id sid tid token lemma pos cord-022046-q1exf47s 1 1 key key NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 1 2 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 2 1 cord-022046-q1exf47s cord-022046-q1exf47s NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 3 1 authors author NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 3 2 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 3 3 Toosy Toosy NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 3 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 3 5 Arshad Arshad NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 3 6 Haroon Haroon NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 3 7 ; ; : cord-022046-q1exf47s 3 8 O'sullivan o'sullivan ADD cord-022046-q1exf47s 4 1 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 4 2 Sean Sean NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 4 3 title title NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 4 4 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 1 An an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 2 Overview Overview NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 4 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 5 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 6 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 7 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 8 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 9 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 10 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 11 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 12 date date NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 13 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 14 2018 2018 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 15 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 16 09 09 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 17 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 18 28 28 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 19 journal journal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 20 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 21 Fowler Fowler NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 22 's 's POS cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 23 Zoo Zoo NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 24 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 25 Wild Wild NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 26 Animal Animal NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 27 Medicine Medicine NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 28 Current Current NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 29 Therapy Therapy NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 30 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 31 Volume volume NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 32 9 9 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 33 DOI doi NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 5 34 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 1 10.1016 10.1016 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 2 / / SYM cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 3 b978 b978 NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 4 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 5 0 0 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 6 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 7 323 323 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 8 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 9 55228 55228 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 10 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 11 8.00042 8.00042 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 12 - - SYM cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 13 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 14 sha sha NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 15 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 16 961c4882b3c6af77ba090fa446c154907e8297a5 961c4882b3c6af77ba090fa446c154907e8297a5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 17 doc_id doc_id CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 18 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 19 22046 22046 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 20 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 21 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 22 q1exf47s q1exf47s UH cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 23 nan nan NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 24 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 25 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 26 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 27 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 29 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 31 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 32 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 33 emerging emerge VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 34 infectious infectious JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 35 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 36 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 37 caused cause VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 38 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 39 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 40 novel novel JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 41 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 43 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 6 45 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 2 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 3 first first RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 4 reported report VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 5 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 6 2012 2012 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 7 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 8 Jeddah Jeddah NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 9 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 10 Kingdom Kingdom NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 11 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 12 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 13 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 15 KSA KSA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 17 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 18 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 19 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 20 Jordan Jordan NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 21 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 22 respectively respectively RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 7 23 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 8 1 1 1 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 2 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 3 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 4 considered consider VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 5 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 6 potential potential JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 7 pandemic pandemic NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 8 threat threat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 9 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 10 public public JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 11 health health NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 14 Persian Persian NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 15 Gulf Gulf NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 16 region region NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 9 17 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 10 1 2 2 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 11 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 11 2 See see VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 11 3 also also RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 11 4 Chapter chapter NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 11 5 19 19 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 11 6 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 11 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 1 Most most RBS cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 2 known know VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 3 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 4 infect infect VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 5 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 6 circulate circulate VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 7 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 8 animals animal NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 9 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 10 mainly mainly RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 11 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 12 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 13 but but CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 14 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 15 number number NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 16 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 17 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 18 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 19 known know VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 20 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 21 cause cause VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 22 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 23 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 25 see see VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 26 also also RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 27 Chapter chapter NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 28 40 40 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 12 30 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 2 3 3 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 5 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 8 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 13 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 2 rapid rapid JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 3 emergence emergence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 6 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 7 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 8 coupled couple VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 9 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 11 limited limited JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 12 geographic geographic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 13 distribution distribution NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 14 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 15 led lead VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 16 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 17 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 18 suspicion suspicion NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 19 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 20 this this DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 21 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 22 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 23 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 24 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 25 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 26 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 27 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 28 reservoir reservoir NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 29 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 30 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 31 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 32 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 33 evidence evidence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 34 supports support VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 35 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 36 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 37 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 38 dromedary dromedary NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 39 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 41 DCs DCs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 43 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 44 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 45 reservoir reservoir NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 46 host host NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 14 47 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 1 In in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 2 DCs DCs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 3 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 4 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 6 causes cause VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 7 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 8 mild mild JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 9 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 10 transient transient JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 11 upper upper JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 12 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 13 tract tract NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 15 URT URT NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 17 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 15 18 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 2 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 5 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 8 6 6 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 16 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 1 A a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 2 mild mild JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 3 or or CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 4 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 5 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 6 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 7 also also RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 8 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 9 reported report VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 10 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 11 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 12 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 13 but but CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 14 this this DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 15 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 16 not not RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 17 always always RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 18 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 19 case case NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 17 20 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 2 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 3 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 4 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 5 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 6 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 7 often often RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 8 results result VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 9 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 10 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 11 severe severe JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 12 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 13 life life NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 14 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 15 threatening threaten VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 16 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 17 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 18 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 19 lower low JJR cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 20 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 21 tract tract NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 23 LRT LRT NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 25 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 26 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 27 high high JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 28 mortality mortality NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 18 29 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 1 1 1 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 3 2 2 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 5 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 6 Immunocompromised Immunocompromised NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 7 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 8 elderly elderly JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 9 people people NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 10 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 11 those those DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 12 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 13 comorbidities comorbiditie NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 14 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 15 usually usually RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 16 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 17 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 18 history history NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 19 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 20 close close JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 21 contact contact NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 22 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 23 infected infected JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 24 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 25 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 26 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 27 particularly particularly RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 28 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 19 29 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 1 7 7 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 2 _SP cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 3 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 4 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 5 positive positive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 6 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 7 sense sense NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 8 enveloped envelop VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 9 single single RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 10 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 11 stranded strand VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 13 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 14 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 15 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 16 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 17 first first JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 18 lineage lineage NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 19 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 20 2c 2c NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 21 Betacoronavirus Betacoronavirus NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 22 known know VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 23 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 24 infect infect VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 25 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 20 26 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 1 2 2 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 3 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 4 It -PRON- PRP cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 5 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 6 more more RBR cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 7 closely closely RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 8 related relate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 9 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 10 bat bat VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 11 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 12 HKU4 HKU4 NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 13 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 14 HKU5 HKU5 NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 16 lineage lineage NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 17 2c 2c NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 19 than than IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 20 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 21 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 22 severe severe JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 23 acute acute JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 24 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 25 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 26 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 28 SARS SARS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 29 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 30 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 31 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 33 lineage lineage NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 34 2b 2b CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 21 36 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 22 1 2,3 2,3 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 1 Recent recent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 2 genome genome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 3 sequencing sequencing NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 4 analysis analysis NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 5 reported report VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 6 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 7 genomic genomic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 8 evolution evolution NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 9 rate rate NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 11 1.12 1.12 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 12 × × NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 13 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 14 3 3 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 15 substitutions substitution NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 16 per per IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 17 site site NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 19 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 20 suggesting suggest VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 21 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 22 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 23 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 24 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 25 diverged diverge VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 26 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 27 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 28 viral viral JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 29 ancestor ancestor NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 30 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 31 March March NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 32 2012 2012 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 23 33 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 1 12 12 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 2 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 4 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 6 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 8 sequences sequence NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 9 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 10 identified identify VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 11 several several JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 12 circulating circulate VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 13 genotypes genotype NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 24 14 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 1 These these DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 2 distinct distinct JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 3 genotypes genotype NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 4 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 5 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 6 classified classify VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 7 into into IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 8 clades clade NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 9 A A NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 10 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 11 B b NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 12 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 13 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 14 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 15 most most RBS cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 16 recently recently RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 17 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 18 C C NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 19 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 20 which which WDT cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 21 correlate correlate VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 22 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 23 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 24 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 25 MERS MERS NNPS cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 26 among among IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 27 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 25 28 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 26 1 4 4 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 26 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 26 3 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 26 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 26 5 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 26 6 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 26 7 12 12 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 2 emergence emergence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 4 divergent divergent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 6 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 7 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 8 clades clade NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 9 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 10 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 11 since since IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 12 2012 2012 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 13 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 14 consistent consistent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 15 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 16 several several JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 17 independent independent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 18 sporadic sporadic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 19 introductions introduction NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 20 into into IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 21 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 22 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 23 population population NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 24 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 25 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 26 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 27 reservoir reservoir NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 28 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 29 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 30 which which WDT cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 31 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 32 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 33 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 34 unquestionably unquestionably RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 35 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 36 source source NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 27 37 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 1 6 6 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 3 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 5 12 12 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 6 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 7 13 13 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 8 Pathogenesis Pathogenesis NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 9 Host Host NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 10 cell cell NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 11 entry entry NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 12 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 13 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 14 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 16 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 17 mediated mediate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 18 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 19 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 20 binding binding NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 21 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 22 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 23 spike spike NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 25 S s NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 27 proteins protein VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 28 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 29 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 30 specific specific JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 31 cellular cellular JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 32 receptor receptor NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 33 known know VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 34 as as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 35 dipeptidyl dipeptidyl JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 36 peptidase peptidase NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 37 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 39 DPP4 DPP4 NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 28 41 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 1 11 11 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 2 DPP4 DPP4 NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 3 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 4 expressed express VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 5 on on IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 6 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 7 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 8 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 9 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 10 cells cell NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 11 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 12 most most JJS cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 13 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 14 organ organ NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 15 tissues tissue NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 16 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 17 ex ex FW cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 18 vivo vivo NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 19 studies study NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 20 using use VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 21 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 22 tissue tissue NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 23 culture culture NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 24 lines line NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 25 ; ; : cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 26 this this DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 27 may may MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 28 account account VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 29 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 30 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 31 multisystem multisystem JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 32 clinical clinical JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 33 spectrum spectrum NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 34 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 35 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 36 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 37 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 38 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 39 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 29 40 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 1 2 2 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 3 14 14 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 4 A a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 5 strain strain NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 6 cultured culture VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 7 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 8 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 9 fatal fatal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 10 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 11 case case NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 12 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 13 experimentally experimentally RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 14 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 15 into into IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 16 three three CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 17 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 18 using use VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 19 intratracheal intratracheal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 20 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 21 intranasal intranasal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 22 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 23 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 24 conjunctival conjunctival NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 25 routes route NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 30 26 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 1 15 15 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 2 A a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 3 mild mild JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 4 transient transient JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 5 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 6 resulted result VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 7 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 8 submucosal submucosal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 9 inflammation inflammation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 10 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 11 necrosis necrosis NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 14 URT URT NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 15 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 16 LRT LRT NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 17 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 18 but but CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 19 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 20 alveoli alveolus NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 21 remained remain VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 22 unaffected unaffected JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 31 23 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 1 15 15 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 2 Experimental experimental JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 3 inoculation inoculation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 5 rhesus rhesu NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 6 macaques macaque NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 8 Macaca Macaca NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 9 mulatta mulatta NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 11 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 12 common common JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 13 marmosets marmoset NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 15 Callithrix Callithrix NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 16 jacchus jacchus NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 18 resulted result VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 19 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 20 mild mild JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 21 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 22 severe severe JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 23 LRT LRT NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 24 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 25 causing cause VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 26 multifocal multifocal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 27 interstitial interstitial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 28 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 29 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 30 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 31 macaques macaque NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 32 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 33 extensive extensive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 34 fatal fatal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 35 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 36 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 37 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 38 marmosets marmoset NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 32 39 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 1 2 2 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 3 14 14 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 5 16 16 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 6 since since IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 7 at at RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 8 least least JJS cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 9 1992 1992 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 33 10 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 34 1 13 13 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 1 Several several JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 2 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 3 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 5 serologic serologic NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 6 surveys survey NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 7 confirm confirm VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 8 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 9 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 10 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 11 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 12 not not RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 13 present present JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 14 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 15 domesticated domesticated JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 16 livestock livestock NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 18 namely namely RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 19 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 20 horses horse NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 21 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 22 sheep sheep NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 23 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 24 goats goat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 25 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 26 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 27 cattle cattle NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 29 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 30 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 31 enzootic enzootic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 32 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 33 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 34 DC DC NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 35 population population NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 36 across across IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 37 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 38 Arabian Arabian NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 39 Peninsula Peninsula NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 40 as as RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 41 well well RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 42 as as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 43 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 44 North North NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 45 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 46 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 47 Africa Africa NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 35 48 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 1 6 6 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 3 7 7 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 5 13 13 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 6 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 7 15 15 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 8 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 10 19 19 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 13 20 20 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 16 21 21 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 36 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 37 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 37 2 22 22 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 37 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 38 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 38 2 23 23 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 38 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 1 Historically historically RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 3 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 4 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 5 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 6 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 7 mainstay mainstay NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 8 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 9 land land NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 10 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 11 based base VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 12 trade trade NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 13 transportation transportation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 14 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 15 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 16 used use VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 17 extensively extensively RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 18 as as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 19 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 20 food food NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 21 source source NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 22 across across IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 23 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 24 entire entire JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 25 region region NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 26 prior prior RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 27 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 28 industrialization industrialization NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 29 during during IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 30 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 31 latter latter JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 32 part part NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 33 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 34 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 35 20th 20th JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 36 century century NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 39 37 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 40 1 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 40 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 40 3 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 2 free free JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 3 movement movement NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 5 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 6 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 7 animals animal NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 8 across across IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 9 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 10 region region NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 11 supports support VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 12 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 13 widespread widespread JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 14 prevalence prevalence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 15 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 16 genetic genetic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 17 diversity diversity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 18 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 19 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 20 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 22 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 23 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 24 DC DC NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 25 populations population NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 26 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 27 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 28 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 29 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 30 Africa Africa NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 31 today today NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 41 32 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 42 1 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 42 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 42 3 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 2 temporal temporal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 3 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 6 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 7 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 8 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 9 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 10 Al Al NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 11 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 12 Ahsa Ahsa NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 13 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 14 KSA KSA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 15 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 16 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 17 examined examine VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 18 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 19 collecting collect VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 20 nasal nasal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 21 swabs swab NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 22 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 23 lung lung NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 24 tissue tissue NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 25 during during IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 26 postmortem postmortem JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 27 examination examination NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 28 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 29 two two CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 30 independent independent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 31 groups group NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 32 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 33 animals animal NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 34 over over IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 35 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 36 course course NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 37 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 38 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 39 year year NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 40 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 41 testing test VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 42 these these DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 43 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 44 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 45 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 46 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 47 RNA RNA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 48 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 49 real real JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 50 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 51 time time NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 52 reverse reverse NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 53 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 54 transcriptase transcriptase NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 55 polymerase polymerase NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 56 chain chain NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 57 reaction reaction NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 58 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 59 RT rt NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 60 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 61 rtPCR rtPCR NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 62 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 43 63 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 1 24 24 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 2 Positive positive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 3 samples sample NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 4 were be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 5 typically typically RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 6 associated associate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 7 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 8 young young JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 9 immunologically immunologically RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 10 naive naive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 11 animals animal NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 13 < < NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 14 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 15 years year NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 16 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 17 age age NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 19 rather rather RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 20 than than IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 21 adults adult NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 23 > > NFP cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 24 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 25 years year NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 26 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 27 age age NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 44 29 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 1 Seasonal seasonal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 2 peaks peak NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 3 were be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 4 detected detect VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 5 during during IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 6 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 7 winter winter NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 8 months month NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 9 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 10 coincided coincide VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 11 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 12 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 13 calving calving NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 14 season season NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 15 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 16 less less RBR cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 17 extreme extreme JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 18 environmental environmental JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 19 conditions condition NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 20 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 21 cooler cool JJR cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 22 ambient ambient JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 23 temperatures temperature NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 24 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 25 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 26 higher high JJR cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 27 relative relative JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 28 humidity humidity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 29 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 30 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 31 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 32 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 33 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 34 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 35 amongst amongst IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 36 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 37 individuals individual NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 45 38 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 46 1 24 24 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 1 This this DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 2 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 3 peak peak NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 4 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 5 also also RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 6 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 7 described describe VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 8 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 9 epidemic epidemic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 10 nosocomial nosocomial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 11 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 13 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 14 that that WDT cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 15 occur occur VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 16 more more RBR cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 17 frequently frequently RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 18 during during IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 19 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 20 winter winter NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 21 months month NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 47 22 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 1 25 25 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 3 26 26 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 4 Extensive extensive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 5 virologic virologic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 6 evidence evidence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 7 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 8 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 9 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 10 since since IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 11 2012 2012 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 12 supporting support VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 14 epidemiologic epidemiologic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 15 link link NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 16 between between IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 17 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 18 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 19 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 20 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 21 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 22 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 23 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 24 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 25 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 26 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 27 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 28 although although IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 29 Epidemiology Epidemiology NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 30 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 31 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 32 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 33 belongs belong VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 34 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 35 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 36 lineage lineage NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 37 commonly commonly RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 38 associated associate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 39 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 40 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 41 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 42 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 43 closest close JJS cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 44 relatives relative NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 45 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 46 which which WDT cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 47 lineage lineage NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 48 were be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 49 recently recently RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 50 identified identify VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 51 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 52 Vesper Vesper NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 53 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 55 i.e. i.e. FW cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 56 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 57 various various JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 58 species specie NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 59 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 60 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 61 family family NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 62 Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 64 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 65 Europe Europe NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 66 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 67 Asia Asia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 68 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 69 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 70 South South NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 71 Africa Africa NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 48 72 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 1 Initial initial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 2 research research NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 3 efforts effort NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 4 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 5 focused focus VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 6 on on IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 7 establishing establish VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 8 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 9 epidemiologic epidemiologic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 10 link link NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 11 between between IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 12 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 13 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 14 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 49 15 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 50 1 3 3 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 50 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 50 3 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 50 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 50 5 6 6 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 50 6 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 50 7 17 17 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 1 There there EX cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 2 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 3 no no DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 4 conclusive conclusive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 5 evidence evidence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 6 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 7 support support VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 8 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 9 theory theory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 10 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 11 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 12 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 14 source source NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 15 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 16 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 17 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 18 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 19 although although IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 20 there there EX cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 21 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 22 consensus consensus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 23 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 24 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 25 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 26 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 27 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 28 hosts host NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 29 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 30 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 31 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 51 32 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 52 1 4,5,17 4,5,17 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 1 A a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 2 related related JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 3 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 4 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 5 like like JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 7 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 8 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 9 isolated isolate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 10 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 11 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 12 African african JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 13 pipistrelle pipistrelle NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 14 bat bat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 16 Pipistrellus Pipistrellus NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 17 hesperidus hesperidus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 19 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 20 Uganda Uganda NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 21 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 22 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 23 shown show VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 24 high high JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 25 divergence divergence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 26 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 27 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 28 S S NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 29 protein protein NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 30 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 31 sequence sequence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 32 compared compare VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 33 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 34 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 35 index index NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 36 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 37 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 38 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 39 S S NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 40 protein protein NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 41 sequence sequence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 43 46 46 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 44 % % NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 45 amino amino NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 46 acid acid NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 47 identity identity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 48 divergence divergence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 53 50 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 54 1 17 17 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 1 This this DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 3 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 4 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 5 two two CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 6 viruses virus NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 7 differ differ VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 8 significantly significantly RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 9 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 10 receptor receptor NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 11 binding bind VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 12 properties property NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 13 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 14 implying imply VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 15 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 16 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 17 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 18 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 19 like like JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 20 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 21 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 22 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 23 not not RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 24 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 25 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 26 threat threat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 27 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 28 supporting support VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 29 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 30 theory theory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 31 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 32 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 33 common common JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 34 ancestry ancestry NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 55 35 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 56 1 17 17 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 1 To to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 2 date date NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 3 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 4 only only JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 5 direct direct JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 6 link link NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 7 between between IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 8 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 9 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 10 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 11 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 12 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 13 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 14 single single JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 15 instance instance NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 16 when when WRB cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 17 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 19 sequence sequence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 20 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 21 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 22 fatal fatal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 23 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 24 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 25 index index NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 26 case case NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 27 showed show VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 28 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 29 100 100 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 30 % % NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 31 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 32 match match NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 33 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 34 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 35 polymerase polymerase NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 36 chain chain NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 37 reaction reaction NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 39 PCR)-amplified pcr)-amplifie VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 40 sequence sequence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 41 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 42 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 43 fecal fecal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 44 pellet pellet NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 45 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 46 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 47 Egyptian egyptian JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 48 tomb tomb NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 49 bat bat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 51 Taphozous Taphozous NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 52 perforates perforate VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 54 collected collect VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 55 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 56 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 57 same same JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 58 area area NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 59 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 60 Bisha Bisha NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 61 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 62 KSA KSA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 57 63 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 58 1 18 18 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 2 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 3 fatality fatality NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 4 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 5 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 6 owner owner NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 7 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 8 four four CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 9 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 10 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 11 which which WDT cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 12 also also RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 13 tested test VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 14 positive positive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 15 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 16 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 17 same same JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 18 strain strain NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 19 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 20 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 21 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 22 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 59 23 18 18 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 1 At at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 2 present present JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 3 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 4 bat bat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 5 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 6 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 7 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 8 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 9 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 10 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 11 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 12 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 14 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 15 considered consider VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 16 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 17 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 18 purely purely RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 19 speculative speculative JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 60 20 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 1 4 4 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 2 Surveillance surveillance NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 4 DCs DCs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 5 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 6 KSA KSA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 7 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 8 shown show VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 9 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 11 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 13 clade clade NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 14 B B NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 15 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 16 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 17 enzootic enzootic VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 18 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 19 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 20 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 21 population population NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 22 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 23 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 24 Genetic genetic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 25 deep deep JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 26 sequencing sequencing NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 27 methods method NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 29 i.e. i.e. FW cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 30 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 31 high high JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 32 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 33 throughput throughput NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 34 sequencing sequencing NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 36 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 37 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 38 readily readily RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 39 available available JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 40 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 41 researchers researcher NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 42 since since IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 43 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 44 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 45 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 46 first first RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 47 reported report VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 61 48 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 1 12 12 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 2 Sequenced sequence VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 3 data datum NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 4 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 5 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 6 used use VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 7 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 8 these these DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 9 cases case NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 10 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 11 successfully successfully RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 12 construct construct VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 14 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 15 tree tree NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 16 between between IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 17 related related JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 18 viruses virus NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 19 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 20 hosts host NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 62 21 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 1 2 2 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 3 6 6 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 5 7 7 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 6 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 7 12 12 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 8 Direct direct JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 10 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 11 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 12 antigen antigen NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 13 detection detection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 14 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 15 possible possible JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 16 but but CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 17 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 18 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 19 rarely rarely RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 20 performed perform VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 63 21 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 2 Immunochromatography Immunochromatography NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 3 assays assay NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 4 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 5 monoclonal monoclonal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 6 antibody antibody NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 7 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 8 based base VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 9 capture capture NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 10 ELISAs elisa NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 11 targeting target VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 12 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 13 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 14 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 16 nucleocapsid nucleocapsid NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 17 protein protein NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 18 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 19 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 20 described describe VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 64 21 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 65 1 20 20 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 1 Since since IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 2 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 3 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 4 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 5 first first RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 6 reported report VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 7 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 8 2012 2012 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 9 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 10 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 11 range range NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 12 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 13 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 14 laboratory laboratory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 15 tests test NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 16 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 17 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 18 developed develop VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 66 19 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 67 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 67 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 67 3 30 30 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 1 To to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 2 better well RBR cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 3 understand understand VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 4 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 5 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 6 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 8 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 9 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 10 important important JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 11 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 12 collate collate VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 13 sampling sampling NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 14 methodology methodology NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 15 data data NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 16 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 17 laboratory laboratory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 18 results result NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 19 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 20 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 21 analyses analysis NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 22 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 23 combination combination NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 24 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 25 clinical clinical JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 26 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 27 epidemiologic epidemiologic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 28 data datum NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 68 29 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 69 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 1 Until until IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 2 laboratory laboratory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 3 assays assay NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 4 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 5 fully fully RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 6 validated validate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 7 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 8 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 9 combination combination NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 10 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 12 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 13 serologic serologic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 14 laboratory laboratory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 15 tests test NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 16 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 17 required require VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 18 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 19 improve improve VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 20 confidence confidence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 21 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 22 laboratory laboratory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 23 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 24 during during IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 25 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 70 26 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 71 1 30 30 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 1 In in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 2 cases case NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 4 mild mild JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 5 or or CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 6 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 7 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 8 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 9 full full JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 10 validation validation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 11 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 12 serologic serologic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 13 assays assay NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 14 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 15 required require VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 16 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 17 rule rule VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 18 out out RP cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 19 false false JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 20 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 21 negative negative JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 22 results result NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 72 23 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 1 31 31 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 2 Validation validation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 3 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 4 also also RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 5 required require VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 6 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 7 successfully successfully RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 8 apply apply VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 9 newly newly RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 10 developed develop VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 11 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 12 serology serology NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 13 algorithms algorithm NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 14 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 15 inform inform VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 16 public public JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 17 health health NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 18 decisions decision NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 73 19 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 3 30 30 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 5 31 31 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 6 Treatment treatment NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 7 Therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 8 options option NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 9 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 11 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 13 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 14 limited limit VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 74 15 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 1 Supportive supportive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 2 treatment treatment NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 3 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 4 indicated indicate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 5 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 6 hospitalized hospitalize VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 7 patients patient NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 8 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 9 but but CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 10 vigilance vigilance NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 11 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 12 complications complication NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 13 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 14 essential essential JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 75 15 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 2 Empirical empirical JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 3 use use NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 5 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 6 agents agent NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 7 or or CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 8 steroids steroid NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 9 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 10 not not RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 11 succeeded succeed VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 13 reversing reverse VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 14 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 15 progression progression NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 16 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 17 severe severe JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 18 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 76 19 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 3 27 27 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 5 29 29 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 6 No no DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 7 specific specific JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 8 drug drug NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 9 or or CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 10 vaccine vaccine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 11 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 12 currently currently RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 13 available available JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 14 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 15 treat treat VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 16 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 77 17 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 4 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 5 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 6 stated state VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 7 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 8 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 9 complexity complexity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 10 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 11 time time NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 12 required require VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 13 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 14 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 15 development development NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 16 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 17 registration registration NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 18 process process NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 19 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 20 drugs drug NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 21 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 22 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 23 use use NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 24 impedes impede VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 25 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 26 ability ability NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 27 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 28 counter counter VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 29 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 30 rapid rapid JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 31 threat threat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 32 against against IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 33 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 34 emerging emerge VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 35 infectious infectious JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 36 agent agent NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 78 37 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 79 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 1 For for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 2 example example NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 3 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 4 there there EX cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 5 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 6 no no DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 7 vaccine vaccine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 8 available available JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 9 against against IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 11 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 13 because because IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 14 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 15 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 16 brevity brevity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 17 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 18 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 19 threat threat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 20 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 21 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 22 public public JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 23 health health NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 80 24 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 1 2 2 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 3 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 4 It -PRON- PRP cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 5 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 6 likely likely JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 7 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 8 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 10 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 12 vaccine vaccine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 13 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 14 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 15 use use NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 16 may may MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 17 not not RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 18 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 19 developed develop VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 20 due due IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 21 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 22 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 23 lack lack NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 24 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 25 commercial commercial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 26 interest interest NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 27 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 28 or or CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 29 if if IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 30 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 31 threat threat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 32 posed pose VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 33 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 34 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 35 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 36 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 37 declines decline NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 38 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 39 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 40 meantime meantime NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 81 41 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 82 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 3 given give VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 4 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 5 prevalence prevalence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 6 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 8 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 9 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 10 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 11 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 12 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 13 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 14 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 15 's 's POS cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 16 DC DC NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 17 population population NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 18 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 19 due due IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 20 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 21 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 22 potential potential NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 23 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 24 spillover spillover NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 25 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 26 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 27 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 28 population population NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 29 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 30 direct direct JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 31 contact contact NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 32 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 33 DCs DCs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 34 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 35 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 36 development development NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 37 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 38 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 39 vaccine vaccine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 40 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 41 use use NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 42 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 43 DCs DCs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 44 may may MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 45 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 46 feasible feasible JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 83 47 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 84 1 4 4 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 84 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 84 3 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 84 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 84 5 32 32 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 1 A a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 2 recent recent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 3 successful successful JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 4 trial trial NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 5 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 6 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 8 orthopoxvirus orthopoxvirus NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 9 vaccine vaccine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 10 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 11 conferred confer VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 12 mucosal mucosal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 13 immunity immunity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 14 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 15 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 16 URTs urt NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 17 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 18 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 85 19 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 1 32 32 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 2 Eradication eradication NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 5 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 7 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 8 herds herd NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 9 may may MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 10 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 11 possible possible JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 12 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 13 if if IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 14 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 15 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 16 administered administer VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 17 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 18 young young JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 19 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 20 immunologically immunologically RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 21 naive naive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 22 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 23 prior prior RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 24 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 25 exposure exposure NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 86 26 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 1 4 4 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 3 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 5 32 32 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 6 _SP cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 7 Identification Identification NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 8 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 9 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 10 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 11 source source NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 12 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 13 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 14 guides guide VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 15 control control VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 16 strategies strategy NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 17 at at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 18 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 19 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 20 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 21 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 22 interface interface NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 87 23 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 88 1 3 3 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 88 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 88 3 30 30 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 1 By by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 2 preventing prevent VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 3 spillover spillover NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 6 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 8 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 9 animals animal NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 10 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 11 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 12 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 14 risk risk NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 15 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 16 nosocomial nosocomial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 17 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 18 familial familial JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 19 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 20 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 21 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 22 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 23 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 24 could could MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 25 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 26 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 89 27 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 1 3 3 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 2 strategic strategic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 3 serosurveys serosurvey NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 5 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 6 using use VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 7 samples sample NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 8 collected collect VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 9 after after IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 10 2012 2012 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 11 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 12 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 13 infrequent infrequent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 90 14 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 91 1 4 4 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 91 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 91 3 5 5 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 91 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 91 5 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 1 There there EX cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 2 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 3 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 4 paucity paucity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 5 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 6 baseline baseline JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 7 data datum NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 8 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 9 describe describe VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 10 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 11 proportion proportion NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 12 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 14 potentially potentially RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 15 infected infected JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 16 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 17 population population NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 18 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 19 much much JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 20 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 21 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 22 Arabian Arabian NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 23 Peninsula Peninsula NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 24 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 25 all all DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 26 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 27 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 28 Africa Africa NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 29 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 30 including include VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 31 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 32 Horn Horn NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 33 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 34 Africa Africa NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 92 35 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 93 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 2 exact exact JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 5 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 6 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 7 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 8 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 9 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 10 remains remain VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 11 uncertain uncertain JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 94 12 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 95 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 1 Sustained sustain VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 2 close close JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 3 contact contact NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 4 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 5 most most RBS cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 6 probably probably RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 7 necessary necessary JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 8 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 9 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 10 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 11 aerosolized aerosolized JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 12 droplets droplet NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 13 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 14 as as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 16 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 18 viral viral NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 20 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 21 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 22 detected detect VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 23 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 24 air air NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 25 samples sample NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 26 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 27 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 28 barn barn NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 29 housing housing NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 30 infected infected JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 31 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 32 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 33 Qatar Qatar NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 34 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 35 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 36 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 37 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 38 may may MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 39 remain remain VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 40 viable viable JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 41 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 42 aerosol aerosol NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 43 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 44 up up IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 45 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 46 45 45 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 47 minutes minute NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 96 48 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 97 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 97 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 97 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 97 4 27 27 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 97 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 97 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 97 7 28 28 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 97 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 98 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 98 2 29 29 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 98 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 2 potential potential JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 3 public public JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 4 health health NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 5 risk risk NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 6 resulting result VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 7 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 8 aerosol aerosol NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 9 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 10 generating generate VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 11 activities activity NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 12 ranges range VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 13 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 14 contamination contamination NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 15 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 16 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 17 room room NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 18 occupied occupy VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 19 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 20 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 21 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 22 patient patient NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 23 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 24 slaughter slaughter VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 25 practices practice NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 99 26 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 3 24 24 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 5 30 30 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 6 Aerosolized aerosolized JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 7 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 8 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 10 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 12 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 13 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 14 attributed attribute VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 15 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 16 hospital hospital NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 17 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 18 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 19 KSA KSA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 20 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 21 South South NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 22 Korea Korea NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 100 23 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 1 26 26 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 3 27 27 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 5 29 29 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 7 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 8 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 9 spreads spread VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 10 inefficiently inefficiently RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 11 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 12 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 13 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 14 human human NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 15 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 16 but but CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 17 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 18 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 19 effective effective JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 20 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 21 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 22 hospital hospital NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 23 environment environment NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 24 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 25 where where WRB cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 26 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 27 individuals individual NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 28 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 29 concentrated concentrate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 30 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 31 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 32 risks risk NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 33 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 34 amplified amplify VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 35 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 36 poor poor JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 37 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 38 prevention prevention NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 39 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 40 control control NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 42 IPC IPC NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 44 protocols protocol NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 101 45 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 102 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 1 In in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 2 some some DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 3 reported report VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 4 cases case NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 5 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 7 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 8 direct direct JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 9 contact contact NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 10 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 11 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 12 was be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 13 not not RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 14 apparent apparent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 103 15 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 1 27 27 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 3 29 29 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 4 Camel Camel NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 5 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 6 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 7 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 8 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 9 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 10 through through IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 11 other other JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 12 routes route NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 13 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 14 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 15 however however RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 16 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 17 possible possible JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 18 owing owe VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 19 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 20 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 21 consumption consumption NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 22 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 23 unpasteurized unpasteurized JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 24 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 25 milk milk NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 26 or or CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 27 raw raw JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 28 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 29 meat meat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 30 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 31 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 32 traditional traditional JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 33 medicine medicine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 34 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 35 when when WRB cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 36 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 37 urine urine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 38 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 39 consumed consume VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 40 as as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 41 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 42 natural natural JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 43 remedy remedy NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 44 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 45 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 46 variety variety NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 47 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 48 ailments ailment NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 104 49 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 1 3 3 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 3 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 4 A a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 5 recent recent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 6 survey survey NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 7 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 8 found find VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 9 that that IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 10 infected infected JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 11 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 12 may may MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 13 shed shed VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 14 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 15 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 17 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 18 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 19 milk milk NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 20 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 21 urine urine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 22 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 23 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 24 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 25 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 26 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 27 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 28 shown show VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 29 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 30 remain remain VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 31 infectious infectious JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 32 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 33 3 3 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 34 days day NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 35 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 36 milk milk NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 37 stored store VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 38 at at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 39 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 40 ° ° NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 41 C c NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 105 42 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 106 1 3 3 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 106 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 106 3 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 2 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 3 risks risk VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 4 associated associate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 5 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 6 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 7 handling handling NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 8 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 9 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 10 products product NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 11 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 12 raw raw JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 13 milk milk NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 14 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 15 urine urine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 16 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 17 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 18 meat meat NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 19 during during IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 20 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 21 slaughter slaughter NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 22 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 23 yet yet RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 24 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 25 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 26 fully fully RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 27 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 107 28 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 1 Further further JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 2 studies study NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 3 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 4 needed need VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 5 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 6 demonstrate demonstrate VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 7 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 8 potential potential NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 9 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 10 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 11 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 12 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 13 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 14 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 15 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 108 16 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 2 Serologic Serologic NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 3 methods method NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 4 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 5 high high JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 6 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 7 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 8 specificity specificity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 9 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 10 detect detect VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 11 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 12 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 13 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 14 antibodies antibody NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 15 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 16 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 17 developed develop VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 18 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 19 use use NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 20 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 21 seroepidemiologic seroepidemiologic NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 22 studies study NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 109 23 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 1 Methods method NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 2 include include VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 3 indirect indirect JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 4 immunofluorescence immunofluorescence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 5 assays assay NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 6 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 7 enzyme enzyme NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 8 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 9 linked link VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 10 immunosorbent immunosorbent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 11 assays assay NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 13 ELISAs elisa NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 15 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 16 protein protein NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 17 microarray microarray NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 18 technology technology NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 19 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 20 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 21 microneutralization microneutralization NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 23 MN MN NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 25 assays assay NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 110 26 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 1 13 13 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 4 20 20 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 7 21 21 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 10 22 22 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 12 Pseudoparticle Pseudoparticle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 13 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 14 neutralization neutralization NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 15 tests test NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 17 ppNTs ppnts ADD cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 19 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 20 conventional conventional JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 21 MN MN NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 22 assays assay NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 23 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 24 also also RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 25 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 26 used use VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 27 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 28 detect detect VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 29 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 30 antibodies antibody NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 31 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 32 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 33 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 34 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 35 18 18 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 36 Validated validate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 37 molecular molecular JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 38 assays assay NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 39 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 40 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 41 developed develop VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 111 42 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 3 13 13 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 5 19 19 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 6 RT rt NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 7 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 8 rtPCR rtPCR NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 9 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 10 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 11 preferred preferred JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 12 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 13 method method NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 14 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 15 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 16 detection detection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 17 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 18 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 19 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 20 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 21 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 22 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 23 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 24 endorsed endorse VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 25 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 26 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 27 WHO WHO NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 112 28 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 1 1 1 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 2 Confirmation Confirmation NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 4 MERS MERS NNPS cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 5 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 6 suspected suspect VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 7 cases case NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 8 requires require VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 9 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 10 screening screening NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 11 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 12 samples sample NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 13 targeting target VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 14 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 15 number number NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 16 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 17 genes gene NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 18 specific specific JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 19 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 20 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 21 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 22 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 23 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 24 namely namely RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 25 Up up IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 26 E e NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 27 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 28 ORF ORF NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 29 1a 1a NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 30 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 31 ORF ORF NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 32 1b 1b CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 33 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 34 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 35 N n CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 36 genes gene NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 113 37 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 1 1 1 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 3 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 5 13 13 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 6 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 7 19 19 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 9 infancy infancy NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 114 10 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 1 Aside aside RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 2 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 3 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 5 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 6 role role NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 7 that that WDT cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 8 other other JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 9 wildlife wildlife NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 10 may may MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 11 play play VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 14 ecology ecology NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 15 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 16 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 17 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 19 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 20 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 21 Africa Africa NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 22 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 23 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 24 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 25 yet yet RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 26 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 27 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 28 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 115 29 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 1 At at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 2 present present JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 3 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 4 implementation implementation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 5 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 6 intensive intensive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 7 IPC IPC NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 8 measures measure NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 9 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 10 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 11 health health NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 12 care care NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 13 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 14 vital vital JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 15 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 16 including include VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 17 improving improve VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 18 education education NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 19 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 20 awareness awareness NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 21 among among IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 22 healthcare healthcare NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 23 workers worker NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 116 24 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 117 1 1 1 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 117 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 2 Most Most JJS cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 3 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 4 cases case NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 5 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 6 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 7 linked link VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 8 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 9 lapses lapse NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 10 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 11 IPC IPC NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 12 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 13 as as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 14 one one CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 15 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 16 fifth fifth NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 17 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 18 viral viral JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 19 infections infection NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 20 have have VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 21 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 22 reported report VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 23 among among IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 24 healthcare healthcare NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 25 workers worker NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 118 26 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 119 1 1 1 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 1 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 2 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 3 Stringent stringent JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 4 precautions precaution NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 5 while while IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 6 handling handle VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 7 suspected suspect VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 8 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 9 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 10 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 11 patients patient NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 12 include include VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 13 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 14 use use NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 15 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 16 personal personal JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 17 protective protective JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 18 equipment equipment NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 20 PPE PPE NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 23 i.e. i.e. FW cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 24 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 25 disposable disposable JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 26 gloves glove NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 27 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 28 gowns gown NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 29 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 30 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 31 protection protection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 32 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 33 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 34 eye eye NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 35 protection protection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 120 37 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 1 2 2 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 3 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 4 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 5 33 33 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 6 Immunocompromised immunocompromise VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 7 individuals individual NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 8 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 9 those those DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 10 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 11 preexisting preexisting JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 12 medical medical JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 13 conditions condition NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 14 should should MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 15 avoid avoid VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 16 close close JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 17 contact contact NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 18 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 19 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 121 20 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 1 2 2 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 3 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 4 Public public JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 5 health health NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 6 authorities authority NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 7 should should MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 8 adopt adopt VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 9 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 10 standardized standardized JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 11 public public JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 12 health health NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 13 response response NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 14 protocol protocol NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 15 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 16 include include VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 17 standardized standardized JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 18 case case NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 19 reporting report VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 20 methodology methodology NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 21 as as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 22 defined define VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 23 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 24 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 25 WHO WHO NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 122 26 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 1 1 1 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 3 30 30 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 4 Standardization standardization NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 5 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 6 case case NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 7 definitions definition NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 8 aids aids NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 9 accurate accurate JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 10 calculation calculation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 11 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 12 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 13 case case NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 14 fatality fatality NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 15 ratio ratio NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 16 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 17 including include VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 18 mild mild JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 19 or or CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 20 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 21 cases case NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 123 22 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 124 1 30 30 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 2 Health Health NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 3 Authority Authority NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 4 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 5 Abu Abu NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 6 Dhabi Dhabi NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 7 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 8 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 9 United United NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 10 Arab Arab NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 11 Emirates Emirates NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 12 recently recently RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 13 implemented implement VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 14 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 15 standardized standardized JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 16 reporting reporting NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 17 option option NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 18 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 19 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 20 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 21 successfully successfully RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 22 incorporating incorporate VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 24 into into IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 25 existing exist VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 26 epidemiologic epidemiologic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 27 surveillance surveillance NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 28 systems system NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 29 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 30 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 31 aim aim NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 32 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 33 enhancing enhance VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 34 surveillance surveillance NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 35 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 36 educating educate VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 37 healthcare healthcare NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 38 workers worker NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 39 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 40 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 41 ensuring ensure VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 42 laboratory laboratory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 43 capacity capacity NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 125 44 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 126 1 25 25 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 1 In in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 2 countries country NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 3 where where WRB cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 5 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 7 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 8 enzootic enzootic VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 9 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 10 DCs DCs NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 11 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 13 control control NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 14 at at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 15 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 16 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 17 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 18 human human NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 19 interface interface NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 20 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 21 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 22 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 23 succeed succeed VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 24 unless unless IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 25 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 26 preventive preventive JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 27 strategies strategy NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 28 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 29 implemented implement VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 127 30 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 128 1 5 5 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 1 These these DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 2 should should MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 3 include include VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 4 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 5 following follow VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 6 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 7 • • NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 8 Strict strict JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 9 regulation regulation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 10 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 11 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 12 movement movement NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 13 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 14 imposition imposition NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 15 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 16 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 17 requirement requirement NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 18 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 19 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 20 clearance clearance NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 21 prior prior RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 22 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 23 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 24 importation importation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 25 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 26 transport transport NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 27 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 28 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 29 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 30 including include VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 31 animals animal NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 32 presented present VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 33 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 34 slaughter slaughter NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 129 35 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 130 1 • • NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 1 Camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 2 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 3 detectable detectable JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 5 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 8 should should MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 9 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 10 quarantined quarantine VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 11 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 12 tested test VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 13 at at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 14 regular regular JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 15 intervals interval NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 131 16 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 132 1 • • NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 133 1 Use use NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 133 2 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 133 3 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 133 4 PPEs ppe NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 133 5 while while IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 133 6 handling handle VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 133 7 DCs dc NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 133 8 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 1 • • NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 2 Increased increase VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 3 awareness awareness NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 4 among among IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 5 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 6 owners owner NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 7 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 8 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 9 general general JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 10 public public NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 11 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 12 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 13 risks risk NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 14 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 15 consuming consume VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 16 unpasteurized unpasteurized JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 17 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 18 milk milk NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 19 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 20 urine urine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 134 21 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 1 This this DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 2 may may MD cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 3 prove prove VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 4 challenging challenge VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 5 given give VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 6 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 7 depth depth NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 8 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 9 customs custom NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 10 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 11 beliefs belief NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 13 some some DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 14 areas area NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 135 15 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 136 1 • • NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 1 Accelerated accelerate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 2 development development NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 4 safe safe JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 5 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 6 effective effective JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 8 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 9 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 10 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 11 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 12 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 13 use use NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 137 14 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 1 5 5 LS cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 3 33 33 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 4 Conclusions conclusion NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 6 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 8 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 9 been be VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 10 observed observe VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 11 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 12 only only RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 13 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 14 years year NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 15 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 16 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 17 vigilance vigilance NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 18 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 19 vital vital JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 20 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 21 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 22 containment containment NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 23 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 24 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 25 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 26 due due IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 27 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 28 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 29 high high JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 30 case case NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 31 fatality fatality NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 32 rate rate NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 33 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 34 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 35 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 36 possible possible JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 37 genetic genetic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 38 instability instability NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 39 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 40 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 41 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 138 42 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 2 Continued continued JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 3 laboratory laboratory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 4 testing testing NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 5 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 6 genetic genetic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 7 sequencing sequencing NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 8 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 9 analysis analysis NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 10 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 11 timely timely JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 12 data datum NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 13 sharing sharing NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 14 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 15 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 16 clear clear JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 17 communication communication NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 18 are be VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 19 essential essential JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 20 if if IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 21 such such JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 22 vigilance vigilance NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 23 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 24 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 25 be be VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 26 effective effective JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 139 27 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 140 1 8 8 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 2 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 3 despite despite IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 4 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 5 potential potential NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 6 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 7 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 8 pandemic pandemic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 9 outbreak outbreak NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 10 at at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 11 multiple multiple JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 12 mass mass NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 13 gatherings gathering NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 14 during during IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 15 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 16 Islamic islamic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 17 calendar calendar NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 19 Hajj Hajj NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 20 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 21 Eid Eid NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 22 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 23 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 24 Umrah Umrah NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 26 there there EX cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 27 were be VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 28 no no DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 29 reported report VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 30 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 31 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 32 MERS MERS NNPS cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 33 during during IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 34 or or CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 35 immediately immediately RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 36 after after IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 37 these these DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 38 events event NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 141 39 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 142 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 1 As as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 2 such such JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 3 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 4 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 6 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 7 not not RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 8 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 9 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 10 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 11 pandemic pandemic NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 12 concern concern NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 143 13 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 144 1 10 10 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 1 Since since IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 2 2012 2012 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 4 understanding understanding NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 5 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 7 has have VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 8 increased increase VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 9 greatly greatly RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 10 although although IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 11 gaps gap NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 13 knowledge knowledge NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 14 still still RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 15 exist exist VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 145 16 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 2 understanding understanding NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 3 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 4 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 5 disease disease NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 6 's 's POS cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 7 ecology ecology NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 8 - - : cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 9 especially especially RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 10 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 11 interplay interplay NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 12 between between IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 13 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 14 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 15 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 16 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 17 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 18 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 19 environment environment NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 20 - - : cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 21 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 22 still still RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 23 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 24 WHO WHO NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 25 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 26 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 27 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 28 Global Global NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 29 Summary Summary NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 30 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 31 risk risk NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 32 assessment assessment NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 33 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 34 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 35 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 36 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 37 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 38 " " '' cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 39 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 40 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 41 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 42 " " '' cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 43 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 44 current current JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 45 knowledge knowledge NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 46 gaps gap VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 47 Evidence evidence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 48 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 49 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 50 origins origin NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 51 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 52 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 53 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 54 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 55 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 146 56 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 1 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 2 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 8 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 11 origin origin NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 12 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 13 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 147 14 reservoir reservoir NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 1 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 2 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 8 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 148 11 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 1 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 2 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 3 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 4 interaction interaction NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 5 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 6 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 7 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 8 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 10 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 11 dromedary dromedary NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 12 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 13 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 14 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 15 outbreak outbreak NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 16 investigation investigation NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 17 Evidence evidence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 18 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 19 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 20 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 21 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 22 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 23 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 24 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 25 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 26 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 27 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 28 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 29 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 30 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 31 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 32 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 33 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 34 emerging emerge VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 35 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 36 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 37 tracked track VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 38 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 39 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 40 crowd crowd NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 41 WHO who WP cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 42 Emergencies emergencie VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 149 43 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 150 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 150 2 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 150 3 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 1 Available available JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 2 at at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 3 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 5 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 6 diagnostics diagnostic NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 7 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 8 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 9 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 151 10 transmission transmission NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 1 Dipeptidyl Dipeptidyl NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 2 peptidase peptidase NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 3 4 4 CD cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 4 is be VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 5 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 6 functional functional JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 7 receptor receptor NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 8 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 9 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 10 emerging emerge VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 11 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 13 - - : cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 14 EMC EMC NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 15 Full full JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 16 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 17 genome genome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 18 deep deep JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 19 sequencing sequencing NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 20 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 21 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 22 analysis analysis NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 23 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 24 novel novel JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 25 human human JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 26 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 27 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 28 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 29 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 30 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 31 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 32 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 33 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 34 dromedary dromedary NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 35 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 36 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 37 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 38 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 39 Pathogenesis Pathogenesis NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 40 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 41 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 42 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 43 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 44 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 45 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 46 Replication replication NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 47 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 48 shedding shedding NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 49 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 50 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 51 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 52 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 53 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 54 upper upper JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 55 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 56 tract tract NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 57 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 58 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 59 dromedary dromedary NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 60 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 61 Response response NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 62 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 63 emergence emergence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 64 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 65 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 66 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 67 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 68 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 69 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 70 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 71 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 72 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 73 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 74 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 75 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 76 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 77 infections infection NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 78 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 79 healthcare healthcare NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 80 settings setting NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 81 Hospital Hospital NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 82 outbreak outbreak NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 83 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 84 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 85 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 86 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 87 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 88 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 89 Detection detection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 90 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 91 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 92 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 93 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 94 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 95 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 96 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 97 genome genome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 98 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 99 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 100 air air NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 101 sample sample NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 102 originating originate VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 103 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 104 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 105 camel camel NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 106 barn barn NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 107 owned own VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 108 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 109 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 110 infected infected JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 111 patient patient NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 112 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 113 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 114 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 115 outbreak outbreak NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 116 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 117 Jeddah Jeddah NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 118 - - : cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 119 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 120 link link NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 121 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 122 health health NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 123 care care NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 124 facilities facility NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 125 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 126 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 152 127 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 1 data datum NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 2 gaps gap NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 3 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 4 laboratory laboratory NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 5 preparedness preparedness NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 6 Asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 8 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 9 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 10 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 11 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 12 humans human NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 13 possibly possibly RB cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 14 linked link VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 15 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 16 infected infected JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 17 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 18 imported import VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 19 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 20 Oman Oman NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 21 to to IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 22 United United NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 23 Arab Arab NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 153 24 Emirates Emirates NNPS cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 1 An an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 2 orthopoxvirusbased orthopoxvirusbased JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 3 vaccine vaccine NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 4 reduces reduce VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 5 virus virus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 6 excretion excretion NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 7 after after IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 8 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 9 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 10 CoV cov NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 11 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 13 dromedary dromedary NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 14 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 15 Centers Centers NNPS cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 16 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 17 Disease Disease NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 18 Control Control NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 19 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 20 Prevention Prevention NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 21 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 22 Interim interim JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 23 prevention prevention NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 24 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 25 control control NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 26 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 27 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 28 hospitalized hospitalize VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 29 patients patient NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 30 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 31 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 32 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 33 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 34 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 35 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 37 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 38 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 39 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 154 41 . . . cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 1 Available available JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 2 at at IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 3 An an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 4 animal animal NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 5 model model NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 6 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 8 produced produce VBN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 9 by by IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 10 infection infection NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 11 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 12 rhesus rhesu NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 13 macaques macaque NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 14 with with IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 155 16 coronavirus coronavirus NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 1 Further further JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 2 evidence evidence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 3 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 4 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 5 as as IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 6 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 7 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 8 source source NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 9 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 10 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 11 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 12 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 13 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 14 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 15 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 16 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 17 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 18 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 20 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 21 bats bat NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 22 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 23 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 24 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 25 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 26 coronaviruses coronaviruse VBZ cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 27 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 28 dromedary dromedary NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 156 29 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 157 1 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 157 2 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 157 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 157 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 157 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 157 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 157 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 1 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 2 seroprevalence seroprevalence NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 3 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 4 domestic domestic JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 5 livestock livestock NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 6 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 7 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 8 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 9 Antibodies Antibodies NNPS cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 10 against against IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 11 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 13 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 158 14 dromedaries dromedary NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 1 Middle Middle NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 2 East East NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 8 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 11 serology serology NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 12 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 13 major major JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 14 livestock livestock NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 15 species specie NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 16 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 17 an an DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 18 affected affected JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 19 region region NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 20 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 21 Jordan Jordan NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 22 Isolation Isolation NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 23 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 24 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 25 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 26 from from IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 27 a a DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 28 Dromedary Dromedary NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 29 Camel Camel NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 30 MERS MERS NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 31 - - HYPH cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 32 CoV CoV NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 33 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 34 upper upper JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 35 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 36 tract tract NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 37 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 38 lungs lung NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 39 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 40 dromedary dromedary NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 41 camels camel NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 42 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 43 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 159 44 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 1 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 2 authors author NNS cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 3 wish wish VBP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 4 to to TO cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 5 thank thank VB cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 6 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 7 following follow VBG cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 8 : : : cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 9 H. H. NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 10 E. E. NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 11 Ghanim Ghanim NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 12 Mubarak Mubarak NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 13 Al Al NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 14 Hajeri Hajeri NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 15 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 16 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 17 senior senior JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 18 management management NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 19 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 20 Al Al NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 21 Ain Ain NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 22 Zoo Zoo NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 23 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 24 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 25 encouragement encouragement NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 26 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 27 support support NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 28 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 29 Dr. Dr. NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 30 Ahsan Ahsan NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 31 Ul Ul NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 32 Haq Haq NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 33 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 34 Dubai Dubai NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 35 Camel Camel NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 36 Hospital Hospital NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 37 for for IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 38 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 39 technical technical JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 40 insight insight NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 41 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 42 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 43 Dr. Dr. NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 44 Andrew Andrew NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 45 Higgins Higgins NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 46 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 47 Fellow Fellow NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 48 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 49 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 50 Zoological Zoological NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 51 Society Society NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 52 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 53 London London NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 54 and and CC cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 55 Honorary honorary JJ cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 56 editor editor NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 57 in in IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 58 chief chief NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 59 of of IN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 60 The the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 61 Veterinary Veterinary NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 62 Journal Journal NNP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 63 , , , cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 64 who who WP cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 65 reviewed review VBD cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 66 the the DT cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 67 manuscript manuscript NN cord-022046-q1exf47s 160 68 . . .