id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 1 Neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 2 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 4 Wikipedia wikipedia NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 5 Neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 6 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 13       _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 15 Redirected redirect VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 17 Neuroendocrine Neuroendocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 19 Jump jump VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 21 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 22 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 24 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 25 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 26 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 27 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 28 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 29 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 31 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 1 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 5 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 7 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 8 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 10 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 2 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 3 1 Unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 3 2 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 3 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2098 3 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 3 5 challenged challenge VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 3 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 3 7 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 3 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 1 Find find VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 6 Neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 7 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 10 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 12 news news NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 14 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 15 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 17 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 18 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 20 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 21 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 23 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 24 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 26 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 27 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 30 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 31 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 33 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 35 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 36 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 37 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 38 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 40 Neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 41 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 42 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 43 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 44 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 45 receive receive VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 46 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 47 input input NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 49 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 50 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 51 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 52 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 53 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 54 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 55 neurosecretory neurosecretory NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 56 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 58 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 60 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 61 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 62 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 63 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 64 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 65 input input NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 67 release release VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 68 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 69 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 70 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 71 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 72 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 73 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 74 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 75 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 4 76 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 3 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 4 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 5 bring bring VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 6 about about RP en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 8 integration integration NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 9 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 11 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 12 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 15 endocrine endocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 16 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 19 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 20 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 22 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 23 integration integration NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 5 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 5 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 6 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 9 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 12 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 13 medulla medulla NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 15 innermost innermost JJS en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 16 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 19 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 20 gland gland NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 24 releases release VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 25 adrenaline adrenaline NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 28 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 6 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 2 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 3 medullary medullary NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 4 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 6 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 9 sympathetic sympathetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 10 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 13 autonomic autonomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 14 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 15 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 7 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 8 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 8 2 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 8 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 8 4 modified modify VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 8 5 postganglionic postganglionic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 8 6 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 8 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 1 Autonomic autonomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 2 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 3 fibers fiber NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 4 lead lead VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 5 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 7 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 10 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 11 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 12 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 9 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 2 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 3 medullary medullary NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 4 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 6 kept keep VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 8 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 9 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 12 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 13 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 14 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 16 kept keep VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 18 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 19 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 10 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 1 Hormonal hormonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 2 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 4 last last VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 5 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 7 ten ten CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 8 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 9 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 10 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 11 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 13 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 11 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 5 Sympathetic sympathetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 6 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 7 fiber fiber NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 8 impulses impulse NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 9 stimulate stimulate VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 11 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 13 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 14 medullary medullary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 15 hormones hormones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 12 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 3 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 5 sympathetic sympathetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 6 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 9 autonomic autonomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 10 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 11 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 14 medullary medullary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 15 secretions secretion NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 16 function function VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 17 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 13 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 2 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 3 center center NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 5 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 6 integration integration NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 9 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 11 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 14 hypothalamus hypothalamus NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 17 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 18 gland gland NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 14 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 1 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 2 hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 3 neurosecretory neurosecretory NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 4 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 5 release release VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 6 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 9 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 15 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 4 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 6 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 7 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 10 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 13 hypothalamic hypothalamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 14 median median NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 15 eminence eminence NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 17 control control VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 19 secretion secretion NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 21 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 22 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 24 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 25 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 28 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 29 oxytocin oxytocin POS en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 31 vasopressin vasopressin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 33 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 34 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 35 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 36 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 38 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 16 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 1 APUD APUD NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 2 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 4 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 5 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 8 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 9 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 12 share share VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 13 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 14 staining stain VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 15 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 17 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 18 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 17 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 3 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 4 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 5 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 7 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 8 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 9 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 10 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 11 Function function NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 12 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 13 Role role NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 15 fetal fetal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 16 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 17 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 18 Example example NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 19 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 20 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 21 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 22 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 23 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 24 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 25 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 26 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 27 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 28 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 29 systems[edit systems[edit , en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 31 Hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 32 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 33 pituitary pituitary NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 34 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 35 adrenal adrenal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 36 axis[1 axis[1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 37 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 39 HPA HPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 40 axis axis NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 42 Hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 43 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 44 pituitary pituitary NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 45 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 46 thyroid thyroid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 47 axis[1 axis[1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 48 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 50 HPT HPT NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 51 axis axi NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 53 Hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 54 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 55 pituitary pituitary NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 56 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 57 gonadal gonadal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 58 axis[1 axis[1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 59 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 61 HPG HPG NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 62 axis axi NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 63 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 64 Hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 65 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 66 neurohypophyseal neurohypophyseal NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 67 system[1 system[1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 68 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 69 Pulmonary Pulmonary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 70 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 71 cells[edit cells[edit HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 72 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 73 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 74 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 75 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 76 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 77 PNECs PNECs NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 78 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 79 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 80 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 81 specialized specialize VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 82 airway airway NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 83 epithelial epithelial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 84 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 85 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 86 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 87 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 88 solitary solitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 89 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 90 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 91 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 92 clusters cluster NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 93 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 94 neuroepithelial neuroepithelial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 95 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 96 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 97 NEBs NEBs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 98 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 99 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 100 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 101 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 18 102 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 1 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 2 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 3 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 8 Kulchitsky Kulchitsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 9 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 11 K k NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 12 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 19 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 6 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 9 respiratory respiratory JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 10 epithelium epithelium NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 13 upper upper JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 15 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 16 respiratory respiratory JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 17 tract tract NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 20 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 1 PNECs pnec NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 3 NEBs neb NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 4 exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 6 fetal fetal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 8 neonatal neonatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 9 stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 12 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 13 airways airway NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 21 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 2 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 4 bottle- bottle- NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 6 flask flask NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 7 - - , en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 8 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 10 shape shape NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 13 reach reach VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 16 basement basement NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 17 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 20 lumen luman NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 22 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 4 distinguished distinguish VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 7 profile profile NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 9 bioactive bioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 10 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 12 peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 14 namely namely RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 15 serotonin serotonin JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 17 calcitonin calcitonin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 19 calcitonin calcitonin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 20 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 22 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 23 peptide peptide NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 25 CGRP CGRP NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 28 chromogranin chromogranin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 29 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 31 gastrin gastrin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 33 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 34 peptide peptide NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 36 GRP GRP NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 40 cholecystokinin cholecystokinin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 23 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 2 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 6 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 8 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 9 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 11 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 12 cancer- cancer- NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 13 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 14 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 16 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 17 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 18 carcinoma carcinoma NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 21 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 24 bronchial bronchial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 25 carcinoid carcinoid NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 26 tumor tumor NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 24 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 2 3][4 3][4 NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 4 Function[edit function[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 6 PNECs pnec NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 8 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 10 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 12 chemoreceptors chemoreceptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 14 hypoxia hypoxia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 15 detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 25 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 3 best well RBS en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 4 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 7 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 10 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 12 sensitive sensitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 13 potassium potassium NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 14 channel channel NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 15 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 18 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 19 sensory sensory JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 20 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 23 rabbit rabbit NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 24 lumenal lumenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 25 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 26 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 3 hypothetically hypothetically RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 4 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 6 regulating regulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 7 localized localized JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 8 epithelial epithelial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 9 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 10 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 12 regeneration regeneration NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 13 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 15 paracrine paracrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 16 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 18 whereby whereby WRB en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 20 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 21 peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 23 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 24 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 26 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 27 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 4 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 5 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 6 neuroactive neuroactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 7 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 10 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 12 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 13 cytoplasm cytoplasm NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 28 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 2 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 3 induce induce VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 4 autonomic autonomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 5 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 6 terminals terminal NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 8 vasculature vasculature NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 11 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 12 lamina lamina NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 13 propria propria NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 29 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 1 Role role NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 3 fetal fetal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 4 lung[edit lung[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 6 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 8 fetal fetal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 9 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 11 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 13 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 14 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 17 branching branch VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 18 points point NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 20 airway airway NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 21 tubules tubule NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 25 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 27 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 28 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 29 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 30 weeks week NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 31 gestation gestation NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 30 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 1 Peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 3 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 4 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 6 PNEC PNEC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 8 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 10 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 11 fetal fetal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 12 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 13 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 14 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 15 branching branch VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 16 morphogenesis morphogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 31 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 2 best well RBS en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 4 characterized characterize VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 5 peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 7 GRP GRP NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 10 mammalian mammalian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 11 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 13 bombesin bombesin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 16 CGRP CGRP NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 18 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 19 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 20 exert exert VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 21 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 22 mitogenic mitogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 23 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 25 epithelial epithelial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 26 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 28 exhibit exhibit VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 29 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 30 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 31 akin akin JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 33 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 34 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 32 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 1 Example[edit example[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 3 Examples Examples NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 4 Specialized specialized JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 5 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 7 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 8 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 11 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 12 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 14 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 17 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 18 ventricle ventricle NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 21 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 25 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 26 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 28 hypothalamus hypothalamus NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 33 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 2 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 3 controls control VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 4 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 5 anterior anterior JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 6 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 7 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 9 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 10 regulates regulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 11 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 14 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 15 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 17 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 18 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 20 stress stress VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 22 cold cold JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 24 sleep sleep NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 28 reproductive reproductive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 29 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 34 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 2 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 3 send send VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 4 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 7 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 8 connecting connect VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 11 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 12 stalk stalk NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 14 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 15 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 17 delivered deliver VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 18 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 20 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 35 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 3 carried carry VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 5 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 6 vessels vessel NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 9 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 10 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 11 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 12 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 13 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 14 stimulate stimulate VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 16 inhibit inhibit VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 19 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 21 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 24 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 25 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 26 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 36 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 2 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 4 Neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 5 tumor tumor NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 6 Neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrinology NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 7 Neurohormone Neurohormone NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 8 References[edit references[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 10 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 12 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 13 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 14 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 15 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 16 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 18 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 19 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 21 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 22 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 24 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 37 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 5 Neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 7 Neuroendocrine Neuroendocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 8 Control Control NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 11 Internal Internal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 12 Milieu Milieu NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2098 38 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 39 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 40 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 41 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 41 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 41 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 41 4 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 41 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 41 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 41 7 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 41 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 42 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 42 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 43 1 246 246 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 43 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 43 3 248–259 248–259 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 43 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 44 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 44 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 44 3 9780071481274 9780071481274 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 44 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 1 •The •The NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 2 hypothalamic hypothalamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 4 neurohypophyseal neurohypophyseal NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 5 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 6 secretes secrete VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 7 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 8 peptide peptide JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 9 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 10 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 11 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 13 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 15 vasopressin vasopressin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 17 oxytocin oxytocin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 45 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 2 •The •The NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 3 hypothalamic hypothalamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 5 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 7 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 9 HPA HPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 11 axis axis RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 46 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 2 comprises comprise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 3 corticotropin corticotropin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 5 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 6 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 8 CRF CRF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 11 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 14 hypothalamus hypothalamus NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 16 adrenocorticotropic adrenocorticotropic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 17 hormone hormone NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 19 ACTH ACTH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 22 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 25 anterior anterior NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 26 pituitary pituitary NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 27 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 29 glucocorticoids glucocorticoid NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 31 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 32 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 34 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 35 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 47 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 1 •The •The NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 2 hypothalamic hypothalamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 4 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 6 thyroid thyroid NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 7 axis axis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 8 consists consist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 10 hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 11 thyrotropin thyrotropin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 13 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 14 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 16 TRH TRH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 20 anterior anterior NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 21 pituitary pituitary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 22 hormone hormone NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 23 thyroid thyroid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 24 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 25 stimulating stimulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 26 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 28 TSH TSH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 30 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 33 thyroid thyroid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 34 hormones hormones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 35 T3 T3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 37 T4 T4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 48 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 1 •The •The NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 2 hypothalamic hypothalamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 4 pituitary pituitary NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 6 gonadal gonadal NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 7 axis axis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 8 comprises comprise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 9 hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 10 gonadotropin gonadotropin NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 12 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 13 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 15 GnRH GnRH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 19 anterior anterior NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 20 pituitary pituitary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 21 luteinizing luteinize VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 22 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 24 LH LH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 27 follicle follicle NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 29 stimulating stimulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 30 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 32 FSH FSH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 37 gonadal gonadal NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 38 steroids steroid NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 49 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 3 Neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 4 differentiation differentiation NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 6 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 7 carcinoma carcinoma NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2098 50 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 51 1 doi:10.1136 doi:10.1136 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 51 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 51 3 thx.50.2.113 thx.50.2.113 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 51 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 52 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 52 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 52 3 473889 473889 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 52 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 1 Cite Cite NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 2 journal journal NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 3 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 4 |journal= |journal= NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 6 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 8 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 9 Chong Chong NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 10 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 12 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 13 KS KS NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 15 Chung Chung NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 16 MJ MJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 18 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 19 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 21 Kwon Kwon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 22 OJ OJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 24 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 25 TS TS NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 27 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 53 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 2 Neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 3 tumors tumor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 6 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 8 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 10 pathologic pathologic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 13 imaging image VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 14 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2098 54 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 55 1 Radiographics radiographic NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 55 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 1 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 6 41–57 41–57 LS en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 8 discussion discussion NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 9 57–8 57–8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 56 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 57 1 doi:10.1148 doi:10.1148 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 57 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 57 3 rg.261055057 rg.261055057 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 57 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 58 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 58 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 58 3 16418242 16418242 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 58 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 2 Becker Becker NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 4 KL KL NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 6 Silva Silva NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 8 OL OL NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 10 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 11 1981 1981 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 59 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 2 Hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 5 bronchial bronchial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 6 Kulchitsky Kulchitsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 8 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 10 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 13 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 15 humoral humoral JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 16 biologic biologic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 17 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2098 60 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 61 1 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 61 2 Hypotheses Hypotheses NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 61 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 62 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 62 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 62 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 62 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 62 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 62 6 943–9 943–9 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 62 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 63 1 doi:10.1016/0306 doi:10.1016/0306 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 63 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 63 3 9877(81)90049 9877(81)90049 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 63 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 63 5 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 63 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 64 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 64 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 64 3 6270516 6270516 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 64 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 1 External External NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 2 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 4 Media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 5 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 7 Neuroendocrine Neuroendocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 8 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 10 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 11 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 12 Neuroendocrine+System Neuroendocrine+System NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 15 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 16 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 17 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 19 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 20 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 21 Subject Subject NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 22 Headings Headings NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 24 MeSH MeSH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 26 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 27 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 28 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 29 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 30 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 31 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 32 Signal Signal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 33 transduction transduction NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 34 Signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 35 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 36 GPCR GPCR NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 37 Wnt Wnt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 38 RTK RTK NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 39 TGF TGF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 40 beta beta NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 41 MAPK MAPK NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 42 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 43 ERK ERK NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 44 Notch Notch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 45 JAK JAK NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 46 - - : en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 47 STAT STAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 48 Akt Akt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 49 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 50 PKB PKB NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 51 Fas Fas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 52 apoptosis apoptosis NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 53 Hippo Hippo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 54 PI3K PI3K NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 55 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 56 AKT AKT NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 57 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 58 mTOR mtor NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 59 pathway pathway JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 60 Integrin Integrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 61 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 62 Agents Agents NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 63 Receptor Receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 64 ligands ligand VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 65 Hormones Hormones NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 66 Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 67 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 68 Neuropeptides Neuropeptides NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 69 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 70 Neurohormones Neurohormones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 71 Cytokines Cytokines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 72 Growth Growth NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 73 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 74 Signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 75 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 76 Receptors Receptors NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 77 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 78 surface surface NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 79 Intracellular Intracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 80 Co Co NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 81 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 82 receptor receptor JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 83 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 84 messenger messenger NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 85 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 86 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 87 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 88 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 89 Ca2 ca2 NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 90 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 91 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 92 Lipid Lipid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 93 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 94 Assistants Assistants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 95 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 96 Signal signal VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 97 transducing transduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 98 adaptor adaptor NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 99 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 100 Scaffold Scaffold NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 101 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 102 Transcription Transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 103 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 104 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 105 Transcription Transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 106 preinitiation preinitiation NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 107 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 108 TFIID tfiid NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 109 TFIIH tfiih NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 110 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 111 distance distance NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 112 Juxtacrine Juxtacrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 113 Autocrine Autocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 114 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 115 Paracrine Paracrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 116 Endocrine Endocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 117 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 118 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 119 Intracrine intracrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 120 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 121 Neurocrine Neurocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 122 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 123 Synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 124 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 125 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 126 synapse synapse VBD en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 127 Neuroendocrine Neuroendocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 128 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 129 Exocrine Exocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 130 signalling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 131 Pheromones Pheromones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 132 Mechanotransduction Mechanotransduction NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 133 Phototransduction Phototransduction NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 134 Ion Ion NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 135 channel channel NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 136 gating gate VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 137 Gap Gap NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 138 junction junction NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 139 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 140 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 141 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 142 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroendocrine_cell&oldid=975022257 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroendocrine_cell&oldid=975022257 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 143 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 144 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 145 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 146 Nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 147 tissue tissue NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 148 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 149 Endocrine endocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 150 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 151 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 152 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 153 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 154 CS1 cs1 NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 155 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 156 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 157 missing miss VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 158 periodical periodical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 159 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 160 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 161 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 162 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 163 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 164 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 165 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 166 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 167 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 168 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 169 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 170 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 171 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 172 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 173 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 174 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 175 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 176 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 177 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 178 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 179 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 180 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 181 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 182 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 183 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 184 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 185 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 186 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 187 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 188 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 189 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 190 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 191 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 192 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 193 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 194 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 195 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 196 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 197 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 198 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 199 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 200 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 201 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 202 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 203 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 204 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 205 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 206 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 207 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 208 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 209 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 210 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 211 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 212 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 213 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 214 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 215 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 216 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 217 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 218 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 219 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 220 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 221 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 222 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 223 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 224 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 225 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 226 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 227 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 228 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 229 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 230 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 231 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 232 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 233 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 234 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 235 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 236 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 237 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 238 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 239 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 240 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 241 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 242 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 243 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 244 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 245 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 246 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 247 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 248 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 249 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 250 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 251 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 252 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 253 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 254 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 255 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 256 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 257 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 258 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 259 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 260 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 261 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 262 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 263 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 264 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 265 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 266 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 267 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 268 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 269 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 270 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 271 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 272 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 273 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 274 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 275 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 276 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 277 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 278 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 279 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 280 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 281 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 282 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 283 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 284 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 285 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 286 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 287 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 288 08:17 08:17 CD en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 289   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 290 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2098 65 291 UTC UTC NNP 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