Outline of ancient Rome - Wikipedia Outline of ancient Rome From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome "Roman time" redirects here. For the Roman clock, see Roman timekeeping. Julius Caesar The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome: Ancient Rome – former civilization that thrived on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world.[1] Contents 1 Essence of Ancient Rome 2 Geography of ancient Rome 3 Government and politics of ancient Rome 3.1 Political institutions of ancient Rome 3.1.1 Magistrates 3.1.1.1 Ordinary magistrates 3.1.1.2 Extraordinary magistrates 3.2 Roman law 3.3 Military of ancient Rome 3.3.1 Roman armed forces 3.3.2 Military history of Rome 3.3.3 Military conflict 4 General history of ancient Rome 4.1 Roman historiography 4.2 Works on Roman history 5 Culture of ancient Rome 5.1 Architecture of ancient Rome 5.2 Art in ancient Rome 5.3 Social order in ancient Rome 5.4 Religion in ancient Rome 5.4.1 Roman mythology 5.4.2 Roman religious institutions 5.4.3 Roman religious practices 5.5 Language in ancient Rome 6 Economy of ancient Rome 7 Scholars 7.1 Ancient 7.2 Modern 8 Ancient Roman lists 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Essence of Ancient Rome[edit] Civilization Classical antiquity Classical Rome Greco-Roman world Geography of ancient Rome[edit] Roman geographers Roman provinces Achaea Africa Asia Assyria Roman Britain Roman conquest of Britain Governors of Roman Britain Roman road from Silchester to Bath Roman sites in Great Britain Cappadocia Dalmatia Dardania Roman Egypt Galatia Roman Gaul Roman Greece Hispania Insulae Roman Judea Roman Jerusalem Macedonia Mesopotamia Sicilia Cities founded by the Romans Climate of Ancient Rome Demography of the Roman Empire Topography of ancient Rome Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae (1993-2000) Government and politics of ancient Rome[edit] Augustus, the first Roman emperor Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Princeps senatus Populares Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar SPQR Tetrarch Political institutions of ancient Rome[edit] Political institutions of ancient Rome of ancient Rome in general Roman Senate Roman assemblies Curiate Assembly Centuriate Assembly Tribal Assembly Plebeian Executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom Senate of the Roman Kingdom Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom Executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom of the Roman Republic Senate of the Roman Republic Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic Executive magistrates of the Roman Republic of the Roman Empire Senate of the Roman Empire Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Empire Executive magistrates of the Roman Empire Magistrates[edit] Roman magistrate Ordinary magistrates[edit] Ordinary magistrate Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary magistrates[edit] Extraordinary magistrate Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Roman law[edit] Roman law Roman laws Twelve Tables Roman citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status in Roman legal system Roman litigation Roman Constitution History of the Roman Constitution Constitution of the Roman Kingdom History of the Constitution of the Roman Kingdom Constitution of the Roman Republic History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic Constitutional Reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Constitutional Reforms of Julius Caesar Constitution of the Roman Empire History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire History of the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire (post Diocletian) Constitution of the Late Roman Empire Military of ancient Rome[edit] Military of ancient Rome Weapons Catapult Gladius Pilum Roman military diploma Praetorian Guard Victory titles Roman infantry tactics, strategy and battle formations Castra Roman armed forces[edit] Roman army Roman generals Troops Roman legions List of Roman legions Roman auxiliaries Roman infantry tactics Military equipment Roman military personal equipment Roman siege engines Navy Fleet Decorations and punishments Roman triumph Ovation Decimatio Fustuarium Economics of the Roman army Roman military clothing Military history of Rome[edit] Military history of ancient Rome Borders of the Roman Empire Roman military frontiers and fortifications Castra Military engineering of ancient Rome Military establishment of the Roman Republic Political history of the Roman military Strategy of the Roman military Structural history of the Roman military Technological history of the Roman military Military conflict[edit] Campaign history of the Roman military Roman wars Roman battles Battle of Cannae Battle of Cape Ecnomus General history of ancient Rome[edit] Further information: Timeline of Roman history and History of the Roman Empire Roman era History of Rome Founding of Rome Kingdom of Rome Kings of Rome Enlargeable map showing the expansion of the Roman Republic in Italy from about 500 BC to the start of the Second Punic War in 218 BC. Roman Republic Conflict of the Orders (494-287 BC) Punic Wars (264-146 BC) – series of three wars fought between Rome and ancient Carthage First Punic War (264-241 BC) Ebro Treaty Second Punic War (218-201 BC) – marked by Hannibal's surprising overland journey and his costly crossing of the Alps, followed by his reinforcement by Gaulish allies and crushing victories over Roman armies in the battle of the Trebia and the giant ambush at Trasimene. Hannibal – Punic Carthaginian military commander, generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama. Conquests of Hannibal Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps Battle of the Trebia Battle of Lake Trasimene Battle of Cannae Battle of Zama – marked the final and decisive end of the Second Punic War. A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian force led by the legendary commander Hannibal. Soon after this defeat on their home ground, the Carthaginian senate sued for peace, which was given to them by the Roman Republic on rather humiliating terms, ending the 17-year war. Third Punic War (149-146 BC) – involved an extended siege of Carthage, ending in the city's thorough destruction. The resurgence of the struggle can be explained by growing anti-Roman agitations in Hispania and Greece, and the visible improvement of Carthaginian wealth and martial power in the fifty years since the Second Punic War. Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC) Crisis of the Roman Republic (134 BC-44 BC) – extended period of political instability and social unrest that culminated in the demise of the Roman Republic and the advent of the Roman Empire. Extent of the Roman Republic on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BC Assassination of Julius Caesar Roman Empire Principate (27 BC-284 AD) – first period of the Roman Empire, extending from the beginning of the reign of Caesar Augustus to the Crisis of the Third Century, after which it was replaced with the Dominate. During the Principate, the constitution of the Roman Republic was never formally abolished. It was amended in such a way as to maintain a politically correct façade of Republican government. This ended following the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284), during the reign of Diocletian. Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC-68 AD) – the first five Roman Emperors, including Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as Gaius), Claudius, and Nero. The dynasty ended when Nero committed suicide. Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus. Yellow shows the extent of the Republic in 31 BC, shades of green represent territories gradually conquered by Augustus, and pink shows client states. Augustus Tiberius (ruled 14-37 AD) – stepson of Augustus. He was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men."[2] Caligula Claudius Nero Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD) – these four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. Vespasian's rule marked the beginning of the Flavian dynasty. Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Flavian dynasty (69-96 AD) Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96-192 AD) – dynasty of seven Roman Emperors who ruled over the Roman Empire from 96 AD to 192 AD. These Emperors were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Commodus. Nerva The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, during the reign of Trajan in 117 AD Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Severan dynasty (193-235 AD) During the Crisis of the Third Century, the Roman Empire suffered internal schisms, forming the Palmyrene Empire and the Gallic Empire Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 AD) – period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The Crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops, initiating a fifty-year period in which 20–25 claimants to the title of Emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire. Barracks emperor – any Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army. Barracks emperors were especially common in the period from 235 through 284, during the Crisis of the Third Century. List of barracks emperors Gallic Empire (260-274 AD) – modern name for a breakaway realm of the Roman Empire, founded by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (briefly) Hispania. Palmyrene Empire (260-273) – splinter empire, that broke away from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. It encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. Dominate (284-476 AD) – 'despotic' latter phase of government in the ancient Roman Empire from the conclusion of the Third Century Crisis until the collapse of the Western Empire. The Emperor Diocletian abandoned the appearances of the Republic for the sake of control, and introduced a novel system of joint rule by four monarchs known as the Tetrarchy. Decline of the Roman Empire – process spanning many centuries; there is no consensus when it might have begun but many dates and time lines have been proposed by historians. Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, showing the dioceses and the four Tetrarchs' zones of influence. Tetrarchy (293-313 AD) – Diocletian designated the general Maximian as co-emperor, first as Caesar (junior emperor) in 285, and then promoted him to Augustus in 286. Diocletian took care of matters in the Eastern regions of the Empire while Maximian similarly took charge of the Western regions. In 293, feeling more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, Diocletian, with Maximian's consent, expanded the imperial college by appointing two Caesars (one responsible to each Augustus). The tetrarchy collapsed, however, in 313 and a few years later Constantine I reunited the two administrative divisions of the Empire as sole Augustus.[3] First Tetrarchy – created by Diocletian with Maximian's consent in 293 by the appointment of two subordinate Caesars. Diocletian (Augustus) Galerius (Caesar) Maximian (Augustus) Constantius Chlorus (Caesar) Second Tetrarchy – in 305, the senior emperors jointly abdicated and retired, elevating Constantius and Galerius to the rank of Augusti. They in turn appointed two new Caesars. Galerius (Augustus) Maximinus (Caesar) Constantius Chlorus (Augustus) Flavius Valerius Severus (Caesar) Civil wars of the Tetrarchy – series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire, starting in 306 AD with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD. Constantinian dynasty – informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus (†305) to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324. It is also called the Neo-Flavian dynasty. First phase of the Migration Period The Roman Empire during the reigns of Leo I (east) and Majorian (west) in 460 AD. Division of the Roman Empire – in order to maintain control and improve administration, various schemes to divide the work of the Roman Emperor by sharing it between individuals were tried between 285 and 324, from 337 to 350, from 364 to 392, and again between 395 and 480. Although the administrative subdivisions varied, they generally involved a division of labour between East and West. Each division was a form of power-sharing (or even job-sharing), for the ultimate imperium was not divisible and therefore the empire remained legally one state—although the co-emperors often saw each other as rivals or enemies rather than partners. Western Roman Empire – In 285, Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) divided the Roman Empire's administration into western and eastern halves.[4] In 293, Rome lost its capital status, and Milan became the capital. Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) – term used by modern historians to distinguish the Constantinople-centered Roman Empire of the Middle Ages from its earlier classical existence. Nicomedia – Nicomedia was the metropolis of Bithynia under the Roman Empire, and Diocletian made it the eastern capital city of the Roman Empire in 286 when he introduced the Tetrarchy system. Constantinople – founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the entire Roman Empire by Constantine the Great, after whom it was named. Walls of Constantinople The Western and Eastern Roman Empires by 476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD) – the two halves of the Roman Empire ended at different times, with the Western Roman Empire coming to an end in 476 AD (the end of Ancient Rome). The Eastern Roman Empire (referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire) survived for nearly a thousand years more, and eventually engulfed much of the Western Roman Empire's former territory. Fall of the Western Roman Empire – this was not sudden, and took over a hundred years. By 476, when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Empire wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that still described themselves as Roman. Odoacer – Germanic soldier, who in 476 became the first King of Italy (476-493). His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire.[5] For comparison, the Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent under Justinian I, in 555 AD Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) – after the Western Roman Empire fragmented and collapsed, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) continued to thrive, existing for nearly another thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Its citizens referred to it as the Roman Empire, and saw it as a direct continuation of it. Historians consider it to be a distinctly different empire, with some overlap, but generally not included in the period referred to as Ancient Rome. Byzantium differed in major ways, including its primary language, which was Greek rather than Latin. It also differed religiously, with Roman mythology being replaced by Christianity. Legacy of the Roman Empire – what the Roman Empire passed on, in the form of cultural values, religious beliefs, as well as technological and other achievements, and through which it continued to shape other civilizations, a process which continues to this day. Cultural heritage of the Roman Empire Last of the Romans Legacy of Byzantium Third Rome Roman historiography[edit] Roman historiography Prosopography of ancient Rome Works on Roman history[edit] Ab Urbe Condita, by Titus Livius (around 59 BC-17 AD), a monumental history of Rome, from its founding (traditionally dated to 753 BC). Annals and Histories by Tacitus Res Gestae by Ammianus Marcellinus The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon Culture of ancient Rome[edit] The Colosseum, the largest amphitheatre ever built Pont du Gard, a Roman aqueduct built circa 40–60 AD Back side of the Roman temples of Sbeitla, Tunisia The ancient theatre of Taormina Trio of musicians playing an aulos, cymbala, and tympanum (mosaic from Pompeii) Daedalus and Pasiphaë, Roman fresco in the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, first century AD Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy, Roman mosaic, 2nd century AD Ancient Roman earrings Roman cage cup, ca. 400 AD (Collection Staatliche Antikensammlung, Munich) Museum of Roman Civilization, a museum in Rome devoted to aspects of the Ancient Roman civilization Augustus, possibly the most famous example of adoption in Ancient Rome Mosaic depicting two female slaves (ancillae) attending their mistress (Carthage National Museum) Culture of ancient Rome Architecture of ancient Rome[edit] Ancient Roman architecture Roman Architectural Revolution Roman concrete Roman brick Types of buildings and structures Roman amphitheatre List of Roman amphitheatres Roman aqueduct List of aqueducts in the city of Rome List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire Roman bridge List of Roman bridges Roman canal Roman circus Roman cistern Roman dams and reservoirs Roman defensive walls Roman domes Forum Roman Forum List of monuments of the Roman Forum Roman gardens Roman horreum Insula (building) Roman roads Roman roofs Roman temple List of Ancient Roman temples Roman theatre List of Roman theatres Thermae List of Roman public baths Tholos Roman triumphal arches Roman villa Villa rustica Art in ancient Rome[edit] Roman art Decorative arts of ancient Rome Ancient Roman pottery Roman glass Roman mosaic Literature Augustan literature Augustan poetry Music of ancient Rome Painting of ancient Rome Pompeian Styles Roman wall painting Sculpture of ancient Rome Roman sculpture Roman portraiture Theatre of ancient Rome Bathing in ancient Rome Calendar Julian calendar Cuisine of ancient Rome Food and dining in the Roman Empire Wine in Roman culture Bacchanalia Education in Ancient Rome Athenaeum Fashion in ancient Rome Clothing in ancient Rome Palla Pallium Stola Synthesis Toga Cosmetics in Ancient Rome Roman hairstyles Roman jewelry Festivals Ludi Romani Lupercalia Saturnalia Fiction set in ancient Rome Legacy of the Roman Empire Museum of Roman Civilization Medicine in ancient Rome Disease in Imperial Rome Disability in ancient Rome Food and diet in ancient medicine Medical community of ancient Rome Naming conventions People in ancient Rome List of ancient Romans Philosophy in ancient Rome Public entertainment Chariot racing Gladiator combat Ludi Sexuality in ancient Rome Homosexuality in ancient Rome Prostitution Technology Engineering in ancient Rome Units of measurement Roman timekeeping Sanitation in ancient Rome Social order in ancient Rome[edit] Associations in Ancient Rome Collegium Dignitas Family in Ancient Rome Pater familias Children of Ancient Rome Adoption in ancient Rome Birth registration in Ancient Rome Marriage in ancient Rome Confarreatio Mos maiorum Patronage in ancient Rome Roman citizenship Romanization Slavery in ancient Rome Social class in ancient Rome Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equestrian order Gens Tribes Women in ancient Rome Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome Religion in ancient Rome[edit] The Maison Carrée in Nîmes, a mid-sized provincial temple of the Augustan imperial cult Jupiter holding a staff, with eagle and globe, a fresco from the Casa dei Dioscuri, Pompeii Religion in ancient Rome Imperial cult Religious persecution in the Roman Empire Roman mythology[edit] Roman mythology Roman Gods Capitoline Triad Juno Jupiter Minerva Heroes Hercules in ancient Rome Great Altar of Hercules Temple of Hercules Victor Roma (deity) Roman religious institutions[edit] Portrait of the emperor Antoninus Pius in ritual attire Roman numerals Collegium Pontificum Vestal Virgin Rex Sacrorum Pontifex maximus Flamen Augur Quindecimviri sacris faciundis Epulones See also: Etruscan mythology and Persecution of religion in ancient Rome Roman religious practices[edit] Animal sacrifice Lustratio October Horse Taurobolium Roman funerary practices Roman funerary art Roman sarcophagi Language in ancient Rome[edit] Latin Romance languages History of Latin Old Latin Classical Latin Vulgar Latin Medieval Latin Renaissance Latin New Latin Contemporary Latin Ecclesiastical Latin Latin alphabet Latin letters used in mathematics Roman numerals Latin phrases Latin-script calligraphy Roman cursive Roman square capitals Rustic capitals Languages of the Roman Empire Economy of ancient Rome[edit] Aureus minted in AD 176 by Marcus Aurelius Solidus of Constantine I, minted in AD 335 Roman economy Roman agriculture Deforestation Grain supply to the city of Rome Roman commerce Roman trade with China Roman trade with India Roman finance Roman currency Roman Republican currency Roman provincial currency Roman metallurgy Scholars[edit] Ancient[edit] Apuleius Catullus Cicero Quintus Curtius Rufus Horace Julius Caesar Juvenal Livy Lucretius Ovid Petronius Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Sallust Seneca the Elder Seneca the Younger Suetonius Tacitus Virgil Vitruvius Modern[edit] Edward Gibbon Ancient Roman lists[edit] Alphabetized list of notable ancient Romans Glossary of ancient Roman religion Latin masculine nouns of the 1st Declension Roman cognomina Roman geographers Roman nomina Roman tribes Roman women Adjectival and demonymic forms of regions in Greco-Roman antiquity See also[edit] Ancient Rome portal Civilizations portal Outline of classical studies Daqin Classical orders Fiction set in ancient Rome Naumachia References[edit] ^ Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995). ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural Histories XXVIII.5.23. ^ Bury 1923, p. 1 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBury1923 (help); Kuhoff 2002, pp. 177–178 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKuhoff2002 (help). ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 847 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTreadgold1997 (help). ^ "Odoacer was the first barbarian who reigned over Italy, over a people who had once asserted their just superiority above the rest of mankind." Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter XXXVI External links[edit] Ancient Romeat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Ancient Rome resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library. History of Ancient Rome OpenCourseWare from the University of Notre Dame providing free resources including lectures, discussion questions, assignments and exams. 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