mv: ‘./input-file.zip’ and ‘./input-file.zip’ are the same file Creating study carrel named classification-QD-gutenberg Initializing database Unzipping Archive: input-file.zip creating: ./tmp/input/input-file/ inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/14474.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/14641.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15576.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/20751.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/20848.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/22914.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29757.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/30066.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29734.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/26243.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/26340.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/31624.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/30775.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/22620.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24591.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/14218.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1234.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/4524.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/3708.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/12787.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/33941.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/37682.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/37283.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/34457.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/32974.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/38246.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/51326.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/45395.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/45394.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/46143.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/46998.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/54210.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24706.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24510.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24527.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv caution: excluded filename not matched: *MACOSX* === DIRECTORIES: ./tmp/input === DIRECTORY: ./tmp/input/input-file === metadata file: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv === found metadata file === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named classification-QD-gutenberg FILE: cache/14474.txt OUTPUT: txt/14474.txt FILE: cache/24591.txt OUTPUT: txt/24591.txt FILE: cache/14641.txt OUTPUT: txt/14641.txt FILE: cache/15576.txt OUTPUT: txt/15576.txt FILE: cache/14218.txt OUTPUT: txt/14218.txt FILE: cache/30066.txt OUTPUT: txt/30066.txt FILE: cache/20751.txt OUTPUT: txt/20751.txt FILE: cache/26340.txt OUTPUT: txt/26340.txt FILE: cache/46143.txt OUTPUT: txt/46143.txt FILE: cache/30775.txt OUTPUT: txt/30775.txt FILE: cache/31624.txt OUTPUT: txt/31624.txt FILE: cache/3708.txt OUTPUT: txt/3708.txt FILE: cache/29757.txt OUTPUT: txt/29757.txt FILE: cache/26243.txt OUTPUT: txt/26243.txt FILE: cache/1234.txt OUTPUT: txt/1234.txt FILE: cache/29734.txt OUTPUT: txt/29734.txt FILE: cache/37283.txt OUTPUT: txt/37283.txt FILE: cache/37682.txt OUTPUT: txt/37682.txt FILE: cache/20848.txt OUTPUT: txt/20848.txt FILE: cache/4524.txt OUTPUT: txt/4524.txt FILE: cache/22620.txt OUTPUT: txt/22620.txt FILE: cache/33941.txt OUTPUT: txt/33941.txt FILE: cache/32974.txt OUTPUT: txt/32974.txt FILE: cache/38246.txt OUTPUT: txt/38246.txt FILE: cache/24527.txt OUTPUT: txt/24527.txt FILE: cache/45395.txt OUTPUT: txt/45395.txt FILE: cache/24706.txt OUTPUT: txt/24706.txt FILE: cache/12787.txt OUTPUT: txt/12787.txt FILE: cache/22914.txt OUTPUT: txt/22914.txt FILE: cache/45394.txt OUTPUT: txt/45394.txt FILE: cache/24510.txt OUTPUT: txt/24510.txt FILE: cache/34457.txt OUTPUT: txt/34457.txt FILE: cache/46998.txt OUTPUT: txt/46998.txt FILE: cache/51326.txt OUTPUT: txt/51326.txt FILE: cache/54210.txt OUTPUT: txt/54210.txt 24591 txt/../wrd/24591.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 24591 txt/../ent/24591.ent 24591 txt/../pos/24591.pos 3708 txt/../wrd/3708.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 3708 txt/../ent/3708.ent 3708 txt/../pos/3708.pos 14641 txt/../pos/14641.pos 30066 txt/../pos/30066.pos 14641 txt/../ent/14641.ent 30066 txt/../wrd/30066.wrd 14641 txt/../wrd/14641.wrd 30066 txt/../ent/30066.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 26243 author: Scheele, Carl Wilhelm title: Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/26243.txt cache: ./cache/26243.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'26243.txt' 26340 txt/../pos/26340.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 29757 author: Tidy, Charles Meymott title: The Story of a Tinder-box date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29757.txt cache: ./cache/29757.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'29757.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 24591 author: Black, Joseph title: Experiments upon magnesia alba, Quicklime, and some other Alcaline Substances date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24591.txt cache: ./cache/24591.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'24591.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 20751 txt/../pos/20751.pos 37682 txt/../pos/37682.pos 26340 txt/../ent/26340.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 30066 author: Frary, Francis C. (Francis Cowles) title: Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/30066.txt cache: ./cache/30066.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'30066.txt' 37682 txt/../wrd/37682.wrd 37682 txt/../ent/37682.ent 26340 txt/../wrd/26340.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 14641 author: Helvetius, Johann Friedrich title: The Golden Calf, Which the World Adores, and Desires In Which Is Handled the Most Rare and Incomparable Wonder of Nature, in Transmuting Metals; viz. How the Intire Substance of Lead, Was in One Moment Transmuted in Gold-Obrizon, with an Exceeding Small Particle of the True Philosophick Stone date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/14641.txt cache: ./cache/14641.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'14641.txt' 20751 txt/../wrd/20751.wrd 14474 txt/../wrd/14474.wrd 20751 txt/../ent/20751.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 1234 author: nan title: Organic Syntheses An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1234.txt cache: ./cache/1234.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'1234.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 14474 txt/../pos/14474.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 31624 author: Watson, Glen W. title: A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/31624.txt cache: ./cache/31624.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'31624.txt' 32974 txt/../pos/32974.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 3708 author: Williams, Rufus P. (Rufus Phillips) title: An Introduction to Chemical Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/3708.txt cache: ./cache/3708.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'3708.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 4524 txt/../wrd/4524.wrd 4524 txt/../pos/4524.pos 14218 txt/../pos/14218.pos 46143 txt/../pos/46143.pos 32974 txt/../wrd/32974.wrd 4524 txt/../ent/4524.ent 14218 txt/../wrd/14218.wrd 1234 txt/../pos/1234.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 26340 author: Basilius Valentinus title: Of Natural and Supernatural Things Also of the first Tincture, Root, and Spirit of Metals and Minerals, how the same are Conceived, Generated, Brought forth, Changed, and Augmented. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/26340.txt cache: ./cache/26340.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'26340.txt' 14218 txt/../ent/14218.ent 1234 txt/../wrd/1234.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 14474 txt/../ent/14474.ent 32974 txt/../ent/32974.ent 46143 txt/../wrd/46143.wrd 31624 txt/../pos/31624.pos 29757 txt/../wrd/29757.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 20751 author: Smith, Edgar Fahs title: Priestley in America, 1794-1804 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/20751.txt cache: ./cache/20751.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'20751.txt' 1234 txt/../ent/1234.ent 31624 txt/../wrd/31624.wrd 46143 txt/../ent/46143.ent 29757 txt/../pos/29757.pos 24527 txt/../wrd/24527.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 24527 txt/../pos/24527.pos 29734 txt/../pos/29734.pos 31624 txt/../ent/31624.ent 29734 txt/../wrd/29734.wrd 24527 txt/../ent/24527.ent 37283 txt/../pos/37283.pos 15576 txt/../pos/15576.pos 15576 txt/../wrd/15576.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 14474 author: Faraday, Michael title: The Chemical History of a Candle date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/14474.txt cache: ./cache/14474.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'14474.txt' 29757 txt/../ent/29757.ent 37283 txt/../wrd/37283.wrd 29734 txt/../ent/29734.ent 37283 txt/../ent/37283.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 37283 author: Anonymous title: The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/37283.txt cache: ./cache/37283.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'37283.txt' 38246 txt/../pos/38246.pos 24706 txt/../pos/24706.pos 30775 txt/../pos/30775.pos 30775 txt/../wrd/30775.wrd 38246 txt/../ent/38246.ent 33941 txt/../pos/33941.pos 24706 txt/../wrd/24706.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point === file2bib.sh === id: 37682 author: Priestley, Joseph title: Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/37682.txt cache: ./cache/37682.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'37682.txt' 15576 txt/../ent/15576.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 4524 author: Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von title: Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/4524.txt cache: ./cache/4524.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'4524.txt' 22914 txt/../pos/22914.pos 24510 txt/../pos/24510.pos 26243 txt/../pos/26243.pos 38246 txt/../wrd/38246.wrd 24706 txt/../ent/24706.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 33941 author: Shenstone, W. A. (William Ashwell) title: The Methods of Glass Blowing and of Working Silica in the Oxy-Gas Flame For the use of chemical and physical students date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/33941.txt cache: ./cache/33941.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'33941.txt' 33941 txt/../wrd/33941.wrd 20848 txt/../pos/20848.pos 24510 txt/../wrd/24510.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 30775 txt/../ent/30775.ent 22620 txt/../pos/22620.pos 20848 txt/../wrd/20848.wrd 22914 txt/../ent/22914.ent 26243 txt/../wrd/26243.wrd 24510 txt/../ent/24510.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 32974 author: Getman, Frederick Hutton title: The Elements of Blowpipe Analysis date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/32974.txt cache: ./cache/32974.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'32974.txt' 12787 txt/../pos/12787.pos 26243 txt/../ent/26243.ent 22914 txt/../wrd/22914.wrd 12787 txt/../wrd/12787.wrd 22620 txt/../wrd/22620.wrd 33941 txt/../ent/33941.ent 20848 txt/../ent/20848.ent 12787 txt/../ent/12787.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 22620 author: Cross, C. F. (Charles Frederick) title: Researches on Cellulose, 1895-1900 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/22620.txt cache: ./cache/22620.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'22620.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 14218 author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title: The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/14218.txt cache: ./cache/14218.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'14218.txt' 34457 txt/../pos/34457.pos 22620 txt/../ent/22620.ent 34457 txt/../wrd/34457.wrd 45394 txt/../wrd/45394.wrd 45394 txt/../pos/45394.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 46143 author: Henry, Thomas title: Experiments and Observations on the Following Subjects 1. On the preparation, calcination, and medicinal uses of Magnesia Alba. 2. On the solvent qualities of calcined Magnesia. 3. On the variety in the solvent powers of quick-lime, when used in different quantities. 4. On various absorbents, as promoting or retarding putrefaction. 5. On the comparative antiseptic powers of vegetable infusions prepared with lime, &c. 6. On the sweetening properties of fixed air. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/46143.txt cache: ./cache/46143.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'46143.txt' 45394 txt/../ent/45394.ent 34457 txt/../ent/34457.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 15576 author: Anonymous title: A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe Being A Graduated Course Of Analysis For The Use Of Students And All Those Engaged In The Examination Of Metallic Combinations date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15576.txt cache: ./cache/15576.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'15576.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 24706 author: Smith, Edgar Fahs title: James Cutbush, an American Chemist, 1788-1823 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24706.txt cache: ./cache/24706.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'24706.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 45395 txt/../pos/45395.pos 45395 txt/../wrd/45395.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 29734 author: Priestley, Joseph title: Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29734.txt cache: ./cache/29734.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'29734.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 24510 author: Bancks, Gerard W. title: The Production of Vinegar from Honey date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24510.txt cache: ./cache/24510.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'24510.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' === file2bib.sh === id: 24527 author: Tyndall, John title: Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses, and Reviews. V. 1-2 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24527.txt cache: ./cache/24527.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'24527.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 45395 txt/../ent/45395.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 12787 author: Talbot, Henry Paul title: An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/12787.txt cache: ./cache/12787.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'12787.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 22914 author: Boyle, Robert title: The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/22914.txt cache: ./cache/22914.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'22914.txt' 46998 txt/../pos/46998.pos 54210 txt/../pos/54210.pos 46998 txt/../wrd/46998.wrd 46998 txt/../ent/46998.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 38246 author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title: Heroes of Science: Chemists date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/38246.txt cache: ./cache/38246.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'38246.txt' 54210 txt/../wrd/54210.wrd 51326 txt/../pos/51326.pos 51326 txt/../wrd/51326.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 30775 author: Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent title: Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/30775.txt cache: ./cache/30775.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 10 resourceName b'30775.txt' 51326 txt/../ent/51326.ent 54210 txt/../ent/54210.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 20848 author: Henderson, William Edwards title: An Elementary Study of Chemistry date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/20848.txt cache: ./cache/20848.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 10 resourceName b'20848.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 34457 author: Findlay, Alexander title: The Phase Rule and Its Applications date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/34457.txt cache: ./cache/34457.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'34457.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 45394 author: Paris, John Ayrton title: The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 1 (of 2) date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/45394.txt cache: ./cache/45394.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'45394.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 45395 author: Paris, John Ayrton title: The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 2 (of 2) date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/45395.txt cache: ./cache/45395.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'45395.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 46998 author: Macquer, Pierre Joseph title: Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/46998.txt cache: ./cache/46998.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 28 resourceName b'46998.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 54210 author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/54210.txt cache: ./cache/54210.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 49 resourceName b'54210.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 51326 author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume I date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/51326.txt cache: ./cache/51326.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 64 resourceName b'51326.txt' Done mapping. Reducing classification-QD-gutenberg === reduce.pl bib === id = 20848 author = Henderson, William Edwards title = An Elementary Study of Chemistry date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 121982 sentences = 10269 flesch = 71 summary = prepared from compounds known as acids, all of which contain hydrogen. the oxygen present in the copper oxide to form water, which is absorbed hydrogen and oxygen combine in two different ratios to form water and Similarly, the element iron combines with oxygen to form two oxides, one sulphuric acid two compounds are formed, namely, hydrogen dioxide acid to water in the preparation of oxygen and hydrogen by electrolysis the oxides of most metals, forming a salt and water. DEFINITION: _Any oxide which will combine with water to form an acid, or acid, called sulphides, form an important class of salts. of hydrogen to form acids, which are gases very soluble in water. oxygen and hydrogen to form four different acids. a base is present in the water, salts of carbonic acid are formed, and carbon unites with nitrogen and hydrogen to form the acid HCN, called cache = ./cache/20848.txt txt = ./txt/20848.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 14474 author = Faraday, Michael title = The Chemical History of a Candle date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 42170 sentences = 1917 flesch = 77 summary = BRIGHTNESS OF THE FLAME--AIR NECESSARY FOR COMBUSTION--PRODUCTION OF WATER gradual supply of air to that place of action--heat and light--all this piece of lime in the flame of the hydrogen as it burns in the oxygen, candle, and shew you a substance like zinc burning in the flame, you will and find that if they burn with a flame, as a candle, they produce water. substance equally from water produced from the candle-flame as from any Inasmuch as the candle produces water, and this gas comes out of the candle burn to produce water without it? than what is produced by the burning of the candle in air. air as the candle would burn in--and here is a jar or bottle containing It is water produced from the candle by the action of the air with air; and if I put a little lime-water into it, neither the oxygen nor cache = ./cache/14474.txt txt = ./txt/14474.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 14641 author = Helvetius, Johann Friedrich title = The Golden Calf, Which the World Adores, and Desires In Which Is Handled the Most Rare and Incomparable Wonder of Nature, in Transmuting Metals; viz. How the Intire Substance of Lead, Was in One Moment Transmuted in Gold-Obrizon, with an Exceeding Small Particle of the True Philosophick Stone date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15895 sentences = 824 flesch = 73 summary = Wonder of Nature, In Transmuting of Nature, The Mercury of Philosophers mind; for in it I shall relate all things purpose, in Natural things, especially Sons of this Laudable Art, shall at length, was transmuted into a God. Likewise we will not forget into the best Gold, if an exceeding small changeth into a Nature like it self, This Gold and Silver is more noble, Gold, is able to tinge all Red Metals Transmutation is a great natural Medicinal Stone of philosophers. Tincture of Gold with it self in the the Silver and Gold made thereof. things of Nature, by the benefit of of this thing, or Art, in the Writings their Works to so great a God Art; but if I could behold things into like Gold Homogeneal to it self. that God in the things of Nature, any Great Man, or Men, should Gold and Silver of Philosophers, cache = ./cache/14641.txt txt = ./txt/14641.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29734 author = Priestley, Joseph title = Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 75786 sentences = 2917 flesch = 64 summary = In experiments on those kinds of air which are readily imbibed by water, In order to impregnate fluids with any kind of air, as water with fixed Fixed air may be kept in vessels standing in water for a long Water thus impregnated with fixed air readily dissolves iron, as Mr. Lane has discovered; so that if a quantity of iron filings be put to it, observed, that water which remained a long time within this air has If a quantity of inflammable air be contained in a glass vessel standing letting the phial stand some days in water, that the fixed air might be standing a long time in water, about as much as inflammable air is quantities of different kinds of air in jars standing in boiled water. To a quantity of common air, thus diminished by agitation in water, till I agitated in water a quantity of nitrous air phlogisticated with iron cache = ./cache/29734.txt txt = ./txt/29734.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 22914 author = Boyle, Robert title = The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 89071 sentences = 3688 flesch = 66 summary = knowing Chymists shall Think fit in a civil and rational way to shew Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principles of Mixt Bodies._ number of Principles of mixt Bodies, to that grand and known Argument Body, nor scarce of any Animal, generated of Water, a French Chymist, reckon it among Salts, a De-compounded Body Consisting (as I shall mixt Bodie, yields but a little Inflamable Spirit, or Sulphur, and not Chymists Averr the Substances Obtain'd from Compound Bodies by the other Mineral bodies into Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury. how many new sorts of mixt Bodies Chymists themselves have produc'd by as for the Chymists calling a body Salt, or Sulphur, or Mercury, upon the Chymists Mercury or Spirit; and yet how many Bodies, think you, Substances which Chymists are wont to obtain from Mixt Bodies, by their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without cache = ./cache/22914.txt txt = ./txt/22914.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29757 author = Tidy, Charles Meymott title = The Story of a Tinder-box date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15242 sentences = 1109 flesch = 84 summary = having got all these etceteras, box, tinder, flint and steel, we set to fired tinder a little to make it burn better, and now I apply a sulphur I have here two specimens of the pistol form of tinder-box (Fig. 5). Here is the flint, the tinder being contained in this little box. phosphoric tapers seem to have been sulphur matches with a little piece little spark is at once produced which readily sets fire to my gas-lamp. than a tinder-box with its flint and steel (Fig. 17). produced a red-hot spark and set fire to my tinder, I want you to see Just as I converted my solid sulphur into a gas by the heat of flame, I must have a gas to burn, and therefore heat as a power is our lucifer match, if we have a flame we must have a gas to burn, and cache = ./cache/29757.txt txt = ./txt/29757.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 26243 author = Scheele, Carl Wilhelm title = Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14282 sentences = 699 flesch = 74 summary = sulphur in lime water; I poured this solution into a bottle and closed water into the flask in order to see whether any aerial acid had also one part of aerial acid mixed with 10 parts of ordinary air extinguishes collect aerial acid and the inflammable air of sulphur (of which I shall there is aerial acid in the bladder, or another air which can unite with water, into the bladder, as I wish to have of air. another kind of air which can be absorbed by water or lime, but wish to substances produce the same air as the acid of nitre does during Second Experiment.+--I mixed in a bottle 14 parts of that air from Third Experiment.+--After I had filled a bottle with our air, I observed the fourth part of the air converted into aerial acid. aerial acid, because in these latter experiments just as much of the air cache = ./cache/26243.txt txt = ./txt/26243.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 15576 author = Anonymous title = A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe Being A Graduated Course Of Analysis For The Use Of Students And All Those Engaged In The Examination Of Metallic Combinations date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 66250 sentences = 6603 flesch = 75 summary = TIN.--This metal fuses readily, and, in the flame of oxidation, dissipated by the flame of oxidation, it gives a green color. | Oxide of Iron, dark red | flame opaque white. Oxide of cobalt gives to the bead while hot a red color, which, upon heated in the oxidation flame, it presents a bead, colored from in the flames of oxidation and reduction, it fuses to a clear bead, Borax dissolves it in the oxidation flame to a clear yellow bead, reduction flame, the bead appears yellow, if the acid exists in small reduction flame this bead exhibits a yellow color when hot, but is red By heating it in the oxidation flame, it acquires a dark green color, Borax dissolves it in the oxidation flame to a clear dark yellow bead, Microcosmic salt and vanadic acid fuse in the oxidation flame to a the oxidation flame, but they produce colored beads with borax and cache = ./cache/15576.txt txt = ./txt/15576.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 20751 author = Smith, Edgar Fahs title = Priestley in America, 1794-1804 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 31921 sentences = 1504 flesch = 66 summary = was given the writer years ago by a great-grandson of Joseph Priestley. many life sketches of Priestley, there has come the desire to know more think of Priestley as working only in England, his native land, and Franklin was then sixty years of age, while Priestley was little a natural philosopher." In short, Franklin "made Priestley into a man of Read Priestley's volumes on Air and on Natural Philosophy. visit Priestley, the Tammany Society presented this address: arrival in this country by a Society of persons whose studies bear reading that the good Doctor thought "Philadelphia by no means so Many times since the days of Priestley real researchers after truth have interested in everything Priestley did during his life in this country While none of the letters to Priestley's friends mention a family event Priestley regarded him as a rising man in the Country.[7] He cache = ./cache/20751.txt txt = ./txt/20751.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 26340 author = Basilius Valentinus title = Of Natural and Supernatural Things Also of the first Tincture, Root, and Spirit of Metals and Minerals, how the same are Conceived, Generated, Brought forth, Changed, and Augmented. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30479 sentences = 923 flesch = 61 summary = the dead, gaining its perfect operation, and the natural Body being Water was the Matter whereon the everlasting Spirit of God moved; the of all Metals, is likewise a supernatural, flying, fiery Spirit; which World it is likewise Gods Power, and the Operation to work into the Soul, of the Spirit, and of the Body, let it be and remain a Magnet, make all Metals into one, it is the true Spirit of _Mercury_, and Soul sensible Soul, which hath operated the Natural Life from a Supernatural Take a Spirit of Salt, therewith extract the Sulphur of Gold, separate the Oil of Salt from it, rectifie the Sulphur of Gold with Spirit of Matter which remaines dry in Spirit of _Mercury_, according to a just projection upon the imperfect Metals, and in the Body of Man. Take ten times as much of prepared _Saturn_ as I taught you before, by cache = ./cache/26340.txt txt = ./txt/26340.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 30775 author = Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent title = Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 109594 sentences = 6779 flesch = 68 summary = Combustible substances, which in acids and metallic oxyds are a specific small proportions with water, whilst a higher oxygenation forms an acid atmospheric air, or in oxygen gas, they are not converted into acids after combining with charcoal to form carbonic acid gas, being added, of oxygen, when combined with nitrous gas in the nitric acid 58.72164; charcoal at this degree of heat, combines with it to form carbonic acid, attracts the oxygen, on purpose to form carbonic acid, the caloric form carbonic acid, a large quantity of hydrogen gas is set free, and water combined with the oxygenated muriatic acid than is necessary to quantity of oxygen gas absorbed, and of carbonic acid produced, as water course, after their combustion in common air, water, carbonic acid gas, forms carbonic acid gas and water, by oxygenating its elements. the quantity of water formed during the experiment; the carbonic acid cache = ./cache/30775.txt txt = ./txt/30775.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 30066 author = Frary, Francis C. (Francis Cowles) title = Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17948 sentences = 791 flesch = 76 summary = of glass is also very useful in breaking off very short ends of tubes, necessary to follow rotating and heating a tube by blowing it, the hands to be heated and an extra supply of glass for the little side tube which a cone, or else heat so much of the large tube that part of its glass is the bulb, and the tube well rotated as the glass softens at that point. proper tail, and use the glass in the large tube for the bulb instead of off the tail as in the making of the bulb on the end of the tube, blow the open end of the large tube, and the bulb softened with a suitable collecting glass as for a bulb on the ends of two tubes (Exercise No. 6), and drawing to form cones of suitable shape (_a_ and _b_, Fig. 17) cache = ./cache/30066.txt txt = ./txt/30066.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 22620 author = Cross, C. F. (Charles Frederick) title = Researches on Cellulose, 1895-1900 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 52315 sentences = 4152 flesch = 63 summary = The product is a cellulose of the second group of the hydrolysis of the non-cellulose derivatives to soluble products. hydrated form of cellulosic aggregates in which acid groups may be ~Furfural-yielding Substances~ (Furfuroids).--This group of plant products obtainable from the celluloses under the action of sulphuric acid. products very far removed from 'cellulose.' The process may have a 'jute cellulose'_ obtained by the Gabriel process were found to yield _9 authors results confirming the figures given in 'Cellulose' for yield of yield of end-product or 'cellulose' by the various methods. conditions of treatment, and the end product or cellulose merely product, the limit of the ester reaction with the cellulose residue is proposes to spin solutions of cellulose in sulphuric acid (23) (24) and the soluble 'acid cellulose.' This product was purified and analysed cellulosic products with condensing acids, the furfural is accompanied by-products of these cellulose processes the S is combined as a SO_{3}H cache = ./cache/22620.txt txt = ./txt/22620.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 31624 author = Watson, Glen W. title = A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4986 sentences = 279 flesch = 64 summary = [Illustration: Radioactive elements: alpha particles from a speck of A BRIEF HISTORY OF ELEMENT DISCOVERY, SYNTHESIS, AND ANALYSIS scientists working under the Atomic Energy Commission at the University evident that the atoms of radioactive elements were constantly changing accelerate a wider variety of nuclear particles to high energies. new elements, isotopes, and particles now seems endless. Element 43 was "made" for the first time as a result of bombarding The California scientists called the newly discovered element neptunium, bombardment in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron by Radiation Laboratory bombarded with alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei) reacts to give off a neutron and a new element, curium, that has atomic number the isolation and identification of the atoms of element 96 was done at "one atom at a time"; this is possible because its daughter element, Positively charged atoms of element 102 are ions released [alpha] particles which had an energy of 8.6 MeV and cache = ./cache/31624.txt txt = ./txt/31624.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 14218 author = Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title = The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 49186 sentences = 2196 flesch = 63 summary = object of Nature in all things is to introduce into each substance the The alchemical notion of a natural state as proper to each substance Price_ says, "Nature is continually at work changing other metals into If we think of the alchemical elements earth, air, fire, and water, as _Water_, in the cold substances the element _Air_ preponderates, and properties of substances, made since the time of the alchemists, have fixed substance, which brings all metals to the perfection of gold or that word: the alchemist regarded the metals as composite substances; experiments on the calcination of metals and other substances, But the terms _substance_, _thing_, _properties_ were used separate the calcined substance into two different things, one of help of it, what kind of air a great variety of substances, natural to cause a metallic calx (that is, the substance formed by calcining the way nature works, she _must_ begin with certain substances which cache = ./cache/14218.txt txt = ./txt/14218.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 4524 author = Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von title = Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 35822 sentences = 1414 flesch = 57 summary = compound bodies produced with equal weights of two elements! constant supply of certain matters, animal food, and of oxygen, in hydrogen of certain parts of the animal body combine with the oxygen carbonic acid and water, 64.102 grains of oxygen are required. the elements of the food, is the source of animal heat. In the animal body, heat is produced only in those parts to which necessity for food containing carbon and hydrogen increases in the only class of animals whose food contains fat, inspire more oxygen these, the blood contains certain fatty bodies in small quantity, Vegetables produce in their organism the blood of all animals, for decaying organic matter present in the soil supplying carbonic acid, In whatever form the nitrogen supplied to plants may be contained in animals, from vegetable substances used as food; they had been to become food for man and animals can be formed in any plant cache = ./cache/4524.txt txt = ./txt/4524.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 37682 author = Priestley, Joseph title = Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 32406 sentences = 1534 flesch = 66 summary = Neither water nor acid of vitriol will separately dissolve iron, so as phlogiston with nitrous air, as by heating iron in it, and by a mixture vitriolic acid, which uniting with the phlogiston in the air, forms the so that water impregnated with vitriolic acid air, commonly called Fluor acid air is procured by dissolving the earthy substance called Alkaline air is produced by means of heat from caustic volatile alkali, with marine acid air, the common sal-ammoniac; and with water, the The nitrous acid is formed by the union of the purest inflammable air, The nitrous acid unites with phlogiston, alkalis, metallic substances, Nitrous acid dissolves all metallic substances except gold and platina, vitriolic acid it forms a substance that is insoluble in water, and acid will deprive the nitrous of it, and form a substance called _luna By heat this substance parts with its pure air, and becomes cache = ./cache/37682.txt txt = ./txt/37682.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 33941 author = Shenstone, W. A. (William Ashwell) title = The Methods of Glass Blowing and of Working Silica in the Oxy-Gas Flame For the use of chemical and physical students date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 29272 sentences = 1541 flesch = 75 summary = Tube--Presenting Glass to the Flame--Methods of working with Jets of several sizes to fit the air-tubes of blow-pipes may be obtained heat large pieces of lead glass tube to redness without blackening the Take a piece of lead glass tube, bring it gradually from the point of a convenient to heat large masses of lead glass nor tubes of large size, =Bending Glass Tubes.=--The blow-pipe flame is not a suitable source of The ends of soda glass tubes may also be rounded in the flame of end of the tube by rotating it in the flame till it softens, then remove To seal the end of a glass tube (Fig. 8), adjust the flame so that it purpose heat the tube with the pointed flame, if it be small, or in the blowing into the open end of the tube, after softening the glass at the cache = ./cache/33941.txt txt = ./txt/33941.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 12787 author = Talbot, Henry Paul title = An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 65966 sentences = 4872 flesch = 68 summary = acid solution which is equivalent to the volume of sodium hydroxide A normal solution of sodium carbonate contains 53.0 grams per liter, When the standard of the acid solution has been determined, calculate, [Note 1: In the foregoing procedure the acid solution is standardized [Note 2: Hydrochloric acid is volatilized from aqueous solutions, [Note 1: The hydrochloric acid is added to the ferrous solution precipitate (if any) with the acid solution, taking care to avoid loss Wash out the crucible, heat the acid solution Potassium permanganate oxidizes ferrous salts in cold, acid solution [Note 1: Iodine solutions react with water to form hydriodic acid and add dilute hydrochloric acid until the solutions contain a few nitric acid solution and pour it slowly through the filter paper, [Note 2: The solution containing the silver precipitate, as well as [Note 4: The precipitate is washed first with a dilute solution of the cache = ./cache/12787.txt txt = ./txt/12787.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 37283 author = Anonymous title = The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2971 sentences = 138 flesch = 71 summary = undermentioned places: for the Fulminating Silver, and Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver to be enclosed in the part marked S; a piece of of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver: a piece of paper is then to be quantity of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver is from one grain to one a grain of Fulminating Silver between the leaves, the end is then to be Take one third of a grain of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver, and a grain of the Fulminating Silver is then to be placed between the Are thus prepared: Enclose half a grain of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver in a piece of glass paper, and that should be again enclosed in One fourth of a grain of Fulminating Silver is to be inclosed in a Fulminating Silver in a fold of glass paper, and pasting it in the prepared in the same manner as directed for the Fulminating Cards. Fulminating Silver in a small fold of glass paper, and putting it into cache = ./cache/37283.txt txt = ./txt/37283.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 34457 author = Findlay, Alexander title = The Phase Rule and Its Applications date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 111866 sentences = 8928 flesch = 69 summary = curve representing the temperatures and pressures at which the solid and liquid to solid, at the melting point with change of temperature, only In the case of triple points at which two solid phases are in equilibrium ice and liquid water, that the vapour pressure increases as the temperature melting point, _i.e._ will lower the temperature at which the solid salt ice--salt--solution--vapour can exist only at a definite temperature, salt--solution--vapour, the ice must melt and the temperature fall; and if curve at temperatures above the cryohydric point, solution will be formed; solution--vapour there can at no point be a separation of the solid form; vapour-pressure curve of the saturated solutions in equilibrium with solid liquid phase will therefore be the freezing-point curve; that for the solid melting-point {193} curves the mixture will separate into a solid phase and phase at a temperature below its melting point, a curve of the form II., cache = ./cache/34457.txt txt = ./txt/34457.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 32974 author = Getman, Frederick Hutton title = The Elements of Blowpipe Analysis date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10346 sentences = 1693 flesch = 79 summary = Colors of Borax Beads in oxidizing Flame 74 Colors of Borax Beads in reducing Flame 75 V. Colors of Microcosmic Salt Beads in oxidizing Flame 76 Colors of Microcosmic Salt Beads in reducing Flame 77 _Illustration._ Examine some oxide of barium, BaO, before the Bp. on Ch. _i._ Formation of a metallic bead--color and malleability. ignition tube and subjected to heat, the acid of the substance combines _Illustrations._ Sodium compounds color the flame yellow, and a crystal Calcium colors the flame orange-red, distinguished from strontium, by Boracic acid colors the flame green when the substance has been an orange-red color, which appears gray when seen through blue glass. copper on platinum wire impart to the flame a greenish-blue color, the lead-gray color and metallic lustre. in an ignition tube it yields a sublimate of metallic arsenic. TABLE OF COLORS OF BORAX BEADS IN OXIDIZING FLAME TABLE OF COLORS OF BORAX BEADS IN REDUCING FLAME cache = ./cache/32974.txt txt = ./txt/32974.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 38246 author = Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title = Heroes of Science: Chemists date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 81307 sentences = 3044 flesch = 58 summary = Berzelius--Davy's work on acids, alkalis, and salts--He Water was regarded as a substance which, like air, readily combined with ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. that when elements combine the atom of the compound so produced is built up method for determining the atomic weights of compounds of that element. small particles, the molecule (of a compound or of an element) and the atom water gas there are two atoms of hydrogen combined with sixteen parts by nature of the elements in the acid atoms, or even in the arrangement of the Davy's view of an acid as a compound of water with a negative oxide was place of three atoms of hydrogen in the molecule; that the new substance At the time when Dalton was thinking out his theory of atoms, Davy was cache = ./cache/38246.txt txt = ./txt/38246.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 51326 author = Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title = The Principles of Chemistry, Volume I date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 371612 sentences = 19528 flesch = 62 summary = carbonic acid, whilst river water contains a considerable quantity explained from the fact that water which contains carbonic acid acids, salts, and such like substances whose solutions do conduct cases (for example, in the solution of nitric or formic acid in water) other acids form _solutions having definite boiling points_, like that [5] As water is formed by the combination of oxygen and hydrogen, with The oxide formed acts on sulphuric acid, water then organic substances are decomposed at a red heat, forming hydrogen, among with hydrogen, forming water, 69,000 units of heat are evolved; whilst when heated with sulphuric acid, forms oxygen and barium oxide, which _Many substances decompose hydrogen peroxide_, forming water and oxygen, water containing the nitrogen and oxygen of the air in solution, Chapter XX.) Water destroys this compound, forming sulphuric acid under the action of water (containing carbonic acid) and air, give cache = ./cache/51326.txt txt = ./txt/51326.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 45395 author = Paris, John Ayrton title = The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 2 (of 2) date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 123947 sentences = 4437 flesch = 57 summary = H. Davy proposes four different kinds of lamp for the purpose.--The numerous services conferred upon Science by Sir Humphry Davy, we first, the Royal Society of London, for which Davy having returned object of their deliberations, the chairman of the committee, Dr. Gray, who was generally acquainted with Sir Humphry Davy, judged it [37] Sir Humphry Davy attempted to produce the phenomena with of the Safety-lamp belongs to Sir Humphry Davy or to Mr. George The following letter from Sir Humphry Davy announces the farther In the year 1825, Sir Humphry Davy had the honour to receive These facts, Davy observes, appear to admit of many applications; Sir Humphry Davy suggests a chemical method for unrolling Sir Humphry Davy suggests a chemical method for unrolling Sir Humphry Davy thinks that whoever has considered the phenomena Philosophical Transactions for the year 1823, Sir Humphry Davy Sir Humphry Davy has observed, that "at the time when the cache = ./cache/45395.txt txt = ./txt/45395.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 45394 author = Paris, John Ayrton title = The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 1 (of 2) date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 112258 sentences = 4250 flesch = 56 summary = Thomas Lawrence, presented to the Royal Society by Lady Davy; and conceives a new theory of heat and light.--His ingenious experiment of Potash discovered.--Whether Ammonia contains oxygen.--Davy's Shortly after Dr. Murray had published his system of chemistry, Davy accompanied Mr. Children in an excursion to Tonbridge, and the new work was placed "Having observed," says Davy, "that no painful effects were In the next place, Davy's experiment is important, inasmuch as it lecturer, Mr. Davy, to agricultural subjects; and in the following The constant appearance of acid and alkaline matter in pure water, Davy thinks that the acid and alkaline taste produced upon the between electrical powers and chemical affinities; but Davy very myself, I shall not enter into the history of Davy's experiments It appears from the following letter, that Davy visited his friend These results Davy gained by experiments made on different kinds of cache = ./cache/45394.txt txt = ./txt/45394.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 46143 author = Henry, Thomas title = Experiments and Observations on the Following Subjects 1. On the preparation, calcination, and medicinal uses of Magnesia Alba. 2. On the solvent qualities of calcined Magnesia. 3. On the variety in the solvent powers of quick-lime, when used in different quantities. 4. On various absorbents, as promoting or retarding putrefaction. 5. On the comparative antiseptic powers of vegetable infusions prepared with lime, &c. 6. On the sweetening properties of fixed air. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18505 sentences = 838 flesch = 61 summary = 1. On the preparation, calcination, and medicinal uses of MAGNESIA even that Magnesia prepared from the waters of Epsom, is superiour to inferences from the result of his experiments on Magnesia, Quick-lime, appear to have made trial of the calcined Magnesia as a medicine. _They_ contain a large quantity of air; _Magnesia_ From this property of Magnesia, when calcined, of absorbing air, Magnesia with the same quantity of gall and water were placed in Two drachms of Magnesia Alba diluted with two ounces of water were [x] Directions for impregnating Water with Fixed Air, by Joseph water strongly impregnated with fixed air, after the method directed [ab] Directions for impregnating water with fixed air, &c. May we not infer from these experiments, that if fixed air be an acid, calcined Magnesia being a non-effervescent may be united with acids 8. Magnesia, when calcined, has the same property as quick-lime of cache = ./cache/46143.txt txt = ./txt/46143.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 46998 author = Macquer, Pierre Joseph title = Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 261727 sentences = 10774 flesch = 65 summary = Neutral salts have not so great an affinity with water as either Acids Water made boiling hot dissolves a greater quantity of those salts If the Vitriolic Acid contain much water, it is then called _Spirit of Silver thus combined with the nitrous acid forms a metallic salt which Copper dissolved in the vitriolic acid forms a kind of metalline salt, The neutral salts formed by combining the acids of nitre and of vitriol case with many other vegetables that contain an essential Oil. Succulent and green plants yield by compression a great deal of liquor phlegm, essential oils, fragrant waters, acid oily spirits, volatile several substances, all of which contain the Acid of Sea-salt, he mixed Vitriol, it must be distilled a second time from Sea-salt, as the Acid of the metal, by the Fixed Alkali uniting with the Acid of Sea-salt _Spirit of Wine combined with the Acid of Sea-salt. cache = ./cache/46998.txt txt = ./txt/46998.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 54210 author = Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title = The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 312682 sentences = 17537 flesch = 63 summary = such acid compounds as are formed by chlorine, oxygen, and similar excess of water, especially when heated, forms the basic salt (as Silicic acid is formed by taking any solution containing silica formed on mixing sulphuric acid or its soluble salts with presence of an acid at the ordinary temperature, lead forms compounds of compounds in the form of the salts of phosphoric acid. water, forming a yellow solution with a slightly acid reaction.[50] and forms the lower oxides; V_{2}O_{4} (acid solutions of a green sulphuretted hydrogen on a salt of a metal, a free acid must be formed forms in solution only an acid salt with the potassium: KHO + sulphurous acid easily forms double salts. salt from the green solution which contains less sulphuric acid salt-forming oxide, UO_{3}, shows very feeble acid properties. salt is not only formed by the action of iron on sulphuric acid, cache = ./cache/54210.txt txt = ./txt/54210.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === Building ./etc/reader.txt 51326 54210 46998 54210 51326 20848 number of items: 35 sum of words: 2,307,794 average size in words: 79,579 average readability score: 67 nouns: water; acid; air; solution; salt; oxygen; hydrogen; heat; substances; temperature; salts; °; substance; quantity; gas; compounds; oxide; iron; part; time; tube; flame; point; glass; parts; metals; weight; sodium; form; action; chloride; fire; elements; properties; composition; acids; case; state; silver; nature; potassium; matter; place; mixture; solutions; pressure; copper; compound; carbon; chlorine verbs: is; be; are; was; have; has; been; being; were; obtained; had; made; formed; found; used; does; called; having; gives; give; see; do; containing; given; known; heated; contains; produced; take; taken; make; according; form; contain; becomes; fixed; dissolved; following; forms; forming; employed; observed; put; find; seen; added; remains; decomposed; prepared; takes adjectives: other; same; such; many; great; small; different; more; little; certain; first; metallic; red; solid; pure; sulphuric; carbonic; soluble; common; large; necessary; white; much; greater; several; general; nitric; similar; present; ordinary; new; considerable; possible; latter; hydrochloric; equal; hot; nitrous; capable; volatile; free; strong; various; acid; atomic; yellow; double; less; important; true adverbs: not; very; so; only; also; then; more; therefore; thus; as; most; even; easily; now; much; however; up; out; well; about; together; still; first; here; off; again; especially; always; is; that; yet; almost; just; less; sometimes; already; generally; too; far; often; hence; long; perfectly; readily; soon; never; nearly; on; entirely; above pronouns: it; i; its; we; they; he; their; his; you; them; my; our; me; him; your; us; itself; themselves; himself; her; myself; she; one; ourselves; yours; thy; yourself; hg; thee; ours; herself; theirs; mine; yourselves; oneself; experiment.+--i; cl_{2}o; woburn.--composes; whereof; volcanoes.--his; underwood.--anecdotes.--his; ptcl_{2}co; paris.--visits; na; n; davy.--he; crystals.--the; br; alavair.--he; ''s proper nouns: _; |; sulphur; acid; c.; i.; .; salt; davy; mr.; spirit; fig; ii; mercury; nitre; 8vo; antimony; phlogiston; c; ammonia; alkali; dr.; sir; chapter; wine; magnesia; tartar; oil; vitriol; priestley; b; royal; water; alkalis; iron; volatile; society; crown; arsenic; bismuth; copper; lead; regulus; silver; fire; elements; gr; nature; h.; chemistry keywords: water; acid; fig; air; substance; illustration; solution; metal; salt; oxygen; note; nature; mr.; experiment; dr.; mercury; london; h_{2}so_{4; gold; form; fire; element; compound; co_{2; body; sulphur; stone; spirit; society; sir; royal; professor; paris; oxide; m.a.; hydrogen; heat; h_{2}o; gas; flame; f.r.s.; england; davy; contain; woodcut; wine; voltaic; tube; time; temperature one topic; one dimension: acid file(s): ./cache/14474.txt titles(s): The Chemical History of a Candle three topics; one dimension: acid; air; acid file(s): ./cache/54210.txt, ./cache/45395.txt, ./cache/46998.txt titles(s): The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II | The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 2 (of 2) | Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. five topics; three dimensions: water acid solution; air acid water; water air davy; acid solution water; substances elements substance file(s): ./cache/34457.txt, ./cache/46998.txt, ./cache/45395.txt, ./cache/12787.txt, ./cache/31624.txt titles(s): The Phase Rule and Its Applications | Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. | The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 2 (of 2) | An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes | A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis Type: gutenberg title: classification-QD-gutenberg date: 2021-05-28 time: 14:05 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: classification:"QD" ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: 15576 author: Anonymous title: A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe Being A Graduated Course Of Analysis For The Use Of Students And All Those Engaged In The Examination Of Metallic Combinations date: words: 66250.0 sentences: 6603.0 pages: flesch: 75.0 cache: ./cache/15576.txt txt: ./txt/15576.txt summary: TIN.--This metal fuses readily, and, in the flame of oxidation, dissipated by the flame of oxidation, it gives a green color. | Oxide of Iron, dark red | flame opaque white. Oxide of cobalt gives to the bead while hot a red color, which, upon heated in the oxidation flame, it presents a bead, colored from in the flames of oxidation and reduction, it fuses to a clear bead, Borax dissolves it in the oxidation flame to a clear yellow bead, reduction flame, the bead appears yellow, if the acid exists in small reduction flame this bead exhibits a yellow color when hot, but is red By heating it in the oxidation flame, it acquires a dark green color, Borax dissolves it in the oxidation flame to a clear dark yellow bead, Microcosmic salt and vanadic acid fuse in the oxidation flame to a the oxidation flame, but they produce colored beads with borax and id: 37283 author: Anonymous title: The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c. date: words: 2971.0 sentences: 138.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/37283.txt txt: ./txt/37283.txt summary: undermentioned places: for the Fulminating Silver, and Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver to be enclosed in the part marked S; a piece of of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver: a piece of paper is then to be quantity of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver is from one grain to one a grain of Fulminating Silver between the leaves, the end is then to be Take one third of a grain of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver, and a grain of the Fulminating Silver is then to be placed between the Are thus prepared: Enclose half a grain of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver in a piece of glass paper, and that should be again enclosed in One fourth of a grain of Fulminating Silver is to be inclosed in a Fulminating Silver in a fold of glass paper, and pasting it in the prepared in the same manner as directed for the Fulminating Cards. Fulminating Silver in a small fold of glass paper, and putting it into id: 24510 author: Bancks, Gerard W. title: The Production of Vinegar from Honey date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 26340 author: Basilius Valentinus title: Of Natural and Supernatural Things Also of the first Tincture, Root, and Spirit of Metals and Minerals, how the same are Conceived, Generated, Brought forth, Changed, and Augmented. date: words: 30479.0 sentences: 923.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/26340.txt txt: ./txt/26340.txt summary: the dead, gaining its perfect operation, and the natural Body being Water was the Matter whereon the everlasting Spirit of God moved; the of all Metals, is likewise a supernatural, flying, fiery Spirit; which World it is likewise Gods Power, and the Operation to work into the Soul, of the Spirit, and of the Body, let it be and remain a Magnet, make all Metals into one, it is the true Spirit of _Mercury_, and Soul sensible Soul, which hath operated the Natural Life from a Supernatural Take a Spirit of Salt, therewith extract the Sulphur of Gold, separate the Oil of Salt from it, rectifie the Sulphur of Gold with Spirit of Matter which remaines dry in Spirit of _Mercury_, according to a just projection upon the imperfect Metals, and in the Body of Man. Take ten times as much of prepared _Saturn_ as I taught you before, by id: 24591 author: Black, Joseph title: Experiments upon magnesia alba, Quicklime, and some other Alcaline Substances date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 22914 author: Boyle, Robert title: The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist''s Principles Commonly call''d Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos''d and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis''d Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject. date: words: 89071.0 sentences: 3688.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/22914.txt txt: ./txt/22914.txt summary: knowing Chymists shall Think fit in a civil and rational way to shew Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principles of Mixt Bodies._ number of Principles of mixt Bodies, to that grand and known Argument Body, nor scarce of any Animal, generated of Water, a French Chymist, reckon it among Salts, a De-compounded Body Consisting (as I shall mixt Bodie, yields but a little Inflamable Spirit, or Sulphur, and not Chymists Averr the Substances Obtain''d from Compound Bodies by the other Mineral bodies into Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury. how many new sorts of mixt Bodies Chymists themselves have produc''d by as for the Chymists calling a body Salt, or Sulphur, or Mercury, upon the Chymists Mercury or Spirit; and yet how many Bodies, think you, Substances which Chymists are wont to obtain from Mixt Bodies, by their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without id: 22620 author: Cross, C. F. (Charles Frederick) title: Researches on Cellulose, 1895-1900 date: words: 52315.0 sentences: 4152.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/22620.txt txt: ./txt/22620.txt summary: The product is a cellulose of the second group of the hydrolysis of the non-cellulose derivatives to soluble products. hydrated form of cellulosic aggregates in which acid groups may be ~Furfural-yielding Substances~ (Furfuroids).--This group of plant products obtainable from the celluloses under the action of sulphuric acid. products very far removed from ''cellulose.'' The process may have a ''jute cellulose''_ obtained by the Gabriel process were found to yield _9 authors results confirming the figures given in ''Cellulose'' for yield of yield of end-product or ''cellulose'' by the various methods. conditions of treatment, and the end product or cellulose merely product, the limit of the ester reaction with the cellulose residue is proposes to spin solutions of cellulose in sulphuric acid (23) (24) and the soluble ''acid cellulose.'' This product was purified and analysed cellulosic products with condensing acids, the furfural is accompanied by-products of these cellulose processes the S is combined as a SO_{3}H id: 14474 author: Faraday, Michael title: The Chemical History of a Candle date: words: 42170.0 sentences: 1917.0 pages: flesch: 77.0 cache: ./cache/14474.txt txt: ./txt/14474.txt summary: BRIGHTNESS OF THE FLAME--AIR NECESSARY FOR COMBUSTION--PRODUCTION OF WATER gradual supply of air to that place of action--heat and light--all this piece of lime in the flame of the hydrogen as it burns in the oxygen, candle, and shew you a substance like zinc burning in the flame, you will and find that if they burn with a flame, as a candle, they produce water. substance equally from water produced from the candle-flame as from any Inasmuch as the candle produces water, and this gas comes out of the candle burn to produce water without it? than what is produced by the burning of the candle in air. air as the candle would burn in--and here is a jar or bottle containing It is water produced from the candle by the action of the air with air; and if I put a little lime-water into it, neither the oxygen nor id: 34457 author: Findlay, Alexander title: The Phase Rule and Its Applications date: words: 111866.0 sentences: 8928.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/34457.txt txt: ./txt/34457.txt summary: curve representing the temperatures and pressures at which the solid and liquid to solid, at the melting point with change of temperature, only In the case of triple points at which two solid phases are in equilibrium ice and liquid water, that the vapour pressure increases as the temperature melting point, _i.e._ will lower the temperature at which the solid salt ice--salt--solution--vapour can exist only at a definite temperature, salt--solution--vapour, the ice must melt and the temperature fall; and if curve at temperatures above the cryohydric point, solution will be formed; solution--vapour there can at no point be a separation of the solid form; vapour-pressure curve of the saturated solutions in equilibrium with solid liquid phase will therefore be the freezing-point curve; that for the solid melting-point {193} curves the mixture will separate into a solid phase and phase at a temperature below its melting point, a curve of the form II., id: 30066 author: Frary, Francis C. (Francis Cowles) title: Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing date: words: 17948.0 sentences: 791.0 pages: flesch: 76.0 cache: ./cache/30066.txt txt: ./txt/30066.txt summary: of glass is also very useful in breaking off very short ends of tubes, necessary to follow rotating and heating a tube by blowing it, the hands to be heated and an extra supply of glass for the little side tube which a cone, or else heat so much of the large tube that part of its glass is the bulb, and the tube well rotated as the glass softens at that point. proper tail, and use the glass in the large tube for the bulb instead of off the tail as in the making of the bulb on the end of the tube, blow the open end of the large tube, and the bulb softened with a suitable collecting glass as for a bulb on the ends of two tubes (Exercise No. 6), and drawing to form cones of suitable shape (_a_ and _b_, Fig. 17) id: 32974 author: Getman, Frederick Hutton title: The Elements of Blowpipe Analysis date: words: 10346.0 sentences: 1693.0 pages: flesch: 79.0 cache: ./cache/32974.txt txt: ./txt/32974.txt summary: Colors of Borax Beads in oxidizing Flame 74 Colors of Borax Beads in reducing Flame 75 V. Colors of Microcosmic Salt Beads in oxidizing Flame 76 Colors of Microcosmic Salt Beads in reducing Flame 77 _Illustration._ Examine some oxide of barium, BaO, before the Bp. on Ch. _i._ Formation of a metallic bead--color and malleability. ignition tube and subjected to heat, the acid of the substance combines _Illustrations._ Sodium compounds color the flame yellow, and a crystal Calcium colors the flame orange-red, distinguished from strontium, by Boracic acid colors the flame green when the substance has been an orange-red color, which appears gray when seen through blue glass. copper on platinum wire impart to the flame a greenish-blue color, the lead-gray color and metallic lustre. in an ignition tube it yields a sublimate of metallic arsenic. TABLE OF COLORS OF BORAX BEADS IN OXIDIZING FLAME TABLE OF COLORS OF BORAX BEADS IN REDUCING FLAME id: 14641 author: Helvetius, Johann Friedrich title: The Golden Calf, Which the World Adores, and Desires In Which Is Handled the Most Rare and Incomparable Wonder of Nature, in Transmuting Metals; viz. How the Intire Substance of Lead, Was in One Moment Transmuted in Gold-Obrizon, with an Exceeding Small Particle of the True Philosophick Stone date: words: 15895.0 sentences: 824.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/14641.txt txt: ./txt/14641.txt summary: Wonder of Nature, In Transmuting of Nature, The Mercury of Philosophers mind; for in it I shall relate all things purpose, in Natural things, especially Sons of this Laudable Art, shall at length, was transmuted into a God. Likewise we will not forget into the best Gold, if an exceeding small changeth into a Nature like it self, This Gold and Silver is more noble, Gold, is able to tinge all Red Metals Transmutation is a great natural Medicinal Stone of philosophers. Tincture of Gold with it self in the the Silver and Gold made thereof. things of Nature, by the benefit of of this thing, or Art, in the Writings their Works to so great a God Art; but if I could behold things into like Gold Homogeneal to it self. that God in the things of Nature, any Great Man, or Men, should Gold and Silver of Philosophers, id: 20848 author: Henderson, William Edwards title: An Elementary Study of Chemistry date: words: 121982.0 sentences: 10269.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/20848.txt txt: ./txt/20848.txt summary: prepared from compounds known as acids, all of which contain hydrogen. the oxygen present in the copper oxide to form water, which is absorbed hydrogen and oxygen combine in two different ratios to form water and Similarly, the element iron combines with oxygen to form two oxides, one sulphuric acid two compounds are formed, namely, hydrogen dioxide acid to water in the preparation of oxygen and hydrogen by electrolysis the oxides of most metals, forming a salt and water. DEFINITION: _Any oxide which will combine with water to form an acid, or acid, called sulphides, form an important class of salts. of hydrogen to form acids, which are gases very soluble in water. oxygen and hydrogen to form four different acids. a base is present in the water, salts of carbonic acid are formed, and carbon unites with nitrogen and hydrogen to form the acid HCN, called id: 46143 author: Henry, Thomas title: Experiments and Observations on the Following Subjects 1. On the preparation, calcination, and medicinal uses of Magnesia Alba. 2. On the solvent qualities of calcined Magnesia. 3. On the variety in the solvent powers of quick-lime, when used in different quantities. 4. On various absorbents, as promoting or retarding putrefaction. 5. On the comparative antiseptic powers of vegetable infusions prepared with lime, &c. 6. On the sweetening properties of fixed air. date: words: 18505.0 sentences: 838.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/46143.txt txt: ./txt/46143.txt summary: 1. On the preparation, calcination, and medicinal uses of MAGNESIA even that Magnesia prepared from the waters of Epsom, is superiour to inferences from the result of his experiments on Magnesia, Quick-lime, appear to have made trial of the calcined Magnesia as a medicine. _They_ contain a large quantity of air; _Magnesia_ From this property of Magnesia, when calcined, of absorbing air, Magnesia with the same quantity of gall and water were placed in Two drachms of Magnesia Alba diluted with two ounces of water were [x] Directions for impregnating Water with Fixed Air, by Joseph water strongly impregnated with fixed air, after the method directed [ab] Directions for impregnating water with fixed air, &c. May we not infer from these experiments, that if fixed air be an acid, calcined Magnesia being a non-effervescent may be united with acids 8. Magnesia, when calcined, has the same property as quick-lime of id: 30775 author: Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent title: Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries date: words: 109594.0 sentences: 6779.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/30775.txt txt: ./txt/30775.txt summary: Combustible substances, which in acids and metallic oxyds are a specific small proportions with water, whilst a higher oxygenation forms an acid atmospheric air, or in oxygen gas, they are not converted into acids after combining with charcoal to form carbonic acid gas, being added, of oxygen, when combined with nitrous gas in the nitric acid 58.72164; charcoal at this degree of heat, combines with it to form carbonic acid, attracts the oxygen, on purpose to form carbonic acid, the caloric form carbonic acid, a large quantity of hydrogen gas is set free, and water combined with the oxygenated muriatic acid than is necessary to quantity of oxygen gas absorbed, and of carbonic acid produced, as water course, after their combustion in common air, water, carbonic acid gas, forms carbonic acid gas and water, by oxygenating its elements. the quantity of water formed during the experiment; the carbonic acid id: 4524 author: Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von title: Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture date: words: 35822.0 sentences: 1414.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/4524.txt txt: ./txt/4524.txt summary: compound bodies produced with equal weights of two elements! constant supply of certain matters, animal food, and of oxygen, in hydrogen of certain parts of the animal body combine with the oxygen carbonic acid and water, 64.102 grains of oxygen are required. the elements of the food, is the source of animal heat. In the animal body, heat is produced only in those parts to which necessity for food containing carbon and hydrogen increases in the only class of animals whose food contains fat, inspire more oxygen these, the blood contains certain fatty bodies in small quantity, Vegetables produce in their organism the blood of all animals, for decaying organic matter present in the soil supplying carbonic acid, In whatever form the nitrogen supplied to plants may be contained in animals, from vegetable substances used as food; they had been to become food for man and animals can be formed in any plant id: 46998 author: Macquer, Pierre Joseph title: Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. date: words: 261727.0 sentences: 10774.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/46998.txt txt: ./txt/46998.txt summary: Neutral salts have not so great an affinity with water as either Acids Water made boiling hot dissolves a greater quantity of those salts If the Vitriolic Acid contain much water, it is then called _Spirit of Silver thus combined with the nitrous acid forms a metallic salt which Copper dissolved in the vitriolic acid forms a kind of metalline salt, The neutral salts formed by combining the acids of nitre and of vitriol case with many other vegetables that contain an essential Oil. Succulent and green plants yield by compression a great deal of liquor phlegm, essential oils, fragrant waters, acid oily spirits, volatile several substances, all of which contain the Acid of Sea-salt, he mixed Vitriol, it must be distilled a second time from Sea-salt, as the Acid of the metal, by the Fixed Alkali uniting with the Acid of Sea-salt _Spirit of Wine combined with the Acid of Sea-salt. id: 51326 author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume I date: words: 371612.0 sentences: 19528.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/51326.txt txt: ./txt/51326.txt summary: carbonic acid, whilst river water contains a considerable quantity explained from the fact that water which contains carbonic acid acids, salts, and such like substances whose solutions do conduct cases (for example, in the solution of nitric or formic acid in water) other acids form _solutions having definite boiling points_, like that [5] As water is formed by the combination of oxygen and hydrogen, with The oxide formed acts on sulphuric acid, water then organic substances are decomposed at a red heat, forming hydrogen, among with hydrogen, forming water, 69,000 units of heat are evolved; whilst when heated with sulphuric acid, forms oxygen and barium oxide, which _Many substances decompose hydrogen peroxide_, forming water and oxygen, water containing the nitrogen and oxygen of the air in solution, Chapter XX.) Water destroys this compound, forming sulphuric acid under the action of water (containing carbonic acid) and air, give id: 54210 author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II date: words: 312682.0 sentences: 17537.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/54210.txt txt: ./txt/54210.txt summary: such acid compounds as are formed by chlorine, oxygen, and similar excess of water, especially when heated, forms the basic salt (as Silicic acid is formed by taking any solution containing silica formed on mixing sulphuric acid or its soluble salts with presence of an acid at the ordinary temperature, lead forms compounds of compounds in the form of the salts of phosphoric acid. water, forming a yellow solution with a slightly acid reaction.[50] and forms the lower oxides; V_{2}O_{4} (acid solutions of a green sulphuretted hydrogen on a salt of a metal, a free acid must be formed forms in solution only an acid salt with the potassium: KHO + sulphurous acid easily forms double salts. salt from the green solution which contains less sulphuric acid salt-forming oxide, UO_{3}, shows very feeble acid properties. salt is not only formed by the action of iron on sulphuric acid, id: 14218 author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title: The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry date: words: 49186.0 sentences: 2196.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/14218.txt txt: ./txt/14218.txt summary: object of Nature in all things is to introduce into each substance the The alchemical notion of a natural state as proper to each substance Price_ says, "Nature is continually at work changing other metals into If we think of the alchemical elements earth, air, fire, and water, as _Water_, in the cold substances the element _Air_ preponderates, and properties of substances, made since the time of the alchemists, have fixed substance, which brings all metals to the perfection of gold or that word: the alchemist regarded the metals as composite substances; experiments on the calcination of metals and other substances, But the terms _substance_, _thing_, _properties_ were used separate the calcined substance into two different things, one of help of it, what kind of air a great variety of substances, natural to cause a metallic calx (that is, the substance formed by calcining the way nature works, she _must_ begin with certain substances which id: 38246 author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title: Heroes of Science: Chemists date: words: 81307.0 sentences: 3044.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/38246.txt txt: ./txt/38246.txt summary: Berzelius--Davy''s work on acids, alkalis, and salts--He Water was regarded as a substance which, like air, readily combined with ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. that when elements combine the atom of the compound so produced is built up method for determining the atomic weights of compounds of that element. small particles, the molecule (of a compound or of an element) and the atom water gas there are two atoms of hydrogen combined with sixteen parts by nature of the elements in the acid atoms, or even in the arrangement of the Davy''s view of an acid as a compound of water with a negative oxide was place of three atoms of hydrogen in the molecule; that the new substance At the time when Dalton was thinking out his theory of atoms, Davy was id: 45395 author: Paris, John Ayrton title: The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 2 (of 2) date: words: 123947.0 sentences: 4437.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/45395.txt txt: ./txt/45395.txt summary: H. Davy proposes four different kinds of lamp for the purpose.--The numerous services conferred upon Science by Sir Humphry Davy, we first, the Royal Society of London, for which Davy having returned object of their deliberations, the chairman of the committee, Dr. Gray, who was generally acquainted with Sir Humphry Davy, judged it [37] Sir Humphry Davy attempted to produce the phenomena with of the Safety-lamp belongs to Sir Humphry Davy or to Mr. George The following letter from Sir Humphry Davy announces the farther In the year 1825, Sir Humphry Davy had the honour to receive These facts, Davy observes, appear to admit of many applications; Sir Humphry Davy suggests a chemical method for unrolling Sir Humphry Davy suggests a chemical method for unrolling Sir Humphry Davy thinks that whoever has considered the phenomena Philosophical Transactions for the year 1823, Sir Humphry Davy Sir Humphry Davy has observed, that "at the time when the id: 45394 author: Paris, John Ayrton title: The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 1 (of 2) date: words: 112258.0 sentences: 4250.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/45394.txt txt: ./txt/45394.txt summary: Thomas Lawrence, presented to the Royal Society by Lady Davy; and conceives a new theory of heat and light.--His ingenious experiment of Potash discovered.--Whether Ammonia contains oxygen.--Davy''s Shortly after Dr. Murray had published his system of chemistry, Davy accompanied Mr. Children in an excursion to Tonbridge, and the new work was placed "Having observed," says Davy, "that no painful effects were In the next place, Davy''s experiment is important, inasmuch as it lecturer, Mr. Davy, to agricultural subjects; and in the following The constant appearance of acid and alkaline matter in pure water, Davy thinks that the acid and alkaline taste produced upon the between electrical powers and chemical affinities; but Davy very myself, I shall not enter into the history of Davy''s experiments It appears from the following letter, that Davy visited his friend These results Davy gained by experiments made on different kinds of id: 29734 author: Priestley, Joseph title: Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air date: words: 75786.0 sentences: 2917.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/29734.txt txt: ./txt/29734.txt summary: In experiments on those kinds of air which are readily imbibed by water, In order to impregnate fluids with any kind of air, as water with fixed Fixed air may be kept in vessels standing in water for a long Water thus impregnated with fixed air readily dissolves iron, as Mr. Lane has discovered; so that if a quantity of iron filings be put to it, observed, that water which remained a long time within this air has If a quantity of inflammable air be contained in a glass vessel standing letting the phial stand some days in water, that the fixed air might be standing a long time in water, about as much as inflammable air is quantities of different kinds of air in jars standing in boiled water. To a quantity of common air, thus diminished by agitation in water, till I agitated in water a quantity of nitrous air phlogisticated with iron id: 37682 author: Priestley, Joseph title: Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry date: words: 32406.0 sentences: 1534.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/37682.txt txt: ./txt/37682.txt summary: Neither water nor acid of vitriol will separately dissolve iron, so as phlogiston with nitrous air, as by heating iron in it, and by a mixture vitriolic acid, which uniting with the phlogiston in the air, forms the so that water impregnated with vitriolic acid air, commonly called Fluor acid air is procured by dissolving the earthy substance called Alkaline air is produced by means of heat from caustic volatile alkali, with marine acid air, the common sal-ammoniac; and with water, the The nitrous acid is formed by the union of the purest inflammable air, The nitrous acid unites with phlogiston, alkalis, metallic substances, Nitrous acid dissolves all metallic substances except gold and platina, vitriolic acid it forms a substance that is insoluble in water, and acid will deprive the nitrous of it, and form a substance called _luna By heat this substance parts with its pure air, and becomes id: 26243 author: Scheele, Carl Wilhelm title: Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 date: words: 14282.0 sentences: 699.0 pages: flesch: 74.0 cache: ./cache/26243.txt txt: ./txt/26243.txt summary: sulphur in lime water; I poured this solution into a bottle and closed water into the flask in order to see whether any aerial acid had also one part of aerial acid mixed with 10 parts of ordinary air extinguishes collect aerial acid and the inflammable air of sulphur (of which I shall there is aerial acid in the bladder, or another air which can unite with water, into the bladder, as I wish to have of air. another kind of air which can be absorbed by water or lime, but wish to substances produce the same air as the acid of nitre does during Second Experiment.+--I mixed in a bottle 14 parts of that air from Third Experiment.+--After I had filled a bottle with our air, I observed the fourth part of the air converted into aerial acid. aerial acid, because in these latter experiments just as much of the air id: 33941 author: Shenstone, W. A. (William Ashwell) title: The Methods of Glass Blowing and of Working Silica in the Oxy-Gas Flame For the use of chemical and physical students date: words: 29272.0 sentences: 1541.0 pages: flesch: 75.0 cache: ./cache/33941.txt txt: ./txt/33941.txt summary: Tube--Presenting Glass to the Flame--Methods of working with Jets of several sizes to fit the air-tubes of blow-pipes may be obtained heat large pieces of lead glass tube to redness without blackening the Take a piece of lead glass tube, bring it gradually from the point of a convenient to heat large masses of lead glass nor tubes of large size, =Bending Glass Tubes.=--The blow-pipe flame is not a suitable source of The ends of soda glass tubes may also be rounded in the flame of end of the tube by rotating it in the flame till it softens, then remove To seal the end of a glass tube (Fig. 8), adjust the flame so that it purpose heat the tube with the pointed flame, if it be small, or in the blowing into the open end of the tube, after softening the glass at the id: 20751 author: Smith, Edgar Fahs title: Priestley in America, 1794-1804 date: words: 31921.0 sentences: 1504.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/20751.txt txt: ./txt/20751.txt summary: was given the writer years ago by a great-grandson of Joseph Priestley. many life sketches of Priestley, there has come the desire to know more think of Priestley as working only in England, his native land, and Franklin was then sixty years of age, while Priestley was little a natural philosopher." In short, Franklin "made Priestley into a man of Read Priestley''s volumes on Air and on Natural Philosophy. visit Priestley, the Tammany Society presented this address: arrival in this country by a Society of persons whose studies bear reading that the good Doctor thought "Philadelphia by no means so Many times since the days of Priestley real researchers after truth have interested in everything Priestley did during his life in this country While none of the letters to Priestley''s friends mention a family event Priestley regarded him as a rising man in the Country.[7] He id: 24706 author: Smith, Edgar Fahs title: James Cutbush, an American Chemist, 1788-1823 date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 12787 author: Talbot, Henry Paul title: An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes date: words: 65966.0 sentences: 4872.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/12787.txt txt: ./txt/12787.txt summary: acid solution which is equivalent to the volume of sodium hydroxide A normal solution of sodium carbonate contains 53.0 grams per liter, When the standard of the acid solution has been determined, calculate, [Note 1: In the foregoing procedure the acid solution is standardized [Note 2: Hydrochloric acid is volatilized from aqueous solutions, [Note 1: The hydrochloric acid is added to the ferrous solution precipitate (if any) with the acid solution, taking care to avoid loss Wash out the crucible, heat the acid solution Potassium permanganate oxidizes ferrous salts in cold, acid solution [Note 1: Iodine solutions react with water to form hydriodic acid and add dilute hydrochloric acid until the solutions contain a few nitric acid solution and pour it slowly through the filter paper, [Note 2: The solution containing the silver precipitate, as well as [Note 4: The precipitate is washed first with a dilute solution of the id: 29757 author: Tidy, Charles Meymott title: The Story of a Tinder-box date: words: 15242.0 sentences: 1109.0 pages: flesch: 84.0 cache: ./cache/29757.txt txt: ./txt/29757.txt summary: having got all these etceteras, box, tinder, flint and steel, we set to fired tinder a little to make it burn better, and now I apply a sulphur I have here two specimens of the pistol form of tinder-box (Fig. 5). Here is the flint, the tinder being contained in this little box. phosphoric tapers seem to have been sulphur matches with a little piece little spark is at once produced which readily sets fire to my gas-lamp. than a tinder-box with its flint and steel (Fig. 17). produced a red-hot spark and set fire to my tinder, I want you to see Just as I converted my solid sulphur into a gas by the heat of flame, I must have a gas to burn, and therefore heat as a power is our lucifer match, if we have a flame we must have a gas to burn, and id: 24527 author: Tyndall, John title: Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses, and Reviews. V. 1-2 date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 31624 author: Watson, Glen W. title: A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis date: words: 4986.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/31624.txt txt: ./txt/31624.txt summary: [Illustration: Radioactive elements: alpha particles from a speck of A BRIEF HISTORY OF ELEMENT DISCOVERY, SYNTHESIS, AND ANALYSIS scientists working under the Atomic Energy Commission at the University evident that the atoms of radioactive elements were constantly changing accelerate a wider variety of nuclear particles to high energies. new elements, isotopes, and particles now seems endless. Element 43 was "made" for the first time as a result of bombarding The California scientists called the newly discovered element neptunium, bombardment in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron by Radiation Laboratory bombarded with alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei) reacts to give off a neutron and a new element, curium, that has atomic number the isolation and identification of the atoms of element 96 was done at "one atom at a time"; this is possible because its daughter element, Positively charged atoms of element 102 are ions released [alpha] particles which had an energy of 8.6 MeV and id: 3708 author: Williams, Rufus P. (Rufus Phillips) title: An Introduction to Chemical Science date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 1234 author: nan title: Organic Syntheses An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: ==== make-pages.sh questions ==== make-pages.sh search ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel