id sid tid token lemma pos cord-003173-ymsl7snv 1 1 key key NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 1 2 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 1 cord-003173-ymsl7snv cord-003173-ymsl7snv NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 2 authors author NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 3 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 4 Miura Miura NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 5 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 6 Fuminari Fuminari NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 7 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 8 Matsuyama Matsuyama NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 9 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 10 Ryota Ryota NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 11 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 12 Nishiura Nishiura NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 2 13 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 1 Hiroshi Hiroshi NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 2 title title NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 3 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 4 Estimating estimate VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 6 Asymptomatic Asymptomatic NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 7 Ratio Ratio NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 8 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 9 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 10 Infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 11 During during IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 12 Foodborne foodborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 13 Outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 14 With with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 15 Laboratory Laboratory NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 16 Testing Testing NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 17 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 18 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 3 19 date date NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 4 1 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 4 2 2018 2018 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 4 3 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 4 4 09 09 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 4 5 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 4 6 05 05 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 4 7 journal journal NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 4 8 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 1 J J NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 2 Epidemiol Epidemiol NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 3 DOI DOI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 4 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 5 10.2188 10.2188 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 6 / / SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 7 jea.je20170040 jea.je20170040 IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 8 sha sha NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 9 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 10 a20dad1dae885e38b8aeadb93c22d14a54c6388a a20dad1dae885e38b8aeadb93c22d14a54c6388a NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 11 doc_id doc_id NNPS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 12 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 13 3173 3173 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 14 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 15 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 16 ymsl7snv ymsl7snv NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 17 BACKGROUND background NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 5 18 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 1 Foodborne foodborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 2 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 3 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 4 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 5 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 6 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 7 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 8 2005–2006 2005–2006 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 9 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 10 involving involve VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 11 virological virological JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 12 surveillance surveillance NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 13 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 14 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 15 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 16 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 17 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 18 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 19 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 20 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 21 reanalyzed reanalyze VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 22 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 23 estimate estimate VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 24 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 25 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 26 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 27 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 28 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 29 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 30 along along IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 31 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 32 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 33 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 34 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 35 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 36 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 37 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 38 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 39 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 40 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 41 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 6 42 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 1 METHODS method NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 2 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 3 Employing employ VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 4 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 5 statistical statistical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 6 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 7 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 8 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 9 considered consider VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 10 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 11 capture capture VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 13 data data NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 14 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 15 generating generate VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 16 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 17 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 18 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 19 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 20 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 21 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 22 surveillance surveillance NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 23 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 24 maximum maximum JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 25 likelihood likelihood NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 26 estimation estimation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 27 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 28 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 29 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 30 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 31 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 32 implemented implement VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 7 33 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 8 1 RESULTS result NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 8 2 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 1 Assuming assume VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 2 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 3 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 4 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 5 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 7 n n NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 8 = = SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 9 55 55 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 11 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 13 result result NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 14 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 15 random random JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 16 sampling sampling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 17 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 18 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 19 identical identical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 20 distribution distribution NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 21 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 22 ignoring ignore VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 23 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 24 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 25 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 26 specificities specificity NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 27 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 28 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 29 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 30 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 31 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 32 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 33 at at IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 34 32.1 32.1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 35 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 37 95 95 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 38 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 39 confidence confidence NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 40 interval interval NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 42 CI CI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 44 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 45 27.7–36.7 27.7–36.7 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 9 47 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 1 Although although IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 2 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 3 significant significant JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 5 separate separate JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 6 estimation estimation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 7 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 8 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 9 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 10 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 13 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 14 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 15 appeared appear VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 16 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 17 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 18 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 19 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 20 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 21 genotypes genotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 22 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 23 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 24 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 25 at at IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 26 40.7 40.7 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 27 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 29 95 95 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 30 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 31 CI CI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 32 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 33 32.8–49.0 32.8–49.0 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 10 35 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 11 1 CONCLUSION conclusion NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 11 2 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 2 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 3 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 4 offered offer VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 6 first first JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 7 explicit explicit JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 8 empirical empirical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 9 estimates estimate NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 10 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 11 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 12 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 13 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 14 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 15 norovirus norovirus JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 16 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 17 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 18 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 19 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 20 settings setting NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 12 21 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 2 estimate estimate NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 4 about about RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 5 30 30 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 6 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 7 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 8 consistent consistent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 9 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 10 those those DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 11 derived derive VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 12 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 13 volunteer volunteer NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 14 challenge challenge NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 15 studies study NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 13 16 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 1 Practical practical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 2 difficulty difficulty NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 3 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 4 controlling control VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 5 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 6 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 7 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 8 supported support VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 9 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 10 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 11 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 12 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 13 considering consider VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 14 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 15 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 16 large large JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 17 estimate estimate NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 18 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 19 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 20 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 21 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 22 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 23 obtained obtain VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 24 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 25 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 26 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 27 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 14 28 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 1 Noroviruses noroviruse NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 2 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 3 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 4 evolutionarily evolutionarily RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 5 diverse diverse JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 6 group group NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 7 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 8 singlestranded singlestranded JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 9 positive positive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 10 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 11 sense sense NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 13 viruses virus NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 14 without without IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 15 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 16 envelope envelope NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 17 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 18 belonging belong VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 19 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 20 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 21 Caliciviridae Caliciviridae NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 22 family family NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 23 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 24 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 25 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 26 responsible responsible JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 27 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 28 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 29 substantial substantial JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 30 part part NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 31 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 32 acute acute JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 33 viral viral JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 34 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 35 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 36 humans human NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 15 37 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 1 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 3 2 2 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 4 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 5 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 6 have have VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 7 happened happen VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 8 both both CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 9 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 10 developing develop VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 11 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 12 industrialized industrialized JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 13 nations nation NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 16 14 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 17 1 3 3 LS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 1 Once once IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 2 infected infect VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 3 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 4 symptoms symptom NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 5 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 6 characterized characterize VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 7 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 8 non non JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 9 - - JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 10 bloody bloody JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 11 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 12 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 13 vomiting vomiting NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 15 nausea nausea NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 16 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 17 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 18 abdominal abdominal JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 19 cramps cramp NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 20 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 21 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 22 there there EX cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 23 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 24 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 25 no no DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 26 specific specific JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 27 treatment treatment NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 28 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 29 accelerate accelerate VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 30 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 31 cure cure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 32 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 33 patients patient NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 34 infected infect VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 35 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 36 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 37 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 18 38 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 1 4 4 LS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 2 Vaccines vaccine NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 3 have have VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 4 yet yet RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 5 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 6 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 7 fully fully RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 8 developed develop VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 9 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 10 brought bring VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 11 into into IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 12 practice practice NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 13 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 14 5 5 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 15 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 16 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 17 presence presence NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 18 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 19 various various JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 19 20 genotypes genotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 1 prevents prevent VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 2 infected infect VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 3 human human NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 4 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 5 acquiring acquire VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 6 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 7 specific specific JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 8 immunity immunity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 20 9 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 21 1 6 6 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 1 Published publish VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 2 studies study NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 3 have have VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 4 reported report VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 5 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 6 around around IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 7 30 30 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 8 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 9 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 10 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 11 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 12 remains remain VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 13 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 15 7 7 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 16 while while IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 17 such such JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 18 asymptomatically asymptomatically RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 19 infected infect VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 20 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 21 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 22 known know VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 23 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 24 excrete excrete VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 25 substantial substantial JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 26 volume volume NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 27 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 28 viruses virus NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 22 29 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 1 8 8 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 3 9 9 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 4 Vomit vomit NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 5 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 6 infectious infectious JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 7 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 8 contains contain VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 9 over over IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 10 10 10 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 11 7 7 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 12 copies copy NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 13 = = SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 14 gram gram NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 15 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 16 noroviruses noroviruse NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 17 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 18 8 8 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 19 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 20 9 9 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 21 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 22 infectious infectious JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 23 vomitus vomitus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 24 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 25 known know VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 26 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 27 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 28 sometimes sometimes RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 29 aerosolized aerosolize VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 30 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 31 10 10 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 32 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 33 11 11 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 34 making make VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 35 it -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 36 difficult difficult JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 37 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 38 prevent prevent VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 39 secondary secondary JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 40 transmissions transmission NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 23 41 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 2 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 3 spreads spread VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 4 through through IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 5 fecal fecal JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 6 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 7 oral oral JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 8 routes route NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 9 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 10 such such JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 11 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 12 via via IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 13 contaminated contaminated JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 14 water water NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 15 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 16 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 17 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 18 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 19 people people NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 20 's 's POS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 21 contaminated contaminated JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 22 hands hand NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 24 23 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 1 12 12 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 3 13 13 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 4 Published publish VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 5 studies study NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 6 indicate indicate VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 7 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 8 infections infection NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 9 associated associate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 10 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 11 environmental environmental JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 12 contaminants contaminant NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 13 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 14 mainly mainly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 15 caused cause VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 16 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 17 contaminated contaminated JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 18 water water NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 19 or or CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 20 foods food NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 22 especially especially RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 23 oysters oyster NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 26 11 11 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 27 accounting account VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 28 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 29 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 30 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 31 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 32 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 33 frequently frequently RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 34 observed observe VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 35 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 36 winter winter NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 25 37 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 26 1 14 14 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 1 Given give VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 2 these these DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 3 features feature NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 5 workers worker NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 6 who who WP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 7 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 8 directly directly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 9 engaged engage VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 10 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 11 cooking cooking NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 13 handling handling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 14 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 15 foods food NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 16 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 17 such such JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 18 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 19 cooks cook NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 20 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 21 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 22 servers server NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 23 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 24 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 25 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 26 factory factory NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 27 workers worker NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 28 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 29 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 30 considered consider VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 31 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 32 one one CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 33 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 34 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 35 key key JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 36 subjects subject NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 37 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 38 prevention prevention NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 39 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 40 secondary secondary JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 41 transmissions transmission NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 27 42 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 28 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 28 2 15 15 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 28 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 28 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 28 5 16 16 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 28 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 29 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 29 2 17 17 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 29 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 1 One one CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 2 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 4 notable notable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 5 virological virological JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 6 features feature NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 7 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 8 noroviruses noroviruse NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 9 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 10 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 11 variation variation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 12 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 13 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 14 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 15 divided divide VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 16 into into IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 17 five five CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 18 genogroups genogroup NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 19 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 20 many many JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 21 genotypes genotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 22 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 23 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 24 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 30 25 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 31 1 18 18 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 1 As as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 2 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 3 2017 2017 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 6 most most RBS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 7 prevalent prevalent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 8 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 9 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 10 humans human NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 11 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 12 GII GII NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 32 13 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 1 4 4 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 3 19 19 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 5 20 20 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 6 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 7 accounts account VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 8 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 9 as as RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 10 many many JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 11 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 12 80 80 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 13 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 14 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 15 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 16 reported report VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 17 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 18 infections infection NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 19 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 20 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 21 isolation isolation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 33 22 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 34 1 21 21 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 1 Some some DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 2 pieces piece NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 4 evidence evidence NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 5 indicate indicate VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 6 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 7 this this DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 8 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 9 evolves evolve VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 10 rapidly rapidly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 12 escaping escape VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 13 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 14 selection selection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 15 pressure pressure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 35 16 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 36 1 22 22 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 36 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 36 3 23 23 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 1 In in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 2 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 3 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 5 majority majority NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 7 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 8 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 9 caused cause VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 10 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 11 genogroup genogroup NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 12 II II NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 13 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 14 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 15 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 16 large large JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 17 proportion proportion NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 18 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 19 caused cause VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 20 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 21 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 37 22 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 1 24 24 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 2 GII.4-associated gii.4-associate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 3 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 4 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 5 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 6 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 7 first first RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 8 observed observe VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 9 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 10 2006 2006 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 13 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 14 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 15 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 16 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 17 continuously continuously RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 18 observed observe VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 19 every every DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 20 year year NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 21 since since IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 22 then then RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 38 23 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 39 1 25 25 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 1 To to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 2 decipher decipher VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 4 most most RBS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 5 effective effective JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 6 preventive preventive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 7 measures measure NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 8 against against IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 9 this this DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 10 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 13 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 14 vital vital JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 15 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 16 quantitatively quantitatively RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 17 clarify clarify VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 18 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 19 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 20 history history NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 21 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 22 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 23 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 24 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 25 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 26 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 27 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 28 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 29 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 30 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 31 per per IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 32 exposure exposure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 33 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 34 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 35 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 36 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 37 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 38 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 39 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 40 40 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 3 explicit explicit JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 4 estimates estimate NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 5 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 6 very very RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 7 scarce scarce JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 8 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 9 except except IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 10 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 11 rigorous rigorous JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 12 challenge challenge NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 13 studies study NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 14 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 15 helped help VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 16 quantify quantify VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 17 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 18 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 19 history history NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 20 5 5 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 21 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 22 26 26 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 23 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 24 moreover moreover RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 26 it -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 27 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 28 unclear unclear JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 29 if if IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 30 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 31 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 32 history history NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 33 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 34 experimentally experimentally RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 35 infected infect VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 36 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 37 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 38 similar similar JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 39 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 40 those those DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 41 based base VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 42 on on IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 43 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 44 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 41 45 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 1 A a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 2 small small JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 3 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 5 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 6 modelling modelling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 7 studies study NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 8 estimated estimate VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 9 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 10 part part NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 13 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 14 values value NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 15 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 16 27 27 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 17 - - SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 18 30 30 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 19 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 20 explicit explicit JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 21 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 22 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 23 based base VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 24 estimates estimate NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 25 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 26 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 27 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 28 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 29 have have VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 30 yet yet RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 31 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 32 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 33 offered offer VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 42 34 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 2 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 3 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 4 aims aim VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 5 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 6 estimate estimate VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 7 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 8 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 9 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 10 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 11 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 12 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 13 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 14 reanalyzing reanalyze VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 15 foodborne foodborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 16 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 17 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 18 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 19 laboratory laboratory NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 20 testing testing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 21 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 22 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 23 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 24 along along IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 25 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 26 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 27 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 28 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 29 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 30 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 31 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 32 frequency frequency NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 33 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 34 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 35 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 36 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 37 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 43 38 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 1 In in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 2 addition addition NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 3 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 4 estimating estimate VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 6 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 7 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 8 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 9 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 10 noroviruses noroviruse NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 13 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 14 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 15 also also RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 16 compares compare VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 17 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 18 estimate estimate NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 19 across across IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 20 different different JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 21 genogroups genogroup NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 22 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 23 genotypes genotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 44 24 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 2 reanalyzed reanalyze VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 3 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 4 published publish VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 5 dataset dataset NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 6 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 7 tested test VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 8 both both CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 9 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 10 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 11 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 12 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 13 during during IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 14 norovirus norovirus JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 15 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 16 at at IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 17 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 18 catering catering NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 19 settings setting NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 20 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 21 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 22 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 23 November November NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 24 10 10 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 26 2005 2005 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 27 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 28 December December NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 29 9 9 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 30 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 45 31 2006 2006 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 46 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 46 2 n n NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 46 3 = = SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 46 4 55 55 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 46 5 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 46 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 46 7 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 47 1 31 31 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 1 In in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 2 that that DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 3 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 5 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 6 total total NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 7 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 8 2,229 2,229 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 9 involved involve VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 10 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 12 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 13 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 14 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 15 handlers handler NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 16 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 17 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 18 workers worker NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 19 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 20 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 21 potentially potentially RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 22 exposed expose VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 23 customers customer NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 24 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 25 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 26 examined examine VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 27 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 28 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 29 presence presence NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 30 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 31 symptoms symptom NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 33 ie ie RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 34 defined define VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 35 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 36 either either DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 37 non non JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 38 - - JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 39 bloody bloody JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 40 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 41 or or CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 42 vomiting vomit VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 44 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 45 also also RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 46 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 47 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 48 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 49 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 50 feces fece NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 51 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 52 conducting conduct VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 53 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 54 survey survey NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 55 shortly shortly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 56 after after IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 57 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 58 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 60 within within IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 61 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 62 week week NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 48 64 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 1 Asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 2 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 3 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 4 defined define VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 5 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 6 persons person NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 7 without without IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 8 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 9 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 10 vomiting vomit VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 13 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 14 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 15 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 16 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 17 defined define VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 18 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 19 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 20 proportion proportion NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 21 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 22 asymptomatically asymptomatically RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 23 infected infect VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 24 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 25 among among IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 26 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 27 total total NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 28 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 29 infected infected JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 30 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 49 31 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 1 Through through IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 2 stool stool NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 3 specimen specimen NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 4 tests test NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 5 using use VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 6 highly highly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 7 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 8 real real JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 9 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 10 time time NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 11 reverse reverse NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 12 transcription transcription NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 13 polymerase polymerase NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 14 chain chain NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 15 reaction reaction NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 17 RT RT NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 18 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 19 PCR PCR NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 21 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 22 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 23 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 24 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 25 highest high JJS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 26 detection detection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 27 limit limit NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 28 among among IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 29 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 30 existing exist VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 31 genome genome NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 32 testing testing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 33 methods method NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 34 32 32 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 35 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 36 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 37 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 38 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 39 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 40 = = SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 41 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 42 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 43 identified identify VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 50 44 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 1 Due due IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 2 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 3 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 4 highly highly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 5 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 6 nature nature NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 7 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 8 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 9 real real JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 10 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 11 time time NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 12 RT RT NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 13 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 14 PCR PCR NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 15 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 16 shown show VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 17 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 18 detect detect VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 19 positive positive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 20 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 21 specimens specimen NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 22 if if IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 23 > > $ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 24 10 10 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 25 copies copy NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 26 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 27 included include VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 28 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 29 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 30 well well NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 51 31 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 52 1 32 32 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 1 Since since IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 2 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 3 healthy healthy JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 4 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 5 as as RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 6 well well RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 7 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 8 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 9 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 10 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 11 tested test VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 12 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 13 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 14 results result NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 15 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 16 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 17 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 18 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 19 classified classify VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 20 into into IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 21 four four CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 22 categories category NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 23 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 24 ie ie FW cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 27 i i NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 29 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 30 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 31 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 32 positive positive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 33 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 35 ii ii NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 37 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 38 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 39 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 40 negative negative JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 41 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 43 iii iii NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 45 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 46 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 47 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 48 positive positive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 49 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 50 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 52 iv iv LS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 54 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 55 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 56 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 57 negative negative JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 53 58 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 1 In in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 2 addition addition NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 3 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 5 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 7 people people NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 8 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 9 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 10 category category NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 11 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 12 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 13 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 15 genotyping genotyping NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 16 results result NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 17 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 18 obtained obtain VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 54 19 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 1 Figure figure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 2 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 3 summarizes summarize VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 5 survey survey NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 6 results result NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 7 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 8 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 9 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 10 coded code VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 11 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 12 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 13 given give VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 14 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 15 eTable eTable NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 16 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 55 17 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 2 should should MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 3 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 4 noted note VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 5 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 6 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 7 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 8 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 9 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 10 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 11 virusnegative virusnegative JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 12 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 13 includes include VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 14 both both DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 15 uninfected uninfected JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 16 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 17 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 18 infected infected JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 19 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 20 without without IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 21 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 22 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 56 23 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 2 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 3 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 4 31 31 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 5 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 6 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 7 very very RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 8 rigorous rigorous JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 9 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 10 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 11 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 12 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 13 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 14 involved involve VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 15 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 16 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 17 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 18 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 19 borne bear VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 20 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 21 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 22 fully fully RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 23 surveyed survey VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 24 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 25 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 26 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 27 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 28 extremely extremely RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 29 rare rare JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 30 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 31 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 32 routinely routinely RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 33 attainable attainable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 57 34 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 1 In in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 2 addition addition NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 3 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 4 such such PDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 5 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 6 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 7 must must MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 8 employ employ VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 9 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 10 highly highly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 11 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 12 real real JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 13 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 14 time time NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 15 RT RT NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 16 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 17 PCR PCR NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 18 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 19 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 20 condition condition NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 21 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 22 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 23 also also RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 24 satisfied satisfy VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 25 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 26 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 27 2005 2005 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 28 - - SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 29 2006 2006 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 30 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 58 31 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 59 1 31 31 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 3 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 4 events event NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 5 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 6 observed observe VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 7 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 8 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 9 same same JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 10 year year NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 11 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 12 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 13 within within IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 14 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 15 handling handle VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 16 facilities facility NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 17 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 18 comparable comparable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 19 sizes size NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 60 20 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 1 Here here RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 4 describe describe VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 5 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 6 statistical statistical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 7 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 8 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 9 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 10 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 11 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 12 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 13 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 14 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 15 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 16 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 17 jointly jointly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 18 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 19 using use VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 20 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 21 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 22 foodborne foodborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 23 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 24 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 61 25 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 1 First first RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 4 data data NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 5 generating generating NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 6 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 7 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 8 schematically schematically RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 9 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 10 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 11 Figure figure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 12 2 2 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 62 13 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 1 Three three CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 2 pieces piece NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 4 information information NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 5 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 6 considered consider VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 7 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 8 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 9 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 10 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 13 illness illness NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 14 onset onset NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 15 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 16 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 17 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 18 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 19 results result NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 63 20 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 2 assume assume VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 3 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 4 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 5 situations situation NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 6 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 7 population population NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 8 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 9 similar similar JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 10 across across IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 11 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 13 shared share VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 14 identical identical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 15 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 64 16 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 1 Let let VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 2 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 3 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 5 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 7 or or CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 8 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 9 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 12 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 13 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 14 given give VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 15 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 16 exposure exposure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 17 at at IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 18 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 19 handling handling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 20 center center NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 21 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 22 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 23 similarly similarly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 24 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 25 let let VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 26 s s PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 27 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 28 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 29 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 30 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 31 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 32 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 33 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 34 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 35 representing represent VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 36 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 37 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 38 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 39 infected infect VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 40 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 41 escape escape VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 42 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 43 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 44 illness illness NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 65 45 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 1 33 33 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 2 Moreover moreover RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 3 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 4 let let VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 5 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 6 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 7 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 8 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 9 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 10 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 11 detection detection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 12 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 13 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 14 infected infected JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 15 individual individual NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 66 16 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 1 While while IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 2 these these DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 3 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 4 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 5 allocated allocate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 6 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 7 all all PDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 8 these these DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 9 processes process NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 10 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 11 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 12 directly directly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 13 observed observe VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 14 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 15 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 16 original original JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 17 survey survey NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 67 18 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 2 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 3 information information NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 5 have have VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 6 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 7 access access NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 8 includes include VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 68 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 69 1 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 69 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 1 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 2 total total JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 3 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 5 people people NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 6 involved involve VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 8 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 9 healthy healthy JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 10 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 12 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 13 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 14 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 15 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 17 ii ii NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 70 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 1 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 2 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 4 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 5 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 6 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 7 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 9 iii iii NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 71 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 1 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 2 numbers number NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 4 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 5 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 6 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 7 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 8 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 9 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 10 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 11 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 12 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 72 13 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 1 From from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 2 these these DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 3 pieces piece NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 5 information information NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 6 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 8 estimate estimate VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 9 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 10 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 11 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 13 s s NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 14 jointly jointly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 73 15 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 1 Let let VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 2 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 3 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 4 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 5 identity identity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 7 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 8 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 10 ie ie FW cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 12 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 13 ranges range VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 14 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 15 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 16 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 17 55 55 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 74 19 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 1 All all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 2 three three CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 3 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 4 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 5 dealt deal VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 6 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 7 as as RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 8 deterministic deterministic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 9 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 10 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 11 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 12 did do VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 13 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 14 consider consider VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 15 demographic demographic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 16 stochasticity stochasticity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 17 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 18 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 19 data data NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 20 generating generating NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 21 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 75 22 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 1 Since since IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 2 observed observed JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 3 processes process NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 4 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 6 single single JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 7 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 8 independent independent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 9 success success NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 10 = = SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 11 failure failure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 12 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 13 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 14 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 15 resulting result VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 16 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 17 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 18 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 19 Bernoulli Bernoulli NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 20 trial trial NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 21 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 22 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 23 thus thus RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 24 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 25 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 26 assume assume VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 27 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 28 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 29 observed observed JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 30 event event NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 31 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 32 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 33 result result NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 34 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 35 binomial binomial NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 36 sampling sampling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 38 because because IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 39 every every DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 40 observed observed JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 41 step step NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 42 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 43 binary binary JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 44 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 45 mutually mutually RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 46 independent independent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 76 48 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 2 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 3 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 4 n n NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 5 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 6 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 7 experience experience VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 8 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 9 illness illness NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 10 among among IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 11 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 12 total total NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 13 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 14 n n NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 15 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 16 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 17 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 18 m m NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 19 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 20 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 21 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 22 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 23 described describe VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 24 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 25 Similarly similarly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 26 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 27 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 28 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 29 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 30 y y NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 31 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 32 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 33 are be VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 34 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 35 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 36 positive positive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 37 among among IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 38 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 39 total total NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 40 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 41 m m NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 42 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 43 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 44 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 46 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 47 include include VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 48 uninfected uninfected JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 49 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 51 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 52 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 77 53 2 2 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 1 ðy ðy IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 2 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 3 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 4 m m NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 5 i i NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 6 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 7 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 8 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 9 q q NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 78 10 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 79 1 sÞ sþ XX cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 2 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 3 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 4 x x : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 5 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 6 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 7 shed shed VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 8 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 9 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 10 among among IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 11 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 12 total total NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 13 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 14 n n NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 15 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 16 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 17 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 18 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 19 It -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 20 should should MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 21 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 22 noted note VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 23 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 24 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 25 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 26 assumed assume VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 27 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 28 independent independent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 29 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 30 symptoms symptom NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 31 because because IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 32 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 33 RT RT NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 34 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 35 PCR PCR NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 36 testing testing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 37 employed employ VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 38 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 39 highly highly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 40 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 41 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 42 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 43 cut cut VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 44 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 45 off off RP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 46 value value NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 47 must must MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 48 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 49 allowed allow VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 50 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 51 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 52 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 53 comparable comparable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 54 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 55 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 56 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 57 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 58 infected infected JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 59 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 80 60 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 1 8 8 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 3 26 26 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 4 Sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 5 analysis analysis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 6 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 7 conducted conduct VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 8 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 9 address address VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 10 potential potential JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 11 difference difference NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 12 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 13 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 14 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 15 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 16 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 17 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 18 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 20 see see VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 21 below below RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 81 23 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 2 should should MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 3 also also RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 4 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 5 noted note VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 6 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 7 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 8 parameter parameter NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 9 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 10 should should MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 11 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 12 ideally ideally RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 13 reflected reflect VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 14 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 15 demographic demographic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 16 stochasticity stochasticity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 17 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 18 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 19 data data NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 20 generating generating NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 21 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 22 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 23 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 24 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 25 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 26 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 27 mixture mixture NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 28 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 29 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 30 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 31 borne bear VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 32 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 33 human human NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 34 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 35 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 36 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 37 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 38 transmissions transmission NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 39 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 40 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 41 do do VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 42 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 43 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 44 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 45 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 46 dataset dataset NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 47 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 48 characterize characterize VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 49 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 50 distribution distribution NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 82 51 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 1 Thus thus RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 4 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 5 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 6 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 7 principle principle NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 8 adopted adopt VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 9 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 10 deterministic deterministic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 11 modeling modeling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 12 approach approach NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 13 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 14 measured measure VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 15 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 16 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 17 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 18 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 19 based base VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 20 on on IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 21 sampling sampling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 22 error error NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 23 alone alone RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 83 24 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 1 A a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 2 maximum maximum JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 3 likelihood likelihood NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 4 method method NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 5 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 6 employed employ VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 7 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 8 estimate estimate VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 9 parameter parameter NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 10 values value NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 12 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 13 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 14 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 15 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 84 16 s. s. NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 1 These these DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 2 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 3 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 4 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 5 assuming assume VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 6 several several JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 7 different different JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 8 interpretation interpretation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 9 scenarios scenario NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 10 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 11 empirical empirical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 12 Miura Miura NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 13 F F NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 15 et et NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 16 al al NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 85 17 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 86 1 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 86 2 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 1 First first RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 3 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 4 single single JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 5 set set NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 7 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 8 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 9 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 10 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 11 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 12 s s POS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 13 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 14 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 15 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 16 assuming assume VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 17 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 18 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 19 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 20 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 21 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 22 random random JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 23 sampling sampling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 24 result result NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 25 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 26 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 27 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 28 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 30 1)-(3 1)-(3 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 87 32 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 1 Second second JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 3 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 4 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 5 assumed assume VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 6 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 7 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 8 different different JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 9 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 10 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 11 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 13 2 2 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 15 so so CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 16 there there EX cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 17 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 18 six six CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 19 unknown unknown JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 20 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 88 21 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 1 Third third JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 3 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 4 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 5 assumed assume VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 6 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 7 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 8 different different JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 9 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 10 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 89 11 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 1 When when WRB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 2 estimating estimate VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 3 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 4 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 5 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 6 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 8 should should MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 9 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 10 noted note VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 11 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 13 available available JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 14 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 15 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 16 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 17 differed differ VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 18 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 19 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 21 eg eg RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 22 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 23 seven seven CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 24 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 25 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 26 GII.3 GII.3 NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 28 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 29 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 30 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 31 excluded exclude VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 32 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 33 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 34 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 35 multiple multiple JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 36 genotypes genotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 37 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 38 identified identify VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 90 39 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 1 To to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 2 identify identify VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 3 any any DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 4 improved improved JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 5 fit fit NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 6 despite despite IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 7 increased increase VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 8 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 9 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 10 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 12 Akaike Akaike NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 13 Information Information NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 14 Criterion Criterion NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 16 AIC AIC NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 18 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 19 computed compute VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 20 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 21 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 22 scenario scenario NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 91 23 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 1 Using use VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 3 1)- 1)- CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 5 3 3 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 7 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 9 derive derive VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 10 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 11 total total JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 12 likelihood likelihood NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 13 L l NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 14 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 15 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 16 single single JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 17 interpretation interpretation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 18 scenario scenario NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 19 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 20 computed compute VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 21 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 22 where where WRB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 23 L l NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 24 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 25 ð ð NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 26 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 27 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 28 s s NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 29 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 30 n n NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 31 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 92 32 mÞ mÞ . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 93 1 ¼ ¼ NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 93 2 Y Y NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 94 1 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 94 2 n n NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 95 1 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 95 2 þ þ NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 95 3 m m NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 95 4 i i NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 96 1 n n CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 96 2 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 97 1 ð ð NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 97 2 pð1 pð1 NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 97 3 À À NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 97 4 sÞÞ sÞÞ NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 98 1 ni ni NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 98 2 ð1 ð1 NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 98 3 À À NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 99 1 pð1 pð1 NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 99 2 À À NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 99 3 sÞÞ sÞÞ NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 99 4 mi mi NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 1 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 2 L l NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 3 2 2 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 4 ð ð NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 5 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 6 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 7 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 8 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 9 s s NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 10 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 11 m m NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 12 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 100 13 yÞ yþ PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 101 1 x x LS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 101 2 i i PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 101 3 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 102 1 xi xi NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 102 2 ð1 ð1 NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 102 3 À à NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 102 4 qÞ qþ NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 102 5 ðniÀxiÞ ðniàxiþ CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 103 1 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 1 Maximum maximum JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 2 likelihood likelihood NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 3 estimates estimate NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 5 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 6 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 7 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 8 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 9 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 10 s s POS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 11 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 12 obtained obtain VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 13 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 14 minimizing minimize VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 15 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 16 negative negative JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 17 logarithm logarithm NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 18 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 20 4 4 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 22 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 23 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 24 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 25 95 95 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 26 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 27 confidence confidence NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 28 intervals interval NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 30 CI CI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 32 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 33 computed compute VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 34 using use VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 35 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 36 profile profile NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 37 likelihood likelihood NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 104 38 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 1 To to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 2 analyze analyze VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 4 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 5 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 6 parameter parameter NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 7 estimates estimate NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 8 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 9 differential differential JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 10 frequency frequency NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 12 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 13 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 14 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 15 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 16 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 17 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 18 infections infection NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 19 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 20 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 21 used use VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 22 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 23 following follow VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 24 α α NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 26 ie ie FW cord-003173-ymsl7snv 105 27 , , . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 1 where where WRB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 2 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 3 0 0 NFP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 4 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 6 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 7 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 8 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 9 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 10 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 11 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 12 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 13 case case NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 14 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 15 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 16 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 17 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 18 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 19 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 20 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 21 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 22 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 23 case case NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 106 24 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 2 set set VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 4 baseline baseline JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 5 value value NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 7 α α NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 8 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 9 1.00 1.00 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 10 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 11 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 12 indicates indicate VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 13 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 14 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 15 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 16 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 17 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 18 have have VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 19 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 20 same same JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 21 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 22 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 23 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 24 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 26 due due IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 27 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 28 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 29 highly highly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 30 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 31 PCR PCR NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 32 testing testing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 33 method method NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 34 8 8 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 35 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 36 26 26 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 38 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 39 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 40 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 41 supported support VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 42 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 43 empirical empirical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 44 observation observation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 107 45 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 1 31 31 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 3 32 32 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 4 However however RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 5 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 6 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 7 part part NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 8 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 9 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 10 analysis analysis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 13 value value NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 14 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 15 α α NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 16 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 17 changed change VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 18 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 19 0.50 0.50 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 20 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 21 1.00 1.00 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 22 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 23 anticipating anticipate VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 24 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 25 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 26 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 27 frequency frequency NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 28 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 29 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 30 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 31 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 32 potentially potentially RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 33 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 34 smaller small JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 35 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 36 that that DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 37 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 38 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 39 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 108 40 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 1 Calculating calculate VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 2 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 3 AIC AIC NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 4 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 5 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 6 interpretation interpretation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 7 scenario scenario NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 8 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 9 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 10 AIC AIC NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 13 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 14 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 15 combined combine VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 16 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 18 ie ie FW cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 19 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 20 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 21 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 22 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 23 three three CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 24 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 25 only only RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 27 yielded yield VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 28 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 29 value value NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 30 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 31 1,227.9 1,227.9 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 32 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 33 while while IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 34 that that DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 35 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 36 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 37 genogroupseparated genogroupseparate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 38 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 40 ie ie FW cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 41 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 42 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 43 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 44 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 45 six six CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 46 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 48 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 49 1,177.4 1,177.4 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 109 50 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 2 smaller small JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 3 value value NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 5 AIC AIC NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 6 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 7 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 8 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 9 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 10 separated separate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 11 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 12 indicated indicate VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 13 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 14 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 15 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 16 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 17 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 18 information information NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 19 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 20 better well RBR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 21 fitted fit VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 22 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 23 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 24 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 26 so so CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 27 there there EX cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 28 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 29 potentially potentially RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 30 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 31 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 32 difference difference NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 33 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 34 GI GI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 35 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 36 GII GII NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 110 37 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 1 Figure figure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 2 3 3 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 3 compared compare VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 4 observed observe VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 5 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 6 predicted predict VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 7 numbers number NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 8 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 9 people people NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 10 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 11 symptom symptom NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 13 PCR PCR NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 14 testing testing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 15 result result NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 16 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 17 visually visually RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 18 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 19 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 20 satisfactory satisfactory JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 21 description description NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 22 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 23 observed observed JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 24 patterns pattern NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 111 25 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 1 A a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 2 χ χ CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 3 2 2 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 4 goodness goodness NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 5 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 7 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 8 fit fit JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 9 test test NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 10 revealed reveal VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 11 no no DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 12 significant significant JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 13 deviations deviation NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 14 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 15 predicted predict VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 16 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 17 observed observe VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 18 numbers number NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 19 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 20 both both DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 21 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 22 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 23 combined combine VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 24 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 25 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 26 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 27 separated separate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 28 models model NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 30 P p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 31 > > XX cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 32 0.500 0.500 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 33 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 34 both both DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 35 models model NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 36 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 37 degrees degree NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 38 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 39 freedom freedom NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 40 at at IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 41 3 3 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 42 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 43 7 7 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 44 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 45 respectively respectively RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 112 47 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 1 Varying vary VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 2 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 3 value value NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 5 α α NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 6 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 7 0.50 0.50 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 8 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 9 1.00 1.00 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 10 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 11 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 12 examined examine VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 13 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 14 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 15 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 16 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 17 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 18 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 19 differential differential JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 20 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 21 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 22 frequency frequency NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 23 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 24 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 25 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 26 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 27 infections infection NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 29 Figure figure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 30 4 4 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 113 32 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 1 When when WRB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 2 α α NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 3 gets get VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 4 smaller small JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 5 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 6 both both CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 7 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 8 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 9 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 10 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 12 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 14 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 15 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 16 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 17 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 19 s s NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 21 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 22 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 23 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 24 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 25 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 114 26 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 2 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 4 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 5 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 6 among among IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 7 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 8 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 9 remained remain VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 10 stable stable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 12 Figure figure NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 13 4C 4c CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 115 15 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 1 Of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 2 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 3 total total NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 5 55 55 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 6 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 7 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 8 there there EX cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 9 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 10 two two CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 11 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 12 involving involve VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 13 large large JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 14 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 15 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 16 subjects subject NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 18 n n NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 19 = = SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 20 1,328 1,328 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 21 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 22 two two CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 23 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 24 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 25 59.6 59.6 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 26 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 27 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 28 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 29 total total NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 31 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 32 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 33 could could MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 34 lead lead VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 35 us -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 36 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 37 feel feel VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 38 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 39 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 40 overall overall JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 41 results result NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 42 may may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 43 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 44 highly highly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 45 influenced influence VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 46 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 47 those those DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 48 two two CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 49 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 116 50 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 1 Removing remove VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 2 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 3 two two CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 4 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 5 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 6 analyzing analyze VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 7 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 8 remaining remain VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 9 53 53 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 10 altogether altogether RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 12 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 13 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 15 s s NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 16 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 17 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 18 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 19 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 20 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 21 at at IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 22 44.0 44.0 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 23 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 25 95 95 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 26 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 27 CI CI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 28 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 29 40.5 40.5 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 30 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 31 47.7 47.7 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 32 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 34 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 35 25.9 25.9 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 36 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 38 95 95 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 39 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 40 CI CI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 41 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 42 21.0 21.0 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 43 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 44 31.1 31.1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 45 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 47 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 48 73.1 73.1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 49 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 51 95 95 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 52 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 53 CI CI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 54 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 55 67.9 67.9 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 56 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 57 78.0 78.0 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 58 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 60 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 61 respectively respectively RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 117 62 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 2 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 4 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 6 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 8 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 9 significantly significantly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 10 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 11 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 13 estimate estimate NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 14 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 15 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 16 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 17 55 55 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 18 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 19 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 20 analyzed analyze VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 21 together together RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 22 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 23 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 24 two two CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 25 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 26 parameters parameter NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 27 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 28 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 29 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 30 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 32 s s NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 34 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 35 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 36 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 37 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 38 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 39 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 41 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 43 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 44 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 45 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 46 significantly significantly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 47 deviated deviate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 118 48 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 2 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 3 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 4 reanalyzed reanalyze VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 5 foodborne foodborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 6 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 7 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 8 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 9 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 10 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 11 2005 2005 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 12 - - SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 13 2006 2006 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 14 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 15 involved involve VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 16 laboratory laboratory NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 17 testing testing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 18 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 19 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 20 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 21 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 22 healthy healthy JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 23 people people NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 119 24 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 1 To to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 2 statistically statistically RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 3 infer infer VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 4 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 5 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 6 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 7 joint joint NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 8 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 9 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 10 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 12 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 13 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 14 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 15 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 16 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 17 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 18 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 19 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 20 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 21 statistical statistical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 22 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 23 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 24 developed develop VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 25 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 26 describe describe VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 27 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 28 data data NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 29 generating generating NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 30 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 120 31 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 1 Assuming assume VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 2 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 3 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 4 55 55 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 5 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 6 occurred occur VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 7 due due JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 8 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 9 repeated repeat VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 10 random random JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 11 samplings sampling NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 12 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 13 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 14 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 15 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 16 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 18 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 20 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 21 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 22 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 23 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 25 s s NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 27 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 28 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 29 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 30 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 31 25.4 25.4 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 32 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 33 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 34 32.1 32.1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 35 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 36 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 37 respectively respectively RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 121 38 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 2 probability probability NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 4 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 5 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 7 q q NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 9 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 10 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 11 at at IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 12 73.2 73.2 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 13 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 122 14 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 1 Possible possible JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 2 differences difference NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 3 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 4 genogroup genogroup NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 5 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 6 implicated implicate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 7 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 8 penalized penalize VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 9 likelihoods likelihood NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 123 10 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 2 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 4 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 5 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 6 small small JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 7 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 8 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 9 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 10 while while IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 11 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 12 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 13 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 14 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 15 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 16 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 17 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 18 high high JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 19 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 20 this this DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 21 common common JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 22 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 124 23 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 1 An an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 2 important important JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 3 contribution contribution NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 6 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 7 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 8 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 9 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 10 literature literature NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 12 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 13 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 14 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 15 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 16 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 17 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 18 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 19 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 20 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 21 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 22 about about RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 23 30 30 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 24 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 26 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 27 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 28 consistent consistent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 29 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 30 existing exist VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 31 literature literature NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 32 based base VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 33 on on IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 34 volunteer volunteer NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 35 challenge challenge NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 36 studies study NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 125 37 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 126 1 5 5 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 126 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 126 3 8 8 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 126 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 126 5 26 26 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 1 Not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 2 based base VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 3 on on IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 4 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 5 volunteer volunteer NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 6 challenge challenge NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 7 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 8 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 9 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 10 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 11 successfully successfully RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 12 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 13 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 14 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 15 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 16 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 17 naturally naturally RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 18 occurred occur VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 19 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 20 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 21 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 22 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 23 also also RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 24 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 25 achieved achieve VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 26 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 27 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 28 infectious infectious JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 29 diseases disease NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 127 30 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 128 1 34 34 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 1 In in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 2 particular particular JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 3 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 5 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 6 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 7 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 8 common common JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 9 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 10 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 11 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 12 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 13 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 14 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 15 high high JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 16 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 17 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 18 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 19 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 20 line line NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 21 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 22 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 23 conventional conventional JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 24 understanding understanding NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 25 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 26 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 27 control control NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 28 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 29 GII.4 GII.4 NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 30 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 31 likely likely RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 32 more more RBR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 33 difficult difficult JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 34 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 35 that that DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 36 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 37 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 38 genotypes genotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 129 39 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 1 In in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 2 addition addition NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 3 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 4 original original JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 5 findings finding NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 7 similar similar JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 8 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 9 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 10 frequency frequency NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 11 inducing induce VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 12 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 13 infections infection NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 14 among among IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 15 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 16 handlers handler NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 130 17 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 1 Not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 2 only only RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 3 spreading spread VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 5 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 6 via via IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 7 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 8 handlers handler NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 9 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 10 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 11 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 12 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 13 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 14 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 15 allows allow VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 16 infected infected JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 17 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 18 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 19 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 20 freely freely RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 21 mobile mobile JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 22 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 23 have have VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 24 more more JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 25 opportunities opportunity NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 26 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 27 pass pass VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 28 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 29 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 30 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 31 others other NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 131 32 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 1 When when WRB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 3 assumed assume VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 4 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 6 actual actual JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 7 frequency frequency NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 8 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 9 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 10 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 11 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 12 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 13 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 14 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 15 smaller small JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 16 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 17 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 18 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 19 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 20 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 21 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 22 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 23 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 24 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 25 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 26 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 27 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 28 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 29 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 30 baseline baseline NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 132 31 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 1 In in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 2 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 3 words word NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 6 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 7 value value NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 8 around around IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 9 30 30 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 10 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 11 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 12 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 13 even even RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 14 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 15 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 16 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 17 result result NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 133 18 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 1 There there EX cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 2 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 3 no no DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 4 statistically statistically RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 5 significant significant JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 6 difference difference NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 7 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 8 GI GI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 9 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 10 GII GII NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 12 while while IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 13 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 14 AIC AIC NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 15 value value NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 16 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 17 indicative indicative JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 18 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 19 there there EX cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 20 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 21 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 22 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 23 difference difference NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 24 between between IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 25 GI GI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 26 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 27 GII GII NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 134 28 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 1 This this DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 2 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 3 caused cause VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 4 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 5 limited limited JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 6 sample sample NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 7 size size NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 8 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 9 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 10 slight slight JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 11 non non JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 12 - - JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 13 significant significant JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 14 differences difference NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 16 eg eg IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 17 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 18 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 19 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 20 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 21 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 22 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 23 GI GI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 24 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 25 GII GII NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 26 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 27 smaller small JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 28 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 29 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 30 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 31 GI GI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 32 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 33 GII GII NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 35 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 36 identified identify VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 37 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 38 implying imply VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 39 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 40 GI GI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 41 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 42 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 43 more more RBR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 44 controllable controllable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 45 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 46 GII GII NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 135 47 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 1 To to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 3 knowledge knowledge NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 6 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 7 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 8 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 9 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 10 first first JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 11 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 12 epidemiologically epidemiologically RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 13 endorse endorse VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 14 different different JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 15 patterns pattern NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 16 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 17 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 18 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 19 genogroups genogroup NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 20 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 21 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 22 settings setting NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 23 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 24 though though IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 25 differences difference NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 26 have have VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 27 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 28 indicated indicate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 29 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 30 experimental experimental JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 31 studies study NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 136 32 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 137 1 12 12 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 137 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 137 3 22 22 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 137 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 137 5 23 23 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 1 While while IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 2 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 3 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 4 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 5 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 6 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 7 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 8 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 9 others other NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 10 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 11 consistent consistent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 12 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 13 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 14 existing exist VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 15 understanding understanding NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 16 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 17 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 18 smaller small JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 19 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 20 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 21 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 22 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 23 than than IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 24 others other NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 25 calls call VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 26 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 27 careful careful JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 28 interpretation interpretation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 138 29 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 1 Due due IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 2 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 4 frequent frequent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 5 circulation circulation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 7 GII.4 GII.4 NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 8 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 9 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 10 portion portion NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 12 exposed expose VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 13 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 14 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 15 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 16 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 17 immune immune JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 18 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 19 advance advance NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 20 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 21 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 23 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 24 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 25 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 26 widespread widespread JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 27 before before IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 28 2006 2006 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 29 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 30 may may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 31 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 32 remained remain VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 33 unrecognized unrecognized JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 35 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 36 moreover moreover RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 37 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 38 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 39 changes change NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 40 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 41 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 43 eg eg IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 44 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 45 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 46 evolution evolution NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 48 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 49 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 50 later later RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 51 varied vary VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 52 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 53 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 54 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 55 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 56 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 57 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 58 infectiousness infectiousness NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 59 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 60 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 139 61 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 2 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 3 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 5 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 6 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 7 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 8 adapted adapt VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 9 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 10 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 11 populations population NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 12 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 13 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 14 subject subject NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 15 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 16 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 17 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 18 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 140 19 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 141 1 Two two CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 141 2 limitations limitation NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 141 3 must must MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 141 4 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 141 5 discussed discuss VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 141 6 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 1 First first RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 4 survey survey NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 5 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 6 contained contain VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 7 epidemiologically epidemiologically RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 8 limited limited JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 9 information information NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 142 10 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 1 That that RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 2 is is RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 3 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 4 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 5 define define VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 6 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 7 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 8 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 9 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 10 or or CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 11 vomiting vomiting NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 12 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 13 employed employ VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 15 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 16 they -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 17 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 18 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 19 definitions definition NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 20 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 21 did do VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 22 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 23 explicitly explicitly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 24 involve involve VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 25 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 26 frequency frequency NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 27 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 28 such such JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 29 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 30 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 31 number number NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 32 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 33 defecations defecation NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 34 = = SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 35 vomiting vomiting NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 36 per per IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 37 day day NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 143 38 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 1 Such such JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 2 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 3 definition definition NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 4 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 5 favored favor VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 6 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 7 clearly clearly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 8 defining define VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 9 what what WP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 10 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 11 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 12 case case NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 13 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 15 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 16 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 17 important important JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 18 advantage advantage NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 19 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 20 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 21 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 22 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 23 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 24 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 25 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 26 identical identical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 27 research research NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 28 group group NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 29 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 30 conducted conduct VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 31 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 32 entire entire JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 33 survey survey NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 34 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 35 minimized minimize VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 36 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 37 measurement measurement NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 38 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 39 error error NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 40 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 41 could could MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 42 potentially potentially RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 43 arise arise VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 44 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 45 researchers researcher NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 144 46 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 3 when when WRB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 5 comes come VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 6 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 7 additionally additionally RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 8 measuring measure VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 9 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 10 severity severity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 11 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 12 illness illness NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 13 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 14 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 15 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 16 out out IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 17 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 18 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 19 scope scope NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 20 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 21 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 22 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 23 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 24 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 26 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 27 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 28 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 29 unavoidable unavoidable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 30 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 31 include include VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 32 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 33 perception perception NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 34 error error NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 145 35 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 1 Such such JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 2 misclassification misclassification NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 3 could could MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 4 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 5 potentially potentially RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 6 affected affect VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 7 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 8 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 9 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 11 eg eg UH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 12 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 13 due due IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 14 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 15 broad broad JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 16 definition definition NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 17 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 18 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 19 persons person NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 146 21 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 4 exact exact JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 5 timing timing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 7 stool stool NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 8 sampling sampling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 9 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 10 unavailable unavailable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 11 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 12 however however RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 13 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 15 is be VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 16 likely likely JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 17 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 18 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 19 sampling sampling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 20 took take VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 21 place place NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 22 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 23 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 24 matter matter NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 25 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 26 1 1 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 27 week week NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 28 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 29 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 30 onset onset NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 31 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 32 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 33 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 34 during during IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 35 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 36 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 37 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 38 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 39 level level NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 40 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 41 both both CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 42 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 43 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 44 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 45 cases case NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 46 should should MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 47 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 48 substantial substantial JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 147 49 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 148 1 8 8 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 1 Second second RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 2 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 4 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 5 involved involve VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 6 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 7 few few JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 8 simplifications simplification NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 149 9 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 2 simplified simplified JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 3 points point NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 4 include include VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 6 ignorance ignorance NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 7 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 8 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 9 dependent dependent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 10 happening happen VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 11 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 13 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 14 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 15 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 150 16 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 1 Since since IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 2 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 3 majority majority NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 4 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 5 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 6 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 7 considered consider VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 8 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 9 purely purely RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 10 foodborne foodborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 11 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 12 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 13 single single JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 14 parameter parameter NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 15 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 16 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 17 allocated allocate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 18 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 19 but but CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 20 if if IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 21 human human NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 22 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 23 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 24 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 25 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 26 transmission transmission NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 27 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 28 involved involve VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 29 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 30 it -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 31 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 32 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 33 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 34 better well JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 35 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 36 account account VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 37 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 38 that that DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 39 information information NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 40 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 41 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 42 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 43 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 44 attainable attainable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 45 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 46 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 47 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 48 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 49 using use VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 50 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 51 same same JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 52 dataset dataset NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 151 53 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 1 Another another DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 2 simplification simplification NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 3 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 5 use use NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 7 binomial binomial JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 8 sampling sampling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 9 process process NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 10 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 11 each each DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 12 likelihood likelihood NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 152 13 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 1 As as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 2 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 3 consequence consequence NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 4 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 5 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 6 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 7 bound bind VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 8 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 9 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 10 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 11 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 12 present present JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 13 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 14 should should MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 15 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 16 regarded regard VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 17 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 18 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 19 underestimate underestimate NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 153 20 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 1 One one CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 2 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 4 drawbacks drawback NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 5 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 6 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 7 seen see VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 8 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 9 significantly significantly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 10 greater great JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 11 p p NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 12 that that WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 14 obtained obtain VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 15 when when WRB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 16 two two CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 17 big big JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 18 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 19 were be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 20 removed remove VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 21 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 22 analysis analysis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 23 ; ; : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 24 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 25 other other JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 26 words word NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 27 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 28 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 29 estimate estimate NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 30 might may MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 31 not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 32 have have VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 33 been be VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 34 significantly significantly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 35 different different JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 36 if if IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 37 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 38 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 39 also also RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 40 reflected reflect VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 41 demographic demographic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 42 stochasticity stochasticity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 154 43 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 1 Despite despite IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 2 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 3 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 4 limitations limitation NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 5 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 6 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 7 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 8 has have VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 9 successfully successfully RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 10 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 11 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 12 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 13 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 14 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 15 can can MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 16 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 17 estimated estimate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 18 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 19 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 20 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 21 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 22 which which WDT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 23 all all DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 24 involved involve VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 25 individuals individual NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 26 undertook undertake VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 27 laboratory laboratory NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 28 testing testing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 29 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 30 also also RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 31 that that IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 32 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 33 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 34 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 35 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 36 about about RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 37 30 30 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 38 % % NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 39 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 40 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 41 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 42 settings setting NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 155 43 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 1 Practical practical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 2 difficulty difficulty NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 3 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 4 controlling control VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 5 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 6 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 7 was be VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 8 supported support VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 9 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 11 large large JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 12 estimate estimate NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 13 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 14 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 15 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 16 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 156 17 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 1 Collecting collect VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 2 similar similar JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 3 datasets dataset NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 4 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 5 further further JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 6 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 7 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 9 will will MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 10 be be VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 11 able able JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 12 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 13 gain gain VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 14 further further JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 15 insights insight NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 16 into into IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 17 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 18 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 19 history history NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 20 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 21 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 22 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 23 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 24 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 25 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 26 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 27 specific specific JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 28 differences difference NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 157 29 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 2 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 3 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 4 history history NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 5 better well RBR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 6 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 7 similar similar JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 8 explicit explicit JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 9 estimates estimate NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 10 based base VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 11 on on IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 12 natural natural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 13 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 14 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 15 future future NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 16 could could MD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 17 help help VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 18 clarify clarify VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 19 better well JJR cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 20 control control NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 21 strategies strategy NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 22 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 23 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 24 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 26 even even RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 27 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 28 genotype genotype NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 29 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 158 30 _SP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 159 1 Noroviruses Noroviruses NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 159 2 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 159 3 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 159 4 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 159 5 review review NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 160 1 Norovirus norovirus JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 160 2 disease disease NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 160 3 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 160 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 160 5 united united NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 160 6 states states NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 1 A a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 2 systematic systematic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 3 review review NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 4 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 5 metaanalysis metaanalysis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 7 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 8 global global JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 9 seasonality seasonality NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 10 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 11 norovirus norovirus JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 12 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 13 vaccine vaccine NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 14 against against IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 15 experimental experimental JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 16 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 17 Norwalk Norwalk NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 18 Virus Virus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 19 illness illness NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 20 Viral viral JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 21 shapeshifting shapeshifting NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 22 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 23 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 24 evasion evasion NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 25 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 26 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 27 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 28 immune immune NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 29 system system NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 30 Risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 31 factors factor NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 32 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 33 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 34 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 35 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 36 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 37 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 38 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 39 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 40 community community NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 41 Norwalk Norwalk NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 42 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 43 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 44 after after IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 45 experimental experimental JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 46 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 47 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 48 Diagnosing diagnose VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 49 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 50 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 51 associated associate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 52 infectious infectious JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 53 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 54 disease disease NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 55 using use VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 56 viral viral JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 57 load load NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 58 Detection detection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 59 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 60 quantification quantification NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 61 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 62 airborne airborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 63 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 64 during during IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 65 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 66 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 67 healthcare healthcare NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 68 facilities facility NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 69 Effects effect NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 70 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 71 cleaning cleaning NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 72 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 73 disinfection disinfection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 74 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 75 reducing reduce VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 76 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 77 spread spread NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 78 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 79 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 80 contamination contamination NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 81 via via IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 82 environmental environmental JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 161 83 surfaces surface NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 2 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 4 published publish VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 5 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 6 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 7 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 8 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 9 review review NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 10 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 11 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 12 factors factor NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 13 associated associate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 14 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 15 attack attack NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 16 rate rate NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 17 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 18 genogroup genogroup NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 19 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 20 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 21 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 22 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 23 systematic systematic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 24 review review NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 25 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 26 commonly commonly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 27 implicated implicate VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 28 transmission transmission NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 29 routes route NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 30 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 31 vehicles vehicle NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 32 Increase increase VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 33 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 34 viral viral JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 35 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 36 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 37 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 38 Europe Europe NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 39 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 40 epidemic epidemic NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 41 spread spread NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 42 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 43 new new JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 44 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 45 variant variant NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 46 Foodborne foodborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 47 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 48 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 49 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 50 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 51 role role NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 52 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 53 an an DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 54 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 55 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 56 handler handler NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 57 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 58 cross cross NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 59 - - NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 60 contamination contamination NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 61 during during IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 62 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 63 handling handling NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 64 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 65 interruption interruption NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 66 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 67 virus virus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 68 transfer transfer NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 69 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 70 hand hand NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 71 antisepsis antisepsis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 72 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 73 experiments experiment NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 74 with with IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 75 feline feline JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 76 calicivirus calicivirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 77 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 78 a a DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 79 surrogate surrogate JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 80 Epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 81 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 82 foodborne foodborne JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 83 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 84 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 85 Systematic systematic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 86 literature literature NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 87 review review NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 88 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 89 role role NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 90 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 91 noroviruses noroviruse NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 92 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 93 sporadic sporadic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 94 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 95 Mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 96 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 97 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 98 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 99 persistence persistence NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 100 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 101 human human JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 162 102 populations population NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 1 Structural structural JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 2 basis basis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 3 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 4 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 5 recognition recognition NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 6 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 7 blood blood NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 8 group group NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 9 trisaccharides trisaccharide NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 10 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 11 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 12 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 13 GII.4 gii.4 NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 14 strain strain VBP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 15 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 16 variation variation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 17 Advances advance VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 18 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 19 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 20 biology biology NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 21 Coexistence coexistence NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 22 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 23 multiple multiple JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 24 genotypes genotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 25 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 26 including include VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 27 newly newly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 28 identified identify VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 29 genotypes genotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 30 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 31 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 32 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 33 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 34 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 35 due due IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 36 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 37 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 38 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 39 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 40 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 41 Surveillance Surveillance NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 42 Group Group NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 43 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 44 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 163 45 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 1 Divergent divergent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 2 evolution evolution NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 3 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 4 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 5 GII=4 GII=4 NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 6 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 7 genome genome NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 8 recombination recombination NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 9 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 10 Norovirus Norovirus NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 11 Surveillance Surveillance NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 12 Group Group NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 13 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 14 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 164 15 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 1 Identification identification NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 2 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 3 monomorphic monomorphic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 4 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 5 divergent divergent JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 6 haplotypes haplotype NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 7 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 8 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 9 2006 2006 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 10 - - SYM cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 11 2007 2007 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 12 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 13 GII=4 GII=4 NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 14 epidemic epidemic NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 15 population population NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 16 by by IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 17 genomewide genomewide NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 18 tracing tracing NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 19 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 20 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 21 history history NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 22 Shedding shedding NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 23 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 24 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 25 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 26 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 27 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 28 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 29 infections infection NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 30 Heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 31 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 32 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 33 shedding shed VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 34 duration duration NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 35 affects affect VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 36 community community NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 37 risk risk NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 38 Mathematical mathematical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 39 model model NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 40 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 41 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 42 control control NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 43 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 44 nosocomial nosocomial JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 45 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 46 Duration duration NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 47 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 48 immunity immunity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 49 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 50 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 165 51 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 1 Fitting fitting JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 2 outbreak outbreak NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 3 models model NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 4 to to IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 5 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 6 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 7 many many JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 8 small small JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 9 norovirus norovirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 10 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 11 Norovirus noroviru VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 12 infections infection NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 13 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 14 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 15 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 16 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 17 food food NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 18 handlers handler NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 19 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 20 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 21 Broadly broadly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 22 reactive reactive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 23 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 24 highly highly RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 25 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 26 assay assay NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 27 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 28 Norwalk Norwalk NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 29 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 30 like like JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 31 viruses virus NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 32 based base VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 33 on on IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 34 real real JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 35 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 36 time time NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 37 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 38 reverse reverse NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 39 transcription transcription NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 40 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 41 PCR PCR NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 42 Identification identification NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 43 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 44 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 45 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 46 ratio ratio NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 47 MERS MERS NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 48 - - HYPH cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 49 CoV CoV NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 50 Scenario Scenario NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 51 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 52 Modeling Modeling NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 53 Working Working NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 54 Group Group NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 166 55 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 1 Estimating estimate VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 2 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 3 severity severity NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 4 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 5 subclinical subclinical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 6 burden burden NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 7 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 8 middle middle NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 9 east east NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 11 syndrome syndrome NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 13 infection infection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 14 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 15 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 16 Kingdom Kingdom NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 17 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 18 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 19 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 20 Supporting support VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 21 Online Online NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 22 Information Information NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 23 accompanies accompany VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 24 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 25 paper paper NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 26 on on IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 27 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 28 journal journal NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 29 website website NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 167 30 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 1 Financial financial JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 2 support support NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 3 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 4 FM FM NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 5 acknowledges acknowledge VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 6 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 7 Graduate Graduate NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 8 Program Program NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 9 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 10 Social Social NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 11 ICT ICT NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 12 Global Global NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 13 Creative Creative NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 14 Leaders Leaders NNPS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 16 GCL GCL NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 18 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 19 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 20 University University NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 21 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 22 Tokyo Tokyo NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 23 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 24 financially financially RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 25 supporting support VBG cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 26 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 27 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 28 at at IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 29 Hokkaido Hokkaido NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 30 University University NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 168 31 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 1 HN HN NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 2 received receive VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 3 funding funding NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 4 support support NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 5 from from IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 6 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 7 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 8 Agency Agency NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 9 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 10 Medical Medical NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 11 Research Research NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 13 Development Development NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 15 JSPS JSPS NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 16 KAKENHI KAKENHI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 17 Grant Grant NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 18 Numbers Numbers NNPS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 19 16KT0130 16kt0130 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 20 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 21 16K15356 16k15356 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 22 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 23 26700028 26700028 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 24 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 25 17H04701 17h04701 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 26 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 27 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 28 Japan Japan NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 29 Science Science NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 30 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 31 Technology Technology NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 32 Agency Agency NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 34 JST JST NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 36 CREST CREST NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 37 program program NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 39 JPMJCR1413 jpmjcr1413 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 41 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 42 RISTEX RISTEX NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 43 program program NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 44 for for IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 45 Science Science NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 46 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 47 Science Science NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 48 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 49 Technology Technology NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 50 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 51 Innovation Innovation NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 52 Policy Policy NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 169 53 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 1 RM RM NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 2 acknowledges acknowledge VBZ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 3 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 4 JSPS JSPS NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 5 KAKENHI KAKENHI NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 6 Grant Grant NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 7 Number Number NNP cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 8 16H06581 16h06581 CD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 170 9 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 1 The the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 2 funders funder NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 3 had have VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 4 no no DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 5 role role NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 6 in in IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 7 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 8 design design NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 9 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 10 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 11 collection collection NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 12 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 13 analysis analysis NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 14 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 15 decision decision NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 16 to to TO cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 17 publish publish VB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 18 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 19 or or CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 20 preparation preparation NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 21 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 22 the the DT cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 23 manuscript manuscript NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 171 24 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 172 1 Conflicts conflict NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 172 2 of of IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 172 3 interest interest NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 172 4 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 172 5 None none NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 172 6 declared declare VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 172 7 . . . cord-003173-ymsl7snv 173 1 Ethical ethical JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 173 2 standards standard NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 173 3 : : : cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 1 Not not RB cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 2 applicable applicable JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 3 , , , cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 4 as as IN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 5 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 6 study study NN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 7 used use VBD cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 8 published publish VBN cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 9 and and CC cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 10 anonymized anonymized JJ cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 11 data datum NNS cord-003173-ymsl7snv 174 12 . . .