mv: ‘./input-file.zip’ and ‘./input-file.zip’ are the same file Creating study carrel named classification-Q-gutenberg Initializing database Unzipping Archive: input-file.zip creating: ./tmp/input/input-file/ inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16325.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16474.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15253.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/14565.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15905.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15884.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15807.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/14750.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15468.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16614.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16729.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/19080.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27932.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/28274.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/28758.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29285.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29838.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29934.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/30055.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29653.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16775.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/17882.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16807.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27747.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27076.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27015.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27106.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/30112.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/30495.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/31756.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/22085.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/25509.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24684.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16593.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/20417.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1315.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1707.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1708.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1705.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1706.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2627.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2628.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1025.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2935.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1331.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1216.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2634.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2629.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2633.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2632.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2631.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2630.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2932.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2933.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2934.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/5726.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/7150.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/10060.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/12506.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/6414.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/10427.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/5694.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/33899.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/34067.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/33405.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/35024.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/34912.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/35584.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/36343.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/36547.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/38456.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/38478.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/38462.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/38379.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/37224.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/37589.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/37427.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/37513.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/39141.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/34698.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/34771.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/39713.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/32492.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/40652.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/47748.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/33198.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/35489.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/44526.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/44527.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/44525.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/38097.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/41695.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/43791.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/42128.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/41839.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/54557.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/28160.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29633.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/26139.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27238.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/18217.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/34061.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/36457.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/40782.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/32282.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/34221.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/32482.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/48994.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24527.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv caution: excluded filename not matched: *MACOSX* === DIRECTORIES: ./tmp/input === DIRECTORY: ./tmp/input/input-file === metadata file: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv === found metadata file === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named classification-Q-gutenberg FILE: cache/29934.txt OUTPUT: txt/29934.txt FILE: cache/27932.txt OUTPUT: txt/27932.txt FILE: cache/15807.txt OUTPUT: txt/15807.txt FILE: cache/29285.txt OUTPUT: txt/29285.txt FILE: cache/30055.txt OUTPUT: txt/30055.txt FILE: cache/27076.txt OUTPUT: txt/27076.txt FILE: cache/31756.txt OUTPUT: txt/31756.txt FILE: cache/16474.txt OUTPUT: txt/16474.txt FILE: cache/16614.txt OUTPUT: txt/16614.txt FILE: cache/15253.txt OUTPUT: txt/15253.txt FILE: cache/14750.txt OUTPUT: txt/14750.txt FILE: cache/2628.txt OUTPUT: txt/2628.txt FILE: cache/29653.txt OUTPUT: txt/29653.txt FILE: cache/17882.txt OUTPUT: txt/17882.txt FILE: cache/15468.txt OUTPUT: txt/15468.txt FILE: cache/28274.txt OUTPUT: txt/28274.txt FILE: cache/15905.txt OUTPUT: txt/15905.txt FILE: cache/16775.txt OUTPUT: txt/16775.txt FILE: cache/24684.txt OUTPUT: txt/24684.txt FILE: cache/19080.txt OUTPUT: txt/19080.txt FILE: cache/27747.txt OUTPUT: txt/27747.txt FILE: cache/16807.txt OUTPUT: txt/16807.txt FILE: cache/20417.txt OUTPUT: txt/20417.txt FILE: cache/28758.txt OUTPUT: txt/28758.txt FILE: cache/29838.txt OUTPUT: txt/29838.txt FILE: cache/16729.txt OUTPUT: txt/16729.txt FILE: cache/16325.txt OUTPUT: txt/16325.txt FILE: cache/1331.txt OUTPUT: txt/1331.txt FILE: cache/14565.txt OUTPUT: txt/14565.txt FILE: cache/27106.txt OUTPUT: txt/27106.txt FILE: cache/15884.txt OUTPUT: txt/15884.txt FILE: cache/30495.txt OUTPUT: txt/30495.txt FILE: cache/27015.txt OUTPUT: txt/27015.txt FILE: cache/30112.txt OUTPUT: txt/30112.txt FILE: cache/2631.txt OUTPUT: txt/2631.txt FILE: cache/1706.txt OUTPUT: txt/1706.txt FILE: cache/16593.txt OUTPUT: txt/16593.txt FILE: cache/1708.txt OUTPUT: txt/1708.txt FILE: cache/35024.txt OUTPUT: txt/35024.txt FILE: cache/22085.txt OUTPUT: txt/22085.txt FILE: cache/1025.txt OUTPUT: txt/1025.txt FILE: cache/1216.txt OUTPUT: txt/1216.txt FILE: cache/2633.txt OUTPUT: txt/2633.txt FILE: cache/2629.txt OUTPUT: txt/2629.txt FILE: cache/2935.txt OUTPUT: txt/2935.txt FILE: cache/2630.txt OUTPUT: txt/2630.txt FILE: cache/2932.txt OUTPUT: txt/2932.txt FILE: cache/37513.txt OUTPUT: txt/37513.txt FILE: cache/1705.txt OUTPUT: txt/1705.txt FILE: cache/1707.txt OUTPUT: txt/1707.txt FILE: cache/38379.txt OUTPUT: txt/38379.txt FILE: cache/36343.txt OUTPUT: txt/36343.txt FILE: cache/1315.txt OUTPUT: txt/1315.txt FILE: cache/2933.txt OUTPUT: txt/2933.txt FILE: cache/34067.txt OUTPUT: txt/34067.txt FILE: cache/36547.txt OUTPUT: txt/36547.txt FILE: cache/37224.txt OUTPUT: txt/37224.txt FILE: cache/2934.txt OUTPUT: txt/2934.txt FILE: cache/12506.txt OUTPUT: txt/12506.txt FILE: cache/33405.txt OUTPUT: txt/33405.txt FILE: cache/33899.txt OUTPUT: txt/33899.txt FILE: cache/10060.txt OUTPUT: txt/10060.txt FILE: cache/2634.txt OUTPUT: txt/2634.txt FILE: cache/44527.txt OUTPUT: txt/44527.txt FILE: cache/37589.txt OUTPUT: txt/37589.txt FILE: cache/5694.txt OUTPUT: txt/5694.txt FILE: cache/38097.txt OUTPUT: txt/38097.txt FILE: cache/38478.txt OUTPUT: txt/38478.txt FILE: cache/47748.txt OUTPUT: txt/47748.txt FILE: cache/2627.txt OUTPUT: txt/2627.txt FILE: cache/33198.txt OUTPUT: txt/33198.txt FILE: cache/32492.txt OUTPUT: txt/32492.txt FILE: cache/37427.txt OUTPUT: txt/37427.txt FILE: cache/42128.txt OUTPUT: txt/42128.txt FILE: cache/39141.txt OUTPUT: txt/39141.txt FILE: cache/35584.txt OUTPUT: txt/35584.txt FILE: cache/2632.txt OUTPUT: txt/2632.txt FILE: cache/43791.txt OUTPUT: txt/43791.txt FILE: cache/25509.txt OUTPUT: txt/25509.txt FILE: cache/5726.txt OUTPUT: txt/5726.txt FILE: cache/6414.txt OUTPUT: txt/6414.txt FILE: cache/10427.txt OUTPUT: txt/10427.txt FILE: cache/40652.txt OUTPUT: txt/40652.txt FILE: cache/41695.txt OUTPUT: txt/41695.txt FILE: cache/35489.txt OUTPUT: txt/35489.txt FILE: cache/54557.txt OUTPUT: txt/54557.txt FILE: cache/7150.txt OUTPUT: txt/7150.txt FILE: cache/34771.txt OUTPUT: txt/34771.txt FILE: cache/34698.txt OUTPUT: txt/34698.txt FILE: cache/28160.txt OUTPUT: txt/28160.txt FILE: cache/39713.txt OUTPUT: txt/39713.txt FILE: cache/38456.txt OUTPUT: txt/38456.txt FILE: cache/34912.txt OUTPUT: txt/34912.txt FILE: cache/38462.txt OUTPUT: txt/38462.txt FILE: cache/41839.txt OUTPUT: txt/41839.txt FILE: cache/29633.txt OUTPUT: txt/29633.txt FILE: cache/26139.txt OUTPUT: txt/26139.txt FILE: cache/34061.txt OUTPUT: txt/34061.txt FILE: cache/18217.txt OUTPUT: txt/18217.txt FILE: cache/36457.txt OUTPUT: txt/36457.txt FILE: cache/27238.txt OUTPUT: txt/27238.txt FILE: cache/32482.txt OUTPUT: txt/32482.txt FILE: cache/48994.txt OUTPUT: txt/48994.txt FILE: cache/24527.txt OUTPUT: txt/24527.txt FILE: cache/32282.txt OUTPUT: txt/32282.txt FILE: cache/44526.txt OUTPUT: txt/44526.txt FILE: cache/34221.txt OUTPUT: txt/34221.txt FILE: cache/40782.txt OUTPUT: txt/40782.txt FILE: cache/44525.txt OUTPUT: txt/44525.txt 15253 txt/../pos/15253.pos 14750 txt/../pos/14750.pos 15253 txt/../wrd/15253.wrd 15253 txt/../ent/15253.ent 14750 txt/../wrd/14750.wrd 14750 txt/../ent/14750.ent 15468 txt/../pos/15468.pos 15807 txt/../pos/15807.pos 15807 txt/../wrd/15807.wrd 15468 txt/../wrd/15468.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 15253 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15253.txt cache: ./cache/15253.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'15253.txt' 15468 txt/../ent/15468.ent 27932 txt/../pos/27932.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 14750 author: Cilley, Jonathan Prince title: Bowdoin Boys in Labrador An Account of the Bowdoin College Scientific Expedition to Labrador led by Prof. Leslie A. Lee of the Biological Department date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/14750.txt cache: ./cache/14750.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'14750.txt' 27932 txt/../wrd/27932.wrd 29285 txt/../pos/29285.pos 27932 txt/../ent/27932.ent 15807 txt/../ent/15807.ent 29285 txt/../wrd/29285.wrd 29934 txt/../pos/29934.pos 29285 txt/../ent/29285.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 15468 author: Caithness, James Sinclair, 14th earl of title: Lectures on Popular and Scientific Subjects date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15468.txt cache: ./cache/15468.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'15468.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 27932 author: Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf title: History of the Division of Medical Sciences United States National Museum Bulletin 240, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, paper 43, 1964 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27932.txt cache: ./cache/27932.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'27932.txt' 29934 txt/../wrd/29934.wrd 16614 txt/../pos/16614.pos 16474 txt/../pos/16474.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 15807 author: Warren, Henry White title: Among the Forces date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15807.txt cache: ./cache/15807.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'15807.txt' 16474 txt/../wrd/16474.wrd 16325 txt/../pos/16325.pos 16614 txt/../wrd/16614.wrd 30055 txt/../pos/30055.pos 19080 txt/../pos/19080.pos 29934 txt/../ent/29934.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 29285 author: Chapelle, Howard Irving title: The Migrations of an American Boat Type date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29285.txt cache: ./cache/29285.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'29285.txt' 16474 txt/../ent/16474.ent 30055 txt/../wrd/30055.wrd 28274 txt/../pos/28274.pos 16325 txt/../wrd/16325.wrd 29653 txt/../pos/29653.pos 16325 txt/../ent/16325.ent 19080 txt/../wrd/19080.wrd 16729 txt/../pos/16729.pos 15884 txt/../pos/15884.pos 15884 txt/../wrd/15884.wrd 16614 txt/../ent/16614.ent 29653 txt/../wrd/29653.wrd 31756 txt/../pos/31756.pos 15905 txt/../pos/15905.pos 28274 txt/../wrd/28274.wrd 27076 txt/../pos/27076.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 29934 author: Battison, Edwin A. title: The Auburndale Watch Company First American Attempt Toward the Dollar Watch date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29934.txt cache: ./cache/29934.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'29934.txt' 30055 txt/../ent/30055.ent 19080 txt/../ent/19080.ent 15884 txt/../ent/15884.ent 24684 txt/../pos/24684.pos 16729 txt/../wrd/16729.wrd 15905 txt/../ent/15905.ent 28274 txt/../ent/28274.ent 31756 txt/../wrd/31756.wrd 16729 txt/../ent/16729.ent 15905 txt/../wrd/15905.wrd 27076 txt/../wrd/27076.wrd 29653 txt/../ent/29653.ent 24684 txt/../wrd/24684.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 17882 txt/../pos/17882.pos 31756 txt/../ent/31756.ent 24684 txt/../ent/24684.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 30055 author: Berkebile, Donald H. title: The 1893 Duryea Automobile In the Museum of History and Technology date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/30055.txt cache: ./cache/30055.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'30055.txt' 27106 txt/../pos/27106.pos 27076 txt/../ent/27076.ent 17882 txt/../wrd/17882.wrd 29838 txt/../pos/29838.pos 27106 txt/../wrd/27106.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 29653 author: Berkebile, Donald H. title: Conestoga Wagons in Braddock's Campaign, 1755 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29653.txt cache: ./cache/29653.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'29653.txt' 17882 txt/../ent/17882.ent 22085 txt/../pos/22085.pos 29838 txt/../wrd/29838.wrd 30112 txt/../pos/30112.pos 2628 txt/../pos/2628.pos 27106 txt/../ent/27106.ent 27747 txt/../pos/27747.pos 14565 txt/../wrd/14565.wrd 22085 txt/../wrd/22085.wrd 14565 txt/../pos/14565.pos 1331 txt/../pos/1331.pos 16807 txt/../pos/16807.pos 30495 txt/../pos/30495.pos 28758 txt/../pos/28758.pos 30112 txt/../wrd/30112.wrd 2628 txt/../wrd/2628.wrd 16807 txt/../wrd/16807.wrd 27747 txt/../wrd/27747.wrd 1331 txt/../wrd/1331.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 2631 txt/../pos/2631.pos 30495 txt/../wrd/30495.wrd 2934 txt/../pos/2934.pos 27015 txt/../pos/27015.pos 22085 txt/../ent/22085.ent 2933 txt/../pos/2933.pos 29838 txt/../ent/29838.ent 2631 txt/../wrd/2631.wrd 2934 txt/../wrd/2934.wrd 2634 txt/../pos/2634.pos 2935 txt/../pos/2935.pos 28758 txt/../wrd/28758.wrd 1708 txt/../pos/1708.pos 2933 txt/../wrd/2933.wrd 2633 txt/../pos/2633.pos 30112 txt/../ent/30112.ent 16807 txt/../ent/16807.ent 16775 txt/../pos/16775.pos 2634 txt/../wrd/2634.wrd 27015 txt/../wrd/27015.wrd 16775 txt/../wrd/16775.wrd 1706 txt/../pos/1706.pos 1216 txt/../pos/1216.pos 20417 txt/../pos/20417.pos 30495 txt/../ent/30495.ent 2935 txt/../wrd/2935.wrd 2628 txt/../ent/2628.ent 27747 txt/../ent/27747.ent 2629 txt/../pos/2629.pos 1025 txt/../pos/1025.pos 1708 txt/../wrd/1708.wrd 2633 txt/../wrd/2633.wrd 28758 txt/../ent/28758.ent 2630 txt/../pos/2630.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 16614 author: Joly, John title: The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16614.txt cache: ./cache/16614.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'16614.txt' 1331 txt/../ent/1331.ent 2632 txt/../pos/2632.pos 2932 txt/../pos/2932.pos 2631 txt/../ent/2631.ent 2630 txt/../wrd/2630.wrd 2934 txt/../ent/2934.ent 1708 txt/../ent/1708.ent 35024 txt/../pos/35024.pos 14565 txt/../ent/14565.ent 1706 txt/../wrd/1706.wrd 1025 txt/../wrd/1025.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 1216 txt/../wrd/1216.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 28274 author: Lubbock, John, Sir title: The Beauties of Nature, and the Wonders of the World We Live In date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/28274.txt cache: ./cache/28274.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'28274.txt' 2629 txt/../wrd/2629.wrd 1315 txt/../pos/1315.pos 2933 txt/../ent/2933.ent 20417 txt/../wrd/20417.wrd 16593 txt/../pos/16593.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 16474 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lectures and Essays date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16474.txt cache: ./cache/16474.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'16474.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 19080 author: Hubbard, Elbert title: Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 12 Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Scientists date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/19080.txt cache: ./cache/19080.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'19080.txt' 16593 txt/../wrd/16593.wrd 2932 txt/../wrd/2932.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 16325 author: Allen, Grant title: Science in Arcady date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16325.txt cache: ./cache/16325.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'16325.txt' 2935 txt/../ent/2935.ent 27015 txt/../ent/27015.ent 35024 txt/../wrd/35024.wrd 2634 txt/../ent/2634.ent 33899 txt/../pos/33899.pos 2632 txt/../wrd/2632.wrd 2633 txt/../ent/2633.ent 1706 txt/../ent/1706.ent 1707 txt/../pos/1707.pos 38379 txt/../pos/38379.pos 1315 txt/../wrd/1315.wrd 2630 txt/../ent/2630.ent 1216 txt/../ent/1216.ent 2629 txt/../ent/2629.ent 36547 txt/../pos/36547.pos 33899 txt/../wrd/33899.wrd 16775 txt/../ent/16775.ent 1025 txt/../ent/1025.ent 20417 txt/../ent/20417.ent 34067 txt/../pos/34067.pos 2932 txt/../ent/2932.ent 37513 txt/../pos/37513.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 27076 author: Griffenhagen, George B. title: Drug Supplies in the American Revolution date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27076.txt cache: ./cache/27076.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'27076.txt' 2632 txt/../ent/2632.ent 38379 txt/../wrd/38379.wrd 35024 txt/../ent/35024.ent 1705 txt/../pos/1705.pos 37224 txt/../pos/37224.pos 1315 txt/../ent/1315.ent 1705 txt/../wrd/1705.wrd 36547 txt/../wrd/36547.wrd 1707 txt/../wrd/1707.wrd 33899 txt/../ent/33899.ent 34067 txt/../wrd/34067.wrd 12506 txt/../pos/12506.pos 37513 txt/../wrd/37513.wrd 36343 txt/../pos/36343.pos 37224 txt/../wrd/37224.wrd 1707 txt/../ent/1707.ent 12506 txt/../wrd/12506.wrd 16593 txt/../ent/16593.ent 38379 txt/../ent/38379.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 27106 author: Ferguson, Eugene S. title: Kinematics of Mechanisms from the Time of Watt date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27106.txt cache: ./cache/27106.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'27106.txt' 36343 txt/../wrd/36343.wrd 44527 txt/../pos/44527.pos 7150 txt/../pos/7150.pos 36547 txt/../ent/36547.ent 34067 txt/../ent/34067.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 30112 author: Newville, Leslie J. title: Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, United States National Museum Bulletin 218, Paper 5, (pages 69-79) date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/30112.txt cache: ./cache/30112.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'30112.txt' 39141 txt/../pos/39141.pos 44527 txt/../wrd/44527.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 16729 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16729.txt cache: ./cache/16729.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'16729.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 17882 author: Davy, Humphry, Sir title: Consolations in Travel; or, the Last Days of a Philosopher date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/17882.txt cache: ./cache/17882.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'17882.txt' 32492 txt/../pos/32492.pos 1705 txt/../ent/1705.ent 37513 txt/../ent/37513.ent 12506 txt/../ent/12506.ent 33405 txt/../pos/33405.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 15884 author: nan title: Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15884.txt cache: ./cache/15884.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'15884.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 15905 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Collected Essays, Volume V Science and Christian Tradition: Essays date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15905.txt cache: ./cache/15905.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'15905.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 31756 author: Battison, Edwin A. title: Screw-Thread Cutting by the Master-Screw Method since 1480 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/31756.txt cache: ./cache/31756.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'31756.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 25509 author: nan title: The World's Greatest Books — Volume 15 — Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/25509.txt cache: ./cache/25509.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'25509.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 6414 txt/../pos/6414.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 24684 author: Windle, Bertram Coghill Alan, Sir title: Science and Morals and Other Essays date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24684.txt cache: ./cache/24684.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'24684.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 5694 txt/../pos/5694.pos 7150 txt/../wrd/7150.wrd 33198 txt/../pos/33198.pos 39141 txt/../wrd/39141.wrd 37224 txt/../ent/37224.ent 36343 txt/../ent/36343.ent 2627 txt/../pos/2627.pos 38478 txt/../pos/38478.pos 33405 txt/../wrd/33405.wrd 32492 txt/../wrd/32492.wrd 6414 txt/../wrd/6414.wrd 5694 txt/../wrd/5694.wrd 37589 txt/../pos/37589.pos 33198 txt/../wrd/33198.wrd 7150 txt/../ent/7150.ent 2627 txt/../wrd/2627.wrd 38478 txt/../wrd/38478.wrd 42128 txt/../pos/42128.pos 39141 txt/../ent/39141.ent 47748 txt/../pos/47748.pos 34698 txt/../pos/34698.pos 6414 txt/../ent/6414.ent 32492 txt/../ent/32492.ent 39713 txt/../pos/39713.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 29838 author: Washburne, Carleton title: Common Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29838.txt cache: ./cache/29838.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'29838.txt' 37427 txt/../pos/37427.pos 37589 txt/../wrd/37589.wrd 42128 txt/../wrd/42128.wrd 5694 txt/../ent/5694.ent 33405 txt/../ent/33405.ent 10060 txt/../pos/10060.pos 38097 txt/../pos/38097.pos 47748 txt/../wrd/47748.wrd 25509 txt/../pos/25509.pos 41695 txt/../pos/41695.pos 33198 txt/../ent/33198.ent 38478 txt/../ent/38478.ent 41839 txt/../pos/41839.pos 44527 txt/../ent/44527.ent 2627 txt/../ent/2627.ent 38456 txt/../pos/38456.pos 34698 txt/../wrd/34698.wrd 10060 txt/../wrd/10060.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 1315 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Autobiography and Selected Essays date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1315.txt cache: ./cache/1315.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'1315.txt' 37427 txt/../wrd/37427.wrd 34771 txt/../pos/34771.pos 38097 txt/../wrd/38097.wrd 37589 txt/../ent/37589.ent 25509 txt/../wrd/25509.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point === file2bib.sh === id: 22085 author: Bose, Jagadis Chandra title: Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, His Life and Speeches date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/22085.txt cache: ./cache/22085.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'22085.txt' 41695 txt/../wrd/41695.wrd 43791 txt/../pos/43791.pos 41839 txt/../wrd/41839.wrd 5726 txt/../pos/5726.pos 39713 txt/../wrd/39713.wrd 28160 txt/../pos/28160.pos 42128 txt/../ent/42128.ent 35584 txt/../pos/35584.pos 34698 txt/../ent/34698.ent 27238 txt/../pos/27238.pos 29633 txt/../pos/29633.pos 47748 txt/../ent/47748.ent 10427 txt/../pos/10427.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 27747 author: Somerville, Mary title: Personal Recollections, from Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27747.txt cache: ./cache/27747.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'27747.txt' 34912 txt/../pos/34912.pos 35489 txt/../pos/35489.pos 24527 txt/../pos/24527.pos 40652 txt/../pos/40652.pos 10060 txt/../ent/10060.ent 32482 txt/../pos/32482.pos 18217 txt/../pos/18217.pos 38456 txt/../wrd/38456.wrd 37427 txt/../ent/37427.ent 38097 txt/../ent/38097.ent 34771 txt/../wrd/34771.wrd 43791 txt/../wrd/43791.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 30495 author: Williams, Edward Huntington title: A History of Science — Volume 5 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/30495.txt cache: ./cache/30495.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'30495.txt' 34061 txt/../pos/34061.pos 25509 txt/../ent/25509.ent 48994 txt/../pos/48994.pos 39713 txt/../ent/39713.ent 35584 txt/../wrd/35584.wrd 5726 txt/../wrd/5726.wrd 32282 txt/../pos/32282.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 2627 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Method of Zadig Essay #1 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2627.txt cache: ./cache/2627.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2627.txt' 28160 txt/../wrd/28160.wrd 34912 txt/../wrd/34912.wrd 54557 txt/../pos/54557.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 2628 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Rise and Progress of Palaeontology Essay #2 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2628.txt cache: ./cache/2628.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2628.txt' 41839 txt/../ent/41839.ent 27238 txt/../wrd/27238.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 1025 author: Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von title: Essays; Political, Economical, and Philosophical — Volume 1 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1025.txt cache: ./cache/1025.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'1025.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 29633 txt/../wrd/29633.wrd 26139 txt/../pos/26139.pos 36457 txt/../pos/36457.pos 40652 txt/../wrd/40652.wrd 32482 txt/../wrd/32482.wrd 35489 txt/../wrd/35489.wrd 18217 txt/../wrd/18217.wrd 24527 txt/../wrd/24527.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 34221 txt/../pos/34221.pos 38462 txt/../pos/38462.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 2935 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Study of Zoology date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2935.txt cache: ./cache/2935.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'2935.txt' 10427 txt/../wrd/10427.wrd 41695 txt/../ent/41695.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 1331 author: Oliver, Charles A. (Charles Alexander) title: ABC's of Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1331.txt cache: ./cache/1331.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'1331.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 38456 txt/../ent/38456.ent 34771 txt/../ent/34771.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 27015 author: Lankester, E. Ray (Edwin Ray), Sir title: More Science from an Easy Chair date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27015.txt cache: ./cache/27015.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'27015.txt' 48994 txt/../wrd/48994.wrd 34061 txt/../wrd/34061.wrd 43791 txt/../ent/43791.ent 32282 txt/../wrd/32282.wrd 5726 txt/../ent/5726.ent 28160 txt/../ent/28160.ent 54557 txt/../wrd/54557.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 28758 author: Various title: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Vol 1 - 1666 Giving some Accompt of the present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many considerable parts of the World date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/28758.txt cache: ./cache/28758.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 12 resourceName b'28758.txt' 26139 txt/../wrd/26139.wrd 38462 txt/../wrd/38462.wrd 36457 txt/../wrd/36457.wrd 29633 txt/../ent/29633.ent 27238 txt/../ent/27238.ent 35584 txt/../ent/35584.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2634 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Evolution of Theology: an Anthropological Study Essay #8 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2634.txt cache: ./cache/2634.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2634.txt' 34221 txt/../wrd/34221.wrd 35489 txt/../ent/35489.ent 34912 txt/../ent/34912.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2629 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lectures on Evolution Essay #3 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2629.txt cache: ./cache/2629.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'2629.txt' 10427 txt/../ent/10427.ent 24527 txt/../ent/24527.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 16807 author: Allen, Grant title: Falling in Love; With Other Essays on More Exact Branches of Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16807.txt cache: ./cache/16807.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'16807.txt' 32482 txt/../ent/32482.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2633 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Hasisadra's Adventure Essay #7 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2633.txt cache: ./cache/2633.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'2633.txt' 40782 txt/../pos/40782.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 2632 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Lights of the Church and the Light of Science Essay #6 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2632.txt cache: ./cache/2632.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'2632.txt' 34061 txt/../ent/34061.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2630 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Interpreters of Genesis and the Interpreters of Nature Essay #4 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2630.txt cache: ./cache/2630.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2630.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 2631 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Mr. Gladstone and Genesis Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2631.txt cache: ./cache/2631.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'2631.txt' 40652 txt/../ent/40652.ent 18217 txt/../ent/18217.ent 48994 txt/../ent/48994.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 16593 author: Clark, Bertha May title: General Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16593.txt cache: ./cache/16593.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'16593.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 1707 author: Williams, Henry Smith title: A History of Science — Volume 3 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1707.txt cache: ./cache/1707.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'1707.txt' 38462 txt/../ent/38462.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2934 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Advisableness of Improving Natural Knowledge date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2934.txt cache: ./cache/2934.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2934.txt' 32282 txt/../ent/32282.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2933 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On Some Fossil Remains of Man date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2933.txt cache: ./cache/2933.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'2933.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 2932 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Relations of Man to the Lower Animals date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2932.txt cache: ./cache/2932.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2932.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 1216 author: Babbage, Charles title: Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1216.txt cache: ./cache/1216.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'1216.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 1708 author: Williams, Edward Huntington title: A History of Science — Volume 4 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1708.txt cache: ./cache/1708.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'1708.txt' 54557 txt/../ent/54557.ent 26139 txt/../ent/26139.ent 40782 txt/../wrd/40782.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 16775 author: Arago, François title: Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men First Series date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16775.txt cache: ./cache/16775.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'16775.txt' 36457 txt/../ent/36457.ent 34221 txt/../ent/34221.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 1705 author: Williams, Henry Smith title: A History of Science — Volume 1 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1705.txt cache: ./cache/1705.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'1705.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 20417 author: Thomson, J. Arthur (John Arthur) title: The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/20417.txt cache: ./cache/20417.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'20417.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 1706 author: Williams, Edward Huntington title: A History of Science — Volume 2 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1706.txt cache: ./cache/1706.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'1706.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 33899 author: Wright, Russell Stuart title: Optical Projection. Part 1: The Projection of Lantern Slides date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/33899.txt cache: ./cache/33899.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'33899.txt' 44525 txt/../pos/44525.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 10427 author: Kingsley, Charles title: Scientific Essays and Lectures date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/10427.txt cache: ./cache/10427.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'10427.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 35024 author: Multhauf, Robert P. title: Development of Gravity Pendulums in the 19th Century Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Papers 34-44 On Science and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 1966 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/35024.txt cache: ./cache/35024.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'35024.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 5726 author: Buckley, Arabella B. (Arabella Burton) title: The Fairy-Land of Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/5726.txt cache: ./cache/5726.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'5726.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 14565 author: Humboldt, Alexander von title: Cosmos: A Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe, Vol. 1 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/14565.txt cache: ./cache/14565.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'14565.txt' 40782 txt/../ent/40782.ent 44526 txt/../wrd/44526.wrd 44526 txt/../pos/44526.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 34067 author: Walsh, James J. (James Joseph) title: Catholic Churchmen in Science [First Series] Sketches of the Lives of Catholic Ecclesiastics Who Were Among the Great Founders in Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/34067.txt cache: ./cache/34067.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'34067.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 33405 author: Gray, Elisha title: Familiar Talks on Science: World-Building and Life; Earth, Air and Water. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/33405.txt cache: ./cache/33405.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'33405.txt' 44525 txt/../wrd/44525.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 36547 author: Phin, John title: The Seven Follies of Science [2nd ed.] A popular account of the most famous scientific impossibilities and the attempts which have been made to solve them. To which is added a small budget of interesting paradoxes, illusions, and marvels date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/36547.txt cache: ./cache/36547.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'36547.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 35584 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/35584.txt cache: ./cache/35584.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'35584.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 38379 author: Carlile, Richard title: An Address to Men of Science Calling Upon Them to Stand Forward and Vindicate the Truth.... date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/38379.txt cache: ./cache/38379.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'38379.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 10060 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Discourses: Biological & Geological Essays date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/10060.txt cache: ./cache/10060.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'10060.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 12506 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Critiques and Addresses date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/12506.txt cache: ./cache/12506.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'12506.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 37224 author: Bernstein, Aaron David title: Popular Books on Natural Science For Practical Use in Every Household, for Readers of All Classes date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/37224.txt cache: ./cache/37224.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'37224.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 7150 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Science & Education: Essays date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/7150.txt cache: ./cache/7150.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'7150.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 37513 author: Morgan, C. Lloyd (Conwy Lloyd) title: Spencer's Philosophy of Science The Herbert Spencer Lecture Delivered at the Museum 7 November, 1913 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/37513.txt cache: ./cache/37513.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'37513.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 36343 author: Warder, Geo. W. (George Woodward) title: The Universe a Vast Electric Organism date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/36343.txt cache: ./cache/36343.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'36343.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 37589 author: Buckley, Arabella B. (Arabella Burton) title: Through Magic Glasses and Other Lectures A Sequel to The Fairyland of Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/37589.txt cache: ./cache/37589.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'37589.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 39141 author: Bedini, Silvio A. title: Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/39141.txt cache: ./cache/39141.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'39141.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 37427 author: Cooke, Josiah P., Jr. (Josiah Parsons) title: Scientific Culture, and Other Essays Second Edition; with Additions date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/37427.txt cache: ./cache/37427.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'37427.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 34771 author: Gore, George title: The Scientific Basis of National Progress, Including that of Morality date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/34771.txt cache: ./cache/34771.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'34771.txt' 44525 txt/../ent/44525.ent 44526 txt/../ent/44526.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 33198 author: Bedini, Silvio A. title: The Borghesi Astronomical Clock in the Museum of History and Technology Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 35 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/33198.txt cache: ./cache/33198.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'33198.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 32492 author: Unknown title: Endless Amusement A Collection of Nearly 400 Entertaining Experiments in Various Branches of Science; Including Acoustics, Electricity, Magnetism, Arithmetic, Hydraulics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Hydrostatics, Optics; Wonders of the Air-Pump; All the Popular Tricks and Changes of the Cards, &c., &c. to Which is Added, a Complete System of Pyrotechny; Or, the Art of Making Fire-works. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/32492.txt cache: ./cache/32492.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'32492.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 38456 author: Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title: Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume I (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/38456.txt cache: ./cache/38456.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'38456.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 40652 author: Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham title: A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/40652.txt cache: ./cache/40652.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'40652.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 6414 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lectures and Essays date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/6414.txt cache: ./cache/6414.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'6414.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 44527 author: Haeckel, Ernst title: Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, Plates Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/44527.txt cache: ./cache/44527.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'44527.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 5694 author: Various title: The Harvard Classics Volume 38 Scientific Papers (Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology) date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/5694.txt cache: ./cache/5694.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'5694.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 34912 author: Zahm, J. A. (John Augustine) title: Woman in Science With an Introductory Chapter on Woman's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/34912.txt cache: ./cache/34912.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 14 resourceName b'34912.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 38097 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of T. H. Huxley date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/38097.txt cache: ./cache/38097.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'38097.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 38478 author: Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title: Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume III (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/38478.txt cache: ./cache/38478.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'38478.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 43791 author: Ostwald, Wilhelm title: Natural Philosophy date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/43791.txt cache: ./cache/43791.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'43791.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 35489 author: Bolton, Sarah Knowles title: Famous Men of Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/35489.txt cache: ./cache/35489.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'35489.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 28160 author: White, John H. title: The 'Pioneer': Light Passenger Locomotive of 1851 United States Bulletin 240, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, paper 42, 1964 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/28160.txt cache: ./cache/28160.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'28160.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 29633 author: Bishop, Philip W. title: The Beginnings of Cheap Steel date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29633.txt cache: ./cache/29633.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'29633.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 27238 author: Welsh, Peter C. title: Woodworking Tools 1600-1900 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27238.txt cache: ./cache/27238.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'27238.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 18217 author: Various title: Chambers's Elementary Science Readers Book I date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/18217.txt cache: ./cache/18217.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'18217.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 38462 author: Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title: Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume II (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/38462.txt cache: ./cache/38462.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'38462.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 34698 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Essays Upon Some Controverted Questions date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/34698.txt cache: ./cache/34698.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'34698.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 34061 author: Chipman, Robert A. title: The Earliest Electromagnetic Instruments date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/34061.txt cache: ./cache/34061.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'34061.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 47748 author: Philp, Robert Kemp title: The Reason Why A Careful Collection of Many Hundreds of Reasons for Things Which, Though Generally Believed, Are Imperfectly Understood date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/47748.txt cache: ./cache/47748.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'47748.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 42128 author: Various title: The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Vol. XLIX April-October 1850 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/42128.txt cache: ./cache/42128.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'42128.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 32282 author: Vogel, Robert M. title: Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/32282.txt cache: ./cache/32282.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'32282.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 32482 author: Multhauf, Robert P. title: The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/32482.txt cache: ./cache/32482.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'32482.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 24527 author: Tyndall, John title: Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses, and Reviews. V. 1-2 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24527.txt cache: ./cache/24527.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'24527.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' === file2bib.sh === id: 41695 author: Raymond, Percy E. (Percy Edward) title: The Appendages, Anatomy, and Relationships of Trilobites date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/41695.txt cache: ./cache/41695.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 10 resourceName b'41695.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 48994 author: Osler, William title: The Old Humanities and the New Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/48994.txt cache: ./cache/48994.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'48994.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 34221 author: Gray, Elisha title: Electricity and Magnetism date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/34221.txt cache: ./cache/34221.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'34221.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 26139 author: Ontario. Department of Education title: Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Nature Study date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/26139.txt cache: ./cache/26139.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'26139.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 36457 author: Zambra, Joseph title: A Treatise on Meteorological Instruments Explanatory of Their Scientific Principles, Method of Construction, and Practical Utility date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/36457.txt cache: ./cache/36457.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'36457.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 54557 author: Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title: Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjects date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/54557.txt cache: ./cache/54557.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'54557.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 39713 author: Poincaré, Henri title: The Foundations of Science: Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, Science and Method date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/39713.txt cache: ./cache/39713.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'39713.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 41839 author: Pepper, John Henry title: The Boy's Playbook of Science Including the Various Manipulations and Arrangements of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus Required for the Successful Performance of Scientific Experiments in Illustration of the Elementary Branches of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/41839.txt cache: ./cache/41839.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'41839.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 40782 author: Museum of History and Technology (U.S.) title: Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/40782.txt cache: ./cache/40782.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'40782.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 44526 author: Haeckel, Ernst title: Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, Second Part: Subclass Osculosa; Index Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/44526.txt cache: ./cache/44526.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 17 resourceName b'44526.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 44525 author: Haeckel, Ernst title: Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia) Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/44525.txt cache: ./cache/44525.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 26 resourceName b'44525.txt' Done mapping. Reducing classification-Q-gutenberg === reduce.pl bib === id = 14565 author = Humboldt, Alexander von title = Cosmos: A Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe, Vol. 1 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 178998 sentences = 8936 flesch = 61 summary = a. Form of the earth, its mean density, quantity of heat, electro-magnetic volcanic rocks, spring water forms, by precipitation, strata of limestone. barometrical height at the level of the sea in different zones of the earth. existing among the facts observed, can not form a conception of the present times that of the Earth; period of revolution, 217.387 years; mean long., according to the different degrees of distance from the Sun, appears very obedience to the laws of general gravity in conic sections round the Sun. When these masses meet the Earth in their course, and are attracted by it, [footnote] *Argelander, in the important observations on the northern light accurate observations on the temperature of the sea at different latitudes [footnote] *See the series of observations made by me in the South Sea, observed in different portions of the earth's surface, to manifest such a cache = ./cache/14565.txt txt = ./txt/14565.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16325 author = Allen, Grant title = Science in Arcady date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 85312 sentences = 3102 flesch = 65 summary = life on every hand; a thousand different plants and flowers in the I had always had a great liking for the study of material plants and migrated, that comparatively little change took place in their forms or island after their long sea-voyage on bits of broken forest-trees--a Birds, I early noticed, are always great carriers of fruit-seeds, of kinds of flowering plants included in the modern flora of my little creatures are remote products of the Great Ice Age, and by this time, forms of life; in their case the power of producing fresh organisms present time of day, that such tints in the vegetable world act like great arm of the sea which stretched like a gulf far up towards the India--the Deccan, as we call it--formed a great island like Australia, The way the plant really eats is little known to gardeners, but very progressive forms, like the great pipe-fish himself, where the folds cache = ./cache/16325.txt txt = ./txt/16325.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 15253 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22481 sentences = 913 flesch = 54 summary = [Sidenote: caused by the increase of physical science] fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that physical science made a new breed of animals, is a part of the new Nature created by science. names of the men who were the great lights of science in the latter In fact, the history of physical science teaches (and we cannot too half-century has produced men of science of the calibre of Newton. far as physical science is concerned, the days of Admirable Crichtons [Sidenote: The aim of physical science] But the subject-matter of physical science is furnished by physical science does not come to much, if our present conceptions of adequate acquaintance with the physical sciences even of his own time. the same energy, the orderly evolution of physical nature out of one [Sidenote: Other achievements in physical science.] present time, science, working in the light of clear knowledge, has cache = ./cache/15253.txt txt = ./txt/15253.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 15807 author = Warren, Henry White title = Among the Forces date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 36375 sentences = 2269 flesch = 82 summary = I have seen in many lands men bringing to their houses water water in great piles and mountains of clouds; it lifted them over the sweet water a thousand miles from the sea, so gently that not a stalk held the stones down to the earth, made the rain fall, and water to run So the man made a trough a great many miles long, the two sides coming the lumber and water ever so swiftly, night and day, miles away to the pipe, like a fairy railroad, and gravitation carries the salt water put on great flatboats, 36 x 176 feet, a thousand tons to a boat, and water becomes steam, if at all, only by great heat. Gravitation is a great power, but the thousand tons of this tree's vast Every energy of earth, air, water, and the far-off sun work oceans of air and energy, forces so great that man cannot measure them, cache = ./cache/15807.txt txt = ./txt/15807.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 15884 author = nan title = Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 101498 sentences = 4559 flesch = 71 summary = Natural History, Wonders of Earth, Sea [Illustration: SEA CLIFFS SHOWING A SERIES OF STRATIFIED ROCKS.] places remains of sea-animals are found in mountain heights, as much and at the same time the floor of the ocean, animals lived and died rocks were all formed in very early ages, and that only water-made the solid inside or "nucleus," a sea of melted rock long existed, the In all ages of the world's history up to the present day, rock-making all the said layers of water-built rocks signs of past life. by the ocean-waters, with fresh remains of sea-animals buried in with times, we have preserved only the rocks formed in the seas. In the sea animals of this time we find many changes. In this time of the earth's history we have the first bird-like forms. case of two suns like those forming a double star. cache = ./cache/15884.txt txt = ./txt/15884.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 14750 author = Cilley, Jonathan Prince title = Bowdoin Boys in Labrador An Account of the Bowdoin College Scientific Expedition to Labrador led by Prof. Leslie A. Lee of the Biological Department date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26538 sentences = 1010 flesch = 73 summary = a pretty little yacht to-day, sent a fishing boat, whose model and rig The party for Grand River--Cary, Cole, W.R. Smith and Young--have still draws but little water, and is good in every way for the trip. The day after we left, July 19th, the mail steamer reached Battle Bay Co.'s posts in Labrador, came in sight, snugly nestled in a little reached North West River, two days after our party had started up the Lake Melville, about fifteen miles north of the mouth of Grand River. [Anxious waiting] The day appointed for meeting the river party was Nine miles were made this day and camp was reached at the beginning of of the lake, which is forty miles long and good rowing water, and The river as it enters the lake is about half a mile wide, but soon weeks away from home and in that time we were nearly every day on the cache = ./cache/14750.txt txt = ./txt/14750.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16614 author = Joly, John title = The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 77212 sentences = 4603 flesch = 67 summary = as taking place deep in the Earth's crust, indicate an age of the work effected on the Earth's surface since the beginning of geological time; the resulting knowledge in no way involving any That the geological age of the Earth is very great appears from ocean are undoubtedly derived from the rocks; increasing age by exposed during past times to denudative effects, no data exist to substances, atoms of helium--the alpha rays--projected with great the number of rays leaving the central particle in unit time we account of the chemical effects of organic acids such as exist in energy contained in a mass raised above the surface of the Earth sustained and increasing activity of organized nature is a fact; fact, matter of general observation that in the case of larger The mountain-forming movement takes place after a certain great is probable that time sufficient for these effects to develop, if cache = ./cache/16614.txt txt = ./txt/16614.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16729 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 108943 sentences = 3985 flesch = 59 summary = Educational Value of the Natural History Sciences," contains a view of seekers after natural knowledge, of the kinds called physical and Now the value of a knowledge of physical science as a means of getting school-life, and to learn, for the first time, that a world of facts nature, or to lay his mind alongside of a physical fact, and try to whole school existence to physical science: in fact, no one would lament ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. Now, so far as we know, there is no natural limit to the existence of time, and, if the like had been done with every animal, the sciences of pre-existing form by the operation of natural causes. series of species has come into existence by the operation of natural explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin cache = ./cache/16729.txt txt = ./txt/16729.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16474 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Lectures and Essays date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 82773 sentences = 3035 flesch = 60 summary = The second hypothesis supposes that the present order of things, at some came into existence at no great distance of time from the present; and protoplasmic matter which, so far as our present knowledge goes, is the existing animals and plants are taken by other forms, as numerous and present condition of things has existed for a comparatively short known, afford evidence that things arose in the way described by Milton, evolution, the existing state of things is the last term of a long animals which are so closely allied to existing forms that, at one time, is no reason, in the nature of things, why, as long as this world remains, and present the appearance of beds of rock formed under supernatural creation of the present forms of life; modern science Some time afterwards an old man entered the church on his hands and cache = ./cache/16474.txt txt = ./txt/16474.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 19080 author = Hubbard, Elbert title = Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 12 Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Scientists date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 86677 sentences = 4499 flesch = 74 summary = People go to church to watch and pray, but a man I know says that women ragweed, while all the time the young man was under the hedge working work in the town making furniture and earn a man's wage," he said. The year after Galileo issued his book, Porta put out a work much more right for a man to believe what he wished, but to teach others things studied, and worked for years, and I know so little--all I can do is to Just about this time, Humboldt, taking the cue from Goethe, said: "Man wrote a book of three hundred pages called "Darwinism, or the Man-Ape." This time love saw things that the learned men of Upsala failed to life-work, and it so placed him before the world that all he said or did No man ever knew so much about his work as John cache = ./cache/19080.txt txt = ./txt/19080.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 15905 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Collected Essays, Volume V Science and Christian Tradition: Essays date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 113933 sentences = 4626 flesch = 62 summary = belief in the Gospel theory of the universe failing them, is the fact, adequate account of the life and work of Jesus, it is evidence of the respect to the nature and order of things in the theological world denoted a thing--as if a "law of nature," as science understands it, In the same way, a law of nature, in the scientific sense, is the expression of the laws of nature in accordance with the new facts. of natural law; and the Duke of Argyll says that he believes my same breath, "In this sense the laws of nature are simply those facts use "law" in the sense of a statement of the order of facts, this is a that general law or statement of the order of facts, called the simply a question of evidence." In science, we think Up to the present time, so far as I know, that evidence has cache = ./cache/15905.txt txt = ./txt/15905.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 15468 author = Caithness, James Sinclair, 14th earl of title = Lectures on Popular and Scientific Subjects date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 36900 sentences = 1384 flesch = 70 summary = steam-engine boilers, and coking coal, employed for making coke and gas. of vegetation--the great heat of the ground causes water to rise rapidly coal were brought up in the same time, and thus the water raised The great difficulty in working coal, should these upper seams fail, is the great man who brought this mighty power to bear on the vast The mind of a great man is called into action, and by applying state that all-powerful and most useful machine, the steam-engine. describes a means of raising water by the pressure of steam. raise water to drive mill-wheels--fancy erecting a steam engine now, of The weight of steam is about 1800 times less than water. first use of the steam-engine was simply to raise water from mines, and steam-engines were used to raise water that had passed over the wheel, generates great heat; and this is due to its attraction for the water. cache = ./cache/15468.txt txt = ./txt/15468.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27932 author = Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf title = History of the Division of Medical Sciences United States National Museum Bulletin 240, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, paper 43, 1964 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12752 sentences = 976 flesch = 57 summary = Museum include two series, _Proceedings of the United States National Division of Medical Sciences in the Museum of History and Medical Sciences in the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of U.S. National Museum, the title of Section of Materia Medica was he arranged new exhibits including one on American Indian medicine. display including the history of pharmacy; and an exhibition on [Illustration: Figure 7.--EXHIBIT ON MEDICAL HISTORY during the of Pharmaceutical History and Health and a Section of Medical and Dental museums and medical and pharmaceutical institutions in this country, establishment in 1881 of the Section of Materia Medica in the U.S. National Museum, to display the development and progress of the health United States National Museum_ (1883), vol. ---The Indian medical exhibit of the Division of Medicine in the collections of the Division of Medicine in the United States National ---The United States National Museum pharmaceutical collection, its cache = ./cache/27932.txt txt = ./txt/27932.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 28274 author = Lubbock, John, Sir title = The Beauties of Nature, and the Wonders of the World We Live In date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 68602 sentences = 3457 flesch = 75 summary = both mind and body by a spell of Sea air or Mountain beauty. and the tree-cats are spotted, like rays of light seen through leaves. Fig. 4 represents the Medusa or free form of this beautiful species. In the same way let us take a section of the earth's surface AB (Fig. 17), and suppose that, by the gradual cooling and consequent contraction A lava stream flows down the slope of the mountain like a burning river, stately rivers, meres and lakes, and last, not least, the great ocean or lake, terraces, which were formed at a time when the river ran at a [Illustration: Fig. 29.--Diagram of an Alpine valley, showing a river [Illustration: Fig. 29.--Diagram of an Alpine valley, showing a river Finally, when the river at length reaches the sea, it in many cases valleys, animals and plants are continually changing: but the Sea is cache = ./cache/28274.txt txt = ./txt/28274.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 28758 author = Various title = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Vol 1 - 1666 Giving some Accompt of the present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many considerable parts of the World date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 154760 sentences = 9907 flesch = 79 summary = The _Second_, concerns the _Circle of Saturn_, in which he hath observed what these Forefathers had thrown away, and had lain long in the open Air. The use above mentioned being considerable, the person, who sent it, hath Observations touching the insipidness of resolved Ice made of Sea-water; different times, that he observed it, _the same Appearances_, which he by the Sun. But yet, I know no man, who hath observed such things in the A great Observer, who hath lived long in _New England_, did upon occasion, help whereof, he hath been able to observe, not onely that _Jupiter_ turns distance of the _Sun_ and _Moon_ from the Earth, by the _Paralax_, observed Having a great desire (saith he) to observe the Body of _Mars_, whilst observed the Body of _Jupiter_ through a 60 foot-glass, and found the the Earth and Moon compared;) and there having not as yet been observed any cache = ./cache/28758.txt txt = ./txt/28758.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29285 author = Chapelle, Howard Irving title = The Migrations of an American Boat Type date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7223 sentences = 399 flesch = 78 summary = [Illustration: FIGURE 1.--Scale model of a New Haven sharpie of 1885, _The New Haven sharpie, a flat-bottomed sailing skiff, was flat-bottomed sailing skiff known as the "sharpie." skiffs first appeared in some boats that were built at New Haven, invention of the New Haven sharpie to a boat carpenter named Taylor, a The first New Haven sharpies were 28 to 30 feet long--about the same The New Haven sharpie was built in two sizes for the oyster fishery. The smaller sharpie was usually rigged with a single mast and sail, [Illustration: FIGURE 3.--Plan of typical New Haven sharpie showing the Bay sharpies had any real relation to the New Haven boats. [Illustration: FIGURE 16.--Stern of a North Carolina sharpie schooner Schooner-rigged sharpies developed on Long Island Sound as early as large V-bottomed sailing craft on Chesapeake Bay. The sharpie schooner seems to have been more popular on the Chesapeake cache = ./cache/29285.txt txt = ./txt/29285.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29838 author = Washburne, Carleton title = Common Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 100766 sentences = 7561 flesch = 87 summary = glass tube higher if the water starts to flow out of it. the hole is too small to let the air squeeze up past the water, and a little water gets out and leaves an empty space behind, the air The air holds the water up in the tube because there is no room for Some days the air can force water up farther in a tube than it can close the upper end, pull the hose out and let the water pour the water or air being pulled under the object by gravity, that pushes reflects from tiny droplets of water in the air, making them visible. end of a piece of insulated wire to the water faucet and touch electric light on or off while standing in a tub of water. you use, and this hydrogen joins the oxygen in the air to make water cache = ./cache/29838.txt txt = ./txt/29838.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29934 author = Battison, Edwin A. title = The Auburndale Watch Company First American Attempt Toward the Dollar Watch date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10636 sentences = 608 flesch = 70 summary = [Illustration: Figure 2.--PATENT DRAWING OF THE HOPKINS WATCH. [Illustration: Figure 3.--ORIGINAL PATENT MODEL OF THE HOPKINS WATCH, [Illustration: Figure 9.--AUBURNDALE ROTARY WATCH MOVEMENT. The story of Hopkins' rotary watch now enters an entirely new setting _Newton directory_ of 1877 drops its previous listing of coal after Mr. Fowle's name and first mentions the Auburndale Watch Co.[21] In 1866 [Illustration: Figure 12.--A 24-HOUR DIAL for the rotary watch. The author has seen no watch, except the patent [Illustration: Figure 14.--ESCAPE WHEEL AND PALLETS of an Auburndale The Auburndale machinery came from the United States Watch Co. factory at [Illustration: Figure 16.--DIAL FOR 1/10-SECOND MODEL Auburndale timer. At some time between the manufacture of watches Up to this time, about November 1, 1879, the Auburndale Watch Co., had assigned to the Auburndale Watch Co. patent 276101, of December 4, 1883, [46] Each model of watch made at Auburndale was numbered in cache = ./cache/29934.txt txt = ./txt/29934.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 30055 author = Berkebile, Donald H. title = The 1893 Duryea Automobile In the Museum of History and Technology date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13615 sentences = 800 flesch = 74 summary = [Illustration: FIGURE 1.--DURYEA AUTOMOBILE in the Museum of History and bicycle work, Charles visited the Hartford Machine Screw Company where patents in their work;[8] but while the later engine and transmission [Illustration: FIGURE 8.--DRAWING OF 1885 BENZ engine, showing the second floor of this building that Charles and Frank Duryea built the actual work, Charles hired his brother Frank to start construction. It is Frank Duryea's remembrance that he started work on Monday, April and Frank decided to make an attempt to run the engine. Frank later installed the engine on the carriage he noticed the close While Frank worked on his engine, he realized that certain parts of the transmission were bolted in place on the running gear, Frank saw that Frank next calculated that with the faster running engine the speed of everything relating to engines and motor carriages, and Frank recalls [Illustration: FIGURE 24.--RUNNING GEAR OF DURYEA VEHICLE, showing the cache = ./cache/30055.txt txt = ./txt/30055.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29653 author = Berkebile, Donald H. title = Conestoga Wagons in Braddock's Campaign, 1755 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5930 sentences = 473 flesch = 79 summary = _More than 200 years have passed since the Pennsylvania farm wagon, the paid for the use of the wagons and horses which soon were to be pressed Conestoga wagons.[10] This term was apparently in general use at least strakes also indicates that these early wagons had no brakes such as [Illustration: Figure 6.--RESTORED FREIGHT-CARRYING CONESTOGA WAGON, [Illustration: Figure 7.--FARM-TYPE CONESTOGA WAGON, about 1850 in the had recommended that Braddock use more pack horses and fewer wagons.[37] the advance unit of the army marched with six horses to a wagon,[39] a The number of Pennsylvania wagons that arrived back at Wills Creek has farm-type Conestoga wagon of about 1850 shown in figure 7 is similar in [Footnote 13: Strakes are sections of wagon tire, equal in number to the [Footnote 22: One light wagon of about 1800 had smaller wheels, the of his wagons one day and returning with his few horses on the following cache = ./cache/29653.txt txt = ./txt/29653.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16775 author = Arago, François title = Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men First Series date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 134608 sentences = 6627 flesch = 64 summary = Bailly a Member of the Academy of Sciences.--His Researches I shall have completed the enumeration of Bailly's astronomical labours BAILLY A MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.--HIS RESEARCHES ON JUPITER'S Bailly was named member of the Academy of Sciences the 29th January, Great events may, on a given day, depend on the opinion that the nation When Bailly undertook this general history of Astronomy, the science The mysterious veil that in Bailly's time covered the East, is in great Bailly was nominated member of the French Academy in the place of M. Master of the Ceremonies having remarked it, approaching Bailly said to the heads of his body-guards, had appeared to Bailly a fine day! Bailly appeared again before the Revolutionary Tribunal, and this time This declaration was presented to Bailly on the day of present day to predict several years in advance the details of the time cache = ./cache/16775.txt txt = ./txt/16775.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 17882 author = Davy, Humphry, Sir title = Consolations in Travel; or, the Last Days of a Philosopher date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 54887 sentences = 1662 flesch = 54 summary = consider religion as essential to man, and belonging to the human mind in man or men had certain powers or instincts, such as now belong to the of God to man, I can hardly suppose that an infinitely powerful and allwise Creator would bestow upon the early inhabitants of the globe a proves the natural evil tendency of the human mind after the fall of man. fitted for his existence; and I suppose in the early state of created man more natural that a change should take place in the human mind than in in man; destruction of life is only a change of existence, and supposing Mind, the creator of infinite worlds, enter into the form of a man born my feelings from nature to God; I saw in all the powers of matter the appeared like the new-born animal, works of a Divine mind; I saw love as cache = ./cache/17882.txt txt = ./txt/17882.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16807 author = Allen, Grant title = Falling in Love; With Other Essays on More Exact Branches of Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 113342 sentences = 3860 flesch = 60 summary = the remote fact that primitive man had to use his right hand to deliver that time the uses of the right and left hand were becoming by gradual form serves a great deal better than the truth, so far as yet known, on plant or animal, placed under new conditions, begins to undergo adaptive changes continue, till the plant or animal acquires totally new habits; plants and animals have all a natural origin from a single primitive existing in a state of suspended animation for any long period of time just like Australia.' The animals, the trees, the plants, the insects, dolphin looks externally very like a fish, in head and tail and form and there the long cold spell known as the Great Ice Age, or Glacial Epoch, certain periods in the world's life when for a very long time together insect race look for all the world like clusters of the little American cache = ./cache/16807.txt txt = ./txt/16807.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27747 author = Somerville, Mary title = Personal Recollections, from Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 89567 sentences = 4597 flesch = 74 summary = times, noted down by my mother during the last years of her life, mother went to live for a short time at Inveresk, and thence returned to My father at last said to my mother,--"This kind of life will never do, young people went at this time to the minister to receive a stamped time in my life, I met in my uncle, Dr. Somerville, with a friend who to wish our friends a "Happy New Year." At Christmas time a set of men, Not long after Mrs. Ramsay's visit to my mother, Miss Ramsay went to Black Sea for more than twenty years, came to London about this time, went nowhere else till we became acquainted with the family of Mr. Thomson Bonar, a rich Russian merchant, who lived in great luxury at a Somerville and I, with a large party of her relations and friends, went cache = ./cache/27747.txt txt = ./txt/27747.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27076 author = Griffenhagen, George B. title = Drug Supplies in the American Revolution date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16077 sentences = 1637 flesch = 77 summary = The 15 medicine chests, including presumably the five supplied by ordered that the medicine purchased in Philadelphia for the army at in Boston was again supplying medicines to the Continental Army. offered "a fresh supply of Genuine Drugs and Medicines ... for New York he completed a medicine chest for each of the five store consisting of a general assortment of Drugs and Medicines" to medicines "to supply the director general of the Hospital with such supplies in the general hospital at New York can be gleaned from an New York City to the British certainly did not help the medical supply Meanwhile, in New York City the supply of drugs had returned to normal half-chests of medicines" put up at New York for ten battalions in the supply officers were pleading for drugs from Congress in Philadelphia, that they can be supplied with Medicine and Drugs as usual, at his cache = ./cache/27076.txt txt = ./txt/27076.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27015 author = Lankester, E. Ray (Edwin Ray), Sir title = More Science from an Easy Chair date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 102236 sentences = 5268 flesch = 71 summary = elephant as known in Europe more than 300 years ago was rarely seen in The elephant--like man standing on his hind legs--has a and lower jaw (left side), the tusk-like upper incisors and the large water and not known to have nurtured any other animal so large in size the case in modern races of men, though in the ancient Neander man's food-habit is important in all higher animals, but most of all in man. way in most men and animals, more than is the case with regard to any know of many lower animals in which the egg-cells produced by the wall-pictures, and new discoveries of great importance in the form of modern art and of natural history." Museums, as at present existing, surface of the body of animals, like man, is protected by a delicate, extermination of great animals by man is that of the extermination of cache = ./cache/27015.txt txt = ./txt/27015.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27106 author = Ferguson, Eugene S. title = Kinematics of Mechanisms from the Time of Watt date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21614 sentences = 1496 flesch = 66 summary = KINEMATICS OF MECHANISMS FROM THE TIME OF WATT KINEMATICS OF MECHANISMS FROM THE TIME OF WATT Mechanical Inventions of James Watt_, London, 1854, vol. [Illustration: Figure 6.--One of the steam engine "Crank Patents" that [Illustration: Figure 8.--Watt engine of 1782 (British Patent 1321, [Illustration: Figure 9.--Watt's mechanisms for guiding the upper end of Origin and Progress of the Mechanical Inventions of James Watt_ (London, Origin and Progress of the Mechanical Inventions of James Watt_ (London, [Illustration: Figure 10.--Watt's "parallel motion." Engine's working [Illustration: Figure 12.--Cartwright's geared straight-line mechanism [Footnote 102: _Ingenious Mechanisms for Designers and Inventors_ (vols. Steering Linkage" in _Mechanical Engineering_, September 1958, vol. kinematics of mechanisms, based on Reuleaux's and Rankine's works. [Footnote 118: _Mechanical Engineering_, October 1942, vol. [Footnote 118: _Mechanical Engineering_, October 1942, vol. Mechanism Analysis?" _Machine Design_, September 1951, vol. American Society of Mechanical Engineers_, 1943, vol. American Society of Mechanical Engineers_, 1943, vol. cache = ./cache/27106.txt txt = ./txt/27106.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 30112 author = Newville, Leslie J. title = Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, United States National Museum Bulletin 218, Paper 5, (pages 69-79) date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4300 sentences = 313 flesch = 69 summary = practical phonograph records, and succeeded (in association with Charles took Edison's tinfoil machine and made it reproduce sound from wax and continued until granted basic patents in 1886 for recording in wax. a 3/16-inch strip of wax-covered paper, is one of the machines described The Bell and Tainter records, preserved at the Smithsonian, are both of reproducer that would work with the soft wax records without use of the dictating machine in business, for their wax recording and Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording. as a recording material in his English patent); the Bell and Tainter The strength of Bell and Tainter patent is indicated by the following nothing but the Bell and Tainter record set forth in their patent was an infringement of the Bell and Tainter patent 341214, and took out a license under the Bell and Tainter patent and made his records under cache = ./cache/30112.txt txt = ./txt/30112.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 30495 author = Williams, Edward Huntington title = A History of Science — Volume 5 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 74590 sentences = 4014 flesch = 65 summary = CHAPTER III--THE ROYAL INSTITUTION AND LOW-TEMPERATURE RESEARCHES radio-activity upon heat-giving life of the sun and the earth, p. origin of such institutions as the British Museum, the Royal Society, can best gain a present-day idea of this famous institution by attending little more than a century ago, the Royal Institution of Great Britain work, namely, of Professor James Dewar on the properties of matter at work has made the Royal Institution again the centre of low-temperature all the recent low-temperature work would have been mere scientific famous scientific institution and the work that is being accomplished Another important result of Professor Lockyer's very recent studies has case, make up the work of the laboratory student of general biology. laboratory in which to study zoology that exists in the world to-day, or the German method of working, and in this regard Professor Haeckel is during which time he fully organized the work of the institution along cache = ./cache/30495.txt txt = ./txt/30495.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 31756 author = Battison, Edwin A. title = Screw-Thread Cutting by the Master-Screw Method since 1480 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5617 sentences = 294 flesch = 65 summary = _Among the earliest known examples of screw-thread cutting machines to figure 1 shows that the threads on the lead screw and on the work, MASTER-SCREW TYPE of thread-cutting machine. These slides are shown as part of a screw-cutting machine with a [Illustration: Figure 2.--CROSS-SLIDE for the thread-cutting lathe of [Illustration: Figure 3.--SMALL THREAD-CUTTING LATHE which was made to Figure 6 shows the traversing spindle and nut removed from the machine. [Illustration: Figure 6.--WORK SPINDLE AND ITS NUT removed from the the combination of screw-cutting machines with simple lathes as seen in of figure 9, showing the crude tool-support without screw adjustment. The introduction of gearing between the spindle and the lead screw, for [Illustration: Figure 15.--MAUDSLAY'S WELL-KNOWN screw-cutting lathe of [Illustration: Figure 17.--DAVID WILKINSON'S SCREW-CUTTING LATHE, [Illustration: Figure 20.--A HOB-GRINDING MACHINE patented in 1932 and [Illustration: Figure 21.--A HOB-GRINDING MACHINE OF 1933, showing use cache = ./cache/31756.txt txt = ./txt/31756.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 22085 author = Bose, Jagadis Chandra title = Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, His Life and Speeches date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 57255 sentences = 3177 flesch = 65 summary = Waves on different kinds of matter, Dr. Bose invented a new type of present wireless system." Practical application of the results of Dr. Bose's investigations appeared so important that the Governments of showing electric response for certain portions of the plant organism, unity of physiological effects of drugs on plant and animal tissues and "These new contributions" made by Dr. Bose on Plant Response "were Hitherto Dr. Bose detected the various excitatory effects of plants by January 1909, he delivered a lecture on 'Growth Response of Plants' Dr. Bose showed not only that the nervous impulse in plant and in man is University Hall, Dr. Bose of Calcutta dealt with "Plant Response." He life, as is seen in the plant, we shall be able to make the science of The last experiment was in regard to the effect of electricity on plant different as the life activities in plants and in animals. cache = ./cache/22085.txt txt = ./txt/22085.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 16593 author = Clark, Bertha May title = General Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 98358 sentences = 5803 flesch = 75 summary = The expansion of water can be easily shown by heating a flask (Fig. I) As the water is heated, it expands and forces its way up the The principle of hot-water heating is shown by the following simple In hot-water heating systems, fresh air is not brought to the rooms, large body of water is strongly heated at the equator, and then moves In convection, air and water circulate freely, carrying heat with a high temperature a small quantity of water, while in the second case of heat given out by 1 gram of water when its temperature falls 1° C., mercury is 30 times as easy to heat as water, and it requires only one and pass from the water into the air; steam comes from the vessel, and the water vapor set free by evaporation passes into the air, which When light passes from air into water or glass, the refracted ray is cache = ./cache/16593.txt txt = ./txt/16593.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 20417 author = Thomson, J. Arthur (John Arthur) title = The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 108981 sentences = 6388 flesch = 72 summary = THE FIRST PLANTS--THE FIRST ANIMALS--BEGINNINGS OF BODIES--EVOLUTION OF It is highly probable that for long ages the waters covered the earth, It was possibly in some such way that animals and plants with a body In animals like sea-anemones and jellyfishes the general symmetry of the these strange animals have probably lived in dense forests from time making life possible for higher forms like carnivorous turtles and about that remains of the plants and animals living at the time were animals living at the time when the beds were formed, then it would be Man stands apart from animals in his power of building up general ideas In adaptation to the great pressure the bodies of deep-sea animals are Many animals living on sandy places have a light-brown colour, as is It is not likely that man's body will admit of _great_ change, but there [Illustration: ELECTRONS STREAMING FROM THE SUN TO THE EARTH cache = ./cache/20417.txt txt = ./txt/20417.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 1315 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Autobiography and Selected Essays date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 55167 sentences = 2218 flesch = 65 summary = interest for a man like Huxley who looked upon the history of the world these essays lies in the fact that Huxley calls upon men to give clear From the point of view of subject-matter, structure, and style, Huxley's at the basis of all life, the habits of sea animals, are all subjects infinitely great, the seekers after natural knowledge of the kinds ancient sea reveals the remains of higher animals which have lived and chalk represents an ancient sea-bottom acquires as great force as the of the time before the chalk and those of the present day appear We know that, among the sea-anemones and coral-forming animals, coral reefs are being formed, or if the level of the sea relatively The remains of reefs formed by coral polypes kind among the coral reef rocks of the present seas; and it often of England in Huxley's time against the truths of science. cache = ./cache/1315.txt txt = ./txt/1315.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 1707 author = Williams, Henry Smith title = A History of Science — Volume 3 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 84688 sentences = 3124 flesch = 57 summary = James Hutton and the study of the rocks--His theory of the earth--His that water exists in the air as an independent gas--Hutton's theory of nature of heat--Causing water to boil by the friction of the borer--His final determination that heat is a form of motion--Thomas Young and the time, it is obvious that to these observers the sun will appear to be lifted above the surface of the water to form new continents? originally been formed, by the known laws of nature, in their present elevation of the bodies of land above the water on the earth's surface and from this time on it had been known that heat is taken up when water He did not speak of heat, light, electricity, as forms thing be true of all those other forms of "force"--light, electricity, is that all the known forms of radiant energy-heat, light, cache = ./cache/1707.txt txt = ./txt/1707.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 1708 author = Williams, Edward Huntington title = A History of Science — Volume 4 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 81310 sentences = 2987 flesch = 55 summary = more important than his discoveries of chemical properties in general had Watt taken the steps to demonstrate his theory, the great "Water of the air uniting with the hydrogen to form water, leaving the nitrogen Until the time of Scheele the great subject of organic chemistry had hydrogen, for example, combine with one volume of oxygen to form water. regard the plant and animal organisms as chemical laboratories in which experiments it had long been observed that when animal or vegetable the forms of organized bodies of different kinds, by which each may be cell-like character of certain animal tissues had come to be matter of theory takes its place as the great central generalization in physiology form of organism has developed from another; that different species the entire organic world, animal and vegetable, must be in a state of The decade that followed that discovery was a time of great activity in cache = ./cache/1708.txt txt = ./txt/1708.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 1705 author = Williams, Henry Smith title = A History of Science — Volume 1 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 85100 sentences = 3640 flesch = 62 summary = knowledge force us to speak of as the dawn of history, man had reached discovery, the scientific ideas of primitive man may be roughly listed 2. Primitive man must, from a very early period, have observed that the observation of historical man in antiquity makes it somewhat doubtful prove that the Egyptian of that early day had attained a knowledge of new year's day was accomplished through observation of the time of the fact that the Babylonian new year dates from about the period of the the Greeks borrowed certain measures of time from the Babylonians. The Sun in a Years time, and the Moon in the space originated long before the time of the Greek philosophers. had conceived sun, moon, stars, and earth to be of one substance might habitable earth, as known to the Greeks of that day, was a relatively for the later period of Babylonian history--the time when the Greeks cache = ./cache/1705.txt txt = ./txt/1705.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 1706 author = Williams, Edward Huntington title = A History of Science — Volume 2 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 81932 sentences = 3291 flesch = 60 summary = scientific field whatever for about a thousand years after the time of times, written from the practical experience of the physician, and not a Like other philosophers in all ages, he had observed a great number of as known at that time, comprised Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, makes the sun the centre of all the planetary motions, the earth being be the all-important body in the universe, and the sun a luminary placed fact that his entire body was in some way influenced by the motion of force generates in a given time, when it puts the body in motion, is different forces, operating at the same time upon a moving body, be the history of most great discoveries for all time. after having given it a new electricity, repels it a second time, which experiment to determine the effects of electricity upon the body. cache = ./cache/1706.txt txt = ./txt/1706.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2627 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = On the Method of Zadig Essay #1 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5794 sentences = 201 flesch = 60 summary = fined Zadig four hundred ounces of gold for saying he had seen Zadig admitted that he had never either seen or heard of the horse of The tracks were exactly like those which dogs and horses leave; In fact, Zadig's method was nothing we admit the validity of Zadig's great principle, that like effects imply like causes, and that the process of reasoning from a shell, or a tooth, or a bone, to the nature of the animal to which it belonged, the animal which fabricated the Belemnite was more like _Nautilus,_ or confidently about the animal of the Belemnite, as Zadig was respecting retrospective prophecy of those who interpreted the facts of the case by But it may be said that the method of Zadig, which is simple reasoning made them had a tail like that of a horse, Cuvier, seeing that the teeth cache = ./cache/2627.txt txt = ./txt/2627.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2628 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Rise and Progress of Palaeontology Essay #2 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5266 sentences = 146 flesch = 47 summary = adequate investigation of the fossil remains of any large group of the animal kingdom the number of fossil forms already known is as great which our present knowledge of the facts of palaeontology and of those shells of existing marine or freshwater animals, they must have been Steno to the fossil bones of vertebrated animals, whether aquatic predict that the fossil belonged to an animal of the same group. When it was admitted that fossils are remains of animals freshwater, animals and plants, they are evidences of the existence of remains of fishes and of plants of which no species now exist in our the earth; that fossil remains indicate different climatal conditions The succession of the species of animals and plants in time being propositions: the first is, that fossils are the remains of animals and present time as the epoch in which the law of succession of the forms of cache = ./cache/2628.txt txt = ./txt/2628.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 2935 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = On the Study of Zoology date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8105 sentences = 264 flesch = 56 summary = sciences which embody the knowledge man has acquired upon these subjects according to the kind of animals he studies, or the particular phenomena three great but subordinate sciences, morphology, physiology, and Zoological morphology is the doctrine of animal form or structure. Zoological distribution is the study of animals in relation to the lobster is composed of as many rings as there are pairs of appendages, of a common type,--in fact and in nature they are so,--the leg and the other animals, though they may differ a good deal from the lobster, are structure of each animal, that, in the present state of our knowledge, same plan amidst the twenty different segments of a lobster's body. examine into the manner in which the attentive study of the lobster time, and, if the like had been done with every animal, the sciences The lobster has served as a type of the whole animal divisions of the animal kingdom. cache = ./cache/2935.txt txt = ./txt/2935.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 1216 author = Babbage, Charles title = Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 49890 sentences = 2269 flesch = 61 summary = attending the fact of the Royal Society having printed a volume MINUTE OF COUNCIL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. In looking over the list of officers and Council of the Royal Society Council of the Royal Society should adopt their opinion so heedlessly, out of the funds of the Royal Society, yet as the Council of that body The fact was mentioned by a member of the Council of the Royal Society, council-books of the Royal Society, and I believe the following is the the Royal Society their opinion upon the subject generally of the the Royal Society have declined connecting their names with the Council OF THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. OF THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. The days in which the Royal Society can have much influence in science The list of the Officers, Council, and Members of the Royal Society is cache = ./cache/1216.txt txt = ./txt/1216.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2634 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Evolution of Theology: an Anthropological Study Essay #8 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22409 sentences = 877 flesch = 63 summary = one deny that the old Israelites conceived Jahveh not only in the image must be assumed to have worshipped Jacob's God, Jahveh, had carried off, as "strange gods" even as late as the eighth century B.C. The writer of the books of Samuel takes it quite as a matter of course prohibition to worship any supreme god other than Jahveh, which precedes spiritual existences known as Elohim, of whom Jahveh, the national God of Israel, is one; that, consistently with this view, Jahveh was as Saul dealt with the priests of the sanctuary of Jahveh at Nob. Nevertheless, Finow showed his practical belief in the gods during the books of Samuel without discovering that the old Israelites had a moral Israelites of the time of Samuel and Saul, is (to say the least) by no Therefore Saul said unto Jahveh, the Elohim of Israel, Shew the God I have substituted Jahveh and Elohim.] cache = ./cache/2634.txt txt = ./txt/2634.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2629 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Lectures on Evolution Essay #3 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20730 sentences = 697 flesch = 59 summary = came into existence at no great distance of time from the present; of existing animals and plants are taken by other forms, as numerous and present condition of things has existed for a comparatively short indications of the existence of terrestrial animals, other than birds, aquatic animals existed at a period as far antecedent to the deposition know of not the slightest evidence of the existence of birds before the period as four thousand years, no form of the hypothesis of evolution animals which are so closely allied to existing forms that, at one time, these remains, and present the appearance of beds of rock formed under of organic remains in a deposit, that animals or plants did not exist tertiary rocks; but, so far as our present knowledge goes, the birds of all existing birds, and so far resembles reptiles, in one important teeth, the _Hesperornis_ differs from every existing bird, and from cache = ./cache/2629.txt txt = ./txt/2629.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2633 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Hasisadra's Adventure Essay #7 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11903 sentences = 398 flesch = 58 summary = coming of a great flood; and it warned Hasisadra to lose no time in for believing that the story of Hasisadra's flood was well known in conditions and the climate of the Euphrates valley, at that time, must evidence that it did happen--is to be accepted, surely Hasisadra's story year of Noah's age in which the flood began, the Pentateuchal story adds present site of the Dead Sea. From this time forth, the level of great Jordan-Arabah mere reached its highest level coincides with the In fact, the antiquity of the present Jordan-Arabah valley, as a hollow recent change of the sea level to the extent of 250 or 300 feet, the time at which the valley was occupied by the great mere. waters of the Dead Sea would become diluted; its level would rise; it that time onward, it has ever been covered by sea water. cache = ./cache/2633.txt txt = ./txt/2633.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2632 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Lights of the Church and the Light of Science Essay #6 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9507 sentences = 328 flesch = 58 summary = histories of the time tell us what the King said, and what Bishop Juxon after generation, down to modern times, as stories of unquestionable narratives of apparently real events have no more value as history than "Adam, according to the Hebrew original, was for 243 years contemporary history of Abraham, and even of the Deluge, at third hand; and that of length, with the narrative of the Noachian Deluge given in Genesis. permit myself to hope that a long criticism of the story from the point Pentateuchal writer about the fact of the Deluge, would leave the ascertained physical facts, the story of the Noachian Deluge has no more one conclusion--that the story of the Flood in Genesis is merely a place; further, that, in point of fact, the story, in the plain and regarded as one of those pre-Abrahamic narratives, the historical truth [Footnote 1: _Bampton Lectures_ (1859), on "The Historical Evidence of cache = ./cache/2632.txt txt = ./txt/2632.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2631 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Mr. Gladstone and Genesis Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9609 sentences = 375 flesch = 62 summary = reply, I cannot get away from my original conviction that, if Mr. Gladstone's second proposition can be shown to be not merely inaccurate, but I think it counts for a good deal that Mr. Gladstone appears to have animals, are creeping things in the sense of the pentateuchal writer or Mr. Gladstone speaks of the author of the first chapter of Genesis as that natural science does not "affirm" the statement that birds were "plants, fishes, birds, mammals, and man," which, Mr. Gladstone affirms, And if, in a geological book, Mr. Gladstone finds the quite true statement that plants appeared before in which case mammals (which is what, I suppose, Mr. Gladstone means by far as it deals with matters of fact, may be taken seriously, as meaning speculations of the writer of Genesis; and, as I think that Mr. Gladstone might have been able to put his case with a good deal more cache = ./cache/2631.txt txt = ./txt/2631.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2630 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Interpreters of Genesis and the Interpreters of Nature Essay #4 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5881 sentences = 217 flesch = 56 summary = affirmed in our time by natural science, that it may be taken as tends to show that the water, air, and land-populations of the globe I apprehend that when Mr. Gladstone uses the term "water-population" he Invertebrate _air_ and _land_population (Flying Insects and Scorpions). The water-population of vertebrated animals first appears in the Upper natural science says that the order of succession was water, land, and air-population, and not--as Mr. Gladstone, founding himself on Genesis, says--water, air, land-population. Yet natural science "affirms" his "fourfold order" to exactly the same evolution as applied to animals, Mr. Gladstone's gloss on Genesis in the the succession of animal life which Mr. Gladstone finds in Genesis. the water-population, as a whole, appeared before the air and the which now compose our water, land, and air-populations, have come into If we represent the water, land, and air-populations by _a, b,_ and _c_ cache = ./cache/2630.txt txt = ./txt/2630.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2932 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = On the Relations of Man to the Lower Animals date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20365 sentences = 649 flesch = 56 summary = shorter, its upper limbs longer in proportion than those of Man. I find that the vertebral column of a full-grown Gorilla, in the Museum much shorter than the spine in the Man. The question now arises how are the other Apes related to the Gorilla of the higher Apes as the latter fall below Man. Thus, even in the important matter of cranial capacity, Men differ more sense a hand: it is a foot which differs from that of man not in differences between the hand and foot of Man and those of the Gorilla the Gorilla than the latter is separated from that of Man. But, in some of the lower apes, the hand and foot diverge still more difference between the Ape's brain and that of Man, it is necessary that systematically, the cerebral differences of man and apes are not of the structural differences which separate Man from the Gorilla and the cache = ./cache/2932.txt txt = ./txt/2932.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2933 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = On Some Fossil Remains of Man date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11805 sentences = 504 flesch = 62 summary = fragmentary Human skulls from the caves of Engis in the valley of the frontal sinuses in the remarkable skull from the Neanderthal as an "But the human bones and cranium from the Neanderthal exceed all the inwards towards the middle line of the roof of the skull, to form the extreme posterior end of the skull, when the glabello-occipital line great length of the skull, the sagittal suture is remarkably short (4 Neanderthal cranium and certain Australian skulls. of the human cranium, than normally formed skulls of men are known to do Other skulls, such as that of a Negro copied in Fig. 28 from Mr. Busk's 'Crania typica,' have a very different, greatly elongated form, So that, at last, in the human skull (Fig. 30), the cerebral The case of the Neanderthal skull is very different. human skulls, the Neanderthal cranium is by no means so isolated as it cache = ./cache/2933.txt txt = ./txt/2933.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2934 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = On the Advisableness of Improving Natural Knowledge date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5692 sentences = 159 flesch = 53 summary = ON THE ADVISABLENESS OF IMPROVING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE* phrased it, of "improving natural knowledge." The ends they proposed have to explain that the improvement of natural knowledge has furnished rendered possible only by the progress of natural knowledge in the improvement of our natural knowledge and of that fractional obedience, improvement of our knowledge of Nature, and the extent to which that of a combined effort on the part of mankind to improve natural knowledge According to them, the improvement of natural knowledge always has been, Natural knowledge is, in their eyes, no real mother of mankind, bringing that the improvement of natural knowledge, whatever direction it has natural knowledge introduced into men's minds? I cannot but think that the foundations of all natural knowledge were improvement of natural knowledge. the unquestionable fact, that the improvement of natural knowledge recognise the advisableness of improving natural knowledge, and so to cache = ./cache/2934.txt txt = ./txt/2934.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 5726 author = Buckley, Arabella B. (Arabella Burton) title = The Fairy-Land of Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 62299 sentences = 2325 flesch = 79 summary = looks like a tree of glass with long down-hanging pointed leaves. earth, these little imprisoned sun-waves begin to be active, atoms of oxygen in the air, set the invisible fairies "heat" and Can you picture tiny sunbeam-waves of light and heat travelling water and looking like beautiful flowers, and all round the heat which shakes apart the little atoms of water and makes them Huyghens, suggested that light comes from the sun in tiny waves, Again, light does a great deal of work when it falls upon plants. work of the invisible waves of ether coming from the sun, which sun-waves and the air, deal with the drops of water. In this way the sun-waves and the air carry off water everyday, invisible vapour, -it will form into tiny water-drops, like the Now, when the sun-waves come to take the water out of the air, and being worked up with it by the sun-waves into cache = ./cache/5726.txt txt = ./txt/5726.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 7150 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Science & Education: Essays date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 109771 sentences = 3730 flesch = 58 summary = ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES knowledge of the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws Now the value of a knowledge of physical science as a means of getting school-life, and to learn, for the first time, that a world of facts devote his whole school existence to physical science: in fact, no one than a man, devoid of a knowledge of what physical science has done in hear the value of school teaching in physical science disputed, my "forms of knowledge" I mean the great classes of things knowable; of man ought to be a person of good education and general information, if medicine, is that physiology which a man knows of his own knowledge; physical sciences in all schools, so that medical students shall not go cache = ./cache/7150.txt txt = ./txt/7150.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 10060 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Discourses: Biological & Geological Essays date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 96723 sentences = 3490 flesch = 58 summary = And in respect of certain groups of animals, the wellestablished facts of paleontology leave no rational doubt that they arose existence of living _Globigerinoe_ at great depths, which are based upon shells of animals which live in different zones of depth will prove that true cretaceous forms may be discovered in the deep sea, the modern types highly-organized animals do continue to live at a depth of 300 and 400 calcareous element of the deep-sea "chalk" owes its existence, the fact organic formation like chalk; that, as a matter of fact, an area on the time or other, formed part of the organized framework of living living things, whence the two great series of plants and animals have forming in the midst of a sea which swarms with living beings, the great [Footnote 1: There is every reason to believe that living plants, like diameter, when magnified 400 times; but forms of living matter abound, cache = ./cache/10060.txt txt = ./txt/10060.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 12506 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Critiques and Addresses date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 102011 sentences = 3823 flesch = 60 summary = The question of the expediency of any form of State Education is, in state of nature, into the hands of the society, to be so far before men's minds of an ideal of true, just, and pure living; a place common kind among the coral reef rocks of the present seas; know anything, a part of the then living matter has had the form of knowledge than we possess at present, respecting the relations in time If, as there is great reason to believe, true Birds existed in the long succession of forms between the Miocene and the present species, forms, or rudiments, out of which existing plants and animals have Moreover, if the animal nature of man was the result of evolution, so animal form, upon what they maintain to be a difference in kind considering that the horse has existed in its present form since the cache = ./cache/12506.txt txt = ./txt/12506.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 6414 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Lectures and Essays date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 166247 sentences = 5642 flesch = 59 summary = THE METHOD BY WHICH THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONS OF ORGANIC NATURE ARE TO BE DISCOVERED.--THE ORIGINATION OF LIVING BEINGS. to four forms: one a kind of animal or plant that we know nothing about, same thing--that varieties exist in nature within the limits of species, as a matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there DARWIN'S WORK, "ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES," IN RELATION TO THE COMPLETE THEORY OF THE CAUSES OF THE PHENOMENA OF ORGANIC NATURE. that the structural differences between man and the lower animals are of we go back in time the less the buried species are like existing forms; In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin's great work have made their appearance. of the higher Apes as the latter fall below Man. Thus, even in the important matter of cranial capacity, Men differ more cache = ./cache/6414.txt txt = ./txt/6414.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 10427 author = Kingsley, Charles title = Scientific Essays and Lectures date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 49642 sentences = 2050 flesch = 73 summary = natural history, to speak to you as scientific men, on the questions consciously or unconsciously, the law of Nature is, after all selfsacrifice: unconscious in plants and animals, as far as we know; self-sacrifice of God for man; and Nature as well as religion may called Natural History--that is, plants and animals--without finding And if any one would know how to study the natural history of a And if any one would know how to study the natural history of a tell you, that I should like to see the study of physical science an in the eyes of scientific men, who know that no fact is really who dared face Nature like reasonable men, were accused by the of, he may know a great deal about them all, and, like a wise man, True, I know a vast number of facts and laws, thank God; That man is merely a part of Nature, the cache = ./cache/10427.txt txt = ./txt/10427.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 5694 author = Various title = The Harvard Classics Volume 38 Scientific Papers (Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology) date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 161465 sentences = 6257 flesch = 63 summary = the great artery, appear springing from the heart. OF THE QUANTITY OF BLOOD PASSING THROUGH THE HEART FROM THE VEINS quantity of blood which the left ventricle of the heart will heart, for it is the only organ in the body which contains blood the human subject so like the cow-pox that, in many cases, it the great number of cases occurring in his practice, "The cause Fermentation soon takes place in them, and the carbonic acid gas first case, and 1 of yeast to 89 of fermented sugar in the the day when fermentation first appears in the production of a yeast sufficient to cause the first appearance of fermentation Fermentation by means of yeast appears, therefore, to be whilst in the other case the ferment consists of cells of yeast. and constitute their ferment, live without air or free oxygen; pure sugar, caused to ferment by means of yeast, contains none of cache = ./cache/5694.txt txt = ./txt/5694.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 33899 author = Wright, Russell Stuart title = Optical Projection. Part 1: The Projection of Lantern Slides date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24587 sentences = 1090 flesch = 66 summary = The most usual sizes of cylinders supplied for lantern exhibitions are jets, using coal gas from the ordinary supply, and oxygen from a cylinder. The electric current provides _the_ light for an optical lantern, though it current can pass than has been provided for, and in the case of an arc lamp optical lantern arc lamp in any case. THE ELECTRIC ARC.--We now come to _the_ light for optical lantern work, the and this 'feeding' in arc lamps for lantern work is usually done by hand, Take for instance an average hand-fed arc lamp as used for lantern work and as the continuous for lantern work with arc lamps: the light per ampère is an arc lamp, B the condenser, C the slide stage, and D the objective. Such a lantern is hardly suitable for a powerful arc lamp or limelight jet, use in moderate-sized halls, and a lantern of this general type is usually cache = ./cache/33899.txt txt = ./txt/33899.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 34067 author = Walsh, James J. (James Joseph) title = Catholic Churchmen in Science [First Series] Sketches of the Lives of Catholic Ecclesiastics Who Were Among the Great Founders in Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 51722 sentences = 1929 flesch = 56 summary = in science than those of any man of his time, and whose idea of the wrote his historical scientific study [Footnote 2] of the great The greatness of Copernicus's life-work can best be realized from the which he lived and did his work, we are sure that a great original in the Roman University at the time, says that "Father Kircher's book these modern times to consider that scientific progress in the interest in many sciences and by various scientific works that showed ideas into the science as the first great observer. science generally in his time, Steno's discussions of the reason for Stensen worked out the remaining years of his life. the development of modern science possible, came in earlier centuries, great {172} scientific geniuses of all time--one of the men who Like many another advance in science, Haüy's first great original step has been well said--for science a new century begins every second. cache = ./cache/34067.txt txt = ./txt/34067.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 33405 author = Gray, Elisha title = Familiar Talks on Science: World-Building and Life; Earth, Air and Water. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 57142 sentences = 2477 flesch = 71 summary = formed were undoubtedly held in suspension in the air and in the water, this gas, has absorbed it from the air and water, forming what is known As water in its condensed state is 815 times heavier than air, the takes place in the air that is going on at the level of a body of water continually heated day and night to a higher temperature than the water the air, but sets free in the form of heat the energy that was stored in Air, like water, assumes the liquid form at a certain temperature. We will now study energy as it is related to water in the form of heat. would in time become a great river of ice. in different periods during the time of the melting of the great ice water from the melting ice of the great glacier that covered that region I.--World Building and Life: Earth, Air and Water. cache = ./cache/33405.txt txt = ./txt/33405.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 35024 author = Multhauf, Robert P. title = Development of Gravity Pendulums in the 19th Century Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Papers 34-44 On Science and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 1966 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24066 sentences = 1529 flesch = 60 summary = compound pendulum for the absolute determination of gravity. compound pendulum with only one knife edge, and swung it to determine 1669 determined the length of the seconds pendulum at Paris with a Peruvian expedition, he determined the length of the seconds pendulum at D. Cassini determined the length of the seconds pendulum pendulum in front of a seconds clock and determined the time of swing by pendulums to determine relative values of the length of the seconds earth by observing the times of swing of pendulums at the top and bottom After the adoption of the Repsold-Bessel reversible pendulum for gravity [Illustration: Figure 17.--REPSOLD-BESSEL REVERSIBLE PENDULUM apparatus use of convertible pendulums and absolute determinations of gravity, Peirce was encouraged to swing the Coast Survey reversible pendulum at Repsold-Bessel pendulum on the Geneva support and determined the effect copies of Peirce's paper on Faye's proposed method of swinging pendulums [92] "Pendulum Apparatus for Gravity Determinations," _Engineering_ cache = ./cache/35024.txt txt = ./txt/35024.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 34912 author = Zahm, J. A. (John Augustine) title = Woman in Science With an Introductory Chapter on Woman's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 150146 sentences = 8167 flesch = 66 summary = learned men and women of her time? idea of writing a book on woman's work in things of the mind. a certain number of women the following words: "Great will be your glory women of ancient Rome, who gave to the world so many and so great men in learned of women"; but her literary work, it is probable, did not extend pharisaical men of the time, who looked askance at all learned women and attention--women who attained eminence in physical and natural science, knowledge of Latin, but were far from being able, like the Italian women women of an opportunity of acquiring knowledge, men work against the quotes of women "illumined of great sciences," and consider the "it is a work which few men are able to read and which only one woman Why men, rather than women, should have achieved this work of was a most dangerous thing for women; that no woman should study science cache = ./cache/34912.txt txt = ./txt/34912.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 35584 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 53982 sentences = 2929 flesch = 71 summary = as the result of the error of confounding natural with moral rights. Fact is on their side, and the elemental forces of Nature are working govern men and things and obey them, are the really great and successful the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of her moral nature of man is greater than the intellectual; for veracity is The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. and as generally denied, as those contained in "Man's Place in Nature," animal half of Biology--the science of life and living things. existence with the state of nature, or with other societies, it works in Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to the headship of the the animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of the living part if we transfer these judgments to nature outside the world of man at Man's Place in Nature. cache = ./cache/35584.txt txt = ./txt/35584.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 36343 author = Warder, Geo. W. (George Woodward) title = The Universe a Vast Electric Organism date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 82790 sentences = 3611 flesch = 64 summary = Electricity must be light, heat, life and creative force, like an electric clothing of light and life, leaped into power, force of his electric organism, so simple and universal are the laws of Thus by electrical forces nature builds all human and animal life-forms electric center of life-force, or magnetic core, which, under the law of force as the electric life-giving currents that come from the sun electric belt which surrounds the earth, sun and planets is light, heat atmosphere of suns and planets where the life-giving electric currents currents of electric power and magnetic force, weaving forms and It is a universal law of nature that wherever great electric power is the sun furnishes the electric power and the earth heats itself. substance and electric power of suns and planets to our own world leads formed in the electric currents of life and power, which are the first cache = ./cache/36343.txt txt = ./txt/36343.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 36547 author = Phin, John title = The Seven Follies of Science [2nd ed.] A popular account of the most famous scientific impossibilities and the attempts which have been made to solve them. To which is added a small budget of interesting paradoxes, illusions, and marvels date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 47600 sentences = 1819 flesch = 65 summary = unfortunate fact that the circle-squarer and the perpetual-motion-seeker machines and contrivances for obtaining perpetual motion, and of explained as the drawing of a square inside a circle and at other times quadrature, by which a square, equal in area to a given circle, is times the ratio accepted by mechanics in general was determined by given by the following method: Divide the diameter into 7 equal parts by circumference: Inscribe in the given circle a square, and to three times cut out of sheet metal a circle 10 inches in diameter, and a square of This problem is not so generally known as that of squaring the circle, "a wheel supposed to be capable of producing a perpetual motion; the "'Father, I have invented a perpetual motion!' said a little fellow perpetual motion machine one of the scientific impossibilities? then asked if the philosophic work cost much or required long time, cache = ./cache/36547.txt txt = ./txt/36547.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 38456 author = Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title = Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume I (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 142170 sentences = 5650 flesch = 62 summary = it reaches the coast of North America near Cape Fear, to the south-west of Papua and Pellew islands, and the Caroline Archipelago of the South Sea. The most important geological fact to be remarked with reference to the With light breezes, we came, on the following day, in sight of the island on the northern the name of New Amsterdam, and on the southern that of St. Paul;[57] yet the two islands still continue to present points of great island seemed of great importance, not merely to the scientific world, but ships sent boats to the island, five months of the year having elapsed in captain, with one of the ship's small boats, made for the Island of St. Paul, 42 miles distant, in the hope, probably, of getting assistance the scientific activity of the Austrian Expedition at the Island of St. Paul in the Indian Ocean, at a period when those engaged in it will long cache = ./cache/38456.txt txt = ./txt/38456.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 38478 author = Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title = Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume III (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 154985 sentences = 7159 flesch = 66 summary = The entire number of Germans in New South Wales is estimated (in 1858) at returned to her former anchorage near Garden Island, and the following day [25] The colony of New South Wales consisted at that period of the entire New Zealand consists of two large islands separated from each other by Islands, 4000 miles to the N.E. of New Zealand.[30] These canoes had in New Zealand seemed to attach but little importance to the whole Maori The entire commerce of New Zealand, both import and export, is at present In 1814, twenty-five years after the mutiny, Sir Thomas Staines in H.M.S. _Briton_ visited the island, at which time the little colony consisted of Ash Island (New South Wales), iii. Drury, district of in New Zealand, visit to, iii. Hawaiki, Island of, supposed cradle of the New Zealand race, iii. Mass meeting of natives of New Zealand, iii. cache = ./cache/38478.txt txt = ./txt/38478.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 38462 author = Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title = Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume II (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 174280 sentences = 6298 flesch = 61 summary = Great and Little Nicobar, but kept to the small island of Sombrero, of the remained a short time on the island, not one of the natives could give us only spot of the entire Nicobar group where the natives follow industrial In the course of the day we received numbers of natives on board; among Little Nicobar has a good harbour on the north side, formed by the island large well-wooded islands lying further to the south of Great and Little At present the chief product of the islands is the cocoa-nut palm, which the period when English merchant vessels began to visit these islands Europeans, Malays, Chinese, Klings (as the natives of the Coromandel coast island, who presented this fine specimen of native art to the Museum. all the Chinese resident in Hong-kong to quit the island and return to distinguish the high land, either on the Chinese coast or on that island, cache = ./cache/38462.txt txt = ./txt/38462.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 38379 author = Carlile, Richard title = An Address to Men of Science Calling Upon Them to Stand Forward and Vindicate the Truth.... date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16000 sentences = 537 flesch = 58 summary = useful instruction 'in Chemistry and the laws of Nature? submit this sketch to the judgment of Men of Science, with an idea when addressed to the Chemist, or to the Man of Science, but between science and superstition in the mind of Sir Isaac Newton than In support of my assertion, that Men of Science have hitherto crouched I may be told that the Man of Science had much better pursue his studies disgraceful laws, and shall the Man of Science be silent, and see all The science of Chemistry has so far explored the properties of matter himself that there is no truth that any Man of Science will write, The Man of Science ought not to look at, or respect, any thing but the of Science, either from having their minds tinged with superstition, this science alone is so far infinite as to make the life of man a cache = ./cache/38379.txt txt = ./txt/38379.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 37224 author = Bernstein, Aaron David title = Popular Books on Natural Science For Practical Use in Every Household, for Readers of All Classes date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 38783 sentences = 1818 flesch = 73 summary = celestial bodies as the sun, the earth, the moon, the planets, and the kind of food he must take, in order to continually renew his body. food, which is immediately changed into vital parts of the body; with To have these constituents, food must contain salt, fat, and sugar; all But the fat that is needed for the body, is formed by man the body; moreover, it contains starch from which fat is produced. In recent times coffee has been considered, not as an article of food, as blood, and sugar is changed in the body into fat, which is Bread is changed in our bodies partly into fat, as all food is which perspires much when at work, must eat much fat-producing food, and use to the body; while, on the other hand, fat-producing food greatly body, and our blood must contain a greater quantity of water than is cache = ./cache/37224.txt txt = ./txt/37224.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 37589 author = Buckley, Arabella B. (Arabella Burton) title = Through Magic Glasses and Other Lectures A Sequel to The Fairyland of Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 61570 sentences = 2709 flesch = 78 summary = happen at different times in the moon's path round the earth; but quite small, which cover the moon's face with pitted marks, like a man This little star, really a glorious sun billions of miles away behind see stars so far off that their light takes _two thousand years_ coming star seen through this telescope appears 2000 times as bright as when photograph of the sun takes away the eye-piece of his telescope and puts Wherever the telescope is turned all round the sun the lines of luminous centre, what appears to be a bright and very beautiful star (see Fig. 55) surrounded by a darker space than the rest of the nebula, while in light in the telescope, and comes only from an ordinary star. near star may be small and faint and a far-off one large and bright. The next two forms, _a_ and _c_, look much more like plants, for the cache = ./cache/37589.txt txt = ./txt/37589.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 37427 author = Cooke, Josiah P., Jr. (Josiah Parsons) title = Scientific Culture, and Other Essays Second Edition; with Additions date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 68549 sentences = 2429 flesch = 56 summary = somewhat large experience in teaching physical science to college brilliant results show so great scientific merit or such eminent power will not gain the new culture you seek unless you study science in the value of scientific studies as a means of education. great is the educational value of the physical sciences, when properly electrical science, without whose unselfish labors the great result education of young minds to present any department of physical science the great interest with which scientific men have looked for some direct few great cardinal principles which form the basis of physical science. Professor Rogers's scientific knowledge, and his large experience in But the natural sciences should be studied as useful familiar with the methods of natural science as are the students of To the scientific student the powers of observation and conception are physics, and the two sciences ought to be studied to a great extent in cache = ./cache/37427.txt txt = ./txt/37427.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 37513 author = Morgan, C. Lloyd (Conwy Lloyd) title = Spencer's Philosophy of Science The Herbert Spencer Lecture Delivered at the Museum 7 November, 1913 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16252 sentences = 974 flesch = 67 summary = But Spencer uses Agency, Power, Cause, Force, in mean by science[30]--I pass on to Spencer's treatment of the philosophy Spencer the universality of connexion between cause and effect. Spencer); let us restrict our attention to cause and effect in the realm cause and effect' on which Spencer insists.[33] There is, however, things stand in certain kinds of relatedness to each other changes take relational fields--a fact of which Spencer took too little cognizance, and rich sense of the word--a cause which produces the effect. physico-chemical type--relations which are effective and which require a for science, that cognition always implies certain physiological the cognitive relation always involves relatedness of _many terms_, and effectiveness, within a field of cognitive relatedness, if the facts Herbert Spencer, is the treatment of this type of relatedness on lines Cognitive relatedness among physical things may is implied by the effectiveness of the cognitive relation. cache = ./cache/37513.txt txt = ./txt/37513.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 39141 author = Bedini, Silvio A. title = Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 46677 sentences = 3694 flesch = 70 summary = instrument makers lived and worked in the New England colonies as early instrument makers of Boston of the 18th century, mentioned later in this recognition as a maker of clocks and surveying instruments (see fig. In New York City, one of the earliest immigrant instrument makers was John Potter of Brookfield, Massachusetts, produced surveying instruments There were relatively few makers of mathematical instruments in New York other clocks, surveying compasses, and other instruments for the retail Most common of these mathematical instruments is the surveying compass, wood for making some mathematical instruments in New England resulted [Illustration: Figure 33.--Wooden surveying instrument, maker not known. Joseph Halsy, Boston, New England." The instrument, made of maple, is 11 [Illustration: Figure 42.--Brass surveying compass made by Thomas [Illustration: Figure 78.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin [Illustration: Figure 78.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made surveying instruments. cache = ./cache/39141.txt txt = ./txt/39141.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 34698 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Essays Upon Some Controverted Questions date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 173749 sentences = 6744 flesch = 61 summary = the supernatural creation of the present forms of life; modern science conclusion and established fact" that the "fourfold order" given by Mr. Gladstone is not that in which the evidence at our disposal {79} tends to fact." Yet natural science "affirms" his "fourfold order" to exactly the observed facts mean, the present conclusions of the interpreters of nature truth whatever in the doctrine of evolution as applied to animals, Mr. Gladstone's gloss on Genesis in the following passage is hardly happy:-I am raising no objection to the position of the fourth term in Mr. Gladstone's "order"--on the facts, as they stand, it is quite open to any I think I know pretty well the answers which the authorities quoted by Mr. Gladstone would give to these questions; but I leave it to them to give days, views of the nature of God and man, of human life and Divine cache = ./cache/34698.txt txt = ./txt/34698.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 34771 author = Gore, George title = The Scientific Basis of National Progress, Including that of Morality date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 54588 sentences = 1999 flesch = 50 summary = great public importance of _new_ scientific knowledge, and to the means of discovery; also that new truths are evolved by original research made in such great pecuniary benefits from original scientific research, there is bequests in this country, and the great effect original scientific research in applying scientific knowledge to practical uses by means of inventions, largely due to the discovery and extension of new scientific knowledge. That mental action is subject to the great principles and laws of science. discovery of new scientific knowledge, and the use of inventions based upon prove that new scientific knowledge is really a basis of mental progress, prove that mental actions are largely subject to scientific principles;--it Another great moral effect of the continual discovery of new truth in scientific men in making discoveries, and when any person arrives at a new knowledge of the nature and importance of scientific research, and of the cache = ./cache/34771.txt txt = ./txt/34771.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 39713 author = Poincaré, Henri title = The Foundations of Science: Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, Science and Method date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 199477 sentences = 9712 flesch = 65 summary = Why, then, does science actually need general theories, despite the fact confirm by definite experience the objective validity of the principles mean of that space which is the object of geometry and which I shall Finally, I shall suppose that a body transported from one point to Like Newton's laws, and, for an analogous reason, the principle of the Experiment gives us only a certain number of isolated points. shall only have to let the law of great numbers act. effect of great numbers, the mean phenomena, alone observable, obey the if, placing myself at the objective point of view, I observe a certain space we can in fact define in magnitude and direction a certain force relative position of this object with regard to our body has changed. know the points of space, or more generally the final situation of our Knowing force, it is easy to define mass; this time the definition cache = ./cache/39713.txt txt = ./txt/39713.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 32492 author = Unknown title = Endless Amusement A Collection of Nearly 400 Entertaining Experiments in Various Branches of Science; Including Acoustics, Electricity, Magnetism, Arithmetic, Hydraulics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Hydrostatics, Optics; Wonders of the Air-Pump; All the Popular Tricks and Changes of the Cards, &c., &c. to Which is Added, a Complete System of Pyrotechny; Or, the Art of Making Fire-works. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 78643 sentences = 4151 flesch = 80 summary = fill the glass, and, laying a piece of paper or thin card over the drawing away the paper, you leave the water in the glass, with its water, dry it at a moderate heat, placing it on paper capable of on the inside of this box, place a piece of looking-glass that shall fixed at the bottom of the box, place a magnetic bar, two inches long, Procure some small glass bubbles, having a neck about an inch long, _To tell the Number of Points on Three Cards, placed under Three their faces upwards; place the second person's cards over the first, Let the person who has drawn the two cards deduct the number of each card, three-quarters of an inch long, may appear like a common-sized After the like manner let five persons draw the same card. There is another method of placing the small case, which is by letting cache = ./cache/32492.txt txt = ./txt/32492.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 40652 author = Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham title = A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 77901 sentences = 8861 flesch = 90 summary = Q. _Why will COLD WATER, mixed with SULPHURIC ACID, produce heat?_ oxygen of the air, _produces carbonic acid gas_, which soon envelops A. Water (like air) _expands by heat_. Q. _Does heat expand every thing ELSE BESIDES air and water?_ A. As the air contains _less oxygen_ in wet weather, the _heat of fire A. The air contains heat, and changes the _surface of the water into Q. _Why is WATER a BETTER CONDUCTOR of heat than AIR?_ A. Air is heated _by the reflection of the earth_, and not by the rays the sun _radiates_ heat towards the earth, because the _air comes A. Because bright metal _will not absorb heat_ from the hot air, like an A. No; _air is a very bad conductor_, and is heated (like water) _by A. On a fine day, the sun _heats the surface of the earth_, and the air cache = ./cache/40652.txt txt = ./txt/40652.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 47748 author = Philp, Robert Kemp title = The Reason Why A Careful Collection of Many Hundreds of Reasons for Things Which, Though Generally Believed, Are Imperfectly Understood date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 136685 sentences = 11078 flesch = 81 summary = Heat, are light or dark-coloured bodies the best reflectors, 211 Heat is a principle in nature which, like light and electricity, is _oxygen_ of the air, and burns, imparting greater heat to the _carbon_ When we feel hot, our bodies are _absorbing heat_ from external causes. Air is a _bad conductor_, and it chiefly transmits heat, as water does, the air _has formed a screen over the surface of the earth_, which the heat of the earth escapes, while the vapours of the air are Because the rays of light that pass through the _water_ are _reflected _earth's heat_, evaporating the waters, and the cold air of night those two great divisions of nature, Air and Water, and to reflect From the air, the earth, and water. [Verse: "It was planted in a good soil by great waters, that it [Verse: "He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, cache = ./cache/47748.txt txt = ./txt/47748.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 33198 author = Bedini, Silvio A. title = The Borghesi Astronomical Clock in the Museum of History and Technology Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 35 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22725 sentences = 1284 flesch = 68 summary = [Illustration: Figure 1.--THE DIAL PLATE of the Borghesi clock, showing _The history of the 18th-century Borghesi astronomical clock is clocks which Father Borghesi designed and which Bertolla constructed. Although only Father Borghesi's second astronomical clock is now known, sun and moon appear, but also, all solar and lunar eclipses--both phenomena of the moon, the sun and earth occurring in their proper time, As Father Borghesi prepared his little volume about his first clock, and [Illustration: Figure 8.--THE BORGHESI CLOCK in the Museum of History [Illustration: Figure 11.--DIAL PLATE of the Borghesi clock.] Borghesi is stated to have presented his two astronomical clocks. Roman Empire, to whom Father Borghesi's astronomical clock in the Museum circle of hours common to the sun, to the moon, to the fixed Borghesi was working on yet another astronomical clock, this time Father Tovazzi states that in 1780 "the clock invented by him [Borghesi] cache = ./cache/33198.txt txt = ./txt/33198.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 35489 author = Bolton, Sarah Knowles title = Famous Men of Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 107566 sentences = 5278 flesch = 73 summary = because his father thought this study was a waste of time for a man who reading old books, till the time came for him to go home, the servant After this great work was published, Cuvier went with his family to Years later, Caroline gave this picture of that early life: "My brothers He was now forty years old,--not young to begin the study of a new and Paris, devoting his time to his great work. At this time, a young man came to board at the house of Mrs. Davy, He says: "At that time I painted all day, and sold my work during During the last twelve years of his life, he devoted much time to our "The time had come," said he, years afterward, "when even the small working in the water at this time of year, the cold to the hands and cache = ./cache/35489.txt txt = ./txt/35489.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 44526 author = Haeckel, Ernst title = Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, Second Part: Subclass Osculosa; Index Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 357795 sentences = 44597 flesch = 73 summary = Sagittal ring nearly circular, smooth, with a short conical apical horn. Basal ring kidney-shaped, with three large divergent curved feet, nearly Apical horn small, conical, curved, half as long as the three basal Shell thorax-shaped, smooth, twice as broad as long, with deep sagittal _Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet _Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; lateral horns and feet 0.15 to to four times as long as the shell (The horn in the Ehrenberg's figure is equal size and similar form, S-shaped curved, twice as long as the shell. Four feet equal, divergent, half as long as the shell, at the distal end Shell hemispherical smooth, half as long as broad, with small and numerous Shell nearly spherical, smooth, with numerous small circular pores. Shell campanulate smooth, with very small circular pores, half as broad as Shell smooth, with two joints of nearly equal size and similar ovate form. cache = ./cache/44526.txt txt = ./txt/44526.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 44527 author = Haeckel, Ernst title = Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, Plates Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28628 sentences = 7576 flesch = 81 summary = The central capsule, enclosed in the cavity of the shell, The central capsule, enclosed in the cavity of the shell, The entire shell and the central capsule. The central capsule, enclosed in the inner shell, exhibits From the central capsule, enclosed in the shell, numerous The central capsule, enclosed originally in the shell, The shell encloses the trilobate central capsule, with the The shell encloses the trilobate central capsule, with the The cephalis of the shell includes the central capsule, (vel _Dictyocephalus (vel _Calocyclas (vel _Calocyclas (vel _Calocyclas Central capsule in the upper part of the shell, [Illustration: AULOGRAPHIS.] Half the shell, with the enclosed central capsule and the The entire shell, with the central capsule and its nucleus, The entire shell with the enclosed central capsule, and the The upper part of the shell encloses the central capsule The spherical central capsule is enclosed in the shell. cache = ./cache/44527.txt txt = ./txt/44527.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 44525 author = Haeckel, Ernst title = Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia) Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 443079 sentences = 41654 flesch = 71 summary = Shell a regular sphere, covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines, pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines lattice-shells and two free opposite spines of equal size and similar form. _Definition._--Pores of the shell irregular, of different size or form. _Definition._--Pores of the shell irregular, of different size or form. shell arises one bristle-shaped radial spine, twice as long as the diameter shell half as large, with simple, regular, circular pores, twice as broad nodal-point one simple bristle-shaped radial by-spine; outer shell twice as bristle-shaped by-spine; outer shell three times as broad, with simple _Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different form or Radial spines of different sizes; shell and central cache = ./cache/44525.txt txt = ./txt/44525.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 38097 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of T. H. Huxley date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 48082 sentences = 1981 flesch = 65 summary = Fact is on their side, and the elemental forces of Nature are working govern men and things and obey them, are the really great and successful of the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of her moral nature of man is greater than the intellectual; for veracity is The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. law, like the laws of physical nature, rests in the long run upon and as generally denied, as those contained in "Man's Place in Nature," animal half of Biology--the science of life and living things. existence with the state of nature, or with other societies, it works Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to the headship of the the animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of the living part if we transfer these judgments to nature outside the world of man at cache = ./cache/38097.txt txt = ./txt/38097.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 41695 author = Raymond, Percy E. (Percy Edward) title = The Appendages, Anatomy, and Relationships of Trilobites date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 89510 sentences = 6597 flesch = 71 summary = forty-six specimens showing best the appendages of _Triarthrus_, points of attachment of the posterior pair of cephalic appendages endopodites and exopodites of the appendages of the cephalon, thorax, One specimen figured by Doctor Walcott shows the distal ends of some The specimens are all endopodites of long slender form, similar to that segment would probably have less fully developed appendages than oar-like appendages of an animal of the shape of a trilobite. form of the endopodite of a trilobite and consisting of seven segments Each segment of the thorax has a pair of appendages, and those on The thoracic appendages are very trilobite-like, since 1. If trilobites have one appendage-bearing segment in front of the In all trilobites the endopodite consists of six segments, and the trilobite with rich segmentation, and a body-form like that of a exopodites and endopodites of the first few segments of this specimen cache = ./cache/41695.txt txt = ./txt/41695.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 43791 author = Ostwald, Wilhelm title = Natural Philosophy date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 49209 sentences = 2318 flesch = 58 summary = the mere fact that a successful working science exists, with the help of combinations of concepts from different experiences, since our memory _Complex concepts_ can, in the first place, be formed from experience, special case in the general concept proved to be inadmissible because proceed in such a way as to form a corresponding new concept A' from the _Physical Sciences._ Main concept: energy The most general concept of the physical sciences is that of _energy_, words, all experiences of which we have formed concepts are things, and existing differences in order to form a concept into which these do not both concepts are so general that the experiences obtained in some cases the law of conservation, relates to all forms of energy, but has found relations of change between the forms of energy. a special science, since all the other forms of energy must be the most general concept in the physical sciences, 56; cache = ./cache/43791.txt txt = ./txt/43791.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 42128 author = Various title = The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Vol. XLIX April-October 1850 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 83497 sentences = 3927 flesch = 65 summary = 3. General Observations; all Fresh-water Fishes of distribution of animals and plants in former geological periods. animals and plants derived from these different regions present fresh-water species is small, compared with that of marine types; and animals, and the fact that these analogous species are different, arctic seas do not materially differ on the shores of Europe, Asia, of salt-water lakes or seas which extends east of the Mediterranean, The fresh-water animals are placed in somewhat different great Canadian lakes made their appearance first in those waters, or III.--_General Observations; all Fresh-water Fishes of North America The fresh-water fishes of North America, which form a part of its United States, to form a natural division in the great fauna of the all other fresh-water animals of the region of the great lakes, must different, this period has presented only marine vegetables; such more species living in the present period, to whatever family they may cache = ./cache/42128.txt txt = ./txt/42128.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 41839 author = Pepper, John Henry title = The Boy's Playbook of Science Including the Various Manipulations and Arrangements of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus Required for the Successful Performance of Scientific Experiments in Illustration of the Elementary Branches of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 168929 sentences = 7362 flesch = 66 summary = glass, wool, oils, water, alcohol, air, steam, and hosts of things, both [Page 7] wire, and the end of the glass tube placed in a tumbler of a long glass cylindrical vessel placed on the air-pump, with suitable placed in the glass containing water, it immediately sinks to the metallic fluid the iron or glass ball floats like a cork on water. [Page 56] ordinary coal gas) is obtained by suspending a light paper the [Page 85] charcoal burns away and forms carbonic acid gas, a little lime-water may be placed in a glass, and the gas from the bottle allowed flask of boiling water on a pad; the heated gas rises and the cold air F, are four pieces of looking-glass, so placed that rays of light light through the air, and into the medium water; in this case it passes little coloured water; on the application of heat the air expands and cache = ./cache/41839.txt txt = ./txt/41839.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 54557 author = Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title = Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjects date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 111375 sentences = 4163 flesch = 62 summary = sun-spots are carefully considered, no theory yet advanced respecting total solar eclipses in those years, presented an appearance entirely shown that so far as the special sun-spot period from the minimum of light seen round the sun during total eclipse, by certain statements days in which the sun was observed in these two years. numerous, for some time past, in years when sun-spots have been most from diminished sun-spots at that time, thus obtaining fresh evidence case the entire mass of matter between Mercury and the sun must be observed difference between their mean time and that before obtained, The sun and moon are the most effective time-indicators for would remain for a long time a steady member of the sun's comet family. time the strokes of the Oxford and Cambridge crews during the years any case the observed change in the relative electrical conditions of cache = ./cache/54557.txt txt = ./txt/54557.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 28160 author = White, John H. title = The 'Pioneer': Light Passenger Locomotive of 1851 United States Bulletin 240, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, paper 42, 1964 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10072 sentences = 638 flesch = 70 summary = THE "PIONEER": LIGHT PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE OF 1851 These two locomotives became the Cumberland Valley Railroad's _Pioneer_ [Illustration: Figure 4.--MAP OF THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY Railroad as it least one other New England engine builder, the Taunton Locomotive [Illustration: Figure 6.--THE "UTILITY" AS REBUILT TO AN 8-WHEEL ENGINE, recent years, the Pennsylvania Railroad has stated the _Pioneer_ cost [Illustration: Figure 9.--ANNUAL PASS of the Cumberland Valley Railroad [Illustration: Figure 10.--TIMETABLE OF THE Cumberland Valley Railroad report of 1853 describes the _Pioneer_ as a six-wheel tank engine. [Illustration: Figure 18.--"PIONEER" LOCOMOTIVE, (1) Safety valve, (2) time the engine was built, it was usual to house these valves in an [Illustration: Figure 22.--"JENNY LIND," SISTER ENGINE of the _Pioneer_, [Illustration: Figure 27.--"PIONEER" LOCOMOTIVE. [Illustration: Figure 27.--"PIONEER" LOCOMOTIVE. Report_ of the Cumberland Valley Railroad of the style of valve gear used by each engine, states that the _Pioneer_ was equipped with a cache = ./cache/28160.txt txt = ./txt/28160.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29633 author = Bishop, Philip W. title = The Beginnings of Cheap Steel date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15296 sentences = 907 flesch = 67 summary = Bessemer, who began his experiments in the making of iron and steel in an industrial process; for when the time came, Bessemer patented his patent for "Improvements in the Manufacture of Iron and Steel."[14] Bessemer's claim to manufacture "malleable iron and steel without patents outright to the Ebbw Vale Iron Works and by this action, as process," David Mushet greeted Bessemer's discovery as "one of the nothing that Mr. Bessemer may hereafter patent can deprive Mr. Robert Mushet of having Mushet's early praise of the Bessemer process and on his sudden David Mushet's advocacy of Martien's claim to priority over Bessemer manufacture of steel by the Bessemer process which, from the peculiar in making steel by the Bessemer process, which may, therefore, be now Production of Bessemer Steel at Edsken," _Journal of the Iron and Mushet patent is described as so much like Uchatius' process that cache = ./cache/29633.txt txt = ./txt/29633.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 26139 author = Ontario. Department of Education title = Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Nature Study date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 76983 sentences = 5892 flesch = 82 summary = weeds, identification of garden plants, observation lessons based on Class lessons based on a flowering garden plant, as pansy, aster, garden seeds; observations on the habits of climbing plants, and introductory exercises in soil study as a preparation for seed planting. Field lessons on the habitat of common wild flowers; class-room study of Soil-forming agents, as running water, ice, frost, heat, wind, plants, A pupil is asked to pull the plant out of the soil in the flower-pot. The plant is now uprooted from the soil, and the pupils examine the root Collect the seed pods from as many plants of your garden plots, or home If the pupils of this Form have planted and cared for garden plots of The pupils should plant some seeds in sand or moist sawdust in boxes or study of wild flowers as in those schools where no garden plants are cache = ./cache/26139.txt txt = ./txt/26139.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27238 author = Welsh, Peter C. title = Woodworking Tools 1600-1900 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13259 sentences = 956 flesch = 69 summary = [Illustration: Figure 1.--1685: THE PRINCIPAL TOOLS that the carpenter Sloane's handsomely illustrated _A Museum of Early American Tools_, [Illustration: Figure 5.--1769: THE BENCH PLANES OF THE JOINER increased tools most useful to the carpenter, the axe (7), adz (6), saw (24), [Illustration: Figure 18.--18TH CENTURY: Carpenter's dividers of English [Illustration: Figure 23.--1809: THIS BENCH PLANE of German origin is [Illustration: Figure 27.--1830-1840: DETAIL OF the rabbet plane (fig. familiar form of the bench planes, as well as other tools. [Illustration: Figure 31.--1703: DETAIL OF THE BENCH PLANES from Moxon's [Illustration: Figure 33.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY: The bench plane illustrated in Roubo or Moxon is seldom seen in American tool [Illustration: Figure 46.--18TH CENTURY: THE BRACE AND BIT in its [Illustration: Figure 49.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY: THE DESIGNATION [Illustration: Figure 58.--1827: THE BENCH PLANES exhibited at with handle similar to a plane, forming together a tool combining the [Illustration: Figure 66.--1900: FEW TOOLS SUGGEST MORE CLEARLY the cache = ./cache/27238.txt txt = ./txt/27238.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 18217 author = Various title = Chambers's Elementary Science Readers Book I date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20337 sentences = 3064 flesch = 107 summary = 'Here, pussy, would you like some milk?' said Harry, and getting up, he Harry thought a little, and then said: 'If I were as small as pussy 3. 'How these buttercups shine!' said Dora; 'they look like gold!' 9. Dora and Harry went out every morning to look at the field. Dora said one day that they looked like grass, and her mother told 'Now,' said mother, 'let us give father a treat when he comes home! 1. Harry and Dora were coming home with their mother from a long walk, 'Mother,' said Harry, 'let us go and plant all this ivy. 5. 'I like that sound of tearing off the grass, don't you?' said Dora. 7. Every day after this, Dora and Harry came to look at the plants. 3. 'The sunflower is like a little sun,' said Dora. 1. 'Here comes the coal,' said Harry, looking out of the window. cache = ./cache/18217.txt txt = ./txt/18217.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 34061 author = Chipman, Robert A. title = The Earliest Electromagnetic Instruments date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9628 sentences = 567 flesch = 57 summary = before Oersted discovered the magnetic effects of a voltaic circuit. The heating of the wires in electric circuits must have been observed so magnetic effects of a voltaic circuit, on July 21, 1820.[9] portion of a voltaic circuit created an electrical instrument, the needle was deflected clockwise when the wire of a particular voltaic force of the needle on the connecting wire in the simple Oersted reaction-force of a magnetic needle on the connecting wire of a voltaic configuration of needle and wire is in fact present here, Schweigger a single wire, using the weak electric circuit here, deflects the analysis of Oersted's observation, Poggendorf ran the connecting wire of Poggendorf experimented with the size of the circuit wires, finding that Magnetism as a Measure of Electricity." (Neither Poggendorf nor any of Observing needle deflections for various positions of the wire A-B, with [Illustration: Figure 7.--"SCHWEIGGER MULTIPLIER" used by Oersted in cache = ./cache/34061.txt txt = ./txt/34061.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 36457 author = Zambra, Joseph title = A Treatise on Meteorological Instruments Explanatory of Their Scientific Principles, Method of Construction, and Practical Utility date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 70657 sentences = 4582 flesch = 70 summary = barometers, thermometers, anemometers, and in every class of instruments. mercury in the barometer at the sea-level generally stood above 30 inches; When the mercury in a barometer tube rises or falls, the level of the the instrument, in order to correct the observed height of the barometer. cistern, filled with mercury, the brass tube, with its divided scale and up the frame; on one side of the tube is placed a scale of inches; a small instrument has a large syphon barometer tube, in which the mercurial surface of the mercury in a syphon barometer is read, as in the instrument the instrument, from which the barometer scale of inches is divided. mercurial barometer were corrected for index-error and temperature. into extensive use thermometer and barometer scale-plates made of tube is arrested, _and indicates the exact temperature_ of the bulb or air The _dry_ bulb thermometer indicates the temperature of the air itself; cache = ./cache/36457.txt txt = ./txt/36457.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 40782 author = Museum of History and Technology (U.S.) title = Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 144597 sentences = 9126 flesch = 67 summary = American engineers and mechanics were working diligently to develop [Illustration: FIGURE 8.--DRAWING OF 1885 BENZ engine, showing [Illustration: FIGURE 20.--PISTON AND CONNECTING ROD of second engine. [Illustration: Figure 1.--THE DIAL PLATE of the Borghesi clock, showing [Illustration: Figure 8.--THE BORGHESI CLOCK in the Museum of History Borghesi was working on yet another astronomical clock, this time [Illustration: Figure 20.--TWO VIEWS OF BOLLMAN-BUILT "water-pipe truss" [Illustration: Figure 3.--SCALE MODEL of _Steam Battery_, showing double [Illustration: Figure 11.--HOOSAC TUNNEL survey crew at engineering [Illustration: Figure 12.--WORKS AT THE CENTRAL SHAFT, HOOSAC TUNNEL, [Illustration: Figure 6.--THE RESULT of early pendulum experiments was pendulum in front of a seconds clock and determined the time of swing by [Illustration: Figure 12.--THE KATER CONVERTIBLE PENDULUM in use is [Illustration: Figure 17.--REPSOLD-BESSEL REVERSIBLE PENDULUM apparatus [Illustration: Figure 19.--THREE PENDULUMS USED IN EARLY WORK at the [Illustration: Figure 20.--SUPPORT FOR THE PEIRCE PENDULUM, 1889. [92] "Pendulum Apparatus for Gravity Determinations," _Engineering_ cache = ./cache/40782.txt txt = ./txt/40782.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 32282 author = Vogel, Robert M. title = Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13791 sentences = 767 flesch = 62 summary = ELEVATOR SYSTEMS of the EIFFEL TOWER, 1889 The design of the Tower's elevators involved problems [Illustration: Figure 1.--The Eiffel Tower at the time of the Universal [Illustration: Figure 4.--The proposed 1,000-foot iron tower designed by [Illustration: Figure 8.--In the typical steam elevator machine two The rope-geared system of hydraulic elevator operation was so basically At the time the Eiffel Tower elevators were under consideration, water [Illustration: Figure 15.--Rope-geared hydraulic freight elevator using a [Illustration: Figure 16.--English direct plunger hydraulic elevator Adaptation of the motor to the direct drive of an elevator machine was horizontal cylinder rope-geared hydraulic elevator, in which the two sets elevator field was to drive belt-type mechanical machines and the pumps of [Illustration: Figure 24.--General arrangement of Otis elevator system in [Illustration: Figure 29.--Section through cabin of the Otis elevator. [Illustration: Figure 39.--Passengers changing cars on Edoux elevator at to use electricity for his system, the remaining Otis elevator was cache = ./cache/32282.txt txt = ./txt/32282.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 34221 author = Gray, Elisha title = Electricity and Magnetism date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 54410 sentences = 2552 flesch = 70 summary = Like electricity, magnetism has had a long history, but little use was It is a magnet only so long as the electric current is current of electricity through a wire, magnetic lines of force are earth is a great electromagnet; for the stronger the electrical current circuit through wire A by closing its key, an electrical action was call magnetic or electrical lines of force. open, the battery being in circuit, there were electrical lines of force If we heat a metal ring at one point a current of electricity will flow for electric light or power, and use a galvanic battery, we should have theory, but he constructed a line of bell-wire 1060 feet long and worked and the diaphragm sets up electric currents in the wire wound on the process the electric current, which comes from the power-house with an Earth electric currents, in telegraphy, 99, 116, 182. cache = ./cache/34221.txt txt = ./txt/34221.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 32482 author = Multhauf, Robert P. title = The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8173 sentences = 509 flesch = 55 summary = _The Introduction of_ SELF-REGISTERING METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS _The development of self-registering meteorological instruments self-registering instrument became a factor in meteorology._ instruments, the thermometer and barometer, were in no way inspired by the first use of the thermometer and barometer in meteorology. Hooke would have adapted to the weather clock his wheel-barometer, have a description of Wren's self-registering thermometer, a circular, refer to other instruments which the weather clock is supposed to have self-registering meteorological instrument; it was standard equipment in meteorology had not involved self-recording instruments, and neither did barometer, and wind velocity indicator--that made available instruments self-registering instruments to major observatories but their complete instrument-maker Jules Richard of a self-registering barometer and a self-registering thermometer and barometer.[34] instruments upon which the self-registering systems of the late 19th [10] Wren's clock and its wind vane and anemometer, thermometer, E. Gerland, "Historical Sketch of Instrumental Meteorology," in "Report cache = ./cache/32482.txt txt = ./txt/32482.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 48994 author = Osler, William title = The Old Humanities and the New Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12322 sentences = 597 flesch = 64 summary = The Classical Association, composed of a large body of university men, and human nature, rather than of Latin and Greek, he at the same time President alternately a classical scholar and a man of wide of science, a great physician who is also famous in the world of getting representatives of Natural Science and of the Humanities to work He is eminent as a man of science, is President of the classical learning--the only place, it seems, where the word "humanism" played in science and natural philosophy in days antedating the Royal classical learning relating to science and medicine she simply had the all the knowledge of the ancient classical world--what man knew of the philosophy of human thought, the sources of the new science that has speaks for the first time the language of modern science, and indeed he war, so great was the work of science in preventing untimely death cache = ./cache/48994.txt txt = ./txt/48994.txt === reduce.pl bib === Building ./etc/reader.txt 44525 44526 39713 44525 44527 44526 number of items: 109 sum of words: 7,428,931 average size in words: 71,432 average readability score: 66 nouns: time; water; shell; air; man; part; spines; surface; p.; life; earth; years; pores; work; form; science; feet; length; fig; light; times; way; nature; world; number; day; fact; men; matter; body; heat; place; end; case; knowledge; sun; species; point; animals; illustration; sea; breadth; hand; one; side; order; power; course; history; forms verbs: is; be; are; was; have; has; been; were; had; made; do; being; found; see; does; make; called; said; say; find; known; did; know; having; take; seen; used; given; give; come; become; taken; put; seems; think; according; formed; let; produced; am; go; placed; came; following; brought; appear; show; shown; seem; observed adjectives: other; same; great; such; many; more; first; small; large; little; different; broad; long; new; certain; own; few; scientific; simple; present; radial; much; true; central; whole; natural; good; various; last; common; general; equal; similar; numerous; second; several; old; important; short; greater; circular; latter; most; human; larger; physical; regular; single; conical; possible adverbs: not; so; as; very; only; more; most; then; now; also; up; even; out; long; well; thus; however; far; about; much; still; therefore; here; nearly; again; just; always; almost; down; first; less; never; yet; often; once; quite; too; together; sometimes; off; ever; all; there; on; probably; perhaps; away; already; indeed; back pronouns: it; i; we; he; his; they; their; its; them; our; you; my; us; him; her; me; she; itself; your; himself; themselves; one; myself; ourselves; herself; yourself; thy; ours; thee; mine; theirs; yours; oneself; yourselves; je; thyself; hers; pl; à; ye; em; #; ii; ''em; purpose,--the; ce; ''s; veritas; ung; ourself proper nouns: _; n.; sp; shell; .; pl; |; fig; mr.; station; haeckel; pacific; #; d.; de; dr.; c.; new; vol; m.; c; b; q.; ×; london; professor; england; society; sir; god; john; greek; dimensions._--diameter; europe; atlantic; ehrenberg; pp; basal; taf; footnote; royal; habitat._--central; cephalis; paris; berlin; i.; la; america; s.; darwin keywords: great; mr.; time; illustration; man; new; london; england; dr.; form; water; professor; nature; sir; fig; society; science; god; footnote; europe; animal; america; royal; paris; figure; earth; work; light; life; john; chapter; air; sun; st.; sea; museum; lord; plant; english; darwin; york; south; like; history; greek; body; university; knowledge; herschel; heat one topic; one dimension: shell file(s): ./cache/16325.txt titles(s): Science in Arcady three topics; one dimension: great; water; shell file(s): ./cache/34698.txt, ./cache/16593.txt, ./cache/44525.txt titles(s): Essays Upon Some Controverted Questions | General Science | Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia) Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII five topics; three dimensions: great science man; great time like; water air heat; shell spines pores; figure new vol file(s): ./cache/34698.txt, ./cache/38462.txt, ./cache/29838.txt, ./cache/44525.txt, ./cache/39141.txt titles(s): Essays Upon Some Controverted Questions | Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume II (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. | Common Science | Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia) Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII | Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers Type: gutenberg title: classification-Q-gutenberg date: 2021-05-28 time: 14:05 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: classification:"Q" ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: 16325 author: Allen, Grant title: Science in Arcady date: words: 85312.0 sentences: 3102.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/16325.txt txt: ./txt/16325.txt summary: life on every hand; a thousand different plants and flowers in the I had always had a great liking for the study of material plants and migrated, that comparatively little change took place in their forms or island after their long sea-voyage on bits of broken forest-trees--a Birds, I early noticed, are always great carriers of fruit-seeds, of kinds of flowering plants included in the modern flora of my little creatures are remote products of the Great Ice Age, and by this time, forms of life; in their case the power of producing fresh organisms present time of day, that such tints in the vegetable world act like great arm of the sea which stretched like a gulf far up towards the India--the Deccan, as we call it--formed a great island like Australia, The way the plant really eats is little known to gardeners, but very progressive forms, like the great pipe-fish himself, where the folds id: 16807 author: Allen, Grant title: Falling in Love; With Other Essays on More Exact Branches of Science date: words: 113342.0 sentences: 3860.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/16807.txt txt: ./txt/16807.txt summary: the remote fact that primitive man had to use his right hand to deliver that time the uses of the right and left hand were becoming by gradual form serves a great deal better than the truth, so far as yet known, on plant or animal, placed under new conditions, begins to undergo adaptive changes continue, till the plant or animal acquires totally new habits; plants and animals have all a natural origin from a single primitive existing in a state of suspended animation for any long period of time just like Australia.'' The animals, the trees, the plants, the insects, dolphin looks externally very like a fish, in head and tail and form and there the long cold spell known as the Great Ice Age, or Glacial Epoch, certain periods in the world''s life when for a very long time together insect race look for all the world like clusters of the little American id: 16775 author: Arago, François title: Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men First Series date: words: 134608.0 sentences: 6627.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/16775.txt txt: ./txt/16775.txt summary: Bailly a Member of the Academy of Sciences.--His Researches I shall have completed the enumeration of Bailly''s astronomical labours BAILLY A MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.--HIS RESEARCHES ON JUPITER''S Bailly was named member of the Academy of Sciences the 29th January, Great events may, on a given day, depend on the opinion that the nation When Bailly undertook this general history of Astronomy, the science The mysterious veil that in Bailly''s time covered the East, is in great Bailly was nominated member of the French Academy in the place of M. Master of the Ceremonies having remarked it, approaching Bailly said to the heads of his body-guards, had appeared to Bailly a fine day! Bailly appeared again before the Revolutionary Tribunal, and this time This declaration was presented to Bailly on the day of present day to predict several years in advance the details of the time id: 1216 author: Babbage, Charles title: Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes date: words: 49890.0 sentences: 2269.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/1216.txt txt: ./txt/1216.txt summary: attending the fact of the Royal Society having printed a volume MINUTE OF COUNCIL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. In looking over the list of officers and Council of the Royal Society Council of the Royal Society should adopt their opinion so heedlessly, out of the funds of the Royal Society, yet as the Council of that body The fact was mentioned by a member of the Council of the Royal Society, council-books of the Royal Society, and I believe the following is the the Royal Society their opinion upon the subject generally of the the Royal Society have declined connecting their names with the Council OF THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. OF THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. The days in which the Royal Society can have much influence in science The list of the Officers, Council, and Members of the Royal Society is id: 29934 author: Battison, Edwin A. title: The Auburndale Watch Company First American Attempt Toward the Dollar Watch date: words: 10636.0 sentences: 608.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/29934.txt txt: ./txt/29934.txt summary: [Illustration: Figure 2.--PATENT DRAWING OF THE HOPKINS WATCH. [Illustration: Figure 3.--ORIGINAL PATENT MODEL OF THE HOPKINS WATCH, [Illustration: Figure 9.--AUBURNDALE ROTARY WATCH MOVEMENT. The story of Hopkins'' rotary watch now enters an entirely new setting _Newton directory_ of 1877 drops its previous listing of coal after Mr. Fowle''s name and first mentions the Auburndale Watch Co.[21] In 1866 [Illustration: Figure 12.--A 24-HOUR DIAL for the rotary watch. The author has seen no watch, except the patent [Illustration: Figure 14.--ESCAPE WHEEL AND PALLETS of an Auburndale The Auburndale machinery came from the United States Watch Co. factory at [Illustration: Figure 16.--DIAL FOR 1/10-SECOND MODEL Auburndale timer. At some time between the manufacture of watches Up to this time, about November 1, 1879, the Auburndale Watch Co., had assigned to the Auburndale Watch Co. patent 276101, of December 4, 1883, [46] Each model of watch made at Auburndale was numbered in id: 31756 author: Battison, Edwin A. title: Screw-Thread Cutting by the Master-Screw Method since 1480 date: words: 5617.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/31756.txt txt: ./txt/31756.txt summary: _Among the earliest known examples of screw-thread cutting machines to figure 1 shows that the threads on the lead screw and on the work, MASTER-SCREW TYPE of thread-cutting machine. These slides are shown as part of a screw-cutting machine with a [Illustration: Figure 2.--CROSS-SLIDE for the thread-cutting lathe of [Illustration: Figure 3.--SMALL THREAD-CUTTING LATHE which was made to Figure 6 shows the traversing spindle and nut removed from the machine. [Illustration: Figure 6.--WORK SPINDLE AND ITS NUT removed from the the combination of screw-cutting machines with simple lathes as seen in of figure 9, showing the crude tool-support without screw adjustment. The introduction of gearing between the spindle and the lead screw, for [Illustration: Figure 15.--MAUDSLAY''S WELL-KNOWN screw-cutting lathe of [Illustration: Figure 17.--DAVID WILKINSON''S SCREW-CUTTING LATHE, [Illustration: Figure 20.--A HOB-GRINDING MACHINE patented in 1932 and [Illustration: Figure 21.--A HOB-GRINDING MACHINE OF 1933, showing use id: 39141 author: Bedini, Silvio A. title: Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers date: words: 46677.0 sentences: 3694.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/39141.txt txt: ./txt/39141.txt summary: instrument makers lived and worked in the New England colonies as early instrument makers of Boston of the 18th century, mentioned later in this recognition as a maker of clocks and surveying instruments (see fig. In New York City, one of the earliest immigrant instrument makers was John Potter of Brookfield, Massachusetts, produced surveying instruments There were relatively few makers of mathematical instruments in New York other clocks, surveying compasses, and other instruments for the retail Most common of these mathematical instruments is the surveying compass, wood for making some mathematical instruments in New England resulted [Illustration: Figure 33.--Wooden surveying instrument, maker not known. Joseph Halsy, Boston, New England." The instrument, made of maple, is 11 [Illustration: Figure 42.--Brass surveying compass made by Thomas [Illustration: Figure 78.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin [Illustration: Figure 78.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made surveying instruments. id: 33198 author: Bedini, Silvio A. title: The Borghesi Astronomical Clock in the Museum of History and Technology Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 35 date: words: 22725.0 sentences: 1284.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/33198.txt txt: ./txt/33198.txt summary: [Illustration: Figure 1.--THE DIAL PLATE of the Borghesi clock, showing _The history of the 18th-century Borghesi astronomical clock is clocks which Father Borghesi designed and which Bertolla constructed. Although only Father Borghesi''s second astronomical clock is now known, sun and moon appear, but also, all solar and lunar eclipses--both phenomena of the moon, the sun and earth occurring in their proper time, As Father Borghesi prepared his little volume about his first clock, and [Illustration: Figure 8.--THE BORGHESI CLOCK in the Museum of History [Illustration: Figure 11.--DIAL PLATE of the Borghesi clock.] Borghesi is stated to have presented his two astronomical clocks. Roman Empire, to whom Father Borghesi''s astronomical clock in the Museum circle of hours common to the sun, to the moon, to the fixed Borghesi was working on yet another astronomical clock, this time Father Tovazzi states that in 1780 "the clock invented by him [Borghesi] id: 30055 author: Berkebile, Donald H. title: The 1893 Duryea Automobile In the Museum of History and Technology date: words: 13615.0 sentences: 800.0 pages: flesch: 74.0 cache: ./cache/30055.txt txt: ./txt/30055.txt summary: [Illustration: FIGURE 1.--DURYEA AUTOMOBILE in the Museum of History and bicycle work, Charles visited the Hartford Machine Screw Company where patents in their work;[8] but while the later engine and transmission [Illustration: FIGURE 8.--DRAWING OF 1885 BENZ engine, showing the second floor of this building that Charles and Frank Duryea built the actual work, Charles hired his brother Frank to start construction. It is Frank Duryea''s remembrance that he started work on Monday, April and Frank decided to make an attempt to run the engine. Frank later installed the engine on the carriage he noticed the close While Frank worked on his engine, he realized that certain parts of the transmission were bolted in place on the running gear, Frank saw that Frank next calculated that with the faster running engine the speed of everything relating to engines and motor carriages, and Frank recalls [Illustration: FIGURE 24.--RUNNING GEAR OF DURYEA VEHICLE, showing the id: 29653 author: Berkebile, Donald H. title: Conestoga Wagons in Braddock''s Campaign, 1755 date: words: 5930.0 sentences: 473.0 pages: flesch: 79.0 cache: ./cache/29653.txt txt: ./txt/29653.txt summary: _More than 200 years have passed since the Pennsylvania farm wagon, the paid for the use of the wagons and horses which soon were to be pressed Conestoga wagons.[10] This term was apparently in general use at least strakes also indicates that these early wagons had no brakes such as [Illustration: Figure 6.--RESTORED FREIGHT-CARRYING CONESTOGA WAGON, [Illustration: Figure 7.--FARM-TYPE CONESTOGA WAGON, about 1850 in the had recommended that Braddock use more pack horses and fewer wagons.[37] the advance unit of the army marched with six horses to a wagon,[39] a The number of Pennsylvania wagons that arrived back at Wills Creek has farm-type Conestoga wagon of about 1850 shown in figure 7 is similar in [Footnote 13: Strakes are sections of wagon tire, equal in number to the [Footnote 22: One light wagon of about 1800 had smaller wheels, the of his wagons one day and returning with his few horses on the following id: 37224 author: Bernstein, Aaron David title: Popular Books on Natural Science For Practical Use in Every Household, for Readers of All Classes date: words: 38783.0 sentences: 1818.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/37224.txt txt: ./txt/37224.txt summary: celestial bodies as the sun, the earth, the moon, the planets, and the kind of food he must take, in order to continually renew his body. food, which is immediately changed into vital parts of the body; with To have these constituents, food must contain salt, fat, and sugar; all But the fat that is needed for the body, is formed by man the body; moreover, it contains starch from which fat is produced. In recent times coffee has been considered, not as an article of food, as blood, and sugar is changed in the body into fat, which is Bread is changed in our bodies partly into fat, as all food is which perspires much when at work, must eat much fat-producing food, and use to the body; while, on the other hand, fat-producing food greatly body, and our blood must contain a greater quantity of water than is id: 29633 author: Bishop, Philip W. title: The Beginnings of Cheap Steel date: words: 15296.0 sentences: 907.0 pages: flesch: 67.0 cache: ./cache/29633.txt txt: ./txt/29633.txt summary: Bessemer, who began his experiments in the making of iron and steel in an industrial process; for when the time came, Bessemer patented his patent for "Improvements in the Manufacture of Iron and Steel."[14] Bessemer''s claim to manufacture "malleable iron and steel without patents outright to the Ebbw Vale Iron Works and by this action, as process," David Mushet greeted Bessemer''s discovery as "one of the nothing that Mr. Bessemer may hereafter patent can deprive Mr. Robert Mushet of having Mushet''s early praise of the Bessemer process and on his sudden David Mushet''s advocacy of Martien''s claim to priority over Bessemer manufacture of steel by the Bessemer process which, from the peculiar in making steel by the Bessemer process, which may, therefore, be now Production of Bessemer Steel at Edsken," _Journal of the Iron and Mushet patent is described as so much like Uchatius'' process that id: 35489 author: Bolton, Sarah Knowles title: Famous Men of Science date: words: 107566.0 sentences: 5278.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/35489.txt txt: ./txt/35489.txt summary: because his father thought this study was a waste of time for a man who reading old books, till the time came for him to go home, the servant After this great work was published, Cuvier went with his family to Years later, Caroline gave this picture of that early life: "My brothers He was now forty years old,--not young to begin the study of a new and Paris, devoting his time to his great work. At this time, a young man came to board at the house of Mrs. Davy, He says: "At that time I painted all day, and sold my work during During the last twelve years of his life, he devoted much time to our "The time had come," said he, years afterward, "when even the small working in the water at this time of year, the cold to the hands and id: 22085 author: Bose, Jagadis Chandra title: Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, His Life and Speeches date: words: 57255.0 sentences: 3177.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/22085.txt txt: ./txt/22085.txt summary: Waves on different kinds of matter, Dr. Bose invented a new type of present wireless system." Practical application of the results of Dr. Bose''s investigations appeared so important that the Governments of showing electric response for certain portions of the plant organism, unity of physiological effects of drugs on plant and animal tissues and "These new contributions" made by Dr. Bose on Plant Response "were Hitherto Dr. Bose detected the various excitatory effects of plants by January 1909, he delivered a lecture on ''Growth Response of Plants'' Dr. Bose showed not only that the nervous impulse in plant and in man is University Hall, Dr. Bose of Calcutta dealt with "Plant Response." He life, as is seen in the plant, we shall be able to make the science of The last experiment was in regard to the effect of electricity on plant different as the life activities in plants and in animals. id: 40652 author: Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham title: A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar date: words: 77901.0 sentences: 8861.0 pages: flesch: 90.0 cache: ./cache/40652.txt txt: ./txt/40652.txt summary: Q. _Why will COLD WATER, mixed with SULPHURIC ACID, produce heat?_ oxygen of the air, _produces carbonic acid gas_, which soon envelops A. Water (like air) _expands by heat_. Q. _Does heat expand every thing ELSE BESIDES air and water?_ A. As the air contains _less oxygen_ in wet weather, the _heat of fire A. The air contains heat, and changes the _surface of the water into Q. _Why is WATER a BETTER CONDUCTOR of heat than AIR?_ A. Air is heated _by the reflection of the earth_, and not by the rays the sun _radiates_ heat towards the earth, because the _air comes A. Because bright metal _will not absorb heat_ from the hot air, like an A. No; _air is a very bad conductor_, and is heated (like water) _by A. On a fine day, the sun _heats the surface of the earth_, and the air id: 5726 author: Buckley, Arabella B. (Arabella Burton) title: The Fairy-Land of Science date: words: 62299.0 sentences: 2325.0 pages: flesch: 79.0 cache: ./cache/5726.txt txt: ./txt/5726.txt summary: looks like a tree of glass with long down-hanging pointed leaves. earth, these little imprisoned sun-waves begin to be active, atoms of oxygen in the air, set the invisible fairies "heat" and Can you picture tiny sunbeam-waves of light and heat travelling water and looking like beautiful flowers, and all round the heat which shakes apart the little atoms of water and makes them Huyghens, suggested that light comes from the sun in tiny waves, Again, light does a great deal of work when it falls upon plants. work of the invisible waves of ether coming from the sun, which sun-waves and the air, deal with the drops of water. In this way the sun-waves and the air carry off water everyday, invisible vapour, -it will form into tiny water-drops, like the Now, when the sun-waves come to take the water out of the air, and being worked up with it by the sun-waves into id: 37589 author: Buckley, Arabella B. (Arabella Burton) title: Through Magic Glasses and Other Lectures A Sequel to The Fairyland of Science date: words: 61570.0 sentences: 2709.0 pages: flesch: 78.0 cache: ./cache/37589.txt txt: ./txt/37589.txt summary: happen at different times in the moon''s path round the earth; but quite small, which cover the moon''s face with pitted marks, like a man This little star, really a glorious sun billions of miles away behind see stars so far off that their light takes _two thousand years_ coming star seen through this telescope appears 2000 times as bright as when photograph of the sun takes away the eye-piece of his telescope and puts Wherever the telescope is turned all round the sun the lines of luminous centre, what appears to be a bright and very beautiful star (see Fig. 55) surrounded by a darker space than the rest of the nebula, while in light in the telescope, and comes only from an ordinary star. near star may be small and faint and a far-off one large and bright. The next two forms, _a_ and _c_, look much more like plants, for the id: 15468 author: Caithness, James Sinclair, 14th earl of title: Lectures on Popular and Scientific Subjects date: words: 36900.0 sentences: 1384.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/15468.txt txt: ./txt/15468.txt summary: steam-engine boilers, and coking coal, employed for making coke and gas. of vegetation--the great heat of the ground causes water to rise rapidly coal were brought up in the same time, and thus the water raised The great difficulty in working coal, should these upper seams fail, is the great man who brought this mighty power to bear on the vast The mind of a great man is called into action, and by applying state that all-powerful and most useful machine, the steam-engine. describes a means of raising water by the pressure of steam. raise water to drive mill-wheels--fancy erecting a steam engine now, of The weight of steam is about 1800 times less than water. first use of the steam-engine was simply to raise water from mines, and steam-engines were used to raise water that had passed over the wheel, generates great heat; and this is due to its attraction for the water. id: 38379 author: Carlile, Richard title: An Address to Men of Science Calling Upon Them to Stand Forward and Vindicate the Truth.... date: words: 16000.0 sentences: 537.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/38379.txt txt: ./txt/38379.txt summary: useful instruction ''in Chemistry and the laws of Nature? submit this sketch to the judgment of Men of Science, with an idea when addressed to the Chemist, or to the Man of Science, but between science and superstition in the mind of Sir Isaac Newton than In support of my assertion, that Men of Science have hitherto crouched I may be told that the Man of Science had much better pursue his studies disgraceful laws, and shall the Man of Science be silent, and see all The science of Chemistry has so far explored the properties of matter himself that there is no truth that any Man of Science will write, The Man of Science ought not to look at, or respect, any thing but the of Science, either from having their minds tinged with superstition, this science alone is so far infinite as to make the life of man a id: 29285 author: Chapelle, Howard Irving title: The Migrations of an American Boat Type date: words: 7223.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 78.0 cache: ./cache/29285.txt txt: ./txt/29285.txt summary: [Illustration: FIGURE 1.--Scale model of a New Haven sharpie of 1885, _The New Haven sharpie, a flat-bottomed sailing skiff, was flat-bottomed sailing skiff known as the "sharpie." skiffs first appeared in some boats that were built at New Haven, invention of the New Haven sharpie to a boat carpenter named Taylor, a The first New Haven sharpies were 28 to 30 feet long--about the same The New Haven sharpie was built in two sizes for the oyster fishery. The smaller sharpie was usually rigged with a single mast and sail, [Illustration: FIGURE 3.--Plan of typical New Haven sharpie showing the Bay sharpies had any real relation to the New Haven boats. [Illustration: FIGURE 16.--Stern of a North Carolina sharpie schooner Schooner-rigged sharpies developed on Long Island Sound as early as large V-bottomed sailing craft on Chesapeake Bay. The sharpie schooner seems to have been more popular on the Chesapeake id: 34061 author: Chipman, Robert A. title: The Earliest Electromagnetic Instruments date: words: 9628.0 sentences: 567.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/34061.txt txt: ./txt/34061.txt summary: before Oersted discovered the magnetic effects of a voltaic circuit. The heating of the wires in electric circuits must have been observed so magnetic effects of a voltaic circuit, on July 21, 1820.[9] portion of a voltaic circuit created an electrical instrument, the needle was deflected clockwise when the wire of a particular voltaic force of the needle on the connecting wire in the simple Oersted reaction-force of a magnetic needle on the connecting wire of a voltaic configuration of needle and wire is in fact present here, Schweigger a single wire, using the weak electric circuit here, deflects the analysis of Oersted''s observation, Poggendorf ran the connecting wire of Poggendorf experimented with the size of the circuit wires, finding that Magnetism as a Measure of Electricity." (Neither Poggendorf nor any of Observing needle deflections for various positions of the wire A-B, with [Illustration: Figure 7.--"SCHWEIGGER MULTIPLIER" used by Oersted in id: 14750 author: Cilley, Jonathan Prince title: Bowdoin Boys in Labrador An Account of the Bowdoin College Scientific Expedition to Labrador led by Prof. Leslie A. Lee of the Biological Department date: words: 26538.0 sentences: 1010.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/14750.txt txt: ./txt/14750.txt summary: a pretty little yacht to-day, sent a fishing boat, whose model and rig The party for Grand River--Cary, Cole, W.R. Smith and Young--have still draws but little water, and is good in every way for the trip. The day after we left, July 19th, the mail steamer reached Battle Bay Co.''s posts in Labrador, came in sight, snugly nestled in a little reached North West River, two days after our party had started up the Lake Melville, about fifteen miles north of the mouth of Grand River. [Anxious waiting] The day appointed for meeting the river party was Nine miles were made this day and camp was reached at the beginning of of the lake, which is forty miles long and good rowing water, and The river as it enters the lake is about half a mile wide, but soon weeks away from home and in that time we were nearly every day on the id: 16593 author: Clark, Bertha May title: General Science date: words: 98358.0 sentences: 5803.0 pages: flesch: 75.0 cache: ./cache/16593.txt txt: ./txt/16593.txt summary: The expansion of water can be easily shown by heating a flask (Fig. I) As the water is heated, it expands and forces its way up the The principle of hot-water heating is shown by the following simple In hot-water heating systems, fresh air is not brought to the rooms, large body of water is strongly heated at the equator, and then moves In convection, air and water circulate freely, carrying heat with a high temperature a small quantity of water, while in the second case of heat given out by 1 gram of water when its temperature falls 1° C., mercury is 30 times as easy to heat as water, and it requires only one and pass from the water into the air; steam comes from the vessel, and the water vapor set free by evaporation passes into the air, which When light passes from air into water or glass, the refracted ray is id: 37427 author: Cooke, Josiah P., Jr. (Josiah Parsons) title: Scientific Culture, and Other Essays Second Edition; with Additions date: words: 68549.0 sentences: 2429.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/37427.txt txt: ./txt/37427.txt summary: somewhat large experience in teaching physical science to college brilliant results show so great scientific merit or such eminent power will not gain the new culture you seek unless you study science in the value of scientific studies as a means of education. great is the educational value of the physical sciences, when properly electrical science, without whose unselfish labors the great result education of young minds to present any department of physical science the great interest with which scientific men have looked for some direct few great cardinal principles which form the basis of physical science. Professor Rogers''s scientific knowledge, and his large experience in But the natural sciences should be studied as useful familiar with the methods of natural science as are the students of To the scientific student the powers of observation and conception are physics, and the two sciences ought to be studied to a great extent in id: 17882 author: Davy, Humphry, Sir title: Consolations in Travel; or, the Last Days of a Philosopher date: words: 54887.0 sentences: 1662.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/17882.txt txt: ./txt/17882.txt summary: consider religion as essential to man, and belonging to the human mind in man or men had certain powers or instincts, such as now belong to the of God to man, I can hardly suppose that an infinitely powerful and allwise Creator would bestow upon the early inhabitants of the globe a proves the natural evil tendency of the human mind after the fall of man. fitted for his existence; and I suppose in the early state of created man more natural that a change should take place in the human mind than in in man; destruction of life is only a change of existence, and supposing Mind, the creator of infinite worlds, enter into the form of a man born my feelings from nature to God; I saw in all the powers of matter the appeared like the new-born animal, works of a Divine mind; I saw love as id: 27106 author: Ferguson, Eugene S. title: Kinematics of Mechanisms from the Time of Watt date: words: 21614.0 sentences: 1496.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/27106.txt txt: ./txt/27106.txt summary: KINEMATICS OF MECHANISMS FROM THE TIME OF WATT KINEMATICS OF MECHANISMS FROM THE TIME OF WATT Mechanical Inventions of James Watt_, London, 1854, vol. [Illustration: Figure 6.--One of the steam engine "Crank Patents" that [Illustration: Figure 8.--Watt engine of 1782 (British Patent 1321, [Illustration: Figure 9.--Watt''s mechanisms for guiding the upper end of Origin and Progress of the Mechanical Inventions of James Watt_ (London, Origin and Progress of the Mechanical Inventions of James Watt_ (London, [Illustration: Figure 10.--Watt''s "parallel motion." Engine''s working [Illustration: Figure 12.--Cartwright''s geared straight-line mechanism [Footnote 102: _Ingenious Mechanisms for Designers and Inventors_ (vols. Steering Linkage" in _Mechanical Engineering_, September 1958, vol. kinematics of mechanisms, based on Reuleaux''s and Rankine''s works. [Footnote 118: _Mechanical Engineering_, October 1942, vol. [Footnote 118: _Mechanical Engineering_, October 1942, vol. Mechanism Analysis?" _Machine Design_, September 1951, vol. American Society of Mechanical Engineers_, 1943, vol. American Society of Mechanical Engineers_, 1943, vol. id: 34771 author: Gore, George title: The Scientific Basis of National Progress, Including that of Morality date: words: 54588.0 sentences: 1999.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/34771.txt txt: ./txt/34771.txt summary: great public importance of _new_ scientific knowledge, and to the means of discovery; also that new truths are evolved by original research made in such great pecuniary benefits from original scientific research, there is bequests in this country, and the great effect original scientific research in applying scientific knowledge to practical uses by means of inventions, largely due to the discovery and extension of new scientific knowledge. That mental action is subject to the great principles and laws of science. discovery of new scientific knowledge, and the use of inventions based upon prove that new scientific knowledge is really a basis of mental progress, prove that mental actions are largely subject to scientific principles;--it Another great moral effect of the continual discovery of new truth in scientific men in making discoveries, and when any person arrives at a new knowledge of the nature and importance of scientific research, and of the id: 33405 author: Gray, Elisha title: Familiar Talks on Science: World-Building and Life; Earth, Air and Water. date: words: 57142.0 sentences: 2477.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/33405.txt txt: ./txt/33405.txt summary: formed were undoubtedly held in suspension in the air and in the water, this gas, has absorbed it from the air and water, forming what is known As water in its condensed state is 815 times heavier than air, the takes place in the air that is going on at the level of a body of water continually heated day and night to a higher temperature than the water the air, but sets free in the form of heat the energy that was stored in Air, like water, assumes the liquid form at a certain temperature. We will now study energy as it is related to water in the form of heat. would in time become a great river of ice. in different periods during the time of the melting of the great ice water from the melting ice of the great glacier that covered that region I.--World Building and Life: Earth, Air and Water. id: 34221 author: Gray, Elisha title: Electricity and Magnetism date: words: 54410.0 sentences: 2552.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/34221.txt txt: ./txt/34221.txt summary: Like electricity, magnetism has had a long history, but little use was It is a magnet only so long as the electric current is current of electricity through a wire, magnetic lines of force are earth is a great electromagnet; for the stronger the electrical current circuit through wire A by closing its key, an electrical action was call magnetic or electrical lines of force. open, the battery being in circuit, there were electrical lines of force If we heat a metal ring at one point a current of electricity will flow for electric light or power, and use a galvanic battery, we should have theory, but he constructed a line of bell-wire 1060 feet long and worked and the diaphragm sets up electric currents in the wire wound on the process the electric current, which comes from the power-house with an Earth electric currents, in telegraphy, 99, 116, 182. id: 27076 author: Griffenhagen, George B. title: Drug Supplies in the American Revolution date: words: 16077.0 sentences: 1637.0 pages: flesch: 77.0 cache: ./cache/27076.txt txt: ./txt/27076.txt summary: The 15 medicine chests, including presumably the five supplied by ordered that the medicine purchased in Philadelphia for the army at in Boston was again supplying medicines to the Continental Army. offered "a fresh supply of Genuine Drugs and Medicines ... for New York he completed a medicine chest for each of the five store consisting of a general assortment of Drugs and Medicines" to medicines "to supply the director general of the Hospital with such supplies in the general hospital at New York can be gleaned from an New York City to the British certainly did not help the medical supply Meanwhile, in New York City the supply of drugs had returned to normal half-chests of medicines" put up at New York for ten battalions in the supply officers were pleading for drugs from Congress in Philadelphia, that they can be supplied with Medicine and Drugs as usual, at his id: 44526 author: Haeckel, Ernst title: Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, Second Part: Subclass Osculosa; Index Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date: words: 357795.0 sentences: 44597.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/44526.txt txt: ./txt/44526.txt summary: Sagittal ring nearly circular, smooth, with a short conical apical horn. Basal ring kidney-shaped, with three large divergent curved feet, nearly Apical horn small, conical, curved, half as long as the three basal Shell thorax-shaped, smooth, twice as broad as long, with deep sagittal _Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet _Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; lateral horns and feet 0.15 to to four times as long as the shell (The horn in the Ehrenberg''s figure is equal size and similar form, S-shaped curved, twice as long as the shell. Four feet equal, divergent, half as long as the shell, at the distal end Shell hemispherical smooth, half as long as broad, with small and numerous Shell nearly spherical, smooth, with numerous small circular pores. Shell campanulate smooth, with very small circular pores, half as broad as Shell smooth, with two joints of nearly equal size and similar ovate form. id: 44527 author: Haeckel, Ernst title: Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, Plates Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date: words: 28628.0 sentences: 7576.0 pages: flesch: 81.0 cache: ./cache/44527.txt txt: ./txt/44527.txt summary: The central capsule, enclosed in the cavity of the shell, The central capsule, enclosed in the cavity of the shell, The entire shell and the central capsule. The central capsule, enclosed in the inner shell, exhibits From the central capsule, enclosed in the shell, numerous The central capsule, enclosed originally in the shell, The shell encloses the trilobate central capsule, with the The shell encloses the trilobate central capsule, with the The cephalis of the shell includes the central capsule, (vel _Dictyocephalus (vel _Calocyclas (vel _Calocyclas (vel _Calocyclas Central capsule in the upper part of the shell, [Illustration: AULOGRAPHIS.] Half the shell, with the enclosed central capsule and the The entire shell, with the central capsule and its nucleus, The entire shell with the enclosed central capsule, and the The upper part of the shell encloses the central capsule The spherical central capsule is enclosed in the shell. id: 44525 author: Haeckel, Ernst title: Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia) Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII date: words: 443079.0 sentences: 41654.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/44525.txt txt: ./txt/44525.txt summary: Shell a regular sphere, covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines, pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines lattice-shells and two free opposite spines of equal size and similar form. _Definition._--Pores of the shell irregular, of different size or form. _Definition._--Pores of the shell irregular, of different size or form. shell arises one bristle-shaped radial spine, twice as long as the diameter shell half as large, with simple, regular, circular pores, twice as broad nodal-point one simple bristle-shaped radial by-spine; outer shell twice as bristle-shaped by-spine; outer shell three times as broad, with simple _Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different form or Radial spines of different sizes; shell and central id: 27932 author: Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf title: History of the Division of Medical Sciences United States National Museum Bulletin 240, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, paper 43, 1964 date: words: 12752.0 sentences: 976.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/27932.txt txt: ./txt/27932.txt summary: Museum include two series, _Proceedings of the United States National Division of Medical Sciences in the Museum of History and Medical Sciences in the Smithsonian Institution''s Museum of U.S. National Museum, the title of Section of Materia Medica was he arranged new exhibits including one on American Indian medicine. display including the history of pharmacy; and an exhibition on [Illustration: Figure 7.--EXHIBIT ON MEDICAL HISTORY during the of Pharmaceutical History and Health and a Section of Medical and Dental museums and medical and pharmaceutical institutions in this country, establishment in 1881 of the Section of Materia Medica in the U.S. National Museum, to display the development and progress of the health United States National Museum_ (1883), vol. ---The Indian medical exhibit of the Division of Medicine in the collections of the Division of Medicine in the United States National ---The United States National Museum pharmaceutical collection, its id: 19080 author: Hubbard, Elbert title: Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 12 Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Scientists date: words: 86677.0 sentences: 4499.0 pages: flesch: 74.0 cache: ./cache/19080.txt txt: ./txt/19080.txt summary: People go to church to watch and pray, but a man I know says that women ragweed, while all the time the young man was under the hedge working work in the town making furniture and earn a man''s wage," he said. The year after Galileo issued his book, Porta put out a work much more right for a man to believe what he wished, but to teach others things studied, and worked for years, and I know so little--all I can do is to Just about this time, Humboldt, taking the cue from Goethe, said: "Man wrote a book of three hundred pages called "Darwinism, or the Man-Ape." This time love saw things that the learned men of Upsala failed to life-work, and it so placed him before the world that all he said or did No man ever knew so much about his work as John id: 14565 author: Humboldt, Alexander von title: Cosmos: A Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe, Vol. 1 date: words: 178998.0 sentences: 8936.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/14565.txt txt: ./txt/14565.txt summary: a. Form of the earth, its mean density, quantity of heat, electro-magnetic volcanic rocks, spring water forms, by precipitation, strata of limestone. barometrical height at the level of the sea in different zones of the earth. existing among the facts observed, can not form a conception of the present times that of the Earth; period of revolution, 217.387 years; mean long., according to the different degrees of distance from the Sun, appears very obedience to the laws of general gravity in conic sections round the Sun. When these masses meet the Earth in their course, and are attracted by it, [footnote] *Argelander, in the important observations on the northern light accurate observations on the temperature of the sea at different latitudes [footnote] *See the series of observations made by me in the South Sea, observed in different portions of the earth''s surface, to manifest such a id: 16474 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lectures and Essays date: words: 82773.0 sentences: 3035.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/16474.txt txt: ./txt/16474.txt summary: The second hypothesis supposes that the present order of things, at some came into existence at no great distance of time from the present; and protoplasmic matter which, so far as our present knowledge goes, is the existing animals and plants are taken by other forms, as numerous and present condition of things has existed for a comparatively short known, afford evidence that things arose in the way described by Milton, evolution, the existing state of things is the last term of a long animals which are so closely allied to existing forms that, at one time, is no reason, in the nature of things, why, as long as this world remains, and present the appearance of beds of rock formed under supernatural creation of the present forms of life; modern science Some time afterwards an old man entered the church on his hands and id: 15253 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century date: words: 22481.0 sentences: 913.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/15253.txt txt: ./txt/15253.txt summary: [Sidenote: caused by the increase of physical science] fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that physical science made a new breed of animals, is a part of the new Nature created by science. names of the men who were the great lights of science in the latter In fact, the history of physical science teaches (and we cannot too half-century has produced men of science of the calibre of Newton. far as physical science is concerned, the days of Admirable Crichtons [Sidenote: The aim of physical science] But the subject-matter of physical science is furnished by physical science does not come to much, if our present conceptions of adequate acquaintance with the physical sciences even of his own time. the same energy, the orderly evolution of physical nature out of one [Sidenote: Other achievements in physical science.] present time, science, working in the light of clear knowledge, has id: 15905 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Collected Essays, Volume V Science and Christian Tradition: Essays date: words: 113933.0 sentences: 4626.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/15905.txt txt: ./txt/15905.txt summary: belief in the Gospel theory of the universe failing them, is the fact, adequate account of the life and work of Jesus, it is evidence of the respect to the nature and order of things in the theological world denoted a thing--as if a "law of nature," as science understands it, In the same way, a law of nature, in the scientific sense, is the expression of the laws of nature in accordance with the new facts. of natural law; and the Duke of Argyll says that he believes my same breath, "In this sense the laws of nature are simply those facts use "law" in the sense of a statement of the order of facts, this is a that general law or statement of the order of facts, called the simply a question of evidence." In science, we think Up to the present time, so far as I know, that evidence has id: 16729 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews date: words: 108943.0 sentences: 3985.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/16729.txt txt: ./txt/16729.txt summary: Educational Value of the Natural History Sciences," contains a view of seekers after natural knowledge, of the kinds called physical and Now the value of a knowledge of physical science as a means of getting school-life, and to learn, for the first time, that a world of facts nature, or to lay his mind alongside of a physical fact, and try to whole school existence to physical science: in fact, no one would lament ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. Now, so far as we know, there is no natural limit to the existence of time, and, if the like had been done with every animal, the sciences of pre-existing form by the operation of natural causes. series of species has come into existence by the operation of natural explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin id: 1315 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Autobiography and Selected Essays date: words: 55167.0 sentences: 2218.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/1315.txt txt: ./txt/1315.txt summary: interest for a man like Huxley who looked upon the history of the world these essays lies in the fact that Huxley calls upon men to give clear From the point of view of subject-matter, structure, and style, Huxley''s at the basis of all life, the habits of sea animals, are all subjects infinitely great, the seekers after natural knowledge of the kinds ancient sea reveals the remains of higher animals which have lived and chalk represents an ancient sea-bottom acquires as great force as the of the time before the chalk and those of the present day appear We know that, among the sea-anemones and coral-forming animals, coral reefs are being formed, or if the level of the sea relatively The remains of reefs formed by coral polypes kind among the coral reef rocks of the present seas; and it often of England in Huxley''s time against the truths of science. id: 2627 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Method of Zadig Essay #1 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: words: 5794.0 sentences: 201.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/2627.txt txt: ./txt/2627.txt summary: fined Zadig four hundred ounces of gold for saying he had seen Zadig admitted that he had never either seen or heard of the horse of The tracks were exactly like those which dogs and horses leave; In fact, Zadig''s method was nothing we admit the validity of Zadig''s great principle, that like effects imply like causes, and that the process of reasoning from a shell, or a tooth, or a bone, to the nature of the animal to which it belonged, the animal which fabricated the Belemnite was more like _Nautilus,_ or confidently about the animal of the Belemnite, as Zadig was respecting retrospective prophecy of those who interpreted the facts of the case by But it may be said that the method of Zadig, which is simple reasoning made them had a tail like that of a horse, Cuvier, seeing that the teeth id: 2628 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Rise and Progress of Palaeontology Essay #2 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: words: 5266.0 sentences: 146.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/2628.txt txt: ./txt/2628.txt summary: adequate investigation of the fossil remains of any large group of the animal kingdom the number of fossil forms already known is as great which our present knowledge of the facts of palaeontology and of those shells of existing marine or freshwater animals, they must have been Steno to the fossil bones of vertebrated animals, whether aquatic predict that the fossil belonged to an animal of the same group. When it was admitted that fossils are remains of animals freshwater, animals and plants, they are evidences of the existence of remains of fishes and of plants of which no species now exist in our the earth; that fossil remains indicate different climatal conditions The succession of the species of animals and plants in time being propositions: the first is, that fossils are the remains of animals and present time as the epoch in which the law of succession of the forms of id: 2935 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Study of Zoology date: words: 8105.0 sentences: 264.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/2935.txt txt: ./txt/2935.txt summary: sciences which embody the knowledge man has acquired upon these subjects according to the kind of animals he studies, or the particular phenomena three great but subordinate sciences, morphology, physiology, and Zoological morphology is the doctrine of animal form or structure. Zoological distribution is the study of animals in relation to the lobster is composed of as many rings as there are pairs of appendages, of a common type,--in fact and in nature they are so,--the leg and the other animals, though they may differ a good deal from the lobster, are structure of each animal, that, in the present state of our knowledge, same plan amidst the twenty different segments of a lobster''s body. examine into the manner in which the attentive study of the lobster time, and, if the like had been done with every animal, the sciences The lobster has served as a type of the whole animal divisions of the animal kingdom. id: 2634 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Evolution of Theology: an Anthropological Study Essay #8 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: words: 22409.0 sentences: 877.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/2634.txt txt: ./txt/2634.txt summary: one deny that the old Israelites conceived Jahveh not only in the image must be assumed to have worshipped Jacob''s God, Jahveh, had carried off, as "strange gods" even as late as the eighth century B.C. The writer of the books of Samuel takes it quite as a matter of course prohibition to worship any supreme god other than Jahveh, which precedes spiritual existences known as Elohim, of whom Jahveh, the national God of Israel, is one; that, consistently with this view, Jahveh was as Saul dealt with the priests of the sanctuary of Jahveh at Nob. Nevertheless, Finow showed his practical belief in the gods during the books of Samuel without discovering that the old Israelites had a moral Israelites of the time of Samuel and Saul, is (to say the least) by no Therefore Saul said unto Jahveh, the Elohim of Israel, Shew the God I have substituted Jahveh and Elohim.] id: 2629 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lectures on Evolution Essay #3 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: words: 20730.0 sentences: 697.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/2629.txt txt: ./txt/2629.txt summary: came into existence at no great distance of time from the present; of existing animals and plants are taken by other forms, as numerous and present condition of things has existed for a comparatively short indications of the existence of terrestrial animals, other than birds, aquatic animals existed at a period as far antecedent to the deposition know of not the slightest evidence of the existence of birds before the period as four thousand years, no form of the hypothesis of evolution animals which are so closely allied to existing forms that, at one time, these remains, and present the appearance of beds of rock formed under of organic remains in a deposit, that animals or plants did not exist tertiary rocks; but, so far as our present knowledge goes, the birds of all existing birds, and so far resembles reptiles, in one important teeth, the _Hesperornis_ differs from every existing bird, and from id: 2633 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Hasisadra''s Adventure Essay #7 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: words: 11903.0 sentences: 398.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/2633.txt txt: ./txt/2633.txt summary: coming of a great flood; and it warned Hasisadra to lose no time in for believing that the story of Hasisadra''s flood was well known in conditions and the climate of the Euphrates valley, at that time, must evidence that it did happen--is to be accepted, surely Hasisadra''s story year of Noah''s age in which the flood began, the Pentateuchal story adds present site of the Dead Sea. From this time forth, the level of great Jordan-Arabah mere reached its highest level coincides with the In fact, the antiquity of the present Jordan-Arabah valley, as a hollow recent change of the sea level to the extent of 250 or 300 feet, the time at which the valley was occupied by the great mere. waters of the Dead Sea would become diluted; its level would rise; it that time onward, it has ever been covered by sea water. id: 2632 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Lights of the Church and the Light of Science Essay #6 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: words: 9507.0 sentences: 328.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/2632.txt txt: ./txt/2632.txt summary: histories of the time tell us what the King said, and what Bishop Juxon after generation, down to modern times, as stories of unquestionable narratives of apparently real events have no more value as history than "Adam, according to the Hebrew original, was for 243 years contemporary history of Abraham, and even of the Deluge, at third hand; and that of length, with the narrative of the Noachian Deluge given in Genesis. permit myself to hope that a long criticism of the story from the point Pentateuchal writer about the fact of the Deluge, would leave the ascertained physical facts, the story of the Noachian Deluge has no more one conclusion--that the story of the Flood in Genesis is merely a place; further, that, in point of fact, the story, in the plain and regarded as one of those pre-Abrahamic narratives, the historical truth [Footnote 1: _Bampton Lectures_ (1859), on "The Historical Evidence of id: 2631 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Mr. Gladstone and Genesis Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: words: 9609.0 sentences: 375.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/2631.txt txt: ./txt/2631.txt summary: reply, I cannot get away from my original conviction that, if Mr. Gladstone''s second proposition can be shown to be not merely inaccurate, but I think it counts for a good deal that Mr. Gladstone appears to have animals, are creeping things in the sense of the pentateuchal writer or Mr. Gladstone speaks of the author of the first chapter of Genesis as that natural science does not "affirm" the statement that birds were "plants, fishes, birds, mammals, and man," which, Mr. Gladstone affirms, And if, in a geological book, Mr. Gladstone finds the quite true statement that plants appeared before in which case mammals (which is what, I suppose, Mr. Gladstone means by far as it deals with matters of fact, may be taken seriously, as meaning speculations of the writer of Genesis; and, as I think that Mr. Gladstone might have been able to put his case with a good deal more id: 2630 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Interpreters of Genesis and the Interpreters of Nature Essay #4 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" date: words: 5881.0 sentences: 217.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/2630.txt txt: ./txt/2630.txt summary: affirmed in our time by natural science, that it may be taken as tends to show that the water, air, and land-populations of the globe I apprehend that when Mr. Gladstone uses the term "water-population" he Invertebrate _air_ and _land_population (Flying Insects and Scorpions). The water-population of vertebrated animals first appears in the Upper natural science says that the order of succession was water, land, and air-population, and not--as Mr. Gladstone, founding himself on Genesis, says--water, air, land-population. Yet natural science "affirms" his "fourfold order" to exactly the same evolution as applied to animals, Mr. Gladstone''s gloss on Genesis in the the succession of animal life which Mr. Gladstone finds in Genesis. the water-population, as a whole, appeared before the air and the which now compose our water, land, and air-populations, have come into If we represent the water, land, and air-populations by _a, b,_ and _c_ id: 2932 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Relations of Man to the Lower Animals date: words: 20365.0 sentences: 649.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/2932.txt txt: ./txt/2932.txt summary: shorter, its upper limbs longer in proportion than those of Man. I find that the vertebral column of a full-grown Gorilla, in the Museum much shorter than the spine in the Man. The question now arises how are the other Apes related to the Gorilla of the higher Apes as the latter fall below Man. Thus, even in the important matter of cranial capacity, Men differ more sense a hand: it is a foot which differs from that of man not in differences between the hand and foot of Man and those of the Gorilla the Gorilla than the latter is separated from that of Man. But, in some of the lower apes, the hand and foot diverge still more difference between the Ape''s brain and that of Man, it is necessary that systematically, the cerebral differences of man and apes are not of the structural differences which separate Man from the Gorilla and the id: 2933 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On Some Fossil Remains of Man date: words: 11805.0 sentences: 504.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/2933.txt txt: ./txt/2933.txt summary: fragmentary Human skulls from the caves of Engis in the valley of the frontal sinuses in the remarkable skull from the Neanderthal as an "But the human bones and cranium from the Neanderthal exceed all the inwards towards the middle line of the roof of the skull, to form the extreme posterior end of the skull, when the glabello-occipital line great length of the skull, the sagittal suture is remarkably short (4 Neanderthal cranium and certain Australian skulls. of the human cranium, than normally formed skulls of men are known to do Other skulls, such as that of a Negro copied in Fig. 28 from Mr. Busk''s ''Crania typica,'' have a very different, greatly elongated form, So that, at last, in the human skull (Fig. 30), the cerebral The case of the Neanderthal skull is very different. human skulls, the Neanderthal cranium is by no means so isolated as it id: 2934 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Advisableness of Improving Natural Knowledge date: words: 5692.0 sentences: 159.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/2934.txt txt: ./txt/2934.txt summary: ON THE ADVISABLENESS OF IMPROVING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE* phrased it, of "improving natural knowledge." The ends they proposed have to explain that the improvement of natural knowledge has furnished rendered possible only by the progress of natural knowledge in the improvement of our natural knowledge and of that fractional obedience, improvement of our knowledge of Nature, and the extent to which that of a combined effort on the part of mankind to improve natural knowledge According to them, the improvement of natural knowledge always has been, Natural knowledge is, in their eyes, no real mother of mankind, bringing that the improvement of natural knowledge, whatever direction it has natural knowledge introduced into men''s minds? I cannot but think that the foundations of all natural knowledge were improvement of natural knowledge. the unquestionable fact, that the improvement of natural knowledge recognise the advisableness of improving natural knowledge, and so to id: 7150 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Science & Education: Essays date: words: 109771.0 sentences: 3730.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/7150.txt txt: ./txt/7150.txt summary: ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES knowledge of the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws Now the value of a knowledge of physical science as a means of getting school-life, and to learn, for the first time, that a world of facts devote his whole school existence to physical science: in fact, no one than a man, devoid of a knowledge of what physical science has done in hear the value of school teaching in physical science disputed, my "forms of knowledge" I mean the great classes of things knowable; of man ought to be a person of good education and general information, if medicine, is that physiology which a man knows of his own knowledge; physical sciences in all schools, so that medical students shall not go id: 10060 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Discourses: Biological & Geological Essays date: words: 96723.0 sentences: 3490.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/10060.txt txt: ./txt/10060.txt summary: And in respect of certain groups of animals, the wellestablished facts of paleontology leave no rational doubt that they arose existence of living _Globigerinoe_ at great depths, which are based upon shells of animals which live in different zones of depth will prove that true cretaceous forms may be discovered in the deep sea, the modern types highly-organized animals do continue to live at a depth of 300 and 400 calcareous element of the deep-sea "chalk" owes its existence, the fact organic formation like chalk; that, as a matter of fact, an area on the time or other, formed part of the organized framework of living living things, whence the two great series of plants and animals have forming in the midst of a sea which swarms with living beings, the great [Footnote 1: There is every reason to believe that living plants, like diameter, when magnified 400 times; but forms of living matter abound, id: 12506 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Critiques and Addresses date: words: 102011.0 sentences: 3823.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/12506.txt txt: ./txt/12506.txt summary: The question of the expediency of any form of State Education is, in state of nature, into the hands of the society, to be so far before men''s minds of an ideal of true, just, and pure living; a place common kind among the coral reef rocks of the present seas; know anything, a part of the then living matter has had the form of knowledge than we possess at present, respecting the relations in time If, as there is great reason to believe, true Birds existed in the long succession of forms between the Miocene and the present species, forms, or rudiments, out of which existing plants and animals have Moreover, if the animal nature of man was the result of evolution, so animal form, upon what they maintain to be a difference in kind considering that the horse has existed in its present form since the id: 6414 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lectures and Essays date: words: 166247.0 sentences: 5642.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/6414.txt txt: ./txt/6414.txt summary: THE METHOD BY WHICH THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONS OF ORGANIC NATURE ARE TO BE DISCOVERED.--THE ORIGINATION OF LIVING BEINGS. to four forms: one a kind of animal or plant that we know nothing about, same thing--that varieties exist in nature within the limits of species, as a matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there DARWIN''S WORK, "ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES," IN RELATION TO THE COMPLETE THEORY OF THE CAUSES OF THE PHENOMENA OF ORGANIC NATURE. that the structural differences between man and the lower animals are of we go back in time the less the buried species are like existing forms; In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin''s great work have made their appearance. of the higher Apes as the latter fall below Man. Thus, even in the important matter of cranial capacity, Men differ more id: 35584 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley date: words: 53982.0 sentences: 2929.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/35584.txt txt: ./txt/35584.txt summary: as the result of the error of confounding natural with moral rights. Fact is on their side, and the elemental forces of Nature are working govern men and things and obey them, are the really great and successful the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of her moral nature of man is greater than the intellectual; for veracity is The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. and as generally denied, as those contained in "Man''s Place in Nature," animal half of Biology--the science of life and living things. existence with the state of nature, or with other societies, it works in Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to the headship of the the animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of the living part if we transfer these judgments to nature outside the world of man at Man''s Place in Nature. id: 34698 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Essays Upon Some Controverted Questions date: words: 173749.0 sentences: 6744.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/34698.txt txt: ./txt/34698.txt summary: the supernatural creation of the present forms of life; modern science conclusion and established fact" that the "fourfold order" given by Mr. Gladstone is not that in which the evidence at our disposal {79} tends to fact." Yet natural science "affirms" his "fourfold order" to exactly the observed facts mean, the present conclusions of the interpreters of nature truth whatever in the doctrine of evolution as applied to animals, Mr. Gladstone''s gloss on Genesis in the following passage is hardly happy:-I am raising no objection to the position of the fourth term in Mr. Gladstone''s "order"--on the facts, as they stand, it is quite open to any I think I know pretty well the answers which the authorities quoted by Mr. Gladstone would give to these questions; but I leave it to them to give days, views of the nature of God and man, of human life and Divine id: 38097 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of T. H. Huxley date: words: 48082.0 sentences: 1981.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/38097.txt txt: ./txt/38097.txt summary: Fact is on their side, and the elemental forces of Nature are working govern men and things and obey them, are the really great and successful of the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of her moral nature of man is greater than the intellectual; for veracity is The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. law, like the laws of physical nature, rests in the long run upon and as generally denied, as those contained in "Man''s Place in Nature," animal half of Biology--the science of life and living things. existence with the state of nature, or with other societies, it works Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to the headship of the the animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of the living part if we transfer these judgments to nature outside the world of man at id: 16614 author: Joly, John title: The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays date: words: 77212.0 sentences: 4603.0 pages: flesch: 67.0 cache: ./cache/16614.txt txt: ./txt/16614.txt summary: as taking place deep in the Earth''s crust, indicate an age of the work effected on the Earth''s surface since the beginning of geological time; the resulting knowledge in no way involving any That the geological age of the Earth is very great appears from ocean are undoubtedly derived from the rocks; increasing age by exposed during past times to denudative effects, no data exist to substances, atoms of helium--the alpha rays--projected with great the number of rays leaving the central particle in unit time we account of the chemical effects of organic acids such as exist in energy contained in a mass raised above the surface of the Earth sustained and increasing activity of organized nature is a fact; fact, matter of general observation that in the case of larger The mountain-forming movement takes place after a certain great is probable that time sufficient for these effects to develop, if id: 10427 author: Kingsley, Charles title: Scientific Essays and Lectures date: words: 49642.0 sentences: 2050.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/10427.txt txt: ./txt/10427.txt summary: natural history, to speak to you as scientific men, on the questions consciously or unconsciously, the law of Nature is, after all selfsacrifice: unconscious in plants and animals, as far as we know; self-sacrifice of God for man; and Nature as well as religion may called Natural History--that is, plants and animals--without finding And if any one would know how to study the natural history of a And if any one would know how to study the natural history of a tell you, that I should like to see the study of physical science an in the eyes of scientific men, who know that no fact is really who dared face Nature like reasonable men, were accused by the of, he may know a great deal about them all, and, like a wise man, True, I know a vast number of facts and laws, thank God; That man is merely a part of Nature, the id: 27015 author: Lankester, E. Ray (Edwin Ray), Sir title: More Science from an Easy Chair date: words: 102236.0 sentences: 5268.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/27015.txt txt: ./txt/27015.txt summary: elephant as known in Europe more than 300 years ago was rarely seen in The elephant--like man standing on his hind legs--has a and lower jaw (left side), the tusk-like upper incisors and the large water and not known to have nurtured any other animal so large in size the case in modern races of men, though in the ancient Neander man''s food-habit is important in all higher animals, but most of all in man. way in most men and animals, more than is the case with regard to any know of many lower animals in which the egg-cells produced by the wall-pictures, and new discoveries of great importance in the form of modern art and of natural history." Museums, as at present existing, surface of the body of animals, like man, is protected by a delicate, extermination of great animals by man is that of the extermination of id: 28274 author: Lubbock, John, Sir title: The Beauties of Nature, and the Wonders of the World We Live In date: words: 68602.0 sentences: 3457.0 pages: flesch: 75.0 cache: ./cache/28274.txt txt: ./txt/28274.txt summary: both mind and body by a spell of Sea air or Mountain beauty. and the tree-cats are spotted, like rays of light seen through leaves. Fig. 4 represents the Medusa or free form of this beautiful species. In the same way let us take a section of the earth''s surface AB (Fig. 17), and suppose that, by the gradual cooling and consequent contraction A lava stream flows down the slope of the mountain like a burning river, stately rivers, meres and lakes, and last, not least, the great ocean or lake, terraces, which were formed at a time when the river ran at a [Illustration: Fig. 29.--Diagram of an Alpine valley, showing a river [Illustration: Fig. 29.--Diagram of an Alpine valley, showing a river Finally, when the river at length reaches the sea, it in many cases valleys, animals and plants are continually changing: but the Sea is id: 37513 author: Morgan, C. Lloyd (Conwy Lloyd) title: Spencer''s Philosophy of Science The Herbert Spencer Lecture Delivered at the Museum 7 November, 1913 date: words: 16252.0 sentences: 974.0 pages: flesch: 67.0 cache: ./cache/37513.txt txt: ./txt/37513.txt summary: But Spencer uses Agency, Power, Cause, Force, in mean by science[30]--I pass on to Spencer''s treatment of the philosophy Spencer the universality of connexion between cause and effect. Spencer); let us restrict our attention to cause and effect in the realm cause and effect'' on which Spencer insists.[33] There is, however, things stand in certain kinds of relatedness to each other changes take relational fields--a fact of which Spencer took too little cognizance, and rich sense of the word--a cause which produces the effect. physico-chemical type--relations which are effective and which require a for science, that cognition always implies certain physiological the cognitive relation always involves relatedness of _many terms_, and effectiveness, within a field of cognitive relatedness, if the facts Herbert Spencer, is the treatment of this type of relatedness on lines Cognitive relatedness among physical things may is implied by the effectiveness of the cognitive relation. id: 35024 author: Multhauf, Robert P. title: Development of Gravity Pendulums in the 19th Century Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Papers 34-44 On Science and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 1966 date: words: 24066.0 sentences: 1529.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/35024.txt txt: ./txt/35024.txt summary: compound pendulum for the absolute determination of gravity. compound pendulum with only one knife edge, and swung it to determine 1669 determined the length of the seconds pendulum at Paris with a Peruvian expedition, he determined the length of the seconds pendulum at D. Cassini determined the length of the seconds pendulum pendulum in front of a seconds clock and determined the time of swing by pendulums to determine relative values of the length of the seconds earth by observing the times of swing of pendulums at the top and bottom After the adoption of the Repsold-Bessel reversible pendulum for gravity [Illustration: Figure 17.--REPSOLD-BESSEL REVERSIBLE PENDULUM apparatus use of convertible pendulums and absolute determinations of gravity, Peirce was encouraged to swing the Coast Survey reversible pendulum at Repsold-Bessel pendulum on the Geneva support and determined the effect copies of Peirce''s paper on Faye''s proposed method of swinging pendulums [92] "Pendulum Apparatus for Gravity Determinations," _Engineering_ id: 32482 author: Multhauf, Robert P. title: The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments date: words: 8173.0 sentences: 509.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/32482.txt txt: ./txt/32482.txt summary: _The Introduction of_ SELF-REGISTERING METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS _The development of self-registering meteorological instruments self-registering instrument became a factor in meteorology._ instruments, the thermometer and barometer, were in no way inspired by the first use of the thermometer and barometer in meteorology. Hooke would have adapted to the weather clock his wheel-barometer, have a description of Wren''s self-registering thermometer, a circular, refer to other instruments which the weather clock is supposed to have self-registering meteorological instrument; it was standard equipment in meteorology had not involved self-recording instruments, and neither did barometer, and wind velocity indicator--that made available instruments self-registering instruments to major observatories but their complete instrument-maker Jules Richard of a self-registering barometer and a self-registering thermometer and barometer.[34] instruments upon which the self-registering systems of the late 19th [10] Wren''s clock and its wind vane and anemometer, thermometer, E. Gerland, "Historical Sketch of Instrumental Meteorology," in "Report id: 40782 author: Museum of History and Technology (U.S.) title: Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology date: words: 144597.0 sentences: 9126.0 pages: flesch: 67.0 cache: ./cache/40782.txt txt: ./txt/40782.txt summary: American engineers and mechanics were working diligently to develop [Illustration: FIGURE 8.--DRAWING OF 1885 BENZ engine, showing [Illustration: FIGURE 20.--PISTON AND CONNECTING ROD of second engine. [Illustration: Figure 1.--THE DIAL PLATE of the Borghesi clock, showing [Illustration: Figure 8.--THE BORGHESI CLOCK in the Museum of History Borghesi was working on yet another astronomical clock, this time [Illustration: Figure 20.--TWO VIEWS OF BOLLMAN-BUILT "water-pipe truss" [Illustration: Figure 3.--SCALE MODEL of _Steam Battery_, showing double [Illustration: Figure 11.--HOOSAC TUNNEL survey crew at engineering [Illustration: Figure 12.--WORKS AT THE CENTRAL SHAFT, HOOSAC TUNNEL, [Illustration: Figure 6.--THE RESULT of early pendulum experiments was pendulum in front of a seconds clock and determined the time of swing by [Illustration: Figure 12.--THE KATER CONVERTIBLE PENDULUM in use is [Illustration: Figure 17.--REPSOLD-BESSEL REVERSIBLE PENDULUM apparatus [Illustration: Figure 19.--THREE PENDULUMS USED IN EARLY WORK at the [Illustration: Figure 20.--SUPPORT FOR THE PEIRCE PENDULUM, 1889. [92] "Pendulum Apparatus for Gravity Determinations," _Engineering_ id: 30112 author: Newville, Leslie J. title: Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell''s Volta Laboratory Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, United States National Museum Bulletin 218, Paper 5, (pages 69-79) date: words: 4300.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/30112.txt txt: ./txt/30112.txt summary: practical phonograph records, and succeeded (in association with Charles took Edison''s tinfoil machine and made it reproduce sound from wax and continued until granted basic patents in 1886 for recording in wax. a 3/16-inch strip of wax-covered paper, is one of the machines described The Bell and Tainter records, preserved at the Smithsonian, are both of reproducer that would work with the soft wax records without use of the dictating machine in business, for their wax recording and Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording. as a recording material in his English patent); the Bell and Tainter The strength of Bell and Tainter patent is indicated by the following nothing but the Bell and Tainter record set forth in their patent was an infringement of the Bell and Tainter patent 341214, and took out a license under the Bell and Tainter patent and made his records under id: 1331 author: Oliver, Charles A. (Charles Alexander) title: ABC's of Science date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 26139 author: Ontario. Department of Education title: Ontario Teachers'' Manuals: Nature Study date: words: 76983.0 sentences: 5892.0 pages: flesch: 82.0 cache: ./cache/26139.txt txt: ./txt/26139.txt summary: weeds, identification of garden plants, observation lessons based on Class lessons based on a flowering garden plant, as pansy, aster, garden seeds; observations on the habits of climbing plants, and introductory exercises in soil study as a preparation for seed planting. Field lessons on the habitat of common wild flowers; class-room study of Soil-forming agents, as running water, ice, frost, heat, wind, plants, A pupil is asked to pull the plant out of the soil in the flower-pot. The plant is now uprooted from the soil, and the pupils examine the root Collect the seed pods from as many plants of your garden plots, or home If the pupils of this Form have planted and cared for garden plots of The pupils should plant some seeds in sand or moist sawdust in boxes or study of wild flowers as in those schools where no garden plants are id: 48994 author: Osler, William title: The Old Humanities and the New Science date: words: 12322.0 sentences: 597.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/48994.txt txt: ./txt/48994.txt summary: The Classical Association, composed of a large body of university men, and human nature, rather than of Latin and Greek, he at the same time President alternately a classical scholar and a man of wide of science, a great physician who is also famous in the world of getting representatives of Natural Science and of the Humanities to work He is eminent as a man of science, is President of the classical learning--the only place, it seems, where the word "humanism" played in science and natural philosophy in days antedating the Royal classical learning relating to science and medicine she simply had the all the knowledge of the ancient classical world--what man knew of the philosophy of human thought, the sources of the new science that has speaks for the first time the language of modern science, and indeed he war, so great was the work of science in preventing untimely death id: 43791 author: Ostwald, Wilhelm title: Natural Philosophy date: words: 49209.0 sentences: 2318.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/43791.txt txt: ./txt/43791.txt summary: the mere fact that a successful working science exists, with the help of combinations of concepts from different experiences, since our memory _Complex concepts_ can, in the first place, be formed from experience, special case in the general concept proved to be inadmissible because proceed in such a way as to form a corresponding new concept A'' from the _Physical Sciences._ Main concept: energy The most general concept of the physical sciences is that of _energy_, words, all experiences of which we have formed concepts are things, and existing differences in order to form a concept into which these do not both concepts are so general that the experiences obtained in some cases the law of conservation, relates to all forms of energy, but has found relations of change between the forms of energy. a special science, since all the other forms of energy must be the most general concept in the physical sciences, 56; id: 41839 author: Pepper, John Henry title: The Boy''s Playbook of Science Including the Various Manipulations and Arrangements of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus Required for the Successful Performance of Scientific Experiments in Illustration of the Elementary Branches of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy date: words: 168929.0 sentences: 7362.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/41839.txt txt: ./txt/41839.txt summary: glass, wool, oils, water, alcohol, air, steam, and hosts of things, both [Page 7] wire, and the end of the glass tube placed in a tumbler of a long glass cylindrical vessel placed on the air-pump, with suitable placed in the glass containing water, it immediately sinks to the metallic fluid the iron or glass ball floats like a cork on water. [Page 56] ordinary coal gas) is obtained by suspending a light paper the [Page 85] charcoal burns away and forms carbonic acid gas, a little lime-water may be placed in a glass, and the gas from the bottle allowed flask of boiling water on a pad; the heated gas rises and the cold air F, are four pieces of looking-glass, so placed that rays of light light through the air, and into the medium water; in this case it passes little coloured water; on the application of heat the air expands and id: 47748 author: Philp, Robert Kemp title: The Reason Why A Careful Collection of Many Hundreds of Reasons for Things Which, Though Generally Believed, Are Imperfectly Understood date: words: 136685.0 sentences: 11078.0 pages: flesch: 81.0 cache: ./cache/47748.txt txt: ./txt/47748.txt summary: Heat, are light or dark-coloured bodies the best reflectors, 211 Heat is a principle in nature which, like light and electricity, is _oxygen_ of the air, and burns, imparting greater heat to the _carbon_ When we feel hot, our bodies are _absorbing heat_ from external causes. Air is a _bad conductor_, and it chiefly transmits heat, as water does, the air _has formed a screen over the surface of the earth_, which the heat of the earth escapes, while the vapours of the air are Because the rays of light that pass through the _water_ are _reflected _earth''s heat_, evaporating the waters, and the cold air of night those two great divisions of nature, Air and Water, and to reflect From the air, the earth, and water. [Verse: "It was planted in a good soil by great waters, that it [Verse: "He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, id: 36547 author: Phin, John title: The Seven Follies of Science [2nd ed.] A popular account of the most famous scientific impossibilities and the attempts which have been made to solve them. To which is added a small budget of interesting paradoxes, illusions, and marvels date: words: 47600.0 sentences: 1819.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/36547.txt txt: ./txt/36547.txt summary: unfortunate fact that the circle-squarer and the perpetual-motion-seeker machines and contrivances for obtaining perpetual motion, and of explained as the drawing of a square inside a circle and at other times quadrature, by which a square, equal in area to a given circle, is times the ratio accepted by mechanics in general was determined by given by the following method: Divide the diameter into 7 equal parts by circumference: Inscribe in the given circle a square, and to three times cut out of sheet metal a circle 10 inches in diameter, and a square of This problem is not so generally known as that of squaring the circle, "a wheel supposed to be capable of producing a perpetual motion; the "''Father, I have invented a perpetual motion!'' said a little fellow perpetual motion machine one of the scientific impossibilities? then asked if the philosophic work cost much or required long time, id: 39713 author: Poincaré, Henri title: The Foundations of Science: Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, Science and Method date: words: 199477.0 sentences: 9712.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/39713.txt txt: ./txt/39713.txt summary: Why, then, does science actually need general theories, despite the fact confirm by definite experience the objective validity of the principles mean of that space which is the object of geometry and which I shall Finally, I shall suppose that a body transported from one point to Like Newton''s laws, and, for an analogous reason, the principle of the Experiment gives us only a certain number of isolated points. shall only have to let the law of great numbers act. effect of great numbers, the mean phenomena, alone observable, obey the if, placing myself at the objective point of view, I observe a certain space we can in fact define in magnitude and direction a certain force relative position of this object with regard to our body has changed. know the points of space, or more generally the final situation of our Knowing force, it is easy to define mass; this time the definition id: 54557 author: Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title: Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjects date: words: 111375.0 sentences: 4163.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/54557.txt txt: ./txt/54557.txt summary: sun-spots are carefully considered, no theory yet advanced respecting total solar eclipses in those years, presented an appearance entirely shown that so far as the special sun-spot period from the minimum of light seen round the sun during total eclipse, by certain statements days in which the sun was observed in these two years. numerous, for some time past, in years when sun-spots have been most from diminished sun-spots at that time, thus obtaining fresh evidence case the entire mass of matter between Mercury and the sun must be observed difference between their mean time and that before obtained, The sun and moon are the most effective time-indicators for would remain for a long time a steady member of the sun''s comet family. time the strokes of the Oxford and Cambridge crews during the years any case the observed change in the relative electrical conditions of id: 41695 author: Raymond, Percy E. (Percy Edward) title: The Appendages, Anatomy, and Relationships of Trilobites date: words: 89510.0 sentences: 6597.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/41695.txt txt: ./txt/41695.txt summary: forty-six specimens showing best the appendages of _Triarthrus_, points of attachment of the posterior pair of cephalic appendages endopodites and exopodites of the appendages of the cephalon, thorax, One specimen figured by Doctor Walcott shows the distal ends of some The specimens are all endopodites of long slender form, similar to that segment would probably have less fully developed appendages than oar-like appendages of an animal of the shape of a trilobite. form of the endopodite of a trilobite and consisting of seven segments Each segment of the thorax has a pair of appendages, and those on The thoracic appendages are very trilobite-like, since 1. If trilobites have one appendage-bearing segment in front of the In all trilobites the endopodite consists of six segments, and the trilobite with rich segmentation, and a body-form like that of a exopodites and endopodites of the first few segments of this specimen id: 1025 author: Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von title: Essays; Political, Economical, and Philosophical — Volume 1 date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 38456 author: Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title: Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume I (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date: words: 142170.0 sentences: 5650.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/38456.txt txt: ./txt/38456.txt summary: it reaches the coast of North America near Cape Fear, to the south-west of Papua and Pellew islands, and the Caroline Archipelago of the South Sea. The most important geological fact to be remarked with reference to the With light breezes, we came, on the following day, in sight of the island on the northern the name of New Amsterdam, and on the southern that of St. Paul;[57] yet the two islands still continue to present points of great island seemed of great importance, not merely to the scientific world, but ships sent boats to the island, five months of the year having elapsed in captain, with one of the ship''s small boats, made for the Island of St. Paul, 42 miles distant, in the hope, probably, of getting assistance the scientific activity of the Austrian Expedition at the Island of St. Paul in the Indian Ocean, at a period when those engaged in it will long id: 38478 author: Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title: Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume III (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date: words: 154985.0 sentences: 7159.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/38478.txt txt: ./txt/38478.txt summary: The entire number of Germans in New South Wales is estimated (in 1858) at returned to her former anchorage near Garden Island, and the following day [25] The colony of New South Wales consisted at that period of the entire New Zealand consists of two large islands separated from each other by Islands, 4000 miles to the N.E. of New Zealand.[30] These canoes had in New Zealand seemed to attach but little importance to the whole Maori The entire commerce of New Zealand, both import and export, is at present In 1814, twenty-five years after the mutiny, Sir Thomas Staines in H.M.S. _Briton_ visited the island, at which time the little colony consisted of Ash Island (New South Wales), iii. Drury, district of in New Zealand, visit to, iii. Hawaiki, Island of, supposed cradle of the New Zealand race, iii. Mass meeting of natives of New Zealand, iii. id: 38462 author: Scherzer, Karl, Ritter von title: Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, Volume II (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government in the Years 1857, 1858, & 1859, Under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-In-Chief of the Austrian Navy. date: words: 174280.0 sentences: 6298.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/38462.txt txt: ./txt/38462.txt summary: Great and Little Nicobar, but kept to the small island of Sombrero, of the remained a short time on the island, not one of the natives could give us only spot of the entire Nicobar group where the natives follow industrial In the course of the day we received numbers of natives on board; among Little Nicobar has a good harbour on the north side, formed by the island large well-wooded islands lying further to the south of Great and Little At present the chief product of the islands is the cocoa-nut palm, which the period when English merchant vessels began to visit these islands Europeans, Malays, Chinese, Klings (as the natives of the Coromandel coast island, who presented this fine specimen of native art to the Museum. all the Chinese resident in Hong-kong to quit the island and return to distinguish the high land, either on the Chinese coast or on that island, id: 27747 author: Somerville, Mary title: Personal Recollections, from Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville date: words: 89567.0 sentences: 4597.0 pages: flesch: 74.0 cache: ./cache/27747.txt txt: ./txt/27747.txt summary: times, noted down by my mother during the last years of her life, mother went to live for a short time at Inveresk, and thence returned to My father at last said to my mother,--"This kind of life will never do, young people went at this time to the minister to receive a stamped time in my life, I met in my uncle, Dr. Somerville, with a friend who to wish our friends a "Happy New Year." At Christmas time a set of men, Not long after Mrs. Ramsay''s visit to my mother, Miss Ramsay went to Black Sea for more than twenty years, came to London about this time, went nowhere else till we became acquainted with the family of Mr. Thomson Bonar, a rich Russian merchant, who lived in great luxury at a Somerville and I, with a large party of her relations and friends, went id: 20417 author: Thomson, J. Arthur (John Arthur) title: The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told date: words: 108981.0 sentences: 6388.0 pages: flesch: 72.0 cache: ./cache/20417.txt txt: ./txt/20417.txt summary: THE FIRST PLANTS--THE FIRST ANIMALS--BEGINNINGS OF BODIES--EVOLUTION OF It is highly probable that for long ages the waters covered the earth, It was possibly in some such way that animals and plants with a body In animals like sea-anemones and jellyfishes the general symmetry of the these strange animals have probably lived in dense forests from time making life possible for higher forms like carnivorous turtles and about that remains of the plants and animals living at the time were animals living at the time when the beds were formed, then it would be Man stands apart from animals in his power of building up general ideas In adaptation to the great pressure the bodies of deep-sea animals are Many animals living on sandy places have a light-brown colour, as is It is not likely that man''s body will admit of _great_ change, but there [Illustration: ELECTRONS STREAMING FROM THE SUN TO THE EARTH id: 24527 author: Tyndall, John title: Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses, and Reviews. V. 1-2 date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 32492 author: Unknown title: Endless Amusement A Collection of Nearly 400 Entertaining Experiments in Various Branches of Science; Including Acoustics, Electricity, Magnetism, Arithmetic, Hydraulics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Hydrostatics, Optics; Wonders of the Air-Pump; All the Popular Tricks and Changes of the Cards, &c., &c. to Which is Added, a Complete System of Pyrotechny; Or, the Art of Making Fire-works. date: words: 78643.0 sentences: 4151.0 pages: flesch: 80.0 cache: ./cache/32492.txt txt: ./txt/32492.txt summary: fill the glass, and, laying a piece of paper or thin card over the drawing away the paper, you leave the water in the glass, with its water, dry it at a moderate heat, placing it on paper capable of on the inside of this box, place a piece of looking-glass that shall fixed at the bottom of the box, place a magnetic bar, two inches long, Procure some small glass bubbles, having a neck about an inch long, _To tell the Number of Points on Three Cards, placed under Three their faces upwards; place the second person''s cards over the first, Let the person who has drawn the two cards deduct the number of each card, three-quarters of an inch long, may appear like a common-sized After the like manner let five persons draw the same card. There is another method of placing the small case, which is by letting id: 28758 author: Various title: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Vol 1 - 1666 Giving some Accompt of the present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many considerable parts of the World date: words: 154760.0 sentences: 9907.0 pages: flesch: 79.0 cache: ./cache/28758.txt txt: ./txt/28758.txt summary: The _Second_, concerns the _Circle of Saturn_, in which he hath observed what these Forefathers had thrown away, and had lain long in the open Air. The use above mentioned being considerable, the person, who sent it, hath Observations touching the insipidness of resolved Ice made of Sea-water; different times, that he observed it, _the same Appearances_, which he by the Sun. But yet, I know no man, who hath observed such things in the A great Observer, who hath lived long in _New England_, did upon occasion, help whereof, he hath been able to observe, not onely that _Jupiter_ turns distance of the _Sun_ and _Moon_ from the Earth, by the _Paralax_, observed Having a great desire (saith he) to observe the Body of _Mars_, whilst observed the Body of _Jupiter_ through a 60 foot-glass, and found the the Earth and Moon compared;) and there having not as yet been observed any id: 5694 author: Various title: The Harvard Classics Volume 38 Scientific Papers (Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology) date: words: 161465.0 sentences: 6257.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/5694.txt txt: ./txt/5694.txt summary: the great artery, appear springing from the heart. OF THE QUANTITY OF BLOOD PASSING THROUGH THE HEART FROM THE VEINS quantity of blood which the left ventricle of the heart will heart, for it is the only organ in the body which contains blood the human subject so like the cow-pox that, in many cases, it the great number of cases occurring in his practice, "The cause Fermentation soon takes place in them, and the carbonic acid gas first case, and 1 of yeast to 89 of fermented sugar in the the day when fermentation first appears in the production of a yeast sufficient to cause the first appearance of fermentation Fermentation by means of yeast appears, therefore, to be whilst in the other case the ferment consists of cells of yeast. and constitute their ferment, live without air or free oxygen; pure sugar, caused to ferment by means of yeast, contains none of id: 42128 author: Various title: The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Vol. XLIX April-October 1850 date: words: 83497.0 sentences: 3927.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/42128.txt txt: ./txt/42128.txt summary: 3. General Observations; all Fresh-water Fishes of distribution of animals and plants in former geological periods. animals and plants derived from these different regions present fresh-water species is small, compared with that of marine types; and animals, and the fact that these analogous species are different, arctic seas do not materially differ on the shores of Europe, Asia, of salt-water lakes or seas which extends east of the Mediterranean, The fresh-water animals are placed in somewhat different great Canadian lakes made their appearance first in those waters, or III.--_General Observations; all Fresh-water Fishes of North America The fresh-water fishes of North America, which form a part of its United States, to form a natural division in the great fauna of the all other fresh-water animals of the region of the great lakes, must different, this period has presented only marine vegetables; such more species living in the present period, to whatever family they may id: 18217 author: Various title: Chambers''s Elementary Science Readers Book I date: words: 20337.0 sentences: 3064.0 pages: flesch: 107.0 cache: ./cache/18217.txt txt: ./txt/18217.txt summary: ''Here, pussy, would you like some milk?'' said Harry, and getting up, he Harry thought a little, and then said: ''If I were as small as pussy 3. ''How these buttercups shine!'' said Dora; ''they look like gold!'' 9. Dora and Harry went out every morning to look at the field. Dora said one day that they looked like grass, and her mother told ''Now,'' said mother, ''let us give father a treat when he comes home! 1. Harry and Dora were coming home with their mother from a long walk, ''Mother,'' said Harry, ''let us go and plant all this ivy. 5. ''I like that sound of tearing off the grass, don''t you?'' said Dora. 7. Every day after this, Dora and Harry came to look at the plants. 3. ''The sunflower is like a little sun,'' said Dora. 1. ''Here comes the coal,'' said Harry, looking out of the window. id: 32282 author: Vogel, Robert M. title: Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889 date: words: 13791.0 sentences: 767.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/32282.txt txt: ./txt/32282.txt summary: ELEVATOR SYSTEMS of the EIFFEL TOWER, 1889 The design of the Tower''s elevators involved problems [Illustration: Figure 1.--The Eiffel Tower at the time of the Universal [Illustration: Figure 4.--The proposed 1,000-foot iron tower designed by [Illustration: Figure 8.--In the typical steam elevator machine two The rope-geared system of hydraulic elevator operation was so basically At the time the Eiffel Tower elevators were under consideration, water [Illustration: Figure 15.--Rope-geared hydraulic freight elevator using a [Illustration: Figure 16.--English direct plunger hydraulic elevator Adaptation of the motor to the direct drive of an elevator machine was horizontal cylinder rope-geared hydraulic elevator, in which the two sets elevator field was to drive belt-type mechanical machines and the pumps of [Illustration: Figure 24.--General arrangement of Otis elevator system in [Illustration: Figure 29.--Section through cabin of the Otis elevator. [Illustration: Figure 39.--Passengers changing cars on Edoux elevator at to use electricity for his system, the remaining Otis elevator was id: 34067 author: Walsh, James J. (James Joseph) title: Catholic Churchmen in Science [First Series] Sketches of the Lives of Catholic Ecclesiastics Who Were Among the Great Founders in Science date: words: 51722.0 sentences: 1929.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/34067.txt txt: ./txt/34067.txt summary: in science than those of any man of his time, and whose idea of the wrote his historical scientific study [Footnote 2] of the great The greatness of Copernicus''s life-work can best be realized from the which he lived and did his work, we are sure that a great original in the Roman University at the time, says that "Father Kircher''s book these modern times to consider that scientific progress in the interest in many sciences and by various scientific works that showed ideas into the science as the first great observer. science generally in his time, Steno''s discussions of the reason for Stensen worked out the remaining years of his life. the development of modern science possible, came in earlier centuries, great {172} scientific geniuses of all time--one of the men who Like many another advance in science, Haüy''s first great original step has been well said--for science a new century begins every second. id: 36343 author: Warder, Geo. W. (George Woodward) title: The Universe a Vast Electric Organism date: words: 82790.0 sentences: 3611.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/36343.txt txt: ./txt/36343.txt summary: Electricity must be light, heat, life and creative force, like an electric clothing of light and life, leaped into power, force of his electric organism, so simple and universal are the laws of Thus by electrical forces nature builds all human and animal life-forms electric center of life-force, or magnetic core, which, under the law of force as the electric life-giving currents that come from the sun electric belt which surrounds the earth, sun and planets is light, heat atmosphere of suns and planets where the life-giving electric currents currents of electric power and magnetic force, weaving forms and It is a universal law of nature that wherever great electric power is the sun furnishes the electric power and the earth heats itself. substance and electric power of suns and planets to our own world leads formed in the electric currents of life and power, which are the first id: 15807 author: Warren, Henry White title: Among the Forces date: words: 36375.0 sentences: 2269.0 pages: flesch: 82.0 cache: ./cache/15807.txt txt: ./txt/15807.txt summary: I have seen in many lands men bringing to their houses water water in great piles and mountains of clouds; it lifted them over the sweet water a thousand miles from the sea, so gently that not a stalk held the stones down to the earth, made the rain fall, and water to run So the man made a trough a great many miles long, the two sides coming the lumber and water ever so swiftly, night and day, miles away to the pipe, like a fairy railroad, and gravitation carries the salt water put on great flatboats, 36 x 176 feet, a thousand tons to a boat, and water becomes steam, if at all, only by great heat. Gravitation is a great power, but the thousand tons of this tree''s vast Every energy of earth, air, water, and the far-off sun work oceans of air and energy, forces so great that man cannot measure them, id: 29838 author: Washburne, Carleton title: Common Science date: words: 100766.0 sentences: 7561.0 pages: flesch: 87.0 cache: ./cache/29838.txt txt: ./txt/29838.txt summary: glass tube higher if the water starts to flow out of it. the hole is too small to let the air squeeze up past the water, and a little water gets out and leaves an empty space behind, the air The air holds the water up in the tube because there is no room for Some days the air can force water up farther in a tube than it can close the upper end, pull the hose out and let the water pour the water or air being pulled under the object by gravity, that pushes reflects from tiny droplets of water in the air, making them visible. end of a piece of insulated wire to the water faucet and touch electric light on or off while standing in a tub of water. you use, and this hydrogen joins the oxygen in the air to make water id: 27238 author: Welsh, Peter C. title: Woodworking Tools 1600-1900 date: words: 13259.0 sentences: 956.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/27238.txt txt: ./txt/27238.txt summary: [Illustration: Figure 1.--1685: THE PRINCIPAL TOOLS that the carpenter Sloane''s handsomely illustrated _A Museum of Early American Tools_, [Illustration: Figure 5.--1769: THE BENCH PLANES OF THE JOINER increased tools most useful to the carpenter, the axe (7), adz (6), saw (24), [Illustration: Figure 18.--18TH CENTURY: Carpenter''s dividers of English [Illustration: Figure 23.--1809: THIS BENCH PLANE of German origin is [Illustration: Figure 27.--1830-1840: DETAIL OF the rabbet plane (fig. familiar form of the bench planes, as well as other tools. [Illustration: Figure 31.--1703: DETAIL OF THE BENCH PLANES from Moxon''s [Illustration: Figure 33.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY: The bench plane illustrated in Roubo or Moxon is seldom seen in American tool [Illustration: Figure 46.--18TH CENTURY: THE BRACE AND BIT in its [Illustration: Figure 49.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY: THE DESIGNATION [Illustration: Figure 58.--1827: THE BENCH PLANES exhibited at with handle similar to a plane, forming together a tool combining the [Illustration: Figure 66.--1900: FEW TOOLS SUGGEST MORE CLEARLY the id: 28160 author: White, John H. title: The ''Pioneer'': Light Passenger Locomotive of 1851 United States Bulletin 240, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, paper 42, 1964 date: words: 10072.0 sentences: 638.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/28160.txt txt: ./txt/28160.txt summary: THE "PIONEER": LIGHT PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE OF 1851 These two locomotives became the Cumberland Valley Railroad''s _Pioneer_ [Illustration: Figure 4.--MAP OF THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY Railroad as it least one other New England engine builder, the Taunton Locomotive [Illustration: Figure 6.--THE "UTILITY" AS REBUILT TO AN 8-WHEEL ENGINE, recent years, the Pennsylvania Railroad has stated the _Pioneer_ cost [Illustration: Figure 9.--ANNUAL PASS of the Cumberland Valley Railroad [Illustration: Figure 10.--TIMETABLE OF THE Cumberland Valley Railroad report of 1853 describes the _Pioneer_ as a six-wheel tank engine. [Illustration: Figure 18.--"PIONEER" LOCOMOTIVE, (1) Safety valve, (2) time the engine was built, it was usual to house these valves in an [Illustration: Figure 22.--"JENNY LIND," SISTER ENGINE of the _Pioneer_, [Illustration: Figure 27.--"PIONEER" LOCOMOTIVE. [Illustration: Figure 27.--"PIONEER" LOCOMOTIVE. Report_ of the Cumberland Valley Railroad of the style of valve gear used by each engine, states that the _Pioneer_ was equipped with a id: 30495 author: Williams, Edward Huntington title: A History of Science — Volume 5 date: words: 74590.0 sentences: 4014.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/30495.txt txt: ./txt/30495.txt summary: CHAPTER III--THE ROYAL INSTITUTION AND LOW-TEMPERATURE RESEARCHES radio-activity upon heat-giving life of the sun and the earth, p. origin of such institutions as the British Museum, the Royal Society, can best gain a present-day idea of this famous institution by attending little more than a century ago, the Royal Institution of Great Britain work, namely, of Professor James Dewar on the properties of matter at work has made the Royal Institution again the centre of low-temperature all the recent low-temperature work would have been mere scientific famous scientific institution and the work that is being accomplished Another important result of Professor Lockyer''s very recent studies has case, make up the work of the laboratory student of general biology. laboratory in which to study zoology that exists in the world to-day, or the German method of working, and in this regard Professor Haeckel is during which time he fully organized the work of the institution along id: 1708 author: Williams, Edward Huntington title: A History of Science — Volume 4 date: words: 81310.0 sentences: 2987.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/1708.txt txt: ./txt/1708.txt summary: more important than his discoveries of chemical properties in general had Watt taken the steps to demonstrate his theory, the great "Water of the air uniting with the hydrogen to form water, leaving the nitrogen Until the time of Scheele the great subject of organic chemistry had hydrogen, for example, combine with one volume of oxygen to form water. regard the plant and animal organisms as chemical laboratories in which experiments it had long been observed that when animal or vegetable the forms of organized bodies of different kinds, by which each may be cell-like character of certain animal tissues had come to be matter of theory takes its place as the great central generalization in physiology form of organism has developed from another; that different species the entire organic world, animal and vegetable, must be in a state of The decade that followed that discovery was a time of great activity in id: 1706 author: Williams, Edward Huntington title: A History of Science — Volume 2 date: words: 81932.0 sentences: 3291.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/1706.txt txt: ./txt/1706.txt summary: scientific field whatever for about a thousand years after the time of times, written from the practical experience of the physician, and not a Like other philosophers in all ages, he had observed a great number of as known at that time, comprised Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, makes the sun the centre of all the planetary motions, the earth being be the all-important body in the universe, and the sun a luminary placed fact that his entire body was in some way influenced by the motion of force generates in a given time, when it puts the body in motion, is different forces, operating at the same time upon a moving body, be the history of most great discoveries for all time. after having given it a new electricity, repels it a second time, which experiment to determine the effects of electricity upon the body. id: 1707 author: Williams, Henry Smith title: A History of Science — Volume 3 date: words: 84688.0 sentences: 3124.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/1707.txt txt: ./txt/1707.txt summary: James Hutton and the study of the rocks--His theory of the earth--His that water exists in the air as an independent gas--Hutton''s theory of nature of heat--Causing water to boil by the friction of the borer--His final determination that heat is a form of motion--Thomas Young and the time, it is obvious that to these observers the sun will appear to be lifted above the surface of the water to form new continents? originally been formed, by the known laws of nature, in their present elevation of the bodies of land above the water on the earth''s surface and from this time on it had been known that heat is taken up when water He did not speak of heat, light, electricity, as forms thing be true of all those other forms of "force"--light, electricity, is that all the known forms of radiant energy-heat, light, id: 1705 author: Williams, Henry Smith title: A History of Science — Volume 1 date: words: 85100.0 sentences: 3640.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/1705.txt txt: ./txt/1705.txt summary: knowledge force us to speak of as the dawn of history, man had reached discovery, the scientific ideas of primitive man may be roughly listed 2. Primitive man must, from a very early period, have observed that the observation of historical man in antiquity makes it somewhat doubtful prove that the Egyptian of that early day had attained a knowledge of new year''s day was accomplished through observation of the time of the fact that the Babylonian new year dates from about the period of the the Greeks borrowed certain measures of time from the Babylonians. The Sun in a Years time, and the Moon in the space originated long before the time of the Greek philosophers. had conceived sun, moon, stars, and earth to be of one substance might habitable earth, as known to the Greeks of that day, was a relatively for the later period of Babylonian history--the time when the Greeks id: 24684 author: Windle, Bertram Coghill Alan, Sir title: Science and Morals and Other Essays date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 33899 author: Wright, Russell Stuart title: Optical Projection. Part 1: The Projection of Lantern Slides date: words: 24587.0 sentences: 1090.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/33899.txt txt: ./txt/33899.txt summary: The most usual sizes of cylinders supplied for lantern exhibitions are jets, using coal gas from the ordinary supply, and oxygen from a cylinder. The electric current provides _the_ light for an optical lantern, though it current can pass than has been provided for, and in the case of an arc lamp optical lantern arc lamp in any case. THE ELECTRIC ARC.--We now come to _the_ light for optical lantern work, the and this ''feeding'' in arc lamps for lantern work is usually done by hand, Take for instance an average hand-fed arc lamp as used for lantern work and as the continuous for lantern work with arc lamps: the light per ampère is an arc lamp, B the condenser, C the slide stage, and D the objective. Such a lantern is hardly suitable for a powerful arc lamp or limelight jet, use in moderate-sized halls, and a lantern of this general type is usually id: 34912 author: Zahm, J. A. (John Augustine) title: Woman in Science With an Introductory Chapter on Woman''s Long Struggle for Things of the Mind date: words: 150146.0 sentences: 8167.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/34912.txt txt: ./txt/34912.txt summary: learned men and women of her time? idea of writing a book on woman''s work in things of the mind. a certain number of women the following words: "Great will be your glory women of ancient Rome, who gave to the world so many and so great men in learned of women"; but her literary work, it is probable, did not extend pharisaical men of the time, who looked askance at all learned women and attention--women who attained eminence in physical and natural science, knowledge of Latin, but were far from being able, like the Italian women women of an opportunity of acquiring knowledge, men work against the quotes of women "illumined of great sciences," and consider the "it is a work which few men are able to read and which only one woman Why men, rather than women, should have achieved this work of was a most dangerous thing for women; that no woman should study science id: 36457 author: Zambra, Joseph title: A Treatise on Meteorological Instruments Explanatory of Their Scientific Principles, Method of Construction, and Practical Utility date: words: 70657.0 sentences: 4582.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/36457.txt txt: ./txt/36457.txt summary: barometers, thermometers, anemometers, and in every class of instruments. mercury in the barometer at the sea-level generally stood above 30 inches; When the mercury in a barometer tube rises or falls, the level of the the instrument, in order to correct the observed height of the barometer. cistern, filled with mercury, the brass tube, with its divided scale and up the frame; on one side of the tube is placed a scale of inches; a small instrument has a large syphon barometer tube, in which the mercurial surface of the mercury in a syphon barometer is read, as in the instrument the instrument, from which the barometer scale of inches is divided. mercurial barometer were corrected for index-error and temperature. into extensive use thermometer and barometer scale-plates made of tube is arrested, _and indicates the exact temperature_ of the bulb or air The _dry_ bulb thermometer indicates the temperature of the air itself; id: 15884 author: nan title: Young Folks'' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky date: words: 101498.0 sentences: 4559.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/15884.txt txt: ./txt/15884.txt summary: Natural History, Wonders of Earth, Sea [Illustration: SEA CLIFFS SHOWING A SERIES OF STRATIFIED ROCKS.] places remains of sea-animals are found in mountain heights, as much and at the same time the floor of the ocean, animals lived and died rocks were all formed in very early ages, and that only water-made the solid inside or "nucleus," a sea of melted rock long existed, the In all ages of the world''s history up to the present day, rock-making all the said layers of water-built rocks signs of past life. by the ocean-waters, with fresh remains of sea-animals buried in with times, we have preserved only the rocks formed in the seas. In the sea animals of this time we find many changes. In this time of the earth''s history we have the first bird-like forms. case of two suns like those forming a double star. id: 25509 author: nan title: The World's Greatest Books — Volume 15 — Science date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: ==== make-pages.sh questions ==== make-pages.sh search ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel