Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 35 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 79579 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 67 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 water 11 acid 8 air 7 substance 7 illustration 6 solution 6 metal 5 oxygen 5 Mr. 5 Fig 5 Dr. 4 note 4 gold 4 form 4 experiment 4 element 4 compound 4 body 4 Mercury 4 London 4 H_{2}SO_{4 4 CO_{2 3 salt 3 hydrogen 3 heat 3 h_{2}o 3 gas 3 flame 3 contain 3 Sulphur 3 Stone 3 Spirit 3 Society 3 Sir 3 Royal 3 Professor 3 Paris 3 Nature 3 M.A. 3 F.R.S. 3 England 3 Davy 3 Acid 2 woodcut 2 tube 2 time 2 temperature 2 oxide 2 observation 2 nitrous Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 10618 acid 10539 water 6988 solution 6899 salt 6804 air 6085 substance 4736 part 4262 compound 3757 temperature 3742 oxygen 3703 gas 3615 metal 3603 hydrogen 3596 oxide 3541 heat 3377 quantity 2981 ° 2975 time 2959 form 2767 element 2747 weight 2706 tube 2649 case 2617 iron 2582 point 2550 experiment 2526 property 2298 flame 2266 matter 2243 chloride 2240 glass 2161 action 2154 reaction 2141 sodium 2074 body 1999 fire 1955 composition 1937 state 1922 place 1880 mixture 1770 pressure 1769 nature 1760 silver 1741 volume 1737 potassium 1715 fact 1656 process 1630 copper 1629 carbon 1600 method Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 34721 _ 4028 | 1505 Acid 1273 . 1089 Salt 1087 c. 1079 Mr. 1057 sulphur 1022 Davy 1017 Spirit 1015 i. 802 Sulphur 692 8vo 687 ii 680 Fig 652 Mercury 579 Antimony 535 Dr. 525 ammonia 501 Alkali 485 Wine 481 phlogiston 468 Sir 450 Tartar 445 C 443 Oil 418 Chapter 412 Nitre 405 Priestley 393 Royal 377 Volatile 372 Water 363 Society 363 Crown 342 Iron 340 Copper 339 Regulus 336 FIG 327 Fire 324 I. 320 gr 315 Silver 312 H. 309 Nature 307 Elements 307 CO_{2 303 Lead 296 nitre 296 Lavoisier 288 Note Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 30563 it 8992 i 5816 we 5564 they 5501 he 3711 you 3484 them 1260 me 1119 him 884 us 850 itself 518 themselves 339 himself 170 myself 137 she 135 one 66 her 56 ourselves 31 yours 25 yourself 24 hg 22 thee 12 ours 12 herself 11 theirs 8 mine 6 yourselves 6 his 4 oneself 3 experiment.+--i 3 cl_{2}o 2 woburn.--composes 2 whereof 2 ptcl_{2}co 2 paris.--visits 2 na 2 n 2 br 2 alavair.--he 2 ''s 1 whey 1 thus-- 1 this,--you 1 teh_{2}o_{4},2h_{2}o. 1 tax_{6}--that 1 sx_{3 1 substance,[1 1 sb_{2}s_{5 1 sb_{2}o_{4 1 philosophy:--"the Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 94100 be 16549 have 5412 form 5113 give 4777 make 4495 contain 4298 do 3868 take 3589 obtain 3192 find 2566 see 2219 dissolve 2208 produce 2161 use 2129 know 2097 become 1951 combine 1936 heat 1926 call 1898 pass 1824 show 1767 remain 1676 follow 1579 say 1503 appear 1501 burn 1496 separate 1441 add 1417 decompose 1324 reduce 1256 observe 1170 mix 1149 leave 1134 accord 1096 determine 1080 fix 1077 require 1050 employ 1049 act 1041 consider 1015 prepare 999 come 989 boil 977 think 973 absorb 964 place 929 represent 926 occur 890 put 858 convert Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 12009 not 5786 other 5382 very 5056 more 4331 only 4061 so 3961 also 3960 same 3782 great 3767 then 2826 much 2789 first 2617 most 2607 such 2518 small 2509 many 2443 therefore 2349 thus 2160 as 1925 well 1885 even 1804 easily 1786 little 1767 now 1766 different 1669 certain 1641 large 1589 however 1531 less 1501 up 1476 pure 1442 metallic 1440 out 1413 solid 1413 red 1398 sulphuric 1398 high 1376 carbonic 1368 long 1340 soluble 1336 common 1272 necessary 1255 about 1241 white 1180 together 1179 still 1162 here 1094 several 1086 off 1081 general Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 590 least 558 most 377 good 354 great 218 high 136 small 112 simple 75 pure 65 strong 62 Most 60 low 42 light 42 heavy 41 large 34 early 33 near 31 slight 28 manif 25 fine 22 late 18 hot 17 easy 12 common 11 weak 11 warm 11 full 11 cheap 10 thin 10 fit 10 clear 9 noble 9 minute 9 hard 9 dense 9 bright 8 long 8 gross 8 deep 7 rich 7 gentle 6 sure 6 old 6 hexose 6 bad 5 thick 5 mild 5 innermost 5 eld 5 cold 5 close Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2059 most 136 well 85 least 2 saline 2 greatest 1 soon 1 long 1 highest 1 easiest 1 early 1 darkest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 www.gutenberg.org 2 www.gutenberg.net 2 archive.org 1 dewey.library.upenn.edu Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51326/51326-h/51326-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51326/51326-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38246/38246-h/38246-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38246/38246-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34457/34457-h/34457-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34457/34457-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/4/2/1/14218/14218-h/14218-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/4/2/1/14218/14218-h.zip 1 http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti 1 http://archive.org/details/cu31924012367441 1 http://archive.org Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232 _ see _ 41 acid does not 28 water does not 23 air is not 22 acid is not 19 water is not 17 _ heat _ 16 salt is not 14 solution is then 13 salt does not 13 solution is not 12 acid is also 12 acid is then 12 acids do not 12 oxide does not 12 solution does not 11 gas is disengaged 10 iron does not 10 metal is not 10 salt is also 10 substances are capable 10 tube is then 9 _ is not 9 acid is easily 9 acid is very 9 air does not 9 weight is constant 8 air was not 8 compounds are also 8 gas is not 8 iron is not 8 metals do not 8 oxide is not 8 oxygen does not 8 salt separates out 8 substance called _ 8 temperature does not 8 temperature is not 8 water containing carbonic 8 water is also 8 water is so 7 _ is greater 7 acid is present 7 acid passes over 7 air is necessary 7 gas does not 7 oxygen is not 7 salt is easily 7 salt is soluble 7 salts are insoluble Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 acid has no action 3 acid is not volatile 3 acids have no action 3 acids have no effect 2 _ did not _ 2 acid does not even 2 acid does not long 2 acid has not yet 2 acid is not present 2 hydrogen is not able 2 iron is not sufficient 2 metals are not volatile 2 salt is no longer 2 time has not yet 1 _ appeared not at 1 _ be not less 1 _ contain no acid 1 _ do not yet 1 _ gave no light 1 _ has no more 1 _ has no proper 1 _ has no wider 1 _ has not only 1 _ having no sensible 1 _ is not _ 1 _ is not easily 1 _ is not generally 1 _ is not so 1 _ is not soluble 1 _ is not well 1 _ was not _ 1 _ was not very 1 acid are not as 1 acid are not favourable 1 acid are not hitherto 1 acid be not present 1 acid containing no oxygen 1 acid does not readily 1 acid having no action 1 acid is no longer 1 acid is not able 1 acid is not all 1 acid is not at 1 acid is not capable 1 acid is not disengaged 1 acid is not inflammable 1 acid is not often 1 acid is not so 1 acid is not soluble 1 acids are no other A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 15576 author = Anonymous title = A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe Being A Graduated Course Of Analysis For The Use Of Students And All Those Engaged In The Examination Of Metallic Combinations date = keywords = Acid; Behavior; Borax; Formula; Oxide; Platinum; bead; charcoal; color; flame; mineral; special summary = TIN.--This metal fuses readily, and, in the flame of oxidation, dissipated by the flame of oxidation, it gives a green color. | Oxide of Iron, dark red | flame opaque white. Oxide of cobalt gives to the bead while hot a red color, which, upon heated in the oxidation flame, it presents a bead, colored from in the flames of oxidation and reduction, it fuses to a clear bead, Borax dissolves it in the oxidation flame to a clear yellow bead, reduction flame, the bead appears yellow, if the acid exists in small reduction flame this bead exhibits a yellow color when hot, but is red By heating it in the oxidation flame, it acquires a dark green color, Borax dissolves it in the oxidation flame to a clear dark yellow bead, Microcosmic salt and vanadic acid fuse in the oxidation flame to a the oxidation flame, but they produce colored beads with borax and id = 37283 author = Anonymous title = The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c. date = keywords = Fulminating; Silver summary = undermentioned places: for the Fulminating Silver, and Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver to be enclosed in the part marked S; a piece of of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver: a piece of paper is then to be quantity of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver is from one grain to one a grain of Fulminating Silver between the leaves, the end is then to be Take one third of a grain of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver, and a grain of the Fulminating Silver is then to be placed between the Are thus prepared: Enclose half a grain of Brugnatelli''s Fulminating Silver in a piece of glass paper, and that should be again enclosed in One fourth of a grain of Fulminating Silver is to be inclosed in a Fulminating Silver in a fold of glass paper, and pasting it in the prepared in the same manner as directed for the Fulminating Cards. Fulminating Silver in a small fold of glass paper, and putting it into id = 26340 author = Basilius Valentinus title = Of Natural and Supernatural Things Also of the first Tincture, Root, and Spirit of Metals and Minerals, how the same are Conceived, Generated, Brought forth, Changed, and Augmented. date = keywords = Earth; God; Matter; Mercury; Saturn; Spirit; Stone; Sulphur; body; gold; metal summary = the dead, gaining its perfect operation, and the natural Body being Water was the Matter whereon the everlasting Spirit of God moved; the of all Metals, is likewise a supernatural, flying, fiery Spirit; which World it is likewise Gods Power, and the Operation to work into the Soul, of the Spirit, and of the Body, let it be and remain a Magnet, make all Metals into one, it is the true Spirit of _Mercury_, and Soul sensible Soul, which hath operated the Natural Life from a Supernatural Take a Spirit of Salt, therewith extract the Sulphur of Gold, separate the Oil of Salt from it, rectifie the Sulphur of Gold with Spirit of Matter which remaines dry in Spirit of _Mercury_, according to a just projection upon the imperfect Metals, and in the Body of Man. Take ten times as much of prepared _Saturn_ as I taught you before, by id = 22914 author = Boyle, Robert title = The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist''s Principles Commonly call''d Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos''d and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis''d Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject. date = keywords = Bodies; Carneades; Chymical; Doctrine; Earth; Elementary; Elements; Eleutherius; Fire; Liquor; Mercury; Nature; Oyle; Principles; Salt; Spirit; Sulphur; Water; Wine; argument; body; chymist; errata; experiment; gold; note; opinion; substance summary = knowing Chymists shall Think fit in a civil and rational way to shew Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principles of Mixt Bodies._ number of Principles of mixt Bodies, to that grand and known Argument Body, nor scarce of any Animal, generated of Water, a French Chymist, reckon it among Salts, a De-compounded Body Consisting (as I shall mixt Bodie, yields but a little Inflamable Spirit, or Sulphur, and not Chymists Averr the Substances Obtain''d from Compound Bodies by the other Mineral bodies into Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury. how many new sorts of mixt Bodies Chymists themselves have produc''d by as for the Chymists calling a body Salt, or Sulphur, or Mercury, upon the Chymists Mercury or Spirit; and yet how many Bodies, think you, Substances which Chymists are wont to obtain from Mixt Bodies, by their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, to constitute mixt Bodies, without id = 22620 author = Cross, C. F. (Charles Frederick) title = Researches on Cellulose, 1895-1900 date = keywords = Bevan; Cross; H_{2}SO_{4; Pat; acid; cellulose; group; p.ct; product; solution; yield summary = The product is a cellulose of the second group of the hydrolysis of the non-cellulose derivatives to soluble products. hydrated form of cellulosic aggregates in which acid groups may be ~Furfural-yielding Substances~ (Furfuroids).--This group of plant products obtainable from the celluloses under the action of sulphuric acid. products very far removed from ''cellulose.'' The process may have a ''jute cellulose''_ obtained by the Gabriel process were found to yield _9 authors results confirming the figures given in ''Cellulose'' for yield of yield of end-product or ''cellulose'' by the various methods. conditions of treatment, and the end product or cellulose merely product, the limit of the ester reaction with the cellulose residue is proposes to spin solutions of cellulose in sulphuric acid (23) (24) and the soluble ''acid cellulose.'' This product was purified and analysed cellulosic products with condensing acids, the furfural is accompanied by-products of these cellulose processes the S is combined as a SO_{3}H id = 14474 author = Faraday, Michael title = The Chemical History of a Candle date = keywords = Fig; air; burn; candle; flame; illustration; oxygen; water summary = BRIGHTNESS OF THE FLAME--AIR NECESSARY FOR COMBUSTION--PRODUCTION OF WATER gradual supply of air to that place of action--heat and light--all this piece of lime in the flame of the hydrogen as it burns in the oxygen, candle, and shew you a substance like zinc burning in the flame, you will and find that if they burn with a flame, as a candle, they produce water. substance equally from water produced from the candle-flame as from any Inasmuch as the candle produces water, and this gas comes out of the candle burn to produce water without it? than what is produced by the burning of the candle in air. air as the candle would burn in--and here is a jar or bottle containing It is water produced from the candle by the action of the air with air; and if I put a little lime-water into it, neither the oxygen nor id = 34457 author = Findlay, Alexander title = The Phase Rule and Its Applications date = keywords = CO_{2; Fig; Phase; Roozeboom; Rule; Zeitschr; curve; illustration; point; pressure; solid; solution; system; temperature summary = curve representing the temperatures and pressures at which the solid and liquid to solid, at the melting point with change of temperature, only In the case of triple points at which two solid phases are in equilibrium ice and liquid water, that the vapour pressure increases as the temperature melting point, _i.e._ will lower the temperature at which the solid salt ice--salt--solution--vapour can exist only at a definite temperature, salt--solution--vapour, the ice must melt and the temperature fall; and if curve at temperatures above the cryohydric point, solution will be formed; solution--vapour there can at no point be a separation of the solid form; vapour-pressure curve of the saturated solutions in equilibrium with solid liquid phase will therefore be the freezing-point curve; that for the solid melting-point {193} curves the mixture will separate into a solid phase and phase at a temperature below its melting point, a curve of the form II., id = 30066 author = Frary, Francis C. (Francis Cowles) title = Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing date = keywords = Fig; end; glass; illustration; tube summary = of glass is also very useful in breaking off very short ends of tubes, necessary to follow rotating and heating a tube by blowing it, the hands to be heated and an extra supply of glass for the little side tube which a cone, or else heat so much of the large tube that part of its glass is the bulb, and the tube well rotated as the glass softens at that point. proper tail, and use the glass in the large tube for the bulb instead of off the tail as in the making of the bulb on the end of the tube, blow the open end of the large tube, and the bulb softened with a suitable collecting glass as for a bulb on the ends of two tubes (Exercise No. 6), and drawing to form cones of suitable shape (_a_ and _b_, Fig. 17) id = 32974 author = Getman, Frederick Hutton title = The Elements of Blowpipe Analysis date = keywords = Colorless summary = Colors of Borax Beads in oxidizing Flame 74 Colors of Borax Beads in reducing Flame 75 V. Colors of Microcosmic Salt Beads in oxidizing Flame 76 Colors of Microcosmic Salt Beads in reducing Flame 77 _Illustration._ Examine some oxide of barium, BaO, before the Bp. on Ch. _i._ Formation of a metallic bead--color and malleability. ignition tube and subjected to heat, the acid of the substance combines _Illustrations._ Sodium compounds color the flame yellow, and a crystal Calcium colors the flame orange-red, distinguished from strontium, by Boracic acid colors the flame green when the substance has been an orange-red color, which appears gray when seen through blue glass. copper on platinum wire impart to the flame a greenish-blue color, the lead-gray color and metallic lustre. in an ignition tube it yields a sublimate of metallic arsenic. TABLE OF COLORS OF BORAX BEADS IN OXIDIZING FLAME TABLE OF COLORS OF BORAX BEADS IN REDUCING FLAME id = 14641 author = Helvetius, Johann Friedrich title = The Golden Calf, Which the World Adores, and Desires In Which Is Handled the Most Rare and Incomparable Wonder of Nature, in Transmuting Metals; viz. How the Intire Substance of Lead, Was in One Moment Transmuted in Gold-Obrizon, with an Exceeding Small Particle of the True Philosophick Stone date = keywords = Fire; God; Medicine; Nature; Philosophers; Stone; art; friend; gold; metal summary = Wonder of Nature, In Transmuting of Nature, The Mercury of Philosophers mind; for in it I shall relate all things purpose, in Natural things, especially Sons of this Laudable Art, shall at length, was transmuted into a God. Likewise we will not forget into the best Gold, if an exceeding small changeth into a Nature like it self, This Gold and Silver is more noble, Gold, is able to tinge all Red Metals Transmutation is a great natural Medicinal Stone of philosophers. Tincture of Gold with it self in the the Silver and Gold made thereof. things of Nature, by the benefit of of this thing, or Art, in the Writings their Works to so great a God Art; but if I could behold things into like Gold Homogeneal to it self. that God in the things of Nature, any Great Man, or Men, should Gold and Silver of Philosophers, id = 20848 author = Henderson, William Edwards title = An Elementary Study of Chemistry date = keywords = CO_{2; H_{2}SO_{4; acid; carbon; compound; element; exercise; fig; form; gas; h_{2}o; hydrogen; illustration; metal; oxygen; salt; solution; substance; water summary = prepared from compounds known as acids, all of which contain hydrogen. the oxygen present in the copper oxide to form water, which is absorbed hydrogen and oxygen combine in two different ratios to form water and Similarly, the element iron combines with oxygen to form two oxides, one sulphuric acid two compounds are formed, namely, hydrogen dioxide acid to water in the preparation of oxygen and hydrogen by electrolysis the oxides of most metals, forming a salt and water. DEFINITION: _Any oxide which will combine with water to form an acid, or acid, called sulphides, form an important class of salts. of hydrogen to form acids, which are gases very soluble in water. oxygen and hydrogen to form four different acids. a base is present in the water, salts of carbonic acid are formed, and carbon unites with nitrogen and hydrogen to form the acid HCN, called id = 46143 author = Henry, Thomas title = Experiments and Observations on the Following Subjects 1. On the preparation, calcination, and medicinal uses of Magnesia Alba. 2. On the solvent qualities of calcined Magnesia. 3. On the variety in the solvent powers of quick-lime, when used in different quantities. 4. On various absorbents, as promoting or retarding putrefaction. 5. On the comparative antiseptic powers of vegetable infusions prepared with lime, &c. 6. On the sweetening properties of fixed air. date = keywords = CHAP; Dr.; EXPERIMENT; Epsom; Magnesia; Mr.; air; lime; water summary = 1. On the preparation, calcination, and medicinal uses of MAGNESIA even that Magnesia prepared from the waters of Epsom, is superiour to inferences from the result of his experiments on Magnesia, Quick-lime, appear to have made trial of the calcined Magnesia as a medicine. _They_ contain a large quantity of air; _Magnesia_ From this property of Magnesia, when calcined, of absorbing air, Magnesia with the same quantity of gall and water were placed in Two drachms of Magnesia Alba diluted with two ounces of water were [x] Directions for impregnating Water with Fixed Air, by Joseph water strongly impregnated with fixed air, after the method directed [ab] Directions for impregnating water with fixed air, &c. May we not infer from these experiments, that if fixed air be an acid, calcined Magnesia being a non-effervescent may be united with acids 8. Magnesia, when calcined, has the same property as quick-lime of id = 30775 author = Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent title = Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries date = keywords = Academy; Acid; Combinations; English; Fig; Names; Paris; Plate; SECT; TABLE; basis; gas; note; oxygen; salifiable; water summary = Combustible substances, which in acids and metallic oxyds are a specific small proportions with water, whilst a higher oxygenation forms an acid atmospheric air, or in oxygen gas, they are not converted into acids after combining with charcoal to form carbonic acid gas, being added, of oxygen, when combined with nitrous gas in the nitric acid 58.72164; charcoal at this degree of heat, combines with it to form carbonic acid, attracts the oxygen, on purpose to form carbonic acid, the caloric form carbonic acid, a large quantity of hydrogen gas is set free, and water combined with the oxygenated muriatic acid than is necessary to quantity of oxygen gas absorbed, and of carbonic acid produced, as water course, after their combustion in common air, water, carbonic acid gas, forms carbonic acid gas and water, by oxygenating its elements. the quantity of water formed during the experiment; the carbonic acid id = 4524 author = Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von title = Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture date = keywords = England; LETTER; acid; animal; body; carbon; contain; element; food; oxygen; plant; substance summary = compound bodies produced with equal weights of two elements! constant supply of certain matters, animal food, and of oxygen, in hydrogen of certain parts of the animal body combine with the oxygen carbonic acid and water, 64.102 grains of oxygen are required. the elements of the food, is the source of animal heat. In the animal body, heat is produced only in those parts to which necessity for food containing carbon and hydrogen increases in the only class of animals whose food contains fat, inspire more oxygen these, the blood contains certain fatty bodies in small quantity, Vegetables produce in their organism the blood of all animals, for decaying organic matter present in the soil supplying carbonic acid, In whatever form the nitrogen supplied to plants may be contained in animals, from vegetable substances used as food; they had been to become food for man and animals can be formed in any plant id = 46998 author = Macquer, Pierre Joseph title = Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed. date = keywords = Acid; Alkali; Antimony; Arsenic; Copper; Iron; Lead; Mercury; Nitre; Regulus; Salt; Sea; Spirit; Sulphur; Tartar; Vitriol; Vitriolic; Volatile; Wine; gold; oil summary = Neutral salts have not so great an affinity with water as either Acids Water made boiling hot dissolves a greater quantity of those salts If the Vitriolic Acid contain much water, it is then called _Spirit of Silver thus combined with the nitrous acid forms a metallic salt which Copper dissolved in the vitriolic acid forms a kind of metalline salt, The neutral salts formed by combining the acids of nitre and of vitriol case with many other vegetables that contain an essential Oil. Succulent and green plants yield by compression a great deal of liquor phlegm, essential oils, fragrant waters, acid oily spirits, volatile several substances, all of which contain the Acid of Sea-salt, he mixed Vitriol, it must be distilled a second time from Sea-salt, as the Acid of the metal, by the Fixed Alkali uniting with the Acid of Sea-salt _Spirit of Wine combined with the Acid of Sea-salt. id = 51326 author = Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title = The Principles of Chemistry, Volume I date = keywords = Avogadro; Berthollet; CH_{4; CO_{2; Chapter; College; F.R.S.; FIG; Gay; Gerhardt; H_{2; H_{2}SO_{4; Illustrations; London; Lussac; M.A.; M.D.; NO_{2; Note; Professor; Science; Thomsen; acid; cl_{2; compound; contain; diagram; form; gas; h_{2}o; heat; hydrogen; nh_{3; oxide; oxygen; salt; sodium; solution; substance; temperature; water; woodcut summary = carbonic acid, whilst river water contains a considerable quantity explained from the fact that water which contains carbonic acid acids, salts, and such like substances whose solutions do conduct cases (for example, in the solution of nitric or formic acid in water) other acids form _solutions having definite boiling points_, like that [5] As water is formed by the combination of oxygen and hydrogen, with The oxide formed acts on sulphuric acid, water then organic substances are decomposed at a red heat, forming hydrogen, among with hydrogen, forming water, 69,000 units of heat are evolved; whilst when heated with sulphuric acid, forms oxygen and barium oxide, which _Many substances decompose hydrogen peroxide_, forming water and oxygen, water containing the nitrogen and oxygen of the air in solution, Chapter XX.) Water destroys this compound, forming sulphuric acid under the action of water (containing carbonic acid) and air, give id = 54210 author = Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich title = The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II date = keywords = B.Sc; CH_{4; CO_{2; Chapter; College; F.R.S.; H_{2}SO_{4; III; Illustrations; London; M.A.; M.D.; Marignac; NH_{3; Professor; R_{2}O_{3; Royal; SO_{2; SO_{3; Science; acid; anhydride; chloride; compound; contain; diagram; element; form; h_{2}o; heat; hydrogen; iron; metal; note; oxide; potassium; salt; silver; solution; water; woodcut summary = such acid compounds as are formed by chlorine, oxygen, and similar excess of water, especially when heated, forms the basic salt (as Silicic acid is formed by taking any solution containing silica formed on mixing sulphuric acid or its soluble salts with presence of an acid at the ordinary temperature, lead forms compounds of compounds in the form of the salts of phosphoric acid. water, forming a yellow solution with a slightly acid reaction.[50] and forms the lower oxides; V_{2}O_{4} (acid solutions of a green sulphuretted hydrogen on a salt of a metal, a free acid must be formed forms in solution only an acid salt with the potassium: KHO + sulphurous acid easily forms double salts. salt from the green solution which contains less sulphuric acid salt-forming oxide, UO_{3}, shows very feeble acid properties. salt is not only formed by the action of iron on sulphuric acid, id = 14218 author = Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title = The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry date = keywords = ALCHEMICAL; Elements; Lavoisier; Mercury; Paracelsus; Principles; Stone; air; alchemist; change; illustration; metal; nature; property; substance; symbol; thing summary = object of Nature in all things is to introduce into each substance the The alchemical notion of a natural state as proper to each substance Price_ says, "Nature is continually at work changing other metals into If we think of the alchemical elements earth, air, fire, and water, as _Water_, in the cold substances the element _Air_ preponderates, and properties of substances, made since the time of the alchemists, have fixed substance, which brings all metals to the perfection of gold or that word: the alchemist regarded the metals as composite substances; experiments on the calcination of metals and other substances, But the terms _substance_, _thing_, _properties_ were used separate the calcined substance into two different things, one of help of it, what kind of air a great variety of substances, natural to cause a metallic calx (that is, the substance formed by calcining the way nature works, she _must_ begin with certain substances which id = 38246 author = Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison) title = Heroes of Science: Chemists date = keywords = Avogadro; Berzelius; Black; Dalton; Davy; Dumas; Graham; Lavoisier; Liebig; Paris; Priestley; acid; air; atom; chemical; compound; nature; substance; time; water summary = Berzelius--Davy''s work on acids, alkalis, and salts--He Water was regarded as a substance which, like air, readily combined with ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE--PERIOD OF DALTON. that when elements combine the atom of the compound so produced is built up method for determining the atomic weights of compounds of that element. small particles, the molecule (of a compound or of an element) and the atom water gas there are two atoms of hydrogen combined with sixteen parts by nature of the elements in the acid atoms, or even in the arrangement of the Davy''s view of an acid as a compound of water with a negative oxide was place of three atoms of hydrogen in the molecule; that the new substance At the time when Dalton was thinking out his theory of atoms, Davy was id = 45394 author = Paris, John Ayrton title = The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 1 (of 2) date = keywords = Beddoes; Bristol; Chemical; Chemistry; Cornwall; Count; Davy; Dr.; ESQ; Electricity; Gilbert; Humphry; Institution; Lecture; Light; London; Managers; Mr.; Nature; Penzance; Professor; Royal; Sir; Society; Voltaic; Wollaston; acid; body; dear; experiment; water summary = Thomas Lawrence, presented to the Royal Society by Lady Davy; and conceives a new theory of heat and light.--His ingenious experiment of Potash discovered.--Whether Ammonia contains oxygen.--Davy''s Shortly after Dr. Murray had published his system of chemistry, Davy accompanied Mr. Children in an excursion to Tonbridge, and the new work was placed "Having observed," says Davy, "that no painful effects were In the next place, Davy''s experiment is important, inasmuch as it lecturer, Mr. Davy, to agricultural subjects; and in the following The constant appearance of acid and alkaline matter in pure water, Davy thinks that the acid and alkaline taste produced upon the between electrical powers and chemical affinities; but Davy very myself, I shall not enter into the history of Davy''s experiments It appears from the following letter, that Davy visited his friend These results Davy gained by experiments made on different kinds of id = 45395 author = Paris, John Ayrton title = The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 2 (of 2) date = keywords = Bishop; Coal; Davy; December; Dr.; England; Europe; Faraday; Humphry; January; June; Lady; London; March; Mr.; November; October; Paris; Poole; President; Rome; Royal; Safety; Sir; Society; Stephenson; Voltaic; air; dear; experiment; great; observation; water summary = H. Davy proposes four different kinds of lamp for the purpose.--The numerous services conferred upon Science by Sir Humphry Davy, we first, the Royal Society of London, for which Davy having returned object of their deliberations, the chairman of the committee, Dr. Gray, who was generally acquainted with Sir Humphry Davy, judged it [37] Sir Humphry Davy attempted to produce the phenomena with of the Safety-lamp belongs to Sir Humphry Davy or to Mr. George The following letter from Sir Humphry Davy announces the farther In the year 1825, Sir Humphry Davy had the honour to receive These facts, Davy observes, appear to admit of many applications; Sir Humphry Davy suggests a chemical method for unrolling Sir Humphry Davy suggests a chemical method for unrolling Sir Humphry Davy thinks that whoever has considered the phenomena Philosophical Transactions for the year 1823, Sir Humphry Davy Sir Humphry Davy has observed, that "at the time when the id = 29734 author = Priestley, Joseph title = Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air date = keywords = Dr.; Mr.; acid; air; common; diminish; experiment; inflammable; kind; nitrous; observation; phlogiston; quantity; time; water summary = In experiments on those kinds of air which are readily imbibed by water, In order to impregnate fluids with any kind of air, as water with fixed Fixed air may be kept in vessels standing in water for a long Water thus impregnated with fixed air readily dissolves iron, as Mr. Lane has discovered; so that if a quantity of iron filings be put to it, observed, that water which remained a long time within this air has If a quantity of inflammable air be contained in a glass vessel standing letting the phial stand some days in water, that the fixed air might be standing a long time in water, about as much as inflammable air is quantities of different kinds of air in jars standing in boiled water. To a quantity of common air, thus diminished by agitation in water, till I agitated in water a quantity of nitrous air phlogisticated with iron id = 37682 author = Priestley, Joseph title = Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry date = keywords = LECTURE; acid; air; form; heat; metal; nitrous; substance; water summary = Neither water nor acid of vitriol will separately dissolve iron, so as phlogiston with nitrous air, as by heating iron in it, and by a mixture vitriolic acid, which uniting with the phlogiston in the air, forms the so that water impregnated with vitriolic acid air, commonly called Fluor acid air is procured by dissolving the earthy substance called Alkaline air is produced by means of heat from caustic volatile alkali, with marine acid air, the common sal-ammoniac; and with water, the The nitrous acid is formed by the union of the purest inflammable air, The nitrous acid unites with phlogiston, alkalis, metallic substances, Nitrous acid dissolves all metallic substances except gold and platina, vitriolic acid it forms a substance that is insoluble in water, and acid will deprive the nitrous of it, and form a substance called _luna By heat this substance parts with its pure air, and becomes id = 26243 author = Scheele, Carl Wilhelm title = Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 date = keywords = acid; air; fire; water summary = sulphur in lime water; I poured this solution into a bottle and closed water into the flask in order to see whether any aerial acid had also one part of aerial acid mixed with 10 parts of ordinary air extinguishes collect aerial acid and the inflammable air of sulphur (of which I shall there is aerial acid in the bladder, or another air which can unite with water, into the bladder, as I wish to have of air. another kind of air which can be absorbed by water or lime, but wish to substances produce the same air as the acid of nitre does during Second Experiment.+--I mixed in a bottle 14 parts of that air from Third Experiment.+--After I had filled a bottle with our air, I observed the fourth part of the air converted into aerial acid. aerial acid, because in these latter experiments just as much of the air id = 33941 author = Shenstone, W. A. (William Ashwell) title = The Methods of Glass Blowing and of Working Silica in the Oxy-Gas Flame For the use of chemical and physical students date = keywords = Fig; glass; illustration; tube summary = Tube--Presenting Glass to the Flame--Methods of working with Jets of several sizes to fit the air-tubes of blow-pipes may be obtained heat large pieces of lead glass tube to redness without blackening the Take a piece of lead glass tube, bring it gradually from the point of a convenient to heat large masses of lead glass nor tubes of large size, =Bending Glass Tubes.=--The blow-pipe flame is not a suitable source of The ends of soda glass tubes may also be rounded in the flame of end of the tube by rotating it in the flame till it softens, then remove To seal the end of a glass tube (Fig. 8), adjust the flame so that it purpose heat the tube with the pointed flame, if it be small, or in the blowing into the open end of the tube, after softening the glass at the id = 20751 author = Smith, Edgar Fahs title = Priestley in America, 1794-1804 date = keywords = America; Doctor; Dr.; England; Mr.; New; Northumberland; Philadelphia; Philosophical; Priestley; Sir; Society; York; country summary = was given the writer years ago by a great-grandson of Joseph Priestley. many life sketches of Priestley, there has come the desire to know more think of Priestley as working only in England, his native land, and Franklin was then sixty years of age, while Priestley was little a natural philosopher." In short, Franklin "made Priestley into a man of Read Priestley''s volumes on Air and on Natural Philosophy. visit Priestley, the Tammany Society presented this address: arrival in this country by a Society of persons whose studies bear reading that the good Doctor thought "Philadelphia by no means so Many times since the days of Priestley real researchers after truth have interested in everything Priestley did during his life in this country While none of the letters to Priestley''s friends mention a family event Priestley regarded him as a rising man in the Country.[7] He id = 12787 author = Talbot, Henry Paul title = An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes date = keywords = H^{+; acid; determination; gram; note; precipitate; solution; water; weight summary = acid solution which is equivalent to the volume of sodium hydroxide A normal solution of sodium carbonate contains 53.0 grams per liter, When the standard of the acid solution has been determined, calculate, [Note 1: In the foregoing procedure the acid solution is standardized [Note 2: Hydrochloric acid is volatilized from aqueous solutions, [Note 1: The hydrochloric acid is added to the ferrous solution precipitate (if any) with the acid solution, taking care to avoid loss Wash out the crucible, heat the acid solution Potassium permanganate oxidizes ferrous salts in cold, acid solution [Note 1: Iodine solutions react with water to form hydriodic acid and add dilute hydrochloric acid until the solutions contain a few nitric acid solution and pour it slowly through the filter paper, [Note 2: The solution containing the silver precipitate, as well as [Note 4: The precipitate is washed first with a dilute solution of the id = 29757 author = Tidy, Charles Meymott title = The Story of a Tinder-box date = keywords = F.R.S.; M.A.; fig; fire; flame; illustration; tinder summary = having got all these etceteras, box, tinder, flint and steel, we set to fired tinder a little to make it burn better, and now I apply a sulphur I have here two specimens of the pistol form of tinder-box (Fig. 5). Here is the flint, the tinder being contained in this little box. phosphoric tapers seem to have been sulphur matches with a little piece little spark is at once produced which readily sets fire to my gas-lamp. than a tinder-box with its flint and steel (Fig. 17). produced a red-hot spark and set fire to my tinder, I want you to see Just as I converted my solid sulphur into a gas by the heat of flame, I must have a gas to burn, and therefore heat as a power is our lucifer match, if we have a flame we must have a gas to burn, and id = 31624 author = Watson, Glen W. title = A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis date = keywords = Berkeley; California; University; element summary = [Illustration: Radioactive elements: alpha particles from a speck of A BRIEF HISTORY OF ELEMENT DISCOVERY, SYNTHESIS, AND ANALYSIS scientists working under the Atomic Energy Commission at the University evident that the atoms of radioactive elements were constantly changing accelerate a wider variety of nuclear particles to high energies. new elements, isotopes, and particles now seems endless. Element 43 was "made" for the first time as a result of bombarding The California scientists called the newly discovered element neptunium, bombardment in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron by Radiation Laboratory bombarded with alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei) reacts to give off a neutron and a new element, curium, that has atomic number the isolation and identification of the atoms of element 96 was done at "one atom at a time"; this is possible because its daughter element, Positively charged atoms of element 102 are ions released [alpha] particles which had an energy of 8.6 MeV and