791 16 . . . 19499 2791 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2792 1 The the DT 19499 2792 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2792 3 sarrusophone sarrusophone NN 19499 2792 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2792 5 is be VBZ 19499 2792 6 an an DT 19499 2792 7 instrument instrument NN 19499 2792 8 with with IN 19499 2792 9 a a DT 19499 2792 10 double double JJ 19499 2792 11 - - HYPH 19499 2792 12 reed reed NN 19499 2792 13 . . . 19499 2793 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2793 2 is be VBZ 19499 2793 3 made make VBN 19499 2793 4 of of IN 19499 2793 5 brass brass NN 19499 2793 6 and and CC 19499 2793 7 exists exist VBZ 19499 2793 8 in in IN 19499 2793 9 several several JJ 19499 2793 10 sizes size NNS 19499 2793 11 , , , 19499 2793 12 the the DT 19499 2793 13 only only JJ 19499 2793 14 one one CD 19499 2793 15 ever ever RB 19499 2793 16 used use VBN 19499 2793 17 in in IN 19499 2793 18 the the DT 19499 2793 19 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2793 20 being be VBG 19499 2793 21 the the DT 19499 2793 22 double double JJ 19499 2793 23 - - HYPH 19499 2793 24 bass bass NN 19499 2793 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2793 26 sarrusophone sarrusophone NN 19499 2793 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2793 28 , , , 19499 2793 29 which which WDT 19499 2793 30 has have VBZ 19499 2793 31 approximately approximately RB 19499 2793 32 the the DT 19499 2793 33 same same JJ 19499 2793 34 range range NN 19499 2793 35 as as IN 19499 2793 36 the the DT 19499 2793 37 double double JJ 19499 2793 38 - - HYPH 19499 2793 39 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2793 40 and and CC 19499 2793 41 is be VBZ 19499 2793 42 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2793 43 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2793 44 but but CC 19499 2793 45 rarely rarely RB 19499 2793 46 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2793 47 made make VBD 19499 2793 48 use use NN 19499 2793 49 of of IN 19499 2793 50 in in IN 19499 2793 51 the the DT 19499 2793 52 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2793 53 instead instead RB 19499 2793 54 of of IN 19499 2793 55 the the DT 19499 2793 56 latter latter JJ 19499 2793 57 instrument instrument NN 19499 2793 58 . . . 19499 2794 1 The the DT 19499 2794 2 tone tone NN 19499 2794 3 of of IN 19499 2794 4 the the DT 19499 2794 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2794 6 sarrusophone sarrusophone NN 19499 2794 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2794 8 is be VBZ 19499 2794 9 something something NN 19499 2794 10 like like IN 19499 2794 11 that that DT 19499 2794 12 of of IN 19499 2794 13 the the DT 19499 2794 14 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 2794 15 . . . 19499 2795 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2795 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2795 3 : : : 19499 2795 4 FRENCH FRENCH NNP 19499 2795 5 HORN HORN NNS 19499 2795 6 . . . 19499 2796 1 Length length NN 19499 2796 2 , , , 19499 2796 3 22 22 CD 19499 2796 4 - - SYM 19499 2796 5 3/4 3/4 CD 19499 2796 6 in in IN 19499 2796 7 . . . 19499 2796 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2797 1 22 22 CD 19499 2797 2 . . . 19499 2798 1 The the DT 19499 2798 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2798 3 French French NNP 19499 2798 4 horn horn NN 19499 2798 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2798 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2798 7 often often RB 19499 2798 8 called call VBN 19499 2798 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2798 10 valve valve NN 19499 2798 11 horn horn NN 19499 2798 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2798 13 or or CC 19499 2798 14 simply simply RB 19499 2798 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2798 16 horn horn NNP 19499 2798 17 _ _ NNP 19499 2798 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2798 19 really really RB 19499 2798 20 consists consist VBZ 19499 2798 21 of of IN 19499 2798 22 a a DT 19499 2798 23 long long JJ 19499 2798 24 tube tube NN 19499 2798 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2798 26 about about RB 19499 2798 27 16 16 CD 19499 2798 28 feet foot NNS 19499 2798 29 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2798 30 which which WDT 19499 2798 31 is be VBZ 19499 2798 32 bent bent JJ 19499 2798 33 into into IN 19499 2798 34 circular circular JJ 19499 2798 35 form form NN 19499 2798 36 for for IN 19499 2798 37 convenience convenience NN 19499 2798 38 in in IN 19499 2798 39 handling handling NN 19499 2798 40 . . . 19499 2799 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2799 2 range range NN 19499 2799 3 is be VBZ 19499 2799 4 from from IN 19499 2799 5 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2799 6 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2799 7 : : : 19499 2799 8 BB BB NNP 19499 2799 9 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2799 10 to to IN 19499 2799 11 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2799 12 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2799 13 : : : 19499 2799 14 f f LS 19499 2799 15 ' ' '' 19499 2799 16 ' ' '' 19499 2799 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2799 18 . . . 19499 2800 1 In in IN 19499 2800 2 the the DT 19499 2800 3 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2800 4 _ _ IN 19499 2800 5 French french JJ 19499 2800 6 horns horn NNS 19499 2800 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2800 8 are be VBP 19499 2800 9 used use VBN 19499 2800 10 in in IN 19499 2800 11 pairs pair NNS 19499 2800 12 , , , 19499 2800 13 two two CD 19499 2800 14 of of IN 19499 2800 15 the the DT 19499 2800 16 players player NNS 19499 2800 17 taking take VBG 19499 2800 18 the the DT 19499 2800 19 higher high JJR 19499 2800 20 tones tone NNS 19499 2800 21 , , , 19499 2800 22 and and CC 19499 2800 23 two two CD 19499 2800 24 the the DT 19499 2800 25 lower low JJR 19499 2800 26 . . . 19499 2801 1 The the DT 19499 2801 2 tone tone NN 19499 2801 3 is be VBZ 19499 2801 4 intensely intensely RB 19499 2801 5 mellow mellow JJ 19499 2801 6 but but CC 19499 2801 7 incapable incapable JJ 19499 2801 8 of of IN 19499 2801 9 any any DT 19499 2801 10 extensive extensive JJ 19499 2801 11 variation variation NN 19499 2801 12 , , , 19499 2801 13 but but CC 19499 2801 14 in in IN 19499 2801 15 spite spite NN 19499 2801 16 of of IN 19499 2801 17 this this DT 19499 2801 18 lack lack NN 19499 2801 19 of of IN 19499 2801 20 variety variety NN 19499 2801 21 the the DT 19499 2801 22 tone tone NN 19499 2801 23 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 2801 24 is be VBZ 19499 2801 25 so so RB 19499 2801 26 wonderfully wonderfully RB 19499 2801 27 beautiful beautiful JJ 19499 2801 28 that that IN 19499 2801 29 the the DT 19499 2801 30 instrument instrument NN 19499 2801 31 is be VBZ 19499 2801 32 one one CD 19499 2801 33 of of IN 19499 2801 34 the the DT 19499 2801 35 most most RBS 19499 2801 36 useful useful JJ 19499 2801 37 in in IN 19499 2801 38 the the DT 19499 2801 39 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2801 40 both both CC 19499 2801 41 in in IN 19499 2801 42 solo solo JJ 19499 2801 43 passages passage NNS 19499 2801 44 and and CC 19499 2801 45 to to TO 19499 2801 46 fill fill VB 19499 2801 47 in in RP 19499 2801 48 the the DT 19499 2801 49 harmony harmony NN 19499 2801 50 . . . 19499 2802 1 The the DT 19499 2802 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2802 3 horn horn NN 19499 2802 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2802 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2802 6 as as RB 19499 2802 7 well well RB 19499 2802 8 as as IN 19499 2802 9 the the DT 19499 2802 10 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2802 11 and and CC 19499 2802 12 trombone trombone NN 19499 2802 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2802 14 differs differ VBZ 19499 2802 15 from from IN 19499 2802 16 most most JJS 19499 2802 17 of of IN 19499 2802 18 the the DT 19499 2802 19 wood wood NN 19499 2802 20 - - HYPH 19499 2802 21 wind wind NN 19499 2802 22 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2802 23 in in IN 19499 2802 24 that that DT 19499 2802 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2802 26 mouthpiece mouthpiece NN 19499 2802 27 contains contain VBZ 19499 2802 28 no no DT 19499 2802 29 reed reed NN 19499 2802 30 , , , 19499 2802 31 the the DT 19499 2802 32 lips lip NNS 19499 2802 33 of of IN 19499 2802 34 the the DT 19499 2802 35 player player NN 19499 2802 36 constituting constitute VBG 19499 2802 37 the the DT 19499 2802 38 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2802 39 body body NN 19499 2802 40 as as IN 19499 2802 41 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2802 42 are be VBP 19499 2802 43 stretched stretch VBN 19499 2802 44 across across IN 19499 2802 45 the the DT 19499 2802 46 mouthpiece mouthpiece NN 19499 2802 47 and and CC 19499 2802 48 air air NN 19499 2802 49 is be VBZ 19499 2802 50 forced force VBN 19499 2802 51 against against IN 19499 2802 52 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2802 53 . . . 19499 2803 1 The the DT 19499 2803 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2803 3 horn horn NN 19499 2803 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2803 5 is be VBZ 19499 2803 6 used use VBN 19499 2803 7 in in IN 19499 2803 8 bands band NNS 19499 2803 9 as as RB 19499 2803 10 well well RB 19499 2803 11 as as IN 19499 2803 12 in in IN 19499 2803 13 orchestras orchestra NNS 19499 2803 14 . . . 19499 2804 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2804 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2804 3 : : : 19499 2804 4 TRUMPET trumpet RB 19499 2804 5 . . . 19499 2805 1 Length length NN 19499 2805 2 , , , 19499 2805 3 22 22 CD 19499 2805 4 - - SYM 19499 2805 5 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2805 6 in in IN 19499 2805 7 . . . 19499 2805 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2806 1 23 23 CD 19499 2806 2 . . . 19499 2807 1 The the DT 19499 2807 2 range range NN 19499 2807 3 of of IN 19499 2807 4 the the DT 19499 2807 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2807 6 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2807 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2807 8 is be VBZ 19499 2807 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2807 10 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2807 11 : : : 19499 2807 12 g g NNP 19499 2807 13 b b NNP 19499 2807 14 ' ' '' 19499 2807 15 ' ' '' 19499 2807 16 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2807 17 , , , 19499 2807 18 the the DT 19499 2807 19 typical typical JJ 19499 2807 20 tone tone NN 19499 2807 21 being be VBG 19499 2807 22 brilliant brilliant JJ 19499 2807 23 and and CC 19499 2807 24 ringing ringing JJ 19499 2807 25 . . . 19499 2808 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2808 2 is be VBZ 19499 2808 3 used use VBN 19499 2808 4 in in IN 19499 2808 5 both both DT 19499 2808 6 band band NN 19499 2808 7 and and CC 19499 2808 8 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2808 9 , , , 19499 2808 10 playing play VBG 19499 2808 11 the the DT 19499 2808 12 highest high JJS 19499 2808 13 parts part NNS 19499 2808 14 assigned assign VBN 19499 2808 15 to to IN 19499 2808 16 the the DT 19499 2808 17 brass brass NN 19499 2808 18 choir choir NN 19499 2808 19 . . . 19499 2809 1 The the DT 19499 2809 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2809 3 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2809 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2809 5 is be VBZ 19499 2809 6 often often RB 19499 2809 7 replaced replace VBN 19499 2809 8 in in IN 19499 2809 9 both both DT 19499 2809 10 band band NN 19499 2809 11 and and CC 19499 2809 12 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2809 13 by by IN 19499 2809 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2809 15 less less RBR 19499 2809 16 refined refined JJ 19499 2809 17 cousin cousin NN 19499 2809 18 the the DT 19499 2809 19 _ _ NNP 19499 2809 20 cornet cornet NN 19499 2809 21 _ _ NNP 19499 2809 22 because because IN 19499 2809 23 of of IN 19499 2809 24 the the DT 19499 2809 25 ease ease NN 19499 2809 26 with with IN 19499 2809 27 which which WDT 19499 2809 28 the the DT 19499 2809 29 latter latter JJ 19499 2809 30 can can MD 19499 2809 31 be be VB 19499 2809 32 played play VBN 19499 2809 33 as as IN 19499 2809 34 compared compare VBN 19499 2809 35 with with IN 19499 2809 36 the the DT 19499 2809 37 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2809 38 , , , 19499 2809 39 and and CC 19499 2809 40 the the DT 19499 2809 41 larger large JJR 19499 2809 42 number number NN 19499 2809 43 of of IN 19499 2809 44 players player NNS 19499 2809 45 that that WDT 19499 2809 46 are be VBP 19499 2809 47 available available JJ 19499 2809 48 in in IN 19499 2809 49 consequence consequence NN 19499 2809 50 of of IN 19499 2809 51 this this DT 19499 2809 52 ease ease NN 19499 2809 53 of of IN 19499 2809 54 execution execution NN 19499 2809 55 . . . 19499 2810 1 24 24 CD 19499 2810 2 . . . 19499 2811 1 The the DT 19499 2811 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2811 3 cornet cornet NN 19499 2811 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2811 5 looks look VBZ 19499 2811 6 something something NN 19499 2811 7 like like IN 19499 2811 8 the the DT 19499 2811 9 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2811 10 , , , 19499 2811 11 but but CC 19499 2811 12 is be VBZ 19499 2811 13 not not RB 19499 2811 14 so so RB 19499 2811 15 slim slim JJ 19499 2811 16 and and CC 19499 2811 17 graceful graceful JJ 19499 2811 18 in in IN 19499 2811 19 appearance appearance NN 19499 2811 20 . . . 19499 2812 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2812 2 tube tube NN 19499 2812 3 is be VBZ 19499 2812 4 only only RB 19499 2812 5 four four CD 19499 2812 6 and and CC 19499 2812 7 one one CD 19499 2812 8 - - HYPH 19499 2812 9 half half NN 19499 2812 10 feet foot NNS 19499 2812 11 long long JJ 19499 2812 12 , , , 19499 2812 13 as as IN 19499 2812 14 compared compare VBN 19499 2812 15 with with IN 19499 2812 16 a a DT 19499 2812 17 length length NN 19499 2812 18 of of IN 19499 2812 19 about about RB 19499 2812 20 eight eight CD 19499 2812 21 feet foot NNS 19499 2812 22 in in IN 19499 2812 23 the the DT 19499 2812 24 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2812 25 , , , 19499 2812 26 and and CC 19499 2812 27 sixteen sixteen CD 19499 2812 28 feet foot NNS 19499 2812 29 in in IN 19499 2812 30 the the DT 19499 2812 31 French french JJ 19499 2812 32 horn horn NN 19499 2812 33 . . . 19499 2813 1 The the DT 19499 2813 2 range range NN 19499 2813 3 of of IN 19499 2813 4 the the DT 19499 2813 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2813 6 cornet cornet NN 19499 2813 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2813 8 in in IN 19499 2813 9 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 2813 10 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2813 11 is be VBZ 19499 2813 12 from from IN 19499 2813 13 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2813 14 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2813 15 : : : 19499 2813 16 e e LS 19499 2813 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2813 18 to to IN 19499 2813 19 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2813 20 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2813 21 : : : 19499 2813 22 b b LS 19499 2813 23 - - HYPH 19499 2813 24 flat flat JJ 19499 2813 25 ' ' '' 19499 2813 26 ' ' '' 19499 2813 27 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2813 28 . . . 19499 2814 1 The the DT 19499 2814 2 tone tone NN 19499 2814 3 is be VBZ 19499 2814 4 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2814 5 commonplace commonplace JJ 19499 2814 6 as as IN 19499 2814 7 compared compare VBN 19499 2814 8 with with IN 19499 2814 9 the the DT 19499 2814 10 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2814 11 , , , 19499 2814 12 but but CC 19499 2814 13 because because IN 19499 2814 14 of of IN 19499 2814 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2814 16 great great JJ 19499 2814 17 agility agility NN 19499 2814 18 in in IN 19499 2814 19 the the DT 19499 2814 20 rendition rendition NN 19499 2814 21 of of IN 19499 2814 22 trills trill NNS 19499 2814 23 , , , 19499 2814 24 repeated repeat VBN 19499 2814 25 tones tone NNS 19499 2814 26 , , , 19499 2814 27 etc etc FW 19499 2814 28 . . FW 19499 2814 29 , , , 19499 2814 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2814 31 is be VBZ 19499 2814 32 universally universally RB 19499 2814 33 used use VBN 19499 2814 34 in in IN 19499 2814 35 all all DT 19499 2814 36 sorts sort NNS 19499 2814 37 of of IN 19499 2814 38 combinations combination NNS 19499 2814 39 , , , 19499 2814 40 even even RB 19499 2814 41 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2814 42 as as IN 19499 2814 43 noted note VBN 19499 2814 44 above above IN 19499 2814 45 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2814 46 taking take VBG 19499 2814 47 the the DT 19499 2814 48 place place NN 19499 2814 49 of of IN 19499 2814 50 the the DT 19499 2814 51 trumpet trumpet NN 19499 2814 52 in in IN 19499 2814 53 many many JJ 19499 2814 54 small small JJ 19499 2814 55 orchestras orchestra NNS 19499 2814 56 . . . 19499 2815 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2815 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2815 3 : : : 19499 2815 4 CORNET CORNET NNP 19499 2815 5 . . . 19499 2816 1 Length length NN 19499 2816 2 , , , 19499 2816 3 13 13 CD 19499 2816 4 - - SYM 19499 2816 5 3/4 3/4 CD 19499 2816 6 in in IN 19499 2816 7 . . . 19499 2816 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2817 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2817 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2817 3 : : : 19499 2817 4 SLIDE SLIDE NNP 19499 2817 5 TROMBONE TROMBONE NNS 19499 2817 6 . . . 19499 2818 1 Length length NN 19499 2818 2 , , , 19499 2818 3 3 3 CD 19499 2818 4 ft ft NN 19499 2818 5 . . NNP 19499 2818 6 9 9 CD 19499 2818 7 in in IN 19499 2818 8 . . . 19499 2819 1 Range range NN 19499 2819 2 of of IN 19499 2819 3 tenor tenor NN 19499 2819 4 trombone trombone NN 19499 2819 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2819 6 the the DT 19499 2819 7 size size NN 19499 2819 8 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2819 9 used use VBN 19499 2819 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2819 11 E e NN 19499 2819 12 to to IN 19499 2819 13 b b NN 19499 2819 14 - - HYPH 19499 2819 15 flat flat JJ 19499 2819 16 ' ' '' 19499 2819 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2819 18 25 25 CD 19499 2819 19 . . . 19499 2820 1 The the DT 19499 2820 2 pitch pitch NN 19499 2820 3 sounded sound VBD 19499 2820 4 by by IN 19499 2820 5 the the DT 19499 2820 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2820 7 trombone trombone NN 19499 2820 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2820 9 is be VBZ 19499 2820 10 altered alter VBN 19499 2820 11 by by IN 19499 2820 12 lengthening lengthen VBG 19499 2820 13 or or CC 19499 2820 14 shortening shorten VBG 19499 2820 15 the the DT 19499 2820 16 tube tube NN 19499 2820 17 of of IN 19499 2820 18 which which WDT 19499 2820 19 the the DT 19499 2820 20 instrument instrument NN 19499 2820 21 is be VBZ 19499 2820 22 constructed construct VBN 19499 2820 23 , , , 19499 2820 24 this this DT 19499 2820 25 being be VBG 19499 2820 26 possible possible JJ 19499 2820 27 because because IN 19499 2820 28 the the DT 19499 2820 29 lower low JJR 19499 2820 30 part part NN 19499 2820 31 slides slide VBZ 19499 2820 32 into into IN 19499 2820 33 the the DT 19499 2820 34 upper upper JJ 19499 2820 35 and and CC 19499 2820 36 can can MD 19499 2820 37 be be VB 19499 2820 38 pulled pull VBN 19499 2820 39 out out RP 19499 2820 40 to to TO 19499 2820 41 increase increase VB 19499 2820 42 the the DT 19499 2820 43 total total JJ 19499 2820 44 length length NN 19499 2820 45 of of IN 19499 2820 46 the the DT 19499 2820 47 tube tube NN 19499 2820 48 through through IN 19499 2820 49 which which WDT 19499 2820 50 the the DT 19499 2820 51 air air NN 19499 2820 52 passes pass VBZ 19499 2820 53 . . . 19499 2821 1 There there EX 19499 2821 2 are be VBP 19499 2821 3 usually usually RB 19499 2821 4 three three CD 19499 2821 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2821 6 trombones trombone NNS 19499 2821 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2821 8 in in IN 19499 2821 9 the the DT 19499 2821 10 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2821 11 , , , 19499 2821 12 each each DT 19499 2821 13 playing play VBG 19499 2821 14 a a DT 19499 2821 15 separate separate JJ 19499 2821 16 part part NN 19499 2821 17 , , , 19499 2821 18 and and CC 19499 2821 19 the the DT 19499 2821 20 combination combination NN 19499 2821 21 of of IN 19499 2821 22 this this DT 19499 2821 23 trio trio NN 19499 2821 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2821 25 with with IN 19499 2821 26 the the DT 19499 2821 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2821 28 tuba tuba NN 19499 2821 29 _ _ NNP 19499 2821 30 reinforcing reinforce VBG 19499 2821 31 the the DT 19499 2821 32 bass bass NN 19499 2821 33 part part NN 19499 2821 34 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2821 35 is be VBZ 19499 2821 36 majestic majestic JJ 19499 2821 37 and and CC 19499 2821 38 thrilling thrilling JJ 19499 2821 39 , , , 19499 2821 40 being be VBG 19499 2821 41 powerful powerful JJ 19499 2821 42 enough enough RB 19499 2821 43 to to TO 19499 2821 44 dominate dominate VB 19499 2821 45 the the DT 19499 2821 46 entire entire JJ 19499 2821 47 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2821 48 in in IN 19499 2821 49 _ _ NNP 19499 2821 50 Fortissimo Fortissimo NNP 19499 2821 51 _ _ NNP 19499 2821 52 passages passage NNS 19499 2821 53 . . . 19499 2822 1 But but CC 19499 2822 2 the the DT 19499 2822 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2822 4 trombones trombone NNS 19499 2822 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2822 6 are be VBP 19499 2822 7 useful useful JJ 19499 2822 8 in in IN 19499 2822 9 soft soft JJ 19499 2822 10 passages passage NNS 19499 2822 11 also also RB 19499 2822 12 , , , 19499 2822 13 and and CC 19499 2822 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2822 15 tone tone NN 19499 2822 16 when when WRB 19499 2822 17 playing play VBG 19499 2822 18 pianissimo pianissimo NNP 19499 2822 19 is be VBZ 19499 2822 20 rich rich JJ 19499 2822 21 , , , 19499 2822 22 serene serene JJ 19499 2822 23 , , , 19499 2822 24 and and CC 19499 2822 25 sonorous sonorous JJ 19499 2822 26 . . . 19499 2823 1 26 26 CD 19499 2823 2 . . . 19499 2824 1 The the DT 19499 2824 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2824 3 bass bass NN 19499 2824 4 tuba tuba NNP 19499 2824 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2824 6 is be VBZ 19499 2824 7 a a DT 19499 2824 8 member member NN 19499 2824 9 of of IN 19499 2824 10 the the DT 19499 2824 11 saxhorn saxhorn NN 19499 2824 12 family[42 family[42 NN 19499 2824 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2824 14 and and CC 19499 2824 15 supplies supply VBZ 19499 2824 16 the the DT 19499 2824 17 lowest low JJS 19499 2824 18 part part NN 19499 2824 19 of of IN 19499 2824 20 the the DT 19499 2824 21 brass brass NN 19499 2824 22 choir choir NN 19499 2824 23 , , , 19499 2824 24 as as IN 19499 2824 25 the the DT 19499 2824 26 double double JJ 19499 2824 27 - - HYPH 19499 2824 28 bass bass NN 19499 2824 29 does do VBZ 19499 2824 30 in in IN 19499 2824 31 the the DT 19499 2824 32 string string NN 19499 2824 33 choir choir NN 19499 2824 34 . . . 19499 2825 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2825 2 is be VBZ 19499 2825 3 used use VBN 19499 2825 4 in in IN 19499 2825 5 both both DT 19499 2825 6 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2825 7 and and CC 19499 2825 8 band band NN 19499 2825 9 , , , 19499 2825 10 being be VBG 19499 2825 11 often often RB 19499 2825 12 supported support VBN 19499 2825 13 in in IN 19499 2825 14 the the DT 19499 2825 15 larger large JJR 19499 2825 16 bands band NNS 19499 2825 17 by by IN 19499 2825 18 a a DT 19499 2825 19 still still RB 19499 2825 20 lower lower RBR 19499 2825 21 - - HYPH 19499 2825 22 toned tone VBN 19499 2825 23 member member NN 19499 2825 24 of of IN 19499 2825 25 the the DT 19499 2825 26 same same JJ 19499 2825 27 family family NN 19499 2825 28 -- -- : 19499 2825 29 the the DT 19499 2825 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2825 31 contra contra NNP 19499 2825 32 - - HYPH 19499 2825 33 bass bass NNP 19499 2825 34 tuba tuba NNP 19499 2825 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2825 36 . . . 19499 2826 1 The the DT 19499 2826 2 range range NN 19499 2826 3 of of IN 19499 2826 4 the the DT 19499 2826 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2826 6 tuba tuba NN 19499 2826 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2826 8 is be VBZ 19499 2826 9 from from IN 19499 2826 10 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2826 11 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2826 12 : : : 19499 2826 13 GG GG NNP 19499 2826 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2826 15 to to IN 19499 2826 16 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2826 17 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2826 18 : : : 19499 2826 19 g g LS 19499 2826 20 ' ' '' 19499 2826 21 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2826 22 . . . 19499 2827 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2827 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 2827 3 42 42 CD 19499 2827 4 : : : 19499 2827 5 The the DT 19499 2827 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2827 7 saxhorn saxhorn NN 19499 2827 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2827 9 was be VBD 19499 2827 10 invented invent VBN 19499 2827 11 about about IN 19499 2827 12 1840 1840 CD 19499 2827 13 by by IN 19499 2827 14 Adolphe Adolphe NNP 19499 2827 15 Sax Sax NNP 19499 2827 16 , , , 19499 2827 17 a a DT 19499 2827 18 Frenchman Frenchman NNP 19499 2827 19 . . . 19499 2828 1 The the DT 19499 2828 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2828 3 saxophone saxophone NN 19499 2828 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2828 5 is be VBZ 19499 2828 6 the the DT 19499 2828 7 invention invention NN 19499 2828 8 of of IN 19499 2828 9 the the DT 19499 2828 10 same same JJ 19499 2828 11 man man NN 19499 2828 12 . . . 19499 2828 13 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2829 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2829 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2829 3 : : : 19499 2829 4 BASS BASS NNP 19499 2829 5 TUBA TUBA NNP 19499 2829 6 . . . 19499 2830 1 Length length NN 19499 2830 2 , , , 19499 2830 3 3 3 CD 19499 2830 4 ft ft NN 19499 2830 5 . . NNP 19499 2830 6 3 3 CD 19499 2830 7 in in IN 19499 2830 8 . . . 19499 2830 9 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2831 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2831 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2831 3 : : : 19499 2831 4 BASS BASS NNP 19499 2831 5 DRUM drum NN 19499 2831 6 . . . 19499 2832 1 Diameter diameter NN 19499 2832 2 about about RB 19499 2832 3 2 2 CD 19499 2832 4 - - SYM 19499 2832 5 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2832 6 ft ft NN 19499 2832 7 . . NN 19499 2832 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2832 9 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2832 10 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2832 11 : : : 19499 2832 12 CYMBALS cymbal NNS 19499 2832 13 . . . 19499 2833 1 Diameter diameter NN 19499 2833 2 , , , 19499 2833 3 13 13 CD 19499 2833 4 - - SYM 19499 2833 5 1/4 1/4 CD 19499 2833 6 in in IN 19499 2833 7 . . . 19499 2833 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2834 1 27 27 CD 19499 2834 2 . . . 19499 2835 1 The the DT 19499 2835 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2835 3 kettle kettle NN 19499 2835 4 - - HYPH 19499 2835 5 drum drum NNP 19499 2835 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2835 7 is be VBZ 19499 2835 8 the the DT 19499 2835 9 most most RBS 19499 2835 10 important important JJ 19499 2835 11 member member NN 19499 2835 12 of of IN 19499 2835 13 the the DT 19499 2835 14 percussion percussion NN 19499 2835 15 family family NN 19499 2835 16 and and CC 19499 2835 17 is be VBZ 19499 2835 18 always always RB 19499 2835 19 used use VBN 19499 2835 20 either either CC 19499 2835 21 in in IN 19499 2835 22 pairs pair NNS 19499 2835 23 or or CC 19499 2835 24 in in IN 19499 2835 25 threes three NNS 19499 2835 26 . . . 19499 2836 1 The the DT 19499 2836 2 size size NN 19499 2836 3 of of IN 19499 2836 4 these these DT 19499 2836 5 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2836 6 varies vary VBZ 19499 2836 7 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2836 8 with with IN 19499 2836 9 the the DT 19499 2836 10 make make NN 19499 2836 11 , , , 19499 2836 12 but but CC 19499 2836 13 when when WRB 19499 2836 14 two two CD 19499 2836 15 drums drum NNS 19499 2836 16 are be VBP 19499 2836 17 used use VBN 19499 2836 18 the the DT 19499 2836 19 diameter diameter NN 19499 2836 20 is be VBZ 19499 2836 21 approximately approximately RB 19499 2836 22 that that IN 19499 2836 23 given give VBN 19499 2836 24 under under IN 19499 2836 25 the the DT 19499 2836 26 illustration illustration NN 19499 2836 27 . . . 19499 2837 1 The the DT 19499 2837 2 range range NN 19499 2837 3 of of IN 19499 2837 4 a a DT 19499 2837 5 pair pair NN 19499 2837 6 of of IN 19499 2837 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2837 8 drums drum NNS 19499 2837 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2837 10 is be VBZ 19499 2837 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2837 12 one one CD 19499 2837 13 octave octave NN 19499 2837 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2837 15 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2837 16 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2837 17 : : : 19499 2837 18 F F NNP 19499 2837 19 f f NNP 19499 2837 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2837 21 and and CC 19499 2837 22 when when WRB 19499 2837 23 but but CC 19499 2837 24 two two CD 19499 2837 25 drums drum NNS 19499 2837 26 are be VBP 19499 2837 27 used use VBN 19499 2837 28 the the DT 19499 2837 29 larger large JJR 19499 2837 30 one one NN 19499 2837 31 takes take VBZ 19499 2837 32 the the DT 19499 2837 33 tones tone NNS 19499 2837 34 from from IN 19499 2837 35 F F NNP 19499 2837 36 to to IN 19499 2837 37 about about IN 19499 2837 38 C c NN 19499 2837 39 of of IN 19499 2837 40 this this DT 19499 2837 41 range range NN 19499 2837 42 , , , 19499 2837 43 and and CC 19499 2837 44 the the DT 19499 2837 45 smaller small JJR 19499 2837 46 takes take VBZ 19499 2837 47 those those DT 19499 2837 48 from from IN 19499 2837 49 about about IN 19499 2837 50 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 2837 51 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2837 52 to to IN 19499 2837 53 F. F. NNP 19499 2837 54 The the DT 19499 2837 55 most most RBS 19499 2837 56 common common JJ 19499 2837 57 usage usage NN 19499 2837 58 is be VBZ 19499 2837 59 to to TO 19499 2837 60 tune tune VB 19499 2837 61 one one CD 19499 2837 62 drum drum NN 19499 2837 63 to to IN 19499 2837 64 the the DT 19499 2837 65 _ _ NNP 19499 2837 66 tonic tonic NN 19499 2837 67 _ _ NNP 19499 2837 68 , , , 19499 2837 69 and and CC 19499 2837 70 the the DT 19499 2837 71 other other JJ 19499 2837 72 to to IN 19499 2837 73 _ _ NNP 19499 2837 74 the the DT 19499 2837 75 dominant dominant JJ 19499 2837 76 _ _ NNP 19499 2837 77 of of IN 19499 2837 78 the the DT 19499 2837 79 key key NN 19499 2837 80 in in IN 19499 2837 81 which which WDT 19499 2837 82 the the DT 19499 2837 83 composition composition NN 19499 2837 84 is be VBZ 19499 2837 85 written write VBN 19499 2837 86 . . . 19499 2838 1 The the DT 19499 2838 2 pitch pitch NN 19499 2838 3 of of IN 19499 2838 4 the the DT 19499 2838 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2838 6 kettle kettle NN 19499 2838 7 - - HYPH 19499 2838 8 drum drum NNP 19499 2838 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2838 10 can can MD 19499 2838 11 be be VB 19499 2838 12 varied vary VBN 19499 2838 13 by by IN 19499 2838 14 increasing increase VBG 19499 2838 15 or or CC 19499 2838 16 lessening lessen VBG 19499 2838 17 the the DT 19499 2838 18 tension tension NN 19499 2838 19 of of IN 19499 2838 20 the the DT 19499 2838 21 head head NN 19499 2838 22 by by IN 19499 2838 23 means mean NNS 19499 2838 24 of of IN 19499 2838 25 thumb thumb NN 19499 2838 26 - - HYPH 19499 2838 27 screws screw NNS 19499 2838 28 which which WDT 19499 2838 29 act act VBP 19499 2838 30 on on IN 19499 2838 31 a a DT 19499 2838 32 metal metal NN 19499 2838 33 ring ring NN 19499 2838 34 . . . 19499 2839 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2839 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2839 3 : : : 19499 2839 4 KETTLE KETTLE NNP 19499 2839 5 - - HYPH 19499 2839 6 DRUMS DRUMS NNP 19499 2839 7 . . . 19499 2840 1 Diameter Diameter NNP 19499 2840 2 of of IN 19499 2840 3 Head Head NNP 19499 2840 4 , , , 19499 2840 5 24 24 CD 19499 2840 6 - - SYM 19499 2840 7 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2840 8 in in IN 19499 2840 9 . . . 19499 2841 1 and and CC 19499 2841 2 27 27 CD 19499 2841 3 - - SYM 19499 2841 4 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2841 5 in in IN 19499 2841 6 . . . 19499 2841 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2842 1 The the DT 19499 2842 2 other other JJ 19499 2842 3 important important JJ 19499 2842 4 members member NNS 19499 2842 5 of of IN 19499 2842 6 the the DT 19499 2842 7 percussion percussion NN 19499 2842 8 family family NN 19499 2842 9 are be VBP 19499 2842 10 shown show VBN 19499 2842 11 on on IN 19499 2842 12 this this DT 19499 2842 13 and and CC 19499 2842 14 the the DT 19499 2842 15 following follow VBG 19499 2842 16 page page NN 19499 2842 17 , , , 19499 2842 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2842 19 use use NN 19499 2842 20 being be VBG 19499 2842 21 so so RB 19499 2842 22 obvious obvious JJ 19499 2842 23 as as IN 19499 2842 24 to to TO 19499 2842 25 require require VB 19499 2842 26 no no DT 19499 2842 27 detailed detailed JJ 19499 2842 28 explanation explanation NN 19499 2842 29 . . . 19499 2843 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2843 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2843 3 : : : 19499 2843 4 TAMBOURINE TAMBOURINE NNP 19499 2843 5 . . . 19499 2844 1 Diameter diameter NN 19499 2844 2 , , , 19499 2844 3 10 10 CD 19499 2844 4 to to TO 19499 2844 5 12 12 CD 19499 2844 6 in in RB 19499 2844 7 . . . 19499 2844 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2845 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2845 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2845 3 : : : 19499 2845 4 BELLS BELLS NNP 19499 2845 5 . . . 19499 2846 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2846 2 Fr Fr NNP 19499 2846 3 . . . 19499 2847 1 carillon carillon NNP 19499 2847 2 ; ; : 19499 2847 3 Ger Ger NNP 19499 2847 4 . . . 19499 2848 1 Glockenspiel Glockenspiel NNP 19499 2848 2 . . . 19499 2848 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2848 4 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2849 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2849 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2849 3 : : : 19499 2849 4 SIDE SIDE NNP 19499 2849 5 DRUM DRUM NNP 19499 2849 6 . . . 19499 2850 1 Diameter diameter NN 19499 2850 2 , , , 19499 2850 3 about about RB 19499 2850 4 15 15 CD 19499 2850 5 - - SYM 19499 2850 6 1/2 1/2 CD 19499 2850 7 in in IN 19499 2850 8 . . . 19499 2850 9 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2851 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2851 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2851 3 : : : 19499 2851 4 TRIANGLE TRIANGLE NNP 19499 2851 5 . . . 19499 2852 1 Height height NN 19499 2852 2 , , , 19499 2852 3 about about RB 19499 2852 4 8 8 CD 19499 2852 5 in in RB 19499 2852 6 . . . 19499 2852 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2853 1 28 28 CD 19499 2853 2 . . . 19499 2854 1 The the DT 19499 2854 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2854 3 harp harp NN 19499 2854 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2854 5 is be VBZ 19499 2854 6 one one CD 19499 2854 7 of of IN 19499 2854 8 the the DT 19499 2854 9 oldest old JJS 19499 2854 10 of of IN 19499 2854 11 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2854 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2854 13 dating date VBG 19499 2854 14 back back RB 19499 2854 15 over over IN 19499 2854 16 6000 6000 CD 19499 2854 17 years year NNS 19499 2854 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2854 19 , , , 19499 2854 20 but but CC 19499 2854 21 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2854 22 is be VBZ 19499 2854 23 only only RB 19499 2854 24 in in IN 19499 2854 25 comparatively comparatively RB 19499 2854 26 recent recent JJ 19499 2854 27 years year NNS 19499 2854 28 that that IN 19499 2854 29 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2854 30 has have VBZ 19499 2854 31 been be VBN 19499 2854 32 used use VBN 19499 2854 33 in in IN 19499 2854 34 the the DT 19499 2854 35 symphony symphony NNP 19499 2854 36 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2854 37 . . . 19499 2855 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2855 2 range range NN 19499 2855 3 is be VBZ 19499 2855 4 from from IN 19499 2855 5 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2855 6 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2855 7 : : : 19499 2855 8 CC cc NN 19499 2855 9 - - HYPH 19499 2855 10 flat flat RB 19499 2855 11 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2855 12 to to IN 19499 2855 13 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2855 14 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2855 15 : : : 19499 2855 16 f f LS 19499 2855 17 - - HYPH 19499 2855 18 flat flat JJ 19499 2855 19 ' ' '' 19499 2855 20 ' ' '' 19499 2855 21 ' ' '' 19499 2855 22 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2855 23 . . . 19499 2856 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2856 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2856 3 : : : 19499 2856 4 HARP HARP NNP 19499 2856 5 . . . 19499 2857 1 Height Height NNP 19499 2857 2 , , , 19499 2857 3 5 5 CD 19499 2857 4 ft ft NN 19499 2857 5 . . NN 19499 2857 6 8 8 CD 19499 2857 7 in in IN 19499 2857 8 . . . 19499 2857 9 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2858 1 The the DT 19499 2858 2 modern modern JJ 19499 2858 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2858 4 double double JJ 19499 2858 5 - - HYPH 19499 2858 6 action action NN 19499 2858 7 harp harp NN 19499 2858 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2858 9 has have VBZ 19499 2858 10 forty forty CD 19499 2858 11 - - HYPH 19499 2858 12 six six CD 19499 2858 13 strings string NNS 19499 2858 14 , , , 19499 2858 15 which which WDT 19499 2858 16 are be VBP 19499 2858 17 tuned tune VBN 19499 2858 18 in in IN 19499 2858 19 half half JJ 19499 2858 20 - - HYPH 19499 2858 21 steps step NNS 19499 2858 22 and and CC 19499 2858 23 whole whole JJ 19499 2858 24 - - HYPH 19499 2858 25 steps step NNS 19499 2858 26 so so IN 19499 2858 27 as as IN 19499 2858 28 to to TO 19499 2858 29 sound sound VB 19499 2858 30 the the DT 19499 2858 31 scale scale NN 19499 2858 32 of of IN 19499 2858 33 C[flat c[flat NN 19499 2858 34 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2858 35 major major JJ 19499 2858 36 . . . 19499 2859 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2859 2 has have VBZ 19499 2859 3 a a DT 19499 2859 4 series series NN 19499 2859 5 of of IN 19499 2859 6 seven seven CD 19499 2859 7 pedals pedal NNS 19499 2859 8 around around IN 19499 2859 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2859 10 base base NN 19499 2859 11 , , , 19499 2859 12 each each DT 19499 2859 13 pedal pedal NN 19499 2859 14 having have VBG 19499 2859 15 two two CD 19499 2859 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2859 17 notches notch NNS 19499 2859 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2859 19 below below IN 19499 2859 20 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2859 21 , , , 19499 2859 22 into into IN 19499 2859 23 either either DT 19499 2859 24 of of IN 19499 2859 25 which which WDT 19499 2859 26 the the DT 19499 2859 27 pedal pedal NN 19499 2859 28 may may MD 19499 2859 29 be be VB 19499 2859 30 lowered lower VBN 19499 2859 31 and and CC 19499 2859 32 held hold VBN 19499 2859 33 fast fast RB 19499 2859 34 . . . 19499 2860 1 The the DT 19499 2860 2 first first JJ 19499 2860 3 pedal pedal NN 19499 2860 4 shortens shorten VBZ 19499 2860 5 the the DT 19499 2860 6 F[flat f[flat JJ 19499 2860 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 8 string string NN 19499 2860 9 so so IN 19499 2860 10 that that IN 19499 2860 11 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2860 12 now now RB 19499 2860 13 sounds sound VBZ 19499 2860 14 F F NNP 19499 2860 15 , , , 19499 2860 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2860 17 giving give VBG 19499 2860 18 the the DT 19499 2860 19 key key NN 19499 2860 20 of of IN 19499 2860 21 G[flat g[flat NN 19499 2860 22 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 23 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2860 24 ; ; : 19499 2860 25 the the DT 19499 2860 26 second second JJ 19499 2860 27 one one NN 19499 2860 28 shortens shorten VBZ 19499 2860 29 the the DT 19499 2860 30 C[flat c[flat NN 19499 2860 31 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 32 string string NN 19499 2860 33 so so IN 19499 2860 34 that that IN 19499 2860 35 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2860 36 sounds sound VBZ 19499 2860 37 C C NNP 19499 2860 38 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2860 39 giving give VBG 19499 2860 40 the the DT 19499 2860 41 key key NN 19499 2860 42 of of IN 19499 2860 43 D[flat D[flat NNP 19499 2860 44 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 45 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2860 46 ; ; : 19499 2860 47 the the DT 19499 2860 48 third third JJ 19499 2860 49 pedal pedal NN 19499 2860 50 shortens shorten VBZ 19499 2860 51 the the DT 19499 2860 52 G[flat g[flat NN 19499 2860 53 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 54 string string NN 19499 2860 55 so so IN 19499 2860 56 that that IN 19499 2860 57 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2860 58 sounds sound VBZ 19499 2860 59 G G NNP 19499 2860 60 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2860 61 giving give VBG 19499 2860 62 the the DT 19499 2860 63 key key NN 19499 2860 64 of of IN 19499 2860 65 A[flat a[flat NN 19499 2860 66 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 67 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2860 68 ; ; : 19499 2860 69 the the DT 19499 2860 70 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2860 71 changes change NNS 19499 2860 72 D[flat d[flat JJ 19499 2860 73 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 74 to to IN 19499 2860 75 D D NNP 19499 2860 76 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2860 77 giving give VBG 19499 2860 78 the the DT 19499 2860 79 key key NN 19499 2860 80 of of IN 19499 2860 81 E[flat e[flat NN 19499 2860 82 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 83 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2860 84 , , , 19499 2860 85 and and CC 19499 2860 86 so so RB 19499 2860 87 on on RB 19499 2860 88 until until IN 19499 2860 89 , , , 19499 2860 90 when when WRB 19499 2860 91 all all PDT 19499 2860 92 the the DT 19499 2860 93 pedals pedal NNS 19499 2860 94 are be VBP 19499 2860 95 fixed fix VBN 19499 2860 96 in in IN 19499 2860 97 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2860 98 first first JJ 19499 2860 99 notches notch NNS 19499 2860 100 , , , 19499 2860 101 the the DT 19499 2860 102 scale scale NN 19499 2860 103 of of IN 19499 2860 104 C C NNP 19499 2860 105 is be VBZ 19499 2860 106 sounded sound VBN 19499 2860 107 instead instead RB 19499 2860 108 of of IN 19499 2860 109 C[flat C[flat NNP 19499 2860 110 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2860 111 as as IN 19499 2860 112 was be VBD 19499 2860 113 the the DT 19499 2860 114 case case NN 19499 2860 115 before before IN 19499 2860 116 any any DT 19499 2860 117 of of IN 19499 2860 118 the the DT 19499 2860 119 pedals pedal NNS 19499 2860 120 were be VBD 19499 2860 121 depressed depressed JJ 19499 2860 122 . . . 19499 2861 1 But but CC 19499 2861 2 if if IN 19499 2861 3 the the DT 19499 2861 4 first first JJ 19499 2861 5 pedal pedal NN 19499 2861 6 is be VBZ 19499 2861 7 now now RB 19499 2861 8 pushed push VBN 19499 2861 9 down down RP 19499 2861 10 into into IN 19499 2861 11 the the DT 19499 2861 12 second second JJ 19499 2861 13 notch notch NN 19499 2861 14 the the DT 19499 2861 15 original original JJ 19499 2861 16 F[flat F[flat NNP 19499 2861 17 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2861 18 string string NN 19499 2861 19 is be VBZ 19499 2861 20 still still RB 19499 2861 21 further far RBR 19499 2861 22 shortened shorten VBN 19499 2861 23 and and CC 19499 2861 24 now now RB 19499 2861 25 sounds sound VBZ 19499 2861 26 the the DT 19499 2861 27 pitch pitch NN 19499 2861 28 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 2861 29 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2861 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2861 31 giving give VBG 19499 2861 32 us -PRON- PRP 19499 2861 33 the the DT 19499 2861 34 key key NN 19499 2861 35 of of IN 19499 2861 36 G g NN 19499 2861 37 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2861 38 , , , 19499 2861 39 and and CC 19499 2861 40 if if IN 19499 2861 41 all all PDT 19499 2861 42 the the DT 19499 2861 43 other other JJ 19499 2861 44 pedals pedal NNS 19499 2861 45 are be VBP 19499 2861 46 likewise likewise RB 19499 2861 47 successively successively RB 19499 2861 48 lowered lower VBN 19499 2861 49 to to IN 19499 2861 50 the the DT 19499 2861 51 second second JJ 19499 2861 52 notch notch NN 19499 2861 53 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2861 54 get get VBP 19499 2861 55 in in IN 19499 2861 56 turn turn NN 19499 2861 57 all all PDT 19499 2861 58 the the DT 19499 2861 59 _ _ NNP 19499 2861 60 sharp sharp JJ 19499 2861 61 keys_--D keys_--d NN 19499 2861 62 , , , 19499 2861 63 A a NN 19499 2861 64 , , , 19499 2861 65 E e NN 19499 2861 66 , , , 19499 2861 67 B b NN 19499 2861 68 , , , 19499 2861 69 F[sharp F[sharp NNP 19499 2861 70 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2861 71 and and CC 19499 2861 72 C[sharp c[sharp JJ 19499 2861 73 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2861 74 , , , 19499 2861 75 the the DT 19499 2861 76 last last RB 19499 2861 77 - - HYPH 19499 2861 78 named name VBN 19499 2861 79 key key NN 19499 2861 80 being be VBG 19499 2861 81 obtained obtain VBN 19499 2861 82 as as IN 19499 2861 83 the the DT 19499 2861 84 result result NN 19499 2861 85 of of IN 19499 2861 86 having have VBG 19499 2861 87 all all PDT 19499 2861 88 the the DT 19499 2861 89 pedals pedal NNS 19499 2861 90 fixed fix VBN 19499 2861 91 in in IN 19499 2861 92 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2861 93 second second JJ 19499 2861 94 notches notch NNS 19499 2861 95 , , , 19499 2861 96 thus thus RB 19499 2861 97 making make VBG 19499 2861 98 all all PDT 19499 2861 99 the the DT 19499 2861 100 tones tone NNS 19499 2861 101 of of IN 19499 2861 102 the the DT 19499 2861 103 original original JJ 19499 2861 104 C[flat C[flat NNP 19499 2861 105 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2861 106 scale scale VB 19499 2861 107 a a DT 19499 2861 108 whole whole JJ 19499 2861 109 - - HYPH 19499 2861 110 step step NN 19499 2861 111 higher higher RBR 19499 2861 112 so so IN 19499 2861 113 that that IN 19499 2861 114 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2861 115 now now RB 19499 2861 116 sound sound VBP 19499 2861 117 the the DT 19499 2861 118 C[sharp c[sharp JJ 19499 2861 119 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2861 120 scale scale NN 19499 2861 121 . . . 19499 2862 1 Chords chord NNS 19499 2862 2 of of IN 19499 2862 3 not not RB 19499 2862 4 more more JJR 19499 2862 5 than than IN 19499 2862 6 four four CD 19499 2862 7 tones tone NNS 19499 2862 8 for for IN 19499 2862 9 each each DT 19499 2862 10 hand hand NN 19499 2862 11 may may MD 19499 2862 12 be be VB 19499 2862 13 played play VBN 19499 2862 14 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2862 15 on on IN 19499 2862 16 the the DT 19499 2862 17 harp harp NN 19499 2862 18 , , , 19499 2862 19 but but CC 19499 2862 20 arpeggio arpeggio NN 19499 2862 21 and and CC 19499 2862 22 scale scale NN 19499 2862 23 passages passage NNS 19499 2862 24 are be VBP 19499 2862 25 the the DT 19499 2862 26 rule rule NN 19499 2862 27 , , , 19499 2862 28 and and CC 19499 2862 29 are be VBP 19499 2862 30 more more RBR 19499 2862 31 successful successful JJ 19499 2862 32 than than IN 19499 2862 33 simultaneous simultaneous JJ 19499 2862 34 chords chord NNS 19499 2862 35 . . . 19499 2863 1 The the DT 19499 2863 2 notation notation NN 19499 2863 3 of of IN 19499 2863 4 harp harp NN 19499 2863 5 music music NN 19499 2863 6 is be VBZ 19499 2863 7 essentially essentially RB 19499 2863 8 like like IN 19499 2863 9 that that DT 19499 2863 10 of of IN 19499 2863 11 piano piano NN 19499 2863 12 music music NN 19499 2863 13 . . . 19499 2864 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 2864 2 C C NNP 19499 2864 3 ACOUSTICS ACOUSTICS NNP 19499 2864 4 NOTE:--It NOTE:--It NNP 19499 2864 5 is be VBZ 19499 2864 6 usually usually RB 19499 2864 7 taken take VBN 19499 2864 8 for for IN 19499 2864 9 granted grant VBN 19499 2864 10 that that IN 19499 2864 11 the the DT 19499 2864 12 student student NN 19499 2864 13 of of IN 19499 2864 14 music music NN 19499 2864 15 is be VBZ 19499 2864 16 familiar familiar JJ 19499 2864 17 with with IN 19499 2864 18 the the DT 19499 2864 19 significance significance NN 19499 2864 20 of of IN 19499 2864 21 such such JJ 19499 2864 22 terms term NNS 19499 2864 23 as as IN 19499 2864 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2864 25 over over IN 19499 2864 26 - - HYPH 19499 2864 27 tone tone NN 19499 2864 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2864 29 , , , 19499 2864 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2864 31 equal equal JJ 19499 2864 32 temperament temperament NN 19499 2864 33 _ _ NNP 19499 2864 34 , , , 19499 2864 35 etc etc FW 19499 2864 36 . . FW 19499 2864 37 , , , 19499 2864 38 and and CC 19499 2864 39 with with IN 19499 2864 40 principles principle NNS 19499 2864 41 such such JJ 19499 2864 42 as as IN 19499 2864 43 that that DT 19499 2864 44 relating relate VBG 19499 2864 45 to to IN 19499 2864 46 the the DT 19499 2864 47 relation relation NN 19499 2864 48 between between IN 19499 2864 49 vibration vibration NN 19499 2864 50 rates rate NNS 19499 2864 51 and and CC 19499 2864 52 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2864 53 : : : 19499 2864 54 the the DT 19499 2864 55 writer writer NN 19499 2864 56 has have VBZ 19499 2864 57 in in IN 19499 2864 58 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2864 59 own own JJ 19499 2864 60 experience experience NN 19499 2864 61 found find VBN 19499 2864 62 , , , 19499 2864 63 however however RB 19499 2864 64 , , , 19499 2864 65 that that IN 19499 2864 66 most most JJS 19499 2864 67 students student NNS 19499 2864 68 are be VBP 19499 2864 69 not not RB 19499 2864 70 at at RB 19499 2864 71 all all RB 19499 2864 72 familiar familiar JJ 19499 2864 73 with with IN 19499 2864 74 such such JJ 19499 2864 75 data datum NNS 19499 2864 76 , , , 19499 2864 77 and and CC 19499 2864 78 this this DT 19499 2864 79 appendix appendix NNP 19499 2864 80 is be VBZ 19499 2864 81 therefore therefore RB 19499 2864 82 added add VBN 19499 2864 83 in in IN 19499 2864 84 the the DT 19499 2864 85 hope hope NN 19499 2864 86 that that IN 19499 2864 87 a a DT 19499 2864 88 few few JJ 19499 2864 89 facts fact NNS 19499 2864 90 at at IN 19499 2864 91 least least JJS 19499 2864 92 regarding regard VBG 19499 2864 93 the the DT 19499 2864 94 laws law NNS 19499 2864 95 of of IN 19499 2864 96 sound sound NN 19499 2864 97 may may MD 19499 2864 98 be be VB 19499 2864 99 brought bring VBN 19499 2864 100 to to IN 19499 2864 101 the the DT 19499 2864 102 attention attention NN 19499 2864 103 of of IN 19499 2864 104 some some DT 19499 2864 105 who who WP 19499 2864 106 would would MD 19499 2864 107 otherwise otherwise RB 19499 2864 108 remain remain VB 19499 2864 109 in in IN 19499 2864 110 entire entire JJ 19499 2864 111 ignorance ignorance NN 19499 2864 112 of of IN 19499 2864 113 the the DT 19499 2864 114 subject subject NN 19499 2864 115 . . . 19499 2865 1 1 1 LS 19499 2865 2 . . . 19499 2866 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2866 2 Acoustics Acoustics NNP 19499 2866 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2866 4 is be VBZ 19499 2866 5 the the DT 19499 2866 6 science science NN 19499 2866 7 which which WDT 19499 2866 8 deals deal VBZ 19499 2866 9 with with IN 19499 2866 10 sound sound NN 19499 2866 11 and and CC 19499 2866 12 the the DT 19499 2866 13 laws law NNS 19499 2866 14 of of IN 19499 2866 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2866 16 production production NN 19499 2866 17 and and CC 19499 2866 18 transmission transmission NN 19499 2866 19 . . . 19499 2867 1 Since since IN 19499 2867 2 all all DT 19499 2867 3 sound sound NN 19499 2867 4 is be VBZ 19499 2867 5 caused cause VBN 19499 2867 6 by by IN 19499 2867 7 vibration vibration NN 19499 2867 8 , , , 19499 2867 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2867 10 acoustics acoustic NNS 19499 2867 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2867 12 may may MD 19499 2867 13 be be VB 19499 2867 14 defined define VBN 19499 2867 15 as as IN 19499 2867 16 the the DT 19499 2867 17 science science NN 19499 2867 18 which which WDT 19499 2867 19 treats treat VBZ 19499 2867 20 of of IN 19499 2867 21 the the DT 19499 2867 22 phenomena phenomenon NNS 19499 2867 23 of of IN 19499 2867 24 sound sound RB 19499 2867 25 - - HYPH 19499 2867 26 producing produce VBG 19499 2867 27 vibration vibration NN 19499 2867 28 . . . 19499 2868 1 2 2 LS 19499 2868 2 . . . 19499 2869 1 All all DT 19499 2869 2 sound sound NN 19499 2869 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2869 4 as as IN 19499 2869 5 stated state VBN 19499 2869 6 above above RB 19499 2869 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2869 8 is be VBZ 19499 2869 9 produced produce VBN 19499 2869 10 by by IN 19499 2869 11 vibration vibration NN 19499 2869 12 of of IN 19499 2869 13 some some DT 19499 2869 14 sort sort NN 19499 2869 15 : : : 19499 2869 16 strike strike VB 19499 2869 17 a a DT 19499 2869 18 tuning tuning NN 19499 2869 19 - - HYPH 19499 2869 20 fork fork NN 19499 2869 21 against against IN 19499 2869 22 the the DT 19499 2869 23 top top NN 19499 2869 24 of of IN 19499 2869 25 a a DT 19499 2869 26 table table NN 19499 2869 27 and and CC 19499 2869 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2869 29 see see VB 19499 2869 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2869 31 the the DT 19499 2869 32 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2869 33 which which WDT 19499 2869 34 cause cause VBP 19499 2869 35 the the DT 19499 2869 36 tone tone NN 19499 2869 37 , , , 19499 2869 38 or or CC 19499 2869 39 , , , 19499 2869 40 if if IN 19499 2869 41 the the DT 19499 2869 42 fork fork NN 19499 2869 43 is be VBZ 19499 2869 44 a a DT 19499 2869 45 small small JJ 19499 2869 46 one one CD 19499 2869 47 and and CC 19499 2869 48 the the DT 19499 2869 49 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2869 50 can can MD 19499 2869 51 not not RB 19499 2869 52 be be VB 19499 2869 53 seen see VBN 19499 2869 54 , , , 19499 2869 55 hold hold VB 19499 2869 56 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2869 57 against against IN 19499 2869 58 the the DT 19499 2869 59 edge edge NN 19499 2869 60 of of IN 19499 2869 61 a a DT 19499 2869 62 sheet sheet NN 19499 2869 63 of of IN 19499 2869 64 paper paper NN 19499 2869 65 and and CC 19499 2869 66 hear hear VBP 19499 2869 67 the the DT 19499 2869 68 blows blow NNS 19499 2869 69 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2869 70 strikes strike VBZ 19499 2869 71 ; ; : 19499 2869 72 or or CC 19499 2869 73 , , , 19499 2869 74 watch watch VB 19499 2869 75 one one CD 19499 2869 76 of of IN 19499 2869 77 the the DT 19499 2869 78 lowest low JJS 19499 2869 79 strings string NNS 19499 2869 80 of of IN 19499 2869 81 the the DT 19499 2869 82 piano piano NN 19499 2869 83 after after IN 19499 2869 84 striking strike VBG 19499 2869 85 the the DT 19499 2869 86 key key NN 19499 2869 87 a a DT 19499 2869 88 sharp sharp JJ 19499 2869 89 blow blow NN 19499 2869 90 ; ; : 19499 2869 91 or or CC 19499 2869 92 , , , 19499 2869 93 look look VB 19499 2869 94 closely closely RB 19499 2869 95 at at IN 19499 2869 96 the the DT 19499 2869 97 heavier heavy JJR 19499 2869 98 strings string NNS 19499 2869 99 of of IN 19499 2869 100 the the DT 19499 2869 101 violin violin NN 19499 2869 102 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2869 103 or or CC 19499 2869 104 better well RBR 19499 2869 105 still still RB 19499 2869 106 , , , 19499 2869 107 the the DT 19499 2869 108 cello cello NN 19499 2869 109 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2869 110 and and CC 19499 2869 111 watch watch VB 19499 2869 112 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2869 113 oscillate oscillate VB 19499 2869 114 rapidly rapidly RB 19499 2869 115 to to IN 19499 2869 116 and and CC 19499 2869 117 fro fro NNP 19499 2869 118 as as IN 19499 2869 119 the the DT 19499 2869 120 bow bow NN 19499 2869 121 moves move VBZ 19499 2869 122 across across IN 19499 2869 123 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2869 124 . . . 19499 2870 1 The the DT 19499 2870 2 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2870 3 body body NN 19499 2870 4 may may MD 19499 2870 5 be be VB 19499 2870 6 a a DT 19499 2870 7 string string NN 19499 2870 8 , , , 19499 2870 9 a a DT 19499 2870 10 thin thin JJ 19499 2870 11 piece piece NN 19499 2870 12 of of IN 19499 2870 13 wood wood NN 19499 2870 14 , , , 19499 2870 15 a a DT 19499 2870 16 piece piece NN 19499 2870 17 of of IN 19499 2870 18 metal metal NN 19499 2870 19 , , , 19499 2870 20 a a DT 19499 2870 21 membrane membrane NN 19499 2870 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2870 23 cf cf NN 19499 2870 24 . . . 19499 2871 1 drum drum NNP 19499 2871 2 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2871 3 , , , 19499 2871 4 the the DT 19499 2871 5 lips lip NNS 19499 2871 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2871 7 cf cf NN 19499 2871 8 . . . 19499 2872 1 playing play VBG 19499 2872 2 the the DT 19499 2872 3 cornet cornet NN 19499 2872 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2872 5 , , , 19499 2872 6 the the DT 19499 2872 7 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2872 8 cords cord NNS 19499 2872 9 , , , 19499 2872 10 etc etc FW 19499 2872 11 . . . 19499 2873 1 Often often RB 19499 2873 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2873 3 is be VBZ 19499 2873 4 a a DT 19499 2873 5 column column NN 19499 2873 6 of of IN 19499 2873 7 air air NN 19499 2873 8 whose whose WP$ 19499 2873 9 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2873 10 give give VBP 19499 2873 11 rise rise NN 19499 2873 12 to to IN 19499 2873 13 the the DT 19499 2873 14 tone tone NN 19499 2873 15 , , , 19499 2873 16 the the DT 19499 2873 17 reed reed NN 19499 2873 18 or or CC 19499 2873 19 other other JJ 19499 2873 20 medium medium NN 19499 2873 21 merely merely RB 19499 2873 22 serving serve VBG 19499 2873 23 to to TO 19499 2873 24 set set VB 19499 2873 25 the the DT 19499 2873 26 air air NN 19499 2873 27 in in IN 19499 2873 28 vibration vibration NN 19499 2873 29 . . . 19499 2874 1 3 3 LS 19499 2874 2 . . . 19499 2875 1 Sound Sound NNP 19499 2875 2 is be VBZ 19499 2875 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2875 4 transmitted transmit VBN 19499 2875 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2875 6 through through IN 19499 2875 7 the the DT 19499 2875 8 air air NN 19499 2875 9 in in IN 19499 2875 10 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2875 11 this this DT 19499 2875 12 fashion fashion NN 19499 2875 13 : : : 19499 2875 14 the the DT 19499 2875 15 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2875 16 body body NN 19499 2875 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2875 18 a a DT 19499 2875 19 string string NN 19499 2875 20 for for IN 19499 2875 21 example example NN 19499 2875 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2875 23 strikes strike VBZ 19499 2875 24 the the DT 19499 2875 25 air air NN 19499 2875 26 - - HYPH 19499 2875 27 particles particle NNS 19499 2875 28 in in IN 19499 2875 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2875 30 immediate immediate JJ 19499 2875 31 vicinity vicinity NN 19499 2875 32 , , , 19499 2875 33 and and CC 19499 2875 34 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2875 35 , , , 19499 2875 36 being be VBG 19499 2875 37 in in IN 19499 2875 38 contact contact NN 19499 2875 39 with with IN 19499 2875 40 other other JJ 19499 2875 41 such such JJ 19499 2875 42 air air NN 19499 2875 43 - - HYPH 19499 2875 44 particles particle NNS 19499 2875 45 , , , 19499 2875 46 strike strike VBP 19499 2875 47 these these DT 19499 2875 48 others other NNS 19499 2875 49 , , , 19499 2875 50 the the DT 19499 2875 51 latter latter JJ 19499 2875 52 in in IN 19499 2875 53 turn turn NN 19499 2875 54 striking strike VBG 19499 2875 55 yet yet RB 19499 2875 56 others other NNS 19499 2875 57 , , , 19499 2875 58 and and CC 19499 2875 59 so so RB 19499 2875 60 on on RB 19499 2875 61 , , , 19499 2875 62 both both CC 19499 2875 63 a a DT 19499 2875 64 forward forward JJ 19499 2875 65 and and CC 19499 2875 66 backward backward JJ 19499 2875 67 movement movement NN 19499 2875 68 being be VBG 19499 2875 69 set set VBN 19499 2875 70 up up RP 19499 2875 71 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2875 72 oscillation oscillation NN 19499 2875 73 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2875 74 . . . 19499 2876 1 These these DT 19499 2876 2 particles particle NNS 19499 2876 3 lie lie VBP 19499 2876 4 so so RB 19499 2876 5 close close RB 19499 2876 6 together together RB 19499 2876 7 that that IN 19499 2876 8 no no DT 19499 2876 9 movement movement NN 19499 2876 10 at at RB 19499 2876 11 all all RB 19499 2876 12 can can MD 19499 2876 13 be be VB 19499 2876 14 detected detect VBN 19499 2876 15 , , , 19499 2876 16 and and CC 19499 2876 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2876 18 is be VBZ 19499 2876 19 only only RB 19499 2876 20 when when WRB 19499 2876 21 the the DT 19499 2876 22 disturbance disturbance NN 19499 2876 23 finally finally RB 19499 2876 24 reaches reach VBZ 19499 2876 25 the the DT 19499 2876 26 air air NN 19499 2876 27 - - HYPH 19499 2876 28 particles particle NNS 19499 2876 29 that that WDT 19499 2876 30 are be VBP 19499 2876 31 in in IN 19499 2876 32 contact contact NN 19499 2876 33 with with IN 19499 2876 34 the the DT 19499 2876 35 ear ear NN 19499 2876 36 - - HYPH 19499 2876 37 drum drum NN 19499 2876 38 that that IN 19499 2876 39 any any DT 19499 2876 40 effect effect NN 19499 2876 41 is be VBZ 19499 2876 42 evident evident JJ 19499 2876 43 . . . 19499 2877 1 This this DT 19499 2877 2 phenomenon phenomenon NN 19499 2877 3 of of IN 19499 2877 4 sound sound JJ 19499 2877 5 - - HYPH 19499 2877 6 transmission transmission NN 19499 2877 7 may may MD 19499 2877 8 perhaps perhaps RB 19499 2877 9 be be VB 19499 2877 10 made make VBN 19499 2877 11 more more RBR 19499 2877 12 clear clear JJ 19499 2877 13 by by IN 19499 2877 14 the the DT 19499 2877 15 old old JJ 19499 2877 16 illustration illustration NN 19499 2877 17 of of IN 19499 2877 18 a a DT 19499 2877 19 series series NN 19499 2877 20 of of IN 19499 2877 21 eight eight CD 19499 2877 22 billiard billiard NN 19499 2877 23 balls ball NNS 19499 2877 24 in in IN 19499 2877 25 a a DT 19499 2877 26 row row NN 19499 2877 27 on on IN 19499 2877 28 a a DT 19499 2877 29 table table NN 19499 2877 30 : : : 19499 2877 31 if if IN 19499 2877 32 the the DT 19499 2877 33 first first JJ 19499 2877 34 ball ball NN 19499 2877 35 is be VBZ 19499 2877 36 tapped tap VBN 19499 2877 37 lightly lightly RB 19499 2877 38 , , , 19499 2877 39 striking strike VBG 19499 2877 40 gently gently RB 19499 2877 41 against against IN 19499 2877 42 ball ball NN 19499 2877 43 number number NN 19499 2877 44 2 2 CD 19499 2877 45 , , , 19499 2877 46 the the DT 19499 2877 47 latter latter JJ 19499 2877 48 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2877 49 as as RB 19499 2877 50 well well RB 19499 2877 51 as as IN 19499 2877 52 numbers number NNS 19499 2877 53 3 3 CD 19499 2877 54 , , , 19499 2877 55 4 4 CD 19499 2877 56 , , , 19499 2877 57 5 5 CD 19499 2877 58 , , , 19499 2877 59 6 6 CD 19499 2877 60 , , , 19499 2877 61 and and CC 19499 2877 62 7 7 CD 19499 2877 63 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2877 64 will will MD 19499 2877 65 not not RB 19499 2877 66 apparently apparently RB 19499 2877 67 move move VB 19499 2877 68 at at RB 19499 2877 69 all all RB 19499 2877 70 , , , 19499 2877 71 but but CC 19499 2877 72 ball ball NN 19499 2877 73 number number NN 19499 2877 74 8 8 CD 19499 2877 75 at at IN 19499 2877 76 the the DT 19499 2877 77 other other JJ 19499 2877 78 end end NN 19499 2877 79 will will MD 19499 2877 80 roll roll VB 19499 2877 81 away away RB 19499 2877 82 . . . 19499 2878 1 The the DT 19499 2878 2 air air NN 19499 2878 3 - - HYPH 19499 2878 4 particles particle NNS 19499 2878 5 act act VBP 19499 2878 6 upon upon IN 19499 2878 7 each each DT 19499 2878 8 other other JJ 19499 2878 9 in in IN 19499 2878 10 much much JJ 19499 2878 11 this this DT 19499 2878 12 same same JJ 19499 2878 13 fashion fashion NN 19499 2878 14 , , , 19499 2878 15 the the DT 19499 2878 16 difference difference NN 19499 2878 17 being be VBG 19499 2878 18 that that IN 19499 2878 19 when when WRB 19499 2878 20 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2878 21 are be VBP 19499 2878 22 set set VBN 19499 2878 23 in in IN 19499 2878 24 motion motion NN 19499 2878 25 by by IN 19499 2878 26 a a DT 19499 2878 27 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2878 28 body body NN 19499 2878 29 a a DT 19499 2878 30 complete complete JJ 19499 2878 31 vibration vibration NN 19499 2878 32 backward backward RB 19499 2878 33 and and CC 19499 2878 34 forward forward RB 19499 2878 35 causes cause VBZ 19499 2878 36 a a DT 19499 2878 37 similar similar JJ 19499 2878 38 _ _ NNP 19499 2878 39 backward backward RB 19499 2878 40 and and CC 19499 2878 41 forward forward RB 19499 2878 42 _ _ NNP 19499 2878 43 movement movement NN 19499 2878 44 of of IN 19499 2878 45 the the DT 19499 2878 46 particles particle NNS 19499 2878 47 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2878 48 oscillation oscillation NN 19499 2878 49 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2878 50 instead instead RB 19499 2878 51 of of IN 19499 2878 52 simply simply RB 19499 2878 53 a a DT 19499 2878 54 _ _ NNP 19499 2878 55 forward forward RB 19499 2878 56 jerk jerk NNP 19499 2878 57 _ _ NNP 19499 2878 58 as as IN 19499 2878 59 in in IN 19499 2878 60 the the DT 19499 2878 61 case case NN 19499 2878 62 of of IN 19499 2878 63 the the DT 19499 2878 64 billiard billiard NN 19499 2878 65 balls ball NNS 19499 2878 66 . . . 19499 2879 1 Another another DT 19499 2879 2 way way NN 19499 2879 3 of of IN 19499 2879 4 describing describe VBG 19499 2879 5 the the DT 19499 2879 6 same same JJ 19499 2879 7 process process NN 19499 2879 8 is be VBZ 19499 2879 9 this this DT 19499 2879 10 : : : 19499 2879 11 the the DT 19499 2879 12 vibration vibration NN 19499 2879 13 of of IN 19499 2879 14 some some DT 19499 2879 15 body body NN 19499 2879 16 produces produce VBZ 19499 2879 17 waves wave NNS 19499 2879 18 in in IN 19499 2879 19 the the DT 19499 2879 20 air air NN 19499 2879 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2879 22 cf cf NN 19499 2879 23 . . . 19499 2880 1 waves wave NNS 19499 2880 2 in in IN 19499 2880 3 the the DT 19499 2880 4 ocean ocean NN 19499 2880 5 , , , 19499 2880 6 which which WDT 19499 2880 7 carry carry VBP 19499 2880 8 water water NN 19499 2880 9 forward forward RB 19499 2880 10 but but CC 19499 2880 11 do do VBP 19499 2880 12 not not RB 19499 2880 13 themselves -PRON- PRP 19499 2880 14 move move VB 19499 2880 15 on on RB 19499 2880 16 continuously continuously RB 19499 2880 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2880 18 , , , 19499 2880 19 these these DT 19499 2880 20 waves wave NNS 19499 2880 21 spread spread VBP 19499 2880 22 out out RP 19499 2880 23 spherically spherically RB 19499 2880 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2880 25 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2881 1 in in IN 19499 2881 2 all all DT 19499 2881 3 directions direction NNS 19499 2881 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2881 5 and and CC 19499 2881 6 finally finally RB 19499 2881 7 reach reach VB 19499 2881 8 the the DT 19499 2881 9 ear ear NN 19499 2881 10 , , , 19499 2881 11 where where WRB 19499 2881 12 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2881 13 set set VBD 19499 2881 14 the the DT 19499 2881 15 ear ear NN 19499 2881 16 - - HYPH 19499 2881 17 drum drum NN 19499 2881 18 in in IN 19499 2881 19 vibration vibration NN 19499 2881 20 , , , 19499 2881 21 thus thus RB 19499 2881 22 sending send VBG 19499 2881 23 certain certain JJ 19499 2881 24 sound sound NN 19499 2881 25 - - HYPH 19499 2881 26 stimuli stimulus NNS 19499 2881 27 to to IN 19499 2881 28 the the DT 19499 2881 29 nerves nerve NNS 19499 2881 30 of of IN 19499 2881 31 hearing hearing NN 19499 2881 32 in in IN 19499 2881 33 the the DT 19499 2881 34 inner inner JJ 19499 2881 35 ear ear NN 19499 2881 36 , , , 19499 2881 37 and and CC 19499 2881 38 thus thus RB 19499 2881 39 to to IN 19499 2881 40 the the DT 19499 2881 41 brain brain NN 19499 2881 42 . . . 19499 2882 1 An an DT 19499 2882 2 important important JJ 19499 2882 3 thing thing NN 19499 2882 4 to to TO 19499 2882 5 be be VB 19499 2882 6 noted note VBN 19499 2882 7 in in IN 19499 2882 8 connection connection NN 19499 2882 9 with with IN 19499 2882 10 sound sound JJ 19499 2882 11 - - HYPH 19499 2882 12 transmission transmission NN 19499 2882 13 is be VBZ 19499 2882 14 that that DT 19499 2882 15 sound sound NN 19499 2882 16 will will MD 19499 2882 17 not not RB 19499 2882 18 travel travel VB 19499 2882 19 in in IN 19499 2882 20 a a DT 19499 2882 21 vacuum vacuum NN 19499 2882 22 : : : 19499 2882 23 some some DT 19499 2882 24 kind kind NN 19499 2882 25 of of IN 19499 2882 26 a a DT 19499 2882 27 medium medium NN 19499 2882 28 is be VBZ 19499 2882 29 essential essential JJ 19499 2882 30 for for IN 19499 2882 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2882 32 transmission transmission NN 19499 2882 33 . . . 19499 2883 1 This this DT 19499 2883 2 medium medium NN 19499 2883 3 may may MD 19499 2883 4 be be VB 19499 2883 5 air air NN 19499 2883 6 , , , 19499 2883 7 water water NN 19499 2883 8 , , , 19499 2883 9 a a DT 19499 2883 10 bar bar NN 19499 2883 11 of of IN 19499 2883 12 iron iron NN 19499 2883 13 or or CC 19499 2883 14 steel steel NN 19499 2883 15 , , , 19499 2883 16 the the DT 19499 2883 17 earth earth NN 19499 2883 18 , , , 19499 2883 19 etc etc FW 19499 2883 20 . . . 19499 2884 1 4 4 LS 19499 2884 2 . . . 19499 2885 1 The the DT 19499 2885 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2885 3 rate rate NN 19499 2885 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2885 5 at at IN 19499 2885 6 which which WDT 19499 2885 7 sound sound NN 19499 2885 8 travels travel NNS 19499 2885 9 through through IN 19499 2885 10 the the DT 19499 2885 11 air air NN 19499 2885 12 is be VBZ 19499 2885 13 about about RB 19499 2885 14 1100 1100 CD 19499 2885 15 feet foot NNS 19499 2885 16 per per IN 19499 2885 17 second second NN 19499 2885 18 , , , 19499 2885 19 the the DT 19499 2885 20 rapidity rapidity NN 19499 2885 21 varying vary VBG 19499 2885 22 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2885 23 with with IN 19499 2885 24 fluctuations fluctuation NNS 19499 2885 25 in in IN 19499 2885 26 temperature temperature NN 19499 2885 27 and and CC 19499 2885 28 humidity humidity NN 19499 2885 29 . . . 19499 2886 1 In in IN 19499 2886 2 water water NN 19499 2886 3 the the DT 19499 2886 4 rate rate NN 19499 2886 5 is be VBZ 19499 2886 6 much much RB 19499 2886 7 higher high JJR 19499 2886 8 than than IN 19499 2886 9 in in IN 19499 2886 10 air air NN 19499 2886 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2886 12 about about RB 19499 2886 13 four four CD 19499 2886 14 times time NNS 19499 2886 15 as as RB 19499 2886 16 great great JJ 19499 2886 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2886 18 while while IN 19499 2886 19 the the DT 19499 2886 20 velocity velocity NN 19499 2886 21 of of IN 19499 2886 22 sound sound NN 19499 2886 23 through through IN 19499 2886 24 other other JJ 19499 2886 25 mediums medium NNS 19499 2886 26 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2886 27 as as IN 19499 2886 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2886 29 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2886 30 _ _ NNP 19499 2886 31 , , , 19499 2886 32 steel steel NN 19499 2886 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2886 34 is be VBZ 19499 2886 35 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2886 36 as as RB 19499 2886 37 much much JJ 19499 2886 38 as as IN 19499 2886 39 sixteen sixteen CD 19499 2886 40 times time NNS 19499 2886 41 as as RB 19499 2886 42 great great JJ 19499 2886 43 as as IN 19499 2886 44 through through IN 19499 2886 45 air air NN 19499 2886 46 . . . 19499 2887 1 5 5 CD 19499 2887 2 . . . 19499 2888 1 Sound sound JJ 19499 2888 2 , , , 19499 2888 3 like like IN 19499 2888 4 light light NN 19499 2888 5 , , , 19499 2888 6 may may MD 19499 2888 7 be be VB 19499 2888 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2888 9 intensified intensify VBN 19499 2888 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2888 11 by by IN 19499 2888 12 a a DT 19499 2888 13 suitable suitable JJ 19499 2888 14 reflecting reflect VBG 19499 2888 15 surface surface NN 19499 2888 16 directly directly RB 19499 2888 17 back back RB 19499 2888 18 of of IN 19499 2888 19 the the DT 19499 2888 20 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2888 21 body body NN 19499 2888 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2888 23 cf cf NN 19499 2888 24 . . . 19499 2889 1 sounding sounding NNP 19499 2889 2 board board NNP 19499 2889 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2889 4 ; ; : 19499 2889 5 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2889 6 may may MD 19499 2889 7 also also RB 19499 2889 8 be be VB 19499 2889 9 reflected reflect VBN 19499 2889 10 by by IN 19499 2889 11 some some DT 19499 2889 12 surface surface NN 19499 2889 13 at at IN 19499 2889 14 a a DT 19499 2889 15 distance distance NN 19499 2889 16 from from IN 19499 2889 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2889 18 source source NN 19499 2889 19 in in IN 19499 2889 20 such such PDT 19499 2889 21 a a DT 19499 2889 22 way way NN 19499 2889 23 that that IN 19499 2889 24 at at IN 19499 2889 25 a a DT 19499 2889 26 certain certain JJ 19499 2889 27 point point NN 19499 2889 28 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2889 29 the the DT 19499 2889 30 focus focus NN 19499 2889 31 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2889 32 the the DT 19499 2889 33 sound sound NN 19499 2889 34 may may MD 19499 2889 35 be be VB 19499 2889 36 very very RB 19499 2889 37 clearly clearly RB 19499 2889 38 heard hear VBN 19499 2889 39 , , , 19499 2889 40 but but CC 19499 2889 41 at at IN 19499 2889 42 other other JJ 19499 2889 43 places place NNS 19499 2889 44 , , , 19499 2889 45 even even RB 19499 2889 46 those those DT 19499 2889 47 _ _ NNP 19499 2889 48 nearer near RBR 19499 2889 49 _ _ NNP 19499 2889 50 the the DT 19499 2889 51 source source NN 19499 2889 52 of of IN 19499 2889 53 sound sound NN 19499 2889 54 , , , 19499 2889 55 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2889 56 can can MD 19499 2889 57 scarcely scarcely RB 19499 2889 58 be be VB 19499 2889 59 heard hear VBN 19499 2889 60 at at RB 19499 2889 61 all all RB 19499 2889 62 . . . 19499 2890 1 If if IN 19499 2890 2 there there EX 19499 2890 3 is be VBZ 19499 2890 4 such such PDT 19499 2890 5 a a DT 19499 2890 6 surface surface NN 19499 2890 7 in in IN 19499 2890 8 an an DT 19499 2890 9 auditorium auditorium NN 19499 2890 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2890 11 as as RB 19499 2890 12 often often RB 19499 2890 13 occurs occur VBZ 19499 2890 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2890 15 there there EX 19499 2890 16 will will MD 19499 2890 17 be be VB 19499 2890 18 a a DT 19499 2890 19 certain certain JJ 19499 2890 20 point point NN 19499 2890 21 where where WRB 19499 2890 22 everything everything NN 19499 2890 23 can can MD 19499 2890 24 be be VB 19499 2890 25 heard hear VBN 19499 2890 26 very very RB 19499 2890 27 easily easily RB 19499 2890 28 , , , 19499 2890 29 but but CC 19499 2890 30 in in IN 19499 2890 31 the the DT 19499 2890 32 rest rest NN 19499 2890 33 of of IN 19499 2890 34 the the DT 19499 2890 35 room room NN 19499 2890 36 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2890 37 may may MD 19499 2890 38 be be VB 19499 2890 39 very very RB 19499 2890 40 difficult difficult JJ 19499 2890 41 to to TO 19499 2890 42 understand understand VB 19499 2890 43 what what WP 19499 2890 44 is be VBZ 19499 2890 45 being be VBG 19499 2890 46 said say VBD 19499 2890 47 or or CC 19499 2890 48 sung sung NNP 19499 2890 49 . . . 19499 2891 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2891 2 Echoes Echoes NNPS 19499 2891 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2891 4 are be VBP 19499 2891 5 caused cause VBN 19499 2891 6 by by IN 19499 2891 7 sound sound NN 19499 2891 8 - - HYPH 19499 2891 9 reflection reflection NN 19499 2891 10 , , , 19499 2891 11 the the DT 19499 2891 12 distance distance NN 19499 2891 13 of of IN 19499 2891 14 the the DT 19499 2891 15 reflecting reflect VBG 19499 2891 16 surface surface NN 19499 2891 17 from from IN 19499 2891 18 the the DT 19499 2891 19 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2891 20 body body NN 19499 2891 21 determining determine VBG 19499 2891 22 the the DT 19499 2891 23 number number NN 19499 2891 24 of of IN 19499 2891 25 syllables syllable NNS 19499 2891 26 that that WDT 19499 2891 27 will will MD 19499 2891 28 be be VB 19499 2891 29 echoed echo VBN 19499 2891 30 . . . 19499 2892 1 The the DT 19499 2892 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2892 3 acoustics acoustic NNS 19499 2892 4 _ _ XX 19499 2892 5 of of IN 19499 2892 6 an an DT 19499 2892 7 auditorium auditorium NN 19499 2892 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2892 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2892 10 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2892 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2892 12 , , , 19499 2892 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2892 14 hearing hearing NN 19499 2892 15 properties property NNS 19499 2892 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2892 17 depend depend VBP 19499 2892 18 upon upon IN 19499 2892 19 the the DT 19499 2892 20 position position NN 19499 2892 21 and and CC 19499 2892 22 nature nature NN 19499 2892 23 of of IN 19499 2892 24 the the DT 19499 2892 25 reflecting reflect VBG 19499 2892 26 surfaces surface NNS 19499 2892 27 and and CC 19499 2892 28 also also RB 19499 2892 29 upon upon IN 19499 2892 30 the the DT 19499 2892 31 length length NN 19499 2892 32 of of IN 19499 2892 33 time time NN 19499 2892 34 a a DT 19499 2892 35 sound sound NN 19499 2892 36 persists persist VBZ 19499 2892 37 after after IN 19499 2892 38 the the DT 19499 2892 39 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2892 40 body body NN 19499 2892 41 has have VBZ 19499 2892 42 stopped stop VBN 19499 2892 43 . . . 19499 2893 1 If if IN 19499 2893 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2893 3 persists persist VBZ 19499 2893 4 longer long RBR 19499 2893 5 than than IN 19499 2893 6 2 2 CD 19499 2893 7 - - HYPH 19499 2893 8 1/4 1/4 CD 19499 2893 9 or or CC 19499 2893 10 2 2 CD 19499 2893 11 - - SYM 19499 2893 12 1/3 1/3 CD 19499 2893 13 seconds second NNS 19499 2893 14 the the DT 19499 2893 15 room room NN 19499 2893 16 will will MD 19499 2893 17 not not RB 19499 2893 18 be be VB 19499 2893 19 suitable suitable JJ 19499 2893 20 for for IN 19499 2893 21 musical musical JJ 19499 2893 22 performances performance NNS 19499 2893 23 because because IN 19499 2893 24 of of IN 19499 2893 25 the the DT 19499 2893 26 mixture mixture NN 19499 2893 27 of of IN 19499 2893 28 persisting persist VBG 19499 2893 29 tones tone NNS 19499 2893 30 with with IN 19499 2893 31 following follow VBG 19499 2893 32 ones one NNS 19499 2893 33 , , , 19499 2893 34 this this DT 19499 2893 35 causing cause VBG 19499 2893 36 a a DT 19499 2893 37 blurred blurred JJ 19499 2893 38 effect effect NN 19499 2893 39 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2893 40 like like IN 19499 2893 41 that that DT 19499 2893 42 obtained obtain VBN 19499 2893 43 by by IN 19499 2893 44 playing play VBG 19499 2893 45 a a DT 19499 2893 46 series series NN 19499 2893 47 of of IN 19499 2893 48 unrelated unrelated JJ 19499 2893 49 chords chord NNS 19499 2893 50 on on IN 19499 2893 51 the the DT 19499 2893 52 piano piano NN 19499 2893 53 while while IN 19499 2893 54 the the DT 19499 2893 55 damper damper NN 19499 2893 56 - - HYPH 19499 2893 57 pedal pedal NN 19499 2893 58 is be VBZ 19499 2893 59 held hold VBN 19499 2893 60 down down RP 19499 2893 61 . . . 19499 2894 1 The the DT 19499 2894 2 duration duration NN 19499 2894 3 of of IN 19499 2894 4 the the DT 19499 2894 5 reverberation reverberation NN 19499 2894 6 depends depend VBZ 19499 2894 7 upon upon IN 19499 2894 8 the the DT 19499 2894 9 size size NN 19499 2894 10 and and CC 19499 2894 11 height height NN 19499 2894 12 of of IN 19499 2894 13 the the DT 19499 2894 14 room room NN 19499 2894 15 , , , 19499 2894 16 material material NN 19499 2894 17 of of IN 19499 2894 18 floor floor NN 19499 2894 19 and and CC 19499 2894 20 walls wall NNS 19499 2894 21 , , , 19499 2894 22 furniture furniture NN 19499 2894 23 , , , 19499 2894 24 size size NN 19499 2894 25 of of IN 19499 2894 26 audience audience NN 19499 2894 27 , , , 19499 2894 28 etc etc FW 19499 2894 29 . . . 19499 2895 1 6 6 CD 19499 2895 2 . . . 19499 2896 1 Sound sound NN 19499 2896 2 may may MD 19499 2896 3 be be VB 19499 2896 4 classified classify VBN 19499 2896 5 roughly roughly RB 19499 2896 6 into into IN 19499 2896 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2896 8 tones tones NNP 19499 2896 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2896 10 and and CC 19499 2896 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2896 12 noises noise VBZ 19499 2896 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2896 14 although although IN 19499 2896 15 the the DT 19499 2896 16 line line NN 19499 2896 17 of of IN 19499 2896 18 cleavage cleavage NN 19499 2896 19 is be VBZ 19499 2896 20 not not RB 19499 2896 21 always always RB 19499 2896 22 sharply sharply RB 19499 2896 23 drawn draw VBN 19499 2896 24 . . . 19499 2897 1 If if IN 19499 2897 2 I -PRON- PRP 19499 2897 3 throw throw VBP 19499 2897 4 stones stone NNS 19499 2897 5 at at IN 19499 2897 6 the the DT 19499 2897 7 side side NN 19499 2897 8 of of IN 19499 2897 9 a a DT 19499 2897 10 barn barn NN 19499 2897 11 , , , 19499 2897 12 sounds sound NNS 19499 2897 13 are be VBP 19499 2897 14 produced produce VBN 19499 2897 15 , , , 19499 2897 16 but but CC 19499 2897 17 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2897 18 are be VBP 19499 2897 19 caused cause VBN 19499 2897 20 by by IN 19499 2897 21 irregular irregular JJ 19499 2897 22 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2897 23 of of IN 19499 2897 24 an an DT 19499 2897 25 irregularly irregularly RB 19499 2897 26 constructed construct VBN 19499 2897 27 surface surface NN 19499 2897 28 and and CC 19499 2897 29 are be VBP 19499 2897 30 referred refer VBN 19499 2897 31 to to IN 19499 2897 32 as as IN 19499 2897 33 _ _ NNP 19499 2897 34 noise noise NN 19499 2897 35 _ _ NNP 19499 2897 36 . . . 19499 2898 1 But but CC 19499 2898 2 if if IN 19499 2898 3 I -PRON- PRP 19499 2898 4 tap tap VBP 19499 2898 5 the the DT 19499 2898 6 head head NN 19499 2898 7 of of IN 19499 2898 8 a a DT 19499 2898 9 kettle kettle NN 19499 2898 10 - - HYPH 19499 2898 11 drum drum NNP 19499 2898 12 , , , 19499 2898 13 a a DT 19499 2898 14 regular regular JJ 19499 2898 15 series series NN 19499 2898 16 of of IN 19499 2898 17 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2898 18 is be VBZ 19499 2898 19 set set VBN 19499 2898 20 up up RP 19499 2898 21 and and CC 19499 2898 22 the the DT 19499 2898 23 resulting result VBG 19499 2898 24 sound sound NN 19499 2898 25 is be VBZ 19499 2898 26 referred refer VBN 19499 2898 27 to to IN 19499 2898 28 as as IN 19499 2898 29 _ _ NNP 19499 2898 30 tone tone NN 19499 2898 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2898 32 . . . 19499 2899 1 In in IN 19499 2899 2 general general JJ 19499 2899 3 the the DT 19499 2899 4 material material NN 19499 2899 5 of of IN 19499 2899 6 music music NN 19499 2899 7 consists consist VBZ 19499 2899 8 of of IN 19499 2899 9 tones tone NNS 19499 2899 10 , , , 19499 2899 11 but but CC 19499 2899 12 for for IN 19499 2899 13 special special JJ 19499 2899 14 effects effect NNS 19499 2899 15 certain certain JJ 19499 2899 16 noises noise NNS 19499 2899 17 are be VBP 19499 2899 18 also also RB 19499 2899 19 utilized utilize VBN 19499 2899 20 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2899 21 cf cf NN 19499 2899 22 . . . 19499 2900 1 castanets castanet NNS 19499 2900 2 , , , 19499 2900 3 etc etc FW 19499 2900 4 . . . 19499 2900 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2900 6 . . . 19499 2901 1 7 7 LS 19499 2901 2 . . . 19499 2902 1 Musical musical JJ 19499 2902 2 tones tone NNS 19499 2902 3 have have VBP 19499 2902 4 three three CD 19499 2902 5 properties property NNS 19499 2902 6 , , , 19499 2902 7 viz viz NN 19499 2902 8 . . . 19499 2903 1 : : : 19499 2903 2 1 1 LS 19499 2903 3 . . . 19499 2904 1 Pitch Pitch NNP 19499 2904 2 . . . 19499 2905 1 2 2 LS 19499 2905 2 . . . 19499 2906 1 Intensity intensity NN 19499 2906 2 . . . 19499 2907 1 3 3 LS 19499 2907 2 . . . 19499 2908 1 Quality Quality NNP 19499 2908 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2908 3 timbre timbre NNP 19499 2908 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2908 5 . . . 19499 2909 1 By by IN 19499 2909 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2909 3 pitch pitch NN 19499 2909 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2909 5 is be VBZ 19499 2909 6 meant mean VBN 19499 2909 7 the the DT 19499 2909 8 highness highness NN 19499 2909 9 or or CC 19499 2909 10 lowness lowness NN 19499 2909 11 of of IN 19499 2909 12 tone tone NN 19499 2909 13 . . . 19499 2910 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2910 2 depends depend VBZ 19499 2910 3 upon upon IN 19499 2910 4 rate rate NN 19499 2910 5 of of IN 19499 2910 6 vibration vibration NN 19499 2910 7 . . . 19499 2911 1 If if IN 19499 2911 2 a a DT 19499 2911 3 body body NN 19499 2911 4 vibrates vibrate VBZ 19499 2911 5 only only RB 19499 2911 6 8 8 CD 19499 2911 7 or or CC 19499 2911 8 10 10 CD 19499 2911 9 times time NNS 19499 2911 10 per per IN 19499 2911 11 second second JJ 19499 2911 12 no no DT 19499 2911 13 tone tone NN 19499 2911 14 is be VBZ 19499 2911 15 heard hear VBN 19499 2911 16 at at RB 19499 2911 17 all all RB 19499 2911 18 : : : 19499 2911 19 but but CC 19499 2911 20 if if IN 19499 2911 21 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2911 22 vibrates vibrate VBZ 19499 2911 23 regularly regularly RB 19499 2911 24 at at IN 19499 2911 25 the the DT 19499 2911 26 rate rate NN 19499 2911 27 of of IN 19499 2911 28 16 16 CD 19499 2911 29 or or CC 19499 2911 30 18 18 CD 19499 2911 31 per per IN 19499 2911 32 second second JJ 19499 2911 33 a a DT 19499 2911 34 tone tone NN 19499 2911 35 of of IN 19499 2911 36 very very RB 19499 2911 37 low low JJ 19499 2911 38 pitch pitch NN 19499 2911 39 is be VBZ 19499 2911 40 heard hear VBN 19499 2911 41 . . . 19499 2912 1 If if IN 19499 2912 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2912 3 vibrates vibrate VBZ 19499 2912 4 at at IN 19499 2912 5 the the DT 19499 2912 6 rate rate NN 19499 2912 7 of of IN 19499 2912 8 24 24 CD 19499 2912 9 the the DT 19499 2912 10 pitch pitch NN 19499 2912 11 is be VBZ 19499 2912 12 higher high JJR 19499 2912 13 , , , 19499 2912 14 at at IN 19499 2912 15 30 30 CD 19499 2912 16 higher high JJR 19499 2912 17 still still RB 19499 2912 18 , , , 19499 2912 19 at at IN 19499 2912 20 200 200 CD 19499 2912 21 yet yet RB 19499 2912 22 higher high JJR 19499 2912 23 , , , 19499 2912 24 and and CC 19499 2912 25 when when WRB 19499 2912 26 a a DT 19499 2912 27 rate rate NN 19499 2912 28 of of IN 19499 2912 29 about about RB 19499 2912 30 38,000 38,000 CD 19499 2912 31 per per IN 19499 2912 32 second second JJ 19499 2912 33 has have VBZ 19499 2912 34 been be VBN 19499 2912 35 reached reach VBN 19499 2912 36 the the DT 19499 2912 37 pitch pitch NN 19499 2912 38 is be VBZ 19499 2912 39 so so RB 19499 2912 40 high high JJ 19499 2912 41 that that IN 19499 2912 42 most most JJS 19499 2912 43 ears ear NNS 19499 2912 44 can can MD 19499 2912 45 not not RB 19499 2912 46 perceive perceive VB 19499 2912 47 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2912 48 at at RB 19499 2912 49 all all RB 19499 2912 50 . . . 19499 2913 1 The the DT 19499 2913 2 highest high JJS 19499 2913 3 tone tone NN 19499 2913 4 that that WDT 19499 2913 5 can can MD 19499 2913 6 ordinarily ordinarily RB 19499 2913 7 be be VB 19499 2913 8 heard hear VBN 19499 2913 9 is be VBZ 19499 2913 10 the the DT 19499 2913 11 E[flat e[flat NN 19499 2913 12 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2913 13 four four CD 19499 2913 14 octaves octave NNS 19499 2913 15 higher high JJR 19499 2913 16 than than IN 19499 2913 17 the the DT 19499 2913 18 highest high JJS 19499 2913 19 E[flat e[flat NN 19499 2913 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2913 21 of of IN 19499 2913 22 the the DT 19499 2913 23 piano piano NN 19499 2913 24 . . . 19499 2914 1 The the DT 19499 2914 2 entire entire JJ 19499 2914 3 range range NN 19499 2914 4 of of IN 19499 2914 5 sound sound JJ 19499 2914 6 humanly humanly RB 19499 2914 7 audible audible JJ 19499 2914 8 is be VBZ 19499 2914 9 therefore therefore RB 19499 2914 10 about about IN 19499 2914 11 eleven eleven CD 19499 2914 12 octaves octave NNS 19499 2914 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2914 14 rates rate NNS 19499 2914 15 16 16 CD 19499 2914 16 - - SYM 19499 2914 17 38,000 38,000 CD 19499 2914 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2914 19 , , , 19499 2914 20 but but CC 19499 2914 21 only only RB 19499 2914 22 about about RB 19499 2914 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2914 24 eight eight CD 19499 2914 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2914 26 of of IN 19499 2914 27 these these DT 19499 2914 28 octaves octave NNS 19499 2914 29 are be VBP 19499 2914 30 utilized utilize VBN 19499 2914 31 for for IN 19499 2914 32 musical musical JJ 19499 2914 33 purposes purpose NNS 19499 2914 34 . . . 19499 2915 1 The the DT 19499 2915 2 tones tone NNS 19499 2915 3 of of IN 19499 2915 4 the the DT 19499 2915 5 piano piano NN 19499 2915 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2915 7 with with IN 19499 2915 8 a a DT 19499 2915 9 range range NN 19499 2915 10 of of IN 19499 2915 11 7 7 CD 19499 2915 12 - - SYM 19499 2915 13 1/3 1/3 CD 19499 2915 14 octaves octave NNS 19499 2915 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2915 16 are be VBP 19499 2915 17 produced produce VBN 19499 2915 18 by by IN 19499 2915 19 vibration vibration NN 19499 2915 20 rates rate NNS 19499 2915 21 approximately approximately RB 19499 2915 22 between between IN 19499 2915 23 27 27 CD 19499 2915 24 and and CC 19499 2915 25 4224 4224 CD 19499 2915 26 . . . 19499 2916 1 In in IN 19499 2916 2 the the DT 19499 2916 3 orchestra orchestra NN 19499 2916 4 the the DT 19499 2916 5 range range NN 19499 2916 6 is be VBZ 19499 2916 7 slightly slightly RB 19499 2916 8 more more RBR 19499 2916 9 extended extended JJ 19499 2916 10 , , , 19499 2916 11 the the DT 19499 2916 12 rates rate NNS 19499 2916 13 being be VBG 19499 2916 14 from from IN 19499 2916 15 33 33 CD 19499 2916 16 to to IN 19499 2916 17 4752 4752 CD 19499 2916 18 . . . 19499 2917 1 Certain certain JJ 19499 2917 2 interesting interesting JJ 19499 2917 3 facts fact NNS 19499 2917 4 regarding regard VBG 19499 2917 5 the the DT 19499 2917 6 relation relation NN 19499 2917 7 between between IN 19499 2917 8 vibration vibration NN 19499 2917 9 - - HYPH 19499 2917 10 rates rate NNS 19499 2917 11 and and CC 19499 2917 12 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2917 13 have have VBP 19499 2917 14 been be VBN 19499 2917 15 worked work VBN 19499 2917 16 out out RP 19499 2917 17 : : : 19499 2917 18 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2917 19 has have VBZ 19499 2917 20 been be VBN 19499 2917 21 discovered discover VBN 19499 2917 22 for for IN 19499 2917 23 instance instance NN 19499 2917 24 that that IN 19499 2917 25 if if IN 19499 2917 26 the the DT 19499 2917 27 number number NN 19499 2917 28 of of IN 19499 2917 29 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2917 30 is be VBZ 19499 2917 31 doubled double VBN 19499 2917 32 , , , 19499 2917 33 the the DT 19499 2917 34 pitch pitch NN 19499 2917 35 of of IN 19499 2917 36 the the DT 19499 2917 37 resulting result VBG 19499 2917 38 tone tone NN 19499 2917 39 is be VBZ 19499 2917 40 an an DT 19499 2917 41 octave octave NN 19499 2917 42 higher high JJR 19499 2917 43 ; ; : 19499 2917 44 _ _ NNP 19499 2917 45 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2917 46 _ _ NNP 19499 2917 47 , , , 19499 2917 48 if if IN 19499 2917 49 a a DT 19499 2917 50 string string NN 19499 2917 51 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2917 52 at at IN 19499 2917 53 the the DT 19499 2917 54 rate rate NN 19499 2917 55 of of IN 19499 2917 56 261 261 CD 19499 2917 57 per per IN 19499 2917 58 second second JJ 19499 2917 59 gives give VBZ 19499 2917 60 rise rise NN 19499 2917 61 to to IN 19499 2917 62 the the DT 19499 2917 63 pitch pitch NN 19499 2917 64 c c NNP 19499 2917 65 ' ' '' 19499 2917 66 , , , 19499 2917 67 then then RB 19499 2917 68 a a DT 19499 2917 69 string string NN 19499 2917 70 one one CD 19499 2917 71 - - HYPH 19499 2917 72 half half NN 19499 2917 73 as as RB 19499 2917 74 long long JJ 19499 2917 75 and and CC 19499 2917 76 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2917 77 twice twice RB 19499 2917 78 as as RB 19499 2917 79 rapidly rapidly RB 19499 2917 80 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2917 81 522 522 CD 19499 2917 82 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2917 83 will will MD 19499 2917 84 give give VB 19499 2917 85 rise rise NN 19499 2917 86 to to IN 19499 2917 87 the the DT 19499 2917 88 pitch pitch NN 19499 2917 89 c c NNP 19499 2917 90 ' ' '' 19499 2917 91 ' ' '' 19499 2917 92 , , , 19499 2917 93 _ _ NNP 19499 2917 94 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2917 95 _ _ NNP 19499 2917 96 , , , 19499 2917 97 an an DT 19499 2917 98 octave octave NN 19499 2917 99 higher high JJR 19499 2917 100 than than IN 19499 2917 101 c c NN 19499 2917 102 ' ' '' 19499 2917 103 . . . 19499 2918 1 In in IN 19499 2918 2 the the DT 19499 2918 3 same same JJ 19499 2918 4 way way NN 19499 2918 5 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2918 6 has have VBZ 19499 2918 7 been be VBN 19499 2918 8 found find VBN 19499 2918 9 that that IN 19499 2918 10 if if IN 19499 2918 11 the the DT 19499 2918 12 rate rate NN 19499 2918 13 is be VBZ 19499 2918 14 multiplied multiply VBN 19499 2918 15 by by IN 19499 2918 16 5/4 5/4 CD 19499 2918 17 the the DT 19499 2918 18 pitch pitch NN 19499 2918 19 of of IN 19499 2918 20 the the DT 19499 2918 21 tone tone NN 19499 2918 22 will will MD 19499 2918 23 be be VB 19499 2918 24 a a DT 19499 2918 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2918 26 major major JJ 19499 2918 27 third third JJ 19499 2918 28 _ _ NNP 19499 2918 29 higher higher RBR 19499 2918 30 ; ; : 19499 2918 31 if if IN 19499 2918 32 multiplied multiply VBN 19499 2918 33 by by IN 19499 2918 34 3/2 3/2 CD 19499 2918 35 , , , 19499 2918 36 a a DT 19499 2918 37 _ _ NNP 19499 2918 38 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2918 39 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2918 40 _ _ NNP 19499 2918 41 higher high JJR 19499 2918 42 , , , 19499 2918 43 etc etc FW 19499 2918 44 . . . 19499 2919 1 These these DT 19499 2919 2 laws law NNS 19499 2919 3 are be VBP 19499 2919 4 often often RB 19499 2919 5 stated state VBN 19499 2919 6 thus thus RB 19499 2919 7 : : : 19499 2919 8 the the DT 19499 2919 9 ratio ratio NN 19499 2919 10 of of IN 19499 2919 11 the the DT 19499 2919 12 octave octave NN 19499 2919 13 to to IN 19499 2919 14 the the DT 19499 2919 15 fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 2919 16 is be VBZ 19499 2919 17 as as IN 19499 2919 18 two two CD 19499 2919 19 is be VBZ 19499 2919 20 to to IN 19499 2919 21 one one CD 19499 2919 22 ; ; : 19499 2919 23 that that DT 19499 2919 24 of of IN 19499 2919 25 the the DT 19499 2919 26 major major JJ 19499 2919 27 third third NN 19499 2919 28 as as IN 19499 2919 29 five five CD 19499 2919 30 is be VBZ 19499 2919 31 to to IN 19499 2919 32 four four CD 19499 2919 33 ; ; : 19499 2919 34 that that DT 19499 2919 35 of of IN 19499 2919 36 the the DT 19499 2919 37 perfect perfect JJ 19499 2919 38 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2919 39 as as IN 19499 2919 40 three three CD 19499 2919 41 is be VBZ 19499 2919 42 to to IN 19499 2919 43 two two CD 19499 2919 44 , , , 19499 2919 45 and and CC 19499 2919 46 so so RB 19499 2919 47 on on RB 19499 2919 48 through through IN 19499 2919 49 the the DT 19499 2919 50 entire entire JJ 19499 2919 51 series series NN 19499 2919 52 of of IN 19499 2919 53 pitches pitch NNS 19499 2919 54 embraced embrace VBN 19499 2919 55 within within IN 19499 2919 56 the the DT 19499 2919 57 octave octave NN 19499 2919 58 , , , 19499 2919 59 the the DT 19499 2919 60 _ _ NNP 19499 2919 61 ratio ratio NN 19499 2919 62 _ _ NNP 19499 2919 63 being be VBG 19499 2919 64 of of IN 19499 2919 65 course course NN 19499 2919 66 the the DT 19499 2919 67 same same JJ 19499 2919 68 for for IN 19499 2919 69 all all DT 19499 2919 70 octaves octave NNS 19499 2919 71 . . . 19499 2920 1 9 9 CD 19499 2920 2 . . . 19499 2921 1 The the DT 19499 2921 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2921 3 intensity intensity NN 19499 2921 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2921 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2921 6 loudness loudness NNP 19499 2921 7 or or CC 19499 2921 8 softness softness NN 19499 2921 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2921 10 of of IN 19499 2921 11 tones tone NNS 19499 2921 12 depends depend VBZ 19499 2921 13 upon upon IN 19499 2921 14 the the DT 19499 2921 15 amplitude amplitude NN 19499 2921 16 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2921 17 width width NN 19499 2921 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2921 19 of of IN 19499 2921 20 the the DT 19499 2921 21 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2921 22 , , , 19499 2921 23 a a DT 19499 2921 24 louder loud JJR 19499 2921 25 tone tone NN 19499 2921 26 being be VBG 19499 2921 27 the the DT 19499 2921 28 result result NN 19499 2921 29 of of IN 19499 2921 30 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2921 31 of of IN 19499 2921 32 greater great JJR 19499 2921 33 amplitude amplitude NN 19499 2921 34 , , , 19499 2921 35 and and CC 19499 2921 36 vice vice NN 19499 2921 37 versa versa RB 19499 2921 38 . . . 19499 2922 1 This this DT 19499 2922 2 may may MD 19499 2922 3 be be VB 19499 2922 4 verified verify VBN 19499 2922 5 by by IN 19499 2922 6 plucking pluck VBG 19499 2922 7 a a DT 19499 2922 8 long long JJ 19499 2922 9 string string NN 19499 2922 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2922 11 on on IN 19499 2922 12 cello cello NN 19499 2922 13 or or CC 19499 2922 14 double double JJ 19499 2922 15 - - HYPH 19499 2922 16 bass bass NN 19499 2922 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2922 18 and and CC 19499 2922 19 noting note VBG 19499 2922 20 that that IN 19499 2922 21 when when WRB 19499 2922 22 plucked pluck VBD 19499 2922 23 gently gently RB 19499 2922 24 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2922 25 of of IN 19499 2922 26 small small JJ 19499 2922 27 amplitude amplitude NNS 19499 2922 28 are be VBP 19499 2922 29 set set VBN 19499 2922 30 up up RP 19499 2922 31 , , , 19499 2922 32 while while IN 19499 2922 33 a a DT 19499 2922 34 vigorous vigorous JJ 19499 2922 35 pluck pluck NN 19499 2922 36 results result NNS 19499 2922 37 in in IN 19499 2922 38 much much RB 19499 2922 39 wider wide JJR 19499 2922 40 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2922 41 , , , 19499 2922 42 and and CC 19499 2922 43 , , , 19499 2922 44 consequently consequently RB 19499 2922 45 , , , 19499 2922 46 in in IN 19499 2922 47 a a DT 19499 2922 48 louder loud JJR 19499 2922 49 tone tone NN 19499 2922 50 . . . 19499 2923 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2923 2 should should MD 19499 2923 3 be be VB 19499 2923 4 noted note VBN 19499 2923 5 that that IN 19499 2923 6 the the DT 19499 2923 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2923 8 pitch pitch NN 19499 2923 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2923 10 of of IN 19499 2923 11 the the DT 19499 2923 12 tone tone NN 19499 2923 13 is be VBZ 19499 2923 14 not not RB 19499 2923 15 affected affect VBN 19499 2923 16 by by IN 19499 2923 17 the the DT 19499 2923 18 change change NN 19499 2923 19 in in IN 19499 2923 20 amplitude amplitude NN 19499 2923 21 of of IN 19499 2923 22 vibration vibration NN 19499 2923 23 . . . 19499 2924 1 The the DT 19499 2924 2 intensity intensity NN 19499 2924 3 of of IN 19499 2924 4 tones tone NNS 19499 2924 5 varies vary VBZ 19499 2924 6 with with IN 19499 2924 7 the the DT 19499 2924 8 medium medium NN 19499 2924 9 conveying convey VBG 19499 2924 10 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2924 11 , , , 19499 2924 12 being be VBG 19499 2924 13 usually usually RB 19499 2924 14 louder loud JJR 19499 2924 15 at at IN 19499 2924 16 night night NN 19499 2924 17 because because IN 19499 2924 18 the the DT 19499 2924 19 air air NN 19499 2924 20 is be VBZ 19499 2924 21 then then RB 19499 2924 22 more more RBR 19499 2924 23 elastic elastic JJ 19499 2924 24 . . . 19499 2925 1 Tone tone NN 19499 2925 2 intensity intensity NN 19499 2925 3 is be VBZ 19499 2925 4 also also RB 19499 2925 5 affected affect VBN 19499 2925 6 by by IN 19499 2925 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2925 8 sympathetic sympathetic JJ 19499 2925 9 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2925 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2925 11 set set VBD 19499 2925 12 up up RP 19499 2925 13 in in IN 19499 2925 14 other other JJ 19499 2925 15 bodies body NNS 19499 2925 16 . . . 19499 2926 1 If if IN 19499 2926 2 two two CD 19499 2926 3 strings string NNS 19499 2926 4 of of IN 19499 2926 5 the the DT 19499 2926 6 same same JJ 19499 2926 7 length length NN 19499 2926 8 are be VBP 19499 2926 9 stretched stretch VBN 19499 2926 10 side side NN 19499 2926 11 by by IN 19499 2926 12 side side NN 19499 2926 13 and and CC 19499 2926 14 one one CD 19499 2926 15 set set NN 19499 2926 16 in in IN 19499 2926 17 vibration vibration NN 19499 2926 18 so so IN 19499 2926 19 as as IN 19499 2926 20 to to TO 19499 2926 21 produce produce VB 19499 2926 22 tone tone NN 19499 2926 23 the the DT 19499 2926 24 other other JJ 19499 2926 25 will will MD 19499 2926 26 soon soon RB 19499 2926 27 begin begin VB 19499 2926 28 to to TO 19499 2926 29 vibrate vibrate VB 19499 2926 30 also also RB 19499 2926 31 and and CC 19499 2926 32 the the DT 19499 2926 33 combined combined JJ 19499 2926 34 tone tone NN 19499 2926 35 will will MD 19499 2926 36 be be VB 19499 2926 37 louder loud JJR 19499 2926 38 than than IN 19499 2926 39 if if IN 19499 2926 40 only only RB 19499 2926 41 one one CD 19499 2926 42 string string NN 19499 2926 43 produced produce VBD 19499 2926 44 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2926 45 . . . 19499 2927 1 This this DT 19499 2927 2 phenomenon phenomenon NN 19499 2927 3 is be VBZ 19499 2927 4 the the DT 19499 2927 5 basis basis NN 19499 2927 6 of of IN 19499 2927 7 what what WP 19499 2927 8 is be VBZ 19499 2927 9 known know VBN 19499 2927 10 as as IN 19499 2927 11 resonance resonance NN 19499 2927 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2927 13 cf cf NN 19499 2927 14 . . . 19499 2928 1 body body NN 19499 2928 2 of of IN 19499 2928 3 violin violin NN 19499 2928 4 , , , 19499 2928 5 resonance resonance NN 19499 2928 6 cavities cavity NNS 19499 2928 7 of of IN 19499 2928 8 nose nose NN 19499 2928 9 and and CC 19499 2928 10 mouth mouth NN 19499 2928 11 , , , 19499 2928 12 sounding sound VBG 19499 2928 13 board board NN 19499 2928 14 of of IN 19499 2928 15 piano piano NN 19499 2928 16 , , , 19499 2928 17 etc etc FW 19499 2928 18 . . . 19499 2928 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2928 20 . . . 19499 2929 1 10 10 CD 19499 2929 2 . . . 19499 2930 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2930 2 Quality Quality NNP 19499 2930 3 _ _ NNP 19499 2930 4 depends depend VBZ 19499 2930 5 upon upon IN 19499 2930 6 the the DT 19499 2930 7 shape shape NN 19499 2930 8 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2930 9 or or CC 19499 2930 10 form form NN 19499 2930 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2930 12 of of IN 19499 2930 13 the the DT 19499 2930 14 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2930 15 which which WDT 19499 2930 16 give give VBP 19499 2930 17 rise rise NN 19499 2930 18 to to IN 19499 2930 19 the the DT 19499 2930 20 tone tone NN 19499 2930 21 . . . 19499 2931 1 A a DT 19499 2931 2 series series NN 19499 2931 3 of of IN 19499 2931 4 simple simple JJ 19499 2931 5 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2931 6 will will MD 19499 2931 7 cause cause VB 19499 2931 8 a a DT 19499 2931 9 simple simple JJ 19499 2931 10 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2931 11 or or CC 19499 2931 12 colorless colorless VB 19499 2931 13 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2931 14 tone tone NN 19499 2931 15 , , , 19499 2931 16 while while IN 19499 2931 17 complex complex JJ 19499 2931 18 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2931 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2931 20 giving give VBG 19499 2931 21 rise rise NN 19499 2931 22 to to IN 19499 2931 23 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2931 24 of of IN 19499 2931 25 various various JJ 19499 2931 26 kinds kind NNS 19499 2931 27 and and CC 19499 2931 28 in in IN 19499 2931 29 a a DT 19499 2931 30 variety variety NN 19499 2931 31 of of IN 19499 2931 32 proportions proportion NNS 19499 2931 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2931 34 cause cause VB 19499 2931 35 more more JJR 19499 2931 36 individualistic individualistic JJ 19499 2931 37 peculiarities peculiarity NNS 19499 2931 38 of of IN 19499 2931 39 quality quality NN 19499 2931 40 . . . 19499 2932 1 Quality quality NN 19499 2932 2 is be VBZ 19499 2932 3 affected affect VBN 19499 2932 4 also also RB 19499 2932 5 by by IN 19499 2932 6 the the DT 19499 2932 7 shape shape NN 19499 2932 8 and and CC 19499 2932 9 size size NN 19499 2932 10 of of IN 19499 2932 11 the the DT 19499 2932 12 resonance resonance NN 19499 2932 13 body body NN 19499 2932 14 . . . 19499 2933 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2933 2 Cf cf NN 19499 2933 3 . . . 19499 2934 1 last last JJ 19499 2934 2 part part NN 19499 2934 3 of of IN 19499 2934 4 sec sec NNP 19499 2934 5 . . . 19499 2935 1 9 9 CD 19499 2935 2 above above RB 19499 2935 3 . . . 19499 2935 4 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2936 1 11 11 CD 19499 2936 2 . . . 19499 2937 1 Practically practically RB 19499 2937 2 every every DT 19499 2937 3 musical musical JJ 19499 2937 4 tone tone NN 19499 2937 5 really really RB 19499 2937 6 consists consist VBZ 19499 2937 7 of of IN 19499 2937 8 a a DT 19499 2937 9 combination combination NN 19499 2937 10 of of IN 19499 2937 11 several several JJ 19499 2937 12 tones tone NNS 19499 2937 13 sounding sound VBG 19499 2937 14 simultaneously simultaneously RB 19499 2937 15 , , , 19499 2937 16 the the DT 19499 2937 17 combined combine VBN 19499 2937 18 effect effect NN 19499 2937 19 upon upon IN 19499 2937 20 the the DT 19499 2937 21 ear ear NN 19499 2937 22 giving give VBG 19499 2937 23 the the DT 19499 2937 24 impression impression NN 19499 2937 25 of of IN 19499 2937 26 a a DT 19499 2937 27 single single JJ 19499 2937 28 tone tone NN 19499 2937 29 . . . 19499 2938 1 The the DT 19499 2938 2 most most RBS 19499 2938 3 important important JJ 19499 2938 4 tone tone NN 19499 2938 5 of of IN 19499 2938 6 the the DT 19499 2938 7 series series NN 19499 2938 8 is be VBZ 19499 2938 9 the the DT 19499 2938 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2938 11 fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 2938 12 _ _ NNP 19499 2938 13 , , , 19499 2938 14 which which WDT 19499 2938 15 dominates dominate VBZ 19499 2938 16 the the DT 19499 2938 17 combination combination NN 19499 2938 18 and and CC 19499 2938 19 gives give VBZ 19499 2938 20 the the DT 19499 2938 21 pitch pitch NN 19499 2938 22 , , , 19499 2938 23 but but CC 19499 2938 24 this this DT 19499 2938 25 fundamental fundamental NN 19499 2938 26 is be VBZ 19499 2938 27 practically practically RB 19499 2938 28 always always RB 19499 2938 29 combined combine VBN 19499 2938 30 with with IN 19499 2938 31 a a DT 19499 2938 32 greater great JJR 19499 2938 33 or or CC 19499 2938 34 less less JJR 19499 2938 35 number number NN 19499 2938 36 of of IN 19499 2938 37 faint faint JJ 19499 2938 38 and and CC 19499 2938 39 elusive elusive JJ 19499 2938 40 attending attend VBG 19499 2938 41 tones tone NNS 19499 2938 42 called call VBN 19499 2938 43 _ _ NNP 19499 2938 44 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2938 45 _ _ NNP 19499 2938 46 or or CC 19499 2938 47 _ _ NNP 19499 2938 48 harmonics harmonic NNS 19499 2938 49 _ _ NNP 19499 2938 50 . . . 19499 2939 1 The the DT 19499 2939 2 first first JJ 19499 2939 3 of of IN 19499 2939 4 these these DT 19499 2939 5 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2939 6 is be VBZ 19499 2939 7 the the DT 19499 2939 8 octave octave NN 19499 2939 9 above above IN 19499 2939 10 the the DT 19499 2939 11 fundamental fundamental JJ 19499 2939 12 ; ; : 19499 2939 13 the the DT 19499 2939 14 second second JJ 19499 2939 15 is be VBZ 19499 2939 16 the the DT 19499 2939 17 fifth fifth JJ 19499 2939 18 above above IN 19499 2939 19 this this DT 19499 2939 20 octave octave NN 19499 2939 21 ; ; : 19499 2939 22 the the DT 19499 2939 23 third third JJ 19499 2939 24 , , , 19499 2939 25 two two CD 19499 2939 26 octaves octave NNS 19499 2939 27 above above IN 19499 2939 28 the the DT 19499 2939 29 fundamental fundamental NN 19499 2939 30 , , , 19499 2939 31 and and CC 19499 2939 32 so so RB 19499 2939 33 on on RB 19499 2939 34 through through IN 19499 2939 35 the the DT 19499 2939 36 series series NN 19499 2939 37 as as IN 19499 2939 38 shown show VBN 19499 2939 39 in in IN 19499 2939 40 the the DT 19499 2939 41 figure figure NN 19499 2939 42 below below RB 19499 2939 43 . . . 19499 2940 1 The the DT 19499 2940 2 presence presence NN 19499 2940 3 of of IN 19499 2940 4 these these DT 19499 2940 5 _ _ NNP 19499 2940 6 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2940 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2940 8 is be VBZ 19499 2940 9 accounted account VBN 19499 2940 10 for for IN 19499 2940 11 by by IN 19499 2940 12 the the DT 19499 2940 13 fact fact NN 19499 2940 14 that that IN 19499 2940 15 the the DT 19499 2940 16 string string NN 19499 2940 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2940 18 or or CC 19499 2940 19 other other JJ 19499 2940 20 vibrating vibrate VBG 19499 2940 21 body body NN 19499 2940 22 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2940 23 does do VBZ 19499 2940 24 not not RB 19499 2940 25 merely merely RB 19499 2940 26 vibrate vibrate VB 19499 2940 27 in in IN 19499 2940 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2940 29 entirety entirety NN 19499 2940 30 but but CC 19499 2940 31 has have VBZ 19499 2940 32 in in IN 19499 2940 33 addition addition NN 19499 2940 34 to to IN 19499 2940 35 the the DT 19499 2940 36 principal principal NN 19499 2940 37 oscillation oscillation NN 19499 2940 38 a a DT 19499 2940 39 number number NN 19499 2940 40 of of IN 19499 2940 41 sectional sectional JJ 19499 2940 42 movements movement NNS 19499 2940 43 also also RB 19499 2940 44 . . . 19499 2941 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2941 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2941 3 is be VBZ 19499 2941 4 easily easily RB 19499 2941 5 proved prove VBN 19499 2941 6 that that IN 19499 2941 7 a a DT 19499 2941 8 string string NN 19499 2941 9 vibrates vibrate VBZ 19499 2941 10 in in IN 19499 2941 11 halves half NNS 19499 2941 12 , , , 19499 2941 13 thirds third NNS 19499 2941 14 , , , 19499 2941 15 etc etc FW 19499 2941 16 . . FW 19499 2941 17 , , , 19499 2941 18 in in IN 19499 2941 19 addition addition NN 19499 2941 20 to to IN 19499 2941 21 the the DT 19499 2941 22 principal principal JJ 19499 2941 23 vibration vibration NN 19499 2941 24 of of IN 19499 2941 25 the the DT 19499 2941 26 entire entire JJ 19499 2941 27 string string NN 19499 2941 28 , , , 19499 2941 29 and and CC 19499 2941 30 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2941 31 is be VBZ 19499 2941 32 the the DT 19499 2941 33 vibration vibration NN 19499 2941 34 of of IN 19499 2941 35 these these DT 19499 2941 36 halves half NNS 19499 2941 37 , , , 19499 2941 38 thirds third NNS 19499 2941 39 , , , 19499 2941 40 etc etc FW 19499 2941 41 . . FW 19499 2941 42 , , , 19499 2941 43 which which WDT 19499 2941 44 gives give VBZ 19499 2941 45 rise rise NN 19499 2941 46 to to IN 19499 2941 47 the the DT 19499 2941 48 _ _ NNP 19499 2941 49 harmonics harmonic NNS 19499 2941 50 _ _ NNP 19499 2941 51 , , , 19499 2941 52 or or CC 19499 2941 53 _ _ NNP 19499 2941 54 upper upper JJ 19499 2941 55 partials partial NNS 19499 2941 56 _ _ XX 19499 2941 57 as as IN 19499 2941 58 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2941 59 are be VBP 19499 2941 60 often often RB 19499 2941 61 called call VBN 19499 2941 62 . . . 19499 2942 1 The the DT 19499 2942 2 figure figure NN 19499 2942 3 shows show VBZ 19499 2942 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2942 5 Great Great NNP 19499 2942 6 C C NNP 19499 2942 7 _ _ NNP 19499 2942 8 and and CC 19499 2942 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2942 10 first first JJ 19499 2942 11 eight eight CD 19499 2942 12 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2942 13 . . . 19499 2943 1 A a DT 19499 2943 2 similar similar JJ 19499 2943 3 series series NN 19499 2943 4 might may MD 19499 2943 5 be be VB 19499 2943 6 worked work VBN 19499 2943 7 out out RP 19499 2943 8 from from IN 19499 2943 9 any any DT 19499 2943 10 other other JJ 19499 2943 11 fundamental fundamental NN 19499 2943 12 . . . 19499 2944 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2944 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 2944 3 : : : 19499 2944 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2944 5 NOTE:--The NOTE:--The NNP 19499 2944 6 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 2944 7 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2944 8 in in IN 19499 2944 9 this this DT 19499 2944 10 series series NN 19499 2944 11 is be VBZ 19499 2944 12 approximate approximate JJ 19499 2944 13 only only RB 19499 2944 14 . . . 19499 2944 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2944 16 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2945 1 It -PRON- PRP 19499 2945 2 will will MD 19499 2945 3 be be VB 19499 2945 4 recalled recall VBN 19499 2945 5 that that IN 19499 2945 6 in in IN 19499 2945 7 the the DT 19499 2945 8 section section NN 19499 2945 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2945 10 10 10 CD 19499 2945 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2945 12 dealing deal VBG 19499 2945 13 with with IN 19499 2945 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2945 15 quality quality NN 19499 2945 16 _ _ NNP 19499 2945 17 the the DT 19499 2945 18 statement statement NN 19499 2945 19 was be VBD 19499 2945 20 made make VBN 19499 2945 21 that that IN 19499 2945 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2945 23 quality quality NN 19499 2945 24 _ _ NNP 19499 2945 25 depends depend VBZ 19499 2945 26 upon upon IN 19499 2945 27 the the DT 19499 2945 28 shape shape NN 19499 2945 29 of of IN 19499 2945 30 the the DT 19499 2945 31 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2945 32 ; ; : 19499 2945 33 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2945 34 should should MD 19499 2945 35 now now RB 19499 2945 36 be be VB 19499 2945 37 noted note VBN 19499 2945 38 that that IN 19499 2945 39 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2945 40 is be VBZ 19499 2945 41 the the DT 19499 2945 42 form form NN 19499 2945 43 of of IN 19499 2945 44 these these DT 19499 2945 45 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2945 46 that that WDT 19499 2945 47 determines determine VBZ 19499 2945 48 the the DT 19499 2945 49 nature nature NN 19499 2945 50 and and CC 19499 2945 51 proportion proportion NN 19499 2945 52 of of IN 19499 2945 53 the the DT 19499 2945 54 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2945 55 and and CC 19499 2945 56 hence hence RB 19499 2945 57 the the DT 19499 2945 58 quality quality NN 19499 2945 59 . . . 19499 2946 1 Thus thus RB 19499 2946 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2946 3 e.g. e.g. RB 19499 2946 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2946 5 , , , 19499 2946 6 a a DT 19499 2946 7 tone tone NN 19499 2946 8 that that WDT 19499 2946 9 has have VBZ 19499 2946 10 too too RB 19499 2946 11 large large JJ 19499 2946 12 a a DT 19499 2946 13 proportion proportion NN 19499 2946 14 of of IN 19499 2946 15 the the DT 19499 2946 16 fourth fourth JJ 19499 2946 17 upper upper NNP 19499 2946 18 partial partial NN 19499 2946 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2946 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2946 21 i.e. i.e. FW 19499 2946 22 _ _ NNP 19499 2946 23 , , , 19499 2946 24 the the DT 19499 2946 25 _ _ NNP 19499 2946 26 third third JJ 19499 2946 27 _ _ NNP 19499 2946 28 of of IN 19499 2946 29 the the DT 19499 2946 30 chord chord NN 19499 2946 31 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2946 32 will will MD 19499 2946 33 be be VB 19499 2946 34 _ _ NNP 19499 2946 35 reedy reedy NNP 19499 2946 36 _ _ NNP 19499 2946 37 and and CC 19499 2946 38 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2946 39 unpleasant unpleasant JJ 19499 2946 40 . . . 19499 2947 1 This this DT 19499 2947 2 is be VBZ 19499 2947 3 the the DT 19499 2947 4 case case NN 19499 2947 5 with with IN 19499 2947 6 many many JJ 19499 2947 7 voices voice NNS 19499 2947 8 that that WDT 19499 2947 9 are be VBP 19499 2947 10 referred refer VBN 19499 2947 11 to to IN 19499 2947 12 as as IN 19499 2947 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2947 14 nasal nasal NN 19499 2947 15 _ _ NNP 19499 2947 16 . . . 19499 2948 1 Too too RB 19499 2948 2 great great JJ 19499 2948 3 a a DT 19499 2948 4 proportion proportion NN 19499 2948 5 of of IN 19499 2948 6 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2948 7 is be VBZ 19499 2948 8 what what WP 19499 2948 9 causes cause VBZ 19499 2948 10 certain certain JJ 19499 2948 11 pianos piano NNS 19499 2948 12 to to TO 19499 2948 13 sound sound VB 19499 2948 14 " " `` 19499 2948 15 tin tin NN 19499 2948 16 - - HYPH 19499 2948 17 panny panny NN 19499 2948 18 . . . 19499 2948 19 " " '' 19499 2949 1 The the DT 19499 2949 2 tone tone NN 19499 2949 3 produced produce VBN 19499 2949 4 by by IN 19499 2949 5 a a DT 19499 2949 6 good good JJ 19499 2949 7 tuning tuning NN 19499 2949 8 - - HYPH 19499 2949 9 fork fork NN 19499 2949 10 is be VBZ 19499 2949 11 almost almost RB 19499 2949 12 entirely entirely RB 19499 2949 13 free free JJ 19499 2949 14 from from IN 19499 2949 15 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2949 16 : : : 19499 2949 17 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2949 18 has have VBZ 19499 2949 19 therefore therefore RB 19499 2949 20 no no DT 19499 2949 21 distinctive distinctive JJ 19499 2949 22 quality quality NN 19499 2949 23 and and CC 19499 2949 24 is be VBZ 19499 2949 25 said say VBN 19499 2949 26 to to TO 19499 2949 27 be be VB 19499 2949 28 a a DT 19499 2949 29 _ _ NNP 19499 2949 30 simple simple JJ 19499 2949 31 _ _ NNP 19499 2949 32 tone tone NN 19499 2949 33 . . . 19499 2950 1 The the DT 19499 2950 2 characteristic characteristic JJ 19499 2950 3 tone tone NN 19499 2950 4 of of IN 19499 2950 5 the the DT 19499 2950 6 oboe oboe NN 19499 2950 7 on on IN 19499 2950 8 the the DT 19499 2950 9 other other JJ 19499 2950 10 hand hand NN 19499 2950 11 has have VBZ 19499 2950 12 many many JJ 19499 2950 13 overtones overtone NNS 19499 2950 14 and and CC 19499 2950 15 is be VBZ 19499 2950 16 therefore therefore RB 19499 2950 17 highly highly RB 19499 2950 18 individualistic individualistic JJ 19499 2950 19 : : : 19499 2950 20 this this DT 19499 2950 21 enables enable VBZ 19499 2950 22 us -PRON- PRP 19499 2950 23 to to TO 19499 2950 24 recognize recognize VB 19499 2950 25 the the DT 19499 2950 26 tone tone NN 19499 2950 27 of of IN 19499 2950 28 the the DT 19499 2950 29 instrument instrument NN 19499 2950 30 even even RB 19499 2950 31 though though IN 19499 2950 32 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2950 33 can can MD 19499 2950 34 not not RB 19499 2950 35 see see VB 19499 2950 36 the the DT 19499 2950 37 player player NN 19499 2950 38 . . . 19499 2951 1 Such such PDT 19499 2951 2 a a DT 19499 2951 3 tone tone NN 19499 2951 4 is be VBZ 19499 2951 5 said say VBN 19499 2951 6 to to TO 19499 2951 7 be be VB 19499 2951 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2951 9 complex complex JJ 19499 2951 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2951 11 . . . 19499 2952 1 12 12 CD 19499 2952 2 . . . 19499 2953 1 The the DT 19499 2953 2 mathematical mathematical JJ 19499 2953 3 ratio ratio NN 19499 2953 4 referred refer VBD 19499 2953 5 to to IN 19499 2953 6 on on IN 19499 2953 7 page page NN 19499 2953 8 134 134 CD 19499 2953 9 , , , 19499 2953 10 if if IN 19499 2953 11 strictly strictly RB 19499 2953 12 carried carry VBN 19499 2953 13 out out RP 19499 2953 14 in in IN 19499 2953 15 tuning tune VBG 19499 2953 16 a a DT 19499 2953 17 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2953 18 instrument instrument NN 19499 2953 19 would would MD 19499 2953 20 cause cause VB 19499 2953 21 the the DT 19499 2953 22 half half JJ 19499 2953 23 - - HYPH 19499 2953 24 steps step NNS 19499 2953 25 to to TO 19499 2953 26 vary vary VB 19499 2953 27 slightly slightly RB 19499 2953 28 in in IN 19499 2953 29 size size NN 19499 2953 30 , , , 19499 2953 31 and and CC 19499 2953 32 playing play VBG 19499 2953 33 in in IN 19499 2953 34 certain certain JJ 19499 2953 35 keys key NNS 19499 2953 36 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2953 37 especially especially RB 19499 2953 38 those those DT 19499 2953 39 having have VBG 19499 2953 40 a a DT 19499 2953 41 number number NN 19499 2953 42 of of IN 19499 2953 43 sharps sharps NN 19499 2953 44 or or CC 19499 2953 45 flats flat NNS 19499 2953 46 in in IN 19499 2953 47 the the DT 19499 2953 48 signature signature NN 19499 2953 49 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2953 50 would would MD 19499 2953 51 therefore therefore RB 19499 2953 52 sound sound VB 19499 2953 53 out out IN 19499 2953 54 of of IN 19499 2953 55 tune tune NN 19499 2953 56 . . . 19499 2954 1 There there EX 19499 2954 2 would would MD 19499 2954 3 be be VB 19499 2954 4 many many JJ 19499 2954 5 other other JJ 19499 2954 6 disadvantages disadvantage NNS 19499 2954 7 in in IN 19499 2954 8 such such PDT 19499 2954 9 a a DT 19499 2954 10 system system NN 19499 2954 11 , , , 19499 2954 12 notably notably RB 19499 2954 13 the the DT 19499 2954 14 inability inability NN 19499 2954 15 to to TO 19499 2954 16 modulate modulate VB 19499 2954 17 freely freely RB 19499 2954 18 to to IN 19499 2954 19 other other JJ 19499 2954 20 keys key NNS 19499 2954 21 , , , 19499 2954 22 and and CC 19499 2954 23 since since IN 19499 2954 24 modulation modulation NN 19499 2954 25 is be VBZ 19499 2954 26 one one CD 19499 2954 27 of of IN 19499 2954 28 the the DT 19499 2954 29 predominant predominant NN 19499 2954 30 and and CC 19499 2954 31 most most RBS 19499 2954 32 striking striking JJ 19499 2954 33 characteristics characteristic NNS 19499 2954 34 of of IN 19499 2954 35 modern modern JJ 19499 2954 36 music music NN 19499 2954 37 , , , 19499 2954 38 this this DT 19499 2954 39 would would MD 19499 2954 40 constitute constitute VB 19499 2954 41 a a DT 19499 2954 42 serious serious JJ 19499 2954 43 barrier barrier NN 19499 2954 44 to to IN 19499 2954 45 advances advance NNS 19499 2954 46 in in IN 19499 2954 47 composition composition NN 19499 2954 48 . . . 19499 2955 1 To to TO 19499 2955 2 obviate obviate VB 19499 2955 3 these these DT 19499 2955 4 disadvantages disadvantage NNS 19499 2955 5 a a DT 19499 2955 6 system system NN 19499 2955 7 of of IN 19499 2955 8 _ _ NNP 19499 2955 9 equal equal JJ 19499 2955 10 temperament temperament NN 19499 2955 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2955 12 was be VBD 19499 2955 13 invented invent VBN 19499 2955 14 and and CC 19499 2955 15 has have VBZ 19499 2955 16 been be VBN 19499 2955 17 in in IN 19499 2955 18 universal universal JJ 19499 2955 19 use use NN 19499 2955 20 since since IN 19499 2955 21 the the DT 19499 2955 22 time time NN 19499 2955 23 of of IN 19499 2955 24 Bach Bach NNP 19499 2955 25 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2955 26 1685 1685 CD 19499 2955 27 - - SYM 19499 2955 28 1750 1750 CD 19499 2955 29 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2955 30 who who WP 19499 2955 31 was be VBD 19499 2955 32 the the DT 19499 2955 33 first first JJ 19499 2955 34 prominent prominent JJ 19499 2955 35 composer composer NN 19499 2955 36 to to TO 19499 2955 37 use use VB 19499 2955 38 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2955 39 extensively extensively RB 19499 2955 40 . . . 19499 2956 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2956 2 Equal equal JJ 19499 2956 3 temperament temperament NN 19499 2956 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2956 5 means mean VBZ 19499 2956 6 simply simply RB 19499 2956 7 dividing divide VBG 19499 2956 8 the the DT 19499 2956 9 octave octave NN 19499 2956 10 into into IN 19499 2956 11 twelve twelve CD 19499 2956 12 equal equal JJ 19499 2956 13 parts part NNS 19499 2956 14 , , , 19499 2956 15 thus thus RB 19499 2956 16 causing cause VBG 19499 2956 17 all all DT 19499 2956 18 scales scale NNS 19499 2956 19 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2956 20 as as IN 19499 2956 21 played play VBN 19499 2956 22 on on IN 19499 2956 23 keyboard keyboard NN 19499 2956 24 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2956 25 at at IN 19499 2956 26 least least JJS 19499 2956 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2956 28 to to TO 19499 2956 29 sound sound VB 19499 2956 30 exactly exactly RB 19499 2956 31 alike alike RB 19499 2956 32 . . . 19499 2957 1 To to TO 19499 2957 2 show show VB 19499 2957 3 the the DT 19499 2957 4 practicability practicability NN 19499 2957 5 of of IN 19499 2957 6 equal equal JJ 19499 2957 7 temperament temperament NN 19499 2957 8 Bach Bach NNP 19499 2957 9 wrote write VBD 19499 2957 10 a a DT 19499 2957 11 series series NN 19499 2957 12 of of IN 19499 2957 13 48 48 CD 19499 2957 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2957 15 preludes prelude NNS 19499 2957 16 and and CC 19499 2957 17 fugues fugue NNS 19499 2957 18 _ _ NNP 19499 2957 19 , , , 19499 2957 20 two two CD 19499 2957 21 in in IN 19499 2957 22 each each DT 19499 2957 23 major major JJ 19499 2957 24 and and CC 19499 2957 25 two two CD 19499 2957 26 in in IN 19499 2957 27 each each DT 19499 2957 28 minor minor JJ 19499 2957 29 key key NN 19499 2957 30 . . . 19499 2958 1 He -PRON- PRP 19499 2958 2 called call VBD 19499 2958 3 the the DT 19499 2958 4 collection collection NN 19499 2958 5 " " `` 19499 2958 6 The the DT 19499 2958 7 Well well RB 19499 2958 8 - - HYPH 19499 2958 9 tempered temper VBN 19499 2958 10 Clavichord Clavichord NNP 19499 2958 11 . . . 19499 2958 12 " " '' 19499 2959 1 13 13 CD 19499 2959 2 . . . 19499 2960 1 Various Various NNP 19499 2960 2 _ _ NNP 19499 2960 3 standards standard NNS 19499 2960 4 of of IN 19499 2960 5 pitch pitch NNP 19499 2960 6 _ _ NNP 19499 2960 7 have have VBP 19499 2960 8 existed exist VBN 19499 2960 9 at at IN 19499 2960 10 different different JJ 19499 2960 11 times time NNS 19499 2960 12 in in IN 19499 2960 13 the the DT 19499 2960 14 last last JJ 19499 2960 15 two two CD 19499 2960 16 centuries century NNS 19499 2960 17 , , , 19499 2960 18 and and CC 19499 2960 19 even even RB 19499 2960 20 now now RB 19499 2960 21 there there EX 19499 2960 22 is be VBZ 19499 2960 23 no no DT 19499 2960 24 absolute absolute JJ 19499 2960 25 uniformity uniformity NN 19499 2960 26 although although IN 19499 2960 27 conditions condition NNS 19499 2960 28 are be VBP 19499 2960 29 much much RB 19499 2960 30 better well JJR 19499 2960 31 than than IN 19499 2960 32 they -PRON- PRP 19499 2960 33 were be VBD 19499 2960 34 even even RB 19499 2960 35 twenty twenty CD 19499 2960 36 - - HYPH 19499 2960 37 five five CD 19499 2960 38 years year NNS 19499 2960 39 ago ago RB 19499 2960 40 . . . 19499 2961 1 Scientists scientist NNS 19499 2961 2 use use VBP 19499 2961 3 what what WP 19499 2961 4 is be VBZ 19499 2961 5 known know VBN 19499 2961 6 as as IN 19499 2961 7 the the DT 19499 2961 8 " " `` 19499 2961 9 scientific scientific JJ 19499 2961 10 standard standard NN 19499 2961 11 " " '' 19499 2961 12 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2961 13 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2961 14 called call VBN 19499 2961 15 the the DT 19499 2961 16 " " `` 19499 2961 17 philosophic philosophic JJ 19499 2961 18 standard standard NN 19499 2961 19 " " '' 19499 2961 20 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2961 21 , , , 19499 2961 22 viz viz NNP 19499 2961 23 . . NNP 19499 2961 24 , , , 19499 2961 25 256 256 CD 19499 2961 26 double double JJ 19499 2961 27 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2961 28 for for IN 19499 2961 29 " " `` 19499 2961 30 middle middle JJ 19499 2961 31 C. C. NNP 19499 2961 32 " " '' 19499 2961 33 This this DT 19499 2961 34 pitch pitch NN 19499 2961 35 is be VBZ 19499 2961 36 not not RB 19499 2961 37 in in IN 19499 2961 38 actual actual JJ 19499 2961 39 use use NN 19499 2961 40 for for IN 19499 2961 41 musical musical JJ 19499 2961 42 purposes purpose NNS 19499 2961 43 , , , 19499 2961 44 but but CC 19499 2961 45 is be VBZ 19499 2961 46 retained retain VBN 19499 2961 47 for for IN 19499 2961 48 theoretical theoretical JJ 19499 2961 49 purposes purpose NNS 19499 2961 50 because because IN 19499 2961 51 of of IN 19499 2961 52 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2961 53 convenience convenience NN 19499 2961 54 of of IN 19499 2961 55 computation computation NN 19499 2961 56 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2961 57 being be VBG 19499 2961 58 a a DT 19499 2961 59 power power NN 19499 2961 60 of of IN 19499 2961 61 2 2 CD 19499 2961 62 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2961 63 . . . 19499 2962 1 In in IN 19499 2962 2 1885 1885 CD 19499 2962 3 a a DT 19499 2962 4 conference conference NN 19499 2962 5 of of IN 19499 2962 6 musicians musician NNS 19499 2962 7 at at IN 19499 2962 8 Vienna Vienna NNP 19499 2962 9 ratified ratify VBD 19499 2962 10 the the DT 19499 2962 11 pitch pitch NN 19499 2962 12 giving give VBG 19499 2962 13 Middle Middle NNP 19499 2962 14 C C NNP 19499 2962 15 261 261 CD 19499 2962 16 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2962 17 , , , 19499 2962 18 this this DT 19499 2962 19 having have VBG 19499 2962 20 been be VBN 19499 2962 21 adopted adopt VBN 19499 2962 22 by by IN 19499 2962 23 the the DT 19499 2962 24 French French NNP 19499 2962 25 as as IN 19499 2962 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2962 27 official official JJ 19499 2962 28 pitch pitch NN 19499 2962 29 some some DT 19499 2962 30 26 26 CD 19499 2962 31 years year NNS 19499 2962 32 before before RB 19499 2962 33 . . . 19499 2963 1 In in IN 19499 2963 2 1891 1891 CD 19499 2963 3 a a DT 19499 2963 4 convention convention NN 19499 2963 5 of of IN 19499 2963 6 piano piano NN 19499 2963 7 manufacturers manufacturer NNS 19499 2963 8 at at IN 19499 2963 9 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP 19499 2963 10 adopted adopt VBD 19499 2963 11 this this DT 19499 2963 12 same same JJ 19499 2963 13 pitch pitch NN 19499 2963 14 for for IN 19499 2963 15 the the DT 19499 2963 16 United United NNP 19499 2963 17 States States NNP 19499 2963 18 , , , 19499 2963 19 and and CC 19499 2963 20 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2963 21 has have VBZ 19499 2963 22 been be VBN 19499 2963 23 in in IN 19499 2963 24 practically practically RB 19499 2963 25 universal universal JJ 19499 2963 26 use use NN 19499 2963 27 ever ever RB 19499 2963 28 since since RB 19499 2963 29 . . . 19499 2964 1 This this DT 19499 2964 2 pitch pitch NN 19499 2964 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2964 4 giving give VBG 19499 2964 5 Middle Middle NNP 19499 2964 6 C C NNP 19499 2964 7 261 261 CD 19499 2964 8 vibrations vibration NNS 19499 2964 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2964 10 is be VBZ 19499 2964 11 known know VBN 19499 2964 12 as as IN 19499 2964 13 " " `` 19499 2964 14 International International NNP 19499 2964 15 Pitch Pitch NNP 19499 2964 16 . . . 19499 2964 17 " " '' 19499 2965 1 _ _ NNP 19499 2965 2 Concert Concert NNP 19499 2965 3 pitch pitch NN 19499 2965 4 _ _ NNP 19499 2965 5 is be VBZ 19499 2965 6 slightly slightly RB 19499 2965 7 higher high JJR 19499 2965 8 than than IN 19499 2965 9 _ _ NNP 19499 2965 10 International International NNP 19499 2965 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2965 12 , , , 19499 2965 13 the the DT 19499 2965 14 difference difference NN 19499 2965 15 between between IN 19499 2965 16 the the DT 19499 2965 17 two two CD 19499 2965 18 varying vary VBG 19499 2965 19 somewhat somewhat RB 19499 2965 20 , , , 19499 2965 21 but but CC 19499 2965 22 being be VBG 19499 2965 23 almost almost RB 19499 2965 24 always always RB 19499 2965 25 less less JJR 19499 2965 26 than than IN 19499 2965 27 one one CD 19499 2965 28 - - HYPH 19499 2965 29 half half NN 19499 2965 30 step step NN 19499 2965 31 . . . 19499 2966 1 This this DT 19499 2966 2 higher high JJR 19499 2966 3 pitch pitch NN 19499 2966 4 is be VBZ 19499 2966 5 still still RB 19499 2966 6 often often RB 19499 2966 7 used use VBN 19499 2966 8 by by IN 19499 2966 9 bands band NNS 19499 2966 10 and and CC 19499 2966 11 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 2966 12 by by IN 19499 2966 13 orchestras orchestra NNS 19499 2966 14 to to TO 19499 2966 15 give give VB 19499 2966 16 greater great JJR 19499 2966 17 brilliancy brilliancy NN 19499 2966 18 to to IN 19499 2966 19 the the DT 19499 2966 20 wind wind NN 19499 2966 21 instruments instrument NNS 19499 2966 22 . . . 19499 2967 1 REFERENCES reference NNS 19499 2967 2 Lavignac Lavignac NNP 19499 2967 3 -- -- : 19499 2967 4 Music Music NNP 19499 2967 5 and and CC 19499 2967 6 Musicians Musicians NNP 19499 2967 7 , , , 19499 2967 8 pp pp NNP 19499 2967 9 . . . 19499 2968 1 1 1 CD 19499 2968 2 - - SYM 19499 2968 3 66 66 CD 19499 2968 4 . . . 19499 2969 1 Broadhouse broadhouse NN 19499 2969 2 -- -- : 19499 2969 3 The the DT 19499 2969 4 Student Student NNP 19499 2969 5 's 's POS 19499 2969 6 Helmholz Helmholz NNP 19499 2969 7 . . . 19499 2970 1 Helmholtz Helmholtz NNP 19499 2970 2 -- -- : 19499 2970 3 Sensations Sensations NNPS 19499 2970 4 of of IN 19499 2970 5 Tone Tone NNP 19499 2970 6 . . . 19499 2971 1 Hamilton Hamilton NNP 19499 2971 2 -- -- : 19499 2971 3 Sound Sound NNP 19499 2971 4 and and CC 19499 2971 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2971 6 Relation Relation NNP 19499 2971 7 to to IN 19499 2971 8 Music Music NNP 19499 2971 9 . . . 19499 2972 1 NOTE:--For note:--for IN 19499 2972 2 a a DT 19499 2972 3 simple simple JJ 19499 2972 4 and and CC 19499 2972 5 illuminating illuminate VBG 19499 2972 6 treatment treatment NN 19499 2972 7 of of IN 19499 2972 8 the the DT 19499 2972 9 subject subject NN 19499 2972 10 from from IN 19499 2972 11 the the DT 19499 2972 12 standpoint standpoint NN 19499 2972 13 of of IN 19499 2972 14 the the DT 19499 2972 15 music music NN 19499 2972 16 student student NN 19499 2972 17 , , , 19499 2972 18 the the DT 19499 2972 19 books book NNS 19499 2972 20 by by IN 19499 2972 21 Lavignac Lavignac NNP 19499 2972 22 and and CC 19499 2972 23 Hamilton Hamilton NNP 19499 2972 24 are be VBP 19499 2972 25 especially especially RB 19499 2972 26 recommended recommend VBN 19499 2972 27 . . . 19499 2973 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 2973 2 D D NNP 19499 2973 3 TERMINOLOGY TERMINOLOGY NNP 19499 2973 4 REFORM reform VB 19499 2973 5 A a DT 19499 2973 6 recent recent JJ 19499 2973 7 writer[43 writer[43 NN 19499 2973 8 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2973 9 on on IN 19499 2973 10 _ _ NNP 19499 2973 11 vocal vocal JJ 19499 2973 12 terminology terminology NN 19499 2973 13 _ _ NNP 19499 2973 14 makes make VBZ 19499 2973 15 the the DT 19499 2973 16 following follow VBG 19499 2973 17 statement statement NN 19499 2973 18 as as IN 19499 2973 19 an an DT 19499 2973 20 introduction introduction NN 19499 2973 21 to to IN 19499 2973 22 certain certain JJ 19499 2973 23 remarks remark NNS 19499 2973 24 advocating advocate VBG 19499 2973 25 a a DT 19499 2973 26 more more RBR 19499 2973 27 definite definite JJ 19499 2973 28 use use NN 19499 2973 29 of of IN 19499 2973 30 terms term NNS 19499 2973 31 relating relate VBG 19499 2973 32 to to IN 19499 2973 33 tone tone NN 19499 2973 34 production production NN 19499 2973 35 by by IN 19499 2973 36 the the DT 19499 2973 37 human human NN 19499 2973 38 voice:--"The voice:--"the XX 19499 2973 39 correct correct JJ 19499 2973 40 use use NN 19499 2973 41 of of IN 19499 2973 42 words word NNS 19499 2973 43 is be VBZ 19499 2973 44 the the DT 19499 2973 45 most most RBS 19499 2973 46 potent potent JJ 19499 2973 47 factor factor NN 19499 2973 48 in in IN 19499 2973 49 the the DT 19499 2973 50 development development NN 19499 2973 51 of of IN 19499 2973 52 the the DT 19499 2973 53 thinker thinker NN 19499 2973 54 . . . 19499 2973 55 " " '' 19499 2974 1 If if IN 19499 2974 2 this this DT 19499 2974 3 statement statement NN 19499 2974 4 has have VBZ 19499 2974 5 any any DT 19499 2974 6 basis basis NN 19499 2974 7 of of IN 19499 2974 8 fact fact NN 19499 2974 9 whatsoever whatsoever JJ 19499 2974 10 to to TO 19499 2974 11 support support VB 19499 2974 12 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2974 13 then then RB 19499 2974 14 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2974 15 must must MD 19499 2974 16 be be VB 19499 2974 17 evident evident JJ 19499 2974 18 to to IN 19499 2974 19 the the DT 19499 2974 20 merest mere JJS 19499 2974 21 novice novice NN 19499 2974 22 in in IN 19499 2974 23 musical musical JJ 19499 2974 24 work work NN 19499 2974 25 that that WDT 19499 2974 26 the the DT 19499 2974 27 popular popular JJ 19499 2974 28 use use NN 19499 2974 29 of of IN 19499 2974 30 many many JJ 19499 2974 31 common common JJ 19499 2974 32 terms term NNS 19499 2974 33 by by IN 19499 2974 34 musicians musician NNS 19499 2974 35 is be VBZ 19499 2974 36 keeping keep VBG 19499 2974 37 a a DT 19499 2974 38 good good JJ 19499 2974 39 many many JJ 19499 2974 40 people people NNS 19499 2974 41 from from IN 19499 2974 42 clear clear JJ 19499 2974 43 and and CC 19499 2974 44 logical logical JJ 19499 2974 45 thought thought NN 19499 2974 46 in in IN 19499 2974 47 a a DT 19499 2974 48 field field NN 19499 2974 49 that that WDT 19499 2974 50 needs need VBZ 19499 2974 51 accurate accurate JJ 19499 2974 52 thinkers thinker NNS 19499 2974 53 very very RB 19499 2974 54 badly badly RB 19499 2974 55 ! ! . 19499 2975 1 However however RB 19499 2975 2 this this DT 19499 2975 3 may may MD 19499 2975 4 be be VB 19499 2975 5 , , , 19499 2975 6 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2975 7 must must MD 19499 2975 8 be be VB 19499 2975 9 patent patent NN 19499 2975 10 to to IN 19499 2975 11 all all DT 19499 2975 12 that that WDT 19499 2975 13 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2975 14 present present JJ 19499 2975 15 terminology terminology NN 19499 2975 16 is be VBZ 19499 2975 17 in in IN 19499 2975 18 many many JJ 19499 2975 19 respects respect NNS 19499 2975 20 neither neither CC 19499 2975 21 correct correct JJ 19499 2975 22 nor nor CC 19499 2975 23 logical logical JJ 19499 2975 24 , , , 19499 2975 25 and and CC 19499 2975 26 the the DT 19499 2975 27 movement movement NN 19499 2975 28 inaugurated inaugurate VBN 19499 2975 29 by by IN 19499 2975 30 the the DT 19499 2975 31 Music Music NNP 19499 2975 32 Section Section NNP 19499 2975 33 of of IN 19499 2975 34 the the DT 19499 2975 35 National National NNP 19499 2975 36 Education Education NNP 19499 2975 37 Association Association NNP 19499 2975 38 some some DT 19499 2975 39 years year NNS 19499 2975 40 ago ago RB 19499 2975 41 to to TO 19499 2975 42 secure secure VB 19499 2975 43 greater great JJR 19499 2975 44 uniformity uniformity NN 19499 2975 45 in in IN 19499 2975 46 the the DT 19499 2975 47 use use NN 19499 2975 48 and and CC 19499 2975 49 definition definition NN 19499 2975 50 of of IN 19499 2975 51 certain certain JJ 19499 2975 52 expressions expression NNS 19499 2975 53 should should MD 19499 2975 54 therefore therefore RB 19499 2975 55 not not RB 19499 2975 56 only only RB 19499 2975 57 command command VB 19499 2975 58 the the DT 19499 2975 59 respect respect NN 19499 2975 60 and and CC 19499 2975 61 commendation commendation NN 19499 2975 62 , , , 19499 2975 63 but but CC 19499 2975 64 the the DT 19499 2975 65 active active JJ 19499 2975 66 support support NN 19499 2975 67 of of IN 19499 2975 68 all all DT 19499 2975 69 progressive progressive JJ 19499 2975 70 teachers teacher NNS 19499 2975 71 of of IN 19499 2975 72 music music NN 19499 2975 73 . . . 19499 2976 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 2976 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 2976 3 43 43 CD 19499 2976 4 : : : 19499 2976 5 Floyd Floyd NNP 19499 2976 6 S. S. NNP 19499 2976 7 Muckey--"Vocal Muckey--"Vocal NNP 19499 2976 8 Terminology Terminology NNP 19499 2976 9 , , , 19499 2976 10 " " `` 19499 2976 11 _ _ NNP 19499 2976 12 The the DT 19499 2976 13 Musician Musician NNP 19499 2976 14 _ _ NNP 19499 2976 15 , , , 19499 2976 16 May May NNP 19499 2976 17 , , , 19499 2976 18 1912 1912 CD 19499 2976 19 , , , 19499 2976 20 p. p. NN 19499 2977 1 337 337 CD 19499 2977 2 . . . 19499 2977 3 ] ] -RRB- 19499 2978 1 Let let VB 19499 2978 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 2978 3 be be VB 19499 2978 4 noted note VBN 19499 2978 5 at at IN 19499 2978 6 the the DT 19499 2978 7 outset outset NN 19499 2978 8 that that IN 19499 2978 9 such such JJ 19499 2978 10 reforms reform NNS 19499 2978 11 as as IN 19499 2978 12 are be VBP 19499 2978 13 advocated advocate VBN 19499 2978 14 by by IN 19499 2978 15 the the DT 19499 2978 16 committee committee NN 19499 2978 17 will will MD 19499 2978 18 never never RB 19499 2978 19 come come VB 19499 2978 20 into into IN 19499 2978 21 general general JJ 19499 2978 22 use use NN 19499 2978 23 while while IN 19499 2978 24 the the DT 19499 2978 25 rank rank NN 19499 2978 26 and and CC 19499 2978 27 file file NN 19499 2978 28 of of IN 19499 2978 29 teachers teacher NNS 19499 2978 30 throughout throughout IN 19499 2978 31 the the DT 19499 2978 32 country country NN 19499 2978 33 merely merely RB 19499 2978 34 _ _ NNP 19499 2978 35 approve approve VBP 19499 2978 36 _ _ NNP 19499 2978 37 the the DT 19499 2978 38 reports report NNS 19499 2978 39 so so RB 19499 2978 40 carefully carefully RB 19499 2978 41 compiled compile VBN 19499 2978 42 and and CC 19499 2978 43 submitted submit VBN 19499 2978 44 each each DT 19499 2978 45 year year NN 19499 2978 46 : : : 19499 2978 47 these these DT 19499 2978 48 reforms reform NNS 19499 2978 49 will will MD 19499 2978 50 become become VB 19499 2978 51 effective effective JJ 19499 2978 52 only only RB 19499 2978 53 as as IN 19499 2978 54 individual individual JJ 19499 2978 55 teachers teacher NNS 19499 2978 56 make make VBP 19499 2978 57 up up RP 19499 2978 58 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2978 59 minds mind NNS 19499 2978 60 that that IN 19499 2978 61 the the DT 19499 2978 62 end end NN 19499 2978 63 to to TO 19499 2978 64 be be VB 19499 2978 65 attained attain VBN 19499 2978 66 is be VBZ 19499 2978 67 worth worth JJ 19499 2978 68 the the DT 19499 2978 69 trouble trouble NN 19499 2978 70 of of IN 19499 2978 71 being be VBG 19499 2978 72 careful careful JJ 19499 2978 73 to to TO 19499 2978 74 use use VB 19499 2978 75 only only RB 19499 2978 76 correct correct JJ 19499 2978 77 terminology terminology NN 19499 2978 78 every every DT 19499 2978 79 day day NN 19499 2978 80 for for IN 19499 2978 81 a a DT 19499 2978 82 month month NN 19499 2978 83 , , , 19499 2978 84 or or CC 19499 2978 85 three three CD 19499 2978 86 months month NNS 19499 2978 87 , , , 19499 2978 88 or or CC 19499 2978 89 a a DT 19499 2978 90 year year NN 19499 2978 91 -- -- : 19499 2978 92 whatever whatever WDT 19499 2978 93 length length NN 19499 2978 94 of of IN 19499 2978 95 time time NN 19499 2978 96 may may MD 19499 2978 97 be be VB 19499 2978 98 necessary necessary JJ 19499 2978 99 in in IN 19499 2978 100 order order NN 19499 2978 101 to to TO 19499 2978 102 get get VB 19499 2978 103 the the DT 19499 2978 104 new new JJ 19499 2978 105 habits habit NNS 19499 2978 106 fixed fix VBN 19499 2978 107 in in IN 19499 2978 108 mind mind NN 19499 2978 109 and and CC 19499 2978 110 muscle muscle NN 19499 2978 111 . . . 19499 2979 1 The the DT 19499 2979 2 Terminology Terminology NNP 19499 2979 3 Committee Committee NNP 19499 2979 4 was be VBD 19499 2979 5 appointed appoint VBN 19499 2979 6 by by IN 19499 2979 7 the the DT 19499 2979 8 Department Department NNP 19499 2979 9 of of IN 19499 2979 10 Music Music NNP 19499 2979 11 of of IN 19499 2979 12 the the DT 19499 2979 13 N.E.A. N.E.A. NNP 19499 2980 1 in in IN 19499 2980 2 1906 1906 CD 19499 2980 3 and and CC 19499 2980 4 made make VBD 19499 2980 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2980 6 first first JJ 19499 2980 7 report report NN 19499 2980 8 at at IN 19499 2980 9 Los Los NNP 19499 2980 10 Angeles Angeles NNP 19499 2980 11 in in IN 19499 2980 12 1907 1907 CD 19499 2980 13 . . . 19499 2981 1 Since since IN 19499 2981 2 then then RB 19499 2981 3 the the DT 19499 2981 4 indefatigable indefatigable JJ 19499 2981 5 chairman chairman NN 19499 2981 6 of of IN 19499 2981 7 the the DT 19499 2981 8 committee committee NN 19499 2981 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2981 10 Mr. Mr. NNP 19499 2981 11 Chas Chas NNP 19499 2981 12 . . . 19499 2982 1 I. I. NNP 19499 2983 1 Rice Rice NNP 19499 2983 2 , , , 19499 2983 3 of of IN 19499 2983 4 Worcester Worcester NNP 19499 2983 5 , , , 19499 2983 6 Mass. Massachusetts NNP 19499 2983 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2984 1 has have VBZ 19499 2984 2 contributed contribute VBN 19499 2984 3 generously generously RB 19499 2984 4 of of IN 19499 2984 5 both both DT 19499 2984 6 time time NN 19499 2984 7 and and CC 19499 2984 8 strength strength NN 19499 2984 9 , , , 19499 2984 10 and and CC 19499 2984 11 has have VBZ 19499 2984 12 by by IN 19499 2984 13 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2984 14 annual annual JJ 19499 2984 15 reports report NNS 19499 2984 16 to to IN 19499 2984 17 the the DT 19499 2984 18 Department Department NNP 19499 2984 19 set set VBD 19499 2984 20 many many JJ 19499 2984 21 of of IN 19499 2984 22 us -PRON- PRP 19499 2984 23 to to IN 19499 2984 24 thinking think VBG 19499 2984 25 along along IN 19499 2984 26 certain certain JJ 19499 2984 27 new new JJ 19499 2984 28 lines line NNS 19499 2984 29 , , , 19499 2984 30 and and CC 19499 2984 31 has have VBZ 19499 2984 32 caused cause VBN 19499 2984 33 some some DT 19499 2984 34 of of IN 19499 2984 35 us -PRON- PRP 19499 2984 36 at at IN 19499 2984 37 any any DT 19499 2984 38 rate rate NN 19499 2984 39 to to TO 19499 2984 40 adopt adopt VB 19499 2984 41 in in IN 19499 2984 42 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2984 43 own own JJ 19499 2984 44 teaching teaching NN 19499 2984 45 certain certain JJ 19499 2984 46 changes change NNS 19499 2984 47 of of IN 19499 2984 48 terminology terminology NN 19499 2984 49 which which WDT 19499 2984 50 have have VBP 19499 2984 51 enabled enable VBN 19499 2984 52 us -PRON- PRP 19499 2984 53 to to TO 19499 2984 54 make make VB 19499 2984 55 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2984 56 work work NN 19499 2984 57 more more RBR 19499 2984 58 effective effective JJ 19499 2984 59 . . . 19499 2985 1 In in IN 19499 2985 2 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2985 3 first first JJ 19499 2985 4 report report NN 19499 2985 5 Mr. Mr. NNP 19499 2985 6 Rice Rice NNP 19499 2985 7 says say VBZ 19499 2985 8 : : : 19499 2985 9 " " `` 19499 2985 10 Any any DT 19499 2985 11 one one NN 19499 2985 12 who who WP 19499 2985 13 has have VBZ 19499 2985 14 observed observe VBN 19499 2985 15 the the DT 19499 2985 16 teaching teaching NN 19499 2985 17 of of IN 19499 2985 18 school school NN 19499 2985 19 music music NN 19499 2985 20 in in IN 19499 2985 21 any any DT 19499 2985 22 considerable considerable JJ 19499 2985 23 number number NN 19499 2985 24 of of IN 19499 2985 25 places place NNS 19499 2985 26 in in IN 19499 2985 27 this this DT 19499 2985 28 country country NN 19499 2985 29 can can MD 19499 2985 30 not not RB 19499 2985 31 fail fail VB 19499 2985 32 to to TO 19499 2985 33 have have VB 19499 2985 34 remarked remark VBN 19499 2985 35 the the DT 19499 2985 36 great great JJ 19499 2985 37 diversity diversity NN 19499 2985 38 of of IN 19499 2985 39 statement statement NN 19499 2985 40 employed employ VBN 19499 2985 41 by by IN 19499 2985 42 different different JJ 19499 2985 43 teachers teacher NNS 19499 2985 44 regarding regard VBG 19499 2985 45 the the DT 19499 2985 46 facts fact NNS 19499 2985 47 which which WDT 19499 2985 48 we -PRON- PRP 19499 2985 49 are be VBP 19499 2985 50 engaged engage VBN 19499 2985 51 in in IN 19499 2985 52 teaching teaching NN 19499 2985 53 , , , 19499 2985 54 and and CC 19499 2985 55 the the DT 19499 2985 56 equal equal JJ 19499 2985 57 diversity diversity NN 19499 2985 58 of of IN 19499 2985 59 terminology terminology NN 19499 2985 60 used use VBN 19499 2985 61 in in IN 19499 2985 62 teaching teach VBG 19499 2985 63 the the DT 19499 2985 64 symbols symbol NNS 19499 2985 65 by by IN 19499 2985 66 which which WDT 19499 2985 67 musicians musician NNS 19499 2985 68 seek seek VBP 19499 2985 69 to to TO 19499 2985 70 record record VB 19499 2985 71 these these DT 19499 2985 72 facts fact NNS 19499 2985 73 . . . 19499 2986 1 To to IN 19499 2986 2 the the DT 19499 2986 3 teacher teacher NN 19499 2986 4 of of IN 19499 2986 5 exact exact NNP 19499 2986 6 sciences science NNS 19499 2986 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2986 8 picturesque picturesque NN 19499 2986 9 use use NN 19499 2986 10 of of IN 19499 2986 11 the the DT 19499 2986 12 same same JJ 19499 2986 13 term term NN 19499 2986 14 to to TO 19499 2986 15 describe describe VB 19499 2986 16 two two CD 19499 2986 17 or or CC 19499 2986 18 more more RBR 19499 2986 19 entirely entirely RB 19499 2986 20 different different JJ 19499 2986 21 things thing NNS 19499 2986 22 never never RB 19499 2986 23 ceases cease VBZ 19499 2986 24 to to TO 19499 2986 25 be be VB 19499 2986 26 a a DT 19499 2986 27 marvel marvel NN 19499 2986 28 .... .... . 19499 2986 29 Thoughtful thoughtful JJ 19499 2986 30 men man NNS 19499 2986 31 and and CC 19499 2986 32 women woman NNS 19499 2986 33 will will MD 19499 2986 34 become become VB 19499 2986 35 impressed impressed JJ 19499 2986 36 with with IN 19499 2986 37 the the DT 19499 2986 38 untruthfulness untruthfulness NN 19499 2986 39 of of IN 19499 2986 40 certain certain JJ 19499 2986 41 statements statement NNS 19499 2986 42 and and CC 19499 2986 43 little little JJ 19499 2986 44 by by IN 19499 2986 45 little little JJ 19499 2986 46 change change VB 19499 2986 47 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 2986 48 practice practice NN 19499 2986 49 . . . 19499 2987 1 Others other NNS 19499 2987 2 will will MD 19499 2987 3 follow follow VB 19499 2987 4 , , , 19499 2987 5 influenced influence VBN 19499 2987 6 by by IN 19499 2987 7 example example NN 19499 2987 8 . . . 19499 2988 1 The the DT 19499 2988 2 revolutionists revolutionist NNS 19499 2988 3 will will MD 19499 2988 4 deride deride VB 19499 2988 5 us -PRON- PRP 19499 2988 6 for for IN 19499 2988 7 not not RB 19499 2988 8 moving move VBG 19499 2988 9 faster fast RBR 19499 2988 10 while while IN 19499 2988 11 the the DT 19499 2988 12 conservatives conservative NNS 19499 2988 13 will will MD 19499 2988 14 be be VB 19499 2988 15 suspicious suspicious JJ 19499 2988 16 of of IN 19499 2988 17 any any DT 19499 2988 18 change change NN 19499 2988 19 . . . 19499 2988 20 " " '' 19499 2989 1 At at IN 19499 2989 2 this this DT 19499 2989 3 meeting meeting NN 19499 2989 4 in in IN 19499 2989 5 Los Los NNP 19499 2989 6 Angeles Angeles NNP 19499 2989 7 a a DT 19499 2989 8 list list NN 19499 2989 9 of of IN 19499 2989 10 thirteen thirteen CD 19499 2989 11 points point NNS 19499 2989 12 was be VBD 19499 2989 13 recommended recommend VBN 19499 2989 14 by by IN 19499 2989 15 the the DT 19499 2989 16 committee committee NN 19499 2989 17 and and CC 19499 2989 18 adopted adopt VBN 19499 2989 19 by by IN 19499 2989 20 the the DT 19499 2989 21 Music Music NNP 19499 2989 22 Department Department NNP 19499 2989 23 . . . 19499 2990 1 These these DT 19499 2990 2 points point NNS 19499 2990 3 are be VBP 19499 2990 4 given give VBN 19499 2990 5 in in IN 19499 2990 6 the the DT 19499 2990 7 N.E.A. N.E.A. NNP 19499 2991 1 Volume volume NN 19499 2991 2 of of IN 19499 2991 3 Proceedings Proceedings NNPS 19499 2991 4 for for IN 19499 2991 5 1907 1907 CD 19499 2991 6 , , , 19499 2991 7 p. p. NN 19499 2991 8 875 875 CD 19499 2991 9 . . . 19499 2992 1 Since since IN 19499 2992 2 1907 1907 CD 19499 2992 3 the the DT 19499 2992 4 committee committee NN 19499 2992 5 ( ( -LRB- 19499 2992 6 consisting consist VBG 19499 2992 7 of of IN 19499 2992 8 Chas Chas NNP 19499 2992 9 . . . 19499 2993 1 I. I. NNP 19499 2994 1 Rice Rice NNP 19499 2994 2 , , , 19499 2994 3 P.C. P.C. NNP 19499 2995 1 Hayden Hayden NNP 19499 2995 2 , , , 19499 2995 3 W.B. W.B. NNP 19499 2996 1 Kinnear Kinnear NNP 19499 2996 2 , , , 19499 2996 3 Leo Leo NNP 19499 2996 4 R. R. NNP 19499 2996 5 Lewis Lewis NNP 19499 2996 6 , , , 19499 2996 7 and and CC 19499 2996 8 Constance Constance NNP 19499 2996 9 Barlow Barlow NNP 19499 2996 10 - - HYPH 19499 2996 11 Smith Smith NNP 19499 2996 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 2996 13 have have VBP 19499 2996 14 each each DT 19499 2996 15 year year NN 19499 2996 16 selected select VBN 19499 2996 17 a a DT 19499 2996 18 number number NN 19499 2996 19 of of IN 19499 2996 20 topics topic NNS 19499 2996 21 for for IN 19499 2996 22 discussion discussion NN 19499 2996 23 , , , 19499 2996 24 and and CC 19499 2996 25 have have VBP 19499 2996 26 submitted submit VBN 19499 2996 27 valuable valuable JJ 19499 2996 28 reports report NNS 19499 2996 29 recommending recommend VBG 19499 2996 30 the the DT 19499 2996 31 adoption adoption NN 19499 2996 32 of of IN 19499 2996 33 certain certain JJ 19499 2996 34 reforms reform NNS 19499 2996 35 . . . 19499 2997 1 Some some DT 19499 2997 2 of of IN 19499 2997 3 the the DT 19499 2997 4 points point NNS 19499 2997 5 recommended recommend VBN 19499 2997 6 have have VBP 19499 2997 7 usually usually RB 19499 2997 8 been be VBN 19499 2997 9 rejected reject VBN 19499 2997 10 by by IN 19499 2997 11 the the DT 19499 2997 12 Department Department NNP 19499 2997 13 , , , 19499 2997 14 but but CC 19499 2997 15 many many JJ 19499 2997 16 of of IN 19499 2997 17 them -PRON- PRP 19499 2997 18 have have VBP 19499 2997 19 been be VBN 19499 2997 20 adopted adopt VBN 19499 2997 21 and and CC 19499 2997 22 the the DT 19499 2997 23 reports report NNS 19499 2997 24 of of IN 19499 2997 25 the the DT 19499 2997 26 committee committee NN 19499 2997 27 have have VBP 19499 2997 28 set set VBN 19499 2997 29 many many JJ 19499 2997 30 teachers teacher NNS 19499 2997 31 thinking think VBG 19499 2997 32 and and CC 19499 2997 33 have have VBP 19499 2997 34 made make VBN 19499 2997 35 us -PRON- PRP 19499 2997 36 all all DT 19499 2997 37 more more RBR 19499 2997 38 careful careful JJ 19499 2997 39 in in IN 19499 2997 40 the the DT 19499 2997 41 use use NN 19499 2997 42 and and CC 19499 2997 43 definition definition NN 19499 2997 44 of of IN 19499 2997 45 common common JJ 19499 2997 46 terms term NNS 19499 2997 47 . . . 19499 2998 1 A a DT 19499 2998 2 complete complete JJ 19499 2998 3 list list NN 19499 2998 4 of of IN 19499 2998 5 all all DT 19499 2998 6 points point NNS 19499 2998 7 adopted adopt VBN 19499 2998 8 by by IN 19499 2998 9 the the DT 19499 2998 10 Department Department NNP 19499 2998 11 since since IN 19499 2998 12 1907 1907 CD 19499 2998 13 has have VBZ 19499 2998 14 been be VBN 19499 2998 15 made make VBN 19499 2998 16 by by IN 19499 2998 17 Mr. Mr. NNP 19499 2998 18 Rice Rice NNP 19499 2998 19 for for IN 19499 2998 20 _ _ NNP 19499 2998 21 School School NNP 19499 2998 22 Music Music NNP 19499 2998 23 _ _ NNP 19499 2998 24 , , , 19499 2998 25 and and CC 19499 2998 26 this this DT 19499 2998 27 list list NN 19499 2998 28 is be VBZ 19499 2998 29 here here RB 19499 2998 30 reprinted reprint VBN 19499 2998 31 from from IN 19499 2998 32 the the DT 19499 2998 33 January January NNP 19499 2998 34 , , , 19499 2998 35 1913 1913 CD 19499 2998 36 , , , 19499 2998 37 number number NN 19499 2998 38 of of IN 19499 2998 39 that that DT 19499 2998 40 magazine magazine NN 19499 2998 41 . . . 19499 2999 1 TERMINOLOGY TERMINOLOGY NNP 19499 2999 2 ADOPTIONS adoption NNS 19499 2999 3 , , , 19499 2999 4 1907 1907 CD 19499 2999 5 - - SYM 19499 2999 6 1910 1910 CD 19499 2999 7 1 1 CD 19499 2999 8 . . . 19499 3000 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3000 2 Tone tone NN 19499 3000 3 : : : 19499 3000 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3000 5 Specific specific JJ 19499 3000 6 name name NN 19499 3000 7 for for IN 19499 3000 8 a a DT 19499 3000 9 musical musical JJ 19499 3000 10 sound sound NN 19499 3000 11 of of IN 19499 3000 12 definite definite JJ 19499 3000 13 pitch pitch NN 19499 3000 14 . . . 19499 3001 1 Use use VB 19499 3001 2 neither neither CC 19499 3001 3 _ _ NNP 19499 3001 4 sound sound NN 19499 3001 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3001 6 , , , 19499 3001 7 a a DT 19499 3001 8 general general JJ 19499 3001 9 term term NN 19499 3001 10 , , , 19499 3001 11 nor nor CC 19499 3001 12 _ _ NNP 19499 3001 13 note note NN 19499 3001 14 _ _ NNP 19499 3001 15 , , , 19499 3001 16 a a DT 19499 3001 17 term term NN 19499 3001 18 of of IN 19499 3001 19 notation notation NN 19499 3001 20 . . . 19499 3002 1 2 2 LS 19499 3002 2 . . . 19499 3003 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3003 2 Interval Interval NNP 19499 3003 3 : : : 19499 3003 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3003 5 The the DT 19499 3003 6 pitch pitch NN 19499 3003 7 relation relation NN 19499 3003 8 between between IN 19499 3003 9 _ _ NNP 19499 3003 10 two two CD 19499 3003 11 _ _ NNP 19499 3003 12 tones tone NNS 19499 3003 13 . . . 19499 3004 1 Not not RB 19499 3004 2 properly properly RB 19499 3004 3 applicable applicable JJ 19499 3004 4 to to IN 19499 3004 5 a a DT 19499 3004 6 single single JJ 19499 3004 7 tone tone NN 19499 3004 8 or or CC 19499 3004 9 scale scale NN 19499 3004 10 degree degree NN 19499 3004 11 . . . 19499 3005 1 Example example NN 19499 3005 2 : : : 19499 3005 3 " " `` 19499 3005 4 Sing sing VB 19499 3005 5 the the DT 19499 3005 6 fifth fifth JJ 19499 3005 7 tone tone NN 19499 3005 8 of of IN 19499 3005 9 the the DT 19499 3005 10 scale scale NN 19499 3005 11 . . . 19499 3005 12 " " '' 19499 3006 1 Not not RB 19499 3006 2 " " `` 19499 3006 3 sing sing VB 19499 3006 4 the the DT 19499 3006 5 fifth fifth JJ 19499 3006 6 interval interval NN 19499 3006 7 of of IN 19499 3006 8 the the DT 19499 3006 9 scale scale NN 19499 3006 10 . . . 19499 3006 11 " " '' 19499 3007 1 3 3 LS 19499 3007 2 . . . 19499 3008 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3008 2 Key Key NNP 19499 3008 3 : : : 19499 3008 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3008 5 Tones Tones NNP 19499 3008 6 in in IN 19499 3008 7 relation relation NN 19499 3008 8 to to IN 19499 3008 9 a a DT 19499 3008 10 tonic tonic NN 19499 3008 11 . . . 19499 3009 1 Example example NN 19499 3009 2 : : : 19499 3009 3 In in IN 19499 3009 4 the the DT 19499 3009 5 key key NN 19499 3009 6 of of IN 19499 3009 7 G. G. NNP 19499 3009 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3009 9 Not not RB 19499 3009 10 _ _ NNP 19499 3009 11 in in IN 19499 3009 12 the the DT 19499 3009 13 scale scale NN 19499 3009 14 of of IN 19499 3009 15 G. G. NNP 19499 3009 16 Scales Scales NNP 19499 3009 17 , , , 19499 3009 18 major major JJ 19499 3009 19 and and CC 19499 3009 20 minor minor JJ 19499 3009 21 are be VBP 19499 3009 22 composed compose VBN 19499 3009 23 of of IN 19499 3009 24 a a DT 19499 3009 25 definite definite JJ 19499 3009 26 selection selection NN 19499 3009 27 from from IN 19499 3009 28 the the DT 19499 3009 29 many many JJ 19499 3009 30 tones tone NNS 19499 3009 31 of of IN 19499 3009 32 the the DT 19499 3009 33 key key NN 19499 3009 34 , , , 19499 3009 35 and and CC 19499 3009 36 all all DT 19499 3009 37 scales scale NNS 19499 3009 38 extend extend VBP 19499 3009 39 through through IN 19499 3009 40 at at RB 19499 3009 41 least least RBS 19499 3009 42 one one CD 19499 3009 43 octave octave NN 19499 3009 44 of of IN 19499 3009 45 pitch pitch NN 19499 3009 46 . . . 19499 3010 1 The the DT 19499 3010 2 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 3010 3 scale scale NN 19499 3010 4 utilizes utilize VBZ 19499 3010 5 all all PDT 19499 3010 6 the the DT 19499 3010 7 tones tone NNS 19499 3010 8 of of IN 19499 3010 9 a a DT 19499 3010 10 key key NN 19499 3010 11 within within IN 19499 3010 12 the the DT 19499 3010 13 octave octave NN 19499 3010 14 . . . 19499 3011 1 4 4 LS 19499 3011 2 . . . 19499 3012 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3012 2 Natural Natural NNP 19499 3012 3 : : : 19499 3012 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3012 5 Not not RB 19499 3012 6 a a DT 19499 3012 7 suitable suitable JJ 19499 3012 8 compound compound NN 19499 3012 9 to to TO 19499 3012 10 use use VB 19499 3012 11 in in IN 19499 3012 12 naming name VBG 19499 3012 13 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3012 14 . . . 19499 3013 1 Pitch pitch NN 19499 3013 2 names name NNS 19499 3013 3 are be VBP 19499 3013 4 either either CC 19499 3013 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3013 6 simple simple JJ 19499 3013 7 _ _ NN 19499 3013 8 : : : 19499 3013 9 B b NN 19499 3013 10 , , , 19499 3013 11 or or CC 19499 3013 12 _ _ NNP 19499 3013 13 compound compound NN 19499 3013 14 _ _ NNP 19499 3013 15 : : : 19499 3013 16 B b NN 19499 3013 17 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3013 18 , , , 19499 3013 19 B b NN 19499 3013 20 double double JJ 19499 3013 21 - - HYPH 19499 3013 22 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3013 23 , , , 19499 3013 24 B b NN 19499 3013 25 flat flat NN 19499 3013 26 or or CC 19499 3013 27 B b NN 19499 3013 28 double double JJ 19499 3013 29 - - HYPH 19499 3013 30 flat flat JJ 19499 3013 31 , , , 19499 3013 32 and and CC 19499 3013 33 there there EX 19499 3013 34 is be VBZ 19499 3013 35 no no DT 19499 3013 36 pitch pitch NN 19499 3013 37 named name VBN 19499 3013 38 " " `` 19499 3013 39 B B NNP 19499 3013 40 natural natural JJ 19499 3013 41 . . . 19499 3013 42 " " '' 19499 3014 1 Example example NN 19499 3014 2 : : : 19499 3014 3 Pitch Pitch NNP 19499 3014 4 B B NNP 19499 3014 5 , , , 19499 3014 6 _ _ NNP 19499 3014 7 not not RB 19499 3014 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3014 9 " " `` 19499 3014 10 B B NNP 19499 3014 11 natural natural NN 19499 3014 12 . . . 19499 3014 13 " " '' 19499 3015 1 NOTE:--L.R.L. NOTE:--L.R.L. NNP 19499 3016 1 thinks think VBZ 19499 3016 2 that that IN 19499 3016 3 B b NN 19499 3016 4 natural natural NN 19499 3016 5 should should MD 19499 3016 6 be be VB 19499 3016 7 the the DT 19499 3016 8 name name NN 19499 3016 9 when when WRB 19499 3016 10 the the DT 19499 3016 11 notation notation NN 19499 3016 12 suggests suggest VBZ 19499 3016 13 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3016 14 . . . 19499 3017 1 5 5 CD 19499 3017 2 . . . 19499 3018 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3018 2 Step Step NNP 19499 3018 3 , , , 19499 3018 4 Half half JJ 19499 3018 5 - - HYPH 19499 3018 6 step step NN 19499 3018 7 : : : 19499 3018 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3018 9 Terms term NNS 19499 3018 10 of of IN 19499 3018 11 interval interval NN 19499 3018 12 _ _ NNP 19499 3018 13 measurement measurement NN 19499 3018 14 _ _ NNP 19499 3018 15 . . . 19499 3019 1 Avoid avoid VB 19499 3019 2 _ _ NNP 19499 3019 3 tone tone NN 19499 3019 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3019 5 , , , 19499 3019 6 _ _ NNP 19499 3019 7 semi semi JJ 19499 3019 8 - - JJ 19499 3019 9 tone tone JJ 19499 3019 10 _ _ NNP 19499 3019 11 or or CC 19499 3019 12 _ _ NNP 19499 3019 13 half half JJ 19499 3019 14 - - HYPH 19499 3019 15 tone tone NN 19499 3019 16 _ _ NN 19499 3019 17 . . . 19499 3020 1 Major major JJ 19499 3020 2 second second JJ 19499 3020 3 and and CC 19499 3020 4 minor minor JJ 19499 3020 5 second second NN 19499 3020 6 are be VBP 19499 3020 7 interval interval NN 19499 3020 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3020 9 names name NNS 19499 3020 10 _ _ NNP 19499 3020 11 . . . 19499 3021 1 Example example NN 19499 3021 2 : : : 19499 3021 3 How how WRB 19499 3021 4 large large JJ 19499 3021 5 are be VBP 19499 3021 6 the the DT 19499 3021 7 following follow VBG 19499 3021 8 intervals interval NNS 19499 3021 9 ? ? . 19499 3022 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3022 2 1 1 LS 19499 3022 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3022 4 Major major JJ 19499 3022 5 second second NN 19499 3022 6 , , , 19499 3022 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3022 8 2 2 LS 19499 3022 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3022 10 minor minor JJ 19499 3022 11 second second NN 19499 3022 12 , , , 19499 3022 13 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3022 14 3 3 LS 19499 3022 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3022 16 augmented augment VBN 19499 3022 17 prime prime NN 19499 3022 18 . . . 19499 3023 1 Answer answer NN 19499 3023 2 : : : 19499 3023 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3023 4 1 1 LS 19499 3023 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3023 6 a a DT 19499 3023 7 step step NN 19499 3023 8 , , , 19499 3023 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3023 10 2 2 LS 19499 3023 11 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3023 12 a a DT 19499 3023 13 half half JJ 19499 3023 14 - - HYPH 19499 3023 15 step step NN 19499 3023 16 , , , 19499 3023 17 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3023 18 3 3 LS 19499 3023 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3023 20 a a DT 19499 3023 21 half half JJ 19499 3023 22 - - HYPH 19499 3023 23 step step NN 19499 3023 24 . . . 19499 3024 1 6 6 CD 19499 3024 2 . . . 19499 3025 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3025 2 Chromatic Chromatic NNP 19499 3025 3 : : : 19499 3025 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3025 5 A a DT 19499 3025 6 tone tone NN 19499 3025 7 of of IN 19499 3025 8 the the DT 19499 3025 9 key key NN 19499 3025 10 which which WDT 19499 3025 11 is be VBZ 19499 3025 12 not not RB 19499 3025 13 a a DT 19499 3025 14 member member NN 19499 3025 15 of of IN 19499 3025 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3025 17 diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 3025 18 scale scale NN 19499 3025 19 . . . 19499 3026 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3026 2 N.B. N.B. NNP 19499 3026 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3027 1 An an DT 19499 3027 2 accidental accidental JJ 19499 3027 3 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3027 4 a a DT 19499 3027 5 notation notation NN 19499 3027 6 sign sign NN 19499 3027 7 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3027 8 is be VBZ 19499 3027 9 not not RB 19499 3027 10 a a DT 19499 3027 11 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 3027 12 sign sign NN 19499 3027 13 _ _ NNP 19499 3027 14 unless unless IN 19499 3027 15 _ _ NNP 19499 3027 16 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3027 17 makes make VBZ 19499 3027 18 a a DT 19499 3027 19 staff staff NN 19499 3027 20 - - HYPH 19499 3027 21 degree degree NN 19499 3027 22 represent represent VBP 19499 3027 23 a a DT 19499 3027 24 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 3027 25 tone tone NN 19499 3027 26 . . . 19499 3028 1 7 7 LS 19499 3028 2 . . . 19499 3029 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3029 2 Major Major NNP 19499 3029 3 ; ; : 19499 3029 4 Minor minor JJ 19499 3029 5 : : : 19499 3029 6 _ _ NNP 19499 3029 7 Major Major NNP 19499 3029 8 and and CC 19499 3029 9 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3029 10 keys key NNS 19499 3029 11 having have VBG 19499 3029 12 the the DT 19499 3029 13 same same JJ 19499 3029 14 signature signature NN 19499 3029 15 should should MD 19499 3029 16 be be VB 19499 3029 17 called call VBN 19499 3029 18 relative relative JJ 19499 3029 19 major major JJ 19499 3029 20 and and CC 19499 3029 21 minor minor JJ 19499 3029 22 . . . 19499 3030 1 Major major JJ 19499 3030 2 and and CC 19499 3030 3 minor minor JJ 19499 3030 4 keys key NNS 19499 3030 5 having have VBG 19499 3030 6 the the DT 19499 3030 7 same same JJ 19499 3030 8 tonic tonic NN 19499 3030 9 , , , 19499 3030 10 but but CC 19499 3030 11 different different JJ 19499 3030 12 signatures signature NNS 19499 3030 13 , , , 19499 3030 14 should should MD 19499 3030 15 be be VB 19499 3030 16 called call VBN 19499 3030 17 tonic tonic NN 19499 3030 18 major major JJ 19499 3030 19 and and CC 19499 3030 20 minor minor JJ 19499 3030 21 . . . 19499 3031 1 Not not RB 19499 3031 2 " " `` 19499 3031 3 parallel parallel JJ 19499 3031 4 " " '' 19499 3031 5 major major JJ 19499 3031 6 or or CC 19499 3031 7 minor minor JJ 19499 3031 8 in in IN 19499 3031 9 either either DT 19499 3031 10 case case NN 19499 3031 11 . . . 19499 3032 1 8 8 LS 19499 3032 2 . . . 19499 3033 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3033 2 Staff Staff NNP 19499 3033 3 : : : 19499 3033 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3033 5 Five five CD 19499 3033 6 horizontal horizontal JJ 19499 3033 7 lines line NNS 19499 3033 8 and and CC 19499 3033 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3033 10 spaces space NNS 19499 3033 11 . . . 19499 3034 1 Staff Staff NNP 19499 3034 2 _ _ NNP 19499 3034 3 lines line NNS 19499 3034 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3034 5 are be VBP 19499 3034 6 named name VBN 19499 3034 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3034 8 numbered number VBN 19499 3034 9 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3034 10 upward upward RB 19499 3034 11 in in IN 19499 3034 12 order order NN 19499 3034 13 , , , 19499 3034 14 first first RB 19499 3034 15 to to IN 19499 3034 16 fifth fifth JJ 19499 3034 17 . . . 19499 3035 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3035 2 Spaces Spaces NNP 19499 3035 3 : : : 19499 3035 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3035 5 Space Space NNP 19499 3035 6 below below IN 19499 3035 7 , , , 19499 3035 8 first first JJ 19499 3035 9 - - HYPH 19499 3035 10 second second RB 19499 3035 11 - - HYPH 19499 3035 12 third third RB 19499 3035 13 - - HYPH 19499 3035 14 fourth fourth JJ 19499 3035 15 - - HYPH 19499 3035 16 space space NN 19499 3035 17 , , , 19499 3035 18 and and CC 19499 3035 19 space space NN 19499 3035 20 above[44 above[44 NNP 19499 3035 21 ] ] -RRB- 19499 3035 22 . . . 19499 3036 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3036 2 Six six CD 19499 3036 3 in in IN 19499 3036 4 all all DT 19499 3036 5 . . . 19499 3036 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3037 1 Additional additional JJ 19499 3037 2 short short JJ 19499 3037 3 lines line NNS 19499 3037 4 and and CC 19499 3037 5 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3037 6 short short JJ 19499 3037 7 spaces space NNS 19499 3037 8 numbered number VBD 19499 3037 9 outward outward RB 19499 3037 10 both both DT 19499 3037 11 ways way NNS 19499 3037 12 from from IN 19499 3037 13 the the DT 19499 3037 14 main main JJ 19499 3037 15 staff staff NN 19499 3037 16 , , , 19499 3037 17 viz viz NN 19499 3037 18 : : : 19499 3037 19 line line NN 19499 3037 20 below below IN 19499 3037 21 , , , 19499 3037 22 second second JJ 19499 3037 23 space space NN 19499 3037 24 below below RB 19499 3037 25 . . . 19499 3038 1 The the DT 19499 3038 2 boundary boundary NN 19499 3038 3 of of IN 19499 3038 4 the the DT 19499 3038 5 staff staff NN 19499 3038 6 is be VBZ 19499 3038 7 always always RB 19499 3038 8 a a DT 19499 3038 9 space space NN 19499 3038 10 . . . 19499 3039 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 3039 2 Footnote Footnote NNP 19499 3039 3 44 44 CD 19499 3039 4 : : : 19499 3039 5 NOTE:--Not NOTE:--Not . 19499 3039 6 " " '' 19499 3039 7 space space NN 19499 3039 8 below below IN 19499 3039 9 the the DT 19499 3039 10 staff staff NN 19499 3039 11 " " '' 19499 3039 12 or or CC 19499 3039 13 " " `` 19499 3039 14 space space NN 19499 3039 15 above above IN 19499 3039 16 the the DT 19499 3039 17 staff staff NN 19499 3039 18 . . . 19499 3039 19 " " '' 19499 3039 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 3040 1 9 9 CD 19499 3040 2 . . . 19499 3041 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3041 2 G G NNP 19499 3041 3 Clef Clef NNP 19499 3041 4 , , , 19499 3041 5 F F NNP 19499 3041 6 Clef Clef NNP 19499 3041 7 , , , 19499 3041 8 C C NNP 19499 3041 9 Clef Clef NNP 19499 3041 10 : : : 19499 3041 11 _ _ NNP 19499 3041 12 These these DT 19499 3041 13 clefs clef NNS 19499 3041 14 when when WRB 19499 3041 15 placed place VBN 19499 3041 16 upon upon IN 19499 3041 17 the the DT 19499 3041 18 staff staff NN 19499 3041 19 , , , 19499 3041 20 give give VB 19499 3041 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3041 22 degrees degree NNS 19499 3041 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3041 24 first first JJ 19499 3041 25 , , , 19499 3041 26 or or CC 19499 3041 27 primary primary JJ 19499 3041 28 pitch pitch NN 19499 3041 29 meaning meaning NN 19499 3041 30 . . . 19499 3042 1 Each each DT 19499 3042 2 makes make VBZ 19499 3042 3 the the DT 19499 3042 4 degree degree NN 19499 3042 5 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3042 6 occupies occupy VBZ 19499 3042 7 represent represent VBP 19499 3042 8 a a DT 19499 3042 9 pitch pitch NN 19499 3042 10 of of IN 19499 3042 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3042 12 respective respective JJ 19499 3042 13 name name NN 19499 3042 14 . . . 19499 3043 1 Example example NN 19499 3043 2 : : : 19499 3043 3 The the DT 19499 3043 4 G g NN 19499 3043 5 clef clef NN 19499 3043 6 makes make VBZ 19499 3043 7 the the DT 19499 3043 8 second second JJ 19499 3043 9 line line NN 19499 3043 10 represent represent VB 19499 3043 11 the the DT 19499 3043 12 pitch pitch NN 19499 3043 13 G. G. NNP 19499 3043 14 Avoid Avoid NNP 19499 3043 15 " " '' 19499 3043 16 _ _ NNP 19499 3043 17 fixes fix NNS 19499 3043 18 G G NNP 19499 3043 19 on on IN 19499 3043 20 _ _ NNP 19499 3043 21 . . . 19499 3043 22 " " '' 19499 3044 1 The the DT 19499 3044 2 staff staff NN 19499 3044 3 with with IN 19499 3044 4 clef clef NNS 19499 3044 5 in in IN 19499 3044 6 position position NN 19499 3044 7 represents represent VBZ 19499 3044 8 only only RB 19499 3044 9 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3044 10 having have VBG 19499 3044 11 _ _ NNP 19499 3044 12 simple simple JJ 19499 3044 13 _ _ NNP 19499 3044 14 or or CC 19499 3044 15 _ _ NNP 19499 3044 16 one one CD 19499 3044 17 - - HYPH 19499 3044 18 word word NN 19499 3044 19 _ _ NNP 19499 3044 20 names name NNS 19499 3044 21 , , , 19499 3044 22 A a NN 19499 3044 23 , , , 19499 3044 24 B B NNP 19499 3044 25 , , , 19499 3044 26 C C NNP 19499 3044 27 , , , 19499 3044 28 etc etc FW 19499 3044 29 . . . 19499 3045 1 10 10 CD 19499 3045 2 . . . 19499 3046 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3046 2 Sharps Sharps NNP 19499 3046 3 , , , 19499 3046 4 Flats Flats NNP 19499 3046 5 : : : 19499 3046 6 _ _ NNP 19499 3046 7 Given give VBN 19499 3046 8 a a DT 19499 3046 9 staff staff NN 19499 3046 10 with with IN 19499 3046 11 clef clef NNS 19499 3046 12 in in IN 19499 3046 13 position position NN 19499 3046 14 as as IN 19499 3046 15 in in IN 19499 3046 16 example example NN 19499 3046 17 above above IN 19499 3046 18 , , , 19499 3046 19 sharps sharp NNS 19499 3046 20 and and CC 19499 3046 21 flats flat NNS 19499 3046 22 make make VBP 19499 3046 23 staff staff NN 19499 3046 24 degrees degree NNS 19499 3046 25 upon upon IN 19499 3046 26 which which WDT 19499 3046 27 they -PRON- PRP 19499 3046 28 are be VBP 19499 3046 29 placed place VBN 19499 3046 30 represent represent NN 19499 3046 31 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3046 32 a a DT 19499 3046 33 half half JJ 19499 3046 34 - - HYPH 19499 3046 35 step step NN 19499 3046 36 higher higher RBR 19499 3046 37 or or CC 19499 3046 38 lower lower RBR 19499 3046 39 . . . 19499 3047 1 These these DT 19499 3047 2 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3047 3 have have VBP 19499 3047 4 compound compound VBN 19499 3047 5 or or CC 19499 3047 6 two two CD 19499 3047 7 - - HYPH 19499 3047 8 word word NN 19499 3047 9 names name NNS 19499 3047 10 . . . 19499 3048 1 Example example NN 19499 3048 2 : : : 19499 3048 3 The the DT 19499 3048 4 second second JJ 19499 3048 5 line line NN 19499 3048 6 stands stand VBZ 19499 3048 7 for for IN 19499 3048 8 the the DT 19499 3048 9 pitch pitch NN 19499 3048 10 G G NNP 19499 3048 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3048 12 simple simple JJ 19499 3048 13 name name NN 19499 3048 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3048 15 . . . 19499 3049 1 Sharp sharp RB 19499 3049 2 the the DT 19499 3049 3 second second JJ 19499 3049 4 line line NN 19499 3049 5 and and CC 19499 3049 6 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3049 7 will will MD 19499 3049 8 stand stand VB 19499 3049 9 for for IN 19499 3049 10 the the DT 19499 3049 11 pitch pitch NN 19499 3049 12 G g NN 19499 3049 13 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3049 14 . . . 19499 3050 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3050 2 Compound Compound NNP 19499 3050 3 name name NN 19499 3050 4 . . . 19499 3050 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3051 1 The the DT 19499 3051 2 third third JJ 19499 3051 3 line line NN 19499 3051 4 stands stand VBZ 19499 3051 5 for for IN 19499 3051 6 the the DT 19499 3051 7 pitch pitch NN 19499 3051 8 B. B. NNP 19499 3052 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3052 2 Simple simple JJ 19499 3052 3 name name NN 19499 3052 4 . . . 19499 3052 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3053 1 Flat flat JJ 19499 3053 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3053 3 , , , 19499 3053 4 and and CC 19499 3053 5 the the DT 19499 3053 6 line line NN 19499 3053 7 will will MD 19499 3053 8 stand stand VB 19499 3053 9 for for IN 19499 3053 10 the the DT 19499 3053 11 pitch pitch NN 19499 3053 12 B B NNP 19499 3053 13 flat flat NN 19499 3053 14 . . . 19499 3054 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3054 2 Compound Compound NNP 19499 3054 3 name name NN 19499 3054 4 . . . 19499 3054 5 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3055 1 N.B. N.B. NNP 19499 3056 1 These these DT 19499 3056 2 signs sign NNS 19499 3056 3 do do VBP 19499 3056 4 not not RB 19499 3056 5 " " `` 19499 3056 6 _ _ NNP 19499 3056 7 raise raise NN 19499 3056 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3056 9 " " '' 19499 3056 10 or or CC 19499 3056 11 " " `` 19499 3056 12 _ _ NNP 19499 3056 13 lower low JJR 19499 3056 14 _ _ NNP 19499 3056 15 " " '' 19499 3056 16 notes note NNS 19499 3056 17 , , , 19499 3056 18 tones tone NNS 19499 3056 19 , , , 19499 3056 20 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3056 21 , , , 19499 3056 22 letters letter NNS 19499 3056 23 or or CC 19499 3056 24 staff staff NN 19499 3056 25 degrees degree NNS 19499 3056 26 . . . 19499 3057 1 11 11 CD 19499 3057 2 . . . 19499 3058 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3058 2 Double double JJ 19499 3058 3 - - HYPH 19499 3058 4 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3058 5 , , , 19499 3058 6 Double double JJ 19499 3058 7 - - HYPH 19499 3058 8 flat flat RB 19499 3058 9 : : : 19499 3058 10 _ _ NNP 19499 3058 11 Given give VBN 19499 3058 12 a a DT 19499 3058 13 staff staff NN 19499 3058 14 with with IN 19499 3058 15 three three CD 19499 3058 16 or or CC 19499 3058 17 more more JJR 19499 3058 18 degrees degree NNS 19499 3058 19 sharped sharpe VBD 19499 3058 20 in in IN 19499 3058 21 the the DT 19499 3058 22 signature signature NN 19499 3058 23 , , , 19499 3058 24 double double JJ 19499 3058 25 - - HYPH 19499 3058 26 sharps sharps NN 19499 3058 27 are be VBP 19499 3058 28 used use VBN 19499 3058 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3058 30 subject subject JJ 19499 3058 31 to to IN 19499 3058 32 the the DT 19499 3058 33 rules rule NNS 19499 3058 34 governing govern VBG 19499 3058 35 composition composition NN 19499 3058 36 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3058 37 to to TO 19499 3058 38 make make VB 19499 3058 39 certain certain JJ 19499 3058 40 of of IN 19499 3058 41 these these DT 19499 3058 42 degrees degree NNS 19499 3058 43 , , , 19499 3058 44 already already RB 19499 3058 45 sharped sharpe VBN 19499 3058 46 , , , 19499 3058 47 represent represent VB 19499 3058 48 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3058 49 one one CD 19499 3058 50 half half JJ 19499 3058 51 - - HYPH 19499 3058 52 step step NN 19499 3058 53 higher higher RBR 19499 3058 54 yet yet RB 19499 3058 55 . . . 19499 3059 1 Similarly similarly RB 19499 3059 2 , , , 19499 3059 3 when when WRB 19499 3059 4 three three CD 19499 3059 5 or or CC 19499 3059 6 more more JJR 19499 3059 7 degrees degree NNS 19499 3059 8 are be VBP 19499 3059 9 flatted flat VBN 19499 3059 10 in in IN 19499 3059 11 the the DT 19499 3059 12 signature signature NN 19499 3059 13 , , , 19499 3059 14 double double JJ 19499 3059 15 - - HYPH 19499 3059 16 flats flat NNS 19499 3059 17 are be VBP 19499 3059 18 used use VBN 19499 3059 19 to to TO 19499 3059 20 make make VB 19499 3059 21 certain certain JJ 19499 3059 22 degrees degree NNS 19499 3059 23 already already RB 19499 3059 24 flatted flat VBN 19499 3059 25 , , , 19499 3059 26 represent represent VB 19499 3059 27 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3059 28 one one CD 19499 3059 29 half half JJ 19499 3059 30 - - HYPH 19499 3059 31 step step NN 19499 3059 32 lower lower RBR 19499 3059 33 yet yet RB 19499 3059 34 . . . 19499 3060 1 Examples example NNS 19499 3060 2 : : : 19499 3060 3 To to TO 19499 3060 4 represent represent VB 19499 3060 5 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3060 6 2 2 CD 19499 3060 7 in in IN 19499 3060 8 the the DT 19499 3060 9 key key NN 19499 3060 10 of of IN 19499 3060 11 B b NN 19499 3060 12 major major JJ 19499 3060 13 , , , 19499 3060 14 double double RB 19499 3060 15 - - HYPH 19499 3060 16 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3060 17 the the DT 19499 3060 18 C C NNP 19499 3060 19 degree degree NN 19499 3060 20 , , , 19499 3060 21 or or CC 19499 3060 22 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3060 23 equally equally RB 19499 3060 24 good good JJ 19499 3060 25 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3060 26 double double RB 19499 3060 27 - - HYPH 19499 3060 28 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3060 29 the the DT 19499 3060 30 third third JJ 19499 3060 31 space space NN 19499 3060 32 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3060 33 G G NNP 19499 3060 34 clef clef NNP 19499 3060 35 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3060 36 . . . 19499 3061 1 To to TO 19499 3061 2 represent represent VB 19499 3061 3 flat flat JJ 19499 3061 4 6 6 CD 19499 3061 5 in in IN 19499 3061 6 the the DT 19499 3061 7 key key NN 19499 3061 8 of of IN 19499 3061 9 D d JJ 19499 3061 10 flat flat JJ 19499 3061 11 major major JJ 19499 3061 12 , , , 19499 3061 13 double double JJ 19499 3061 14 - - HYPH 19499 3061 15 flat flat NN 19499 3061 16 the the DT 19499 3061 17 B b NN 19499 3061 18 degree degree NN 19499 3061 19 , , , 19499 3061 20 or or CC 19499 3061 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3061 22 equally equally RB 19499 3061 23 good good JJ 19499 3061 24 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3061 25 double double RB 19499 3061 26 flat flat JJ 19499 3061 27 the the DT 19499 3061 28 third third JJ 19499 3061 29 line line NN 19499 3061 30 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3061 31 G g NN 19499 3061 32 clef clef NNP 19499 3061 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3061 34 . . . 19499 3062 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3062 2 Do do VBP 19499 3062 3 not not RB 19499 3062 4 say say VB 19499 3062 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3062 6 : : : 19499 3062 7 " " `` 19499 3062 8 Put put VB 19499 3062 9 a a DT 19499 3062 10 double double RB 19499 3062 11 - - HYPH 19499 3062 12 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3062 13 on on IN 19499 3062 14 6 6 CD 19499 3062 15 " " '' 19499 3062 16 or or CC 19499 3062 17 " " `` 19499 3062 18 put put VB 19499 3062 19 a a DT 19499 3062 20 double double RB 19499 3062 21 - - HYPH 19499 3062 22 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3062 23 on on IN 19499 3062 24 C c NN 19499 3062 25 , , , 19499 3062 26 " " '' 19499 3062 27 or or CC 19499 3062 28 " " `` 19499 3062 29 _ _ NNP 19499 3062 30 indicate indicate VBP 19499 3062 31 " " `` 19499 3062 32 _ _ NNP 19499 3062 33 a a DT 19499 3062 34 higher high JJR 19499 3062 35 or or CC 19499 3062 36 lower low JJR 19499 3062 37 pitch pitch NN 19499 3062 38 " " '' 19499 3062 39 _ _ NNP 19499 3062 40 on on IN 19499 3062 41 _ _ NNP 19499 3062 42 " " `` 19499 3062 43 a a DT 19499 3062 44 sharped sharpe VBN 19499 3062 45 or or CC 19499 3062 46 flatted flat VBN 19499 3062 47 degree degree NN 19499 3062 48 . . . 19499 3063 1 12 12 CD 19499 3063 2 . . . 19499 3064 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3064 2 Signature signature NN 19499 3064 3 : : : 19499 3064 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3064 5 Sharps Sharps NNP 19499 3064 6 or or CC 19499 3064 7 flats flat NNS 19499 3064 8 used use VBN 19499 3064 9 as as IN 19499 3064 10 signatures signature NNS 19499 3064 11 affect affect VBP 19499 3064 12 the the DT 19499 3064 13 staff staff NN 19499 3064 14 degrees degree NNS 19499 3064 15 they -PRON- PRP 19499 3064 16 occupy occupy VBP 19499 3064 17 and and CC 19499 3064 18 all all DT 19499 3064 19 octaves octave NNS 19499 3064 20 of of IN 19499 3064 21 the the DT 19499 3064 22 same same JJ 19499 3064 23 . . . 19499 3065 1 Example example NN 19499 3065 2 : : : 19499 3065 3 With with IN 19499 3065 4 signature signature NN 19499 3065 5 of of IN 19499 3065 6 four four CD 19499 3065 7 sharps sharp NNS 19499 3065 8 , , , 19499 3065 9 the the DT 19499 3065 10 first first JJ 19499 3065 11 one one NN 19499 3065 12 affects affect VBZ 19499 3065 13 the the DT 19499 3065 14 fifth fifth JJ 19499 3065 15 line line NN 19499 3065 16 and and CC 19499 3065 17 the the DT 19499 3065 18 first first JJ 19499 3065 19 space space NN 19499 3065 20 ; ; : 19499 3065 21 the the DT 19499 3065 22 second second JJ 19499 3065 23 , , , 19499 3065 24 the the DT 19499 3065 25 third third JJ 19499 3065 26 space space NN 19499 3065 27 ; ; : 19499 3065 28 the the DT 19499 3065 29 third third JJ 19499 3065 30 , , , 19499 3065 31 the the DT 19499 3065 32 space space NN 19499 3065 33 above above RB 19499 3065 34 and and CC 19499 3065 35 the the DT 19499 3065 36 second second JJ 19499 3065 37 line line NN 19499 3065 38 ; ; : 19499 3065 39 the the DT 19499 3065 40 fourth fourth JJ 19499 3065 41 , , , 19499 3065 42 the the DT 19499 3065 43 fourth fourth JJ 19499 3065 44 line line NN 19499 3065 45 and and CC 19499 3065 46 the the DT 19499 3065 47 space space NN 19499 3065 48 below below RB 19499 3065 49 . . . 19499 3066 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3066 2 Do do VBP 19499 3066 3 not not RB 19499 3066 4 say say VB 19499 3066 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3066 6 : : : 19499 3066 7 " " `` 19499 3066 8 F F NNP 19499 3066 9 and and CC 19499 3066 10 C C NNP 19499 3066 11 are be VBP 19499 3066 12 sharped sharpe VBN 19499 3066 13 , , , 19499 3066 14 " " '' 19499 3066 15 " " `` 19499 3066 16 ti ti NNP 19499 3066 17 is be VBZ 19499 3066 18 sharped sharpe VBN 19499 3066 19 , , , 19499 3066 20 " " '' 19499 3066 21 " " `` 19499 3066 22 B b NN 19499 3066 23 is be VBZ 19499 3066 24 flatted flat VBN 19499 3066 25 , , , 19499 3066 26 " " '' 19499 3066 27 " " `` 19499 3066 28 fa fa FW 19499 3066 29 is be VBZ 19499 3066 30 flatted flat VBN 19499 3066 31 . . . 19499 3066 32 " " '' 19499 3067 1 " " `` 19499 3067 2 Sharpened sharpened JJ 19499 3067 3 " " '' 19499 3067 4 or or CC 19499 3067 5 " " `` 19499 3067 6 flattened flattened JJ 19499 3067 7 " " '' 19499 3067 8 are be VBP 19499 3067 9 undesirable undesirable JJ 19499 3067 10 . . . 19499 3068 1 13 13 CD 19499 3068 2 . . . 19499 3069 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3069 2 Brace Brace NNP 19499 3069 3 : : : 19499 3069 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3069 5 The the DT 19499 3069 6 two two CD 19499 3069 7 or or CC 19499 3069 8 more more JJR 19499 3069 9 staffs staff NNS 19499 3069 10 containing contain VBG 19499 3069 11 parts part NNS 19499 3069 12 to to TO 19499 3069 13 be be VB 19499 3069 14 sounded sound VBN 19499 3069 15 together together RB 19499 3069 16 ; ; : 19499 3069 17 also also RB 19499 3069 18 the the DT 19499 3069 19 vertical vertical JJ 19499 3069 20 line line NN 19499 3069 21 or or CC 19499 3069 22 bracket bracket NN 19499 3069 23 connecting connect VBG 19499 3069 24 such such JJ 19499 3069 25 staffs staff NNS 19499 3069 26 . . . 19499 3070 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3070 2 Not not RB 19499 3070 3 _ _ NNP 19499 3070 4 " " '' 19499 3070 5 line line NN 19499 3070 6 " " '' 19499 3070 7 or or CC 19499 3070 8 " " `` 19499 3070 9 score score NN 19499 3070 10 . . . 19499 3070 11 " " '' 19499 3071 1 " " `` 19499 3071 2 Staff staff NN 19499 3071 3 " " '' 19499 3071 4 is be VBZ 19499 3071 5 better well JJR 19499 3071 6 than than IN 19499 3071 7 " " `` 19499 3071 8 line line NN 19499 3071 9 " " '' 19499 3071 10 for for IN 19499 3071 11 a a DT 19499 3071 12 single single JJ 19499 3071 13 staff staff NN 19499 3071 14 , , , 19499 3071 15 and and CC 19499 3071 16 " " `` 19499 3071 17 score score NN 19499 3071 18 " " '' 19499 3071 19 is be VBZ 19499 3071 20 used use VBN 19499 3071 21 meaning mean VBG 19499 3071 22 the the DT 19499 3071 23 book book NN 19499 3071 24 containing contain VBG 19499 3071 25 an an DT 19499 3071 26 entire entire JJ 19499 3071 27 work work NN 19499 3071 28 , , , 19499 3071 29 as as IN 19499 3071 30 " " `` 19499 3071 31 vocal vocal JJ 19499 3071 32 score score NN 19499 3071 33 , , , 19499 3071 34 " " '' 19499 3071 35 " " `` 19499 3071 36 orchestral orchestral JJ 19499 3071 37 score score NN 19499 3071 38 , , , 19499 3071 39 " " '' 19499 3071 40 " " `` 19499 3071 41 full full JJ 19499 3071 42 score score NN 19499 3071 43 . . . 19499 3071 44 " " '' 19499 3072 1 14 14 CD 19499 3072 2 . . . 19499 3073 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3073 2 Notes Notes NNPS 19499 3073 3 : : : 19499 3073 4 _ _ NNP 19499 3073 5 Notes Notes NNPS 19499 3073 6 are be VBP 19499 3073 7 characters character NNS 19499 3073 8 designed design VBN 19499 3073 9 to to TO 19499 3073 10 represent represent VB 19499 3073 11 relative relative JJ 19499 3073 12 duration duration NN 19499 3073 13 . . . 19499 3074 1 When when WRB 19499 3074 2 placed place VBN 19499 3074 3 on on IN 19499 3074 4 staff staff NN 19499 3074 5 - - HYPH 19499 3074 6 degrees degree NNS 19499 3074 7 they -PRON- PRP 19499 3074 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3074 9 indicate indicate VBP 19499 3074 10 _ _ NNP 19499 3074 11 pitch pitch NN 19499 3074 12 . . . 19499 3075 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3075 2 Note note VB 19499 3075 3 the the DT 19499 3075 4 difference difference NN 19499 3075 5 between between IN 19499 3075 6 " " `` 19499 3075 7 represent represent NN 19499 3075 8 " " '' 19499 3075 9 and and CC 19499 3075 10 " " `` 19499 3075 11 indicate indicate VB 19499 3075 12 . . . 19499 3075 13 " " '' 19499 3075 14 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3076 1 " " `` 19499 3076 2 Sing sing VB 19499 3076 3 what what WP 19499 3076 4 the the DT 19499 3076 5 note note NN 19499 3076 6 calls call VBZ 19499 3076 7 for for IN 19499 3076 8 " " `` 19499 3076 9 means mean NNS 19499 3076 10 , , , 19499 3076 11 sing sing VB 19499 3076 12 a a DT 19499 3076 13 tone tone NN 19499 3076 14 of of IN 19499 3076 15 the the DT 19499 3076 16 pitch pitch NN 19499 3076 17 represented represent VBN 19499 3076 18 by by IN 19499 3076 19 the the DT 19499 3076 20 staff staff NN 19499 3076 21 degree degree NN 19499 3076 22 occupied occupy VBN 19499 3076 23 by by IN 19499 3076 24 the the DT 19499 3076 25 note note NN 19499 3076 26 - - HYPH 19499 3076 27 head head NN 19499 3076 28 . . . 19499 3077 1 The the DT 19499 3077 2 answer answer NN 19499 3077 3 to to IN 19499 3077 4 the the DT 19499 3077 5 question question NN 19499 3077 6 : : : 19499 3077 7 " " `` 19499 3077 8 What what WP 19499 3077 9 is be VBZ 19499 3077 10 that that DT 19499 3077 11 note note NN 19499 3077 12 ? ? . 19499 3077 13 " " '' 19499 3078 1 would would MD 19499 3078 2 be be VB 19499 3078 3 " " `` 19499 3078 4 half half JJ 19499 3078 5 - - HYPH 19499 3078 6 note note NN 19499 3078 7 , , , 19499 3078 8 " " '' 19499 3078 9 " " `` 19499 3078 10 eighth eighth JJ 19499 3078 11 - - HYPH 19499 3078 12 note note NN 19499 3078 13 " " '' 19499 3078 14 according accord VBG 19499 3078 15 to to IN 19499 3078 16 the the DT 19499 3078 17 denomination denomination NN 19499 3078 18 of of IN 19499 3078 19 the the DT 19499 3078 20 note note NN 19499 3078 21 in in IN 19499 3078 22 question question NN 19499 3078 23 , , , 19499 3078 24 whether whether IN 19499 3078 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3078 26 was be VBD 19499 3078 27 on on IN 19499 3078 28 or or CC 19499 3078 29 off off IN 19499 3078 30 the the DT 19499 3078 31 staff staff NN 19499 3078 32 . . . 19499 3079 1 15 15 CD 19499 3079 2 . . . 19499 3080 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3080 2 Measure measure NN 19499 3080 3 - - HYPH 19499 3080 4 sign sign NN 19499 3080 5 : : : 19499 3080 6 _ _ NNP 19499 3080 7 4 4 CD 19499 3080 8 - - SYM 19499 3080 9 4 4 CD 19499 3080 10 , , , 19499 3080 11 2 2 CD 19499 3080 12 - - SYM 19499 3080 13 4 4 CD 19499 3080 14 , , , 19499 3080 15 6 6 CD 19499 3080 16 - - SYM 19499 3080 17 8 8 CD 19499 3080 18 , , , 19499 3080 19 are be VBP 19499 3080 20 _ _ NNP 19499 3080 21 measure measure NN 19499 3080 22 - - HYPH 19499 3080 23 signs sign NNS 19499 3080 24 _ _ NNP 19499 3080 25 . . . 19499 3081 1 Avoid avoid VB 19499 3081 2 " " `` 19499 3081 3 time time NN 19499 3081 4 signatures signature NNS 19499 3081 5 , , , 19499 3081 6 " " '' 19499 3081 7 " " `` 19499 3081 8 meter meter NN 19499 3081 9 - - HYPH 19499 3081 10 signatures signature NNS 19499 3081 11 , , , 19499 3081 12 " " '' 19499 3081 13 " " `` 19499 3081 14 the the DT 19499 3081 15 fraction fraction NN 19499 3081 16 , , , 19499 3081 17 " " '' 19499 3081 18 " " `` 19499 3081 19 time time NN 19499 3081 20 - - HYPH 19499 3081 21 marks mark NNS 19499 3081 22 . . . 19499 3081 23 " " '' 19499 3082 1 Example example NN 19499 3082 2 : : : 19499 3082 3 What what WP 19499 3082 4 is be VBZ 19499 3082 5 the the DT 19499 3082 6 measure measure NN 19499 3082 7 - - HYPH 19499 3082 8 sign sign NN 19499 3082 9 ? ? . 19499 3083 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3083 2 C C NNP 19499 3083 3 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3083 4 Ans Ans NNP 19499 3083 5 . . . 19499 3084 1 A a DT 19499 3084 2 broken broken JJ 19499 3084 3 circle circle NN 19499 3084 4 . . . 19499 3085 1 What what WP 19499 3085 2 is be VBZ 19499 3085 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3085 4 meaning meaning NN 19499 3085 5 ? ? . 19499 3086 1 Ans Ans NNP 19499 3086 2 . . . 19499 3087 1 Four four CD 19499 3087 2 - - HYPH 19499 3087 3 quarter quarter NN 19499 3087 4 measure measure NN 19499 3087 5 . . . 19499 3088 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3088 2 Not not RB 19499 3088 3 four four CD 19499 3088 4 - - HYPH 19499 3088 5 four four CD 19499 3088 6 time time NN 19499 3088 7 , , , 19499 3088 8 four four CD 19499 3088 9 - - HYPH 19499 3088 10 four four CD 19499 3088 11 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 3088 12 , , , 19499 3088 13 four four CD 19499 3088 14 - - HYPH 19499 3088 15 four four CD 19499 3088 16 meter meter NN 19499 3088 17 . . . 19499 3088 18 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3089 1 16 16 CD 19499 3089 2 . . . 19499 3090 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3090 2 Note Note NNP 19499 3090 3 Placing Placing NNP 19499 3090 4 : : : 19499 3090 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3090 6 Place Place NNP 19499 3090 7 a a DT 19499 3090 8 quarter quarter NN 19499 3090 9 note note NN 19499 3090 10 on on IN 19499 3090 11 the the DT 19499 3090 12 fourth fourth JJ 19499 3090 13 line line NN 19499 3090 14 . . . 19499 3091 1 Not not RB 19499 3091 2 " " `` 19499 3091 3 put put VBD 19499 3091 4 a a DT 19499 3091 5 quarter quarter NN 19499 3091 6 note note NN 19499 3091 7 on on IN 19499 3091 8 D. D. NNP 19499 3091 9 " " `` 19499 3091 10 17 17 CD 19499 3091 11 . . . 19499 3092 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3092 2 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3092 3 - - HYPH 19499 3092 4 Pulse Pulse NNP 19499 3092 5 : : : 19499 3092 6 _ _ NNP 19499 3092 7 A a DT 19499 3092 8 tone tone NN 19499 3092 9 or or CC 19499 3092 10 rest rest NN 19499 3092 11 occurs occur VBZ 19499 3092 12 on on IN 19499 3092 13 a a DT 19499 3092 14 certain certain JJ 19499 3092 15 beat beat NN 19499 3092 16 or or CC 19499 3092 17 pulse pulse NN 19499 3092 18 of of IN 19499 3092 19 a a DT 19499 3092 20 measure measure NN 19499 3092 21 . . . 19499 3093 1 Not not RB 19499 3093 2 on on IN 19499 3093 3 a a DT 19499 3093 4 certain certain JJ 19499 3093 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3093 6 count count NN 19499 3093 7 _ _ NNP 19499 3093 8 . . . 19499 3094 1 18 18 CD 19499 3094 2 . . . 19499 3095 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3095 2 Signature Signature NNP 19499 3095 3 Terminology Terminology NNP 19499 3095 4 : : : 19499 3095 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3095 6 The the DT 19499 3095 7 right right JJ 19499 3095 8 hand hand NN 19499 3095 9 sharp sharp RB 19499 3095 10 in in IN 19499 3095 11 the the DT 19499 3095 12 signature signature NN 19499 3095 13 is be VBZ 19499 3095 14 on on IN 19499 3095 15 the the DT 19499 3095 16 staff staff NN 19499 3095 17 degree degree NN 19499 3095 18 that that WDT 19499 3095 19 represents represent VBZ 19499 3095 20 seven seven CD 19499 3095 21 of of IN 19499 3095 22 the the DT 19499 3095 23 major major JJ 19499 3095 24 scale scale NN 19499 3095 25 . . . 19499 3096 1 Not not RB 19499 3096 2 " " `` 19499 3096 3 always always RB 19499 3096 4 on on IN 19499 3096 5 7 7 CD 19499 3096 6 or or CC 19499 3096 7 ti ti NN 19499 3096 8 . . . 19499 3096 9 " " '' 19499 3097 1 19 19 CD 19499 3097 2 . . . 19499 3098 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3098 2 Signature Signature NNP 19499 3098 3 Terminology Terminology NNP 19499 3098 4 : : : 19499 3098 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3098 6 The the DT 19499 3098 7 right right JJ 19499 3098 8 hand hand NN 19499 3098 9 flat flat RB 19499 3098 10 in in IN 19499 3098 11 the the DT 19499 3098 12 signature signature NN 19499 3098 13 is be VBZ 19499 3098 14 on on IN 19499 3098 15 the the DT 19499 3098 16 staff staff NN 19499 3098 17 degree degree NN 19499 3098 18 that that WDT 19499 3098 19 represents represent VBZ 19499 3098 20 four four CD 19499 3098 21 of of IN 19499 3098 22 the the DT 19499 3098 23 major major JJ 19499 3098 24 scale scale NN 19499 3098 25 . . . 19499 3099 1 Not not RB 19499 3099 2 " " `` 19499 3099 3 always always RB 19499 3099 4 on on IN 19499 3099 5 fa fa NN 19499 3099 6 . . . 19499 3099 7 " " '' 19499 3100 1 20 20 CD 19499 3100 2 . . . 19499 3101 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3101 2 Rote Rote NNP 19499 3101 3 , , , 19499 3101 4 Note note VB 19499 3101 5 , , , 19499 3101 6 Syllable Syllable NNP 19499 3101 7 : : : 19499 3101 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3101 9 Singing Singing NNP 19499 3101 10 by by IN 19499 3101 11 rote rote NN 19499 3101 12 means mean VBZ 19499 3101 13 that that IN 19499 3101 14 the the DT 19499 3101 15 singer singer NN 19499 3101 16 sings sing VBZ 19499 3101 17 something something NN 19499 3101 18 learned learn VBN 19499 3101 19 by by IN 19499 3101 20 ear ear NN 19499 3101 21 without without IN 19499 3101 22 regard regard NN 19499 3101 23 to to IN 19499 3101 24 notes note NNS 19499 3101 25 . . . 19499 3102 1 Singing singe VBG 19499 3102 2 by by IN 19499 3102 3 note note NN 19499 3102 4 means mean VBZ 19499 3102 5 that that IN 19499 3102 6 the the DT 19499 3102 7 singer singer NN 19499 3102 8 is be VBZ 19499 3102 9 guided guide VBN 19499 3102 10 to to IN 19499 3102 11 the the DT 19499 3102 12 correct correct JJ 19499 3102 13 pitch pitch NN 19499 3102 14 by by IN 19499 3102 15 visible visible JJ 19499 3102 16 notes note NNS 19499 3102 17 . . . 19499 3103 1 Singing singing NN 19499 3103 2 by by IN 19499 3103 3 syllable syllable JJ 19499 3103 4 means mean VBZ 19499 3103 5 that that IN 19499 3103 6 the the DT 19499 3103 7 singer singer NN 19499 3103 8 sings sing VBZ 19499 3103 9 the the DT 19499 3103 10 tones tone NNS 19499 3103 11 of of IN 19499 3103 12 a a DT 19499 3103 13 song song NN 19499 3103 14 or or CC 19499 3103 15 part part NN 19499 3103 16 to to IN 19499 3103 17 the the DT 19499 3103 18 sol sol NNP 19499 3103 19 - - HYPH 19499 3103 20 fa fa JJ 19499 3103 21 syllables syllable NNS 19499 3103 22 instead instead RB 19499 3103 23 of of IN 19499 3103 24 to to IN 19499 3103 25 words word NNS 19499 3103 26 , , , 19499 3103 27 neutral neutral JJ 19499 3103 28 vowels vowel NNS 19499 3103 29 or or CC 19499 3103 30 the the DT 19499 3103 31 hum hum NN 19499 3103 32 . . . 19499 3104 1 " " `` 19499 3104 2 Sing sing VB 19499 3104 3 by by IN 19499 3104 4 note note NN 19499 3104 5 " " `` 19499 3104 6 is be VBZ 19499 3104 7 not not RB 19499 3104 8 correct correct JJ 19499 3104 9 if if IN 19499 3104 10 the the DT 19499 3104 11 direction direction NN 19499 3104 12 means mean VBZ 19499 3104 13 simply simply RB 19499 3104 14 to to TO 19499 3104 15 sing sing VB 19499 3104 16 the the DT 19499 3104 17 sol sol NN 19499 3104 18 - - HYPH 19499 3104 19 fa fa JJ 19499 3104 20 syllables syllable NNS 19499 3104 21 , , , 19499 3104 22 whether whether IN 19499 3104 23 in in IN 19499 3104 24 sight sight NN 19499 3104 25 reading reading NN 19499 3104 26 , , , 19499 3104 27 rote rote JJ 19499 3104 28 singing singing NN 19499 3104 29 , , , 19499 3104 30 or or CC 19499 3104 31 memory memory NN 19499 3104 32 work work NN 19499 3104 33 . . . 19499 3105 1 " " `` 19499 3105 2 Sing sing VB 19499 3105 3 by by IN 19499 3105 4 syllable syllable NN 19499 3105 5 " " '' 19499 3105 6 would would MD 19499 3105 7 be be VB 19499 3105 8 correct correct JJ 19499 3105 9 in in IN 19499 3105 10 each each DT 19499 3105 11 case case NN 19499 3105 12 . . . 19499 3106 1 ADOPTIONS adoption NNS 19499 3106 2 OF of IN 19499 3106 3 THE the DT 19499 3106 4 1911 1911 CD 19499 3106 5 MEETING MEETING NNP 19499 3106 6 AT at IN 19499 3106 7 SAN SAN NNP 19499 3106 8 FRANCISCO FRANCISCO NNP 19499 3106 9 Arabic arabic JJ 19499 3106 10 numerals numeral NNS 19499 3106 11 , , , 19499 3106 12 either either CC 19499 3106 13 2 2 CD 19499 3106 14 , , , 19499 3106 15 3 3 CD 19499 3106 16 , , , 19499 3106 17 4 4 CD 19499 3106 18 , , , 19499 3106 19 5 5 CD 19499 3106 20 , , , 19499 3106 21 6 6 CD 19499 3106 22 , , , 19499 3106 23 9 9 CD 19499 3106 24 , , , 19499 3106 25 or or CC 19499 3106 26 12 12 CD 19499 3106 27 , , , 19499 3106 28 placed place VBN 19499 3106 29 on on IN 19499 3106 30 the the DT 19499 3106 31 staff staff NN 19499 3106 32 directly directly RB 19499 3106 33 after after IN 19499 3106 34 the the DT 19499 3106 35 signature signature NN 19499 3106 36 and and CC 19499 3106 37 above above IN 19499 3106 38 the the DT 19499 3106 39 third third JJ 19499 3106 40 line line NN 19499 3106 41 , , , 19499 3106 42 show show VBP 19499 3106 43 the the DT 19499 3106 44 number number NN 19499 3106 45 of of IN 19499 3106 46 beats beat NNS 19499 3106 47 in in IN 19499 3106 48 a a DT 19499 3106 49 measure measure NN 19499 3106 50 . . . 19499 3107 1 A a DT 19499 3107 2 note note NN 19499 3107 3 , , , 19499 3107 4 either either CC 19499 3107 5 a a DT 19499 3107 6 quarter quarter NN 19499 3107 7 or or CC 19499 3107 8 a a DT 19499 3107 9 dotted dotted JJ 19499 3107 10 quarter quarter NN 19499 3107 11 , , , 19499 3107 12 placed place VBN 19499 3107 13 in in IN 19499 3107 14 parenthesis parenthesis NN 19499 3107 15 under under IN 19499 3107 16 the the DT 19499 3107 17 numeral numeral JJ 19499 3107 18 , , , 19499 3107 19 represents represent VBZ 19499 3107 20 the the DT 19499 3107 21 length length NN 19499 3107 22 of of IN 19499 3107 23 one one CD 19499 3107 24 beat beat NN 19499 3107 25 and and CC 19499 3107 26 is be VBZ 19499 3107 27 called call VBN 19499 3107 28 the the DT 19499 3107 29 beat beat NN 19499 3107 30 - - HYPH 19499 3107 31 note note NN 19499 3107 32 . . . 19499 3108 1 The the DT 19499 3108 2 numeral numeral JJ 19499 3108 3 and and CC 19499 3108 4 the the DT 19499 3108 5 beat beat NN 19499 3108 6 - - HYPH 19499 3108 7 note note NN 19499 3108 8 thus thus RB 19499 3108 9 grouped group VBN 19499 3108 10 constitute constitute VBP 19499 3108 11 the the DT 19499 3108 12 measure measure NN 19499 3108 13 - - HYPH 19499 3108 14 sign sign NN 19499 3108 15 . . . 19499 3109 1 Illustrative illustrative JJ 19499 3109 2 statements statement NNS 19499 3109 3 covering cover VBG 19499 3109 4 proper proper JJ 19499 3109 5 terminology terminology NN 19499 3109 6 : : : 19499 3109 7 the the DT 19499 3109 8 tune tune NN 19499 3109 9 " " `` 19499 3109 10 America America NNP 19499 3109 11 " " '' 19499 3109 12 is be VBZ 19499 3109 13 written write VBN 19499 3109 14 in in IN 19499 3109 15 three three CD 19499 3109 16 - - HYPH 19499 3109 17 quarter quarter NN 19499 3109 18 measure measure NN 19499 3109 19 . . . 19499 3110 1 The the DT 19499 3110 2 chorus chorus NN 19499 3110 3 : : : 19499 3110 4 " " `` 19499 3110 5 How how WRB 19499 3110 6 lovely lovely JJ 19499 3110 7 are be VBP 19499 3110 8 the the DT 19499 3110 9 Messengers messenger NNS 19499 3110 10 " " '' 19499 3110 11 is be VBZ 19499 3110 12 written write VBN 19499 3110 13 in in IN 19499 3110 14 two two CD 19499 3110 15 - - HYPH 19499 3110 16 dotted dotted JJ 19499 3110 17 quarter quarter NN 19499 3110 18 measure measure NN 19499 3110 19 . . . 19499 3111 1 The the DT 19499 3111 2 above above JJ 19499 3111 3 forms form NNS 19499 3111 4 of of IN 19499 3111 5 statement statement NN 19499 3111 6 were be VBD 19499 3111 7 adopted adopt VBN 19499 3111 8 at at IN 19499 3111 9 Denver Denver NNP 19499 3111 10 in in IN 19499 3111 11 1909 1909 CD 19499 3111 12 , , , 19499 3111 13 and and CC 19499 3111 14 are be VBP 19499 3111 15 recommended recommend VBN 19499 3111 16 for for IN 19499 3111 17 general general JJ 19499 3111 18 use use NN 19499 3111 19 when when WRB 19499 3111 20 speaking speak VBG 19499 3111 21 of of IN 19499 3111 22 music music NN 19499 3111 23 written write VBN 19499 3111 24 with with IN 19499 3111 25 the the DT 19499 3111 26 conventional conventional JJ 19499 3111 27 measure measure NN 19499 3111 28 - - HYPH 19499 3111 29 signs sign NNS 19499 3111 30 , , , 19499 3111 31 etc etc FW 19499 3111 32 . . . 19499 3112 1 In in IN 19499 3112 2 place place NN 19499 3112 3 of of IN 19499 3112 4 : : : 19499 3112 5 " " `` 19499 3112 6 two two CD 19499 3112 7 - - HYPH 19499 3112 8 two two CD 19499 3112 9 time time NN 19499 3112 10 , , , 19499 3112 11 three three CD 19499 3112 12 - - HYPH 19499 3112 13 eight eight CD 19499 3112 14 time time NN 19499 3112 15 , , , 19499 3112 16 four four CD 19499 3112 17 - - HYPH 19499 3112 18 four four CD 19499 3112 19 time time NN 19499 3112 20 , , , 19499 3112 21 " " '' 19499 3112 22 say say VBP 19499 3112 23 as as IN 19499 3112 24 above above RB 19499 3112 25 : : : 19499 3112 26 " " `` 19499 3112 27 This this DT 19499 3112 28 piece piece NN 19499 3112 29 is be VBZ 19499 3112 30 written write VBN 19499 3112 31 in in IN 19499 3112 32 two two CD 19499 3112 33 - - HYPH 19499 3112 34 half half NN 19499 3112 35 measure measure NN 19499 3112 36 , , , 19499 3112 37 three three CD 19499 3112 38 - - HYPH 19499 3112 39 eighth eighth JJ 19499 3112 40 measure measure NN 19499 3112 41 , , , 19499 3112 42 four four CD 19499 3112 43 - - HYPH 19499 3112 44 quarter quarter NN 19499 3112 45 measure measure NN 19499 3112 46 . . . 19499 3112 47 " " '' 19499 3113 1 MINOR minor JJ 19499 3113 2 SCALES scale NNS 19499 3113 3 _ _ NNP 19499 3113 4 Primitive Primitive NNP 19499 3113 5 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3113 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3113 7 ascending ascend VBG 19499 3113 8 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3113 9 _ _ NNP 19499 3113 10 The the DT 19499 3113 11 minor minor JJ 19499 3113 12 scale scale NN 19499 3113 13 form form NN 19499 3113 14 having have VBG 19499 3113 15 minor minor JJ 19499 3113 16 sixth sixth JJ 19499 3113 17 and and CC 19499 3113 18 minor minor JJ 19499 3113 19 seventh seventh JJ 19499 3113 20 above above IN 19499 3113 21 tonic tonic NN 19499 3113 22 to to TO 19499 3113 23 be be VB 19499 3113 24 called call VBN 19499 3113 25 Primitive Primitive NNP 19499 3113 26 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3113 27 . . . 19499 3114 1 Illustrative illustrative JJ 19499 3114 2 examples example NNS 19499 3114 3 . . . 19499 3115 1 A a DT 19499 3115 2 minor minor NN 19499 3115 3 : : : 19499 3115 4 a a DT 19499 3115 5 , , , 19499 3115 6 b b NN 19499 3115 7 , , , 19499 3115 8 c c NN 19499 3115 9 , , , 19499 3115 10 d d NNP 19499 3115 11 , , , 19499 3115 12 e e NNP 19499 3115 13 , , , 19499 3115 14 f f NNP 19499 3115 15 , , , 19499 3115 16 g g NNP 19499 3115 17 , , , 19499 3115 18 a a DT 19499 3115 19 ; ; : 19499 3115 20 C C NNP 19499 3115 21 minor minor NN 19499 3115 22 : : : 19499 3115 23 c c NN 19499 3115 24 , , , 19499 3115 25 d d NN 19499 3115 26 , , , 19499 3115 27 e e NNP 19499 3115 28 flat flat NNP 19499 3115 29 , , , 19499 3115 30 f f NNP 19499 3115 31 , , , 19499 3115 32 g g NNP 19499 3115 33 , , , 19499 3115 34 a a DT 19499 3115 35 flat flat NN 19499 3115 36 , , , 19499 3115 37 b b LS 19499 3115 38 flat flat JJ 19499 3115 39 , , , 19499 3115 40 c. c. CC 19499 3115 41 [ [ -LRB- 19499 3115 42 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 3115 43 's 's POS 19499 3115 44 Note note NN 19499 3115 45 : : : 19499 3115 46 Supplied supply VBN 19499 3115 47 b b NN 19499 3115 48 flat flat JJ 19499 3115 49 missing missing NN 19499 3115 50 from from IN 19499 3115 51 original original JJ 19499 3115 52 . . . 19499 3115 53 ] ] -RRB- 19499 3116 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3116 2 Primitive Primitive NNP 19499 3116 3 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3116 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3116 5 descending descending JJ 19499 3116 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3116 7 _ _ NNP 19499 3116 8 Same same JJ 19499 3116 9 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3116 10 in in IN 19499 3116 11 reverse reverse JJ 19499 3116 12 order order NN 19499 3116 13 . . . 19499 3117 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3117 2 Harmonic Harmonic NNP 19499 3117 3 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3117 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3117 5 ascending ascend VBG 19499 3117 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3117 7 _ _ NNP 19499 3117 8 The the DT 19499 3117 9 minor minor JJ 19499 3117 10 scale scale NN 19499 3117 11 form form NN 19499 3117 12 having have VBG 19499 3117 13 minor minor JJ 19499 3117 14 sixth sixth JJ 19499 3117 15 and and CC 19499 3117 16 major major JJ 19499 3117 17 seventh seventh JJ 19499 3117 18 above above IN 19499 3117 19 tonic tonic NN 19499 3117 20 to to TO 19499 3117 21 be be VB 19499 3117 22 called call VBN 19499 3117 23 Harmonic Harmonic NNP 19499 3117 24 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3117 25 . . . 19499 3118 1 Illustrative illustrative JJ 19499 3118 2 examples example NNS 19499 3118 3 . . . 19499 3119 1 A a DT 19499 3119 2 minor minor NN 19499 3119 3 : : : 19499 3119 4 a a DT 19499 3119 5 , , , 19499 3119 6 b b NN 19499 3119 7 , , , 19499 3119 8 c c NN 19499 3119 9 , , , 19499 3119 10 d d NNP 19499 3119 11 , , , 19499 3119 12 e e NNP 19499 3119 13 , , , 19499 3119 14 f f NNP 19499 3119 15 , , , 19499 3119 16 g g NNP 19499 3119 17 sharp sharp RB 19499 3119 18 , , , 19499 3119 19 a a DT 19499 3119 20 ; ; : 19499 3119 21 C C NNP 19499 3119 22 minor minor NN 19499 3119 23 : : : 19499 3119 24 c c NN 19499 3119 25 , , , 19499 3119 26 d d NN 19499 3119 27 , , , 19499 3119 28 e e NNP 19499 3119 29 flat flat NNP 19499 3119 30 , , , 19499 3119 31 f f NNP 19499 3119 32 , , , 19499 3119 33 g g NNP 19499 3119 34 , , , 19499 3119 35 a a DT 19499 3119 36 flat flat NN 19499 3119 37 , , , 19499 3119 38 b b NN 19499 3119 39 , , , 19499 3119 40 c. c. NN 19499 3119 41 _ _ NNP 19499 3119 42 Harmonic Harmonic NNP 19499 3119 43 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3119 44 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3119 45 descending descend VBG 19499 3119 46 _ _ NNP 19499 3119 47 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3119 48 Same same JJ 19499 3119 49 pitches pitch NNS 19499 3119 50 in in IN 19499 3119 51 reverse reverse JJ 19499 3119 52 order order NN 19499 3119 53 . . . 19499 3120 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3120 2 Melodic Melodic NNP 19499 3120 3 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3120 4 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3120 5 ascending ascend VBG 19499 3120 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3120 7 _ _ NNP 19499 3120 8 The the DT 19499 3120 9 minor minor JJ 19499 3120 10 scale scale NN 19499 3120 11 form form NN 19499 3120 12 having have VBG 19499 3120 13 major major JJ 19499 3120 14 sixth sixth JJ 19499 3120 15 and and CC 19499 3120 16 major major JJ 19499 3120 17 seventh seventh JJ 19499 3120 18 above above IN 19499 3120 19 tonic tonic NN 19499 3120 20 to to TO 19499 3120 21 be be VB 19499 3120 22 called call VBN 19499 3120 23 Melodic Melodic NNP 19499 3120 24 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3120 25 . . . 19499 3121 1 Illustrative illustrative JJ 19499 3121 2 examples example NNS 19499 3121 3 . . . 19499 3122 1 A a DT 19499 3122 2 minor minor NN 19499 3122 3 : : : 19499 3122 4 a a DT 19499 3122 5 , , , 19499 3122 6 b b NN 19499 3122 7 , , , 19499 3122 8 c c NN 19499 3122 9 , , , 19499 3122 10 d d NNP 19499 3122 11 , , , 19499 3122 12 e e NNP 19499 3122 13 , , , 19499 3122 14 f f LS 19499 3122 15 sharp sharp RB 19499 3122 16 , , , 19499 3122 17 g g LS 19499 3122 18 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3122 19 , , , 19499 3122 20 a a DT 19499 3122 21 ; ; : 19499 3122 22 C C NNP 19499 3122 23 minor minor NN 19499 3122 24 : : : 19499 3122 25 c c NN 19499 3122 26 , , , 19499 3122 27 d d NN 19499 3122 28 , , , 19499 3122 29 e e NNP 19499 3122 30 flat flat NNP 19499 3122 31 , , , 19499 3122 32 f f NNP 19499 3122 33 , , , 19499 3122 34 g g NNP 19499 3122 35 , , , 19499 3122 36 a a NNP 19499 3122 37 , , , 19499 3122 38 b b NNP 19499 3122 39 , , , 19499 3122 40 c. c. NNP 19499 3122 41 _ _ NNP 19499 3122 42 Melodic Melodic NNP 19499 3122 43 Minor Minor NNP 19499 3122 44 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3122 45 descending descend VBG 19499 3122 46 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3122 47 _ _ NNP 19499 3122 48 Same Same NNP 19499 3122 49 as as IN 19499 3122 50 the the DT 19499 3122 51 Primitive Primitive NNP 19499 3122 52 . . . 19499 3123 1 ADOPTIONS adoption NNS 19499 3123 2 OF of IN 19499 3123 3 THE the DT 19499 3123 4 1912 1912 CD 19499 3123 5 MEETING MEETING NNP 19499 3123 6 AT AT NNP 19499 3123 7 CHICAGO CHICAGO NNP 19499 3123 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3123 9 Pulse Pulse NNP 19499 3123 10 and and CC 19499 3123 11 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3123 12 _ _ NNP 19499 3123 13 The the DT 19499 3123 14 Committee Committee NNP 19499 3123 15 finds find VBZ 19499 3123 16 that that IN 19499 3123 17 the the DT 19499 3123 18 words word NNS 19499 3123 19 : : : 19499 3123 20 Pulse Pulse NNP 19499 3123 21 and and CC 19499 3123 22 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3123 23 are be VBP 19499 3123 24 in in IN 19499 3123 25 general general JJ 19499 3123 26 use use NN 19499 3123 27 as as IN 19499 3123 28 synonymous synonymous JJ 19499 3123 29 terms term NNS 19499 3123 30 , , , 19499 3123 31 meaning mean VBG 19499 3123 32 one one CD 19499 3123 33 of of IN 19499 3123 34 the the DT 19499 3123 35 succession succession NN 19499 3123 36 of of IN 19499 3123 37 throbs throb NNS 19499 3123 38 or or CC 19499 3123 39 impulses impulse NNS 19499 3123 40 of of IN 19499 3123 41 which which WDT 19499 3123 42 we -PRON- PRP 19499 3123 43 are be VBP 19499 3123 44 conscious conscious JJ 19499 3123 45 when when WRB 19499 3123 46 listening listen VBG 19499 3123 47 to to IN 19499 3123 48 music music NN 19499 3123 49 . . . 19499 3124 1 Each each DT 19499 3124 2 of of IN 19499 3124 3 these these DT 19499 3124 4 pulses pulse NNS 19499 3124 5 or or CC 19499 3124 6 beats beat NNS 19499 3124 7 has have VBZ 19499 3124 8 an an DT 19499 3124 9 exact exact JJ 19499 3124 10 point point NN 19499 3124 11 of of IN 19499 3124 12 beginning beginning NN 19499 3124 13 , , , 19499 3124 14 a a DT 19499 3124 15 duration duration NN 19499 3124 16 , , , 19499 3124 17 and and CC 19499 3124 18 an an DT 19499 3124 19 exact exact JJ 19499 3124 20 point point NN 19499 3124 21 of of IN 19499 3124 22 ending ending NN 19499 3124 23 , , , 19499 3124 24 the the DT 19499 3124 25 latter latter JJ 19499 3124 26 coincident coincident NN 19499 3124 27 with with IN 19499 3124 28 the the DT 19499 3124 29 beginning beginning NN 19499 3124 30 of of IN 19499 3124 31 the the DT 19499 3124 32 next next JJ 19499 3124 33 pulse pulse NN 19499 3124 34 or or CC 19499 3124 35 beat beat VBD 19499 3124 36 . . . 19499 3125 1 When when WRB 19499 3125 2 thus thus RB 19499 3125 3 used use VBN 19499 3125 4 , , , 19499 3125 5 both both DT 19499 3125 6 words word NNS 19499 3125 7 are be VBP 19499 3125 8 terms term NNS 19499 3125 9 of of IN 19499 3125 10 ear ear NN 19499 3125 11 . . . 19499 3126 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3126 2 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3126 3 _ _ NNP 19499 3126 4 One one CD 19499 3126 5 of of IN 19499 3126 6 these these DT 19499 3126 7 words word NNS 19499 3126 8 , , , 19499 3126 9 Beat beat NN 19499 3126 10 , , , 19499 3126 11 is be VBZ 19499 3126 12 also also RB 19499 3126 13 in in IN 19499 3126 14 universal universal JJ 19499 3126 15 use use NN 19499 3126 16 , , , 19499 3126 17 meaning mean VBG 19499 3126 18 one one CD 19499 3126 19 of of IN 19499 3126 20 a a DT 19499 3126 21 series series NN 19499 3126 22 of of IN 19499 3126 23 physical physical JJ 19499 3126 24 motions motion NNS 19499 3126 25 by by IN 19499 3126 26 means mean NNS 19499 3126 27 of of IN 19499 3126 28 which which WDT 19499 3126 29 a a DT 19499 3126 30 conductor conductor NN 19499 3126 31 holds hold VBZ 19499 3126 32 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3126 33 group group NN 19499 3126 34 of of IN 19499 3126 35 performers performer NNS 19499 3126 36 to to IN 19499 3126 37 a a DT 19499 3126 38 uniform uniform JJ 19499 3126 39 movement movement NN 19499 3126 40 . . . 19499 3127 1 When when WRB 19499 3127 2 thus thus RB 19499 3127 3 used use VBD 19499 3127 4 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3127 5 becomes become VBZ 19499 3127 6 a a DT 19499 3127 7 term term NN 19499 3127 8 of of IN 19499 3127 9 eye eye NN 19499 3127 10 . . . 19499 3128 1 The the DT 19499 3128 2 conductor conductor NN 19499 3128 3 's 's POS 19499 3128 4 baton baton NN 19499 3128 5 , , , 19499 3128 6 if if IN 19499 3128 7 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3128 8 is be VBZ 19499 3128 9 to to TO 19499 3128 10 be be VB 19499 3128 11 authoritative authoritative JJ 19499 3128 12 , , , 19499 3128 13 can can MD 19499 3128 14 not not RB 19499 3128 15 wander wander VB 19499 3128 16 about about IN 19499 3128 17 through through IN 19499 3128 18 the the DT 19499 3128 19 whole whole JJ 19499 3128 20 duration duration NN 19499 3128 21 of of IN 19499 3128 22 the the DT 19499 3128 23 pulse pulse NN 19499 3128 24 but but CC 19499 3128 25 must must MD 19499 3128 26 move move VB 19499 3128 27 quickly quickly RB 19499 3128 28 to to IN 19499 3128 29 a a DT 19499 3128 30 point point NN 19499 3128 31 of of IN 19499 3128 32 comparative comparative JJ 19499 3128 33 repose repose NN 19499 3128 34 , , , 19499 3128 35 remaining remain VBG 19499 3128 36 until until IN 19499 3128 37 just just RB 19499 3128 38 before before IN 19499 3128 39 the the DT 19499 3128 40 arrival arrival NN 19499 3128 41 of of IN 19499 3128 42 the the DT 19499 3128 43 next next JJ 19499 3128 44 pulse pulse NN 19499 3128 45 when when WRB 19499 3128 46 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3128 47 again again RB 19499 3128 48 makes make VBZ 19499 3128 49 a a DT 19499 3128 50 rapid rapid JJ 19499 3128 51 swing swing NN 19499 3128 52 , , , 19499 3128 53 finishing finish VBG 19499 3128 54 coincidently coincidently RB 19499 3128 55 with with IN 19499 3128 56 the the DT 19499 3128 57 initial initial JJ 19499 3128 58 tone tone NN 19499 3128 59 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3128 60 or or CC 19499 3128 61 silence silence NN 19499 3128 62 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3128 63 of of IN 19499 3128 64 the the DT 19499 3128 65 new new JJ 19499 3128 66 pulse pulse NN 19499 3128 67 . . . 19499 3129 1 Thus thus RB 19499 3129 2 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3129 3 is be VBZ 19499 3129 4 practically practically RB 19499 3129 5 the the DT 19499 3129 6 end end NN 19499 3129 7 of of IN 19499 3129 8 the the DT 19499 3129 9 conductor conductor NN 19499 3129 10 's 's POS 19499 3129 11 beat beat NN 19499 3129 12 that that WDT 19499 3129 13 marks mark VBZ 19499 3129 14 the the DT 19499 3129 15 beginning beginning NN 19499 3129 16 of of IN 19499 3129 17 the the DT 19499 3129 18 pulse pulse NN 19499 3129 19 . . . 19499 3130 1 The the DT 19499 3130 2 Committee Committee NNP 19499 3130 3 is be VBZ 19499 3130 4 of of IN 19499 3130 5 opinion opinion NN 19499 3130 6 that that WDT 19499 3130 7 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3130 8 might may MD 19499 3130 9 preferably preferably RB 19499 3130 10 be be VB 19499 3130 11 used use VBN 19499 3130 12 as as IN 19499 3130 13 indicating indicate VBG 19499 3130 14 the the DT 19499 3130 15 outward outward JJ 19499 3130 16 sign sign NN 19499 3130 17 . . . 19499 3131 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3131 2 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3131 3 - - HYPH 19499 3131 4 Note Note NNP 19499 3131 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3131 6 This this DT 19499 3131 7 term term NN 19499 3131 8 " " `` 19499 3131 9 beat beat NN 19499 3131 10 - - HYPH 19499 3131 11 note note NN 19499 3131 12 " " '' 19499 3131 13 is be VBZ 19499 3131 14 already already RB 19499 3131 15 in in IN 19499 3131 16 use use NN 19499 3131 17 in in IN 19499 3131 18 another another DT 19499 3131 19 important important JJ 19499 3131 20 connection connection NN 19499 3131 21 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3131 22 see see VB 19499 3131 23 Terminology Terminology NNP 19499 3131 24 Report Report NNP 19499 3131 25 , , , 19499 3131 26 1911 1911 CD 19499 3131 27 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3131 28 and and CC 19499 3131 29 the the DT 19499 3131 30 Committee Committee NNP 19499 3131 31 recommends recommend VBZ 19499 3131 32 that that IN 19499 3131 33 those those DT 19499 3131 34 using use VBG 19499 3131 35 the the DT 19499 3131 36 above above JJ 19499 3131 37 terms term NNS 19499 3131 38 shall shall MD 19499 3131 39 say say VB 19499 3131 40 : : : 19499 3131 41 " " `` 19499 3131 42 This this DT 19499 3131 43 note note NN 19499 3131 44 is be VBZ 19499 3131 45 an an DT 19499 3131 46 on on IN 19499 3131 47 - - HYPH 19499 3131 48 the the DT 19499 3131 49 - - HYPH 19499 3131 50 beat beat NN 19499 3131 51 note note NN 19499 3131 52 ; ; : 19499 3131 53 this this DT 19499 3131 54 one one NN 19499 3131 55 is be VBZ 19499 3131 56 an an DT 19499 3131 57 after after IN 19499 3131 58 - - HYPH 19499 3131 59 the the DT 19499 3131 60 - - HYPH 19499 3131 61 beat beat NN 19499 3131 62 note note NN 19499 3131 63 ; ; : 19499 3131 64 this this DT 19499 3131 65 one one NN 19499 3131 66 a a DT 19499 3131 67 before before IN 19499 3131 68 - - HYPH 19499 3131 69 the the DT 19499 3131 70 - - HYPH 19499 3131 71 beat beat NN 19499 3131 72 note note NN 19499 3131 73 . . . 19499 3131 74 " " '' 19499 3132 1 DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS NNP 19499 3132 2 _ _ NNP 19499 3132 3 Matters Matters NNPS 19499 3132 4 of of IN 19499 3132 5 Ear Ear NNP 19499 3132 6 _ _ NNP 19499 3132 7 Pulse Pulse NNP 19499 3132 8 : : : 19499 3132 9 The the DT 19499 3132 10 unit unit NN 19499 3132 11 of of IN 19499 3132 12 movement movement NN 19499 3132 13 in in IN 19499 3132 14 music music NN 19499 3132 15 , , , 19499 3132 16 one one CD 19499 3132 17 of of IN 19499 3132 18 a a DT 19499 3132 19 series series NN 19499 3132 20 of of IN 19499 3132 21 regularly regularly RB 19499 3132 22 recurring recur VBG 19499 3132 23 throbs throb NNS 19499 3132 24 or or CC 19499 3132 25 impulses impulse NNS 19499 3132 26 . . . 19499 3133 1 Measure measure NN 19499 3133 2 : : : 19499 3133 3 A a DT 19499 3133 4 group group NN 19499 3133 5 of of IN 19499 3133 6 pulses pulse NNS 19499 3133 7 . . . 19499 3134 1 Pulse Pulse NNP 19499 3134 2 - - HYPH 19499 3134 3 Group Group NNP 19499 3134 4 : : : 19499 3134 5 Two two CD 19499 3134 6 or or CC 19499 3134 7 more more JJR 19499 3134 8 tones tone NNS 19499 3134 9 grouped group VBN 19499 3134 10 within within IN 19499 3134 11 the the DT 19499 3134 12 pulse pulse NN 19499 3134 13 . . . 19499 3135 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3135 2 Matters Matters NNPS 19499 3135 3 of of IN 19499 3135 4 Eye Eye NNP 19499 3135 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3135 6 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3135 7 : : : 19499 3135 8 One one CD 19499 3135 9 of of IN 19499 3135 10 a a DT 19499 3135 11 series series NN 19499 3135 12 of of IN 19499 3135 13 conventional conventional JJ 19499 3135 14 movements movement NNS 19499 3135 15 made make VBN 19499 3135 16 by by IN 19499 3135 17 the the DT 19499 3135 18 conductor conductor NN 19499 3135 19 . . . 19499 3136 1 This this DT 19499 3136 2 might may MD 19499 3136 3 include include VB 19499 3136 4 any any DT 19499 3136 5 unconventional unconventional JJ 19499 3136 6 motion motion NN 19499 3136 7 which which WDT 19499 3136 8 served serve VBD 19499 3136 9 to to TO 19499 3136 10 mark mark VB 19499 3136 11 the the DT 19499 3136 12 movement movement NN 19499 3136 13 of of IN 19499 3136 14 the the DT 19499 3136 15 music music NN 19499 3136 16 , , , 19499 3136 17 whether whether IN 19499 3136 18 made make VBN 19499 3136 19 by by IN 19499 3136 20 conductor conductor NN 19499 3136 21 , , , 19499 3136 22 performer performer NN 19499 3136 23 or or CC 19499 3136 24 auditor auditor NN 19499 3136 25 . . . 19499 3137 1 Beat beat NN 19499 3137 2 - - HYPH 19499 3137 3 Note note VB 19499 3137 4 : : : 19499 3137 5 A a DT 19499 3137 6 note note NN 19499 3137 7 of of IN 19499 3137 8 the the DT 19499 3137 9 denomination denomination NN 19499 3137 10 indicated indicate VBN 19499 3137 11 by by IN 19499 3137 12 the the DT 19499 3137 13 measure measure NN 19499 3137 14 - - HYPH 19499 3137 15 sign sign NN 19499 3137 16 as as IN 19499 3137 17 the the DT 19499 3137 18 unit unit NN 19499 3137 19 of of IN 19499 3137 20 note note NN 19499 3137 21 - - HYPH 19499 3137 22 value value NN 19499 3137 23 in in IN 19499 3137 24 a a DT 19499 3137 25 given give VBN 19499 3137 26 measure measure NN 19499 3137 27 . . . 19499 3138 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3138 2 Example Example NNP 19499 3138 3 _ _ NNP 19499 3138 4 Given give VBN 19499 3138 5 the the DT 19499 3138 6 following follow VBG 19499 3138 7 measure measure NN 19499 3138 8 - - HYPH 19499 3138 9 signs sign NNS 19499 3138 10 : : : 19499 3138 11 2 2 CD 19499 3138 12 - - SYM 19499 3138 13 4 4 CD 19499 3138 14 , , , 19499 3138 15 2 2 CD 19499 3138 16 - - SYM 19499 3138 17 2 2 CD 19499 3138 18 , , , 19499 3138 19 2 2 CD 19499 3138 20 - - SYM 19499 3138 21 8 8 CD 19499 3138 22 , , , 19499 3138 23 quarter quarter NN 19499 3138 24 , , , 19499 3138 25 half half NN 19499 3138 26 , , , 19499 3138 27 or or CC 19499 3138 28 eighth eighth JJ 19499 3138 29 notes note NNS 19499 3138 30 , , , 19499 3138 31 respectively respectively RB 19499 3138 32 , , , 19499 3138 33 are be VBP 19499 3138 34 beat beat NN 19499 3138 35 - - HYPH 19499 3138 36 notes note NNS 19499 3138 37 . . . 19499 3139 1 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3139 2 - - HYPH 19499 3139 3 Group Group NNP 19499 3139 4 : : : 19499 3139 5 A a DT 19499 3139 6 group group NN 19499 3139 7 of of IN 19499 3139 8 notes note NNS 19499 3139 9 or or CC 19499 3139 10 notes note NNS 19499 3139 11 and and CC 19499 3139 12 rests rest NNS 19499 3139 13 , , , 19499 3139 14 of of IN 19499 3139 15 smaller small JJR 19499 3139 16 denomination denomination NN 19499 3139 17 than than IN 19499 3139 18 the the DT 19499 3139 19 beat beat NN 19499 3139 20 - - HYPH 19499 3139 21 note note NN 19499 3139 22 which which WDT 19499 3139 23 represents represent VBZ 19499 3139 24 a a DT 19499 3139 25 full full JJ 19499 3139 26 beat beat NN 19499 3139 27 from from IN 19499 3139 28 beginning beginning NN 19499 3139 29 to to IN 19499 3139 30 end end NN 19499 3139 31 and and CC 19499 3139 32 is be VBZ 19499 3139 33 equal equal JJ 19499 3139 34 in in IN 19499 3139 35 value value NN 19499 3139 36 to to IN 19499 3139 37 the the DT 19499 3139 38 beat beat NN 19499 3139 39 - - HYPH 19499 3139 40 note note NN 19499 3139 41 . . . 19499 3140 1 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3140 2 A a DT 19499 3140 3 beat beat NN 19499 3140 4 - - HYPH 19499 3140 5 group group NN 19499 3140 6 may may MD 19499 3140 7 begin begin VB 19499 3140 8 with with IN 19499 3140 9 a a DT 19499 3140 10 rest rest NN 19499 3140 11 . . . 19499 3140 12 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3141 1 On on IN 19499 3141 2 - - HYPH 19499 3141 3 the the DT 19499 3141 4 - - HYPH 19499 3141 5 Beat beat NN 19499 3141 6 Note note NN 19499 3141 7 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3141 8 or or CC 19499 3141 9 rest rest VB 19499 3141 10 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3141 11 : : : 19499 3141 12 Any any DT 19499 3141 13 note note NN 19499 3141 14 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3141 15 or or CC 19499 3141 16 rest rest VB 19499 3141 17 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3141 18 ranging range VBG 19499 3141 19 in in IN 19499 3141 20 value value NN 19499 3141 21 from from IN 19499 3141 22 a a DT 19499 3141 23 full full JJ 19499 3141 24 beat beat NN 19499 3141 25 down down RP 19499 3141 26 , , , 19499 3141 27 which which WDT 19499 3141 28 calls call VBZ 19499 3141 29 for for IN 19499 3141 30 musical musical JJ 19499 3141 31 action action NN 19499 3141 32 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3141 33 or or CC 19499 3141 34 inaction inaction NN 19499 3141 35 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3141 36 synchronously synchronously RB 19499 3141 37 with with IN 19499 3141 38 the the DT 19499 3141 39 conductor conductor NN 19499 3141 40 's 's POS 19499 3141 41 beat beat NN 19499 3141 42 . . . 19499 3142 1 After after IN 19499 3142 2 - - HYPH 19499 3142 3 the the DT 19499 3142 4 - - HYPH 19499 3142 5 Beat beat NN 19499 3142 6 Note note NN 19499 3142 7 : : : 19499 3142 8 Any any DT 19499 3142 9 note note NN 19499 3142 10 in in IN 19499 3142 11 a a DT 19499 3142 12 beat beat NN 19499 3142 13 - - HYPH 19499 3142 14 group group NN 19499 3142 15 which which WDT 19499 3142 16 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 3142 17 that that IN 19499 3142 18 a a DT 19499 3142 19 tone tone NN 19499 3142 20 is be VBZ 19499 3142 21 to to TO 19499 3142 22 be be VB 19499 3142 23 sounded sound VBN 19499 3142 24 after after IN 19499 3142 25 the the DT 19499 3142 26 beginning beginning NN 19499 3142 27 , , , 19499 3142 28 and and CC 19499 3142 29 before before IN 19499 3142 30 or or CC 19499 3142 31 at at IN 19499 3142 32 the the DT 19499 3142 33 middle middle NN 19499 3142 34 of of IN 19499 3142 35 the the DT 19499 3142 36 pulse pulse NN 19499 3142 37 . . . 19499 3143 1 Before before IN 19499 3143 2 - - HYPH 19499 3143 3 the the DT 19499 3143 4 - - HYPH 19499 3143 5 Beat beat NN 19499 3143 6 Note note NN 19499 3143 7 : : : 19499 3143 8 Any any DT 19499 3143 9 note note NN 19499 3143 10 in in IN 19499 3143 11 a a DT 19499 3143 12 beat beat NN 19499 3143 13 - - HYPH 19499 3143 14 group group NN 19499 3143 15 which which WDT 19499 3143 16 indicates indicate VBZ 19499 3143 17 that that IN 19499 3143 18 a a DT 19499 3143 19 tone tone NN 19499 3143 20 is be VBZ 19499 3143 21 to to TO 19499 3143 22 be be VB 19499 3143 23 sounded sound VBN 19499 3143 24 after after IN 19499 3143 25 the the DT 19499 3143 26 middle middle NN 19499 3143 27 of of IN 19499 3143 28 the the DT 19499 3143 29 pulse pulse NN 19499 3143 30 . . . 19499 3144 1 To to TO 19499 3144 2 illustrate illustrate VB 19499 3144 3 terminology terminology NN 19499 3144 4 and and CC 19499 3144 5 to to TO 19499 3144 6 differentiate differentiate VB 19499 3144 7 between between IN 19499 3144 8 Pulse Pulse NNP 19499 3144 9 and and CC 19499 3144 10 Beat Beat NNP 19499 3144 11 as as IN 19499 3144 12 terms term NNS 19499 3144 13 , , , 19499 3144 14 respectively respectively RB 19499 3144 15 of of IN 19499 3144 16 ear ear NN 19499 3144 17 and and CC 19499 3144 18 eye eye NN 19499 3144 19 , , , 19499 3144 20 the the DT 19499 3144 21 following follow VBG 19499 3144 22 is be VBZ 19499 3144 23 submitted submit VBN 19499 3144 24 : : : 19499 3144 25 Whenever whenever WRB 19499 3144 26 a a DT 19499 3144 27 brief brief JJ 19499 3144 28 tone tone NN 19499 3144 29 involves involve VBZ 19499 3144 30 the the DT 19499 3144 31 musical musical JJ 19499 3144 32 idea idea NN 19499 3144 33 of of IN 19499 3144 34 syncopation syncopation NN 19499 3144 35 , , , 19499 3144 36 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3144 37 may may MD 19499 3144 38 be be VB 19499 3144 39 regarded regard VBN 19499 3144 40 as as IN 19499 3144 41 an an DT 19499 3144 42 after after IN 19499 3144 43 - - HYPH 19499 3144 44 the the DT 19499 3144 45 - - HYPH 19499 3144 46 pulse pulse NN 19499 3144 47 tone tone NN 19499 3144 48 and and CC 19499 3144 49 the the DT 19499 3144 50 note note NN 19499 3144 51 that that WDT 19499 3144 52 calls call VBZ 19499 3144 53 for for IN 19499 3144 54 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3144 55 as as IN 19499 3144 56 an an DT 19499 3144 57 after after IN 19499 3144 58 - - HYPH 19499 3144 59 the the DT 19499 3144 60 - - HYPH 19499 3144 61 beat beat NN 19499 3144 62 note note NN 19499 3144 63 ; ; : 19499 3144 64 when when WRB 19499 3144 65 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3144 66 involves involve VBZ 19499 3144 67 the the DT 19499 3144 68 idea idea NN 19499 3144 69 of of IN 19499 3144 70 anticipation anticipation NN 19499 3144 71 or or CC 19499 3144 72 preparation preparation NN 19499 3144 73 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3144 74 may may MD 19499 3144 75 be be VB 19499 3144 76 regarded regard VBN 19499 3144 77 as as IN 19499 3144 78 a a DT 19499 3144 79 before before IN 19499 3144 80 - - HYPH 19499 3144 81 the the DT 19499 3144 82 - - HYPH 19499 3144 83 pulse pulse NN 19499 3144 84 tone tone NN 19499 3144 85 , , , 19499 3144 86 and and CC 19499 3144 87 the the DT 19499 3144 88 note note NN 19499 3144 89 that that WDT 19499 3144 90 calls call VBZ 19499 3144 91 for for IN 19499 3144 92 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3144 93 , , , 19499 3144 94 as as IN 19499 3144 95 a a DT 19499 3144 96 before before IN 19499 3144 97 - - HYPH 19499 3144 98 the the DT 19499 3144 99 - - HYPH 19499 3144 100 beat beat NN 19499 3144 101 note note NN 19499 3144 102 . . . 19499 3145 1 _ _ NNP 19499 3145 2 Measure Measure NNP 19499 3145 3 and and CC 19499 3145 4 Meter Meter NNP 19499 3145 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3145 6 " " '' 19499 3145 7 What what WP 19499 3145 8 is be VBZ 19499 3145 9 the the DT 19499 3145 10 measure measure NN 19499 3145 11 - - HYPH 19499 3145 12 sign sign NN 19499 3145 13 ? ? . 19499 3145 14 " " '' 19499 3146 1 " " `` 19499 3146 2 What what WP 19499 3146 3 is be VBZ 19499 3146 4 the the DT 19499 3146 5 meter meter NN 19499 3146 6 - - HYPH 19499 3146 7 signature signature NN 19499 3146 8 ? ? . 19499 3146 9 " " '' 19499 3147 1 These these DT 19499 3147 2 two two CD 19499 3147 3 words word NNS 19499 3147 4 are be VBP 19499 3147 5 used use VBN 19499 3147 6 synonymously synonymously RB 19499 3147 7 , , , 19499 3147 8 and and CC 19499 3147 9 one one CD 19499 3147 10 of of IN 19499 3147 11 them -PRON- PRP 19499 3147 12 is be VBZ 19499 3147 13 unnecessary unnecessary JJ 19499 3147 14 . . . 19499 3148 1 The the DT 19499 3148 2 Committee Committee NNP 19499 3148 3 recommends recommend VBZ 19499 3148 4 that that IN 19499 3148 5 Measure measure NN 19499 3148 6 be be VB 19499 3148 7 retained retain VBN 19499 3148 8 and and CC 19499 3148 9 used use VBN 19499 3148 10 . . . 19499 3149 1 Meter meter NN 19499 3149 2 has have VBZ 19499 3149 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3149 4 use use NN 19499 3149 5 in in IN 19499 3149 6 connection connection NN 19499 3149 7 with with IN 19499 3149 8 hymns hymn NNS 19499 3149 9 . . . 19499 3150 1 * * NFP 19499 3150 2 * * NFP 19499 3150 3 * * NFP 19499 3150 4 * * NFP 19499 3150 5 * * NFP 19499 3150 6 The the DT 19499 3150 7 author author NN 19499 3150 8 does do VBZ 19499 3150 9 not not RB 19499 3150 10 find find VB 19499 3150 11 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3150 12 possible possible JJ 19499 3150 13 at at IN 19499 3150 14 present present NN 19499 3150 15 to to TO 19499 3150 16 agree agree VB 19499 3150 17 with with IN 19499 3150 18 all all PDT 19499 3150 19 the the DT 19499 3150 20 recommendations recommendation NNS 19499 3150 21 made make VBN 19499 3150 22 in in IN 19499 3150 23 the the DT 19499 3150 24 above above JJ 19499 3150 25 report report NN 19499 3150 26 , , , 19499 3150 27 but but CC 19499 3150 28 the the DT 19499 3150 29 summary summary NN 19499 3150 30 is be VBZ 19499 3150 31 printed print VBN 19499 3150 32 in in IN 19499 3150 33 full full JJ 19499 3150 34 for for IN 19499 3150 35 the the DT 19499 3150 36 sake sake NN 19499 3150 37 of of IN 19499 3150 38 completeness completeness NN 19499 3150 39 . . . 19499 3151 1 The the DT 19499 3151 2 Music Music NNP 19499 3151 3 Teacher Teacher NNP 19499 3151 4 's 's POS 19499 3151 5 National National NNP 19499 3151 6 Association Association NNP 19499 3151 7 has have VBZ 19499 3151 8 also also RB 19499 3151 9 interested interested JJ 19499 3151 10 itself -PRON- PRP 19499 3151 11 mildly mildly RB 19499 3151 12 in in IN 19499 3151 13 the the DT 19499 3151 14 subject subject NN 19499 3151 15 of of IN 19499 3151 16 terminology terminology NN 19499 3151 17 reform reform NN 19499 3151 18 , , , 19499 3151 19 and and CC 19499 3151 20 at at IN 19499 3151 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3151 22 meeting meeting NN 19499 3151 23 in in IN 19499 3151 24 Washington Washington NNP 19499 3151 25 , , , 19499 3151 26 D.C. D.C. NNP 19499 3151 27 , , , 19499 3151 28 in in IN 19499 3151 29 1908 1908 CD 19499 3151 30 , , , 19499 3151 31 Professor Professor NNP 19499 3151 32 Waldo Waldo NNP 19499 3151 33 S. S. NNP 19499 3151 34 Pratt Pratt NNP 19499 3151 35 gave give VBD 19499 3151 36 his -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3151 37 address address NN 19499 3151 38 as as IN 19499 3151 39 president president NN 19499 3151 40 of of IN 19499 3151 41 the the DT 19499 3151 42 Association Association NNP 19499 3151 43 on on IN 19499 3151 44 the the DT 19499 3151 45 subject subject NN 19499 3151 46 " " `` 19499 3151 47 System System NNP 19499 3151 48 and and CC 19499 3151 49 Precision Precision NNP 19499 3151 50 in in IN 19499 3151 51 Musical Musical NNP 19499 3151 52 Speech Speech NNP 19499 3151 53 . . . 19499 3151 54 " " '' 19499 3152 1 This this DT 19499 3152 2 address address NN 19499 3152 3 interested interest VBD 19499 3152 4 the the DT 19499 3152 5 members member NNS 19499 3152 6 of of IN 19499 3152 7 the the DT 19499 3152 8 Association Association NNP 19499 3152 9 to to IN 19499 3152 10 such such PDT 19499 3152 11 an an DT 19499 3152 12 extent extent NN 19499 3152 13 that that IN 19499 3152 14 Professor Professor NNP 19499 3152 15 Pratt Pratt NNP 19499 3152 16 was be VBD 19499 3152 17 asked ask VBN 19499 3152 18 to to TO 19499 3152 19 act act VB 19499 3152 20 as as IN 19499 3152 21 a a DT 19499 3152 22 committee committee NN 19499 3152 23 whose whose WP$ 19499 3152 24 purpose purpose NN 19499 3152 25 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3152 26 should should MD 19499 3152 27 be be VB 19499 3152 28 to to TO 19499 3152 29 look look VB 19499 3152 30 into into IN 19499 3152 31 the the DT 19499 3152 32 matter matter NN 19499 3152 33 of of IN 19499 3152 34 reforms reform NNS 19499 3152 35 necessary necessary JJ 19499 3152 36 in in IN 19499 3152 37 music music NN 19499 3152 38 terminology terminology NN 19499 3152 39 and and CC 19499 3152 40 report report VB 19499 3152 41 at at IN 19499 3152 42 a a DT 19499 3152 43 later later JJ 19499 3152 44 session session NN 19499 3152 45 . . . 19499 3153 1 In in IN 19499 3153 2 1910 1910 CD 19499 3153 3 Professor Professor NNP 19499 3153 4 Pratt Pratt NNP 19499 3153 5 read read VB 19499 3153 6 a a DT 19499 3153 7 report report NN 19499 3153 8 in in IN 19499 3153 9 which which WDT 19499 3153 10 he -PRON- PRP 19499 3153 11 advocated advocate VBD 19499 3153 12 the the DT 19499 3153 13 idea idea NN 19499 3153 14 of of IN 19499 3153 15 making make VBG 19499 3153 16 some some DT 19499 3153 17 changes change NNS 19499 3153 18 in in IN 19499 3153 19 music music NN 19499 3153 20 nomenclature nomenclature NN 19499 3153 21 , , , 19499 3153 22 but but CC 19499 3153 23 took take VBD 19499 3153 24 the the DT 19499 3153 25 ground ground NN 19499 3153 26 that that IN 19499 3153 27 the the DT 19499 3153 28 subject subject NN 19499 3153 29 is be VBZ 19499 3153 30 too too RB 19499 3153 31 comprehensive comprehensive JJ 19499 3153 32 to to TO 19499 3153 33 be be VB 19499 3153 34 mastered master VBN 19499 3153 35 in in IN 19499 3153 36 the the DT 19499 3153 37 short short JJ 19499 3153 38 time time NN 19499 3153 39 that that WDT 19499 3153 40 can can MD 19499 3153 41 be be VB 19499 3153 42 given give VBN 19499 3153 43 to to IN 19499 3153 44 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3153 45 by by IN 19499 3153 46 a a DT 19499 3153 47 committee committee NN 19499 3153 48 , , , 19499 3153 49 and and CC 19499 3153 50 that that IN 19499 3153 51 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3153 52 is be VBZ 19499 3153 53 therefore therefore RB 19499 3153 54 impossible impossible JJ 19499 3153 55 to to TO 19499 3153 56 recommend recommend VB 19499 3153 57 specific specific JJ 19499 3153 58 changes change NNS 19499 3153 59 . . . 19499 3154 1 He -PRON- PRP 19499 3154 2 also also RB 19499 3154 3 took take VBD 19499 3154 4 occasion occasion NN 19499 3154 5 to to TO 19499 3154 6 remark remark VB 19499 3154 7 that that IN 19499 3154 8 one one CD 19499 3154 9 difficulty difficulty NN 19499 3154 10 in in IN 19499 3154 11 the the DT 19499 3154 12 whole whole JJ 19499 3154 13 matter matter NN 19499 3154 14 of of IN 19499 3154 15 terminology terminology NN 19499 3154 16 is be VBZ 19499 3154 17 that that IN 19499 3154 18 many many JJ 19499 3154 19 terms term NNS 19499 3154 20 and and CC 19499 3154 21 expressions expression NNS 19499 3154 22 are be VBP 19499 3154 23 used use VBN 19499 3154 24 _ _ NNP 19499 3154 25 colloquially colloquially RB 19499 3154 26 _ _ NNP 19499 3154 27 and and CC 19499 3154 28 that that IN 19499 3154 29 such such JJ 19499 3154 30 use use NN 19499 3154 31 although although IN 19499 3154 32 usually usually RB 19499 3154 33 not not RB 19499 3154 34 scientific scientific JJ 19499 3154 35 , , , 19499 3154 36 is be VBZ 19499 3154 37 often often RB 19499 3154 38 not not RB 19499 3154 39 distinctly distinctly RB 19499 3154 40 harmful harmful JJ 19499 3154 41 and and CC 19499 3154 42 is be VBZ 19499 3154 43 not not RB 19499 3154 44 of of IN 19499 3154 45 sufficient sufficient JJ 19499 3154 46 importance importance NN 19499 3154 47 to to TO 19499 3154 48 cause cause VB 19499 3154 49 undue undue JJ 19499 3154 50 excitement excitement NN 19499 3154 51 on on IN 19499 3154 52 the the DT 19499 3154 53 part part NN 19499 3154 54 of of IN 19499 3154 55 reformers reformer NNS 19499 3154 56 . . . 19499 3155 1 Quoting quote VBG 19499 3155 2 from from IN 19499 3155 3 the the DT 19499 3155 4 report report NN 19499 3155 5 at at IN 19499 3155 6 this this DT 19499 3155 7 point:--"A point:--"A NNP 19499 3155 8 great great JJ 19499 3155 9 deal deal NN 19499 3155 10 of of IN 19499 3155 11 confusion confusion NN 19499 3155 12 is be VBZ 19499 3155 13 more more RBR 19499 3155 14 apparent apparent JJ 19499 3155 15 than than IN 19499 3155 16 real real JJ 19499 3155 17 between between IN 19499 3155 18 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 19 note note NN 19499 3155 20 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 21 and and CC 19499 3155 22 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 23 tone tone NN 19499 3155 24 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 25 , , , 19499 3155 26 between between IN 19499 3155 27 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 28 step step NN 19499 3155 29 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 30 and and CC 19499 3155 31 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 32 degree degree NN 19499 3155 33 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 34 , , , 19499 3155 35 between between IN 19499 3155 36 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 37 key key NN 19499 3155 38 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 39 and and CC 19499 3155 40 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 41 tonality tonality NN 19499 3155 42 _ _ NNP 19499 3155 43 . . . 19499 3156 1 No no DT 19499 3156 2 practical practical JJ 19499 3156 3 harm harm NN 19499 3156 4 is be VBZ 19499 3156 5 done do VBN 19499 3156 6 by by IN 19499 3156 7 speaking speak VBG 19499 3156 8 of of IN 19499 3156 9 the the DT 19499 3156 10 _ _ NNP 19499 3156 11 first first NNP 19499 3156 12 note note NN 19499 3156 13 _ _ NNP 19499 3156 14 of of IN 19499 3156 15 a a DT 19499 3156 16 piece piece NN 19499 3156 17 when when WRB 19499 3156 18 really really RB 19499 3156 19 _ _ NNP 19499 3156 20 first first JJ 19499 3156 21 tone tone NN 19499 3156 22 _ _ NNP 19499 3156 23 would would MD 19499 3156 24 be be VB 19499 3156 25 more more RBR 19499 3156 26 accurate accurate JJ 19499 3156 27 . . . 19499 3157 1 To to TO 19499 3157 2 say say VB 19499 3157 3 that that IN 19499 3157 4 a a DT 19499 3157 5 piece piece NN 19499 3157 6 is be VBZ 19499 3157 7 written write VBN 19499 3157 8 _ _ NNP 19499 3157 9 in in IN 19499 3157 10 the the DT 19499 3157 11 key key NN 19499 3157 12 of of IN 19499 3157 13 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 3157 14 ] ] -RRB- 19499 3157 15 _ _ NNP 19499 3157 16 is be VBZ 19499 3157 17 more more RBR 19499 3157 18 convenient convenient JJ 19499 3157 19 than than IN 19499 3157 20 to to TO 19499 3157 21 say say VB 19499 3157 22 that that IN 19499 3157 23 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3157 24 is be VBZ 19499 3157 25 written write VBN 19499 3157 26 in in IN 19499 3157 27 the the DT 19499 3157 28 _ _ NNP 19499 3157 29 tonality tonality NN 19499 3157 30 of of IN 19499 3157 31 which which WDT 19499 3157 32 B[flat b[flat NN 19499 3157 33 ] ] -RRB- 19499 3157 34 is be VBZ 19499 3157 35 the the DT 19499 3157 36 tonic tonic NN 19499 3157 37 _ _ NNP 19499 3157 38 . . . 19499 3158 1 The the DT 19499 3158 2 truth truth NN 19499 3158 3 is be VBZ 19499 3158 4 that that IN 19499 3158 5 some some DT 19499 3158 6 of of IN 19499 3158 7 the the DT 19499 3158 8 niceties nicety NNS 19499 3158 9 of of IN 19499 3158 10 expression expression NN 19499 3158 11 upon upon IN 19499 3158 12 which which WDT 19499 3158 13 insistence insistence NN 19499 3158 14 is be VBZ 19499 3158 15 occasionally occasionally RB 19499 3158 16 laid lay VBN 19499 3158 17 are be VBP 19499 3158 18 merely merely RB 19499 3158 19 fussy fussy JJ 19499 3158 20 , , , 19499 3158 21 not not RB 19499 3158 22 because because IN 19499 3158 23 they -PRON- PRP 19499 3158 24 have have VBP 19499 3158 25 not not RB 19499 3158 26 some some DT 19499 3158 27 sort sort NN 19499 3158 28 of of IN 19499 3158 29 reason reason NN 19499 3158 30 , , , 19499 3158 31 but but CC 19499 3158 32 because because IN 19499 3158 33 they -PRON- PRP 19499 3158 34 fail fail VBP 19499 3158 35 to to TO 19499 3158 36 take take VB 19499 3158 37 into into IN 19499 3158 38 account account NN 19499 3158 39 the the DT 19499 3158 40 practical practical JJ 19499 3158 41 difference difference NN 19499 3158 42 between between IN 19499 3158 43 colloquial colloquial JJ 19499 3158 44 or or CC 19499 3158 45 off off IN 19499 3158 46 - - HYPH 19499 3158 47 hand hand NN 19499 3158 48 speech speech NN 19499 3158 49 and and CC 19499 3158 50 the the DT 19499 3158 51 diction diction NN 19499 3158 52 of of IN 19499 3158 53 a a DT 19499 3158 54 scientific scientific JJ 19499 3158 55 treatise treatise NN 19499 3158 56 . . . 19499 3159 1 This this DT 19499 3159 2 is be VBZ 19499 3159 3 said say VBN 19499 3159 4 without without IN 19499 3159 5 forgetting forget VBG 19499 3159 6 that that DT 19499 3159 7 colloquialism colloquialism NN 19499 3159 8 always always RB 19499 3159 9 needs need VBZ 19499 3159 10 watching watch VBG 19499 3159 11 and and CC 19499 3159 12 that that IN 19499 3159 13 some some DT 19499 3159 14 people people NNS 19499 3159 15 form form VBP 19499 3159 16 the the DT 19499 3159 17 habit habit NN 19499 3159 18 of of IN 19499 3159 19 being be VBG 19499 3159 20 careless careless JJ 19499 3159 21 or or CC 19499 3159 22 positively positively RB 19499 3159 23 uncouth uncouth JJ 19499 3159 24 as as IN 19499 3159 25 if if IN 19499 3159 26 it -PRON- PRP 19499 3159 27 were be VBD 19499 3159 28 a a DT 19499 3159 29 mark mark NN 19499 3159 30 of of IN 19499 3159 31 high high JJ 19499 3159 32 artistic artistic JJ 19499 3159 33 genius genius NN 19499 3159 34 . . . 19499 3159 35 " " '' 19499 3160 1 Professor Professor NNP 19499 3160 2 Pratt Pratt NNP 19499 3160 3 's 's POS 19499 3160 4 report report NN 19499 3160 5 is be VBZ 19499 3160 6 thus thus RB 19499 3160 7 seen see VBN 19499 3160 8 to to TO 19499 3160 9 be be VB 19499 3160 10 philosophic philosophic JJ 19499 3160 11 rather rather RB 19499 3160 12 than than IN 19499 3160 13 constructive constructive JJ 19499 3160 14 , , , 19499 3160 15 and and CC 19499 3160 16 terminology terminology NN 19499 3160 17 reform reform NN 19499 3160 18 will will MD 19499 3160 19 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 19499 3160 20 make make VB 19499 3160 21 more more JJR 19499 3160 22 immediate immediate JJ 19499 3160 23 progress progress NN 19499 3160 24 through through IN 19499 3160 25 the the DT 19499 3160 26 efforts effort NNS 19499 3160 27 of of IN 19499 3160 28 the the DT 19499 3160 29 N.E.A. N.E.A. NNP 19499 3161 1 Committee committee NN 19499 3161 2 with with IN 19499 3161 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 19499 3161 4 specific specific JJ 19499 3161 5 recommendations recommendation NNS 19499 3161 6 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3161 7 even even RB 19499 3161 8 though though IN 19499 3161 9 these these DT 19499 3161 10 are be VBP 19499 3161 11 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 3161 12 admittedly admittedly RB 19499 3161 13 _ _ NNP 19499 3161 14 fussy fussy NN 19499 3161 15 _ _ NNP 19499 3161 16 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3161 17 than than IN 19499 3161 18 through through IN 19499 3161 19 the the DT 19499 3161 20 policy policy NN 19499 3161 21 of of IN 19499 3161 22 the the DT 19499 3161 23 M.T.N.A. M.T.N.A. NNP 19499 3162 1 of of IN 19499 3162 2 waiting wait VBG 19499 3162 3 for for IN 19499 3162 4 some some DT 19499 3162 5 one one NN 19499 3162 6 to to TO 19499 3162 7 get get VB 19499 3162 8 time time NN 19499 3162 9 to to TO 19499 3162 10 take take VB 19499 3162 11 up up RP 19499 3162 12 the the DT 19499 3162 13 subject subject NN 19499 3162 14 in in IN 19499 3162 15 a a DT 19499 3162 16 scholarly scholarly JJ 19499 3162 17 way way NN 19499 3162 18 . . . 19499 3163 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB 19499 3163 2 the the DT 19499 3163 3 philosophic philosophic JJ 19499 3163 4 view view NN 19499 3163 5 is be VBZ 19499 3163 6 sometimes sometimes RB 19499 3163 7 badly badly RB 19499 3163 8 needed need VBN 19499 3163 9 , , , 19499 3163 10 especially especially RB 19499 3163 11 when when WRB 19499 3163 12 the the DT 19499 3163 13 spirit spirit NN 19499 3163 14 of of IN 19499 3163 15 reform reform NN 19499 3163 16 becomes become VBZ 19499 3163 17 too too RB 19499 3163 18 rabid rabid JJ 19499 3163 19 and and CC 19499 3163 20 attaches attach VBZ 19499 3163 21 too too RB 19499 3163 22 great great JJ 19499 3163 23 importance importance NN 19499 3163 24 to to IN 19499 3163 25 trifles trifle NNS 19499 3163 26 . . . 19499 3164 1 A a DT 19499 3164 2 judicious judicious JJ 19499 3164 3 intermingling intermingling NN 19499 3164 4 of of IN 19499 3164 5 the the DT 19499 3164 6 two two CD 19499 3164 7 committees committee NNS 19499 3164 8 in in IN 19499 3164 9 a a DT 19499 3164 10 series series NN 19499 3164 11 of of IN 19499 3164 12 joint joint JJ 19499 3164 13 meetings meeting NNS 19499 3164 14 would would MD 19499 3164 15 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 19499 3164 16 result result VB 19499 3164 17 in in IN 19499 3164 18 mutual mutual JJ 19499 3164 19 helpfulness helpfulness NN 19499 3164 20 , , , 19499 3164 21 and and CC 19499 3164 22 possibly possibly RB 19499 3164 23 also also RB 19499 3164 24 in in IN 19499 3164 25 a a DT 19499 3164 26 more more RBR 19499 3164 27 tangible tangible JJ 19499 3164 28 and and CC 19499 3164 29 convincing convincing JJ 19499 3164 30 statement statement NN 19499 3164 31 of of IN 19499 3164 32 principles principle NNS 19499 3164 33 than than IN 19499 3164 34 has have VBZ 19499 3164 35 yet yet RB 19499 3164 36 been be VBN 19499 3164 37 formulated formulate VBN 19499 3164 38 by by IN 19499 3164 39 either either DT 19499 3164 40 . . . 19499 3165 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 19499 3165 2 E E NNP 19499 3165 3 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 3165 4 Op Op NNP 19499 3165 5 . . . 19499 3166 1 31 31 CD 19499 3166 2 , , , 19499 3166 3 No no UH 19499 3166 4 . . . 19499 3167 1 3 3 LS 19499 3167 2 by by IN 19499 3167 3 Beethoven Beethoven NNP 19499 3167 4 Analysis Analysis NNP 19499 3167 5 by by IN 19499 3167 6 ARTHUR ARTHUR NNP 19499 3167 7 E. E. NNP 19499 3167 8 HEACOX HEACOX NNP 19499 3167 9 , , , 19499 3167 10 Oberlin Oberlin NNP 19499 3167 11 Conservatory Conservatory NNP 19499 3167 12 of of IN 19499 3167 13 Music Music NNP 19499 3167 14 First First NNP 19499 3167 15 Subject Subject NNP 19499 3167 16 17 17 CD 19499 3167 17 measures measure NNS 19499 3167 18 , , , 19499 3167 19 E[flat e[flat NN 19499 3167 20 ] ] -RRB- 19499 3167 21 major major JJ 19499 3167 22 , , , 19499 3167 23 as as IN 19499 3167 24 follows follow VBZ 19499 3167 25 : : : 19499 3167 26 8 8 CD 19499 3167 27 meas mea NNS 19499 3167 28 . . . 19499 3168 1 presentation presentation NNP 19499 3168 2 , , , 19499 3168 3 one one CD 19499 3168 4 meas meas NN 19499 3168 5 . . . 19499 3169 1 link link NNP 19499 3169 2 , , , 19499 3169 3 8 8 CD 19499 3169 4 meas mea NNS 19499 3169 5 . . . 19499 3170 1 repetition repetition NNP 19499 3170 2 oct oct NNP 19499 3170 3 . . NNP 19499 3170 4 higher higher RBR 19499 3170 5 . . . 19499 3171 1 Rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 3171 2 elements element NNS 19499 3171 3 are be VBP 19499 3171 4 A a NN 19499 3171 5 , , , 19499 3171 6 B b NN 19499 3171 7 , , , 19499 3171 8 C C NNP 19499 3171 9 , , , 19499 3171 10 all all DT 19499 3171 11 presented present VBN 19499 3171 12 in in IN 19499 3171 13 first first JJ 19499 3171 14 8 8 CD 19499 3171 15 meas mea NNS 19499 3171 16 . . . 19499 3172 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 3172 2 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 19499 3172 3 's 's POS 19499 3172 4 Note note NN 19499 3172 5 : : : 19499 3172 6 The the DT 19499 3172 7 analysis analysis NN 19499 3172 8 is be VBZ 19499 3172 9 presented present VBN 19499 3172 10 as as IN 19499 3172 11 notations notation NNS 19499 3172 12 on on IN 19499 3172 13 the the DT 19499 3172 14 musical musical JJ 19499 3172 15 score score NN 19499 3172 16 of of IN 19499 3172 17 the the DT 19499 3172 18 sonata sonata NN 19499 3172 19 . . . 19499 3173 1 Please please UH 19499 3173 2 see see VB 19499 3173 3 the the DT 19499 3173 4 HTML html NN 19499 3173 5 version version NN 19499 3173 6 of of IN 19499 3173 7 this this DT 19499 3173 8 e e NN 19499 3173 9 - - NN 19499 3173 10 text text NN 19499 3173 11 to to TO 19499 3173 12 view view VB 19499 3173 13 the the DT 19499 3173 14 score score NN 19499 3173 15 with with IN 19499 3173 16 the the DT 19499 3173 17 notations notation NNS 19499 3173 18 and and CC 19499 3173 19 to to TO 19499 3173 20 listen listen VB 19499 3173 21 to to IN 19499 3173 22 a a DT 19499 3173 23 MIDI MIDI NNP 19499 3173 24 version version NN 19499 3173 25 . . . 19499 3173 26 ] ] -RRB- 19499 3174 1 [ [ -LRB- 19499 3174 2 Illustration illustration NN 19499 3174 3 : : : 19499 3174 4 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 3174 5 Op Op NNP 19499 3174 6 . . . 19499 3175 1 31 31 CD 19499 3175 2 , , , 19499 3175 3 No no UH 19499 3175 4 . . . 19499 3176 1 3 3 LS 19499 3176 2 ] ] -RRB- 19499 3176 3 INDEX index NN 19499 3176 4 eh eh UH 19499 3176 5 = = NFP 19499 3176 6 a a DT 19499 3176 7 as as IN 19499 3176 8 in in IN 19499 3176 9 face face NN 19499 3176 10 ; ; : 19499 3176 11 ah ah UH 19499 3176 12 = = SYM 19499 3176 13 a a XX 19499 3176 14 as as IN 19499 3176 15 in in IN 19499 3176 16 far far RB 19499 3176 17 ; ; : 19499 3176 18 ch ch NN 19499 3176 19 = = SYM 19499 3176 20 ch ch NNP 19499 3176 21 as as IN 19499 3176 22 in in IN 19499 3176 23 chair chair NN 19499 3176 24 ; ; , 19499 3176 25 final final JJ 19499 3176 26 eh eh UH 19499 3176 27 = = NFP 19499 3176 28 e e XX 19499 3176 29 as as IN 19499 3176 30 in in IN 19499 3176 31 met met NNP 19499 3176 32 . . . 19499 3177 1 A a DT 19499 3177 2 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 3 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 4 ah ah UH 19499 3177 5 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 6 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 7 , , , 19499 3177 8 95 95 CD 19499 3177 9 A a DT 19499 3177 10 battuta battuta NN 19499 3177 11 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 12 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 13 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 14 - - HYPH 19499 3177 15 baht baht NNP 19499 3177 16 - - HYPH 19499 3177 17 too'-tah too'-tah CD 19499 3177 18 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 19 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 20 , , , 19499 3177 21 95 95 CD 19499 3177 22 A a DT 19499 3177 23 capella capella NN 19499 3177 24 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 25 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 26 cah cah NNP 19499 3177 27 - - HYPH 19499 3177 28 pel'-lah pel'-lah NNP 19499 3177 29 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 30 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 31 , , , 19499 3177 32 76 76 CD 19499 3177 33 A a DT 19499 3177 34 capriccio capriccio NN 19499 3177 35 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 36 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 37 cah cah NNP 19499 3177 38 - - HYPH 19499 3177 39 pritch'-eo pritch'-eo NNP 19499 3177 40 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 41 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 42 , , , 19499 3177 43 54 54 CD 19499 3177 44 Accelerando Accelerando NNP 19499 3177 45 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 46 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 47 aht aht NN 19499 3177 48 - - HYPH 19499 3177 49 cheh cheh NN 19499 3177 50 - - HYPH 19499 3177 51 leh leh NNP 19499 3177 52 - - HYPH 19499 3177 53 rahn'-do rahn'-do NNP 19499 3177 54 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 55 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 56 , , , 19499 3177 57 54 54 CD 19499 3177 58 Accented accented JJ 19499 3177 59 tones tone NNS 19499 3177 60 , , , 19499 3177 61 20 20 CD 19499 3177 62 Accent accent JJ 19499 3177 63 marks mark NNS 19499 3177 64 , , , 19499 3177 65 20 20 CD 19499 3177 66 Accent accent NN 19499 3177 67 in in IN 19499 3177 68 measures measure NNS 19499 3177 69 , , , 19499 3177 70 44 44 CD 19499 3177 71 Acciaccatura Acciaccatura NNP 19499 3177 72 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 73 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 74 aht aht NN 19499 3177 75 - - HYPH 19499 3177 76 cheea cheea NNP 19499 3177 77 - - HYPH 19499 3177 78 cah cah NNP 19499 3177 79 - - HYPH 19499 3177 80 too'-ra too'-ra NNP 19499 3177 81 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 82 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 83 , , , 19499 3177 84 25 25 CD 19499 3177 85 , , , 19499 3177 86 26 26 CD 19499 3177 87 Accidentals accidental NNS 19499 3177 88 , , , 19499 3177 89 9 9 CD 19499 3177 90 Accompagnamento Accompagnamento NNP 19499 3177 91 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 92 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 93 ahc ahc NNP 19499 3177 94 - - HYPH 19499 3177 95 com com NN 19499 3177 96 - - HYPH 19499 3177 97 pahn pahn NN 19499 3177 98 - - HYPH 19499 3177 99 yah yah NNP 19499 3177 100 - - HYPH 19499 3177 101 men'-to men'-to NNP 19499 3177 102 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 103 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 104 , , , 19499 3177 105 95 95 CD 19499 3177 106 Acoustics Acoustics NNPS 19499 3177 107 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 108 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 109 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 110 - - HYPH 19499 3177 111 kow'-stics kow'-stics NNP 19499 3177 112 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 113 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 114 , , , 19499 3177 115 def def NNP 19499 3177 116 . . NNP 19499 3177 117 , , , 19499 3177 118 131 131 CD 19499 3177 119 of of IN 19499 3177 120 auditoriums auditorium NNS 19499 3177 121 , , , 19499 3177 122 133 133 CD 19499 3177 123 Adagietto Adagietto NNP 19499 3177 124 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 125 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 126 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 127 - - HYPH 19499 3177 128 dah dah NNP 19499 3177 129 - - HYPH 19499 3177 130 jee jee NNP 19499 3177 131 - - HYPH 19499 3177 132 et'-to et'-to NNP 19499 3177 133 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 134 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 135 , , , 19499 3177 136 50 50 CD 19499 3177 137 Adagio Adagio NNP 19499 3177 138 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 139 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 140 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 141 - - HYPH 19499 3177 142 dah'-jee dah'-jee CD 19499 3177 143 - - HYPH 19499 3177 144 o o NN 19499 3177 145 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 146 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 147 , , , 19499 3177 148 50 50 CD 19499 3177 149 À à NN 19499 3177 150 deux deux NN 19499 3177 151 mains main NNS 19499 3177 152 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 153 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 154 doo doo NNP 19499 3177 155 - - HYPH 19499 3177 156 mahng mahng NNP 19499 3177 157 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 158 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 159 , , , 19499 3177 160 42 42 CD 19499 3177 161 Ad ad NN 19499 3177 162 libitum libitum NN 19499 3177 163 , , , 19499 3177 164 54 54 CD 19499 3177 165 Affrettando Affrettando NNP 19499 3177 166 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 167 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 168 ahf ahf NNP 19499 3177 169 - - HYPH 19499 3177 170 fret fret NNP 19499 3177 171 - - HYPH 19499 3177 172 tahn'-do tahn'-do NNP 19499 3177 173 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 174 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 175 , , , 19499 3177 176 54 54 CD 19499 3177 177 Agitato Agitato NNP 19499 3177 178 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 179 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 180 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 181 - - HYPH 19499 3177 182 jee jee NNP 19499 3177 183 - - HYPH 19499 3177 184 tah'-to tah'-to NNP 19499 3177 185 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 186 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 187 , , , 19499 3177 188 55 55 CD 19499 3177 189 Agréments agrément NNS 19499 3177 190 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 191 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 192 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 193 - - HYPH 19499 3177 194 greh greh NN 19499 3177 195 - - HYPH 19499 3177 196 mahng mahng NNP 19499 3177 197 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 198 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 199 , , , 19499 3177 200 22 22 CD 19499 3177 201 À à NN 19499 3177 202 la la NN 19499 3177 203 or or CC 19499 3177 204 alla alla NN 19499 3177 205 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 206 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 207 ahl'-lah ahl'-lah CD 19499 3177 208 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 209 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 210 , , , 19499 3177 211 42 42 CD 19499 3177 212 Alla alla NN 19499 3177 213 breve breve NN 19499 3177 214 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 215 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 216 breh'-veh breh'-veh NNP 19499 3177 217 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 218 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 219 , , , 19499 3177 220 95 95 CD 19499 3177 221 Alla Alla NNP 19499 3177 222 marcia marcia NN 19499 3177 223 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 224 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 225 mar'-chee mar'-chee NNP 19499 3177 226 - - HYPH 19499 3177 227 ah ah UH 19499 3177 228 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 229 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 230 , , , 19499 3177 231 95 95 CD 19499 3177 232 Allargando Allargando NNP 19499 3177 233 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 234 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 235 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3177 236 - - HYPH 19499 3177 237 lahr lahr NNP 19499 3177 238 - - HYPH 19499 3177 239 gahn'-do gahn'-do NNP 19499 3177 240 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 241 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 242 , , , 19499 3177 243 53 53 CD 19499 3177 244 Alla alla NN 19499 3177 245 zingara zingara NN 19499 3177 246 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 247 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 248 tseen tseen VBN 19499 3177 249 - - HYPH 19499 3177 250 gah'-rah gah'-rah CD 19499 3177 251 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 252 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 253 , , , 19499 3177 254 95 95 CD 19499 3177 255 Allegretto Allegretto NNP 19499 3177 256 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 257 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 258 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3177 259 - - HYPH 19499 3177 260 leh leh NNP 19499 3177 261 - - HYPH 19499 3177 262 gret'-to gret'-to NNP 19499 3177 263 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 264 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 265 , , , 19499 3177 266 51 51 CD 19499 3177 267 Allegrissimo Allegrissimo NNP 19499 3177 268 , , , 19499 3177 269 52 52 CD 19499 3177 270 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 271 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 272 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 273 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3177 274 - - HYPH 19499 3177 275 leh'-gro leh'-gro CD 19499 3177 276 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 277 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 278 , , , 19499 3177 279 50 50 CD 19499 3177 280 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 281 agitato agitato NN 19499 3177 282 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 283 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 284 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 285 - - HYPH 19499 3177 286 jee jee NNP 19499 3177 287 - - HYPH 19499 3177 288 tah'-to tah'-to NNP 19499 3177 289 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 290 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 291 , , , 19499 3177 292 52 52 CD 19499 3177 293 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 294 appassionata appassionata NN 19499 3177 295 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 296 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 297 -ah'-tah -ah'-tah NNP 19499 3177 298 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 299 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 300 , , , 19499 3177 301 52 52 CD 19499 3177 302 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 303 assai assai NNP 19499 3177 304 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 305 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 306 ahs ahs NN 19499 3177 307 - - HYPH 19499 3177 308 sah'-ee sah'-ee NNP 19499 3177 309 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 310 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 311 , , , 19499 3177 312 52 52 CD 19499 3177 313 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 314 commodo commodo NN 19499 3177 315 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 316 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 317 kom kom NNP 19499 3177 318 - - HYPH 19499 3177 319 mo'-do mo'-do NNP 19499 3177 320 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 321 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 322 , , , 19499 3177 323 52 52 CD 19499 3177 324 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 325 con con NN 19499 3177 326 brio brio NN 19499 3177 327 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 328 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 329 bree'-o bree'-o NNP 19499 3177 330 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 331 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 332 , , , 19499 3177 333 52 52 CD 19499 3177 334 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 335 con con NN 19499 3177 336 fuoco fuoco RB 19499 3177 337 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 338 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 339 foo foo NN 19499 3177 340 - - HYPH 19499 3177 341 o'-ko o'-ko NNP 19499 3177 342 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 343 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 344 , , , 19499 3177 345 53 53 CD 19499 3177 346 Allegro allegro JJ 19499 3177 347 con con NN 19499 3177 348 moto moto NN 19499 3177 349 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 350 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 351 mo'-to mo'-to NNP 19499 3177 352 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 353 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 354 , , , 19499 3177 355 53 53 CD 19499 3177 356 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 357 con con NN 19499 3177 358 spirito spirito NNP 19499 3177 359 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 360 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 361 spee'-ree spee'-ree NNP 19499 3177 362 - - , 19499 3177 363 to to IN 19499 3177 364 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 365 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 366 , , , 19499 3177 367 53 53 CD 19499 3177 368 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 369 di di FW 19499 3177 370 bravura bravura NN 19499 3177 371 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 372 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 373 dee dee NNP 19499 3177 374 brah brah NNP 19499 3177 375 - - HYPH 19499 3177 376 voo'-rah voo'-rah NNP 19499 3177 377 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 378 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 379 , , , 19499 3177 380 53 53 CD 19499 3177 381 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 382 di di FW 19499 3177 383 molto molto NN 19499 3177 384 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 385 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 386 mohl'-to mohl'-to NNP 19499 3177 387 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 388 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 389 , , , 19499 3177 390 53 53 CD 19499 3177 391 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 392 furioso furioso NN 19499 3177 393 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 394 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 395 foo foo NN 19499 3177 396 - - HYPH 19499 3177 397 ree ree NN 19499 3177 398 - - HYPH 19499 3177 399 o'-so o'-so NNP 19499 3177 400 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 401 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 402 , , , 19499 3177 403 53 53 CD 19499 3177 404 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 405 giusto giusto NN 19499 3177 406 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 407 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 408 jew jew NNP 19499 3177 409 - - HYPH 19499 3177 410 sto sto NNP 19499 3177 411 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 412 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 413 , , , 19499 3177 414 53 53 CD 19499 3177 415 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 416 ma ma NNP 19499 3177 417 grazioso grazioso NNP 19499 3177 418 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 419 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 420 mah mah NNP 19499 3177 421 grah grah NNP 19499 3177 422 - - HYPH 19499 3177 423 tsi tsi NN 19499 3177 424 - - HYPH 19499 3177 425 o'-so o'-so NNP 19499 3177 426 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 427 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 428 , , , 19499 3177 429 53 53 CD 19499 3177 430 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 431 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 432 ma ma NNP 19499 3177 433 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 434 non non NNP 19499 3177 435 tanto tanto NNP 19499 3177 436 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 437 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 438 tahn'-to tahn'-to NNP 19499 3177 439 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 440 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 441 , , , 19499 3177 442 53 53 CD 19499 3177 443 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 444 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 445 ma ma NNP 19499 3177 446 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 447 non non NNP 19499 3177 448 troppo troppo NN 19499 3177 449 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 450 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 451 trop'-po trop'-po NNP 19499 3177 452 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 453 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 454 , , , 19499 3177 455 53 53 CD 19499 3177 456 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 457 moderato moderato NN 19499 3177 458 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 459 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 460 mod mod NNP 19499 3177 461 - - HYPH 19499 3177 462 e e NNP 19499 3177 463 - - HYPH 19499 3177 464 rah'-to rah'-to NNP 19499 3177 465 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 466 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 467 , , , 19499 3177 468 53 53 CD 19499 3177 469 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 470 quasi quasi NNP 19499 3177 471 andante andante NNP 19499 3177 472 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 473 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 474 quah quah NNP 19499 3177 475 - - HYPH 19499 3177 476 see see NNP 19499 3177 477 ahn ahn NNP 19499 3177 478 - - HYPH 19499 3177 479 dahn'-teh dahn'-teh NNP 19499 3177 480 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 481 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 482 , , , 19499 3177 483 53 53 CD 19499 3177 484 Allegro Allegro NNP 19499 3177 485 vivace vivace NN 19499 3177 486 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 487 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 488 vee vee NNP 19499 3177 489 - - HYPH 19499 3177 490 vah'-cheh vah'-cheh NNP 19499 3177 491 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 492 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 493 , , , 19499 3177 494 53 53 CD 19499 3177 495 Allemande Allemande NNP 19499 3177 496 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 497 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 498 al al NNP 19499 3177 499 - - HYPH 19499 3177 500 mahnd mahnd NNP 19499 3177 501 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 502 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 503 , , , 19499 3177 504 71 71 CD 19499 3177 505 All'unisono All'unisono NNP 19499 3177 506 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 507 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 508 oo oo JJ 19499 3177 509 - - HYPH 19499 3177 510 nee nee NN 19499 3177 511 - - HYPH 19499 3177 512 so'-no so'-no NNP 19499 3177 513 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 514 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 515 , , , 19499 3177 516 95 95 CD 19499 3177 517 All'ottava All'ottava NNP 19499 3177 518 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 519 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 520 ot ot NNP 19499 3177 521 - - HYPH 19499 3177 522 tah'-vah tah'-vah CD 19499 3177 523 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 524 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 525 , , , 19499 3177 526 15 15 CD 19499 3177 527 Alt Alt NNP 19499 3177 528 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 529 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 530 ahlt ahlt NN 19499 3177 531 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 532 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 533 , , , 19499 3177 534 95 95 CD 19499 3177 535 Alto Alto NNP 19499 3177 536 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 537 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 538 ahl ahl NNP 19499 3177 539 - - HYPH 19499 3177 540 to to IN 19499 3177 541 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 542 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 543 , , , 19499 3177 544 95 95 CD 19499 3177 545 A a DT 19499 3177 546 mezza mezza NN 19499 3177 547 voce voce NN 19499 3177 548 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 549 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 550 met'-zah met'-zah NNP 19499 3177 551 - - HYPH 19499 3177 552 vo'-cheh vo'-cheh NNP 19499 3177 553 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 554 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 555 , , , 19499 3177 556 42 42 CD 19499 3177 557 Amore Amore NNP 19499 3177 558 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 559 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 560 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 561 - - HYPH 19499 3177 562 mo'-reh mo'-reh NNP 19499 3177 563 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 564 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 565 , , , 19499 3177 566 42 42 CD 19499 3177 567 , , , 19499 3177 568 59 59 CD 19499 3177 569 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 570 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 571 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 572 ahn ahn NNP 19499 3177 573 - - HYPH 19499 3177 574 dahn'-teh dahn'-teh NNP 19499 3177 575 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 576 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 577 , , , 19499 3177 578 50 50 CD 19499 3177 579 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 580 affettuoso affettuoso NN 19499 3177 581 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 582 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 583 ahf ahf NNP 19499 3177 584 - - HYPH 19499 3177 585 fet fet NNP 19499 3177 586 - - HYPH 19499 3177 587 too too RB 19499 3177 588 - - HYPH 19499 3177 589 o'-so o'-so NNP 19499 3177 590 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 591 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 592 , , , 19499 3177 593 52 52 CD 19499 3177 594 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 595 amabile amabile NN 19499 3177 596 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 597 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 598 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 599 - - HYPH 19499 3177 600 mah'-bee mah'-bee CD 19499 3177 601 - - HYPH 19499 3177 602 leh leh NN 19499 3177 603 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 604 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 605 , , , 19499 3177 606 52 52 CD 19499 3177 607 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 608 cantabile cantabile NN 19499 3177 609 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 610 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 611 cahn cahn NNP 19499 3177 612 - - HYPH 19499 3177 613 tah'-bee tah'-bee CD 19499 3177 614 - - HYPH 19499 3177 615 leh leh NN 19499 3177 616 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 617 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 618 , , , 19499 3177 619 52 52 CD 19499 3177 620 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 621 con con NN 19499 3177 622 moto moto NN 19499 3177 623 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 624 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 625 mo'-to mo'-to NNP 19499 3177 626 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 627 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 628 , , , 19499 3177 629 52 52 CD 19499 3177 630 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 631 grazioso grazioso NN 19499 3177 632 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 633 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 634 grah grah NNP 19499 3177 635 - - HYPH 19499 3177 636 tsi tsi NN 19499 3177 637 - - HYPH 19499 3177 638 o'-so o'-so NNP 19499 3177 639 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 640 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 641 , , , 19499 3177 642 52 52 CD 19499 3177 643 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 644 maestoso maestoso NN 19499 3177 645 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 646 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 647 mah mah NNP 19499 3177 648 - - HYPH 19499 3177 649 es es NNP 19499 3177 650 - - HYPH 19499 3177 651 to'-so to'-so NNP 19499 3177 652 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 653 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 654 , , , 19499 3177 655 52 52 CD 19499 3177 656 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 657 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 658 ma ma NNP 19499 3177 659 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 660 non non NNP 19499 3177 661 troppo troppo NN 19499 3177 662 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 663 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 664 mah mah NNP 19499 3177 665 non non AFX 19499 3177 666 trop'-po trop'-po NNP 19499 3177 667 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 668 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 669 , , , 19499 3177 670 52 52 CD 19499 3177 671 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 672 pastorale pastorale NN 19499 3177 673 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 674 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 675 pahs pahs NN 19499 3177 676 - - HYPH 19499 3177 677 to to IN 19499 3177 678 - - HYPH 19499 3177 679 rah'-leh rah'-leh CD 19499 3177 680 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 681 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 682 , , , 19499 3177 683 52 52 CD 19499 3177 684 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 685 quasi quasi NNP 19499 3177 686 allegro allegro NNP 19499 3177 687 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 688 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 689 quah quah NNP 19499 3177 690 - - HYPH 19499 3177 691 see see VB 19499 3177 692 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3177 693 - - HYPH 19499 3177 694 leh'-gro leh'-gro CD 19499 3177 695 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 696 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 697 , , , 19499 3177 698 52 52 CD 19499 3177 699 Andante Andante NNP 19499 3177 700 sostenuto sostenuto NN 19499 3177 701 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 702 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 703 sos sos NNP 19499 3177 704 - - HYPH 19499 3177 705 teh teh NNP 19499 3177 706 - - HYPH 19499 3177 707 noo'-to noo'-to NNP 19499 3177 708 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 709 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 710 , , , 19499 3177 711 52 52 CD 19499 3177 712 Animando Animando NNP 19499 3177 713 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 714 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 715 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 716 - - HYPH 19499 3177 717 nee nee NNP 19499 3177 718 - - HYPH 19499 3177 719 mahn'-do mahn'-do NNP 19499 3177 720 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 721 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 722 , , , 19499 3177 723 55 55 CD 19499 3177 724 Animato Animato NNP 19499 3177 725 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 726 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 727 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 728 - - HYPH 19499 3177 729 nee nee NNP 19499 3177 730 - - HYPH 19499 3177 731 mah'-to mah'-to NNP 19499 3177 732 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 733 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 734 , , , 19499 3177 735 55 55 CD 19499 3177 736 Animato Animato NNP 19499 3177 737 come come VBN 19499 3177 738 sopra sopra NNP 19499 3177 739 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 740 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 741 co co NNP 19499 3177 742 - - NN 19499 3177 743 meh meh JJ 19499 3177 744 so'-prah so'-prah NNP 19499 3177 745 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 746 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 747 , , , 19499 3177 748 55 55 CD 19499 3177 749 Andantino Andantino NNP 19499 3177 750 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 751 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 752 ahn ahn NNP 19499 3177 753 - - HYPH 19499 3177 754 dahn dahn NNP 19499 3177 755 - - HYPH 19499 3177 756 tee'-no tee'-no NN 19499 3177 757 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 758 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 759 , , , 19499 3177 760 50 50 CD 19499 3177 761 Antecedent Antecedent NNP 19499 3177 762 , , , 19499 3177 763 67 67 CD 19499 3177 764 Anthem Anthem NNP 19499 3177 765 , , , 19499 3177 766 76 76 CD 19499 3177 767 Anticipation anticipation NN 19499 3177 768 , , , 19499 3177 769 93 93 CD 19499 3177 770 Antiphony Antiphony NNP 19499 3177 771 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 772 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 773 an an DT 19499 3177 774 - - HYPH 19499 3177 775 tif'-o tif'-o NN 19499 3177 776 - - HYPH 19499 3177 777 ny ny NN 19499 3177 778 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 779 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 780 , , , 19499 3177 781 95 95 CD 19499 3177 782 Antithesis antithesis NN 19499 3177 783 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 784 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 785 an an DT 19499 3177 786 - - HYPH 19499 3177 787 tith'- tith'- NNP 19499 3177 788 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 789 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 790 , , , 19499 3177 791 67 67 CD 19499 3177 792 A a DT 19499 3177 793 piacere piacere NN 19499 3177 794 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 795 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 796 pee pee NNP 19499 3177 797 - - HYPH 19499 3177 798 ah ah UH 19499 3177 799 - - HYPH 19499 3177 800 cheh'-reh cheh'-reh NNP 19499 3177 801 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 802 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 803 , , , 19499 3177 804 54 54 CD 19499 3177 805 Appoggiatura Appoggiatura NNP 19499 3177 806 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 807 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 808 ap ap NNP 19499 3177 809 - - HYPH 19499 3177 810 pod pod NNP 19499 3177 811 - - HYPH 19499 3177 812 jea jea NNP 19499 3177 813 - - HYPH 19499 3177 814 too'-rah too'-rah CD 19499 3177 815 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 816 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 817 , , , 19499 3177 818 def def NNP 19499 3177 819 . . NNP 19499 3177 820 , , , 19499 3177 821 25 25 CD 19499 3177 822 À à CD 19499 3177 823 quatre quatre NN 19499 3177 824 mains main NNS 19499 3177 825 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 826 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 827 kahtr kahtr NNP 19499 3177 828 - - HYPH 19499 3177 829 mahng mahng NNP 19499 3177 830 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 831 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 832 , , , 19499 3177 833 95 95 CD 19499 3177 834 Arabesque Arabesque NNP 19499 3177 835 , , , 19499 3177 836 95 95 CD 19499 3177 837 Aria Aria NNP 19499 3177 838 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 839 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 840 ah'-ree ah'-ree NNP 19499 3177 841 - - HYPH 19499 3177 842 ah ah UH 19499 3177 843 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 844 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 845 , , , 19499 3177 846 79 79 CD 19499 3177 847 Arioso Arioso NNP 19499 3177 848 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 849 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 850 ah ah NNP 19499 3177 851 - - HYPH 19499 3177 852 ree ree NN 19499 3177 853 - - HYPH 19499 3177 854 o'-so o'-so NNP 19499 3177 855 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 856 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 857 , , , 19499 3177 858 95 95 CD 19499 3177 859 Arpeggiando Arpeggiando NNP 19499 3177 860 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 861 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 862 ar ar NNP 19499 3177 863 - - HYPH 19499 3177 864 ped ped NNP 19499 3177 865 - - HYPH 19499 3177 866 jee jee NNP 19499 3177 867 - - HYPH 19499 3177 868 ahn'-do ahn'-do NNP 19499 3177 869 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 870 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 871 , , , 19499 3177 872 21 21 CD 19499 3177 873 Arpeggiato Arpeggiato NNP 19499 3177 874 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 875 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 876 -ah'-to -ah'-to NNP 19499 3177 877 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 878 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 879 , , , 19499 3177 880 21 21 CD 19499 3177 881 Arpeggiento Arpeggiento NNP 19499 3177 882 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 883 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 884 -en'-to -en'-to NNP 19499 3177 885 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 886 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 887 , , , 19499 3177 888 21 21 CD 19499 3177 889 Arpeggio Arpeggio NNP 19499 3177 890 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 891 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 892 ar ar NNP 19499 3177 893 - - HYPH 19499 3177 894 ped'-jee ped'-jee CD 19499 3177 895 - - HYPH 19499 3177 896 o o NN 19499 3177 897 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 898 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 899 , , , 19499 3177 900 21 21 CD 19499 3177 901 Art art NN 19499 3177 902 - - HYPH 19499 3177 903 ballad ballad NN 19499 3177 904 , , , 19499 3177 905 80 80 CD 19499 3177 906 Assai Assai NNP 19499 3177 907 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 908 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 909 ahs ahs NN 19499 3177 910 - - HYPH 19499 3177 911 sah'-ee sah'-ee NNP 19499 3177 912 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 913 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 914 , , , 19499 3177 915 42 42 CD 19499 3177 916 A a DT 19499 3177 917 tempo tempo NN 19499 3177 918 , , , 19499 3177 919 54 54 CD 19499 3177 920 A a DT 19499 3177 921 tempo tempo NN 19499 3177 922 primo primo NN 19499 3177 923 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 924 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 925 pree'-mo pree'-mo NNP 19499 3177 926 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 927 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 928 , , , 19499 3177 929 54 54 CD 19499 3177 930 A a DT 19499 3177 931 tempo tempo NN 19499 3177 932 rubato rubato NNP 19499 3177 933 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 934 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 935 roo roo NNP 19499 3177 936 - - HYPH 19499 3177 937 bah'-to bah'-to NNP 19499 3177 938 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 939 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 940 , , , 19499 3177 941 54 54 CD 19499 3177 942 Attacca Attacca NNP 19499 3177 943 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 944 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 945 aht aht NNP 19499 3177 946 - - HYPH 19499 3177 947 tah'-kah tah'-kah CD 19499 3177 948 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 949 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 950 , , , 19499 3177 951 95 95 CD 19499 3177 952 Attacca Attacca NNP 19499 3177 953 subito subito NN 19499 3177 954 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 955 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 956 soo'-bee soo'-bee CD 19499 3177 957 - - HYPH 19499 3177 958 to to IN 19499 3177 959 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 960 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 961 , , , 19499 3177 962 95 95 CD 19499 3177 963 Attacca Attacca NNP 19499 3177 964 subito subito CC 19499 3177 965 il il NNP 19499 3177 966 seguente seguente NNP 19499 3177 967 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3177 968 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 969 eel eel NNP 19499 3177 970 seg seg NNP 19499 3177 971 - - HYPH 19499 3177 972 wen'-teh wen'-teh CD 19499 3177 973 _ _ NNP 19499 3177 974 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3177 975 , , , 19499 3177 976 95 95 CD 19499 3177 977 Attack attack NN 19499 3177 978 , , , 19499 3177 979 95 95 CD 19499 3177 980 Bagpipe bagpipe NN 19499 3177 981 , , , 19499 3177 982 95 95 CD 19499 3177 983 Ballad Ballad NNP 19499 3177 984 , , , 19499 3177 985 80 80 CD 19499 3177 986 Band Band NNP 19499 3177 987 , , , 19499 3177 988 115 115 CD 19499 3177 989 Bar Bar NNP 19499 3177 990 , , , 19499 3177 991 def def NNP 19499 3177 992 . . . 19499 3178 1 and and CC 19499 3178 2 use use VB 19499 3178 3 , , , 19499 3178 4 12 12 CD 19499 3178 5 double double JJ 19499 3178 6 , , , 19499 3178 7 12 12 CD 19499 3178 8 Barcarole Barcarole NNP 19499 3178 9 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 10 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 11 bar'-cah bar'-cah CD 19499 3178 12 - - HYPH 19499 3178 13 rohl rohl NNP 19499 3178 14 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 15 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 16 , , , 19499 3178 17 95 95 CD 19499 3178 18 Baritone Baritone NNP 19499 3178 19 , , , 19499 3178 20 95 95 CD 19499 3178 21 Bass Bass NNP 19499 3178 22 , , , 19499 3178 23 95 95 CD 19499 3178 24 Bass Bass NNP 19499 3178 25 clarinet clarinet NN 19499 3178 26 , , , 19499 3178 27 121 121 CD 19499 3178 28 Basso Basso NNP 19499 3178 29 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 30 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 31 bahs'-so bahs'-so NNP 19499 3178 32 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 33 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 34 , , , 19499 3178 35 95 95 CD 19499 3178 36 Bassoon bassoon NN 19499 3178 37 , , , 19499 3178 38 121 121 CD 19499 3178 39 Bass Bass NNP 19499 3178 40 staff staff NN 19499 3178 41 , , , 19499 3178 42 6 6 CD 19499 3178 43 Bass Bass NNP 19499 3178 44 tuba tuba NN 19499 3178 45 , , , 19499 3178 46 125 125 CD 19499 3178 47 Bass Bass NNP 19499 3178 48 viol viol NN 19499 3178 49 , , , 19499 3178 50 118 118 CD 19499 3178 51 Ben Ben NNP 19499 3178 52 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 53 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 54 behn behn NNP 19499 3178 55 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 56 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 57 , , , 19499 3178 58 42 42 CD 19499 3178 59 Ben Ben NNP 19499 3178 60 marcato marcato FW 19499 3178 61 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 62 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 63 mahr mahr NNP 19499 3178 64 - - HYPH 19499 3178 65 kah'-to kah'-to NNP 19499 3178 66 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 67 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 68 , , , 19499 3178 69 42 42 CD 19499 3178 70 Berceuse Berceuse NNP 19499 3178 71 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 72 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 73 behr behr NN 19499 3178 74 - - HYPH 19499 3178 75 soos soo NNS 19499 3178 76 ' ' '' 19499 3178 77 _ _ NN 19499 3178 78 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 79 , , , 19499 3178 80 95 95 CD 19499 3178 81 Binary binary JJ 19499 3178 82 form form NN 19499 3178 83 , , , 19499 3178 84 95 95 CD 19499 3178 85 Binary binary JJ 19499 3178 86 measure measure NN 19499 3178 87 , , , 19499 3178 88 95 95 CD 19499 3178 89 Bis Bis NNP 19499 3178 90 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 91 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 92 bees bee NNS 19499 3178 93 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 94 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 95 , , , 19499 3178 96 96 96 CD 19499 3178 97 Bolero Bolero NNP 19499 3178 98 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 99 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 100 bo bo NNP 19499 3178 101 - - HYPH 19499 3178 102 leh'-ro leh'-ro NNP 19499 3178 103 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 104 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 105 , , , 19499 3178 106 71 71 CD 19499 3178 107 Bourrée Bourrée NNP 19499 3178 108 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 109 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 110 boo boo NNP 19499 3178 111 - - HYPH 19499 3178 112 reh reh NNP 19499 3178 113 ' ' '' 19499 3178 114 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 115 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 116 , , , 19499 3178 117 71 71 CD 19499 3178 118 Brace Brace NNP 19499 3178 119 , , , 19499 3178 120 96 96 CD 19499 3178 121 Brass brass NN 19499 3178 122 instruments instrument NNS 19499 3178 123 , , , 19499 3178 124 116 116 CD 19499 3178 125 Brillante Brillante NNP 19499 3178 126 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 127 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 128 breel breel NN 19499 3178 129 - - HYPH 19499 3178 130 ahn'-teh ahn'-teh NNP 19499 3178 131 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 132 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 133 , , , 19499 3178 134 55 55 CD 19499 3178 135 Broken broken JJ 19499 3178 136 chord chord NN 19499 3178 137 , , , 19499 3178 138 96 96 CD 19499 3178 139 Broken broken JJ 19499 3178 140 octave octave NN 19499 3178 141 , , , 19499 3178 142 96 96 CD 19499 3178 143 Cacophony Cacophony NNP 19499 3178 144 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 145 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 146 kak kak NNP 19499 3178 147 - - HYPH 19499 3178 148 of'-o of'-o NNP 19499 3178 149 - - HYPH 19499 3178 150 ny ny NN 19499 3178 151 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 152 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 153 , , , 19499 3178 154 96 96 CD 19499 3178 155 Cadence Cadence NNP 19499 3178 156 , , , 19499 3178 157 89 89 CD 19499 3178 158 Cadenza Cadenza NNP 19499 3178 159 , , , 19499 3178 160 96 96 CD 19499 3178 161 Calando Calando NNP 19499 3178 162 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 163 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 164 kah kah NNP 19499 3178 165 - - HYPH 19499 3178 166 lahn'-do lahn'-do NNP 19499 3178 167 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 168 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 169 , , , 19499 3178 170 59 59 CD 19499 3178 171 Cancel Cancel NNP 19499 3178 172 , , , 19499 3178 173 3 3 CD 19499 3178 174 , , , 19499 3178 175 8 8 CD 19499 3178 176 Cantabile Cantabile NNP 19499 3178 177 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 178 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 179 kahn kahn NNP 19499 3178 180 - - HYPH 19499 3178 181 tah'-bee tah'-bee CD 19499 3178 182 - - HYPH 19499 3178 183 leh leh NN 19499 3178 184 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 185 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 186 , , , 19499 3178 187 96 96 CD 19499 3178 188 Cantando Cantando NNP 19499 3178 189 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 190 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 191 kakn kakn NNP 19499 3178 192 - - HYPH 19499 3178 193 tahn'-do tahn'-do NNP 19499 3178 194 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 195 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 196 , , , 19499 3178 197 96 96 CD 19499 3178 198 Canto Canto NNP 19499 3178 199 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 200 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 201 kahn'-to kahn'-to NNP 19499 3178 202 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 203 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 204 , , , 19499 3178 205 96 96 CD 19499 3178 206 Cantus Cantus NNP 19499 3178 207 firmus firmus NN 19499 3178 208 , , , 19499 3178 209 64 64 CD 19499 3178 210 Canon Canon NNP 19499 3178 211 , , , 19499 3178 212 64 64 CD 19499 3178 213 Cantata Cantata NNP 19499 3178 214 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 215 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 216 kahn kahn NNP 19499 3178 217 - - HYPH 19499 3178 218 tah'-tah tah'-tah NNP 19499 3178 219 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 220 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 221 , , , 19499 3178 222 77 77 CD 19499 3178 223 Carol Carol NNP 19499 3178 224 , , , 19499 3178 225 96 96 CD 19499 3178 226 Catch catch NN 19499 3178 227 , , , 19499 3178 228 96 96 CD 19499 3178 229 C c NN 19499 3178 230 clef clef VBD 19499 3178 231 3 3 CD 19499 3178 232 , , , 19499 3178 233 6 6 CD 19499 3178 234 Cello Cello NNP 19499 3178 235 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 236 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 237 chel'-lo chel'-lo NNP 19499 3178 238 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 239 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 240 , , , 19499 3178 241 118 118 CD 19499 3178 242 Chaconne Chaconne NNP 19499 3178 243 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 244 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 245 shah shah NN 19499 3178 246 - - HYPH 19499 3178 247 con con NN 19499 3178 248 ' ' `` 19499 3178 249 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 250 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 251 , , , 19499 3178 252 71 71 CD 19499 3178 253 Chamber Chamber NNP 19499 3178 254 music music NN 19499 3178 255 , , , 19499 3178 256 72 72 CD 19499 3178 257 Chanterelle Chanterelle NNP 19499 3178 258 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3178 259 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 260 shong shong NNP 19499 3178 261 - - HYPH 19499 3178 262 tah tah NNP 19499 3178 263 - - HYPH 19499 3178 264 rel rel NNP 19499 3178 265 ' ' `` 19499 3178 266 _ _ NNP 19499 3178 267 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3178 268 , , , 19499 3178 269 117 117 CD 19499 3178 270 Chinese chinese JJ 19499 3178 271 scale scale NN 19499 3178 272 , , , 19499 3178 273 27 27 CD 19499 3178 274 Choral Choral NNP 19499 3178 275 , , , 19499 3178 276 76 76 CD 19499 3178 277 Chords chord NNS 19499 3178 278 def def NN 19499 3178 279 . . . 19499 3179 1 and and CC 19499 3179 2 lands land NNS 19499 3179 3 , , , 19499 3179 4 87 87 CD 19499 3179 5 inversions inversion NNS 19499 3179 6 of of IN 19499 3179 7 , , , 19499 3179 8 88 88 CD 19499 3179 9 common common JJ 19499 3179 10 , , , 19499 3179 11 87 87 CD 19499 3179 12 seventh seventh JJ 19499 3179 13 , , , 19499 3179 14 89 89 CD 19499 3179 15 dominant dominant JJ 19499 3179 16 seventh seventh JJ 19499 3179 17 , , , 19499 3179 18 92 92 CD 19499 3179 19 Chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 3179 20 , , , 19499 3179 21 96 96 CD 19499 3179 22 Chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 3179 23 scale scale NN 19499 3179 24 , , , 19499 3179 25 38 38 CD 19499 3179 26 Clarinet clarinet NN 19499 3179 27 , , , 19499 3179 28 121 121 CD 19499 3179 29 Classes class NNS 19499 3179 30 of of IN 19499 3179 31 instruments instrument NNS 19499 3179 32 in in IN 19499 3179 33 orchestra orchestra NNP 19499 3179 34 , , , 19499 3179 35 115 115 CD 19499 3179 36 Clavichord Clavichord NNP 19499 3179 37 , , , 19499 3179 38 96 96 CD 19499 3179 39 Clefs clef NNS 19499 3179 40 , , , 19499 3179 41 3 3 CD 19499 3179 42 , , , 19499 3179 43 5 5 CD 19499 3179 44 Close close JJ 19499 3179 45 position position NN 19499 3179 46 , , , 19499 3179 47 94 94 CD 19499 3179 48 Coda Coda NNP 19499 3179 49 , , , 19499 3179 50 70 70 CD 19499 3179 51 Coi Coi NNP 19499 3179 52 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 53 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 54 co'-ee co'-ee NNP 19499 3179 55 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 56 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 57 , , , 19499 3179 58 42 42 CD 19499 3179 59 Col Col NNP 19499 3179 60 , , , 19499 3179 61 42 42 CD 19499 3179 62 Colla Colla NNP 19499 3179 63 , , , 19499 3179 64 42 42 CD 19499 3179 65 Colla Colla NNP 19499 3179 66 parte parte NN 19499 3179 67 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 68 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 69 par'-teh par'-teh CD 19499 3179 70 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 71 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 72 , , , 19499 3179 73 96 96 CD 19499 3179 74 Colla Colla NNP 19499 3179 75 voce voce NN 19499 3179 76 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 77 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 78 vo'-cheh vo'-cheh NNP 19499 3179 79 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 80 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 81 , , , 19499 3179 82 96 96 CD 19499 3179 83 Colle Colle NNP 19499 3179 84 , , , 19499 3179 85 42 42 CD 19499 3179 86 Collo Collo NNP 19499 3179 87 , , , 19499 3179 88 42 42 CD 19499 3179 89 Coloratura Coloratura NNP 19499 3179 90 singing singing NN 19499 3179 91 , , , 19499 3179 92 79 79 CD 19499 3179 93 , , , 19499 3179 94 96 96 CD 19499 3179 95 Coll'ottava coll'ottava CD 19499 3179 96 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 97 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 98 ot ot NNP 19499 3179 99 - - HYPH 19499 3179 100 tah'-vah tah'-vah CD 19499 3179 101 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 102 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 103 , , , 19499 3179 104 15 15 CD 19499 3179 105 Combination combination NN 19499 3179 106 pedals pedal NNS 19499 3179 107 , , , 19499 3179 108 115 115 CD 19499 3179 109 Come come VB 19499 3179 110 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 111 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 112 koh'-meh koh'-meh CD 19499 3179 113 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 114 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 115 , , , 19499 3179 116 42 42 CD 19499 3179 117 Come Come VBN 19499 3179 118 primo primo NN 19499 3179 119 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 120 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 121 pree'-mo pree'-mo NNP 19499 3179 122 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 123 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 124 , , , 19499 3179 125 42 42 CD 19499 3179 126 Common common JJ 19499 3179 127 chords chord NNS 19499 3179 128 , , , 19499 3179 129 87 87 CD 19499 3179 130 Compound Compound NNP 19499 3179 131 measure measure NN 19499 3179 132 , , , 19499 3179 133 45 45 CD 19499 3179 134 Compound compound NN 19499 3179 135 duple duple NN 19499 3179 136 measure measure NN 19499 3179 137 , , , 19499 3179 138 45 45 CD 19499 3179 139 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 140 , , , 19499 3179 141 42 42 CD 19499 3179 142 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 143 alcuna alcuna NNP 19499 3179 144 licenza licenza NNP 19499 3179 145 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 146 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 147 ahl ahl NNP 19499 3179 148 - - HYPH 19499 3179 149 koo'-nah koo'-nah NNP 19499 3179 150 lee lee NNP 19499 3179 151 - - HYPH 19499 3179 152 chen'-tsah chen'-tsah NNP 19499 3179 153 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 154 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 155 , , , 19499 3179 156 59 59 CD 19499 3179 157 Con con NN 19499 3179 158 amore amore NN 19499 3179 159 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 160 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 161 ah ah NNP 19499 3179 162 - - HYPH 19499 3179 163 mo'-reh mo'-reh NNP 19499 3179 164 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 165 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 166 , , , 19499 3179 167 42 42 CD 19499 3179 168 , , , 19499 3179 169 59 59 CD 19499 3179 170 Con con NN 19499 3179 171 anima anima NNS 19499 3179 172 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 173 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 174 ah'-nee ah'-nee NNP 19499 3179 175 - - HYPH 19499 3179 176 mah mah NNP 19499 3179 177 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 178 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 179 , , , 19499 3179 180 55 55 CD 19499 3179 181 Con con NN 19499 3179 182 bravura bravura NN 19499 3179 183 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 184 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 185 brah brah NNP 19499 3179 186 - - HYPH 19499 3179 187 voo'-rah voo'-rah NNP 19499 3179 188 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 189 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 190 , , , 19499 3179 191 59 59 CD 19499 3179 192 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 193 celerita celerita NNS 19499 3179 194 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 195 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 196 che che NNP 19499 3179 197 - - HYPH 19499 3179 198 leh'-ree leh'-ree CD 19499 3179 199 - - HYPH 19499 3179 200 tah tah NNP 19499 3179 201 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 202 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 203 , , , 19499 3179 204 59 59 CD 19499 3179 205 Concerto Concerto NNP 19499 3179 206 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 207 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 208 con con NNP 19499 3179 209 - - HYPH 19499 3179 210 cher'-to cher'-to NNP 19499 3179 211 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 212 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 213 , , , 19499 3179 214 72 72 CD 19499 3179 215 Concert Concert NNP 19499 3179 216 pitch pitch NN 19499 3179 217 , , , 19499 3179 218 138 138 CD 19499 3179 219 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 220 delicato delicato NN 19499 3179 221 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 222 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 223 deh deh NNP 19499 3179 224 - - HYPH 19499 3179 225 lee lee NNP 19499 3179 226 - - HYPH 19499 3179 227 cah'-to cah'-to NNP 19499 3179 228 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 229 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 230 , , , 19499 3179 231 59 59 CD 19499 3179 232 Con con NN 19499 3179 233 energico energico VBN 19499 3179 234 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 235 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 236 en en NNP 19499 3179 237 - - HYPH 19499 3179 238 er er NNP 19499 3179 239 - - HYPH 19499 3179 240 jee'-ko jee'-ko NNP 19499 3179 241 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 242 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 243 , , , 19499 3179 244 59 59 CD 19499 3179 245 Con con NN 19499 3179 246 espressione espressione NN 19499 3179 247 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 248 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 249 es es NNP 19499 3179 250 - - HYPH 19499 3179 251 pres pre NNS 19499 3179 252 - - HYPH 19499 3179 253 see see NN 19499 3179 254 - - HYPH 19499 3179 255 o'-neh o'-neh NNP 19499 3179 256 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 257 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 258 , , , 19499 3179 259 59 59 CD 19499 3179 260 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 261 forza forza NN 19499 3179 262 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 263 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 264 fort'-za fort'-za NNP 19499 3179 265 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 266 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 267 , , , 19499 3179 268 60 60 CD 19499 3179 269 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 270 fuoco fuoco RB 19499 3179 271 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 272 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 273 foo foo NN 19499 3179 274 - - HYPH 19499 3179 275 o'-ko o'-ko NNP 19499 3179 276 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 277 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 278 , , , 19499 3179 279 60 60 CD 19499 3179 280 Con con NN 19499 3179 281 grand grand JJ 19499 3179 282 ' ' '' 19499 3179 283 espressione espressione NN 19499 3179 284 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 285 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 286 grahnd grahnd NNP 19499 3179 287 ' ' POS 19499 3179 288 es es NN 19499 3179 289 - - HYPH 19499 3179 290 pres pre NNS 19499 3179 291 - - HYPH 19499 3179 292 see see NN 19499 3179 293 - - HYPH 19499 3179 294 o'-neh o'-neh NNP 19499 3179 295 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 296 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 297 , , , 19499 3179 298 60 60 CD 19499 3179 299 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 300 grazia grazia NNS 19499 3179 301 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 302 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 303 grahts grahts NNP 19499 3179 304 - - HYPH 19499 3179 305 yah yah NNP 19499 3179 306 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 307 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 308 , , , 19499 3179 309 60 60 CD 19499 3179 310 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 311 melinconia melinconia NN 19499 3179 312 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 313 or or CC 19499 3179 314 malinconia malinconia NNP 19499 3179 315 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 316 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 317 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 318 -leen -leen NNP 19499 3179 319 - - HYPH 19499 3179 320 ko'-ne ko'-ne NNP 19499 3179 321 - - HYPH 19499 3179 322 eh eh NNP 19499 3179 323 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 324 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 325 , , , 19499 3179 326 60 60 CD 19499 3179 327 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 328 moto moto NN 19499 3179 329 , , , 19499 3179 330 55 55 CD 19499 3179 331 Con con NN 19499 3179 332 passione passione NN 19499 3179 333 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 334 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 335 pas pas NNP 19499 3179 336 - - HYPH 19499 3179 337 se se NNP 19499 3179 338 - - HYPH 19499 3179 339 o'-neh o'-neh NNP 19499 3179 340 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 341 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 342 , , , 19499 3179 343 60 60 CD 19499 3179 344 Consequent Consequent NNP 19499 3179 345 , , , 19499 3179 346 67 67 CD 19499 3179 347 Consonance Consonance NNP 19499 3179 348 , , , 19499 3179 349 96 96 CD 19499 3179 350 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 351 spirito spirito NNP 19499 3179 352 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 353 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 354 spe'-ree spe'-ree CD 19499 3179 355 - - HYPH 19499 3179 356 to to IN 19499 3179 357 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 358 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 359 , , , 19499 3179 360 60 60 CD 19499 3179 361 Con Con NNP 19499 3179 362 tenerezza tenerezza NN 19499 3179 363 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 364 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 365 teh teh NNP 19499 3179 366 - - HYPH 19499 3179 367 neh neh NNP 19499 3179 368 - - HYPH 19499 3179 369 ret'-za ret'-za NNP 19499 3179 370 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 371 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 372 , , , 19499 3179 373 60 60 CD 19499 3179 374 Continuous continuous JJ 19499 3179 375 form form NN 19499 3179 376 , , , 19499 3179 377 80 80 CD 19499 3179 378 Contra Contra NNP 19499 3179 379 , , , 19499 3179 380 42 42 CD 19499 3179 381 Contra Contra NNP 19499 3179 382 bass bass NN 19499 3179 383 tuba tuba NN 19499 3179 384 , , , 19499 3179 385 126 126 CD 19499 3179 386 Contra Contra NNP 19499 3179 387 octave octave NN 19499 3179 388 , , , 19499 3179 389 16 16 CD 19499 3179 390 Contralto Contralto NNP 19499 3179 391 , , , 19499 3179 392 96 96 CD 19499 3179 393 Con con NN 19499 3179 394 variazione variazione NN 19499 3179 395 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 396 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 397 vah vah NNP 19499 3179 398 - - HYPH 19499 3179 399 ri ri NNP 19499 3179 400 - - HYPH 19499 3179 401 ah ah UH 19499 3179 402 - - HYPH 19499 3179 403 tsi tsi NN 19499 3179 404 - - HYPH 19499 3179 405 o'-neh o'-neh NNP 19499 3179 406 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 407 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 408 , , , 19499 3179 409 96 96 CD 19499 3179 410 Cornet cornet NN 19499 3179 411 , , , 19499 3179 412 124 124 CD 19499 3179 413 Counterpoint counterpoint NN 19499 3179 414 , , , 19499 3179 415 def def NNP 19499 3179 416 . . NNP 19499 3179 417 , , , 19499 3179 418 64 64 CD 19499 3179 419 , , , 19499 3179 420 62 62 CD 19499 3179 421 , , , 19499 3179 422 82 82 CD 19499 3179 423 Courante Courante NNP 19499 3179 424 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 425 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 426 koo koo NNP 19499 3179 427 - - HYPH 19499 3179 428 rahnt rahnt NNP 19499 3179 429 ' ' '' 19499 3179 430 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 431 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 432 , , , 19499 3179 433 71 71 CD 19499 3179 434 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 435 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 436 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 437 kre kre NNP 19499 3179 438 - - HYPH 19499 3179 439 shen'-do shen'-do NNP 19499 3179 440 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 441 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 442 , , , 19499 3179 443 57 57 CD 19499 3179 444 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 445 al al NNP 19499 3179 446 fortissimo fortissimo NNP 19499 3179 447 , , , 19499 3179 448 58 58 CD 19499 3179 449 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 450 ed ed NNP 19499 3179 451 affrettando affrettando NNP 19499 3179 452 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 453 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 454 ahf ahf NNP 19499 3179 455 - - HYPH 19499 3179 456 fret fret NNP 19499 3179 457 - - HYPH 19499 3179 458 tahn'-do tahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 459 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 460 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 461 , , , 19499 3179 462 58 58 CD 19499 3179 463 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 464 ed ed NNP 19499 3179 465 animando animando NNP 19499 3179 466 poco poco NNP 19499 3179 467 a a DT 19499 3179 468 poco poco NNP 19499 3179 469 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 470 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 471 ah ah NNP 19499 3179 472 - - HYPH 19499 3179 473 ni ni NNP 19499 3179 474 - - HYPH 19499 3179 475 mahn'-do mahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 476 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 477 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 478 , , , 19499 3179 479 58 58 CD 19499 3179 480 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 481 e e NNP 19499 3179 482 diminuendo diminuendo NN 19499 3179 483 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 484 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 485 eh eh UH 19499 3179 486 de de FW 19499 3179 487 - - HYPH 19499 3179 488 me -PRON- PRP 19499 3179 489 - - HYPH 19499 3179 490 noo noo NNP 19499 3179 491 - - HYPH 19499 3179 492 en'-do en'-do NNP 19499 3179 493 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 494 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 495 , , , 19499 3179 496 58 58 CD 19499 3179 497 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 498 molto molto NN 19499 3179 499 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 500 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 501 mohl'-to mohl'-to NNP 19499 3179 502 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 503 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 504 , , , 19499 3179 505 58 58 CD 19499 3179 506 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 507 poco poco VBP 19499 3179 508 a a DT 19499 3179 509 poco poco NNP 19499 3179 510 , , , 19499 3179 511 58 58 CD 19499 3179 512 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 513 poco poco VBP 19499 3179 514 a a DT 19499 3179 515 poco poco NNP 19499 3179 516 sin sin NN 19499 3179 517 al al NNP 19499 3179 518 fine fine NNP 19499 3179 519 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 520 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 521 seen see VBN 19499 3179 522 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3179 523 fee'-neh fee'-neh CD 19499 3179 524 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 525 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 526 , , , 19499 3179 527 58 58 CD 19499 3179 528 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 529 poi poi NNP 19499 3179 530 diminuendo diminuendo NN 19499 3179 531 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 532 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 533 po'-ee po'-ee NNP 19499 3179 534 dee dee JJ 19499 3179 535 - - HYPH 19499 3179 536 mee mee NNP 19499 3179 537 - - HYPH 19499 3179 538 noo noo NNP 19499 3179 539 - - HYPH 19499 3179 540 en'-do en'-do NNP 19499 3179 541 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 542 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 543 , , , 19499 3179 544 58 58 CD 19499 3179 545 Crescendo Crescendo NNP 19499 3179 546 subito subito NN 19499 3179 547 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 548 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 549 soo'-bee soo'-bee CD 19499 3179 550 - - HYPH 19499 3179 551 to to IN 19499 3179 552 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 553 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 554 , , , 19499 3179 555 58 58 CD 19499 3179 556 Cross cross JJ 19499 3179 557 - - NN 19499 3179 558 stroke stroke NNP 19499 3179 559 , , , 19499 3179 560 1 1 CD 19499 3179 561 , , , 19499 3179 562 2 2 CD 19499 3179 563 Csardas Csardas NNP 19499 3179 564 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 565 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 566 tsar'-dahs tsar'-dahs NNP 19499 3179 567 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 568 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 569 , , , 19499 3179 570 71 71 CD 19499 3179 571 Da Da NNP 19499 3179 572 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 573 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 574 dah dah NNP 19499 3179 575 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 576 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 577 , , , 19499 3179 578 42 42 CD 19499 3179 579 Da Da NNP 19499 3179 580 capo capo NNS 19499 3179 581 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 582 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 583 kah'-po kah'-po NNP 19499 3179 584 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 585 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 586 , , , 19499 3179 587 13 13 CD 19499 3179 588 Dal Dal NNP 19499 3179 589 segno segno NN 19499 3179 590 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 591 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 592 sehn'-yo sehn'-yo NNP 19499 3179 593 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 594 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 595 , , , 19499 3179 596 13 13 CD 19499 3179 597 Dances dance NNS 19499 3179 598 , , , 19499 3179 599 71 71 CD 19499 3179 600 Dash Dash NNP 19499 3179 601 over over IN 19499 3179 602 note note NN 19499 3179 603 , , , 19499 3179 604 17 17 CD 19499 3179 605 , , , 19499 3179 606 20 20 CD 19499 3179 607 Decrescendo Decrescendo NNP 19499 3179 608 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 609 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 610 deh deh NN 19499 3179 611 - - HYPH 19499 3179 612 kreh kreh NNP 19499 3179 613 - - HYPH 19499 3179 614 shen'-do shen'-do NNP 19499 3179 615 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 616 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 617 , , , 19499 3179 618 58 58 CD 19499 3179 619 Decrescendo Decrescendo NNP 19499 3179 620 al al NNP 19499 3179 621 pianissimo pianissimo NNP 19499 3179 622 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 623 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 624 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3179 625 pee pee NNP 19499 3179 626 - - HYPH 19499 3179 627 ahn ahn NN 19499 3179 628 - - HYPH 19499 3179 629 is'-si is'-si FW 19499 3179 630 - - HYPH 19499 3179 631 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 632 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 633 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 634 , , , 19499 3179 635 58 58 CD 19499 3179 636 Degrees degree NNS 19499 3179 637 of of IN 19499 3179 638 staff staff NN 19499 3179 639 , , , 19499 3179 640 5 5 CD 19499 3179 641 Delicato Delicato NNP 19499 3179 642 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 643 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 644 deh deh NNP 19499 3179 645 - - HYPH 19499 3179 646 lee lee NNP 19499 3179 647 - - HYPH 19499 3179 648 kah'-to kah'-to NNP 19499 3179 649 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 650 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 651 , , , 19499 3179 652 60 60 CD 19499 3179 653 Descriptive descriptive JJ 19499 3179 654 music music NN 19499 3179 655 , , , 19499 3179 656 74 74 CD 19499 3179 657 Di Di NNP 19499 3179 658 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 659 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 660 dee dee NNP 19499 3179 661 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 662 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 663 , , , 19499 3179 664 42 42 CD 19499 3179 665 Diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 3179 666 condition condition NN 19499 3179 667 , , , 19499 3179 668 7 7 CD 19499 3179 669 Diatonic diatonic JJ 19499 3179 670 scale scale NN 19499 3179 671 , , , 19499 3179 672 28 28 CD 19499 3179 673 Di Di NNP 19499 3179 674 bravura bravura NN 19499 3179 675 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 676 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 677 brah brah NNP 19499 3179 678 - - HYPH 19499 3179 679 voo'-rah voo'-rah NNP 19499 3179 680 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 681 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 682 , , , 19499 3179 683 42 42 CD 19499 3179 684 Diminuendo Diminuendo NNP 19499 3179 685 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 686 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 687 dee dee JJ 19499 3179 688 - - HYPH 19499 3179 689 mee mee NN 19499 3179 690 - - HYPH 19499 3179 691 noo noo NNP 19499 3179 692 - - HYPH 19499 3179 693 en'-do en'-do NNP 19499 3179 694 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 695 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 696 , , , 19499 3179 697 58 58 CD 19499 3179 698 Di Di NNP 19499 3179 699 molto molto NN 19499 3179 700 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 701 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 702 mohl'-to mohl'-to NNP 19499 3179 703 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 704 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 705 , , , 19499 3179 706 42 42 CD 19499 3179 707 Direct direct JJ 19499 3179 708 , , , 19499 3179 709 96 96 CD 19499 3179 710 Dirge dirge NN 19499 3179 711 , , , 19499 3179 712 97 97 CD 19499 3179 713 Discord Discord NNP 19499 3179 714 , , , 19499 3179 715 97 97 CD 19499 3179 716 Dissonance Dissonance NNP 19499 3179 717 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 718 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 719 dis dis NNP 19499 3179 720 ' ' `` 19499 3179 721 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 722 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 723 , , , 19499 3179 724 97 97 CD 19499 3179 725 Divisi Divisi NNP 19499 3179 726 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 727 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 728 di di NNP 19499 3179 729 - - HYPH 19499 3179 730 ve'-ze ve'-ze NNP 19499 3179 731 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 732 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 733 , , , 19499 3179 734 97 97 CD 19499 3179 735 Dolce Dolce NNP 19499 3179 736 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 737 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 738 dohl'-cheh dohl'-cheh NNP 19499 3179 739 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 740 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 741 , , , 19499 3179 742 60 60 CD 19499 3179 743 Dolce Dolce NNP 19499 3179 744 e e NN 19499 3179 745 cantabile cantabile NN 19499 3179 746 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 747 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 748 eh eh UH 19499 3179 749 kahn kahn NNP 19499 3179 750 - - HYPH 19499 3179 751 tah'-bee tah'-bee CD 19499 3179 752 - - HYPH 19499 3179 753 leh leh NN 19499 3179 754 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 755 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 756 , , , 19499 3179 757 60 60 CD 19499 3179 758 Dolcissimo Dolcissimo NNP 19499 3179 759 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 760 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 761 dohl dohl NN 19499 3179 762 - - HYPH 19499 3179 763 chis'-see chis'-see NNP 19499 3179 764 - - HYPH 19499 3179 765 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 766 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 767 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 768 , , , 19499 3179 769 60 60 CD 19499 3179 770 Dolente Dolente NNP 19499 3179 771 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 772 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 773 do do NN 19499 3179 774 - - HYPH 19499 3179 775 len'-teh len'-teh CD 19499 3179 776 _ _ NN 19499 3179 777 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 778 , , , 19499 3179 779 60 60 CD 19499 3179 780 Dominant dominant JJ 19499 3179 781 , , , 19499 3179 782 36 36 CD 19499 3179 783 Dominant dominant JJ 19499 3179 784 Seventh Seventh NNP 19499 3179 785 , , , 19499 3179 786 92 92 CD 19499 3179 787 Doloroso Doloroso NNP 19499 3179 788 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 789 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 790 do do VB 19499 3179 791 - - HYPH 19499 3179 792 lo lo NNP 19499 3179 793 - - HYPH 19499 3179 794 ro'-so ro'-so NNP 19499 3179 795 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 796 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 797 , , , 19499 3179 798 60 60 CD 19499 3179 799 Doppio Doppio NNP 19499 3179 800 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 801 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 802 dop'-pee dop'-pee CD 19499 3179 803 - - HYPH 19499 3179 804 o o NN 19499 3179 805 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 806 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 807 , , , 19499 3179 808 42 42 CD 19499 3179 809 Doppio Doppio NNP 19499 3179 810 movimento movimento NNS 19499 3179 811 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 812 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 813 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 814 - - HYPH 19499 3179 815 vi vi NNP 19499 3179 816 - - HYPH 19499 3179 817 men'-to men'-to NNP 19499 3179 818 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 819 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 820 , , , 19499 3179 821 55 55 CD 19499 3179 822 Dot dot NN 19499 3179 823 -- -- : 19499 3179 824 where where WRB 19499 3179 825 placed place VBN 19499 3179 826 , , , 19499 3179 827 3 3 CD 19499 3179 828 uses use NNS 19499 3179 829 of of IN 19499 3179 830 , , , 19499 3179 831 17 17 CD 19499 3179 832 with with IN 19499 3179 833 slur slur NN 19499 3179 834 or or CC 19499 3179 835 tie tie NN 19499 3179 836 , , , 19499 3179 837 20 20 CD 19499 3179 838 with with IN 19499 3179 839 dash dash NN 19499 3179 840 , , , 19499 3179 841 20 20 CD 19499 3179 842 Double double JJ 19499 3179 843 bar bar NN 19499 3179 844 , , , 19499 3179 845 12 12 CD 19499 3179 846 Double double JJ 19499 3179 847 bass bass NN 19499 3179 848 , , , 19499 3179 849 118 118 CD 19499 3179 850 Double double JJ 19499 3179 851 bassoon bassoon NN 19499 3179 852 , , , 19499 3179 853 121 121 CD 19499 3179 854 Double double JJ 19499 3179 855 flat flat JJ 19499 3179 856 , , , 19499 3179 857 3 3 CD 19499 3179 858 , , , 19499 3179 859 7 7 CD 19499 3179 860 Double double JJ 19499 3179 861 mordent mordent NN 19499 3179 862 , , , 19499 3179 863 23 23 CD 19499 3179 864 Double double JJ 19499 3179 865 sharp sharp JJ 19499 3179 866 , , , 19499 3179 867 3 3 CD 19499 3179 868 , , , 19499 3179 869 7 7 CD 19499 3179 870 Doublet Doublet NNP 19499 3179 871 , , , 19499 3179 872 20 20 CD 19499 3179 873 Duet duet NN 19499 3179 874 , , , 19499 3179 875 97 97 CD 19499 3179 876 Duple duple NN 19499 3179 877 measure measure NN 19499 3179 878 , , , 19499 3179 879 46 46 CD 19499 3179 880 Dynamics dynamic NNS 19499 3179 881 , , , 19499 3179 882 56 56 CD 19499 3179 883 E E NNS 19499 3179 884 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 885 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 886 eh eh UH 19499 3179 887 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 888 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 889 , , , 19499 3179 890 42 42 CD 19499 3179 891 École École NNP 19499 3179 892 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 893 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 894 eh'-kole eh'-kole NNP 19499 3179 895 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 896 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 897 , , , 19499 3179 898 97 97 CD 19499 3179 899 Ed Ed NNP 19499 3179 900 , , , 19499 3179 901 42 42 CD 19499 3179 902 Eight eight CD 19499 3179 903 - - HYPH 19499 3179 904 foot foot NN 19499 3179 905 stop stop NN 19499 3179 906 , , , 19499 3179 907 114 114 CD 19499 3179 908 Elements element NNS 19499 3179 909 of of IN 19499 3179 910 music music NN 19499 3179 911 , , , 19499 3179 912 82 82 CD 19499 3179 913 Embellishments Embellishments NNPS 19499 3179 914 , , , 19499 3179 915 22 22 CD 19499 3179 916 English english JJ 19499 3179 917 names name NNS 19499 3179 918 for for IN 19499 3179 919 notes note NNS 19499 3179 920 , , , 19499 3179 921 11 11 CD 19499 3179 922 English English NNP 19499 3179 923 horn horn NN 19499 3179 924 , , , 19499 3179 925 121 121 CD 19499 3179 926 Enharmonic Enharmonic NNP 19499 3179 927 , , , 19499 3179 928 def def NNP 19499 3179 929 . . NNP 19499 3179 930 , , , 19499 3179 931 10 10 CD 19499 3179 932 Enharmonic enharmonic JJ 19499 3179 933 scale scale NN 19499 3179 934 , , , 19499 3179 935 32 32 CD 19499 3179 936 Enharmonic Enharmonic NNP 19499 3179 937 tie tie NN 19499 3179 938 , , , 19499 3179 939 18 18 CD 19499 3179 940 Ensemble ensemble NN 19499 3179 941 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 942 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 943 ong ong NN 19499 3179 944 - - HYPH 19499 3179 945 sombl sombl NNP 19499 3179 946 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 947 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 948 , , , 19499 3179 949 42 42 CD 19499 3179 950 Equal equal JJ 19499 3179 951 temperament temperament NN 19499 3179 952 , , , 19499 3179 953 137 137 CD 19499 3179 954 E E NNP 19499 3179 955 poi poi NNP 19499 3179 956 la la NNP 19499 3179 957 coda coda NNP 19499 3179 958 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 959 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 960 eh eh NNP 19499 3179 961 - - HYPH 19499 3179 962 po'-ee po'-ee NNP 19499 3179 963 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 964 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 965 , , , 19499 3179 966 14 14 CD 19499 3179 967 Espressivo Espressivo NNP 19499 3179 968 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 969 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 970 ehs ehs NN 19499 3179 971 - - HYPH 19499 3179 972 pres pre NNS 19499 3179 973 - - HYPH 19499 3179 974 see'-vo see'-vo NNS 19499 3179 975 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 976 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 977 , , , 19499 3179 978 60 60 CD 19499 3179 979 Et Et NNP 19499 3179 980 , , , 19499 3179 981 42 42 CD 19499 3179 982 Etto etto NN 19499 3179 983 , , , 19499 3179 984 42 42 CD 19499 3179 985 Etude etude NN 19499 3179 986 , , , 19499 3179 987 97 97 CD 19499 3179 988 Euphony Euphony NNP 19499 3179 989 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 990 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 991 yu'-fo yu'-fo NNP 19499 3179 992 - - HYPH 19499 3179 993 ny ny NNP 19499 3179 994 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 995 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 996 , , , 19499 3179 997 97 97 CD 19499 3179 998 Even even RB 19499 3179 999 measure measure NN 19499 3179 1000 , , , 19499 3179 1001 46 46 CD 19499 3179 1002 Facile Facile NNP 19499 3179 1003 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1004 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1005 fah fah NNP 19499 3179 1006 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1007 chee'-leh chee'-leh NNP 19499 3179 1008 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1009 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1010 , , , 19499 3179 1011 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1012 Fanfare Fanfare NNP 19499 3179 1013 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1014 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1015 fahn'-fehr fahn'-fehr NNP 19499 3179 1016 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1017 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1018 , , , 19499 3179 1019 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1020 Fantasia Fantasia NNP 19499 3179 1021 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1022 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1023 fahn fahn NNP 19499 3179 1024 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1025 tah tah NNP 19499 3179 1026 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1027 ze'-ah ze'-ah NNP 19499 3179 1028 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1029 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1030 , , , 19499 3179 1031 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1032 F f NN 19499 3179 1033 Clef Clef NNP 19499 3179 1034 , , , 19499 3179 1035 3 3 CD 19499 3179 1036 , , , 19499 3179 1037 5 5 CD 19499 3179 1038 , , , 19499 3179 1039 6 6 CD 19499 3179 1040 Fermata Fermata NNP 19499 3179 1041 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1042 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1043 fehr fehr NN 19499 3179 1044 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1045 mah'-ta mah'-ta NNP 19499 3179 1046 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1047 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1048 , , , 19499 3179 1049 14 14 CD 19499 3179 1050 , , , 19499 3179 1051 15 15 CD 19499 3179 1052 Fiasco Fiasco NNP 19499 3179 1053 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1054 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1055 fe fe NNP 19499 3179 1056 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1057 ahs'-ko ahs'-ko NNP 19499 3179 1058 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1059 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1060 , , , 19499 3179 1061 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1062 Figured figured JJ 19499 3179 1063 bass bass NN 19499 3179 1064 , , , 19499 3179 1065 89 89 CD 19499 3179 1066 Fine Fine NNP 19499 3179 1067 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1068 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1069 fee'-neh fee'-neh CD 19499 3179 1070 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1071 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1072 , , , 19499 3179 1073 13 13 CD 19499 3179 1074 Five five CD 19499 3179 1075 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1076 lined line VBN 19499 3179 1077 octave octave NN 19499 3179 1078 , , , 19499 3179 1079 16 16 CD 19499 3179 1080 Flat flat JJ 19499 3179 1081 , , , 19499 3179 1082 3 3 CD 19499 3179 1083 , , , 19499 3179 1084 7 7 CD 19499 3179 1085 Flute Flute NNP 19499 3179 1086 , , , 19499 3179 1087 119 119 CD 19499 3179 1088 Folk folk NN 19499 3179 1089 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1090 song song NN 19499 3179 1091 , , , 19499 3179 1092 81 81 CD 19499 3179 1093 Form form NN 19499 3179 1094 , , , 19499 3179 1095 def def NNP 19499 3179 1096 . . NNP 19499 3179 1097 , , , 19499 3179 1098 62 62 CD 19499 3179 1099 binary binary NN 19499 3179 1100 , , , 19499 3179 1101 95 95 CD 19499 3179 1102 Forte Forte NNP 19499 3179 1103 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1104 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1105 for'-teh for'-teh CD 19499 3179 1106 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1107 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1108 , , , 19499 3179 1109 56 56 CD 19499 3179 1110 Forte Forte NNP 19499 3179 1111 piano piano NN 19499 3179 1112 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1113 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1114 pee pee NNP 19499 3179 1115 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1116 ah'-no ah'-no NNP 19499 3179 1117 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1118 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1119 , , , 19499 3179 1120 56 56 CD 19499 3179 1121 Forte Forte NNP 19499 3179 1122 possibile possibile NN 19499 3179 1123 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1124 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1125 pos pos NNP 19499 3179 1126 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1127 see'-bee see'-bee CD 19499 3179 1128 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1129 leh leh NN 19499 3179 1130 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1131 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1132 , , , 19499 3179 1133 43 43 CD 19499 3179 1134 Fortissimo Fortissimo NNP 19499 3179 1135 , , , 19499 3179 1136 56 56 CD 19499 3179 1137 Fortissimo Fortissimo NNP 19499 3179 1138 possibile possibile NN 19499 3179 1139 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1140 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1141 pos pos NNP 19499 3179 1142 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1143 see see NNP 19499 3179 1144 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1145 bee bee NN 19499 3179 1146 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1147 leh leh NNP 19499 3179 1148 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1149 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1150 , , , 19499 3179 1151 56 56 CD 19499 3179 1152 Fortisissimo Fortisissimo NNP 19499 3179 1153 , , , 19499 3179 1154 56 56 CD 19499 3179 1155 Forzando Forzando NNP 19499 3179 1156 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1157 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1158 for for IN 19499 3179 1159 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1160 tsahn'-do tsahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 1161 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1162 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1163 , , , 19499 3179 1164 57 57 CD 19499 3179 1165 Forzato Forzato NNP 19499 3179 1166 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1167 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1168 for for IN 19499 3179 1169 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1170 tsah'-to tsah'-to NNP 19499 3179 1171 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1172 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1173 , , , 19499 3179 1174 57 57 CD 19499 3179 1175 Four four CD 19499 3179 1176 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1177 foot foot NN 19499 3179 1178 stop stop NN 19499 3179 1179 , , , 19499 3179 1180 114 114 CD 19499 3179 1181 Four four CD 19499 3179 1182 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1183 lined line VBN 19499 3179 1184 octave octave NN 19499 3179 1185 , , , 19499 3179 1186 16 16 CD 19499 3179 1187 Free free JJ 19499 3179 1188 imitation imitation NN 19499 3179 1189 , , , 19499 3179 1190 64 64 CD 19499 3179 1191 French french JJ 19499 3179 1192 horn horn NN 19499 3179 1193 , , , 19499 3179 1194 123 123 CD 19499 3179 1195 French french JJ 19499 3179 1196 pitch pitch NN 19499 3179 1197 designations designation NNS 19499 3179 1198 , , , 19499 3179 1199 6 6 CD 19499 3179 1200 Fugue Fugue NNP 19499 3179 1201 , , , 19499 3179 1202 66 66 CD 19499 3179 1203 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 19499 3179 1204 , , , 19499 3179 1205 135 135 CD 19499 3179 1206 Gamut Gamut NNP 19499 3179 1207 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1208 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1209 gam'-ut gam'-ut NNP 19499 3179 1210 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1211 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1212 , , , 19499 3179 1213 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1214 Gavotte Gavotte NNP 19499 3179 1215 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1216 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1217 gah gah NNP 19499 3179 1218 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1219 vot vot NNP 19499 3179 1220 ' ' '' 19499 3179 1221 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1222 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1223 , , , 19499 3179 1224 71 71 CD 19499 3179 1225 G g NN 19499 3179 1226 Clef Clef NNP 19499 3179 1227 , , , 19499 3179 1228 3 3 CD 19499 3179 1229 , , , 19499 3179 1230 5 5 CD 19499 3179 1231 , , , 19499 3179 1232 6 6 CD 19499 3179 1233 General General NNP 19499 3179 1234 pause pause NN 19499 3179 1235 , , , 19499 3179 1236 15 15 CD 19499 3179 1237 German german JJ 19499 3179 1238 pitch pitch NN 19499 3179 1239 designation designation NN 19499 3179 1240 , , , 19499 3179 1241 6 6 CD 19499 3179 1242 Gigue Gigue NNP 19499 3179 1243 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1244 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1245 zheeg zheeg NNP 19499 3179 1246 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1247 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1248 , , , 19499 3179 1249 71 71 CD 19499 3179 1250 Giocoso Giocoso NNP 19499 3179 1251 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1252 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1253 jee jee NNP 19499 3179 1254 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1255 o o NNP 19499 3179 1256 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1257 ko'-so ko'-so NNP 19499 3179 1258 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1259 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1260 , , , 19499 3179 1261 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1262 Giojoso Giojoso NNP 19499 3179 1263 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1264 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1265 jee jee NNP 19499 3179 1266 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1267 o o NNP 19499 3179 1268 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1269 yo'-so yo'-so NNP 19499 3179 1270 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1271 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1272 , , , 19499 3179 1273 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1274 Glee Glee NNP 19499 3179 1275 , , , 19499 3179 1276 81 81 CD 19499 3179 1277 Glissando Glissando NNP 19499 3179 1278 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1279 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1280 glis glis NNP 19499 3179 1281 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1282 sahn'-do sahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 1283 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1284 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1285 , , , 19499 3179 1286 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1287 Graces grace NNS 19499 3179 1288 , , , 19499 3179 1289 22 22 CD 19499 3179 1290 Grandioso Grandioso NNP 19499 3179 1291 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1292 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1293 grahn grahn NN 19499 3179 1294 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1295 dee dee NN 19499 3179 1296 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1297 o'-so o'-so NN 19499 3179 1298 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1299 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1300 , , , 19499 3179 1301 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1302 Grand Grand NNP 19499 3179 1303 sonata sonata NN 19499 3179 1304 , , , 19499 3179 1305 74 74 CD 19499 3179 1306 Grave Grave NNP 19499 3179 1307 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1308 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1309 grah'-veh grah'-veh NNP 19499 3179 1310 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1311 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1312 , , , 19499 3179 1313 50 50 CD 19499 3179 1314 Grazioso Grazioso NNP 19499 3179 1315 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1316 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1317 grah grah NNP 19499 3179 1318 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1319 tsi tsi NN 19499 3179 1320 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1321 o'-so o'-so NNP 19499 3179 1322 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1323 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1324 , , , 19499 3179 1325 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1326 Great great JJ 19499 3179 1327 octave octave NN 19499 3179 1328 , , , 19499 3179 1329 16 16 CD 19499 3179 1330 Great great JJ 19499 3179 1331 staff staff NN 19499 3179 1332 , , , 19499 3179 1333 5 5 CD 19499 3179 1334 Grosse Grosse NNP 19499 3179 1335 pause pause NN 19499 3179 1336 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1337 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1338 gros gros NNP 19499 3179 1339 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1340 seh seh JJ 19499 3179 1341 pah pah NNP 19499 3179 1342 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1343 oo'-za oo'-za NNP 19499 3179 1344 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1345 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1346 or or CC 19499 3179 1347 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1348 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1349 gros gros NNP 19499 3179 1350 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1351 seh seh JJ 19499 3179 1352 pow pow NNP 19499 3179 1353 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1354 zeh zeh NNP 19499 3179 1355 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1356 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1357 , , , 19499 3179 1358 15 15 CD 19499 3179 1359 Gruppetto Gruppetto NNP 19499 3179 1360 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1361 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1362 groo groo NNP 19499 3179 1363 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1364 pet'-to pet'-to NNP 19499 3179 1365 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1366 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1367 , , , 19499 3179 1368 22 22 CD 19499 3179 1369 Habanera Habanera NNP 19499 3179 1370 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1371 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1372 hah hah JJ 19499 3179 1373 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1374 bah bah NN 19499 3179 1375 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1376 neh'-rah neh'-rah NNP 19499 3179 1377 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1378 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1379 , , , 19499 3179 1380 71 71 CD 19499 3179 1381 Half half JJ 19499 3179 1382 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1383 step step NN 19499 3179 1384 , , , 19499 3179 1385 83 83 CD 19499 3179 1386 Harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 3179 1387 minor minor JJ 19499 3179 1388 scale scale NN 19499 3179 1389 , , , 19499 3179 1390 33 33 CD 19499 3179 1391 Harmonics harmonic NNS 19499 3179 1392 , , , 19499 3179 1393 136 136 CD 19499 3179 1394 Harmonics harmonic NNS 19499 3179 1395 on on IN 19499 3179 1396 violin violin NN 19499 3179 1397 , , , 19499 3179 1398 117 117 CD 19499 3179 1399 Harmony harmony NN 19499 3179 1400 , , , 19499 3179 1401 82 82 CD 19499 3179 1402 Harp Harp NNP 19499 3179 1403 , , , 19499 3179 1404 129 129 CD 19499 3179 1405 Harpsichord Harpsichord NNP 19499 3179 1406 , , , 19499 3179 1407 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1408 Head head NN 19499 3179 1409 of of IN 19499 3179 1410 note note NN 19499 3179 1411 , , , 19499 3179 1412 1 1 CD 19499 3179 1413 Hold hold VB 19499 3179 1414 , , , 19499 3179 1415 15 15 CD 19499 3179 1416 Homophonic homophonic JJ 19499 3179 1417 style style NN 19499 3179 1418 , , , 19499 3179 1419 63 63 CD 19499 3179 1420 Hook Hook NNP 19499 3179 1421 , , , 19499 3179 1422 1 1 CD 19499 3179 1423 Humoresque Humoresque NNP 19499 3179 1424 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1425 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1426 hoo hoo JJ 19499 3179 1427 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1428 mo mo NN 19499 3179 1429 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1430 resk resk NNP 19499 3179 1431 ' ' '' 19499 3179 1432 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1433 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1434 , , , 19499 3179 1435 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1436 Hymn hymn NN 19499 3179 1437 to to IN 19499 3179 1438 St. St. NNP 19499 3179 1439 John John NNP 19499 3179 1440 , , , 19499 3179 1441 37 37 CD 19499 3179 1442 Idyl Idyl NNP 19499 3179 1443 , , , 19499 3179 1444 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1445 Il Il NNP 19499 3179 1446 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1447 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1448 eel eel NNP 19499 3179 1449 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1450 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1451 , , , 19499 3179 1452 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1453 Il Il NNP 19499 3179 1454 basso basso NN 19499 3179 1455 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1456 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1457 bahs'-so bahs'-so NNP 19499 3179 1458 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1459 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1460 , , , 19499 3179 1461 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1462 Il Il NNPS 19499 3179 1463 più più NN 19499 3179 1464 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1465 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1466 pee'-oo pee'-oo NNS 19499 3179 1467 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1468 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1469 , , , 19499 3179 1470 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1471 Il Il NNP 19499 3179 1472 più più NN 19499 3179 1473 forte forte NNP 19499 3179 1474 possibile possibile NNP 19499 3179 1475 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1476 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1477 pos pos NNP 19499 3179 1478 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1479 see'-bee see'-bee CD 19499 3179 1480 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1481 leh leh NN 19499 3179 1482 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1483 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1484 , , , 19499 3179 1485 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1486 Imitation imitation NN 19499 3179 1487 , , , 19499 3179 1488 64 64 CD 19499 3179 1489 Imperfect imperfect JJ 19499 3179 1490 trill trill NN 19499 3179 1491 , , , 19499 3179 1492 23 23 CD 19499 3179 1493 In in IN 19499 3179 1494 alt alt NN 19499 3179 1495 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1496 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1497 in in IN 19499 3179 1498 ahlt ahlt NN 19499 3179 1499 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1500 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1501 , , , 19499 3179 1502 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1503 In in IN 19499 3179 1504 altissimo altissimo NNP 19499 3179 1505 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1506 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1507 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3179 1508 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1509 tis'-si tis'-si JJ 19499 3179 1510 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1511 mo mo NN 19499 3179 1512 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1513 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1514 , , , 19499 3179 1515 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1516 Ino Ino NNP 19499 3179 1517 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1518 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1519 ee'-no ee'-no NNP 19499 3179 1520 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1521 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1522 , , , 19499 3179 1523 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1524 Instrumentation instrumentation NN 19499 3179 1525 , , , 19499 3179 1526 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1527 Instruments instrument NNS 19499 3179 1528 , , , 19499 3179 1529 classification classification NN 19499 3179 1530 of of IN 19499 3179 1531 , , , 19499 3179 1532 112 112 CD 19499 3179 1533 Intensity Intensity NNP 19499 3179 1534 of of IN 19499 3179 1535 tones tone NNS 19499 3179 1536 , , , 19499 3179 1537 135 135 CD 19499 3179 1538 Interlude Interlude NNP 19499 3179 1539 , , , 19499 3179 1540 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1541 Intermediate intermediate JJ 19499 3179 1542 tones tone NNS 19499 3179 1543 , , , 19499 3179 1544 38 38 CD 19499 3179 1545 see see VBP 19499 3179 1546 " " `` 19499 3179 1547 Chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 3179 1548 , , , 19499 3179 1549 " " '' 19499 3179 1550 p. p. NN 19499 3179 1551 96 96 CD 19499 3179 1552 International international JJ 19499 3179 1553 pitch pitch NN 19499 3179 1554 , , , 19499 3179 1555 138 138 CD 19499 3179 1556 Interval Interval NNP 19499 3179 1557 , , , 19499 3179 1558 def def NNP 19499 3179 1559 . . NNP 19499 3179 1560 , , , 19499 3179 1561 83 83 CD 19499 3179 1562 enharmonic enharmonic NN 19499 3179 1563 , , , 19499 3179 1564 10 10 CD 19499 3179 1565 harmonic harmonic JJ 19499 3179 1566 , , , 19499 3179 1567 83 83 CD 19499 3179 1568 melodic melodic NN 19499 3179 1569 , , , 19499 3179 1570 83 83 CD 19499 3179 1571 names name NNS 19499 3179 1572 of of IN 19499 3179 1573 , , , 19499 3179 1574 83 83 CD 19499 3179 1575 Inversion Inversion NNP 19499 3179 1576 , , , 19499 3179 1577 in in IN 19499 3179 1578 thematic thematic JJ 19499 3179 1579 development development NN 19499 3179 1580 , , , 19499 3179 1581 69 69 CD 19499 3179 1582 Inversions inversion NNS 19499 3179 1583 of of IN 19499 3179 1584 chords chord NNS 19499 3179 1585 , , , 19499 3179 1586 88 88 CD 19499 3179 1587 Inverted invert VBN 19499 3179 1588 mordent mordent JJ 19499 3179 1589 , , , 19499 3179 1590 23 23 CD 19499 3179 1591 Inverted inverted JJ 19499 3179 1592 turn turn NN 19499 3179 1593 , , , 19499 3179 1594 25 25 CD 19499 3179 1595 Issimo Issimo NNP 19499 3179 1596 , , , 19499 3179 1597 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1598 Kettle Kettle NNP 19499 3179 1599 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1600 drum drum NNP 19499 3179 1601 , , , 19499 3179 1602 126 126 CD 19499 3179 1603 Key Key NNP 19499 3179 1604 , , , 19499 3179 1605 def def NNP 19499 3179 1606 . . NNP 19499 3179 1607 , , , 19499 3179 1608 28 28 CD 19499 3179 1609 signature signature NN 19499 3179 1610 , , , 19499 3179 1611 8 8 CD 19499 3179 1612 enharmonic enharmonic NN 19499 3179 1613 keys key NNS 19499 3179 1614 , , , 19499 3179 1615 10 10 CD 19499 3179 1616 key key JJ 19499 3179 1617 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1618 tone tone NN 19499 3179 1619 , , , 19499 3179 1620 27 27 CD 19499 3179 1621 , , , 19499 3179 1622 28 28 CD 19499 3179 1623 how how WRB 19499 3179 1624 different different JJ 19499 3179 1625 from from IN 19499 3179 1626 scale scale NN 19499 3179 1627 , , , 19499 3179 1628 28 28 CD 19499 3179 1629 L l NN 19499 3179 1630 , , , 19499 3179 1631 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1632 La La NNP 19499 3179 1633 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1634 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1635 lah lah NNP 19499 3179 1636 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1637 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1638 , , , 19499 3179 1639 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1640 Lacrimando Lacrimando NNP 19499 3179 1641 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1642 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1643 lah lah NNP 19499 3179 1644 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1645 kri kri NNP 19499 3179 1646 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1647 mahn'-do mahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 1648 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1649 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1650 , , , 19499 3179 1651 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1652 Lacrimoso Lacrimoso NNP 19499 3179 1653 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1654 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1655 lah lah NNP 19499 3179 1656 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1657 kri kri NNP 19499 3179 1658 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1659 mo'-so mo'-so NNP 19499 3179 1660 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1661 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1662 , , , 19499 3179 1663 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1664 Largamente Largamente NNP 19499 3179 1665 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1666 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1667 lar lar NN 19499 3179 1668 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1669 gah gah NNP 19499 3179 1670 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1671 men'-teh men'-teh NNP 19499 3179 1672 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1673 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1674 , , , 19499 3179 1675 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1676 Largando Largando NNP 19499 3179 1677 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1678 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1679 lar lar NNP 19499 3179 1680 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1681 gahn'-do gahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 1682 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1683 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1684 , , , 19499 3179 1685 53 53 CD 19499 3179 1686 Larghetto Larghetto NNP 19499 3179 1687 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1688 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1689 lar lar NNP 19499 3179 1690 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1691 get'-to get'-to NNP 19499 3179 1692 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1693 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1694 , , , 19499 3179 1695 50 50 CD 19499 3179 1696 Largo Largo NNP 19499 3179 1697 , , , 19499 3179 1698 50 50 CD 19499 3179 1699 Largo Largo NNP 19499 3179 1700 assai assai NNP 19499 3179 1701 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1702 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1703 ahs ahs NN 19499 3179 1704 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1705 sah'-ee sah'-ee NNP 19499 3179 1706 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1707 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1708 , , , 19499 3179 1709 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1710 Largo Largo NNP 19499 3179 1711 di di FW 19499 3179 1712 molto molto NNP 19499 3179 1713 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1714 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1715 de de FW 19499 3179 1716 mohl'-to mohl'-to NNP 19499 3179 1717 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1718 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1719 , , , 19499 3179 1720 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1721 Largo Largo NNP 19499 3179 1722 ma ma NNP 19499 3179 1723 non non NNP 19499 3179 1724 troppo troppo NN 19499 3179 1725 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1726 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1727 mah mah NNP 19499 3179 1728 non non AFX 19499 3179 1729 trop'-po trop'-po NNP 19499 3179 1730 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1731 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1732 , , , 19499 3179 1733 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1734 Largo Largo NNP 19499 3179 1735 un un NNP 19499 3179 1736 poco poco NNP 19499 3179 1737 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1738 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1739 oon oon NN 19499 3179 1740 po'-co po'-co NNP 19499 3179 1741 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1742 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1743 , , , 19499 3179 1744 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1745 Le Le NNP 19499 3179 1746 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1747 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1748 leh leh NNP 19499 3179 1749 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1750 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1751 , , , 19499 3179 1752 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1753 Leading lead VBG 19499 3179 1754 tone tone NN 19499 3179 1755 , , , 19499 3179 1756 33 33 CD 19499 3179 1757 , , , 19499 3179 1758 36 36 CD 19499 3179 1759 Legato Legato NNP 19499 3179 1760 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1761 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1762 leh leh NNP 19499 3179 1763 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1764 gah'-to gah'-to NNP 19499 3179 1765 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1766 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1767 , , , 19499 3179 1768 18 18 CD 19499 3179 1769 , , , 19499 3179 1770 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1771 Leger Leger NNP 19499 3179 1772 lines line NNS 19499 3179 1773 , , , 19499 3179 1774 5 5 CD 19499 3179 1775 Leggierissimo Leggierissimo NNP 19499 3179 1776 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1777 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1778 led lead VBN 19499 3179 1779 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1780 jah jah NN 19499 3179 1781 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1782 ris'-si ris'-si NNP 19499 3179 1783 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1784 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 1785 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1786 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1787 , , , 19499 3179 1788 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1789 Leggiero Leggiero NNP 19499 3179 1790 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1791 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1792 led lead VBN 19499 3179 1793 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1794 jee'-ro jee'-ro NNP 19499 3179 1795 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1796 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1797 , , , 19499 3179 1798 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1799 Lentando Lentando NNP 19499 3179 1800 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1801 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1802 len len NNP 19499 3179 1803 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1804 tahn'-do tahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 1805 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1806 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1807 , , , 19499 3179 1808 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1809 Lentemente Lentemente NNP 19499 3179 1810 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1811 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1812 len len NNP 19499 3179 1813 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1814 tah tah NNP 19499 3179 1815 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1816 men'-teh men'-teh NNP 19499 3179 1817 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1818 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1819 , , , 19499 3179 1820 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1821 Lentissimamente Lentissimamente NNP 19499 3179 1822 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1823 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1824 -men'-teh -men'-teh NNP 19499 3179 1825 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1826 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1827 , , , 19499 3179 1828 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1829 Lentissamente Lentissamente NNP 19499 3179 1830 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1831 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1832 -men'-teh -men'-teh NNP 19499 3179 1833 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1834 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1835 , , , 19499 3179 1836 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1837 Lento Lento NNP 19499 3179 1838 , , , 19499 3179 1839 50 50 CD 19499 3179 1840 Lento Lento NNS 19499 3179 1841 a a DT 19499 3179 1842 capriccio capriccio NN 19499 3179 1843 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1844 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1845 ah ah NNP 19499 3179 1846 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1847 cah cah NNP 19499 3179 1848 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1849 preet'-chee preet'-chee NNP 19499 3179 1850 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1851 o o NNP 19499 3179 1852 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1853 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1854 , , , 19499 3179 1855 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1856 Lento Lento NNP 19499 3179 1857 assai assai NNP 19499 3179 1858 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1859 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1860 ahs ahs NN 19499 3179 1861 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1862 sah'-ee sah'-ee NNP 19499 3179 1863 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1864 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1865 , , , 19499 3179 1866 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1867 Lento Lento NNP 19499 3179 1868 di di NNP 19499 3179 1869 molto molto NNP 19499 3179 1870 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1871 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1872 de de FW 19499 3179 1873 mohl'-to mohl'-to NNP 19499 3179 1874 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1875 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1876 , , , 19499 3179 1877 52 52 CD 19499 3179 1878 Libretto Libretto NNP 19499 3179 1879 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1880 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1881 lee lee NNP 19499 3179 1882 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1883 bret'-to bret'-to NNP 19499 3179 1884 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1885 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1886 , , , 19499 3179 1887 78 78 CD 19499 3179 1888 Lied Lied NNP 19499 3179 1889 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1890 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1891 leed leed NNP 19499 3179 1892 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1893 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1894 , , , 19499 3179 1895 80 80 CD 19499 3179 1896 L'istesso L'istesso NNP 19499 3179 1897 tempo tempo NNP 19499 3179 1898 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1899 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1900 lis lis NNP 19499 3179 1901 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1902 tes'-so tes'-so NNP 19499 3179 1903 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1904 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1905 , , , 19499 3179 1906 42 42 CD 19499 3179 1907 , , , 19499 3179 1908 55 55 CD 19499 3179 1909 Loco Loco NNP 19499 3179 1910 , , , 19499 3179 1911 15 15 CD 19499 3179 1912 , , , 19499 3179 1913 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1914 Long long JJ 19499 3179 1915 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 3179 1916 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1917 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1918 ap ap NNP 19499 3179 1919 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1920 pod pod NNP 19499 3179 1921 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1922 jea jea NNP 19499 3179 1923 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1924 too'-rah too'-rah CD 19499 3179 1925 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1926 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1927 , , , 19499 3179 1928 25 25 CD 19499 3179 1929 Lower low JJR 19499 3179 1930 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 3179 1931 , , , 19499 3179 1932 29 29 CD 19499 3179 1933 Lunga Lunga NNP 19499 3179 1934 pausa pausa NN 19499 3179 1935 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1936 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1937 loong loong NNP 19499 3179 1938 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1939 ah ah UH 19499 3179 1940 pow'-zeh pow'-zeh CD 19499 3179 1941 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1942 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1943 or or CC 19499 3179 1944 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1945 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1946 loon loon NNP 19499 3179 1947 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1948 gah gah NNP 19499 3179 1949 pah pah NNP 19499 3179 1950 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1951 oo'-za oo'-za NNP 19499 3179 1952 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1953 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1954 , , , 19499 3179 1955 15 15 CD 19499 3179 1956 Lunga Lunga NNP 19499 3179 1957 trillo trillo NN 19499 3179 1958 , , , 19499 3179 1959 97 97 CD 19499 3179 1960 Lusingando Lusingando NNP 19499 3179 1961 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1962 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1963 loos loos NNP 19499 3179 1964 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1965 in in IN 19499 3179 1966 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1967 gahn'-do gahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 1968 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1969 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1970 , , , 19499 3179 1971 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1972 Lyric Lyric NNP 19499 3179 1973 , , , 19499 3179 1974 98 98 CD 19499 3179 1975 Madrigal Madrigal NNP 19499 3179 1976 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1977 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1978 mad'-ri mad'-ri NNP 19499 3179 1979 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1980 gal gal NNP 19499 3179 1981 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1982 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1983 , , , 19499 3179 1984 81 81 CD 19499 3179 1985 Maesta Maesta NNP 19499 3179 1986 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1987 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1988 mah'-es mah'-es NNP 19499 3179 1989 - - HYPH 19499 3179 1990 tah tah NNP 19499 3179 1991 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1992 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 1993 , , , 19499 3179 1994 60 60 CD 19499 3179 1995 Maestoso Maestoso NNP 19499 3179 1996 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 1997 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 1998 mah mah NNP 19499 3179 1999 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2000 es es NNP 19499 3179 2001 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2002 to'-so to'-so NNP 19499 3179 2003 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2004 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2005 , , , 19499 3179 2006 60 60 CD 19499 3179 2007 Maggiore Maggiore NNP 19499 3179 2008 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2009 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2010 mahd mahd NNP 19499 3179 2011 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2012 jo'-reh jo'-reh NNP 19499 3179 2013 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2014 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2015 , , , 19499 3179 2016 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2017 Main Main NNP 19499 3179 2018 droite droite NN 19499 3179 2019 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2020 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2021 mahng mahng NNP 19499 3179 2022 droa droa NNP 19499 3179 2023 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2024 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2025 , , , 19499 3179 2026 20 20 CD 19499 3179 2027 Main main JJ 19499 3179 2028 gauche gauche NN 19499 3179 2029 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2030 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2031 mahng mahng NNP 19499 3179 2032 gowsh gowsh NNP 19499 3179 2033 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2034 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2035 , , , 19499 3179 2036 20 20 CD 19499 3179 2037 Major major JJ 19499 3179 2038 key key NN 19499 3179 2039 , , , 19499 3179 2040 8 8 CD 19499 3179 2041 Major major JJ 19499 3179 2042 scale scale NN 19499 3179 2043 , , , 19499 3179 2044 def def NNP 19499 3179 2045 . . NNP 19499 3179 2046 , , , 19499 3179 2047 29 29 CD 19499 3179 2048 positions position NNS 19499 3179 2049 , , , 19499 3179 2050 30 30 CD 19499 3179 2051 origin origin NN 19499 3179 2052 of of IN 19499 3179 2053 name name NN 19499 3179 2054 , , , 19499 3179 2055 33 33 CD 19499 3179 2056 Mancando Mancando NNP 19499 3179 2057 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2058 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2059 mahn mahn NNP 19499 3179 2060 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2061 kahn'-do kahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 2062 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2063 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2064 , , , 19499 3179 2065 59 59 CD 19499 3179 2066 Mano Mano NNP 19499 3179 2067 destra destra NN 19499 3179 2068 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2069 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2070 mah'-no mah'-no NN 19499 3179 2071 dehs'-trah dehs'-trah NNP 19499 3179 2072 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2073 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2074 , , , 19499 3179 2075 20 20 CD 19499 3179 2076 Mano Mano NNP 19499 3179 2077 sinistra sinistra NN 19499 3179 2078 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2079 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2080 si si NNP 19499 3179 2081 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2082 nees'-trah nees'-trah NNP 19499 3179 2083 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2084 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2085 , , , 19499 3179 2086 20 20 CD 19499 3179 2087 Marcato Marcato NNP 19499 3179 2088 il il NNP 19499 3179 2089 canto canto NNP 19499 3179 2090 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2091 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2092 mar mar NNP 19499 3179 2093 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2094 kah'-to kah'-to NNP 19499 3179 2095 eel eel NNP 19499 3179 2096 kahn'-to kahn'-to NNP 19499 3179 2097 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2098 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2099 , , , 19499 3179 2100 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2101 Martellando Martellando NNP 19499 3179 2102 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2103 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2104 mar mar NNP 19499 3179 2105 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2106 tel tel NNP 19499 3179 2107 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2108 lahn'-do lahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 2109 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2110 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2111 , , , 19499 3179 2112 59 59 CD 19499 3179 2113 Martellato Martellato NNP 19499 3179 2114 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2115 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2116 mar mar NNP 19499 3179 2117 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2118 tel tel NNP 19499 3179 2119 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2120 lah'-to lah'-to NNP 19499 3179 2121 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2122 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2123 , , , 19499 3179 2124 59 59 CD 19499 3179 2125 Marziale Marziale NNP 19499 3179 2126 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2127 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2128 mart mart NNP 19499 3179 2129 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2130 se se NNP 19499 3179 2131 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2132 ah'-leh ah'-leh NNP 19499 3179 2133 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2134 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2135 , , , 19499 3179 2136 59 59 CD 19499 3179 2137 Mass Mass NNP 19499 3179 2138 , , , 19499 3179 2139 77 77 CD 19499 3179 2140 Mazurka Mazurka NNP 19499 3179 2141 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2142 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2143 mah mah NNP 19499 3179 2144 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2145 zoor'-ka zoor'-ka NNP 19499 3179 2146 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2147 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2148 , , , 19499 3179 2149 71 71 CD 19499 3179 2150 Measure measure NN 19499 3179 2151 , , , 19499 3179 2152 def def NNP 19499 3179 2153 . . NNP 19499 3179 2154 , , , 19499 3179 2155 44 44 CD 19499 3179 2156 how how WRB 19499 3179 2157 differs differ NNS 19499 3179 2158 from from IN 19499 3179 2159 " " `` 19499 3179 2160 bar bar NN 19499 3179 2161 , , , 19499 3179 2162 " " '' 19499 3179 2163 12 12 CD 19499 3179 2164 how how WRB 19499 3179 2165 differs differ NNS 19499 3179 2166 from from IN 19499 3179 2167 " " `` 19499 3179 2168 rhythm rhythm NN 19499 3179 2169 , , , 19499 3179 2170 " " '' 19499 3179 2171 44 44 CD 19499 3179 2172 syncopation syncopation NN 19499 3179 2173 in in IN 19499 3179 2174 , , , 19499 3179 2175 44 44 CD 19499 3179 2176 simple simple JJ 19499 3179 2177 and and CC 19499 3179 2178 compound compound NN 19499 3179 2179 , , , 19499 3179 2180 45 45 CD 19499 3179 2181 duple duple NN 19499 3179 2182 or or CC 19499 3179 2183 even even RB 19499 3179 2184 , , , 19499 3179 2185 46 46 CD 19499 3179 2186 triple triple JJ 19499 3179 2187 or or CC 19499 3179 2188 perfect perfect JJ 19499 3179 2189 , , , 19499 3179 2190 46 46 CD 19499 3179 2191 quadruple quadruple NN 19499 3179 2192 , , , 19499 3179 2193 46 46 CD 19499 3179 2194 sextuple sextuple NN 19499 3179 2195 , , , 19499 3179 2196 46 46 CD 19499 3179 2197 compound compound NN 19499 3179 2198 duple duple NN 19499 3179 2199 , , , 19499 3179 2200 46 46 CD 19499 3179 2201 signature signature NN 19499 3179 2202 , , , 19499 3179 2203 48 48 CD 19499 3179 2204 binary binary NN 19499 3179 2205 , , , 19499 3179 2206 95 95 CD 19499 3179 2207 Mediant mediant JJ 19499 3179 2208 , , , 19499 3179 2209 36 36 CD 19499 3179 2210 Mellifluous Mellifluous NNP 19499 3179 2211 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2212 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2213 mel mel NNP 19499 3179 2214 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2215 lif'-loo lif'-loo NNP 19499 3179 2216 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2217 us us NNP 19499 3179 2218 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2219 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2220 , , , 19499 3179 2221 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2222 Melodic melodic JJ 19499 3179 2223 minor minor JJ 19499 3179 2224 scales scale NNS 19499 3179 2225 , , , 19499 3179 2226 34 34 CD 19499 3179 2227 Melody Melody NNP 19499 3179 2228 , , , 19499 3179 2229 82 82 CD 19499 3179 2230 Melos Melos NNP 19499 3179 2231 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2232 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2233 meh'-los meh'-los CD 19499 3179 2234 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2235 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2236 , , , 19499 3179 2237 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2238 Meno Meno NNP 19499 3179 2239 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2240 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2241 meh'-no meh'-no NNP 19499 3179 2242 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2243 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2244 , , , 19499 3179 2245 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2246 Meno Meno NNP 19499 3179 2247 mosso mosso NN 19499 3179 2248 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2249 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2250 mos'-so mos'-so NNP 19499 3179 2251 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2252 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2253 , , , 19499 3179 2254 53 53 CD 19499 3179 2255 Mente Mente NNP 19499 3179 2256 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2257 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2258 men'-teh men'-teh NNP 19499 3179 2259 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2260 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2261 , , , 19499 3179 2262 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2263 Menuet Menuet NNP 19499 3179 2264 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2265 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2266 meh meh NNP 19499 3179 2267 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2268 noo noo NNP 19499 3179 2269 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2270 eh eh NNP 19499 3179 2271 ' ' `` 19499 3179 2272 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2273 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2274 , , , 19499 3179 2275 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2276 Menuetto Menuetto NNP 19499 3179 2277 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2278 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2279 meh meh NNP 19499 3179 2280 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2281 noo noo NNP 19499 3179 2282 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2283 et'-to et'-to NNP 19499 3179 2284 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2285 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2286 , , , 19499 3179 2287 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2288 Messa Messa NNP 19499 3179 2289 di di FW 19499 3179 2290 voce voce NNP 19499 3179 2291 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2292 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2293 mes'-sa mes'-sa NNP 19499 3179 2294 dee dee NNP 19499 3179 2295 vo'-cheh vo'-cheh NNP 19499 3179 2296 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2297 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2298 , , , 19499 3179 2299 21 21 CD 19499 3179 2300 Mesto Mesto NNP 19499 3179 2301 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2302 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2303 mehs'-to mehs'-to NNP 19499 3179 2304 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2305 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2306 , , , 19499 3179 2307 60 60 CD 19499 3179 2308 Metronome metronome NN 19499 3179 2309 , , , 19499 3179 2310 49 49 CD 19499 3179 2311 Mezza Mezza NNP 19499 3179 2312 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2313 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2314 med'-zah med'-zah CD 19499 3179 2315 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2316 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2317 , , , 19499 3179 2318 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2319 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 3179 2320 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2321 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2322 med'-zo med'-zo NNP 19499 3179 2323 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2324 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2325 , , , 19499 3179 2326 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2327 Mezzo mezzo JJ 19499 3179 2328 forte forte NNS 19499 3179 2329 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2330 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2331 for'-teh for'-teh CD 19499 3179 2332 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2333 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2334 , , , 19499 3179 2335 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2336 , , , 19499 3179 2337 56 56 CD 19499 3179 2338 Mezzo mezzo JJ 19499 3179 2339 piano piano NN 19499 3179 2340 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2341 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2342 pe pe NNP 19499 3179 2343 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2344 ah'-no ah'-no NNP 19499 3179 2345 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2346 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2347 , , , 19499 3179 2348 56 56 CD 19499 3179 2349 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 3179 2350 soprano soprano NN 19499 3179 2351 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2352 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2353 so so NNP 19499 3179 2354 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2355 prah'-no prah'-no NNP 19499 3179 2356 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2357 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2358 , , , 19499 3179 2359 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2360 Mezzo Mezzo NNP 19499 3179 2361 voce voce NN 19499 3179 2362 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2363 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2364 vo'-cheh vo'-cheh NNP 19499 3179 2365 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2366 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2367 , , , 19499 3179 2368 60 60 CD 19499 3179 2369 Minor minor JJ 19499 3179 2370 key key NN 19499 3179 2371 , , , 19499 3179 2372 8 8 CD 19499 3179 2373 Minore Minore NNP 19499 3179 2374 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2375 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2376 me -PRON- PRP 19499 3179 2377 - - : 19499 3179 2378 no'-reh no'-reh NNP 19499 3179 2379 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2380 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2381 , , , 19499 3179 2382 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2383 Minor minor JJ 19499 3179 2384 scale scale NN 19499 3179 2385 , , , 19499 3179 2386 def def NNP 19499 3179 2387 . . NNP 19499 3179 2388 , , , 19499 3179 2389 33 33 CD 19499 3179 2390 positions position NNS 19499 3179 2391 , , , 19499 3179 2392 34 34 CD 19499 3179 2393 Minuet Minuet NNP 19499 3179 2394 , , , 19499 3179 2395 71 71 CD 19499 3179 2396 Misterioso Misterioso NNP 19499 3179 2397 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2398 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2399 mis mis NNP 19499 3179 2400 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2401 teh teh NNP 19499 3179 2402 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2403 ri ri NNP 19499 3179 2404 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2405 o'-so o'-so NNP 19499 3179 2406 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2407 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2408 , , , 19499 3179 2409 60 60 CD 19499 3179 2410 Moderato Moderato NNP 19499 3179 2411 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2412 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2413 mod mod NNP 19499 3179 2414 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2415 e e NNP 19499 3179 2416 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2417 rah'-to rah'-to NNP 19499 3179 2418 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2419 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2420 , , , 19499 3179 2421 51 51 CD 19499 3179 2422 Modulation Modulation NNP 19499 3179 2423 , , , 19499 3179 2424 def def NNP 19499 3179 2425 . . NNP 19499 3179 2426 , , , 19499 3179 2427 92 92 CD 19499 3179 2428 enharmonic enharmonic NN 19499 3179 2429 , , , 19499 3179 2430 10 10 CD 19499 3179 2431 Molto Molto NNP 19499 3179 2432 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2433 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2434 mohl'-to mohl'-to NNP 19499 3179 2435 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2436 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2437 , , , 19499 3179 2438 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2439 Molto Molto NNP 19499 3179 2440 crescendo crescendo NN 19499 3179 2441 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2442 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2443 kre kre NNP 19499 3179 2444 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2445 shen'-do shen'-do NNP 19499 3179 2446 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2447 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2448 , , , 19499 3179 2449 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2450 Monophonic Monophonic NNP 19499 3179 2451 style style NN 19499 3179 2452 , , , 19499 3179 2453 63 63 CD 19499 3179 2454 , , , 19499 3179 2455 67 67 CD 19499 3179 2456 Mordent Mordent NNP 19499 3179 2457 , , , 19499 3179 2458 22 22 CD 19499 3179 2459 , , , 19499 3179 2460 23 23 CD 19499 3179 2461 Morendo Morendo NNP 19499 3179 2462 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2463 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2464 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 2465 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2466 ren'-do ren'-do NNP 19499 3179 2467 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2468 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2469 , , , 19499 3179 2470 59 59 CD 19499 3179 2471 Moriente Moriente NNP 19499 3179 2472 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2473 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2474 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 2475 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2476 ri ri NNP 19499 3179 2477 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2478 en'-teh en'-teh NNP 19499 3179 2479 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2480 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2481 , , , 19499 3179 2482 59 59 CD 19499 3179 2483 Motet Motet NNP 19499 3179 2484 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2485 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2486 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 2487 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2488 tet tet NNP 19499 3179 2489 ' ' '' 19499 3179 2490 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2491 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2492 , , , 19499 3179 2493 76 76 CD 19499 3179 2494 Movable movable JJ 19499 3179 2495 C c NN 19499 3179 2496 Clef Clef NNP 19499 3179 2497 , , , 19499 3179 2498 6 6 CD 19499 3179 2499 Mute Mute NNP 19499 3179 2500 , , , 19499 3179 2501 117 117 CD 19499 3179 2502 Natural natural JJ 19499 3179 2503 , , , 19499 3179 2504 3 3 CD 19499 3179 2505 , , , 19499 3179 2506 8 8 CD 19499 3179 2507 Natural natural JJ 19499 3179 2508 condition condition NN 19499 3179 2509 of of IN 19499 3179 2510 staff staff NN 19499 3179 2511 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2512 degrees degree NNS 19499 3179 2513 , , , 19499 3179 2514 8 8 CD 19499 3179 2515 Nel Nel NNP 19499 3179 2516 , , , 19499 3179 2517 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2518 Nel Nel NNP 19499 3179 2519 battere battere RB 19499 3179 2520 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2521 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2522 baht baht NNP 19499 3179 2523 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2524 teh'-reh teh'-reh CD 19499 3179 2525 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2526 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2527 , , , 19499 3179 2528 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2529 Nella nella NN 19499 3179 2530 , , , 19499 3179 2531 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2532 Neumae Neumae NNP 19499 3179 2533 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2534 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2535 neoo'-mee neoo'-mee NNP 19499 3179 2536 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2537 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2538 , , , 19499 3179 2539 104 104 CD 19499 3179 2540 Nocturne Nocturne NNP 19499 3179 2541 , , , 19499 3179 2542 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2543 Non Non NNP 19499 3179 2544 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2545 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2546 non non AFX 19499 3179 2547 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2548 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2549 , , , 19499 3179 2550 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2551 Non Non NNS 19499 3179 2552 tanto tanto IN 19499 3179 2553 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2554 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2555 tahn'-to tahn'-to NNP 19499 3179 2556 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2557 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2558 , , , 19499 3179 2559 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2560 Non Non NNS 19499 3179 2561 tanto tanto IN 19499 3179 2562 allegro allegro NNP 19499 3179 2563 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2564 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2565 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3179 2566 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2567 leh'-gro leh'-gro CD 19499 3179 2568 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2569 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2570 , , , 19499 3179 2571 53 53 CD 19499 3179 2572 Non Non NNP 19499 3179 2573 troppo troppo NN 19499 3179 2574 allegro allegro NNP 19499 3179 2575 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2576 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2577 trop'-po trop'-po NNP 19499 3179 2578 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2579 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2580 , , , 19499 3179 2581 53 53 CD 19499 3179 2582 Notation notation NN 19499 3179 2583 , , , 19499 3179 2584 history history NN 19499 3179 2585 of of IN 19499 3179 2586 music music NN 19499 3179 2587 , , , 19499 3179 2588 101 101 CD 19499 3179 2589 Notes Notes NNPS 19499 3179 2590 , , , 19499 3179 2591 def def NNP 19499 3179 2592 . . NNP 19499 3179 2593 , , , 19499 3179 2594 10 10 CD 19499 3179 2595 kinds kind NNS 19499 3179 2596 of of IN 19499 3179 2597 , , , 19499 3179 2598 11 11 CD 19499 3179 2599 English english JJ 19499 3179 2600 names name NNS 19499 3179 2601 for for IN 19499 3179 2602 , , , 19499 3179 2603 11 11 CD 19499 3179 2604 dotted dot VBN 19499 3179 2605 , , , 19499 3179 2606 17 17 CD 19499 3179 2607 staccato staccato NN 19499 3179 2608 , , , 19499 3179 2609 17 17 CD 19499 3179 2610 irregular irregular JJ 19499 3179 2611 note note NN 19499 3179 2612 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2613 groups group NNS 19499 3179 2614 , , , 19499 3179 2615 19 19 CD 19499 3179 2616 parts part NNS 19499 3179 2617 of of IN 19499 3179 2618 , , , 19499 3179 2619 1 1 CD 19499 3179 2620 how how WRB 19499 3179 2621 made make VBN 19499 3179 2622 , , , 19499 3179 2623 1 1 CD 19499 3179 2624 Nuance Nuance NNP 19499 3179 2625 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2626 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2627 noo noo NNP 19499 3179 2628 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2629 angs angs NNP 19499 3179 2630 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2631 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2632 , , , 19499 3179 2633 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2634 Obbligato Obbligato NNP 19499 3179 2635 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2636 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2637 ob ob NNP 19499 3179 2638 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2639 blee blee NNP 19499 3179 2640 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2641 gah'-to gah'-to NNP 19499 3179 2642 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2643 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2644 , , , 19499 3179 2645 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2646 Oboe Oboe NNP 19499 3179 2647 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2648 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2649 o'-bo o'-bo NNP 19499 3179 2650 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2651 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2652 , , , 19499 3179 2653 121 121 CD 19499 3179 2654 Octave Octave NNP 19499 3179 2655 , , , 19499 3179 2656 def def NNP 19499 3179 2657 . . NNP 19499 3179 2658 , , , 19499 3179 2659 36 36 CD 19499 3179 2660 Octaves octave NNS 19499 3179 2661 , , , 19499 3179 2662 names name NNS 19499 3179 2663 of of IN 19499 3179 2664 , , , 19499 3179 2665 16 16 CD 19499 3179 2666 Offertory Offertory NNP 19499 3179 2667 , , , 19499 3179 2668 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2669 One one CD 19499 3179 2670 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2671 lined line VBN 19499 3179 2672 octave octave NN 19499 3179 2673 , , , 19499 3179 2674 16 16 CD 19499 3179 2675 Open open JJ 19499 3179 2676 position position NN 19499 3179 2677 , , , 19499 3179 2678 94 94 CD 19499 3179 2679 Opera Opera NNP 19499 3179 2680 , , , 19499 3179 2681 78 78 CD 19499 3179 2682 Opus Opus NNP 19499 3179 2683 , , , 19499 3179 2684 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2685 Oratorio Oratorio NNP 19499 3179 2686 , , , 19499 3179 2687 77 77 CD 19499 3179 2688 Orchestra Orchestra NNP 19499 3179 2689 , , , 19499 3179 2690 115 115 CD 19499 3179 2691 Orchestration Orchestration NNP 19499 3179 2692 , , , 19499 3179 2693 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2694 Organ Organ NNP 19499 3179 2695 , , , 19499 3179 2696 reed reed NN 19499 3179 2697 , , , 19499 3179 2698 113 113 CD 19499 3179 2699 pipe pipe NN 19499 3179 2700 , , , 19499 3179 2701 114 114 CD 19499 3179 2702 point point NN 19499 3179 2703 , , , 19499 3179 2704 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2705 Original original JJ 19499 3179 2706 minor minor JJ 19499 3179 2707 scale scale NN 19499 3179 2708 , , , 19499 3179 2709 33 33 CD 19499 3179 2710 Origin origin NN 19499 3179 2711 of of IN 19499 3179 2712 scale scale NN 19499 3179 2713 , , , 19499 3179 2714 28 28 CD 19499 3179 2715 Ossia Ossia NNP 19499 3179 2716 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2717 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2718 os'-see os'-see NNP 19499 3179 2719 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2720 ah ah UH 19499 3179 2721 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2722 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2723 , , , 19499 3179 2724 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2725 , , , 19499 3179 2726 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2727 Ossia Ossia NNP 19499 3179 2728 più più NN 19499 3179 2729 facile facile NN 19499 3179 2730 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2731 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2732 pe pe NNP 19499 3179 2733 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2734 oo oo NNP 19499 3179 2735 ' ' '' 19499 3179 2736 fah fah NNP 19499 3179 2737 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2738 chee'-leh chee'-leh NNP 19499 3179 2739 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2740 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2741 , , , 19499 3179 2742 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2743 Overtones overtone NNS 19499 3179 2744 , , , 19499 3179 2745 136 136 CD 19499 3179 2746 Overture overture NN 19499 3179 2747 , , , 19499 3179 2748 98 98 CD 19499 3179 2749 Parlando Parlando NNP 19499 3179 2750 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2751 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2752 par par NNP 19499 3179 2753 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2754 lahn'-do lahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 2755 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2756 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2757 , , , 19499 3179 2758 60 60 CD 19499 3179 2759 Part part NN 19499 3179 2760 song song NN 19499 3179 2761 , , , 19499 3179 2762 81 81 CD 19499 3179 2763 Pastorale Pastorale NNP 19499 3179 2764 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2765 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2766 pas pas NN 19499 3179 2767 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2768 to to IN 19499 3179 2769 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2770 rah'-leh rah'-leh CD 19499 3179 2771 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2772 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2773 , , , 19499 3179 2774 60 60 CD 19499 3179 2775 Pedal Pedal NNP 19499 3179 2776 point point NN 19499 3179 2777 , , , 19499 3179 2778 93 93 CD 19499 3179 2779 Pentatonic pentatonic JJ 19499 3179 2780 scale scale NN 19499 3179 2781 , , , 19499 3179 2782 27 27 CD 19499 3179 2783 Per per IN 19499 3179 2784 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2785 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2786 pehr pehr NN 19499 3179 2787 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2788 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2789 , , , 19499 3179 2790 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2791 Percussion Percussion NNP 19499 3179 2792 instruments instrument NNS 19499 3179 2793 , , , 19499 3179 2794 116 116 CD 19499 3179 2795 Perdendo Perdendo NNP 19499 3179 2796 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2797 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2798 pehr pehr NNP 19499 3179 2799 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2800 den'-do den'-do NNP 19499 3179 2801 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2802 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2803 , , , 19499 3179 2804 59 59 CD 19499 3179 2805 Perdendosi Perdendosi NNP 19499 3179 2806 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2807 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2808 pehr pehr NN 19499 3179 2809 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2810 den den NNP 19499 3179 2811 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2812 do'-see do'-see NNP 19499 3179 2813 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2814 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2815 , , , 19499 3179 2816 59 59 CD 19499 3179 2817 Perfect perfect JJ 19499 3179 2818 measure measure NN 19499 3179 2819 , , , 19499 3179 2820 46 46 CD 19499 3179 2821 Perfect perfect JJ 19499 3179 2822 trill trill NN 19499 3179 2823 , , , 19499 3179 2824 23 23 CD 19499 3179 2825 Per per IN 19499 3179 2826 il il NNP 19499 3179 2827 violino violino NNP 19499 3179 2828 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2829 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2830 eel eel VBP 19499 3179 2831 ve ve JJ 19499 3179 2832 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2833 o o NN 19499 3179 2834 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2835 le'-no le'-no NNP 19499 3179 2836 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2837 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2838 , , , 19499 3179 2839 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2840 Period period NN 19499 3179 2841 , , , 19499 3179 2842 67 67 CD 19499 3179 2843 Pesante Pesante NNP 19499 3179 2844 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2845 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2846 peh peh NNP 19499 3179 2847 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2848 sahn'-teh sahn'-teh NNP 19499 3179 2849 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2850 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2851 , , , 19499 3179 2852 55 55 CD 19499 3179 2853 Peu Peu NNP 19499 3179 2854 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2855 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2856 peuh peuh NN 19499 3179 2857 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2858 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2859 , , , 19499 3179 2860 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2861 Phrase Phrase NNP 19499 3179 2862 , , , 19499 3179 2863 67 67 CD 19499 3179 2864 Phrase Phrase NNP 19499 3179 2865 mark mark NN 19499 3179 2866 , , , 19499 3179 2867 18 18 CD 19499 3179 2868 Pianissimo Pianissimo NNP 19499 3179 2869 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2870 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2871 pee pee NNP 19499 3179 2872 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2873 ahn ahn NN 19499 3179 2874 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2875 is'-si is'-si FW 19499 3179 2876 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2877 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 2878 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2879 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2880 , , , 19499 3179 2881 56 56 CD 19499 3179 2882 Pianissimo Pianissimo NNP 19499 3179 2883 possibile possibile NN 19499 3179 2884 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2885 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2886 pos pos NNP 19499 3179 2887 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2888 see'-bee'-leh see'-bee'-leh NNP 19499 3179 2889 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2890 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2891 , , , 19499 3179 2892 56 56 CD 19499 3179 2893 Pianisissimo Pianisissimo NNP 19499 3179 2894 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2895 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2896 pee pee NNP 19499 3179 2897 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2898 ahn ahn VB 19499 3179 2899 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2900 is be VBZ 19499 3179 2901 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2902 is'-si is'-si FW 19499 3179 2903 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2904 mo mo NNP 19499 3179 2905 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2906 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2907 , , , 19499 3179 2908 56 56 CD 19499 3179 2909 Piano Piano NNP 19499 3179 2910 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2911 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2912 pee pee NNP 19499 3179 2913 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2914 ah'-no ah'-no NNP 19499 3179 2915 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2916 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2917 , , , 19499 3179 2918 56 56 CD 19499 3179 2919 Piano Piano NNP 19499 3179 2920 assai assai NN 19499 3179 2921 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2922 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2923 ahs ahs NN 19499 3179 2924 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2925 sah'-ee sah'-ee NNP 19499 3179 2926 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2927 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2928 , , , 19499 3179 2929 56 56 CD 19499 3179 2930 Piano Piano NNP 19499 3179 2931 , , , 19499 3179 2932 description description NN 19499 3179 2933 of of IN 19499 3179 2934 , , , 19499 3179 2935 112 112 CD 19499 3179 2936 Piccolo Piccolo NNP 19499 3179 2937 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2938 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2939 pik'-ko pik'-ko NNP 19499 3179 2940 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2941 lo lo NNP 19499 3179 2942 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2943 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2944 , , , 19499 3179 2945 119 119 CD 19499 3179 2946 Pipe pipe NN 19499 3179 2947 organ organ NN 19499 3179 2948 , , , 19499 3179 2949 114 114 CD 19499 3179 2950 Pitch Pitch NNP 19499 3179 2951 , , , 19499 3179 2952 def def NNP 19499 3179 2953 . . NNP 19499 3179 2954 , , , 19499 3179 2955 134 134 CD 19499 3179 2956 pitch pitch NN 19499 3179 2957 names name NNS 19499 3179 2958 , , , 19499 3179 2959 6 6 CD 19499 3179 2960 standards standard NNS 19499 3179 2961 of of IN 19499 3179 2962 , , , 19499 3179 2963 137 137 CD 19499 3179 2964 concert concert NN 19499 3179 2965 pitch pitch NN 19499 3179 2966 , , , 19499 3179 2967 138 138 CD 19499 3179 2968 international international JJ 19499 3179 2969 pitch pitch NN 19499 3179 2970 , , , 19499 3179 2971 138 138 CD 19499 3179 2972 Più Più NNP 19499 3179 2973 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2974 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2975 pe pe NNP 19499 3179 2976 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2977 oo oo NNP 19499 3179 2978 ' ' '' 19499 3179 2979 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2980 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2981 , , , 19499 3179 2982 42 42 CD 19499 3179 2983 Più Più NNP 19499 3179 2984 allegro allegro FW 19499 3179 2985 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2986 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2987 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3179 2988 - - HYPH 19499 3179 2989 leh'-gro leh'-gro CD 19499 3179 2990 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 2991 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2992 , , , 19499 3179 2993 54 54 CD 19499 3179 2994 Più Più NNP 19499 3179 2995 forte forte NN 19499 3179 2996 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 2997 for'-teh for'-teh CD 19499 3179 2998 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 2999 , , , 19499 3179 3000 42 42 CD 19499 3179 3001 Più Più NNP 19499 3179 3002 lento lento NN 19499 3179 3003 , , , 19499 3179 3004 53 53 CD 19499 3179 3005 Più più NN 19499 3179 3006 mosso mosso NN 19499 3179 3007 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3008 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3009 mos'-so mos'-so NNP 19499 3179 3010 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3011 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3012 , , , 19499 3179 3013 54 54 CD 19499 3179 3014 Più Più NNP 19499 3179 3015 tosto tosto NN 19499 3179 3016 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3017 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3018 tos'-to tos'-to NNP 19499 3179 3019 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3020 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3021 , , , 19499 3179 3022 54 54 CD 19499 3179 3023 Pizzicato Pizzicato NNP 19499 3179 3024 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3025 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3026 pits pit NNS 19499 3179 3027 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3028 e e NNP 19499 3179 3029 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3030 kah'-to kah'-to NNP 19499 3179 3031 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3032 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3033 , , , 19499 3179 3034 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3035 , , , 19499 3179 3036 117 117 CD 19499 3179 3037 Pochetto Pochetto NNP 19499 3179 3038 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3039 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3040 po po NNP 19499 3179 3041 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3042 ket'-to ket'-to NNP 19499 3179 3043 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3044 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3045 , , , 19499 3179 3046 see see VB 19499 3179 3047 ino ino NNP 19499 3179 3048 , , , 19499 3179 3049 42 42 CD 19499 3179 3050 Poco Poco NNP 19499 3179 3051 , , , 19499 3179 3052 43 43 CD 19499 3179 3053 Poco Poco NNP 19499 3179 3054 a a DT 19499 3179 3055 poco poco NNP 19499 3179 3056 animando animando NN 19499 3179 3057 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3058 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3059 ah ah NNP 19499 3179 3060 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3061 nee nee NNP 19499 3179 3062 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3063 mahn'-do mahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 3064 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3065 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3066 , , , 19499 3179 3067 54 54 CD 19499 3179 3068 Poi Poi NNP 19499 3179 3069 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3070 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3071 po po NNP 19499 3179 3072 ' ' '' 19499 3179 3073 ee ee NNP 19499 3179 3074 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3075 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3076 , , , 19499 3179 3077 42 42 CD 19499 3179 3078 Polacca Polacca NNP 19499 3179 3079 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3080 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3081 po po NNP 19499 3179 3082 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3083 lahk'-kah lahk'-kah NNP 19499 3179 3084 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3085 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3086 , , , 19499 3179 3087 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3088 Polka Polka NNP 19499 3179 3089 , , , 19499 3179 3090 69 69 CD 19499 3179 3091 Polonaise Polonaise NNP 19499 3179 3092 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3093 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3094 pol pol NNP 19499 3179 3095 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3096 o o NN 19499 3179 3097 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3098 nez nez NNP 19499 3179 3099 ' ' '' 19499 3179 3100 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3101 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3102 , , , 19499 3179 3103 71 71 CD 19499 3179 3104 , , , 19499 3179 3105 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3106 Polyphonic polyphonic JJ 19499 3179 3107 style style NN 19499 3179 3108 , , , 19499 3179 3109 64 64 CD 19499 3179 3110 Pomposo Pomposo NNP 19499 3179 3111 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3112 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3113 pom pom NNP 19499 3179 3114 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3115 po'-so po'-so NNP 19499 3179 3116 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3117 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3118 , , , 19499 3179 3119 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3120 Portamento Portamento NNP 19499 3179 3121 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3122 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3123 por'-tah por'-tah NNP 19499 3179 3124 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3125 men'-to men'-to NNP 19499 3179 3126 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3127 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3128 , , , 19499 3179 3129 20 20 CD 19499 3179 3130 Position position NN 19499 3179 3131 , , , 19499 3179 3132 open open JJ 19499 3179 3133 and and CC 19499 3179 3134 close close JJ 19499 3179 3135 , , , 19499 3179 3136 94 94 CD 19499 3179 3137 Possibile Possibile NNP 19499 3179 3138 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3139 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3140 pos pos NNP 19499 3179 3141 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3142 see'-bee see'-bee CD 19499 3179 3143 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3144 leh leh NN 19499 3179 3145 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3146 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3147 , , , 19499 3179 3148 43 43 CD 19499 3179 3149 Postlude Postlude NNP 19499 3179 3150 , , , 19499 3179 3151 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3152 Prall Prall NNP 19499 3179 3153 trill trill NN 19499 3179 3154 , , , 19499 3179 3155 22 22 CD 19499 3179 3156 Precipitoso Precipitoso NNP 19499 3179 3157 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3158 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3159 preh preh NNP 19499 3179 3160 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3161 che che NNP 19499 3179 3162 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3163 pi pi NN 19499 3179 3164 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3165 to'-so to'-so NNP 19499 3179 3166 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3167 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3168 , , , 19499 3179 3169 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3170 Prelude Prelude NNP 19499 3179 3171 , , , 19499 3179 3172 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3173 Prestissimo prestissimo NN 19499 3179 3174 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3175 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3176 pres pre NNS 19499 3179 3177 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3178 tis'-see tis'-see CD 19499 3179 3179 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3180 mo mo NN 19499 3179 3181 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3182 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3183 , , , 19499 3179 3184 51 51 CD 19499 3179 3185 Prestissimo prestissimo NN 19499 3179 3186 possibile possibile NN 19499 3179 3187 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3188 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3189 pos pos NNP 19499 3179 3190 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3191 see'-bee see'-bee CD 19499 3179 3192 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3193 leh leh NN 19499 3179 3194 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3195 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3196 , , , 19499 3179 3197 51 51 CD 19499 3179 3198 Presto Presto NNP 19499 3179 3199 , , , 19499 3179 3200 51 51 CD 19499 3179 3201 Presto Presto NNP 19499 3179 3202 assai assai NNP 19499 3179 3203 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3204 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3205 ahs ahs NN 19499 3179 3206 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3207 sah'-ee sah'-ee NNP 19499 3179 3208 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3209 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3210 , , , 19499 3179 3211 53 53 CD 19499 3179 3212 Presto Presto NNP 19499 3179 3213 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3214 ma ma NNP 19499 3179 3215 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3216 non non NNP 19499 3179 3217 troppo troppo NN 19499 3179 3218 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3219 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3220 mah mah NNP 19499 3179 3221 non non AFX 19499 3179 3222 trop'-po trop'-po NNP 19499 3179 3223 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3224 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3225 , , , 19499 3179 3226 53 53 CD 19499 3179 3227 Prière Prière NNP 19499 3179 3228 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3229 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3230 pre pre JJ 19499 3179 3231 - - JJ 19499 3179 3232 ehr ehr JJ 19499 3179 3233 ' ' '' 19499 3179 3234 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3235 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3236 , , , 19499 3179 3237 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3238 Primary primary JJ 19499 3179 3239 forms form NNS 19499 3179 3240 , , , 19499 3179 3241 68 68 CD 19499 3179 3242 Primitive primitive JJ 19499 3179 3243 minor minor JJ 19499 3179 3244 scale scale NN 19499 3179 3245 , , , 19499 3179 3246 33 33 CD 19499 3179 3247 Program program NN 19499 3179 3248 music music NN 19499 3179 3249 , , , 19499 3179 3250 74 74 CD 19499 3179 3251 Pure pure JJ 19499 3179 3252 music music NN 19499 3179 3253 , , , 19499 3179 3254 74 74 CD 19499 3179 3255 Pure pure JJ 19499 3179 3256 scale scale NN 19499 3179 3257 , , , 19499 3179 3258 40 40 CD 19499 3179 3259 Quadruple Quadruple NNP 19499 3179 3260 measure measure NN 19499 3179 3261 , , , 19499 3179 3262 46 46 CD 19499 3179 3263 Quality Quality NNP 19499 3179 3264 , , , 19499 3179 3265 136 136 CD 19499 3179 3266 Quartet Quartet NNP 19499 3179 3267 , , , 19499 3179 3268 72 72 CD 19499 3179 3269 Quasi Quasi NNP 19499 3179 3270 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3271 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3272 quah'-see quah'-see NNP 19499 3179 3273 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3274 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3275 , , , 19499 3179 3276 43 43 CD 19499 3179 3277 Quintole Quintole NNP 19499 3179 3278 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3279 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3280 kwin'-to kwin'-to NNP 19499 3179 3281 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3282 leh leh NNP 19499 3179 3283 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3284 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3285 , , , 19499 3179 3286 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3287 Quintolet Quintolet NNP 19499 3179 3288 , , , 19499 3179 3289 20 20 CD 19499 3179 3290 Quintuplet Quintuplet NNP 19499 3179 3291 , , , 19499 3179 3292 20 20 CD 19499 3179 3293 , , , 19499 3179 3294 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3295 Raised raise VBN 19499 3179 3296 sixth sixth JJ 19499 3179 3297 , , , 19499 3179 3298 34 34 CD 19499 3179 3299 Rallentando Rallentando NNP 19499 3179 3300 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3301 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3302 rahl rahl NNP 19499 3179 3303 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3304 len len NNP 19499 3179 3305 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3306 tahn'-do tahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 3307 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3308 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3309 , , , 19499 3179 3310 53 53 CD 19499 3179 3311 Rapidamente Rapidamente NNP 19499 3179 3312 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3313 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3314 rah rah NNP 19499 3179 3315 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3316 pid pid NNP 19499 3179 3317 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3318 a a DT 19499 3179 3319 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3320 men'-teh men'-teh NNP 19499 3179 3321 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3322 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3323 , , , 19499 3179 3324 55 55 CD 19499 3179 3325 Rate rate NN 19499 3179 3326 of of IN 19499 3179 3327 speed speed NN 19499 3179 3328 , , , 19499 3179 3329 of of IN 19499 3179 3330 sound sound NN 19499 3179 3331 , , , 19499 3179 3332 132 132 CD 19499 3179 3333 Recitative Recitative NNP 19499 3179 3334 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3335 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3336 res res NNP 19499 3179 3337 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3338 i i NNP 19499 3179 3339 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3340 tah tah NNP 19499 3179 3341 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3342 teev teev NNP 19499 3179 3343 ' ' '' 19499 3179 3344 _ _ NN 19499 3179 3345 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3346 , , , 19499 3179 3347 78 78 CD 19499 3179 3348 Recitativo Recitativo NNP 19499 3179 3349 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3350 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3351 reh reh NNP 19499 3179 3352 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3353 chee chee NNP 19499 3179 3354 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3355 ta ta NNP 19499 3179 3356 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3357 tee'-vo tee'-vo NNP 19499 3179 3358 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3359 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3360 , , , 19499 3179 3361 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3362 Reed Reed NNP 19499 3179 3363 organ organ NN 19499 3179 3364 , , , 19499 3179 3365 113 113 CD 19499 3179 3366 Relative relative JJ 19499 3179 3367 minor minor NN 19499 3179 3368 , , , 19499 3179 3369 8 8 CD 19499 3179 3370 , , , 19499 3179 3371 35 35 CD 19499 3179 3372 Religioso religioso NN 19499 3179 3373 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3374 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3375 reh reh NNP 19499 3179 3376 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3377 lee lee NNP 19499 3179 3378 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3379 jo'-so jo'-so NNP 19499 3179 3380 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3381 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3382 , , , 19499 3179 3383 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3384 Repetition repetition NN 19499 3179 3385 and and CC 19499 3179 3386 contrast contrast NN 19499 3179 3387 , , , 19499 3179 3388 62 62 CD 19499 3179 3389 , , , 19499 3179 3390 70 70 CD 19499 3179 3391 Requiem Requiem NNP 19499 3179 3392 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3393 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3394 re'-kwi re'-kwi NNP 19499 3179 3395 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3396 em em NNP 19499 3179 3397 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3398 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3399 , , , 19499 3179 3400 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3401 Rests Rests NNPS 19499 3179 3402 , , , 19499 3179 3403 def def NNP 19499 3179 3404 . . NNP 19499 3179 3405 , , , 19499 3179 3406 10 10 CD 19499 3179 3407 rules rule NNS 19499 3179 3408 for for IN 19499 3179 3409 making make VBG 19499 3179 3410 , , , 19499 3179 3411 2 2 CD 19499 3179 3412 kinds kind NNS 19499 3179 3413 of of IN 19499 3179 3414 , , , 19499 3179 3415 11 11 CD 19499 3179 3416 peculiar peculiar JJ 19499 3179 3417 use use NN 19499 3179 3418 of of IN 19499 3179 3419 , , , 19499 3179 3420 11 11 CD 19499 3179 3421 several several JJ 19499 3179 3422 measures measure NNS 19499 3179 3423 of of IN 19499 3179 3424 , , , 19499 3179 3425 14 14 CD 19499 3179 3426 Retardation retardation NN 19499 3179 3427 , , , 19499 3179 3428 93 93 CD 19499 3179 3429 Rhapsody rhapsody NN 19499 3179 3430 , , , 19499 3179 3431 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3432 Rhythm Rhythm NNP 19499 3179 3433 , , , 19499 3179 3434 def def NNP 19499 3179 3435 . . NNP 19499 3179 3436 , , , 19499 3179 3437 82 82 CD 19499 3179 3438 element element NN 19499 3179 3439 of of IN 19499 3179 3440 music music NN 19499 3179 3441 , , , 19499 3179 3442 82 82 CD 19499 3179 3443 how how WRB 19499 3179 3444 differs differ NNS 19499 3179 3445 from from IN 19499 3179 3446 " " `` 19499 3179 3447 measure measure NN 19499 3179 3448 , , , 19499 3179 3449 " " '' 19499 3179 3450 44 44 CD 19499 3179 3451 correct correct JJ 19499 3179 3452 use use NN 19499 3179 3453 of of IN 19499 3179 3454 word word NN 19499 3179 3455 , , , 19499 3179 3456 48 48 CD 19499 3179 3457 Rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 3179 3458 augmentation augmentation NN 19499 3179 3459 , , , 19499 3179 3460 69 69 CD 19499 3179 3461 Rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 3179 3462 diminution diminution NN 19499 3179 3463 , , , 19499 3179 3464 69 69 CD 19499 3179 3465 Rhythmic rhythmic JJ 19499 3179 3466 figures figure NNS 19499 3179 3467 , , , 19499 3179 3468 44 44 CD 19499 3179 3469 Ribattuta Ribattuta NNP 19499 3179 3470 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3471 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3472 re re NN 19499 3179 3473 - - NNP 19499 3179 3474 baht baht NNP 19499 3179 3475 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3476 too'-tah too'-tah CD 19499 3179 3477 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3478 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3479 , , , 19499 3179 3480 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3481 Rigaudon Rigaudon NNP 19499 3179 3482 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3483 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3484 rig'-o rig'-o NNP 19499 3179 3485 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3486 don don NNP 19499 3179 3487 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3488 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3489 , , , 19499 3179 3490 71 71 CD 19499 3179 3491 Rinforzando Rinforzando NNP 19499 3179 3492 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3493 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3494 rin rin NN 19499 3179 3495 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3496 for for IN 19499 3179 3497 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3498 tsahn'-do tsahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 3499 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3500 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3501 , , , 19499 3179 3502 57 57 CD 19499 3179 3503 Rinforzato Rinforzato NNP 19499 3179 3504 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3505 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3506 rin rin NN 19499 3179 3507 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3508 for for IN 19499 3179 3509 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3510 tsah'-to tsah'-to NNP 19499 3179 3511 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3512 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3513 , , , 19499 3179 3514 57 57 CD 19499 3179 3515 Risoluto Risoluto NNP 19499 3179 3516 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3517 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3518 ree ree NN 19499 3179 3519 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3520 so so RB 19499 3179 3521 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3522 loo'-to loo'-to NNP 19499 3179 3523 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3524 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3525 , , , 19499 3179 3526 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3527 Ritardando Ritardando NNP 19499 3179 3528 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3529 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3530 ree ree NN 19499 3179 3531 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3532 tar tar NNP 19499 3179 3533 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3534 dahn'-do dahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 3535 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3536 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3537 , , , 19499 3179 3538 53 53 CD 19499 3179 3539 Ritenente Ritenente NNP 19499 3179 3540 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3541 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3542 ree ree NNP 19499 3179 3543 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3544 ten ten CD 19499 3179 3545 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3546 en'-teh en'-teh NNP 19499 3179 3547 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3548 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3549 , , , 19499 3179 3550 53 53 CD 19499 3179 3551 Ritenuto Ritenuto NNP 19499 3179 3552 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3553 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3554 ree ree NNP 19499 3179 3555 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3556 ten ten CD 19499 3179 3557 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3558 oo'-to oo'-to NNP 19499 3179 3559 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3560 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3561 , , , 19499 3179 3562 53 53 CD 19499 3179 3563 Ritornelle Ritornelle NNP 19499 3179 3564 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3565 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3566 ree ree NN 19499 3179 3567 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3568 tor tor NN 19499 3179 3569 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3570 nell nell NNP 19499 3179 3571 ' ' '' 19499 3179 3572 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3573 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3574 , , , 19499 3179 3575 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3576 Ritornello Ritornello NNP 19499 3179 3577 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3578 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3579 ree ree NN 19499 3179 3580 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3581 tor tor NN 19499 3179 3582 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3583 nel'-lo nel'-lo NN 19499 3179 3584 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3585 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3586 , , , 19499 3179 3587 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3588 Rondo Rondo NNP 19499 3179 3589 , , , 19499 3179 3590 70 70 CD 19499 3179 3591 , , , 19499 3179 3592 71 71 CD 19499 3179 3593 Rules rule NNS 19499 3179 3594 : : : 19499 3179 3595 For for IN 19499 3179 3596 writing write VBG 19499 3179 3597 music music NN 19499 3179 3598 , , , 19499 3179 3599 1 1 CD 19499 3179 3600 , , , 19499 3179 3601 2 2 CD 19499 3179 3602 For for IN 19499 3179 3603 turning turn VBG 19499 3179 3604 stems stem NNS 19499 3179 3605 , , , 19499 3179 3606 1 1 CD 19499 3179 3607 , , , 19499 3179 3608 2 2 CD 19499 3179 3609 For for IN 19499 3179 3610 altered altered JJ 19499 3179 3611 staff staff NN 19499 3179 3612 degrees degree NNS 19499 3179 3613 , , , 19499 3179 3614 10 10 CD 19499 3179 3615 For for IN 19499 3179 3616 embellishments embellishment NNS 19499 3179 3617 , , , 19499 3179 3618 22 22 CD 19499 3179 3619 - - SYM 19499 3179 3620 26 26 CD 19499 3179 3621 For for IN 19499 3179 3622 repeats repeat NNS 19499 3179 3623 , , , 19499 3179 3624 13 13 CD 19499 3179 3625 , , , 19499 3179 3626 14 14 CD 19499 3179 3627 For for IN 19499 3179 3628 writing write VBG 19499 3179 3629 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 3179 3630 scale scale NN 19499 3179 3631 , , , 19499 3179 3632 38 38 CD 19499 3179 3633 Sans Sans NNPS 19499 3179 3634 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3635 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3636 sahng sahng NN 19499 3179 3637 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3638 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3639 , , , 19499 3179 3640 43 43 CD 19499 3179 3641 Sans Sans NNP 19499 3179 3642 pedales pedale NNS 19499 3179 3643 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3644 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3645 peh peh NNP 19499 3179 3646 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3647 da da NNP 19499 3179 3648 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3649 leh leh NNP 19499 3179 3650 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3651 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3652 , , , 19499 3179 3653 43 43 CD 19499 3179 3654 Sarabande Sarabande NNP 19499 3179 3655 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3656 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3657 sar sar NNP 19499 3179 3658 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3659 ah ah UH 19499 3179 3660 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3661 bahn'-deh bahn'-deh NNP 19499 3179 3662 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3663 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3664 , , , 19499 3179 3665 71 71 CD 19499 3179 3666 Sarrusophone Sarrusophone NNP 19499 3179 3667 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3668 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3669 sar sar NNP 19499 3179 3670 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3671 reoos reoos NNP 19499 3179 3672 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3673 o o NN 19499 3179 3674 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3675 fohn fohn NN 19499 3179 3676 ' ' '' 19499 3179 3677 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3678 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3679 , , , 19499 3179 3680 123 123 CD 19499 3179 3681 Saxhorn Saxhorn NNP 19499 3179 3682 , , , 19499 3179 3683 p. p. NN 19499 3179 3684 125 125 CD 19499 3179 3685 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3686 footnote footnote NN 19499 3179 3687 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3688 Saxophone Saxophone NNP 19499 3179 3689 , , , 19499 3179 3690 121 121 CD 19499 3179 3691 Scales Scales NNPS 19499 3179 3692 , , , 19499 3179 3693 def def NNP 19499 3179 3694 . . NNP 19499 3179 3695 , , , 19499 3179 3696 27 27 CD 19499 3179 3697 origin origin NN 19499 3179 3698 , , , 19499 3179 3699 28 28 CD 19499 3179 3700 how how WRB 19499 3179 3701 different different JJ 19499 3179 3702 from from IN 19499 3179 3703 keys key NNS 19499 3179 3704 , , , 19499 3179 3705 28 28 CD 19499 3179 3706 positions position NNS 19499 3179 3707 of of IN 19499 3179 3708 : : : 19499 3179 3709 major major JJ 19499 3179 3710 , , , 19499 3179 3711 30 30 CD 19499 3179 3712 minor minor JJ 19499 3179 3713 , , , 19499 3179 3714 34 34 CD 19499 3179 3715 chromatic chromatic JJ 19499 3179 3716 , , , 19499 3179 3717 38 38 CD 19499 3179 3718 tones tone NNS 19499 3179 3719 of of IN 19499 3179 3720 , , , 19499 3179 3721 called call VBN 19499 3179 3722 , , , 19499 3179 3723 5 5 CD 19499 3179 3724 , , , 19499 3179 3725 36 36 CD 19499 3179 3726 , , , 19499 3179 3727 37 37 CD 19499 3179 3728 Chinese chinese JJ 19499 3179 3729 , , , 19499 3179 3730 27 27 CD 19499 3179 3731 Scotch Scotch NNP 19499 3179 3732 , , , 19499 3179 3733 27 27 CD 19499 3179 3734 Scherzando Scherzando NNP 19499 3179 3735 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3736 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3737 skehr skehr NN 19499 3179 3738 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3739 tsahn'-do tsahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 3740 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3741 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3742 , , , 19499 3179 3743 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3744 Scherzo Scherzo NNP 19499 3179 3745 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3746 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3747 skehr'-tso skehr'-tso NNP 19499 3179 3748 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3749 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3750 , , , 19499 3179 3751 71 71 CD 19499 3179 3752 , , , 19499 3179 3753 72 72 CD 19499 3179 3754 Scherzoso Scherzoso NNP 19499 3179 3755 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3756 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3757 skehr skehr NN 19499 3179 3758 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3759 tzo'-so tzo'-so NNP 19499 3179 3760 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3761 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3762 , , , 19499 3179 3763 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3764 School school NN 19499 3179 3765 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3766 round round NNP 19499 3179 3767 , , , 19499 3179 3768 66 66 CD 19499 3179 3769 Schottische Schottische NNP 19499 3179 3770 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3771 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3772 shot'-tish shot'-tish NNP 19499 3179 3773 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3774 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3775 , , , 19499 3179 3776 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3777 Score score NN 19499 3179 3778 , , , 19499 3179 3779 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3780 Scotch scotch NN 19499 3179 3781 scale scale NN 19499 3179 3782 , , , 19499 3179 3783 27 27 CD 19499 3179 3784 Sec Sec NNP 19499 3179 3785 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3786 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3787 sek sek NNP 19499 3179 3788 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3789 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3790 , , , 19499 3179 3791 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3792 Secco Secco NNP 19499 3179 3793 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3794 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3795 sek'-ko sek'-ko NNP 19499 3179 3796 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3797 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3798 , , , 19499 3179 3799 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3800 Section section NN 19499 3179 3801 , , , 19499 3179 3802 67 67 CD 19499 3179 3803 Segue Segue NNP 19499 3179 3804 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3805 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3806 sehg'-weh sehg'-weh NNP 19499 3179 3807 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3808 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3809 , , , 19499 3179 3810 14 14 CD 19499 3179 3811 Semplice semplice DT 19499 3179 3812 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3813 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3814 sem sem NN 19499 3179 3815 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3816 plee'-cheh plee'-cheh NNP 19499 3179 3817 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3818 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3819 , , , 19499 3179 3820 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3821 Sempre Sempre NNP 19499 3179 3822 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3823 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3824 sem'-preh sem'-preh NNP 19499 3179 3825 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3826 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3827 , , , 19499 3179 3828 43 43 CD 19499 3179 3829 Sempre Sempre NNP 19499 3179 3830 forte forte NN 19499 3179 3831 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3832 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3833 for'-teh for'-teh CD 19499 3179 3834 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3835 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3836 , , , 19499 3179 3837 43 43 CD 19499 3179 3838 Sempre Sempre NNP 19499 3179 3839 lento lento NNP 19499 3179 3840 malinconico malinconico NN 19499 3179 3841 assai assai NNP 19499 3179 3842 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3843 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3844 mah mah NNP 19499 3179 3845 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3846 leen leen NNP 19499 3179 3847 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3848 ko'-ni ko'-ni NNP 19499 3179 3849 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3850 ko ko NNP 19499 3179 3851 ahs ahs NN 19499 3179 3852 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3853 sah'-ee sah'-ee NNP 19499 3179 3854 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3855 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3856 , , , 19499 3179 3857 55 55 CD 19499 3179 3858 Sempre Sempre NNP 19499 3179 3859 marcatissimo marcatissimo NN 19499 3179 3860 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3861 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3862 mar mar NNP 19499 3179 3863 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3864 kah kah NN 19499 3179 3865 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3866 tis'-si tis'-si NN 19499 3179 3867 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3868 mo mo NN 19499 3179 3869 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3870 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3871 , , , 19499 3179 3872 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3873 Sentimento Sentimento NNP 19499 3179 3874 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3875 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3876 sen sen NNP 19499 3179 3877 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3878 tee tee NN 19499 3179 3879 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3880 men'-to men'-to NNP 19499 3179 3881 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3882 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3883 , , , 19499 3179 3884 60 60 CD 19499 3179 3885 Senza Senza NNP 19499 3179 3886 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3887 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3888 sen sen NNP 19499 3179 3889 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3890 tza tza NNP 19499 3179 3891 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3892 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3893 , , , 19499 3179 3894 42 42 CD 19499 3179 3895 Senza Senza NNP 19499 3179 3896 accompagnamento accompagnamento NNS 19499 3179 3897 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3898 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3899 ahc ahc NNP 19499 3179 3900 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3901 com com NN 19499 3179 3902 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3903 pahn pahn NN 19499 3179 3904 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3905 yah yah NN 19499 3179 3906 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3907 men'-toh men'-toh CD 19499 3179 3908 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3909 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3910 , , , 19499 3179 3911 42 42 CD 19499 3179 3912 Senza Senza NNP 19499 3179 3913 repetizione repetizione NN 19499 3179 3914 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3915 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3916 reh reh NNP 19499 3179 3917 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3918 peh peh NN 19499 3179 3919 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3920 titz titz NN 19499 3179 3921 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3922 e e NN 19499 3179 3923 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3924 o'-neh o'-neh NNP 19499 3179 3925 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3926 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3927 , , , 19499 3179 3928 14 14 CD 19499 3179 3929 , , , 19499 3179 3930 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3931 Senza senza JJ 19499 3179 3932 replica replica NN 19499 3179 3933 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3934 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3935 reh'-ple reh'-ple CD 19499 3179 3936 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3937 kah kah NNP 19499 3179 3938 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3939 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3940 , , , 19499 3179 3941 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3942 Septimole Septimole NNP 19499 3179 3943 , , , 19499 3179 3944 20 20 CD 19499 3179 3945 Septolet Septolet NNP 19499 3179 3946 , , , 19499 3179 3947 20 20 CD 19499 3179 3948 Sequence sequence NN 19499 3179 3949 , , , 19499 3179 3950 91 91 CD 19499 3179 3951 Serenade Serenade NNP 19499 3179 3952 , , , 19499 3179 3953 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3954 Serenata Serenata NNP 19499 3179 3955 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3956 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3957 seh seh NN 19499 3179 3958 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3959 re re NN 19499 3179 3960 - - NN 19499 3179 3961 nah'-tah nah'-tah NNP 19499 3179 3962 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3963 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3964 , , , 19499 3179 3965 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3966 Seventh seventh JJ 19499 3179 3967 chord chord NN 19499 3179 3968 , , , 19499 3179 3969 89 89 CD 19499 3179 3970 Sextet Sextet NNP 19499 3179 3971 , , , 19499 3179 3972 99 99 CD 19499 3179 3973 Sextolet Sextolet NNP 19499 3179 3974 , , , 19499 3179 3975 20 20 CD 19499 3179 3976 Sextuple Sextuple NNP 19499 3179 3977 measure measure NN 19499 3179 3978 , , , 19499 3179 3979 46 46 CD 19499 3179 3980 Sextuplet Sextuplet NNP 19499 3179 3981 , , , 19499 3179 3982 20 20 CD 19499 3179 3983 , , , 19499 3179 3984 100 100 CD 19499 3179 3985 Sforzando Sforzando NNP 19499 3179 3986 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3987 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3988 sfortz sfortz NNP 19499 3179 3989 - - HYPH 19499 3179 3990 ahn'-do ahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 3991 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3992 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 3993 , , , 19499 3179 3994 57 57 CD 19499 3179 3995 Sforzato Sforzato NNP 19499 3179 3996 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 3997 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 3998 sfortz sfortz NNP 19499 3179 3999 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4000 ah'-to ah'-to NNP 19499 3179 4001 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4002 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4003 , , , 19499 3179 4004 57 57 CD 19499 3179 4005 Shake shake NN 19499 3179 4006 , , , 19499 3179 4007 22 22 CD 19499 3179 4008 Sharp sharp JJ 19499 3179 4009 , , , 19499 3179 4010 3 3 CD 19499 3179 4011 , , , 19499 3179 4012 7 7 CD 19499 3179 4013 Short short JJ 19499 3179 4014 appoggiatura appoggiatura NN 19499 3179 4015 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4016 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4017 ap ap NNP 19499 3179 4018 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4019 pod pod NNP 19499 3179 4020 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4021 jea jea NN 19499 3179 4022 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4023 too too RB 19499 3179 4024 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4025 rah rah NNP 19499 3179 4026 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4027 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4028 , , , 19499 3179 4029 25 25 CD 19499 3179 4030 Simile Simile NNP 19499 3179 4031 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4032 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4033 see'-mee see'-mee CD 19499 3179 4034 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4035 leh leh NN 19499 3179 4036 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4037 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4038 , , , 19499 3179 4039 14 14 CD 19499 3179 4040 , , , 19499 3179 4041 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4042 Similiter Similiter NNP 19499 3179 4043 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4044 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4045 see see VB 19499 3179 4046 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4047 mil'-i mil'-i NN 19499 3179 4048 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4049 ter ter NN 19499 3179 4050 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4051 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4052 , , , 19499 3179 4053 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4054 Simple simple JJ 19499 3179 4055 measure measure NN 19499 3179 4056 , , , 19499 3179 4057 45 45 CD 19499 3179 4058 Simple simple JJ 19499 3179 4059 tone tone NN 19499 3179 4060 , , , 19499 3179 4061 137 137 CD 19499 3179 4062 Sin sin NN 19499 3179 4063 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4064 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4065 seen see VBN 19499 3179 4066 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4067 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4068 , , , 19499 3179 4069 43 43 CD 19499 3179 4070 Sin Sin NNP 19499 3179 4071 al al NNP 19499 3179 4072 fine fine NNP 19499 3179 4073 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4074 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4075 ahl ahl NNP 19499 3179 4076 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4077 fee'-neh fee'-neh CD 19499 3179 4078 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4079 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4080 , , , 19499 3179 4081 14 14 CD 19499 3179 4082 Sino Sino NNP 19499 3179 4083 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4084 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4085 see'-no see'-no NNP 19499 3179 4086 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4087 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4088 , , , 19499 3179 4089 43 43 CD 19499 3179 4090 Sixteen sixteen CD 19499 3179 4091 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4092 foot foot NN 19499 3179 4093 stop stop NN 19499 3179 4094 , , , 19499 3179 4095 114 114 CD 19499 3179 4096 Sixty sixty CD 19499 3179 4097 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4098 four four CD 19499 3179 4099 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4100 foot foot NN 19499 3179 4101 stop stop NN 19499 3179 4102 , , , 19499 3179 4103 114 114 CD 19499 3179 4104 Slentando Slentando NNP 19499 3179 4105 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4106 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4107 slen slen VBN 19499 3179 4108 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4109 tahn'-do tahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 4110 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4111 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4112 , , , 19499 3179 4113 53 53 CD 19499 3179 4114 Slur Slur NNP 19499 3179 4115 , , , 19499 3179 4116 18 18 CD 19499 3179 4117 Small small JJ 19499 3179 4118 octave octave NN 19499 3179 4119 , , , 19499 3179 4120 16 16 CD 19499 3179 4121 Smorzando Smorzando NNP 19499 3179 4122 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4123 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4124 smor smor NN 19499 3179 4125 - - : 19499 3179 4126 tzahn'-do tzahn'-do NNP 19499 3179 4127 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4128 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4129 , , , 19499 3179 4130 59 59 CD 19499 3179 4131 Solenne Solenne NNP 19499 3179 4132 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4133 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4134 so so RB 19499 3179 4135 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4136 len'-neh len'-neh NNP 19499 3179 4137 _ _ NN 19499 3179 4138 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4139 , , , 19499 3179 4140 59 59 CD 19499 3179 4141 Solfège Solfège NNP 19499 3179 4142 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4143 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4144 sul sul NNP 19499 3179 4145 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4146 fezh fezh NNP 19499 3179 4147 ' ' '' 19499 3179 4148 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4149 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4150 , , , 19499 3179 4151 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4152 Solfeggio Solfeggio NNP 19499 3179 4153 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4154 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4155 sol sol NNP 19499 3179 4156 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4157 fed'-jo fed'-jo NNP 19499 3179 4158 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4159 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4160 , , , 19499 3179 4161 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4162 Solmization Solmization NNP 19499 3179 4163 , , , 19499 3179 4164 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4165 Solo Solo NNP 19499 3179 4166 , , , 19499 3179 4167 43 43 CD 19499 3179 4168 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 3179 4169 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4170 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4171 so so RB 19499 3179 4172 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4173 nah'-tah nah'-tah NNP 19499 3179 4174 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4175 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4176 , , , 19499 3179 4177 71 71 CD 19499 3179 4178 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 3179 4179 allegro allegro VBP 19499 3179 4180 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4181 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4182 ahl ahl JJ 19499 3179 4183 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4184 leh'-gro leh'-gro CD 19499 3179 4185 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4186 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4187 , , , 19499 3179 4188 73 73 CD 19499 3179 4189 Sonata Sonata NNP 19499 3179 4190 form form NN 19499 3179 4191 , , , 19499 3179 4192 73 73 CD 19499 3179 4193 Sonatina Sonatina NNP 19499 3179 4194 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4195 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4196 so so RB 19499 3179 4197 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4198 na na IN 19499 3179 4199 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4200 tee'-nah tee'-nah CD 19499 3179 4201 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4202 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4203 , , , 19499 3179 4204 74 74 CD 19499 3179 4205 Song song NN 19499 3179 4206 form form NN 19499 3179 4207 , , , 19499 3179 4208 68 68 CD 19499 3179 4209 Sopra Sopra NNP 19499 3179 4210 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4211 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4212 so'-prah so'-prah NNP 19499 3179 4213 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4214 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4215 , , , 19499 3179 4216 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4217 Soprano Soprano NNP 19499 3179 4218 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4219 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4220 so so RB 19499 3179 4221 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4222 prah'-no prah'-no NNP 19499 3179 4223 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4224 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4225 , , , 19499 3179 4226 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4227 Sordino Sordino NNP 19499 3179 4228 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4229 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4230 sor sor NN 19499 3179 4231 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4232 dee'-no dee'-no NNP 19499 3179 4233 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4234 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4235 , , , 19499 3179 4236 117 117 CD 19499 3179 4237 Sostenuto Sostenuto NNP 19499 3179 4238 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4239 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4240 sos sos NNP 19499 3179 4241 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4242 teh teh NNP 19499 3179 4243 - - HYPH 19499 3179 4244 noo'-to noo'-to NNP 19499 3179 4245 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4246 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4247 , , , 19499 3179 4248 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4249 Sotto Sotto NNP 19499 3179 4250 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4251 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4252 sot'-to sot'-to NNP 19499 3179 4253 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4254 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4255 , , , 19499 3179 4256 100 100 CD 19499 3179 4257 Sotto Sotto NNP 19499 3179 4258 voce voce NN 19499 3179 4259 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3179 4260 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4261 vo'-cheh vo'-cheh NNP 19499 3179 4262 _ _ NNP 19499 3179 4263 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3179 4264 , , , 19499 3179 4265 59 59 CD 19499 3179 4266 Sound sound NN 19499 3179 4267 , , , 19499 3179 4268 App App NNP 19499 3179 4269 . . . 19499 3180 1 C C NNP 19499 3180 2 , , , 19499 3180 3 131 131 CD 19499 3180 4 Production production NN 19499 3180 5 of of IN 19499 3180 6 , , , 19499 3180 7 131 131 CD 19499 3180 8 Transmission transmission NN 19499 3180 9 of of IN 19499 3180 10 , , , 19499 3180 11 131 131 CD 19499 3180 12 Rate rate NN 19499 3180 13 of of IN 19499 3180 14 travel travel NN 19499 3180 15 of of IN 19499 3180 16 , , , 19499 3180 17 131 131 CD 19499 3180 18 Intensification intensification NN 19499 3180 19 of of IN 19499 3180 20 , , , 19499 3180 21 133 133 CD 19499 3180 22 Reflection reflection NN 19499 3180 23 of of IN 19499 3180 24 , , , 19499 3180 25 133 133 CD 19499 3180 26 Classification classification NN 19499 3180 27 of of IN 19499 3180 28 , , , 19499 3180 29 133 133 CD 19499 3180 30 Spiritoso Spiritoso NNP 19499 3180 31 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 32 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 33 spee spee NNP 19499 3180 34 - - HYPH 19499 3180 35 ree ree NN 19499 3180 36 - - HYPH 19499 3180 37 to'-so to'-so NNP 19499 3180 38 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 39 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 40 , , , 19499 3180 41 60 60 CD 19499 3180 42 Staccatissimo Staccatissimo NNP 19499 3180 43 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 44 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 45 stahk stahk NN 19499 3180 46 - - HYPH 19499 3180 47 kah kah NN 19499 3180 48 - - HYPH 19499 3180 49 tis'-si tis'-si NN 19499 3180 50 - - HYPH 19499 3180 51 mo mo NN 19499 3180 52 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 53 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 54 , , , 19499 3180 55 17 17 CD 19499 3180 56 Staccato Staccato NNP 19499 3180 57 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 58 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 59 stahk stahk NNP 19499 3180 60 - - HYPH 19499 3180 61 kah'-to kah'-to NNP 19499 3180 62 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 63 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 64 , , , 19499 3180 65 17 17 CD 19499 3180 66 , , , 19499 3180 67 20 20 CD 19499 3180 68 , , , 19499 3180 69 100 100 CD 19499 3180 70 Staff staff NN 19499 3180 71 , , , 19499 3180 72 5 5 CD 19499 3180 73 Staff staff NN 19499 3180 74 degrees degree NNS 19499 3180 75 , , , 19499 3180 76 5 5 CD 19499 3180 77 Standards Standards NNPS 19499 3180 78 of of IN 19499 3180 79 pitch pitch NN 19499 3180 80 , , , 19499 3180 81 137 137 CD 19499 3180 82 Stems Stems NNPS 19499 3180 83 , , , 19499 3180 84 1 1 CD 19499 3180 85 Step step NN 19499 3180 86 , , , 19499 3180 87 half half NN 19499 3180 88 and and CC 19499 3180 89 whole whole JJ 19499 3180 90 , , , 19499 3180 91 83 83 CD 19499 3180 92 Strepitoso Strepitoso NNP 19499 3180 93 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 94 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 95 streh streh NNP 19499 3180 96 - - HYPH 19499 3180 97 pee pee NNP 19499 3180 98 - - HYPH 19499 3180 99 to'-so to'-so NNP 19499 3180 100 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 101 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 102 , , , 19499 3180 103 61 61 CD 19499 3180 104 Stretto Stretto NNP 19499 3180 105 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 106 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 107 stret'-to stret'-to NNP 19499 3180 108 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 109 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 110 , , , 19499 3180 111 54 54 CD 19499 3180 112 Strict strict JJ 19499 3180 113 imitation imitation NN 19499 3180 114 , , , 19499 3180 115 64 64 CD 19499 3180 116 Stringed stringed JJ 19499 3180 117 instruments instrument NNS 19499 3180 118 , , , 19499 3180 119 115 115 CD 19499 3180 120 Stringendo Stringendo NNP 19499 3180 121 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 122 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 123 strin strin NNP 19499 3180 124 - - HYPH 19499 3180 125 jen'-do jen'-do NNP 19499 3180 126 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 127 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 128 , , , 19499 3180 129 54 54 CD 19499 3180 130 Stroking stroking NN 19499 3180 131 notes note NNS 19499 3180 132 , , , 19499 3180 133 2 2 CD 19499 3180 134 Strophe strophe NN 19499 3180 135 form form NN 19499 3180 136 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 137 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 138 stro'-feh stro'-feh NNP 19499 3180 139 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 140 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 141 , , , 19499 3180 142 80 80 CD 19499 3180 143 Styles style NNS 19499 3180 144 , , , 19499 3180 145 kinds kind NNS 19499 3180 146 of of IN 19499 3180 147 , , , 19499 3180 148 63 63 CD 19499 3180 149 how how WRB 19499 3180 150 differ differ VBP 19499 3180 151 from from IN 19499 3180 152 forms form NNS 19499 3180 153 , , , 19499 3180 154 62 62 CD 19499 3180 155 Sub Sub NNP 19499 3180 156 , , , 19499 3180 157 43 43 CD 19499 3180 158 Sub Sub NNP 19499 3180 159 - - HYPH 19499 3180 160 dominant dominant JJ 19499 3180 161 , , , 19499 3180 162 36 36 CD 19499 3180 163 Subject subject NN 19499 3180 164 , , , 19499 3180 165 64 64 CD 19499 3180 166 Subito Subito NNP 19499 3180 167 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 168 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 169 soo soo NNP 19499 3180 170 - - HYPH 19499 3180 171 bee'-to bee'-to NNP 19499 3180 172 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 173 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 174 , , , 19499 3180 175 100 100 CD 19499 3180 176 Sub sub NN 19499 3180 177 - - JJ 19499 3180 178 mediant mediant JJ 19499 3180 179 , , , 19499 3180 180 36 36 CD 19499 3180 181 Sub Sub NNP 19499 3180 182 - - HYPH 19499 3180 183 octave octave NNP 19499 3180 184 , , , 19499 3180 185 16 16 CD 19499 3180 186 Suite Suite NNP 19499 3180 187 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 188 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 189 sweet sweet JJ 19499 3180 190 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 191 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 192 , , , 19499 3180 193 70 70 CD 19499 3180 194 Super super JJ 19499 3180 195 - - JJ 19499 3180 196 dominant dominant JJ 19499 3180 197 , , , 19499 3180 198 36 36 CD 19499 3180 199 Super super JJ 19499 3180 200 - - NN 19499 3180 201 tonic tonic NNP 19499 3180 202 , , , 19499 3180 203 36 36 CD 19499 3180 204 Suspension suspension NN 19499 3180 205 , , , 19499 3180 206 92 92 CD 19499 3180 207 Swell swell NN 19499 3180 208 - - HYPH 19499 3180 209 box box NN 19499 3180 210 , , , 19499 3180 211 114 114 CD 19499 3180 212 Syllables syllable NNS 19499 3180 213 for for IN 19499 3180 214 sight sight NN 19499 3180 215 - - HYPH 19499 3180 216 singing singing NN 19499 3180 217 , , , 19499 3180 218 37 37 CD 19499 3180 219 Symphonic symphonic JJ 19499 3180 220 poem poem NN 19499 3180 221 , , , 19499 3180 222 75 75 CD 19499 3180 223 Symphony Symphony NNP 19499 3180 224 , , , 19499 3180 225 def def NNP 19499 3180 226 . . NNP 19499 3180 227 , , , 19499 3180 228 73 73 CD 19499 3180 229 Syncopation Syncopation NNP 19499 3180 230 , , , 19499 3180 231 44 44 CD 19499 3180 232 Tail tail NN 19499 3180 233 of of IN 19499 3180 234 note note NN 19499 3180 235 , , , 19499 3180 236 1 1 CD 19499 3180 237 Takt Takt NNP 19499 3180 238 pausa pausa VBD 19499 3180 239 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 240 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 241 tahkt tahkt XX 19499 3180 242 pow'-zeh pow'-zeh CD 19499 3180 243 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 244 or or CC 19499 3180 245 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 246 pah pah NNP 19499 3180 247 - - HYPH 19499 3180 248 oo'-za oo'-za NNP 19499 3180 249 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 250 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 251 , , , 19499 3180 252 11 11 CD 19499 3180 253 Tanto Tanto NNP 19499 3180 254 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 255 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 256 tahn'-to tahn'-to NNP 19499 3180 257 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 258 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 259 , , , 19499 3180 260 43 43 CD 19499 3180 261 Tarantella Tarantella NNP 19499 3180 262 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 263 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 264 tah tah NNP 19499 3180 265 - - HYPH 19499 3180 266 rahn rahn NNP 19499 3180 267 - - HYPH 19499 3180 268 tel'-lah tel'-lah CD 19499 3180 269 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 270 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 271 , , , 19499 3180 272 71 71 CD 19499 3180 273 Tempered Tempered NNP 19499 3180 274 scales scale NNS 19499 3180 275 , , , 19499 3180 276 137 137 CD 19499 3180 277 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 3180 278 , , , 19499 3180 279 48 48 CD 19499 3180 280 - - SYM 19499 3180 281 50 50 CD 19499 3180 282 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 3180 283 commodo commodo NN 19499 3180 284 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 285 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 286 ko ko NNP 19499 3180 287 - - HYPH 19499 3180 288 mo'-do mo'-do NNP 19499 3180 289 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 290 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 291 , , , 19499 3180 292 55 55 CD 19499 3180 293 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 3180 294 di di FW 19499 3180 295 marcia marcia NNP 19499 3180 296 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 297 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 298 de de NNP 19499 3180 299 mar'-chee mar'-chee NNP 19499 3180 300 - - HYPH 19499 3180 301 ah ah UH 19499 3180 302 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 303 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 304 , , , 19499 3180 305 55 55 CD 19499 3180 306 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 3180 307 di di NNP 19499 3180 308 menuetto menuetto NN 19499 3180 309 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 310 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 311 meh meh NNP 19499 3180 312 - - HYPH 19499 3180 313 noo noo NNP 19499 3180 314 - - HYPH 19499 3180 315 et'-to et'-to NNP 19499 3180 316 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 317 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 318 , , , 19499 3180 319 55 55 CD 19499 3180 320 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 3180 321 di di NNP 19499 3180 322 valso valso NN 19499 3180 323 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 324 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 325 vahl'-so vahl'-so NNP 19499 3180 326 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 327 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 328 , , , 19499 3180 329 55 55 CD 19499 3180 330 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 3180 331 giusto giusto NN 19499 3180 332 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 333 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 334 jew jew NNP 19499 3180 335 - - HYPH 19499 3180 336 sto sto NNP 19499 3180 337 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 338 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 339 , , , 19499 3180 340 54 54 CD 19499 3180 341 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 3180 342 ordinario ordinario NN 19499 3180 343 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 344 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 345 or or CC 19499 3180 346 - - HYPH 19499 3180 347 dee dee JJ 19499 3180 348 - - HYPH 19499 3180 349 nah'-ree nah'-ree CD 19499 3180 350 - - HYPH 19499 3180 351 o o NN 19499 3180 352 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 353 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 354 , , , 19499 3180 355 55 55 CD 19499 3180 356 Tempo tempo NN 19499 3180 357 primo primo NN 19499 3180 358 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 359 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 360 pree'-mo pree'-mo NNP 19499 3180 361 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 362 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 363 , , , 19499 3180 364 54 54 CD 19499 3180 365 Tempo Tempo NNP 19499 3180 366 rubato rubato NNP 19499 3180 367 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 368 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 369 roo roo NNP 19499 3180 370 - - HYPH 19499 3180 371 bah'-to bah'-to NNP 19499 3180 372 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 373 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 374 , , , 19499 3180 375 54 54 CD 19499 3180 376 Tenor Tenor NNP 19499 3180 377 , , , 19499 3180 378 100 100 CD 19499 3180 379 Tenuto Tenuto NNP 19499 3180 380 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3180 381 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 382 teh teh NNP 19499 3180 383 - - HYPH 19499 3180 384 noo'-to noo'-to NNP 19499 3180 385 _ _ NNP 19499 3180 386 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3180 387 , , , 19499 3180 388 55 55 CD 19499 3180 389 , , , 19499 3180 390 100 100 CD 19499 3180 391 Terminology Terminology NNP 19499 3180 392 Reforms Reforms NNPS 19499 3180 393 , , , 19499 3180 394 App App NNP 19499 3180 395 . . . 19499 3181 1 D. D. NNP 19499 3181 2 , , , 19499 3181 3 p. p. NN 19499 3181 4 139 139 CD 19499 3181 5 Tetrachords Tetrachords NNPS 19499 3181 6 in in IN 19499 3181 7 scales scale NNS 19499 3181 8 , , , 19499 3181 9 29 29 CD 19499 3181 10 Thematic thematic JJ 19499 3181 11 development development NN 19499 3181 12 , , , 19499 3181 13 69 69 CD 19499 3181 14 Theme theme NN 19499 3181 15 , , , 19499 3181 16 69 69 CD 19499 3181 17 Theme theme NN 19499 3181 18 and and CC 19499 3181 19 variations variation NNS 19499 3181 20 , , , 19499 3181 21 69 69 CD 19499 3181 22 Thesis thesis NN 19499 3181 23 , , , 19499 3181 24 67 67 CD 19499 3181 25 Thirty thirty CD 19499 3181 26 - - HYPH 19499 3181 27 two two CD 19499 3181 28 - - HYPH 19499 3181 29 foot foot NN 19499 3181 30 stop stop NN 19499 3181 31 , , , 19499 3181 32 114 114 CD 19499 3181 33 Thorough Thorough NNP 19499 3181 34 - - HYPH 19499 3181 35 bass bass NN 19499 3181 36 , , , 19499 3181 37 89 89 CD 19499 3181 38 Three three CD 19499 3181 39 - - HYPH 19499 3181 40 lined line VBN 19499 3181 41 octave octave NN 19499 3181 42 , , , 19499 3181 43 16 16 CD 19499 3181 44 Through through IN 19499 3181 45 - - HYPH 19499 3181 46 composed compose VBN 19499 3181 47 form form NN 19499 3181 48 , , , 19499 3181 49 80 80 CD 19499 3181 50 Tie Tie NNP 19499 3181 51 , , , 19499 3181 52 18 18 CD 19499 3181 53 Timbre Timbre NNP 19499 3181 54 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 55 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 56 tambr tambr NN 19499 3181 57 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 58 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 59 , , , 19499 3181 60 82 82 CD 19499 3181 61 Time time NN 19499 3181 62 , , , 19499 3181 63 wrong wrong JJ 19499 3181 64 uses use NNS 19499 3181 65 of of IN 19499 3181 66 word word NN 19499 3181 67 , , , 19499 3181 68 48 48 CD 19499 3181 69 Toccata Toccata NNP 19499 3181 70 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 71 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 72 tok tok NNP 19499 3181 73 - - HYPH 19499 3181 74 kah'-tah kah'-tah NNP 19499 3181 75 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 76 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 77 , , , 19499 3181 78 100 100 CD 19499 3181 79 Tonality Tonality NNP 19499 3181 80 scale scale NN 19499 3181 81 , , , 19499 3181 82 27 27 CD 19499 3181 83 , , , 19499 3181 84 28 28 CD 19499 3181 85 , , , 19499 3181 86 38 38 CD 19499 3181 87 Tone tone NN 19499 3181 88 , , , 19499 3181 89 how how WRB 19499 3181 90 represented represent VBN 19499 3181 91 , , , 19499 3181 92 10 10 CD 19499 3181 93 ornamental ornamental JJ 19499 3181 94 tone tone NN 19499 3181 95 , , , 19499 3181 96 22 22 CD 19499 3181 97 key key JJ 19499 3181 98 - - HYPH 19499 3181 99 tone tone NN 19499 3181 100 , , , 19499 3181 101 27 27 CD 19499 3181 102 of of IN 19499 3181 103 resolution resolution NN 19499 3181 104 , , , 19499 3181 105 93 93 CD 19499 3181 106 Tone tone NN 19499 3181 107 - - HYPH 19499 3181 108 poem poem NN 19499 3181 109 , , , 19499 3181 110 75 75 CD 19499 3181 111 Tonic Tonic NNP 19499 3181 112 , , , 19499 3181 113 36 36 CD 19499 3181 114 Tonic tonic NN 19499 3181 115 minor minor JJ 19499 3181 116 , , , 19499 3181 117 36 36 CD 19499 3181 118 Tranquillo Tranquillo NNP 19499 3181 119 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 120 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 121 trahn trahn NN 19499 3181 122 - - HYPH 19499 3181 123 quil'-lo quil'-lo NNP 19499 3181 124 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 125 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 126 , , , 19499 3181 127 61 61 CD 19499 3181 128 Transposition transposition NN 19499 3181 129 , , , 19499 3181 130 94 94 CD 19499 3181 131 Tre Tre NNP 19499 3181 132 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 133 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 134 treh treh NNP 19499 3181 135 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 136 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 137 , , , 19499 3181 138 43 43 CD 19499 3181 139 Treble treble JJ 19499 3181 140 staff staff NN 19499 3181 141 , , , 19499 3181 142 6 6 CD 19499 3181 143 Tre Tre NNP 19499 3181 144 corde corde NNP 19499 3181 145 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 146 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 147 kor'-deh kor'-deh CD 19499 3181 148 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 149 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 150 , , , 19499 3181 151 43 43 CD 19499 3181 152 , , , 19499 3181 153 59 59 CD 19499 3181 154 Très très NN 19499 3181 155 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 156 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 157 treh treh NNP 19499 3181 158 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 159 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 160 , , , 19499 3181 161 43 43 CD 19499 3181 162 Très très NN 19499 3181 163 lentement lentement NN 19499 3181 164 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 165 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 166 lahng lahng NNP 19499 3181 167 - - HYPH 19499 3181 168 te te NNP 19499 3181 169 - - HYPH 19499 3181 170 mahng mahng NNP 19499 3181 171 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 172 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 173 , , , 19499 3181 174 52 52 CD 19499 3181 175 Très très NN 19499 3181 176 vivement vivement NN 19499 3181 177 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 178 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 179 ve'-veh ve'-veh NNP 19499 3181 180 - - HYPH 19499 3181 181 mahng mahng NNP 19499 3181 182 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 183 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 184 , , , 19499 3181 185 42 42 CD 19499 3181 186 Triad Triad NNP 19499 3181 187 , , , 19499 3181 188 def def NNP 19499 3181 189 . . NNP 19499 3181 190 , , , 19499 3181 191 87 87 CD 19499 3181 192 , , , 19499 3181 193 88 88 CD 19499 3181 194 Trill Trill NNP 19499 3181 195 , , , 19499 3181 196 22 22 CD 19499 3181 197 Trio Trio NNPS 19499 3181 198 , , , 19499 3181 199 72 72 CD 19499 3181 200 Triple triple JJ 19499 3181 201 measure measure NN 19499 3181 202 , , , 19499 3181 203 46 46 CD 19499 3181 204 Triplet Triplet NNP 19499 3181 205 , , , 19499 3181 206 19 19 CD 19499 3181 207 , , , 19499 3181 208 100 100 CD 19499 3181 209 Tristamente Tristamente NNP 19499 3181 210 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 211 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 212 tris tris NNP 19499 3181 213 - - HYPH 19499 3181 214 tah tah NNP 19499 3181 215 - - HYPH 19499 3181 216 men'-teh men'-teh NNP 19499 3181 217 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 218 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 219 , , , 19499 3181 220 61 61 CD 19499 3181 221 Trombone trombone NN 19499 3181 222 , , , 19499 3181 223 125 125 CD 19499 3181 224 Troppo Troppo NNP 19499 3181 225 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 226 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 227 trop'-po trop'-po NNP 19499 3181 228 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 229 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 230 , , , 19499 3181 231 43 43 CD 19499 3181 232 Trumpet trumpet NN 19499 3181 233 , , , 19499 3181 234 124 124 CD 19499 3181 235 Tuba Tuba NNP 19499 3181 236 , , , 19499 3181 237 125 125 CD 19499 3181 238 Turn turn NN 19499 3181 239 , , , 19499 3181 240 24 24 CD 19499 3181 241 , , , 19499 3181 242 25 25 CD 19499 3181 243 Tutte Tutte NNP 19499 3181 244 le le FW 19499 3181 245 corde corde NNP 19499 3181 246 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 247 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 248 toot'-teh toot'-teh NNP 19499 3181 249 leh leh NN 19499 3181 250 kor'-deh kor'-deh CD 19499 3181 251 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 252 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 253 , , , 19499 3181 254 59 59 CD 19499 3181 255 Tutti Tutti NNP 19499 3181 256 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 257 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 258 toot'-tee toot'-tee NNP 19499 3181 259 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 260 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 261 , , , 19499 3181 262 100 100 CD 19499 3181 263 Two two CD 19499 3181 264 - - HYPH 19499 3181 265 foot foot NN 19499 3181 266 stop stop NN 19499 3181 267 , , , 19499 3181 268 114 114 CD 19499 3181 269 Two two CD 19499 3181 270 - - HYPH 19499 3181 271 lined line VBN 19499 3181 272 octave octave NN 19499 3181 273 , , , 19499 3181 274 16 16 CD 19499 3181 275 Un Un NNP 19499 3181 276 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 277 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 278 oon oon NN 19499 3181 279 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 280 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 281 , , , 19499 3181 282 43 43 CD 19499 3181 283 Una Una NNP 19499 3181 284 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 285 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 286 oo'-nah oo'-nah NNP 19499 3181 287 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 288 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 289 , , , 19499 3181 290 43 43 CD 19499 3181 291 Una Una NNP 19499 3181 292 corda corda NNP 19499 3181 293 , , , 19499 3181 294 43 43 CD 19499 3181 295 , , , 19499 3181 296 59 59 CD 19499 3181 297 Uno Uno NNP 19499 3181 298 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 299 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 300 oo'-no oo'-no NNP 19499 3181 301 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 302 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 303 , , , 19499 3181 304 43 43 CD 19499 3181 305 Un Un NNP 19499 3181 306 peu peu NNP 19499 3181 307 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 308 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 309 oon oon NN 19499 3181 310 peuh peuh NNP 19499 3181 311 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 312 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 313 , , , 19499 3181 314 43 43 CD 19499 3181 315 Un Un NNP 19499 3181 316 peu peu NNP 19499 3181 317 crescendo crescendo NN 19499 3181 318 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 319 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 320 kre kre NNP 19499 3181 321 - - HYPH 19499 3181 322 shen'-do shen'-do NNP 19499 3181 323 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 324 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 325 , , , 19499 3181 326 43 43 CD 19499 3181 327 Un Un NNP 19499 3181 328 poco poco NNP 19499 3181 329 animate animate VB 19499 3181 330 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 331 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 332 ah ah NNP 19499 3181 333 - - HYPH 19499 3181 334 ni ni NNP 19499 3181 335 - - HYPH 19499 3181 336 mah-'to mah-'to NNP 19499 3181 337 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 338 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 339 , , , 19499 3181 340 54 54 CD 19499 3181 341 Untempered untempere VBN 19499 3181 342 scale scale NN 19499 3181 343 , , , 19499 3181 344 40 40 CD 19499 3181 345 Upper upper JJ 19499 3181 346 partials partial NNS 19499 3181 347 , , , 19499 3181 348 136 136 CD 19499 3181 349 Upper upper JJ 19499 3181 350 tetrachord tetrachord NN 19499 3181 351 , , , 19499 3181 352 29 29 CD 19499 3181 353 Veloce Veloce NNP 19499 3181 354 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 355 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 356 veh veh NNP 19499 3181 357 - - HYPH 19499 3181 358 lo'-cheh lo'-cheh NNP 19499 3181 359 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 360 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 361 , , , 19499 3181 362 55 55 CD 19499 3181 363 Viola Viola NNP 19499 3181 364 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 365 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 366 vee vee NNP 19499 3181 367 - - HYPH 19499 3181 368 o'-lah o'-lah NNP 19499 3181 369 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 370 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 371 , , , 19499 3181 372 117 117 CD 19499 3181 373 Violin Violin NNP 19499 3181 374 , , , 19499 3181 375 117 117 CD 19499 3181 376 Violoncello Violoncello NNP 19499 3181 377 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 378 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 379 vee vee NNP 19499 3181 380 - - HYPH 19499 3181 381 o o NNP 19499 3181 382 - - HYPH 19499 3181 383 lohn lohn NNP 19499 3181 384 - - HYPH 19499 3181 385 chel'-lo chel'-lo NNP 19499 3181 386 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 387 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 388 , , , 19499 3181 389 118 118 CD 19499 3181 390 Vivo Vivo NNP 19499 3181 391 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 392 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 393 vee'-vo vee'-vo NNP 19499 3181 394 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 395 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 396 , , , 19499 3181 397 51 51 CD 19499 3181 398 Vivace Vivace NNP 19499 3181 399 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 400 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 401 vee vee NNP 19499 3181 402 - - HYPH 19499 3181 403 vah'-cheh vah'-cheh NNP 19499 3181 404 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 405 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 406 , , , 19499 3181 407 51 51 CD 19499 3181 408 Vivacissimo Vivacissimo NNP 19499 3181 409 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 410 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 411 vee vee NNP 19499 3181 412 - - HYPH 19499 3181 413 vah vah NNP 19499 3181 414 - - HYPH 19499 3181 415 chis'-see chis'-see NNP 19499 3181 416 - - HYPH 19499 3181 417 mo mo NNP 19499 3181 418 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 419 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 420 , , , 19499 3181 421 51 51 CD 19499 3181 422 Vocal vocal JJ 19499 3181 423 music music NN 19499 3181 424 , , , 19499 3181 425 76 76 CD 19499 3181 426 Volante Volante NNP 19499 3181 427 ( ( -LRB- 19499 3181 428 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 429 vo vo NNP 19499 3181 430 - - HYPH 19499 3181 431 lahn'-teh lahn'-teh NNP 19499 3181 432 _ _ NNP 19499 3181 433 ) ) -RRB- 19499 3181 434 , , , 19499 3181 435 55 55 CD 19499 3181 436 Waltz Waltz NNP 19499 3181 437 , , , 19499 3181 438 68 68 CD 19499 3181 439 Whole whole JJ 19499 3181 440 - - HYPH 19499 3181 441 step step NN 19499 3181 442 , , , 19499 3181 443 83 83 CD 19499 3181 444 Whole whole JJ 19499 3181 445 - - HYPH 19499 3181 446 step step NN 19499 3181 447 scale scale NN 19499 3181 448 , , , 19499 3181 449 28 28 CD 19499 3181 450 , , , 19499 3181 451 40 40 CD 19499 3181 452 Wood wood NN 19499 3181 453 - - HYPH 19499 3181 454 wind wind NN 19499 3181 455 instruments instrument NNS 19499 3181 456 , , , 19499 3181 457 115 115 CD