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	Smyrna

	
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This article is about the ancient city. For the modern city, see İzmir. For other uses, see Smyrna (disambiguation).

Smyrna	Σμύρνη/Σμύρνα  (Ancient Greek)

	The Agora of Smyrna (columns of the western stoa)

	


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	Location	İzmir, İzmir Province, Turkey
	Region	Ionia
	Coordinates	38°25′7″N 27°8′21″E / 38.41861°N 27.13917°E / 38.41861; 27.13917Coordinates: 
38°25′7″N 27°8′21″E / 38.41861°N 27.13917°E / 38.41861; 27.13917
	Type	Settlement


  
Smyrna among the cities of Ionia and Lydia (ca. 50 AD)



Smyrna (/ˈsmɜːrnə/ SMUR-nə; Ancient Greek: Σμύρνη, romanized: Smýrnē, or Ancient Greek: Σμύρνα, romanized: Smýrna) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defense and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. The modern name of the city is Izmir.[1] 

Two sites of the ancient city are today within Izmir's boundaries. The first site, probably founded by indigenous peoples, rose to prominence during the Archaic Period as one of the principal ancient Greek settlements in western Anatolia. The second, whose foundation is associated with Alexander the Great,[citation needed] reached metropolitan proportions during the period of the Roman Empire. Most of the present-day remains of the ancient city date from the Roman era, the majority from after a 2nd-century AD earthquake. In practical terms, a distinction is often made between these. Old Smyrna was the initial settlement founded around the 11th century BC, first as an Aeolian settlement, and later taken over and developed during the Archaic Period by the Ionians. Smyrna proper was the new city which residents moved to as of the 4th century BC and whose foundation was inspired by[citation needed] Alexander the Great.

Old Smyrna was located on a small peninsula connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus at the northeastern corner of the inner Gulf of İzmir, at the edge of a fertile plain and at the foot of Mount Yamanlar. This Anatolian settlement commanded the gulf. Today, the archeological site, named Bayraklı Höyüğü, is approximately 700 metres (770 yd) inland, in the Tepekule neighbourhood of Bayraklı. New Smyrna developed simultaneously on the slopes of the Mount Pagos (Kadifekale today) and alongside the coastal strait, immediately below where a small bay existed until the 18th century.

The core of the late Hellenistic and early Roman Smyrna is preserved in the large area of İzmir Agora Open Air Museum at this site. Research is being pursued at the sites of both the old and the new cities. This has been conducted since 1997 for Old Smyrna and since 2002 for the Classical Period city, in collaboration between the İzmir Archaeology Museum and the Metropolitan Municipality of İzmir.[2]


Contents


	1 History
	1.1 Etymology
	1.2 Third millennium to 687 BC
	1.3 Lydian period
	1.4 Hellenistic period
	1.5 Roman and Byzantine period
	1.6 Ottoman period
	1.7 Post World War I



	2 Agora
	3 Excavations
	4 Economy
	5 Toponyms
	6 See also
	7 References
	8 Further reading
	9 External links





History[edit]

  
The agora of the ancient city of Smyrna, now called Izmir.



Etymology[edit]

For further information on etymology of the city's name, see İzmir § Names and etymology.

Several explanations have been offered for its name. A Greek myth derived the name from an eponymous Amazon named Σμύρνα (Smyrna), which was also the name of a quarter of Ephesus. This is the basis of Myrina, a city of Aeolis.

In inscriptions and coins, the name often was written as Ζμύρνα (Zmýrna), Ζμυρναῖος (Zmyrnaîos, "of Smyrna").[3]


  
Arches of the ancient city of Smyrna, modern day Izmir.



The name Smyrna may also have been taken from the ancient Greek word for myrrh, smýrna,[4][5][6] which was the chief export of the city in ancient times.[7]


Third millennium to 687 BC[edit]

Further information: Fortifications of ancient Smyrna

The region was settled at least as of the beginning of the third millennium BC, or perhaps earlier, as suggested by finds made in Yeşilova Höyük in excavations since 2005. 
It could have been a city of the autochthonous Leleges before the Greek colonists started to settle along the coast of Asia Minor at the turn of the second to first millennium BC. 
Throughout classical antiquity, Smyrna was a leading city-state of Ionia, with influence over the Aegean shores and islands. Smyrna was also among the cities that claimed Homer as a resident.[8]

The early Aeolian Greek settlers of Lesbos and Cyme, expanding eastwards, occupied the valley of Smyrna. It was one of the confederacy of Aeolian city-states, marking the Aeolian frontier with the Ionian colonies.

Strangers or refugees from the Ionian city of Colophon settled in the city. During an uprising in 688 BC, they took control of the city, making it the thirteenth of the Ionian city-states. Revised mythologies said it was a colony of Ephesus.[9] In 688 BC, the Ionian boxer Onomastus of Smyrna won the prize at Olympia, but the coup was probably then a recent event. The Colophonian conquest is mentioned by Mimnermus (before 600 BC), who counts himself equally of Colophon and of Smyrna. The Aeolic form of the name was retained even in the Attic dialect, and the epithet "Aeolian Smyrna" remained current long after the conquest.


  
Agora of Smyrna, built during the Hellenistic era at the base of Pagos Hill and totally rebuilt under Marcus Aurelius after the destructive 178 AD earthquake, Izmir, Turkey



Smyrna was located at the mouth of the small river Hermus and at the head of a deep arm of the sea (Smyrnaeus Sinus) that reached far inland. This enabled Greek trading ships to sail into the heart of Lydia, making the city part of an essential trade route between Anatolia and the Aegean. During the 7th century BC, Smyrna rose to power and splendor. One of the great trade routes which cross Anatolia descends the Hermus valley past Sardis, and then, diverging from the valley, passes south of Mount Sipylus and crosses a low pass into the little valley where Smyrna lies between the mountains and the sea. Miletus and later Ephesus were situated at the sea end of the other great trade route across Anatolia; they competed for a time successfully with Smyrna; but after both cities' harbors silted up, Smyrna was without a rival.

The Meles River, which flowed by Smyrna, is famous in literature and was worshiped in the valley. A common and consistent tradition connects Homer with the valley of Smyrna and the banks of the Meles; his figure was one of the stock types on coins of Smyrna, one class of which numismatists call "Homerian." The epithet Melesigenes was applied to him; the cave where he was wont to compose his poems was shown near the source of the river; his temple, the Homereum, stood on its banks. The steady equable flow of the Meles, alike in summer and winter, and its short course, beginning and ending near the city, are celebrated by Aristides and Himerius. The stream rises from abundant springs east of the city and flows into the southeast extremity of the gulf.

The archaic city ("Old Smyrna") contained a temple of Athena from the 7th century BC.


Lydian period[edit]

  
Head of the poetess Sappho, Smyrna, Marble copy of a prototype belonging to the Hellenistic Period, in Istanbul Archaeology Museums



  
Map of Smyrna and other cities within the Lydian Empire.



When the Mermnad kings raised the Lydian power and aggressiveness, Smyrna was one of the first points of attack. Gyges (ca. 687–652 BC) was, however, defeated on the banks of the Hermus, the situation of the battlefield showing that the power of Smyrna extended far to the east. A strong fortress was built probably by the Smyrnaean Ionians to command the valley of Nymphi, the ruins of which are still imposing, on a hill in the pass between Smyrna and Nymphi.

According to Theognis (c. 500 BC), it was pride that destroyed Smyrna. Mimnermus laments the degeneracy of the citizens of his day, who could no longer stem the Lydian advance. Finally, Alyattes (609–560 BC) conquered the city and sacked it, and though Smyrna did not cease to exist, the Greek life and political unity were destroyed, and the polis was reorganized on the village system. Smyrna is mentioned in a fragment of Pindar and in an inscription of 388 BC, but its greatness was past.


Hellenistic period[edit]

	
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Alexander the Great conceived the idea of restoring the Greek city in a scheme that was, according to Strabo, actually carried out under Antigonus (316–301 BC) and Lysimachus (301 BC—281 BC), who enlarged and fortified the city. The ruined acropolis of the ancient city, the "crown of Smyrna", had been on a steep peak about 380 metres (1,250 ft) high, which overhangs the northeast extremity of the gulf. Modern İzmir was constructed atop the later Hellenistic city, partly on the slopes of a rounded hill the Greeks called Pagos[10] near the southeast end of the gulf, and partly on the low ground between the hill and the sea. The beauty of the Hellenistic city, clustering on the low ground and rising tier over tier on the hillside, was frequently praised by the ancients and is celebrated on its coins.


  
The statue of the river god Kaystros with a cornucopia in Izmir Museum of History and Art at Kültürpark



Smyrna is shut in on the west by a hill now called Deirmen Tepe, with the ruins of a temple on the summit. The walls of Lysimachus crossed the summit of this hill, and the acropolis occupied the top of Pagus. Between the two the road from Ephesus entered the city by the Ephesian gate, near which was a gymnasium. Closer to the acropolis the outline of the stadium is still visible, and the theatre was situated on the north slopes of Pagus. Smyrna possessed two harbours. The outer harbour was simply the open roadstead of the gulf, and the inner was a small basin with a narrow entrance partially filled up by Tamerlane in 1402 AD.

The streets were broad, well paved and laid out at right angles; many were named after temples: the main street, called the Golden, ran across the city from west to east, beginning probably from the temple of Zeus Akraios on the west slope of Pagus, and running round the lower slopes of Pagus (like a necklace on the statue, to use the favorite terms of Aristides the orator) towards Tepecik outside the city on the east, where probably stood the temple of Cybele, worshipped under the name of Meter Sipylene, the patroness of the city. The name is from the nearby Mount Sipylus, which bounds the valley of the city's backlands. The plain towards the sea was too low to be properly drained, and in rainy weather, the streets of the lower town were deep with mud and water.

At the end of the Hellenistic period, in 197 BC, the city suddenly cut its ties with King Eumenes of Pergamum and instead appealed to Rome for help. Because Rome and Smyrna had no ties until then, Smyrna created a cult of Rome to establish a bond, and the cult eventually became widespread through the whole Roman Empire. As of 195 BC, the city of Rome started to be deified, in the cult to the goddess Roma. In this sense, the Smyrneans can be considered as the creators of the goddess Roma.

In 133 BC, when the last Attalid king Attalus III died without an heir, his will conferred his entire kingdom, including Smyrna, to the Romans. They organized it into the Roman province of Asia, making Pergamum the capital. Smyrna, however, as a major seaport, became a leading city in the newly constituted province.


Roman and Byzantine period[edit]

Further information: Samos (theme), Byzantine Empire, and History of Anatolia

  
Map of Western Anatolia showing the "Seven Churches of Asia" and the Greek island of Patmos.



As one of the principal cities of Roman Asia,[11] Smyrna vied with Ephesus and Pergamum for the title "First City of Asia."

A Christian church and a bishopric existed here from a very early time, probably originating in the considerable Jewish colony. It was one of the seven churches addressed in the Book of Revelation.[12] Saint Ignatius of Antioch visited Smyrna and later wrote letters to its bishop, Polycarp. A mob of Jews and pagans abetted the martyrdom of Polycarp in AD 153.[11] Saint Irenaeus, who heard Polycarp as a boy, was probably a native of Smyrna.[11] Another famous resident of the same period was Aelius Aristides.[13]

After a destructive earthquake in 178 AD, Smyrna was rebuilt in the Roman period (2nd century AD) under the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Aelius Aristides wrote a letter to Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus, inviting them to become the new founders of the city.[14] The bust of the emperor's wife Faustina on the second arch of the western stoa confirms this fact.[citation needed]

Polycrates reports a succession of bishops including Polycarp of Smyrna, as well as others in nearby cities such as Melito of Sardis. Related to that time the German historian W. Bauer wrote:


Asian Jewish Christianity received in turn the knowledge that henceforth the "church" would be open without hesitation to the Jewish influence mediated by Christians, coming not only from the apocalyptic traditions, but also from the synagogue with its practices concerning worship, which led to the appropriation of the Jewish passover observance. Even the observance of the sabbath by Christians appears to have found some favor in Asia...we find that in post-apostolic times, in the period of the formation of ecclesiastical structure, the Jewish Christians in these regions come into prominence.[15]


In the late 2nd century, Irenaeus also noted:


Polycarp also was not only instructed by apostles, and conversed with many who had seen Christ, but was also, by apostles in Asia, appointed bishop of the Church in Smyrna…always taught the things which he had learned from the apostles, and which the Church has handed down, and which alone are true. To these things all the Asiatic Churches testify, as do also those men who have succeeded Polycarp.[16] 


Tertullian wrote c. 208 AD:


Anyhow the heresies are at best novelties, and have no continuity with the teaching of Christ. Perhaps some heretics may claim Apostolic antiquity: we reply: Let them publish the origins of their churches and unroll the catalogue of their bishops till now from the Apostles or from some bishop appointed by the Apostles, as the Smyrnaeans count from Polycarp and John, and the Romans from Clement and Peter; let heretics invent something to match this.[17]


Hence, apparently the church in Smyrna was one of the churches that Tertullian felt had real apostolic succession.

During the mid-3rd century, most became affiliated with the Greco-Roman churches.

When Constantinople became the seat of government, the trade between Anatolia and the West diminished in importance, and Smyrna declined. The Seljuk commander Tzachas seized Smyrna in 1084 and used it as a base for naval raids, but the city was recovered by the general John Doukas. The city was several times ravaged by the Turks, and had become quite ruinous when the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes rebuilt it about 1222.


Ottoman period[edit]

Main article: İzmir

  
In the year 1403, Timur had decisively defeated the Knights Hospitaller at Smyrna, and therefore referred to himself as a Ghazi.



  
The Great Fire of Smyrna as seen from an Italian ship, 14 September 1922



Ibn Batuta found it still in great part a ruin when the homonymous chieftain of the Beylik of Aydın had conquered it about 1330 and made his son, Umur, governor. It became the port of the emirate.

During the Smyrniote Crusade in 1344, on October 28, the combined forces of the Knights Hospitaliers of Rhodes, the Republic of Venice, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Cyprus, captured both the harbor and city from the Turks, which they held for nearly 60 years; the citadel fell in 1348, with the death of the governor Umur Baha ad-Din Ghazi.[18]

In 1402, Tamerlane stormed the town and massacred almost all the inhabitants. The Mongol conquest was only temporary, but Smyrna was recovered by the Turks under the Aydın dynasty after which it became Ottoman, when the Ottomans took over the lands of Aydın after 1425.[19]

Greek influence was so strong in the area that the Turks called it "Smyrna of the infidels" (Gavur İzmir).[20] While Turkish sources track the emergence of the term to the 14th century when two separate parts of the city were controlled by two different powers, the upper İzmir being Muslim and the lower part of the city Christian.[citation needed][clarification needed]

During the late 19th and early 20th century, the city was an important financial and cultural center of the Greek world.[citation needed] Out of the 391 factories 322 belonged to local Greeks, while 3 out of the 9 banks were backed by Greek capital. Education was also dominated by the local Greek communities with 67 male and 4 female schools in total. The Ottomans continued to control the area, with the exception of the 1919–1922 period, when the city was assigned to Greece by the Treaty of Sèvres.

The most important Greek educational institution of the region was the Evangelical School that operated from 1733 to 1922.[21]


Post World War I[edit]

Main articles: Occupation of Smyrna and Great Fire of Smyrna

  
Greek troops marching on İzmir's coastal street, May 1919.



After the end of the First World War Greece occupied Smyrna from 15 May 1919 and put in place a military administration. The Greek premier Venizelos had plans to annex Smyrna and he seemed to be realizing his objective in the Treaty of Sèvres, signed 10 August 1920.[22] (However, this treaty was not ratified by the parties; the Treaty of Peace of Lausanne replaced it.)

The occupation of Smyrna came to an end when the Turkish army of Kemal Atatürk entered the city on September 9, 1922, at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). In the immediate aftermath, a fire broke out in the Greek and Armenian quarters of the city on September 13, 1922, known as the Great Fire of Smyrna. The death toll is estimated to range from 10,000[23][24] to 100,000.[25][26]


Agora[edit]

Main article: Agora of Smyrna

The remains of the ancient agora of Smyrna constitute today the space of İzmir Agora Museum in İzmir's Namazgah quarter, although its area is commonly referred to as "Agora" by the city's inhabitants.

Situated on the northern slopes of the Pagos hills, it was the commercial, judicial and political nucleus of the ancient city, its center for artistic activities and for teaching.

İzmir Agora Open Air Museum consists of five parts, including the agora area, the base of the northern basilica gate, the stoa and the ancient shopping centre.

The agora of Smyrna was built during the Hellenistic era.


Excavations[edit]

  
Engraving with a view of the site of Smyrna Agora a few years after the first explorations (1843).



Although Smyrna was explored by Charles Texier in the 19th century and the German consul in İzmir had purchased the land around the ancient theater in 1917 to start excavations, the first scientific digs can be said to have started in 1927. Most of the discoveries were made by archaeological exploration carried as an extension during the period between 1931 and 1942 by the German archaeologist Rudolf Naumann and Selâhattin Kantar, the director of İzmir and Ephesus museums. They uncovered a three-floor, rectangular compound with stairs in the front, built on columns and arches around a large courtyard in the middle of the building.[citation needed]

New excavations in the agora began in 1996. They have continued since 2002 under the sponsorship of the Metropolitan Municipality of İzmir. A primary school adjacent to the agora that had burned in 1980 was not reconstructed. Instead, its space was incorporated into the historical site. The area of the agora was increased to 16,590 square metres (178,600 sq ft). This permitted the evacuation of a previously unexplored zone. The archaeologists and the local authorities, means permitting, are also keenly eyeing a neighbouring multi-storey car park, which is known to cover an important part of the ancient settlement.[citation needed] During the present renovations the old restorations in concrete are gradually being replaced by marble.

The new excavation has uncovered the agora's northern gate. It has been concluded that embossed figures of the goddess Hestia found in these digs were a continuation of the Zeus altar uncovered during the first digs. Statues of the gods Hermes, Dionysos, Eros and Heracles have also been found, as well as many statues, heads, embossments, figurines and monuments of people and animals, made of marble, stone, bone, glass, metal and terracotta. Inscriptions found here list the people who provided aid to Smyrna after the earthquake of 178 AD.[citation needed]


Economy[edit]

In the early 20th-century, there were mills spinning thread. As of 1920, there were two factories in Smyrna dyeing yarn, which were owned by British companies. These companies employed over 60,000 people. During this time, there was also a French owned cotton spinning mill.[27] The city also produced soap made of refuse olive oil. An ironworks, also owned by the British, produced tools and equipment. Those tools were used to extract tannin from valonia oak. As of 1920, the ironwork was exporting 5,000 tons of product a year. The city also produced wooden boxes, which were used for fig and raisin storage. The wood for the boxes was imported from Austria and Romania.[28]


Toponyms[edit]

Several American cities have been named after Smyrna, including Smyrna, Georgia; Smyrna, Tennessee; Smyrna, North Carolina; Smyrna, Delaware; Smyrna, Michigan; Smyrna, Maine[29] and New Smyrna Beach, Florida.


See also[edit]

	List of ancient Greek cities
	Ionia
	Nea Smyrni
	New Smyrna Beach, Florida
	On the Quai at Smyrna (Hemingway story)
	Yeşilova Höyük


References[edit]


	^ Fant, Clyde E. (2003). A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

	^ Eti Akyüz Levi, Dokuz Eylül University (2003). "The Agora of İzmir and Cultural Tourism" (PDF). The International Committee for Documentation of Cultural Heritage (CIPA), 2003 Antalya Symposium. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009. External link in |publisher= (help)


	^ Σμύρνα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus

	^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke, iii.14.4 (Adonis), as quoted in Geoffrey Miles, Classical mythology in English literature: a critical anthology 1999:215.

	^ σμύρνα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus

	^ List of ancient Greek words starting with σμύρν-, on Perseus

	^ Weston, J. (2007). Patmos Speaks Today. Scripture Truth Publications. p. 27. ISBN 9780901860668. Retrieved October 10, 2014.


	^ Gates, Charles. Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome.


	^ Strabo xiv. (633 BC); Stephanus Byzantinicus; Pliny, Natural History v.31.

	^ Simply "the hill".

	^ a b c Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article Smyrna

	^ Revelation 1:11 and 2:8–11

	^ Saavedra Monroy, Mauricio (2015). The Church of Smyrna: History and Theology of a Primitive Christian Community. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Edition. p. 41. ISBN 9783631662359.


	^ Saavedra Monroy, Mauricio (2015). The Church of Smyrna: History and Theology of a Primitive Christian Community. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Edition. p. 42. ISBN 9783631662359.


	^ Bauer W. Kraft RA, Krodel G, editors. Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, 2nd edition. Sigler Press, Mifflintown (PA), 1996, pp.87–89

	^ Irenaeus. Adversus Haeres. Book III, Chapter 4, Verse 3 and Chapter 3, Verse 4

	^ Tertullian. Liber de praescriptione haereticorum, circa 208 A.D.

	^ Stetton, The Papacy and the Levant, vol. 1, 1976.

	^ Encyclopedia Britannica, "Aydin Dynasty": https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aydin-dynasty

	^ A Modern Crusade in the Turkish Empire. Retrieved June 10, 2008.

	^ Geōrgiadou, Maria (2004). Constantin Carathéodory: mathematics and politics in turbulent times. Springer. p. 145. ISBN 978-3-540-20352-0.


	^ Andrew Mango, Atatürk, p. 217.

	^ Biondich, Mark. The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 92 [1]

	^ Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.

	^ Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6.
, p. 233.

	^ Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47–52.

	^ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 111.


	^ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 112.


	^ "Google maps". Retrieved August 16, 2015.





Further reading[edit]


	Ekrem Akurgal (2002). Ancient Civilisations and Ruins of Turkey. Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7103-0776-7.

	George E. Bean (1967). Aegean Turkey: An archaeological guide. Ernest Benn, London. ISBN 978-0-510-03200-5.

	Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean, London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, 
ISBN 978-0-7195-6707-0, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, 
ISBN 978-0-300-17264-5
	Stillman, ed. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976.
	Turner, J. Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (January 2, 1996); 
ISBN 978-0-19-517068-9.
	Milton, Giles (2009). Paradise Lost. Sceptre. ISBN 978-0-340-83787-0.





External links[edit]

		Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smyrna.




	Foss, C., S. Mitchell, G. Reger, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 550893 (Smyrna/Eurydikeia)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

	Remembering Smyrna/Izmir: Shared History, Shared Trauma
	Association of Smyrneans
	Video footage of Smyrna before and after the Fire




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	Gerga
	Gergitha
	Gerriadai
	Glauke
	Gryneium
	Halicarnassus
	Halisarna
	Harpasa
	Helos
	Heraclea at Latmus
	Heraclea in Aeolis
	Heraclea in Lydia
	Heraclea Salbace
	Hermocapelia
	Hierapolis
	Hierapolis of the Phyrgian Pentapolis
	Hierocaesarea
	Homadena
	Hydai
	Hydas
	Hydissus
	Hygassos
	Hyllarima
	Hypaepa
	Hypokremnos
	Hyrcanis
	Iasos
	Iaza
	Idyma
	Ioniapolis
	Ioudda
	Ipsus
	Isinda in Ionia
	Iskome
	Kadyie
	Kaira
	Kalabantia
	Kasara
	Kasossos
	Kaualena
	Kaunos
	Kilaraza
	Kildara
	Klazomenai
	Kleimaka
	Kleros Politike
	Knidos
	Koddinou Petra
	Koraia
	Korakoe
	Koresa
	Kouara
	Kyllene
	Kymnissa
	Kys
	Labraunda
	Lagina
	Lalandos
	Lamyana
	Lankena
	Laodicea on the Lycus
	Larisa in Caria
	Larisa in Ionia
	Larisa in Lydia
	Larissa Phrikonis
	Larymna
	Lasnedda
	Latmus
	Lebedus
	Leimon
	Leucae
	Leucophrys
	Limantepe
	Lobolda
	Lunda
	Lydae
	Lyrna
	Lysimachia
	Madnasa
	Maeandropolis
	Magnesia ad Sipylum
	Magnesia on the Maeander
	Maiboza
	Maionia in Lydia
	Malene
	Marathesium
	Mastaura
	Meiros
	Meiros Megale
	Melampagos
	Meloukome
	Metropolis in Lydia
	Metropolis in southern Phrygia
	Miletus
	Mylasa
	Mobolla
	Mokolda
	Mossyna
	Mostene
	Motella
	Myloukome
	Myndus
	Myrina
	Myus
	Nais
	Nasos
	Naulochon
	Naulochus
	Naxia
	Neapolis
	Neonteichos
	Nisyra
	Notion
	Nymphaeum
	Nysa on the Maeander
	Odon
	Oenoanda
	Olaeis
	Olymos
	Oroanna
	Orthoisa
	Ortygia
	Otrus
	Palaemyndus
	Panasion
	Panormus near Miletus
	Panormus near Halicarnassus
	Parsada
	Parthenium
	Passala
	Passanda
	Pedasa
	Pepuza
	Pergamon
	Perperene
	Philadelphia in Lydia
	Phocaea
	Phoenix in Caria
	Physcus
	Phyteia
	Pidasa
	Pinara
	Pisilis
	Pisye
	Pitane
	Pladasa
	Plarasa
	Polichna in Ionia
	Polichne in Ionia
	Polybotus
	Pordoselene
	Priene
	Prymnessus
	Pteleum
	Pydnae
	Pygela
	Pyrnus
	Pyrrha
	Saouenda
	Sardis
	Satala in Lydia
	Sebaste in Phrygia
	Sebastopolis in Caria
	Setae
	Side in Caria
	Sidussa
	Silandus
	Sillyos
	Skolopoeis
	Smyrna
	Soa
	Spore
	Stadia
	Stectorium
	Stratonicea in Lydia
	Stratonicea in Caria
	Strobilos
	Syangela
	Symbra
	Synaus
	Syneta
	Synnada
	Syrna
	Tabae
	Tabala
	Tateikome
	Taza
	Teichiussa
	Telandrus
	Temenothyra
	Temnos
	Tempsis
	Tendeba
	Teos
	Termera
	Teuthrania
	Thasthara
	Theangela
	Thebe Hypoplakia
	Thebes
	Thera
	Thyaira
	Thyatira
	Thymbrara
	Thyssanus
	Tisna
	Tlos in Caria
	Tomara
	Traianopolis
	Trapezopolis
	Trarium
	Triopium
	Tripolis on the Meander
	Troketta
	Tyanollos
	Tymion
	Tymnos
	Ula
	Uranium
	Zemmeana
	Zingotos Kome




	Black Sea	
	Abonoteichos
	Aegialus
	Aiginetes
	Alaca Höyük
	Amasia
	Amastris
	Ancon
	Anticinolis
	Argyria
	Armene
	Bonita
	Boon
	Cabira
	Cales
	Callistratia
	Carambis
	Carissa
	Carussa
	Cerasus
	Chadisia
	Cinolis
	Cizari
	Colonia in Armenia
	Colussa
	Comana in the Pontus
	Coralla
	Cordyle
	Cratia
	Crenides
	Cromen
	Cromna
	Cyptasia
	Cytorus
	Dia
	Diacopa
	Elaeus
	Endeira
	Erythini
	Euchaita
	Eusene
	Gadilon
	Garius
	Garzoubanthon
	Gaziura
	Gozalena
	Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
	Hattusa
	Heraclea Pontica
	Heracleium
	Hermonassa
	Hieron Oros
	Hüseyindede Tepe
	Hyssus
	Ibora
	Ischopolis
	Karza
	Kelesa
	Kimista
	Laodicea Pontica
	Libiopolis
	Lillium
	Metroon
	Mokata
	Naustathmus
	Nerik
	Nicopolis
	Ophis
	Oxinas
	Patara
	Pharnacia
	Phazemon
	Philocaleia
	Pida
	Pimolisa
	Polemonium
	Pompeiopolis
	Potami
	Prusias ad Hypium
	Pteria in Paphlagonia
	Salatiwara
	Samuha
	Sandaraca
	Sapinuwa
	Satala
	Saurania
	Sebastopolis in Pontus
	Stephane
	Syderos
	Themiscyra
	Thymena
	Timolaeum
	Tium
	Tripolis
	Virasia
	Yazılıkaya
	Zagorus
	Zaliche
	Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
	Ziporea




	Central Anatolia	
	Abouadeineita
	Alişar Hüyük
	Amblada
	Anadynata
	Andabalis
	Anisa
	Anniaca
	Ano Kotradis
	Antoniopolis
	Anzoulada
	Aquae Saravenae
	Aralla
	Arasaxa
	Archalla
	Ardistama
	Ariaramneia
	Ariarathia
	Armaxa
	Artiknos
	Aspenzinsos
	Astra
	Atenia
	Balbissa
	Balgatia
	Barate
	Bathys Rhyax
	Binbirkilise
	Blucium
	Borissos
	Campae
	Camuliana
	Candara
	Carus Vicus
	Çatalhöyük
	Cimiata
	Ciscissus
	Cinna
	Claneus
	Comitanassus
	Congustus
	Corna
	Corniaspa
	Coropassus
	Cotenna
	Cybistra
	Cyzistra
	Dadastana
	Dasmenda
	Derbe
	Diocaesarea
	Doara
	Dometiopolis
	Dorylaeum
	Ecdaumava
	Ecobriga
	Ergobrotis
	Euaissa
	Eudocia (Cappadocia)
	Eudocia (Phrygia)
	Eulepa
	Faustinopolis
	Germa
	Gorbeus
	Gordium
	Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
	Heraclea Cybistra
	Herpha
	Hieropotamon
	Homana
	Hyde
	Ilistra
	Irenopolis
	Juliopolis
	Kaman-Kalehöyük
	Kanotala
	Karbala
	Keissia
	Kerkenes
	Kilistra
	Kindyria
	Kobara
	Kodylessos
	Korama
	Koron
	Kültepe (Kanesh)
	Lageina
	Lamatorma
	Laodicea Combusta
	Laroumada
	Lauzadus
	Limnae
	Lystra
	Malandasa
	Malus in Galatia
	Malus in Phrygia
	Meloë
	Metropolis in northern Phrygia
	Midaeium
	Mistea
	Mnizus
	Mokissos
	Mourisa
	Moutalaske
	Musbanda
	Myrika
	Nakoleia
	Nazianzus
	Nitazi
	Nora
	Nyssa
	Ochras
	Olosada
	Orcistus
	Papirion
	Parnassus
	Pedachtoë
	Pedaia
	Peium
	Perta
	Pessinus
	Pharax
	Phlara
	Pillitokome
	Pissia
	Pithoi
	Pontanena
	Posala
	Pteria
	Purushanda
	Pyrgoi
	Sadagolthina
	Salamboreia
	Salarama
	Sasima
	Savatra
	Sbida
	Sedasa
	Senzousa
	Sereana
	Sibora
	Sidamaria
	Skandos
	Soanda
	Soandos
	Sora
	Takourtha
	Tavium
	Thebasa
	Thouththourbia
	Tiberiopolis
	Trocmades
	Tyana
	Tynna
	Tyriaeum
	Vasada
	Zeita
	Zenopolis
	Zizima




	Eastern Anatolia	
	Altıntepe
	Ani
	Arsamosata
	Cafer Höyük
	Dadima
	Melid
	Sugunia
	Tushpa




	Marmara	
	Abydos
	Achaiion
	Achilleion
	Ad Statuas
	Adrasteia
	Aegospotami
	Agora
	Aianteion in Thrace
	Aianteion in the Troad
	Ainos
	Alexandria Troas
	Alopeconnesus
	Ammoi
	Amycus
	Anaplous
	Apamea Myrlea
	Aphrodisias
	Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
	Aprus
	Apsoda
	Arbeila
	Argiza
	Argyria
	Argyronion
	Argyropolis
	Arisba
	Artace
	Artaiouteichos
	Artanes
	Assos
	Astacus
	Astyra in Troad
	Aureliane
	Aureliopolis
	Baradendromia
	Basilica Therma
	Basilinopolis
	Bathonea
	Beodizo
	Bergule
	Birytis
	Bitenas
	Bithynium
	Blachernae
	Bolos
	Boradion
	Brunca
	Burtudizon
	Bythias
	Byzantium
	Byzapena
	Caenophrurium
	Callum
	Calpe
	Canopus
	Cardia
	Cebrene
	Cenon Gallicanon
	Chalcaea
	Chalcedon
	Charax
	Charmidea
	Chelae on the Black Sea
	Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
	Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
	Choiragria
	Chryse
	Chrysopolis
	Cius
	Clitae
	Cobrys
	Cocylium
	Colla
	Cremaste
	Crenides
	Cressa
	Crithote
	Cypasis
	Cypsela
	Cyzicus
	Dadokome
	Dacibyza
	Damalis
	Daphne Mainomene
	Daphnus
	Dardanus
	Dascylium
	Dascylium in Bithynia
	Dekaton in Bithynia
	Dekaton in Thrace
	Delkos
	Delphin
	Deris
	Desa
	Didymateiche
	Diolkides
	Drabus
	Drizipara/Drusipara
	Eirakla
	Elaea in Bithynia
	Elaeus
	Elekosmioi
	Embolos
	Ergasteria
	Eribolum
	Gargara
	Gentinos
	Gergis
	Germa
	Germanicopolis
	Hadriani ad Olympum
	Hadriania
	Hadrianotherae
	Hamaxitus
	Harpagion
	Hebdomon
	Helenopolis/Drepanum
	Heracleium
	Hieria
	Hierion
	Iasonion
	Ide
	Ilieon Kome
	Kabia
	Kalamos
	Kalasyrta
	Kale Peuke
	Kalos Agros
	Kampos
	Kassa
	Katapaspanas
	Kepos
	Kizoura
	Koila
	Kolonai
	Kosilaos
	Koubaita
	Kyparodes
	Kypra
	Lamponeia
	Lampsacus
	Larisa in Troad
	Lasthenes
	Leptoia
	Liada
	Libum
	Libyssa
	Limnae in Bithynia
	Limnae in Thrace
	Linus
	Lupadium
	Lygos
	Lysimachia
	Madytus
	Mantineion
	Marpessos
	Miletopolis
	Mocasura
	Mochadion
	Modra
	Morzapena
	Mossynea
	Moukaporis
	Myrileion
	Narco
	Nassete
	Nausikleia
	Nausimachion
	Neandreia
	Neapolis on the Bosphorus
	Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
	Neonteichos
	Nerola
	Nicomedia
	Oka
	Ontoraita
	Ophryneion
	Orestias
	Orni
	Ostreodes
	Pactya
	Paeon
	Paesus
	Palodes
	Panion
	Pantichium
	Parabolos
	Parium
	Paulines
	Pegae in Mysia
	Pegae in Thrace
	Pege
	Pentephyle
	Percote
	Pericharaxis
	Perinthus
	Petrozetoi
	Pharmakia
	Phidalia Petra
	Phiela
	Philia
	Phosphorus
	Pionia
	Pitheci Portus
	Placia
	Ploketta
	Poemanenum
	Poleatikon
	Polymedium
	Potamoi
	Potamonion
	Praenetus
	Pratomysia
	Prepa
	Priapus
	Prindea
	Proconnesus
	Proochthoi
	Prusa
	Psarela
	Psyllium
	Pyrrhias Cyon
	Pytheion
	Rhebas
	Rhegion
	Rhesion
	Rhoiteion
	Rouphinianai
	Salmydessus
	Sangarus
	Scamandria
	Scamandrus
	Scepsis
	Scylace
	Scylla
	Selymbria
	Semystra
	Serrion Teichos
	Sestos
	Sigeion
	Sirkanos
	Smintheion
	Soka
	Strobilos
	Sykai
	Syllanta
	Tarpodizo
	Tarsus in Bithynia
	Tattaios
	Tenba
	Terbos
	Tesderamoska
	Tetrakomia
	Tipaso
	Tragasai
	Thynias
	Traron
	Tricomia in Bithynia
	Troy (Hisarlik)
	Tyrodiza
	Tzurulum
	Urisio
	Utsurgae
	Zeleia




	Mediterranean	
	Acalissus
	Acarassus
	Adada
	Adrasus
	Aegae
	Agrae
	Alalakh
	Amelas
	Anabura in Pisidia
	Anazarbus
	Anchiale
	Andeda
	Andriaca
	Anemurium
	Antigonia
	Antioch on the Orontes
	Antioch of Pisidia
	Antiochia Lamotis
	Antioch on the Cragus
	Antioch on the Pyramis
	Antiphellus
	Aperlae
	Aphrodisias of Cilicia
	Apollonia in Lycia
	Arabissus
	Araxa
	Ariassus
	Arima
	Arnabanda
	Arneae
	Arsada
	Arsinoe
	Artanada
	Arycanda
	Aspendos
	Augai
	Augusta
	Aulae
	Aunesis
	Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
	Balbura
	Baris
	Bindaios
	Bubon
	Cabassus
	Cadrema
	Cadyanda
	Callimache
	Calynda
	Carallia
	Carmylessus
	Casae
	Castabala
	Ceretapa
	Cestrus
	Charadrus
	Choma
	Cibyra Mikra
	Claudiopolis
	Colybrassus
	Comama
	Comana in Cappadocia
	Comba
	Conana
	Coracesium
	Corycium Antrum
	Corycus (Kızkalesi)
	Corydala
	Cremna
	Cretopolis
	Crya
	Cyaneae
	Cyrrhus
	Daedala
	Dalisandus in Isauria
	Dalisandus in Pamphylia
	Damasei
	Dias
	Diocaesarea
	Domuztepe
	Elaiussa Sebaste
	Elbessos
	Emirzeli
	Epiphania
	Erymna
	Etenna
	Eudocia (Lycia)
	Eudocias (Pamphylia)
	Flaviopolis
	Gagae
	Gözlükule
	Hacilar
	Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
	Halae
	Hamaxia
	Hippucome
	Holmi
	Hyia
	Idebessos
	Idyros
	Iotape
	Irenopolis
	Isaura Nea
	Isaura Palaea
	Isba
	Isinda in Lycia
	Isinda in Pisidia
	Issus
	Istlada
	Juliosebaste
	Kalanthia
	Kalelibelen
	Kandyba
	Kanytelis
	Karakabaklı
	Karatepe
	Karkabo
	Kastellon
	Keraia
	Kibyra
	Kiphisos
	Kirkota
	Kitanaura
	Kodroula
	Kolbasa
	Korasion
	Korma
	Kynosarion
	Laertes
	Lagbe
	Lamos
	Lebessus
	Legeita
	Limnae in Pamphylia
	Limnae in Pisidia
	Limyra
	Lissa
	Lycae
	Lyrbe
	Lysinia
	Magarsa
	Magastara
	Magydus
	Mallus
	Malus in Pisidia
	Mampsoukrenai
	Mamure Castle
	Manava
	Mandane
	Marciana
	Marmara (Mnara)
	Mastaura
	Meloë
	Melanippe
	Meriana
	Mezgitkale
	Moatra
	Mopsucrene
	Mopsuestia
	Morka
	Moron Hydor
	Moumoustra
	Mylae
	Mylios
	Myra
	Myriandus
	Nagidos
	Nauloi
	Neapolis in Pisidia
	Nephelis
	Nisa
	Octapolis
	Olba
	Olbasa
	Olbia
	Olympus
	Öküzlü
	Onobara
	Orokenda
	Otanada
	Ouerbe
	Padyandus
	Panemotichus
	Panhormus
	Pargais
	Parlais
	Patara
	Pednelissus
	Perga
	Perminounda
	Phaselis
	Phellus
	Philadelphia in Cilicia
	Philaea
	Phoenicus
	Phoenix in Lycia
	Pisarissos
	Pisurgia
	Placoma
	Platanus
	Podalia
	Pogla
	Prostanna
	Pseudokorasion
	Ptolemais
	Rhodiapolis
	Rhoscopus
	Rhosus
	Rygmanoi
	Sabandus
	Sagalassos
	Sandalium
	Saraganda
	Sebeda
	Seleucia in Pamphylia
	Seleucia Pieria
	Seleucia Sidera
	Selge
	Selinus
	Seroiata
	Serraepolis
	Sia
	Sibidounda
	Sibyla
	Side
	Siderus
	Sidyma
	Sillyon
	Simena
	Sinda
	Siricae
	Soli
	Solyma
	Sozopolis
	Sura
	Syca
	Syedra
	Takina
	Tapureli
	Tardequeia
	Tarsus
	Teimiussa
	Tell Tayinat
	Telmessos
	Telmessos (Caria)
	Tenedos
	Termessos
	Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
	Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
	Titiopolis
	Tityassus
	Tlos
	Toriaeum
	Tragalassus
	Trebendae
	Trebenna
	Trysa
	Tyberissus
	Tyinda
	Tymandus
	Tynada
	Typallia
	Xanthos
	Yanıkhan
	Yumuktepe
	Zephyrium on the Calycadnus




	Southeastern
Anatolia	
	Amida
	Antioch in the Taurus
	Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
	Apamea on the Euphrates
	Carcathiocerta
	Carchemish
	Çayönü
	Dabanas
	Dara
	Doliche
	Edessa
	Göbekli Tepe
	Hallan Çemi Tepesi
	Harran
	Khashshum
	Kussara
	Nevalı Çori
	Nicopolis in Cilicia
	Nisibis
	Sakçagözü
	Sam'al
	Samosata
	Sareisa
	Seleucia at the Zeugma
	Sitai
	Sultantepe
	Tille
	Tushhan
	Urima
	Urshu
	Zeugma







	
	v
	t
	e


 İzmir

	Known as Smyrna in English until about 1930

	Settlements	
	Central Districts 
(İlçe)	
	Balçova
	Bayraklı
	Bornova
	Buca
	Çiğli
	Gaziemir
	Güzelbahçe
	Karabağlar
	Karşıyaka
	Konak
	Narlıdere




	Neighborhoods	
	Alsancak
	İnciraltı
	Karataş
	Kemeraltı







	History	
	Timeline of İzmir
	Kadifekale
	Smyrna
	Greek landing at Smyrna
	Occupation of Smyrna


	Turkish capture of Smyrna
	Great fire of Smyrna
	Responsibility


	List of mayors of İzmir




	Universities	
	Dokuz Eylül University
	Ege University
	İzmir Bakırçay University
	İzmir Democracy University
	İzmir Institute of Technology
	İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University
	İzmir University of Economics
	Yaşar University




	Museums and
Monuments	
	Agora of Smyrna
	Atatürk Mask
	Atatürk Monument
	Atatürk, His Mother and Women's Rights Monument
	Avrasya Anı Evi
	Bostanlı Open-air Archaeological Museum
	Natural History Museum of Ege University
	İnciraltı Sea Museum
	İzmir Archaeological Museum
	İzmir Art and Sculpture Museum
	İzmir Ethnography Museum
	İzmir Toy Museum
	Women's Museum
	Yıldıztepe Military Cemetery




	Religious
buildings	
	Mosques	
	Başdurak Mosque
	Hisar Mosque
	Kestanepazarı Mosque
	Salepçioğlu Mosque
	Yalı Mosque




	Churches	
	St. John the Evangelist's Anglican Church
	St. John's Cathedral
	St. Mary's church
	Saint Polycarp Church
	St. Stepanos Church (destroyed)
	Saint Voukolos Church




	Synagogues	
	Bet Israel Synagogue







	Transportation	
	Adnan Menderes Airport
	Alsancak Ferry Terminal
	ESHOT
	İzdeniz
	İZBAN
	İzmir Coach Terminal
	İzmir Metro
	İzmir Tram
	Karşıyaka Ferry Terminal
	Konak Ferry Terminal
	Pasaport Ferry Terminal
	Port of İzmir
	Trams in İzmir




	Buildings and structures	
	Asansör
	Buca Gölet
	İzmir Clock Tower
	İzmir Parachute Tower
	Kültürpark
	Ülkü Park
	List of tallest buildings in İzmir
	Yeni Kavaflar Market




	Squares	
	Cumhuriyet
	Gündoğdu
	Konak
	Lozan




	  Category:İzmir











Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smyrna&oldid=996490404"


		Categories: 	Ancient Smyrna
	Aeolian dodecapolis
	Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
	Former populated places in Turkey
	New Testament cities
	Geography of İzmir Province
	History of İzmir Province
	Buildings and structures in İzmir Province
	Tourist attractions in İzmir Province
	Populated places in ancient Ionia
	Places of the Greek genocide


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		 This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 22:37 (UTC).
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